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Almost 85 Percent of the More Than 2 Million U.S. Middle and High School Students Who Used E-Cigarettes Used Flavored E-Cigarettes in 2021
A study released today from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated that more than 2 million U.S. middle and high school students reported currently using e-cigarettes in 2021, with more than 8 in 10 of those youth using flavored e-cigarettes.
The report, published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, was based on data from the 2021 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS), a cross-sectional, self-administered survey of U.S. middle (grades 68) and high (grades 912) school students. The study assessed current (used on one or more of the past 30 days) e-cigarette use; frequency of use; and use by device type, flavors and usual brand.
This NYTSadministered Jan. 18- May 21, 2021was the first to be fully conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected using an online survey to allow eligible students to participate in the classroom, at home or in some other place to account for various school settings during this time. Prior to the pandemic, the survey was conducted in person, inside the school classroom. Because of the changes in the way the survey was conducted this year, results of the 2021 NYTS cannot be compared to findings from previous surveys.
Nonetheless, the 2021 NYTS provides crucial information about youth use of e-cigarettes. Notably, when many students were in remote learning environments that might have affected their access to tobacco products, an estimated 11.3% (1.72 million) of high school students and an estimated 2.8% (320,000) of middle school students reported current e-cigarette use.
These data highlight the fact that flavored e-cigarettes are still extremely popular with kids. And we are equally disturbed by the quarter of high school students who use e-cigarettes and say they vape every single day, said Mitch Zeller, J.D., director of the FDAs Center for Tobacco Products. The FDA continues to take action against those who sell or target e-cigarettes and e-liquids to kids, as seen just this year by the denial of more than one million premarket applications for flavored electronic nicotine delivery system products. It is critical that these products come off the market and out of the hands of our nations youth.
Other Key Findings
- Frequency of Use: Among youth who currently used e-cigarettes, 43.6% of high school students and 17.2% of middle school students reported using e-cigarettes on 20 or more of the past 30 days. Also among current users, more than 1 in 4 (27.6%) high school students and about 1 in 12 (8.3%) middle school students who used e-cigarettes used them daily.
- Device Type Use: Among youth who currently used e-cigarettes, the most commonly used e-cigarette device type was disposables (53.7%), followed by prefilled or refillable pods or cartridges (28.7%), and tanks or mod systems (9.0%).
- Flavor Use: Among youth who currently used e-cigarettes, 84.7% used flavored e-cigarettes including 85.8% of high school and 79.2% of middle school users. Overall, the most commonly used flavor types were fruit; candy, desserts, or other sweets; mint; and menthol (Note that these results refer to flavors other than tobacco).
- Brand Use: Among high school students who currently used e-cigarettes, 26.1% reported their usual brand was Puff Bar, followed by Vuse (10.8%), SMOK (9.6%), JUUL (5.7%) and Suorin (2.3%). Among middle school students who currently used e-cigarettes, 30.3% reported their usual brand was Puff Bar, and 12.5% reported JUUL. Notably, 15.6% of high school users and 19.3% of middle school users reported not knowing the e-cigarette brand they usually used.
This study shows that even during the COVID-19 pandemic, e-cigarette use among youth remains a serious public health concern, said Karen Hacker, M.D., M.P.H., Director of CDCs National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Its critical we continue working together to protect young people from the risks associated with tobacco product use, including e-cigarettes. Our public health efforts include CDCs National and State Tobacco Control Program, and resources for educators, parents and providers to warn youth about tobacco products and help them quit.
Addressing Youth Tobacco Product Use
Youth use of tobacco productsin any form, including electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) like e-cigarettesis unsafe. Such products contain nicotine, which is highly addictive and can harm the developing adolescent brain. Using nicotine in adolescence may also increase risk for future addiction to other drugs.
Ongoing efforts to address youth e-cigarette use are critical, including the FDAs significant progress made on the unprecedented number of timely premarket applications received by the Sept. 9, 2020, court-ordered deadline for deemed new tobacco products, including e-cigarettes.
The agency has taken action on over 96% of the applications to date, including issuing marketing denial orders (MDOs) for more than one million flavored ENDS products that are so popular with young people. The MDOs were issued for products whose applications lacked sufficient evidence that such products have a benefit to adult smokers to overcome the public health concern posed by the well-documented and considerable appeal of the products to youth. The FDA is aware of a number of companies, such as Puff Bar, claiming their products contain only synthetic nicotine not sourced from tobacco, which may raise separate regulatory and legal issues that the agency is considering how best to address.
Since 2014, e-cigarettes have been the most commonly used tobacco product among U.S. youth. As the tobacco product landscape continues to evolve, the sustained implementation of comprehensive tobacco control and prevention strategies at the national, state, and local levels, coupled with FDA regulations, can prevent and reduce tobacco product initiation and use among youth.
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Music at Key Stage 3
In year 7 pupils will develop musical skills in the 3 main areas of the subject:
Performing Composing Listening
Pupils receive one lesson of music per week in year 7 and year 8. For year 9 pupils opt for the subject and receive an additional lesson.
At the start of year 7 pupils will take a baseline test to assess their knowledge of the subject based on Music at KS2 as well as external lessons on an instrument.
Schemes of work are very much topic based and include music from the western classical tradition, world music and popular, folk and jazz and compare music across time and place. Where possible cross-curricular links are made with other subjects to help develop a greater understanding of the context in which music is composed, performed and listened to.
Pupils are given the opportunity to learn and develop performance skills on tuned and untuned percussion, African drumming, ukulele/guitars and keyboard. Pupils will also be encouraged to use their voices and where possible their own instruments. Pupils are given the opportunity to perform music in a variety of ways including whole class and group work, as a pair or on their own.
Composing is taught using conventional and unconventional notation, improvisation and through the use of music technology employing Sibelius software, Mixcraft and Garage band and use of multi-track recorders. Pupils will also get the opportunity to have their work recorded in the Music studio. Like performing. Composing takes place in groups, pairs or individually.
In the Listening element, pupils learn and develop a musical vocabulary which can be applied to any music studied. There are key words which feed into the Musical elements and are the building bricks for studying pieces of music in the schemes. The Musical elements include melody, rhythm, structure, tonality, tempo/speed, instrumentation, style, dynamics/volume and texture. Some of the words used to describe the musical elements are in Italian, but through use of wall charts and constant revision these terms through time will embed.
All schemes are sequenced and so have a natural progression to them. Work is differentiated to allow pupils to work at their level. The department has high expectations, and where possible will encourage musical performances from whole class to individual.
Pupils will be given a Music workbook at the start of the year in each separate year. The topics are highlighted on the Music highway. In year 7 pupils study Graphic scores, looking at sound visually, an introduction to the basic musical elements, African drumming, rhythm, Early music and Instruments of the orchestra. Lessons are vey ‘hands on’ with pupils expected to ‘have a go’ and work with a level of maturity and respect for both the instruments and other’s learning. In year 8 pupils develop their understanding of the musical elements and follow units on the Blues, Baroque period (music from 1600 – 1750), the Protest song and Samba. Like year 7 there is an even balance of practical work and listening and appraising. In year 9 pupils follow units on the Classical period (music from 1750 – 1820), comparing and exploring 3 different styles of Pop music (Reggae, Britpop and Dance music) and completing year 9 with some preparation for year 10.
Pupils are regularly assessed using the Progress in Music (PIM) booklets. Scores in tests will create a step achieved, which in turn will indicate whether the pupil are working towards progress, making progress or have secure progress. There is a separate PIMs booklet for each year. Progress can be tracked over time and feeds into AP data.
There is an extensive extra-curricular programme in which pupils can choose. Activities planned for 2022/23 include a Production, Lower school Pop choir, Senior choir, Barbershop group, keyboard club, Samba band, Jazz band and opportunities for soloists and Rock bands. Pupils will be given the opportunity to perform in assemblies and events.
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(1832–97). Retired British army captain Charles Cunningham Boycott was an estate manager in Ireland during the agitation over the Irish land question. During that period in Irish history, the land was mostly owned by wealthy British landlords, with poor Irish farmers renting from them. Irish nationalists began to agitate for the fair treatment of the tenants, and they imposed steps to ensure that their demands were met. One of these steps of resistance would become known as the boycott, a word derived from Boycott’s name since the action was first used against him.
Boycott was born on March 12, 1832, in Burgh St. Peter, Norfolk, England. He retired from the army and in 1873 became agent for the 3rd earl of Erne’s estates in County Mayo, Ireland. Boycott in effect had control over the earl’s land, as well as over the Irish tenants working it.
The Land League, an Irish land-reform group, was formed in Ireland in 1879, when bad harvests precipitated a famine. In the unstable economic climate, the farmers were unable to pay their rents. The league told Boycott in 1880 that he must reduce rents by 25 percent. Boycott ignored the league and instead tried to evict the tenants.
In September 1880, Charles Stewart Parnell, the president of the Land League and leader of the Irish Home Rule Party in the British Parliament, urged the tenants to avoid any communication with those who refused the league’s demand for lower rents. Parnell’s policy was first used against Boycott, who consequently was forced to hire outside workers to harvest his crops. Conditions in Ireland quickly eased after the British Parliament passed the Land Act of 1881, which instituted fair-rent tribunals. Boycott remained in Mayo as Lord Erne’s agent until 1886, when he became an agent for estates in Suffolk. Boycott died on June 19, 1897, in Flixton, Suffolk, England.
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May 1, 2013 Harsh Bais and Janine Sherrier of the University of Delaware's Department of Plant and Soil Sciences are studying whether a naturally occurring soil bacterium, referred to as UD1023 because it was first characterized at the University, can create an iron barrier in rice roots that reduces arsenic uptake.
Rice, grown as a staple food for a large portion of the world's population, absorbs arsenic from the environment and transfers it to the grain. Arsenic is classified as a poison by the National Institutes of Health and is considered a carcinogen by the National Toxicology Program.
Long-term exposure to arsenic has been associated with skin, lung, bladder, liver, kidney and prostate cancers, and low levels can cause skin lesions, diarrhea and other symptoms.
The risks of arsenic in rice were recently highlighted in the national press, when arsenic was detected in baby foods made from rice. In regions of the world where rice is the major component of the human diet, the health of entire communities of people can be negatively impacted by arsenic contamination of rice.
Arsenic may occur naturally in the soil, as it does in many parts of Southeast Asia, or it may be a result of environmental contamination. Despite the health risks arsenic in rice poses to millions of people around the world, there are currently no effective agricultural methods in use to reduce arsenic levels.
Sherrier, professor, and Bais, associate professor, are investigating whether UD1023 -- which is naturally found in the rhizosphere, the layer of soil and microbes adjacent to rice roots -- can be used to block the arsenic uptake. Bais first identified the bacterial species in soil samples taken from rice fields in California.
The pair's preliminary research has shown that UD1023 can mobilize iron from the soil and slow arsenic uptake in rice roots, but the researchers have not yet determined exactly how this process works and whether it will lead to reduced levels of arsenic in rice grains.
"We have a bacterium that moves iron, and we want to see if creating an iron shield around the rice roots will slow arsenic movement into other parts of the plant," Bais said.
Sherrier and Bais, who received a 2012 seed grant for the project from Delaware's National Science Foundation Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR), ultimately want to determine how UD1023 slows arsenic movement into rice roots and whether it will lead to reduced levels of arsenic in the rice grains, the edible portion of the plant.
"That is the most important part," Bais said. "We don't know yet whether we can reduce arsenic in the grains or reduce the upward movement of arsenic towards the grain, but we're optimistic."
Bais says that, if successful, the project could lead to practical applications in agriculture.
"The implications could be tremendous," he said. "Coating seeds with bacteria is very easy. With this bacteria, you could implement easy, low-cost strategies that farmers could use that would reduce arsenic in the human food chain."
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By Matt McGrath Environment correspondent
Met Office researchers expect to record one of the biggest rises in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 in 2019.
Every year, the Earth’s natural carbon sinks such as forests soak up large amounts of CO2 produced by human activities.
But in years when the tropical Pacific region is warmer like this year, trees and plants grow less and absorb smaller amounts of the gas.
As a result, scientists say 2019 will see a much bigger CO2 rise than 2018.
- ‘Tipping point’ risk for Arctic hotspot
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- Will insect-eating dogs help climate change?
Since 1958, the research observatory at Mauna Loa in Hawaii, has been continuously monitoring and collecting data on the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
In the years since they first started recording, the observatory has seen a 30% increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere caused by emissions of fossil fuels and deforestation.
Scientists argue that the increase would have been even larger without the ability of the forests, land and seas to soak up around half of the gas emitted by human activities.
This ability however, varies with the seasons.
Forecast CO2 concentrations at Mauna Loa over 2019 (orange), along with previous forecast concentrations for 2016 (blue), 2017 (green), 2018 (pink) and Scripps Institute measurements (black).
In the summer, CO2 levels in the atmosphere fall as the trees and plants soak up more of the carbon as they grow. In the winter, when they drop their leaves, they soak up less and atmospheric levels rise.
But when temperatures are warmer and drier than normal, trees and plants grow less and absorb less. This natural variation is compounded in years when there’s an El Niño event, which sees an upwelling of heat from the Pacific into the atmosphere.
“The warm sea surface conditions now will continue over the next few months and that will lead into the vegetation response,” said Dr Chris Jones from the Met Office.
“Around the world this heat has different impacts. In some places, it’s hotter and drier and you get more forest fires. In a tropical rainforest, for instance, you reduce the natural growth of the vegetation.”
According to the Met Office, these limits on the ability to absorb CO2 will see a rise in concentrations this year of 2.75 parts per million, which is higher than the 2018 level.
They are forecasting that average CO2 concentrations in 2019 will be 411ppm. Carbon dioxide concentration exceeded 400ppm for the first time in 2013.
This year’s predicted rise won’t be as big as in the El Niño years of 2015-16 and 1997-98. However, there have only been increases similar to this year’s about half a dozen times since records began.
An image showing the 2015 El Niño with rising temperatures in the Pacific
Researchers say the long-term trend is only going in one direction.
“The year-on-year increase of CO2 is getting steadily bigger as it has done throughout the whole of the 20th Century,” said Dr Jones.
“What we are seeing for next year will be one of the biggest on record and it will certainly lead to the highest concentration of CO2.”
Other researchers say the Met Office findings are worrying.
“The increases in CO2 are a function of our continued reliance on fossil fuels,” said Dr Anna Jones, from the British Antarctic Survey (BAS).
“Some tempering in the rate of increase arises from the Earth’s ability to absorb CO2 from the atmosphere, but that can change year-on-year as the Met Office forecast shows.
“What’s critical, however, is that the persistent rise in atmospheric CO2 is entirely at odds with the ambition to limit global warming to 1.5C. We need to see a reduction in the rate of CO2 emissions, not an increase.”
The Met Office scientists say that it doesn’t always follow that a record CO2 concentration will lead to a record global temperature in 2019, as there are many natural factors that can impact the final figure.
The researchers there are pleased that observations over the past four years show that their model is accurate. They believe it can be used in the future to help countries accurately attribute increases in emissions to their actions or to natural factors.
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The Second, Third and Fourth Amendments limit what Congress may do, extending the list of proscriptions found in Constitution's next provision, Article I, Section 9. Amendments 5 through 8, dealing with such issues as juries, bail and cruel and unusual punishment, limit the government's judicial powers. They relate to Article 3 of the Constitution, which establishes the court system. The final two amendments from the Bill of Rights are guides to interpreting the Constitution as a whole, and likely would have been added to the end.
Although the order of the Bill of Rights doesn't bear on the relative importance of our freedoms, it may shed light on how the founding fathers interpreted the amendments. Modern Americans who rhapsodize about the freedoms guaranteed in the Bill of Rights tend to group together amendments 2 (guaranteeing the right to bear arms), 3 (preventing the government from quartering soldiers in the homes of citizens), and 4 (prohibiting unreasonable searches and seizures). They view the three provisions as a wall of separation between the government and the private space of a citizen's home. There are indications, however, that the founders considered only the Fourth Amendment to relate to the general inviolability of personal property and the home. The Second and Third Amendments were targeted at Congress's war powers. This interpretation bears on the breadth of Americans' right to bear arms: If the framers intended the right to bear arms to be part of a citizen's participation in national defense, there is greater room for the government to regulate the keeping of firearms for other purposes, like hunting or defense of the home from intruders.
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Just in time for Black History Month, a black woman writing in the Huffington Post has advocated that the best way for Black Lives to Matter is for black women to abort their babies. In “Liberating Black Lives Through Reproductive Justice”, Renee Bracey Sherman writes:
“Whether pregnancies are expected or not, in her Utopic reproductive-justice future, everyone would have the support they need to decide what to do about their pregnancy. Abortions would be accessible with dignity and respect, rather than being met at the door by racist protesters who turn around and vote to deny black children nutrition, education, and housing,” she trumpets.
The reasons for terminating a pregnancy such as “not right now” or “I’m happy with the two that I have,” would be met with understanding, not shame. Women would be able to have their abortion in whatever religious or cultural tradition they see fit — through surgery with their provider, or within the comfort of their home with chosen family, medication, or powerful herbs.
Margaret Sanger, the racist founder of Planned Parenthood, couldn’t have written it any better. In 1921 Sanger, created the organization with the express purpose of reducing America’s black population. The “Negro Project,” as Sanger called it, would convince the black community leaders and pastors to promote birth control use to blacks.
Sadly, Planned Parenthood has achieved Sanger’s goal. And Sherman’s perverse “reproductive justice, a 20-year-old term coined by women of color” is aiding and abetting Sanger’s eugenics today. Black women are having abortions at disproportionate rates, compared to any other race. Though we make up only 13 percent of the U.S. population, blacks account for about 36 to 37% of the nation’s abortions.
In a predominately black neighborhood in the Northeast of Washington, DC Planned Parenthood is currently renovating a 27,000 square foot “health clinic” located at 1225 Fourth Street, NE to perform abortions. The converted industrial warehouse, is adjacent to the Twin Rivers DC Public Charter School, and directly across the street from its middle school. The DC government approved the clinic’s location in 2015 and the DC zoning board granted all of the required permits without the benefit of a Public Hearing
Even more shocking, the school APPROVED of the facility’s location despite protests and concerns from residents in the community. It’s worth noting that Planned Parenthood’s mega-abortion facility is located next door to a school, in a Black neighborhood, in a city governed by Democrats. This sinister pattern of black genocide repeats itself.
Like so many other black Americans who show a slavish support for abortion and Democrats, I’m sure Sherman has no knowledge of Sanger or Planned Parenthood’s nefarious history. I also wonder if Sherman knows that 79% of Planned Parenthood’s surgerical abortion clinics are strategically placed in black or Hispanic communities.
In 2009, then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton accepted the Margaret Sanger award, Planned Parenthood’s highest honor — and she was reverential of this racist abortion promoter:
Now, I have to tell you that it was a great privilege when I was told that I would receive this award. I admire Margaret Sanger enormously, her courage, her tenacity, her vision. . . . And when I think about what she did all those years ago in Brooklyn, taking on archetypes, taking on attitudes and accusations flowing from all directions, I am really in awe of her.
In the 2016 race for the White House, polls show Hillary Clinton has a solid grip on the black vote with 9 out of 10 blacks supporting her. She also leads Sanders with minority voters by 42%.
As I wrote in my new book Con Job: How Democrats Gave Us Crime, Sanctuary Cities, Abortion Profiteering, and Racial Division, black votes matter more to Clinton than black lives.
Hillary’s going to have come up with a good reason why blacks should vote for a candidate that supports an infanticide organization whose priority is killing black babies. For blacks to support any Democrat flies in the face of our survival. The Democrat Party and its handmaiden Planned Parenthood ARE exterminating black babies like Hitler had the Nazis exterminate the Jews. It’s an ugly comparison but it’s true.
In what world does Sherman think fulfilling Margaret Sanger’s dream is empowerment for black women?
Crystal Wright is author of the new book Con Job: How Democrats Gave Us Crime, Sanctuary Cities, Abortion Profiteering, and Racial Division and editor of the blog Conservative Black Chick
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Number/counting puzzles for the math center during your Thanksgiving unit.
*Please note that ALL the puzzles pictured in the "rote counting" thumbnail are all the graphics used. The graphics are repeated in each number set.*
Thanks so much for viewing my “Thanksgiving Number Puzzles” packet! This packet is designed to offer a fun, engaging and educational way to increase number recognition, number order and skip counting during your Thanksgiving unit. This packet requires a little prep. Simply print puzzles, laminate and cut out puzzle pieces. There are 7 number puzzle sets included within the packet. For this activity your students will match the puzzle pieces in correct number order to complete the puzzle.
This packet includes 80 number puzzles:
14 rote counting puzzles: 8 small (1-5),3 large puzzles (1-10) and 3 large puzzles (1-20)
11 counting evenly by 2's: 8 small (2-10) and 3 large puzzles (2-20)
11 counting oddly by 2's: 8 small (1-9) and 3 large puzzles (1-19)
11 counting by 5's: 8 small (5-25) and 3 large puzzles (5-50)
11 counting by 10's: 8 small (10-50) and 3 large puzzles (10-100)
11 counting by 25's: 8 small (25-125) and 3 large puzzles (25-250)
11 counting by 100's: 8 small (100-500) and 3 large puzzles (100-1,000)
***Be sure to take a look at my other Thanksgiving activities and centers!
Poke A Picture
: a pinning activity
: for rote and skip counting
Number Dab It Worksheets
One More/One Less Dab It Worksheets
Word Family Slide and Write
Letter Sound Sort
...Thanksgiving owl themed!
...Thanksgiving turkey themed!
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Candy is everywhere this week so we wanted to use it for some after school learning! We did another dissolving science experiment, but this time the goal was to dissolve the M off of an M&M.
Have you tried this one before? It is really cool!
M&M Candy Experiment Supplies:
- Bowl of water
That’s it! Put a couple M&Ms in the water with the M side up and observe what happens.
We talked about how the coating on the M&M was made of colored sugar that dissolves easily in water. It was very interesting to see which colors started to dissolve and spread first.
The M from the orange candy was the first to float up!
Isn’t it cool to see all the Ms floating around? If you touch them they will stick to you finger perfectly intact. The M is made out of more than just sugar so it doesn’t dissolve as quickly. This is a fun science activity to do with kids of all ages so makes a perfect after school activity that the whole family can enjoy!
I shared this activity on the Spooky Candy Science Hangout with Inspiration Laboratories! Check out the other fun ideas shared in her Creepy Crawlies & Candy Science post. I also loved the Candy Activities for Kids series on Learn Play Imagine.
More Candy Activities:
- Exploring Candy from Gift of Curiosity (she did this science activity with her preschoolers but school age kids would like it too!)
- Pop Rocks Candy Apples from B-Inspired Mama
- Candy Corn Math from Mess for Less (this is a great one for Kindergarten, you could add the pumpkins together to extend the learning with school age kids)
- Candy Activities Kids Love from Frog and Snails and Puppy Dog Tails (TONS of fun ideas!)
- Candy Bone Snack from FSPDT
- Gummy Bear Science Experiment from FSPDT
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Robert Samuelson rightly calls attention to the decision of Japan's central bank to target a 1.0 percent inflation rate, although he doesn't get a few of the key points right. First, this decision, if accurately described, will provide a huge test of an economic policy first proposed by Paul Krugman and later endorsed by Federal Reserve Board Chairman Ben Bernanke when he was still a professor at Princeton.
The question is whether by setting a higher inflation target, a central bank can bring about a set of self-fulfilling expectations that actually produce this higher rate of inflation. If Japan's central bank is actually committed to this policy, and it proves successful, it would have enormous implications for the conduct of monetary policy elsewhere.
For example, it would mean that if the United States wanted to run 3-4 percent inflation to reduce debt burdens and raise real interest rates, the Fed would have the power to bring this about. That would make a huge difference for the pace of the recovery.
Samuelson gets some of the other aspects of this issue wrong. For example, he says that Japan's deflation is a problem in part because falling prices cause people to delay purchases since items will be cheaper in the future. This would be true for rapid rates of deflation, but Japan's deflation has almost always been less than 1.0 percent a year. In 2011 its inflation rate was -0.2 percent. This means that if someone was considering buying a $20,000 car, they could save $40 by waiting a year. It is unlikely that this rate of deflation affected the timing of many purchases to any significant extent.
The main problem with deflation is simply that the inflation rate is too low. In a weak economy it would be desirable to have a negative real interest rate, however nominal interest rates can't go below zero. (The real interest rate is equal to the nominal interest rate minus the inflation rate.) This means that the lower inflation rate, the higher the real interest rate. In this respect, a decline in the inflation rate from 0.5 percent to -0.5 percent is no worse than a decline in the inflation rate from 1.5 percent to 0.5 percent.
Samuelson also wrongly claims that a fall in the value of yen is one desired possible outcome from a higher rate of inflation since it would increase net exports. This does not follow. If prices in Japan rise by 1.0 percent and the value of the yen falls by 1.0 percent then the competitiveness of Japan's products will remain the same. Japan's competitiveness would only improve if the value of the currency fell by more than the rise in the inflation rate. (What actually matters is relative inflation rates, but this is the basic point.)
Finally, Samuelson includes some of his standard misplaced demographic warnings. He tells readers that Japan is suffering from a declining population. It is difficult to see this as a cause of suffering in Japan at the moment. Japan is a densely populated island where land is extremely expensive.
A decline in population will help to reduce this crowding, leading to higher living standards. Also, the problem of a declining population is supposed to be a shortage of workers. Japan does not have this problem as, by all accounts, it continues to suffer from an underemployed workforce.
Finally, Samuelson warns that Japan, like the United States, suffers from a sever debt problem Samuelson notes that Japan's ratio of debt to GDP is well over 200 percent. This is more than twice as high as the projected debt to GDP ratio for the United States in a decade.
Japan can still borrow long-term in financial markets for around 1.0 percent. Its interest burden is around 1.5 percent of GDP. (The net burden is probably around half of this, since much of this interest is paid to Japan's central bank, which then refunds the money to the Treasury.) If there is a cautionary tale for the United States with Japan's debt, it is difficult to see what it is.
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| 0.967181 | 823 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Last updated on August 13th, 2021 at 04:07 pm
Patricia Flatley Brennan, R.N., Ph.D., leads the National Library of Medicine (NLM), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). NLM’s hardworking experts and vast repositories of information have been crucial to global efforts to combat COVID-19. Dr. Brennan shared the latest on NLM’s work to help foster and accelerate discovery, link people to clinical trials, and more.
What is the mission of NLM?
NLM is a platform for biomedical discovery. We bring together literature, genomic databanks, and researchers to serve science, scientists, clinicians, and the public. And we support discoveries globally. There’s not a biomedical discovery, a public health advance, or a clinical care action in the past 30 years that hasn’t benefited from our resources in some way.
NLM is a leader in biomedical and health data science research, and the world’s largest biomedical library. We conduct and support research in computational biology and computational health sciences. We also provide one of the most important functions that libraries serve in society—we are an archive of medical knowledge across the ages. Our holdings range from books and journals over 10 centuries old to the latest electronic genomic descriptions of the virus causing this awful pandemic.
We think of NLM as a door through which people pass and connect to data, literature, information, expertise, and sophisticated mathematical models, or images that describe a clinical problem. This intersection of information, people, and technology allows us to foster and accelerate discovery. That has been critical in the last year as we helped the country and NIH respond quickly to the coronavirus pandemic.
How is NLM helping NIH and the scientific community improve their understanding of COVID-19?
NLM staff provide special expertise that has been helping the rest of NIH respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our data scientists are helping researchers create reliable ways of collecting and managing data associated with complex studies and genetic sequencing efforts. Through our research and databanks, we are working with teams across NIH, other government agencies, and the larger scientific community to ensure that they have the full perspective of biomedical information available related to coronaviruses, which has been invaluable. So, it isn’t just our literature, our databases, it’s our staff in Bethesda that are helpful here.
Here’s one example: One of our NLM researchers is using computer vision and machine learning to identify lung abnormalities to distinguish between pneumonia caused by a bacteria or virus, and identify unique visual features associated with COVID-19. To do this, we collected large numbers of X-ray images—essentially a library of images—and studied their different patterns of light and dark shading using computer tools. By repeatedly doing this, we can sort them into various piles and identify lung X-rays with a similar shading pattern indicating inflammation from coronavirus, which looks very different than those piles associated with signs of viral or bacterial pneumonia. This model helps us understand new X-rays and helps clinicians make a COVID-19 diagnosis faster, because of what we’ve learned from our library of images.
What is NLM’s GenBank, and what role has it played in aiding the global response to COVID-19?
GenBank is the repository for all publicly available genomic sequences in the U.S. It has been crucial both in the process of developing vaccines and treatments, and in tracking emerging virus variants. As early as January 2020, only a month after the first patient was identified as having COVID-19, we already had the full genomic sequence of the coronavirus. This allowed us to provide a reference genome [a reference to what the genetic structure of the virus looks like] to scientists trying to develop new vaccines or new treatments.
We’ve continued to gather samples of coronavirus over the past year, and now we have almost 300,000 sequences of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The GenBank sequence database helps researchers and public health authorities see if the virus is changing in a way that might require different kinds of treatment or prevention.
Clinical trials help researchers understand, treat, and prevent COVID-19. How does NLM help researchers, health care professionals, and the public learn more about COVID-19 studies?
NLM maintains a database of all the clinical trials around the world: ClinicalTrials.gov. People who are interested in participating in a clinical trial can visit the website to learn about more than 5,000 clinical studies related to COVID-19, ranging from vaccines and treatments to testing. The ClinicalTrials.gov website provides contact information for studies sponsored by NIH, other federal agencies, nonprofit organizations, and private industry. It’s a resource you can use to learn more about participating in a clinical study and find questions to ask the research team if you are interested in learning more. Questions such as, what will I have to do? What tests or procedures are involved? How long will the study last? Who will oversee my medical care while I am participating in the trial? Who will pay for my participation? Will I be reimbursed for other expenses?
How does the MedlinePlus website help consumers learn about COVID-19 and other health issues?
In addition to NIH MedlinePlus magazine, we also have our MedlinePlus website. This resource, which is available in English and Spanish, offers trusted, authoritative information for patients and families on thousands of health topics, including COVID-19. We recently added several new pages about COVID-19, including an overview, COVID-19 testing, and COVID-19 vaccines. These pages provide up-to-date information from NIH and other federal agencies like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
How else is NLM research contributing to the fight against COVID-19?
As part of the NIH intramural program, NLM conducts research on the tools used to understand data: computational biology, bioinformatics, and biomedical informatics. Computational biology tools allow us to look through vast genomic databanks and understand patterns. For example, one of our investigators is trying to understand how viruses change over time and determine why some forms of the virus mutate to become more dangerous and some mutate to become less dangerous. By understanding these pathways of change, we may be able to predict which viruses will be most severe to the public and which are less likely to be severe.
NLM is also collaborating in an effort to link COVID-19 tests from specific manufacturers to their appropriate national code systems for use in medical record systems. This work has been instrumental in providing daily updates about the distribution of FDA emergency authorized COVID-19 tests.
2018 Morris F. Collen Award of Excellence: Patricia Flatley Brennan, RN, PhD, FACMI
In honor of Morris F. Collen, a pioneer in the field, this prestigious award is the highest honor in informatics that is presented by the American College of Medical Informatics to an individual whose personal commitment and dedication to biomedical informatics has made a lasting impression on health care and biomedicine.
NLM is examining hospital claims data related to COVID-19. Why is that?
Hospitals generate a lot of data, sometimes in the course of care, sometimes afterward when your bill is paid. We call this claims data. We have teams of investigators who are looking through claims information and properly approved hospital records to detect patterns, or associations, between the use of medications—such as ACE inhibitors (for blood pressure), and anticoagulants and antiplatelet drugs (for vascular disease)—on hospitalization and death rates among people with COVID-19. Identifying such patterns can be helpful to guide doctors and nurses about when to start or stop certain treatments.
How is NLM getting scientists rapid access to the latest biomedical literature about COVID-19?
NLM’s PubMed is the most heavily used biomedical literature citation database in the world, and it has long been recognized as a critical resource for helping researchers, health care professionals, students, and the general public keep current with rapid advances in the life sciences. Through PubMed, we provide free access to more than 32 million citations, including coronavirus-related literature. We’ve also launched the first phase of a pilot project to make preprints from NIH-funded research related to COVID-19 searchable in PubMed Central. Preprints are research manuscripts that have not been formally published or critiqued and refined through the peer review process. When made publicly available, preprints can play an important role in accelerating the dissemination of emerging research.
In addition, our data scientists can apply powerful computer tools, using natural language processing and machine learning, to essentially read these articles and find relationships that might not have been discovered by a human reader. We can additionally look for patterns in the literature. To do that, we’ve partnered with more than 50 publishers to make coronavirus-related articles open and accessible—what we call “machine readable”—in a way that is accelerating scientific discovery around COVID-19. This approach takes advantage of NLM’s ability not only to organize the literature, but also to establish policies and partnerships with the private sector, to be able to open the literature for the good of public health and science.
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Best practices of literacy leaders : keys to school improvement
Source:Guilford Press, New York, NY, p.392 (2012)
Call Number:Cubb LB2822.82 .B485 2012
Keywords:Academic achievement, Language arts, School improvement programs, ^A1033247, ^A1058683, ^A989394
"Bringing together leading experts, this book presents the principles of effective literacy leadership and describes proven methods for improving instruction, assessment, and schoolwide professional development. The book shows how all school staff--including reading specialists and coaches, administrators, teachers, and special educators--can play an active role in nurturing a culture of collaboration and promoting student achievement. Best practices are identified for creating strong elementary and secondary literacy programs, differentiating instruction, supporting English language learners, utilizing technology, building home-school partnerships, and much more. User-friendly features include case examples, guiding questions, and engagement activities in each chapter"-- Provided by publisher.
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| 0.883807 | 204 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The ACT recently released the results of a 2019 study on the use of multiple scores, or superscores, in college admissions decisions. This is the second of two validity and fairness studies conducted by ACT. Their conclusion: Superscoring the ACT is the most accurate method in predicting a student’s first-year college GPA.
A Refresher on Superscoring
As a growing number of students take the ACT and SAT multiple times during their high school years, colleges have struggled to come up with a standardized way of handling the influx of score results. An increasingly popular approach among admissions committees is the use of superscoring.
For example, in the case of the ACT, most schools that superscore will record a student’s best individual test scores (i.e. English Test, Math Test, Reading Test, and Science Test) across all ACTs the student has taken. The college will average those four highest individual test scores (rounded to the nearest whole number) to compute a composite superscore to be used in their decision process.
Why did ACT conduct these studies?
While the majority of college admissions committees currently superscore both the SAT and ACT, roughly 20-25% fewer schools superscore the ACT than superscore the SAT. The exact reasoning for this discrepancy is unclear, but it may be tied to the ACT’s own recommendations on the policy. The organization has historically discouraged the use of superscoring its test, citing “concerns that superscoring may overstate some students’ abilities.”
Furthermore, students who re-test tend to be more affluent, and ACT was uneasy about adopting superscoring as a standard practice that could potentially have implications on the socioeconomic makeup of an incoming freshman class. Up until the recent studies, however, the ACT had limited evidence to substantiate any of these claims. In fact, much of the research on different methods of interpreting multiple scores was conducted in the 1980s and focused almost exclusively on the SAT test.
ACT has also expressed concern with the inconsistent treatment of multiple scores across college admissions committees. The most common alternatives to superscoring include considering the student’s most recent ACT score, the highest ACT score the student has received across a single test administration, or the average of all ACT scores the student has received. These divergent practices have brought up questions of equity and fairness when it comes to admissions methods.
Findings from ACT research studies on superscoring
In the initial study, published in 2018, ACT found that of four commonly used scoring methods (most recent score, highest score, average score, or superscore), superscoring was most correlated with accurately predicting first-year college grade point average. With this robust study concluding that superscoring was the most accurate method in predicting first year college GPA outcomes, superscoring seemed the obvious scoring recommendation for admissions committees. However, ACT remained concerned that superscoring may lead to adverse admissions outcomes for underserved communities.
A prior ACT study found that re-testing is more common among affluent students. Since superscoring only benefits re-testers, a college’s superscoring policy could lead to a decrease in acceptance rates for students from lower socioeconomic classes or from historically underrepresented ethnic groups.
In July 2019, the ACT released the results of a second study that looked at differences in ACT scores for 2,000,000 students of different gender, household income, race, ethnicity, and parental education subgroups. The differences in most recent ACT scores between subgroups was compared to the difference in superscores between subgroups. Researchers found that while subgroup differences between methods of scoring do exist and superscoring does exacerbate some of these differences, it only does so marginally.
On average, the difference in average superscores for various racial and socioeconomic subgroups was 0.17 ACT points wider than it was when comparing most recent ACT scores. This small difference would likely have minimal impact on the diversity of most incoming college freshman classes. While 0.17 points is not a very large difference, it does suggest that re-test rates may vary among different communities. The ACT hopes to enhance re-testing and score outcomes in underserved communities through its use of fee waivers for students who demonstrate financial need.
As a result, the ACT has officially come out in support of superscoring as the best method for predicting college success rates. With increased efforts to encourage all students to re-test, superscoring seems the obvious gold standard for college admissions committees. Perhaps with the ACT’s new endorsement, the number of schools superscoring the ACT will soon catch up to those superscoring the rival test, the SAT.
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Signing: The house sign is made by outlining the shape of a simple house. Extend your two hands, then starting at the roof, outline the slanting roof line – then the vertical walls (We don’t usually outline the ground).
Usage: We use the sign for house whenever we return home or re-enter the house after playing in the garden. There is a separate sign for home, but house is close enough. We also use house to refer to other homes.
Flash Card: Click the link to view the House Baby Sign Language Flash Card. The flash cards are printable and available in both U.S. Letter and A4 sizes.
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| 0.916129 | 136 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Mouse support under Microsoft windows is strange !!
The mouse operation under Microsoft windows (and DOS) is biased towards a 3-button mouse operation (Logitech is ideal !!), operating in a similar way to UNIX. i.e. <select> operation gets text <Middle button> yanks text back.
This stems from the fact that we all came from UNIX backgrounds. We have had a number of comments about this already and do plan to address this issue.
Note:- Those of you that have already had a little dip into the operation of the mouse will have probably worked out that the whole of the visible mouse/screen interaction is driven through macros, so this functionality is actually a macro change.
Copyright (c) 1998-2006 JASSPA
Last Modified: 2006/08/24
Generated On: 2006/10/07
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| 0.941174 | 174 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Solar Powered Battery Charger
As a homeowner, you can assist with energy security just by going solar. Once massive maturation of the use of solar power is materialized, expect that every household or industry on the planet is now powered by solar power. Start small if you’re just beginning with solar power.
Solar Panel Roof
Environment and climate both are inter-related to each other and lots of industrialists are using non-renewable energy which is full of contaminated fuels and gases, making life of the people adverse due to its heavy bills and pollution. This is surely an alternative to solar energy. These fossil fuels are very contagious for health as when they burn; they are full of carbon which is ultimately polluting the environment. But solar energy is free from all polluted stuff and it is termed as green energy.
Much of the world's population is consuming fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy and paying thousands of dollars every year which is at times difficult for a families to pay it off. But on the other hand, solar energy is a direct resource from the sun and can be acquired in an easy way by installing solar panels. The solar panels are made of silicon and they are very sensitive. It is advised to handle them with care. Solar energy alternatives are less expensive but they are not worthy to go for.
We all know that our lives are mainly dependent upon sun. Nowadays as people are getting aware about this form of energy, they are trying to use this boundless energy in their day to day activities rather than other fuels. People who are installing solar panels in their houses are converting their common places into solar houses due to which they will be saving themselves by throwing lots of money to power supply companies. The prices of other oils are comparatively cheap in respect to solar energy but they are not healthy for the environment. The fossil fuels companies are making huge profits as they have grabbed the main share of the market by dismaying other replacements.
In a nutshell, all these oils and non-renewable energies are the substitute of solar energy but it is better to go for this form of energy as it is an easy resource. Most importantly by investing one time, you will be able to save your money in huge amounts. Secondly, you will be able to save your environment from the pollution which is detrimental for the humanity.
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| 0.977532 | 477 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Three weeks before President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, Union General Ulysses S. Grant issued General Orders Number 11. The order expelled Jews as a Class from Grant’s war zone, which included parts of Kentucky, Tennessee, Illinois and Mississippi.
Grant believed Jewish residents were smuggling goods from the south. There was active smuggling in the war zone at the time, but it was not limited to Jewish residents. Grant’s own father, in fact, was involved in a cotton smuggling scheme.
But Grant’s decision to make the order specific only to Jewish residents made the order something of a disaster. Grant’s camp was attacked by Confederate soldiers shortly after the order was issued, so only a few residents were expelled. The telegraph lines were cut, and news of the order took weeks to reach President Abraham Lincoln.
Expelled Paducah businessman Cesar Kaskel helped bring the order to the president’s attention. Lincoln quickly rescinded the order. And even though few residents ever saw the effect of General Orders Number 11, the directive haunted Grant for much of his career.
As president, Grant campaigned against anti-semitic leaders abroad, but his efforts were mocked as political stunts. And Grant is still tagged as an anti-semite by some historians.
But that image is changing. Jonathan D. Sarna is the Joseph H. and Belle R. Braun Professor of American Jewish History at Brandeis University and chief historian of the National Museum of American Jewish History. He sees his new book When Grant Expelled the Jews as part of a national reexamination of Grant’s presidency and alleged anti-semitism.
Sarna says Grant did much to regain Jewish Americans’ trust at a time when the minority was short on allies. The Jewish community was not entirely comfortable in the south or with the abolitionists, who were often fervent Christians. They favored the politics of the Republican Party, but feared Grant’s history. Sarna tells the story of Grant’s years of effort to repair his image and portray himself as accepting and unprejudiced. The efforts weren’t successful in the short term, but may end up paying off, nearly 130 years after Grant’s death.
Jonathan Sarna speaks here with WFPL’s Gabe Bullard. Sarna will give a presentation at 7pm on April 25 at the Louisville Free Public Library.
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| 0.978238 | 503 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Ned Bradford, editor Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Markham, Ontario: Meridian Books, 1984 (original publication date, 1956).
The two things that stick out in my memory of this book were the pictures adorning most introductory pages to each source, and the catchy titles for each selection. When I picked it up off the shelf this afternoon, I was reminded of a few other details including density and variety.
As Bradford explains, the American Civil War story is a common one for American consumption and this fact results in many new books published on the topic each year. Yet, argues Bradford, the basic history of the war was written in the 1880s by the very men who were leaders. Commanders of Union and Confederate forces had been convinced to write up their experiences for Century Magazine. While asked to emphasize tactics and strategy, the magazine hoped the soldiers would throw in the odd story here and there to capture readers’ attention in different ways (xi).
The original collection resulted in four volumes organized both geographically and chronologically. For his version, Bradford chose to reduce the numbers of accounts by publishing a single volume. Bradford offers the readers useful terminology lessons regarding the organization of most armies in the era. This vocabulary list is useful, particularly because it clarifies points within the context of several of the essays. In addition, prior to each document is an introductory essay, offering the readers the proper context for every primary source.
Like the original, Bradford has published the documents with an order and chronology. The first, for example, comes to us from Abner Doubleday and focuses on his experiences at Forts Moultrie and Sumter in 1861. This particular document came with a very useful map of Charleston harbor – I have seen Sumter from a distance and have a sense of its placement, but the map clarifies. Doubleday’s entry introduces readers to the utility of the collection. If you wanted to produce an effective classroom exercise about the beginning of the war, having students read this account and do comparisons with other witnesses would be useful.
Having recently traveled to Chancellorsville and Gettysburg I took a quick look at those sections of Bradford’s edition. The former has a few documents including a comment from a Union general about Lee out- generaling his opponents and a piece reacting to the mortal wounding and death of Thomas Jackson. One of the great aspects of the collection is reflected in these samples – brevity is important and achievable even when trying to tell complicated stories. These documents are easy to edit and shorten or perhaps expand by including the comparative sources. The illustrations and maps are helpful as well.
Lee’s farewell message to the Army of Northern Virginia rounds out the collection and were it on its own, that inclusion might be called to question. Instead, the document can easily be made part of an assignment on the end of the war. The source is none other than the officer who took down Lee’s final message. Readers might consider asking questions about authenticity and for more information on this staff officer, Charles Marshall. Alternatively, teachers might seek out a Union officer’s description of reacting to the disbanding of the Army of Northern Virginia. The text is a useful one and should be considered as a reasonable substitute for the four full length editions.
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Early learning support
- Choosing an early childhood education service
- Services and support available
- Special schools with ECE services
- Starting school
It's important to choose an early childhood education (ECE) service or Kōhanga Reo that supports your child so that they can be safe, nurtured and join in and learn alongside other children.
The Ministry of Education's learning support team provides an early intervention service for very young children who have learning support needs, and their families, whanau and caregivers. These services are available if your child regardless of whether your child attends an ECE service or Kōhanga Reo or not.
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Child Modeling: Lights, Camera, Learning (page 2)
- Cell Phones: 21st Century Learning Tools?
- Cooperative Learning is a Brain Turn-On
- Children Benefit from Modeling, Demonstration, and Explanation
- Family Involvement in Early Multicultural Learning
- Build a Pinhole Camera
- Mason Jar Lights
- Families as Learning Environments
- Learning Opposites
Spoiled divas and overbearing stage moms are just a few of the stereotypes often associated with child modeling. Parents also worry about eating disorders, self-esteem issues and the perceived over-emphasis on appearance that a modeling career can bring. However, modeling doesn't have to be all about looks. Instead, dealing with competition, overcoming shyness and following instructions are a few of the benefits your kid can reap by becoming a professional model.
Child modeling is extremely competitive. "I receive over 300 submissions a month," says Jennifer Fite, kids model booker for established southern California modeling agency San Diego Model Management. Of those 300 submissions, Fite ultimately selects only about five for representation. Long odds—and this is just to get a foot in the door. To book a paying job, child models will attend casting calls with hundreds of other children, all hoping to land a place in the commercial or advertisement. Parents can expect to take their child to around 20 auditions to book just one job.
Despite parental concerns, research from North Carolina State University shows that competition can actually be beneficial, helping your child hone problem-solving skills and learn to lose gracefully, as long as parents "stress the basics of fair play, good sportsmanship [and] putting forth good effort." In fact, modeling can teach children many valuable life lessons—but only if parents approach the job in the right way. Here are some tips on how to make the most of the learning opportunities from your child's modeling experience.
· Build confidence. Modeling can help to bring a shy child out of her shell. Child models are expected to interact comfortably with a range of people on-set, including casting directors, photographers, and other competitors. Treat each casting call as an opportunity to practice speaking clearly, walking tall, and smiling brightly in front of people. Praise your child's attempt to learn how to get along with others.
· Develop your child's work ethic and budgeting skills. Rewarding your child with a percentage of her earnings from each modeling job will teach her how to save money and spend it responsibly. Allow her to spend the money on whatever she wants, within reason, and talk about how much work she would need to do to save up for a more expensive toy. Discuss how her hard work has allowed her the money to buy that bicycle she's wanted since Christmas.
· Emphasize listening. Following direction is a critical skill for children to learn. Models are expected to work in tandem with others, wait their turn and listen carefully to the photographer's instructions. Compliment your child on her photo shoots, not by referring to her looks, but by praising her attentiveness to direction and willingness to listen.
· Remove the fear of rejection. Rejection seems like a harsh lesson for a child to learn, but it's crucial to understanding the concept of not always getting what we want. Emphasize the importance of being a good sport by encouraging her to congratulate her peers when they land a gig. When your child does get hired, congratulate her success, while stressing that you would have been proud of her, regardless of the outcome.
· Relax. Your kid can learn to take potentially stressful or high-pressure situations in stride, a skill that will be useful for exams, job interviews and many other situations in life. When mistakes happen, be a relaxed role model and don't overreact. Instead, encourage having fun while trying your best. Don't stress if you forget paperwork, your child ends up with wrinkled clothes, or spills juice on her dress before a casting call. She'll get much more out of the experience if she's not constantly worrying about what could go wrong.
· Be a role model. If you emphasize looks, your child will too. Instead, focus on being professional—saying "please" and "thank you," being punctual, waiting quietly and listening—and emphasize that her behavior is more important than her appearance. Don't be pushy, pester the casting agents or criticize the other children. Avoid focus on landing the job, and help your child enjoy the experience for what it is.
· Increase your child's self-esteem. Contrary to common stereotypes about the modeling industry, child models aren't expected to be stick-skinny, and parents should be wary of any agency encouraging your child to diet or lose weight. Your child will hear many admiring compliments during casting and photo shoots, and you can build her self-esteem even more by reinforcing the praise she receives on set: "The photographer loved your big happy smile!"
· Check your motives. Think critically about the reasons you entered the entertainment business to make sure modeling is your child's dream, not yours. If she doesn't like striking a pose, let her bow out. North Carolina State University found that competition can be harmful when it solely benefits the parents, or if moms and dads are overly involved. Reliving your own missed opportunities through your little one could be harmful to her happiness.
Above all, make it fun. Driving to various modeling jobs is the perfect opportunity for some one-on-one bonding and conversation. Enjoy the chance to spend some quality time with your child, and don't forget the other really significant educational advantage a modeling career can provide—college funds!
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Rob Alegre, Blog Post, February 7, 2016
Matthew J. Kirschenbaum “What Is Digital Humanities and What’s It Doing in English Departments?” made clear what I had suspected but was unsure about the digital humanities, namely that it is more concerned with computing than with creating new humanistic knowledge. The most revealing passage, in my opinion, comes in the form of an anecdote told by John Unsworth, the founding director of the Institute for advanced technology in the humanities at the University of Virginia, in which he describes the term “digital humanities” as having been arrived at as a marketing term, one that would be more attractive to humanists than the term then in fashion, “humanities computing.”
The primacy of computing over creating original humanistic knowledge is clear in a dry, clunky, article written by Robert W. Maloy, Michelle Poirier, Hilary K. Smith, and Sharon A. Edwards’, “The Making of A History StandardsWiki: Covering, Uncovering, and Discovering Curriculum Frameworks Using a Highly Interactive Technology.” For an article presumably intended to create a sense of excitement and novelty regarding the use of Wikis, the piece reads in parts as a formulaic guide to teaching American history through the use of Wiki. Moreover, and most problematic for thinking about “digital humanities,” the article is not fundamentally about creating original humanistic knowledge. Its primary purpose is to teach history–a fine and noble goal, but one that I would classify under pedagogy, not History.
Finally, as my additional reading, I chose Daniel J. Cohen and Roy Rosenzweig “Digital History: A Guide to Gathering, Preserving, and Presenting the Past on the Web,” (http://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/introduction/) which is the title of their book on the subject. The purpose of the piece is to summarize their book, a work meant to assess how computing can be used for humanistic research and teaching. Two issues discussed by the authors stood out to me. First, the World Wide Web has made it possible for just about any amateur historian who knows how to build a website to disseminate information or ideas about the past. On the one hand, this represents the great leveling effect of the web—diminishing the role of the academy as gatekeepers of historical knowledge and allowing amateurs to shape how Americans view the past. The democratic nature of this appeals to our liberal (classical liberalism, not the Democratic Party kind) values of free speech, individual sovereignty, etc. However, it also enables amateur historians to intentionally and unintentional propagate falsehoods. This is particularly troublesome if these amateurs receive private funding to create lavish sites, and pay to have their site advertise throughout the web. One can imagine a wealthy anti-Semite promoting anti-Semitic sites as places to find “authentic history,” and the like. The authors have no remedy for such a scenario.
The second issue is of great interest to historians—the digitalization of primary source materials. On this score, historians would likely concede that digital humanists have much to offer the field. Online archives that present documents that previously required extensive travel and other difficulties to attain is a major innovation in the last twenty or so years. My question, however, is not whether this phenomenon is meaningful, but rather that it appears to be the online version of the physical archive—that is, it is not an example of the work historians do. It’s an example of what archivists do. The site alone is no more a “humanities” than a physical archive. It is the job of the historian to turn those documents into historical narratives, a process that digital computing may assist with but cannot claim to do.
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Feed pelleting has changed considerably, due to the demand for higher standards of physical quality, nutritional value and microbiological hygiene, as well as greater flexibility in the incorporation of new and varied raw materials.
Pelleting improves the characteristics feed, as it increases the digestibility of starches and nutrient absorption, hence improving the feed conversion ratio and production index of the farm. By subjecting starches to heat and moisture, water absorption takes place and the starch granule loses its crystalline structure (a process that is catalysed by a rapid increase in temperature). This causes the starch granule to burst, producing a gelatinous mass: that is, gelatinisation of the starches occur. In addition to the gelatinisation of starches, the use of heat also leads to an increase in the absorption of nutrients and a reduction in any pathogens that could be contaminating the feed, while eliminating anti-nutritional factors and allowing for the incorporation of a higher range and quality of difficult to granulate raw materials. The absorption of moisture also increases the lubrication, softening and cooking of the feed.
Research suggests feed efficiency is improved when growing pigs are fed diets in a pelleted form compared with mash. Photo: Ruben Keestra
The often cited inconveniences of pelleted feed include the need for specialised machinery (conditioners, granulators and chillers), and a lengthier and apparently more costly manufacturing process. This increase in costs is attributable to: amortisation of investments in machinery, higher energy consumption, maintenance of equipment and the loss of raw materials during the manufacturing process (loss of moisture during storage, grinding, granulation, etc). This can be mitigated by the use of real time on-line humidity technology, to ensure constant moisture levels in the mixer and obtain the target humidity in each batch. Thus obtaining pellets of sufficiently high quality to withstand the whole manufacturing and transportation process, up to arrival at the final destination (the feeding trough on the farm) - reducing the formation of fines and avoiding unnecessary losses.
Key performance indicator
The quality of the pellet is important. Not only for commercial reasons but also for its effect on the production index, which is the basis for good livestock performance. Quality here is a combination of several factors, namely: durability, hardness and appearance, - appearance includes colour, surface texture, uniformity of size, percentage of fines and palatability. Some of these factors are subjective, but others are objective (measurable) and should be taken into account:
This is probably the most important factor to assess, and refers to the ability of the pellet to withstand transport and handling without breaking, and with the minimum possible percentage of fines. It is calculated by subjecting the feed to a Standardized Durability Test and is expressed by means of the Pellet Durability Index (PDI), which is the percentage of the mass of the pellets remaining intact with respect to the total mass of pellets.
The variability of pellet size (length and diameter) not only affects the appearance of the feed but also the durability or consumption.
Percentage of fines
This should be kept to the minimum, assuming adequate sieving of the pellets has been carried out.
This refers to the weight (in kg) that the pellet is able to withstand without breaking. It has to be sufficient to withstand storage and transportation to the farm. Hardness and durability are not always correlated.
Figure 1 - Factors affecting pellet quality.
Factors that influence pellet quality
It should be borne in mind that there are numerous factors that affect the quality of the pellet (Figure 1). These factors include; raw materials, particle size, conditioning, granulator matrix, cooling and drying, condition of equipment, etc. Therefore, one of the most important factors that determine pellet quality is the moisture level in the conditioning process, which must sufficient to guarantee thorough cooking and most important, good gelatinisation of the starches.
The cereal grain used (corn versus wheat) and its inclusion percentage will influence quality since, depending on the origin of the starch, the target temperatures needed to achieve gelatinisation will be different (Table 1). Another factor is the inclusion of fats (more than 1%), regardless of the source (animal or vegetable), which can greatly damage the pellet quality.
The size of the particle is another factor that affects quality. As a rule, the finer the particle is ground, the higher the quality of the pellet obtained. This is because the particles are more exposed to the conditioning process and the pellet obtained is more compacted.
State of the equipment
The state of the manufacturing equipment also determines the quality of the pellet. This is so obvious that it is often not taken into account as much as it should be in the daily routine of the factory. The wear and tear of the hammers, the dies, the rollers, etc., or the incorrect positioning or orientation of the blades or steam injection valves, are all detrimental to the quality of the pellet.
The granulation process
Good granulation is essential, because it directly determines the durability, amount of fines and efficiency of the pelletising process (amount produced and energy consumption). A conditioning temperature greater than 80-85°C is the most suitable for the gelatinisation of starch. The steam used, after leaving the boiler and before entering the conditioner, must be regulated so that the quantity, quality and energy are adequate to achieve good results.
Managing steam quality, together with moisture content and retention time in the conditioner, is critical to the successful granulation process. The steam extracts the essential oils in the cereal grains and lubricates the feed through the matrix, reducing friction and wear of the machinery and increasing pelletiser production rates (tonnes/hour).
Using on-line technologies
More attention should be paid in the day-to-day routine of controlling the multiple factors that affect pellet quality. In addition, the all too common mistake of trying to solve the problems of quality by using a high compression matrix or by the use of binders should be avoided. As all this will result in higher production costs and, sometimes, doubtful efficiency and quality. In addition to controlling and modifying the factors, on-line technologies can be used to continuously measure the moisture levels in the mixer and adjust in real time the dose of hydrating solution. This will increase production (more tonnes feed/hour), decrease in energy consumption (less kWh/t), increase pellet quality (higher PDI) and improved digestibility.
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466 (Jan.-Fall 1888)
It is not the victory of science that distinguishes our nineteenth century, but the victory of scientific method over science.
467 (Spring-Fall 1887)
History of scientific method, considered by Auguste Comte as virtually philosophy itself.
468 (Spring-Fall 1887)
The great methodologists: Aristotle, Bacon, Descartes, Auguste
469 (Jan.-Fall 1888)
The most valuable insights are arrived at last; but the most valuable insights are methods.
All the methods, all the presuppositions of our contemporary science were for millennia regarded with the profoundest contempt; on their account one was excluded from the society of respectable people--one was considered as an "enemy of God," as a reviler of the highest ideal, as "possessed."
We have had the whole pathos of mankind against us--our conception of what "truth" should be, what service of truth should be, our objectivity, our method, our silent, cautious, mistrustful ways were considered perfectly contemptible--
At bottom, it has been an aesthetic taste that has hindered mankind most: it believed in the picturesque effect of truth, it demanded of the man of knowledge that he should produce a powerful effect on the imagination.
This looks as if an antithesis has been achieved, a leap made; in reality, the schooling through moral hyperbole prepared the way step by step for that milder of pathos that became incarnate in the scientific character--
The conscientiousness in small things, the self-control of the religious man were a preparatory school for the scientific character: above all, the disposition that takes problems seriously, regardless of the personal consequences--
Profound aversion to reposing once and for all in any one total view of the world. Fascination of the opposing point of view: refusal to be deprived of the stimulus of the enigmatic.
The presupposition that things are, at bottom, ordered so morally that human reason must be justified--is an ingenuous presupposition and a piece of naivete, the after-effect of belief in God's veracity--God understood as the creator of things.--These concepts an inheritance from a former existence in a beyond
Contradiction of the alleged "facts of consciousness." Observation is a thousand times more difficult, error perhaps a condition of observation in general.
The intellect cannot criticize itself, simply because it cannot be compared with other species of intellect and because its capacity to know would be revealed only in the presence of "true reality," i.e., because in order to criticize the intellect we should have to be a higher being with "absolute knowledge." This presupposes that, distinct from every perspective kind of outlook or sensual-spiritual appropriation, something exists, an "in-itself."--But the psychological derivation of the belief in things forbids us to speak of " things-in-themselves . "
474 (Nov.1887-March 1888)
That a sort of adequate relationship subsists between subject and object, that the object is something that if seen from within would be a subject, is a well-meant invention which, I think, has had its day. The measure of that of which we are in any way conscious is totally dependent upon the coarse utility of its becoming-conscious: how could this nook-perspective of consciousness permit us to assert anything of "subject" and "object" that touched reality!--
Critique of modern philosophy: erroneous starting point, as if there existed "facts of consciousness"--and no phenomenalism in introspection.
"Consciousness"--to what extent the idea of an idea, the idea of will, the idea of a feeling (known to ourselves alone) are totally superficial! Our inner world, too, "appearance"!
477 (Nov.1887-March 1888)
I maintain the phenomenality of the inner world, too: everything of which we become conscious is arranged, simplified, schematized, interpreted through and through--the actual process of inner "perception," the causal connection between thoughts, feelings, desires, between subject and object, are absolutely hidden from us--and are perhaps purely imaginary. The "apparent inner world" is governed by just the same forms and procedures as the "outer" world. We never encounter "facts": pleasure and displeasure are subsequent and derivative intellectual phenomena--
"Causality" eludes us; to suppose a direct causal link beween thoughts, as logic does--that is the consequence of the crudest and clumsiest observation. Between two thoughts all kinds of affects play their game: but their motions are too fast, therefore we fail to recognize them, we deny them--
"Thinking," as epistemologists conceive it, simply does not occur: it is a quite arbitrary fiction, arrived at by selecting one element from the process and eliminating all the rest, an artificial arrangement for the purpose of intelligibility--
The "spirit," something that thinks: where possible even "absolute, pure spirit"--this conception is a second derivative of that false introspection which believes in "thinking": first an act is imagined which simply does not occur, "thinking," and secondly a subject-substratum in which every act of thinking, and nothing else, has its origin: that is to say, both the deed and the doer are fictions.
478 (March-June 1888)
One must not look for phenomenalism in the wrong place: nothing is more phenomenal (or, more clearly:) nothing is so much deception as this inner world which we observe with the famous "inner sense."
We have believed in the will as cause to such an extent that we have from our personal experience introduced a cause into events in general (i.e., intention a cause of events--).
We believe that thoughts as they succeed one another in our minds stand in some kind of causal relation: the logician especially, who actually speaks of nothing but instances which never occur in reality, has grown accustomed to the prejudice that thoughts cause thoughts--.
We believe--and even our philosopers still believe--that pleasure and pain are causes of reactions, that the purpose of pleasure and pain is to occasion reactions. For millennia, pleasure and the avoidance of displeasure have been flatly asserted as the motives for every action. Upon reflection, however, we should concede that everything would have taken the same course, according to exactly the same sequence of causes and effects, if these states of "pleasure and displeasure" had been absent, and that one is simply deceiving oneself if one thinks they cause anything at all: they are epiphenomena with a quite different object than to evoke reactions; they are themselves effects within the instituted process of reaction.
In summa: everything of which we become conscious is a terminal phenomenon, an end--and causes nothing; every successive phenomenon in consciousness is completely atomistic--And we have sought to understand the world through the reverse conception--as if nothing were real and effective but thinking, feeling, willing!--
479 (Jan.-Fall 1888)
The phenomenalism of the "inner world." Chronological inversion, so that the cause enters consciousness later than the effect.--We have learned that pain is projected to a part of the body without being situated there--we have learned that sense impressions naively supposed to be conditioned by the outer world are, on the contrary, conditioned by the inner world; that we are always unconscious of the real activity of the outer world--The fragment of outer world of which we are conscious is born after an effect from outside has impressed itself upon us, and is subsequently projected as its "cause"--
In the phenomenalism of the "inner world" we invert the chronological order of cause and effect. The fundamental fact of "inner experience" is that the cause is imagined after the effect has taken place--The same applies to the succession of thoughts: --we seek the reason for a thought before we are conscious of it; and the reason enters consciousness first, and then its consequence--Our entire dream life is the interpretation of complex feelings with a view to possible causes--and in such way that we are conscious of a condition only when the supposed causal chain associated with it has entered consciousness.
The whole of "inner experience" rests upon the fact that a cause for an excitement of the nerve centers is sought and imagined --and that only a cause thus discovered enters consciousness: this cause in no way corresponds to the real cause--it is a groping on the basis of previous "inner experiences," i.e., of memory. But memory also maintains the habit of the old interpretations, i.e., of erroneous causality--so that the "inner experience" has to contain within it the consequences of all previous false causal fictions. Our "outer world" as we project it every moment is indissolubly tied to the old error of the ground: we interpret it by means of the schematism of "things," etc.
"Inner experience" enters our consciousness only after it has found a language the individual understands--i.e., a translation of a condition into conditions familiar to him--; "to understand" means merely: to be able to express something new in the language of something old and familiar. E.g., "I feel unwell"--such a judgment presupposes a great and late neutrality of the observer--; the simple man always says: this or that makes me feel unwell --he makes up his mind about his feeling unwell only when he has seen a reason for feeling unwell.--I call that a lack of philology; to be able to read off a text as a text without interposing an interpretation is the last-developed form of "inner experience"-- perhaps one that is hardly possible--
480 (March-June 1888)
There exists neither "spirit," nor reason, nor thinking, nor consciousness, nor soul, nor will, nor truth: all are fictions that are of no use. There is no question of "subject and object," but of a particular species of animal that can prosper only through a certain relative rightness; above all, regularity of its perceptions (so that it can accumulate experience)--
Knowledge works as a tool of power. Hence it is plain that it increases with every increase of power--
The meaning of "knowledge": here, as in the case of "good" or "beautiful", the concept is to be regarded in a strict and narrow anthropocentric and biological sense. In order for a particular species to maintain itself and increase its power, its conception of reality must comprehend enough of the calculable and constant for it to base a scheme of behavior on it. The utility of preservation --not some abstract-theoretical need not to be deceived--stands as the motive behind the development of the organs of knowledge--they develop in such a way that their observations suffice for our preservation. In other words: the measure of the desire for knowledge depends upon the measure to which the will to power grows in a species: a species grasps a certain amount of reality in order to become master of it, in order to press it into service.
Against positivism, which halts at phenomena--"There are only facts"--I would say: No, facts is precisely what there is not, only interpretations. We cannot establish any fact "in itself": perhaps it is folly to want to do such a thing.
"Everything is subjective," you say; but even this is interpretation. The "subject" is not something given, it is something added and invented and projected behind what there is.--Finally, is it necessary to posit an interpreter behind the interpretation? Even this is invention, hypothesis.
In so far as the word "knowledge" has any meaning, the world is knowable; but it is interpretable otherwise, it has no meaning behind it, but countless meanings.--"Perspectivism."
It is our needs that interpret the world; our drives and their For and Against. Every drive is a kind of lust to rule; each one has its perspective that it would like to compel all the other drives to accept as a norm.
We set up a word at the point at which our ignorance begins, at which we can see no further, e.g., the word "I," the word "do," the word "suffer":--these are perhaps the horizon of our knowledge, but not "truths."
Through thought the ego is posited; but hitherto one believed as ordinary people do, that in "I think" there was something of immediate certainty, and that this "I" was the given cause of thought, from which by analogy we understood all other causal relationships. However habitual and indispensable this fiction may have become by now--that in itself proves nothing against its imaginary origin: a belief can be a condition of life and nonetheless be false.
484 (Spring-Fall 1887)
"There is thinking: therefore there is something that thinks": this is the upshot of all Descartes' argumentation. But that means positing as "true à priori" our belief in the concept of substance-- that when there is thought there has to be something "that thinks" is simply a formulation of our grammatical custom that adds a doer to every deed. In short, this is not merely the substantiation of a fact but a logical-metaphysical postulate--Along the lines followed by Descartes one does not come upon something absolutely certain but only upon the fact of a very strong belief.
If one reduces the proposition to "There is thinking, therefore there are thoughts," one has produced a mere tautology: and precisely that which is in question, the "reality of thought," is not touched upon--that is, in this form the "apparent reality" of thought cannot be denied. But what Descartes desired was that thought should have, not an apparent reality, but a reality in itself.
485 (Spring-Fall 1887)
The concept of substance is a consequence of the concept of the subject: not the reverse! If we relinquish the soul, "the subject," the precondition for "substance" in general disappears. One acquires degrees of being, one loses that which has being.
Critique of "reality": where does the "more or less real," the gradation of being in which we believe, lead to?--
The degree to which we feel life and power (logic and coherence of experience) gives us our measure of "being", "reality", not appearance.
The subject: this is the term for our belief in a unity underlying all the different impulses of the highest feeling of reality: we understand this belief as the effect of one cause--we believe so firmly in our belief that for its sake we imagine "truth", "reality", substantiality in general.-- "The subject" is the fiction that many similar states in us are the effect of one substratum: but it is we who first created the "similarity" of these states; our adjusting them and making them similar is the fact, not their similarity (--which ought rather to be denied--).
One would have to know what being is, in order to decide whether this or that is real (e.g., "the facts of consciousness"); in the same way, what certainty is, what knowledge is, and the like.-- But since we do not know this, a critique of the faculty of knowledge is senseless: how should a tool be able to criticize itself when it can use only itself for the critique? It cannot even define itself!
Must all philosophy not ultimately bring to light the preconditions upon which the process of reason depends?--our belief in the "ego" as a substance, as the sole reality from which we ascribe reality to things in general? The oldest "realism" at last comes to light: at the same time that the entire religious history of mankind is recognized as the history of the soul superstition. Here we come to a limit: our thinking itself involves this belief (with its distinction of substance, accident; deed, doer, etc.); to let it go means: being no longer able to think.
But that a belief, however necessary it may be for the preservation of a species, has nothing to do with truth, one knows from the fact that, e.g., we have to believe in time, space, and motion, without feeling compelled to grant them absolute reality.
488 (Spring-Fall 1887)
Psychological derivation of our belief in reason.--The concept "reality", "being", is taken from our feeling of the "subject".
"The subject": interpreted from within ourselves, so that the ego counts as a substance, as the cause of all deeds, as a doer.
The logical-metaphysical postulates, the belief in substance, accident, attribute, etc., derive their convincing force from our habit of regarding all our deeds as consequences of our will--so that the ego, as substance, does not vanish in the multiplicity of change.--But there is no such thing as will.--
We have no categories at all that permit us to distinguish a "world in itself" from a "world of appearance." All our categories of reason are of sensual origin: derived from the empirical world. "The soul", "the ego"--the history of these concepts shows that here, too, the oldest distinction ("breath", "life")--
If there is nothing material, there is also nothing immaterial. The concept no longer contains anything.
No subject "atoms". The sphere of a subject constantly growing or decreasing, the center of the system constantly shifting; in cases where it cannot organize the appropriate mass, it breaks into two parts. On the other hand, it can transform a weaker subject into its functionary without destroying it, and to a certain degree form a new unity with it. No "substance", rather something that in itself strives after greater strength, and that wants to "preserve" itself only indirectly (it wants to surpass itself--).
Everyting that enters consciousness as "unity" is already tremendously complex: we always have only a semblance of Unity.
The phenomenon of the body is the richer, clearer, more tangible phenomenon: to be discussed first, methodologically, without coming to any decision about its ultimate significance.
The assumption of one single subject is perhaps unnecessary; perhaps it is just as permissible to assume a multiplicity of subjects, whose interaction and struggle is the basis of our thought and our consciousness in general? A kind of aristocracy of "cells" in which dominion resides? To be sure, an aristocracy of equals, used to ruling jointly and understanding how to command?
My hypotheses: The subject as multiplicity
Pain intellectual and dependent upon the judgment "harmful": projected.
The effect always "unconscious": the inferred and imagined cause is projected, follows in time.
Pleasure is a kind of pain.
The only force that exists is of the same kind as that of the will: a commanding of other subjects, which thereupon change.
The continual transitoriness and fleetingness of the subject. "Mortal soul."
Number as perspective form.
Belief in the body is more fundamental than belief in the soul: the latter arose from unscientific reflection on the agonies of the body (something that leaves it. Belief in the truth of dreams--).
The body and physiology the starting point: why?--We gain the correct idea of the nature of our subject-unity, namely as regents at the head of a communality (not as "souls" or "life forces"), also of the dependence of these regents upon the ruled and of an order of rank and division of labor as the conditions that make possible the whole and its parts. In the same way, how living unities continually arise and die and how the "subject" is not eternal; in the same way, that the struggle expresses itself in obeying and commanding, and that a fluctuating assessment of the limits of power is part of life. The relative ignorance in which the regent is kept concerning individual activities and even disturbances within the communality is among the conditions under which rule can be exercised. In short, we also gain a valuation of not-knowing, of seeing things on a broad scale, of simplification and falsification, of perspectivity. The most important thing, however, is: that we understand that the ruler and his subjects are of the same kind, all feeling, willing, thinking--and that, wherever we see or divine movement in a body, we learn to conclude that there is a subjective, invisible life appertaining to it. Movement is symbolism for the eye; it indicates that something has been felt, willed, thought.
The danger of the direct questioning of the subject about the subject and of all self-reflection of the spirit lies in this, that it could be useful and important for one's activity to interpret oneself falsely. That is why we question the body and reject the evidence of the sharpened senses: we try, if you like, to see whether the inferior parts themselves cannot enter into communication with us.
Truth is the kind of error without which a certain species of life could not live. The value for life is ultimately decisive.
It is improbable that our "knowledge" should extend further than is strictly necessary for the preservation of life. Morphology shows us how the senses and the nerves, as well as the brain, develop in proportion to the difficulty of finding nourishment.
If the morality of "thou shalt not lie" is rejected, the "sense for truth" will have to legitimize itself before another tribunal:-- as a means of the preservation of man, as will to power.
Likewise our love of the beautiful: it also is our shaping will. The two senses stand side-by-side; the sense for the real is the means of acquiring the power to shape things according to our wish. The joy in shaping and reshaping--a primeval joy! We can comprehend only a world that we ourselves have made.
Of the multifariousness of knowledge. To trace one's own relationship to many other things (or the relationship of kind)-- how should that be "knowledge" of other things! The way of knowing and of knowledge is itself already part of the conditions of existence: so that the conclusion that there could be no other kind of intellect (for us) than that which preserves us is precipitate: this actual condition of existence is perhaps only accidental and perhaps in no way necessary.
Our apparatus for acquiring knowledge is not designed for "knowledge."
The most strongly believed a priori "truths" are for me provisional assumptions; e.g., the law of causality, a very well acquired habit of belief, so much a part of us that not to believe in it would destroy the race. But are they for that reason truths? What a conclusion! As if the preservation of man were a proof of truth!
To what extent even our intellect is a consequence of conditions of existence--: we would not have it if we did not need to have it, and we would not have it as it is if we did not need to have it as it is, if we could live otherwise.
"Thinking" in primitive conditions (pre-organic) is the crystallization of forms, as in the case of crystal.--In our thought, the essential feature is fitting new material into old schemes (= Procrustes' bed), making equal what is new.
Sense perceptions projected "outside": "inside" and "outside"--does the body command here--?
The same equalizing and ordering force that rules in the idioplasma, rules also in the incorporation of the outer world: our sense perceptions are already the result of this assimiliation and equalization in regard to all the past in us; they do not follow directly upon the "impression"--
All thought, judgment, perception, considered as comparison, has as its precondition a "positing of equality," and earlier still a "making equal." The process of making equal is the same as the process of incorporation of appropriated material in the amoeba.
"Memory" late, in so far as here the drive to make equal seems already to have been subdued: differentiation is preserved. Remembering as a process of classification and pigeonholing: who is active?
One must revise one's ideas about memory: here lies the chief temptation to assume a "soul," which, outside time, reproduces, recognizes, etc. But that which is experienced lives on "in the memory"; I cannot help it if it "comes back," the will is inactive in this case, as in the coming of any thought. Something happens of which I become conscious: now something similar comes--who called it? roused it?
The entire apparatus of knowledge is an apparatus for abstraction and simplification--directed not at knowledge but at taking possession of things: "end" and "means" are as remote from its essential nature as are "concepts." With "end" and "means" one takes possession of the process (one invents a process that can be grasped); with "concepts," however, of the "things" that constitute the process.
Consciousness--beginning quite externally, as coordination and becoming conscious of "impressions"--at first at the furthest distance from the biological center of the individual; but a process that deepens and intensifies itself, and continually draws nearer to that center.
Our perceptions, as we understand them: i.e., the sum of all those perceptions the becoming- conscious of which was useful and essential to us and to the entire organic process--therefore not all perceptions in general (e.g., not the electric); this means: we have senses for only a selection of perceptions--those with which we have to concern ourselves in order to preserve ourselves. Consciousness is present only to the extent that consciousness is useful. It cannot be doubted that all sense perceptions are permeated with value judgments (useful and harmful--consequently, pleasant or unpleasant). Each individual color is also for us an expression of value (although we seldom admit it, or do so only after a protracted impression of exclusively the same color; e.g., a prisoner in prison, or a lunatic). Thus insects also react differently to different colors: some like this color, some that; e.g., ants.
First images--to explain how images arise in the spirit. Then words, applied to images. Finally concepts, possible only when there are words--the collecting together of many images in something nonvisible but audible (word). The tiny amount of emotion to which the "word" gives rise, as we contemplate similar images for which one word exists--this weak emotion is the common element, the basis of the concept. That weak sensations are regarded as alike, sensed as being the same, is the fundamental fact. Thus confusion of two sensations that are close neighbors, as we take note of these sensations; but who is taking note? Believing is the primal beginning even in every sense impression: a kind of affirmation the first intellectual activity! A "holding-true" in the beginning! Therefore it is to be explained: how "holding-true" arose! What sensation lies behind "true"?
507 (Spring-Fall 1887)
The valuation "I believe that this and that is so" as the essence of "truth." In valuations are expressed conditions of preservation and growth. All our organs of knowledge and our senses are developed only with regard to conditions of preservation and growth. Trust in reason and its categories, in dialectic, therefore the valuation of logic, proves only their usefulness for life, proved by experience--not that something is true.
That a great deal of belief must be present; that judgments may be ventured; that doubt concerning all essential values is lacking--that is the precondition of every living thing and its life. Therefore, what is needed is that something must be held to be true--not that something is true.
"The real and the apparent world"--I have traced this antithesis back to value relations. We have projected the conditions of our preservation as predicates of being in general. Because we have to be stable in our beliefs if we are to prosper, we have made the "real" world a world not of change and becoming, but one of being.
Originally a chaos of ideas. The ideas that were consistent with one another remained, the greater number perished--and are perishing.
The earthly kingdom of desires out of which logic grew: the herd instinct in the background. The assumption of similar cases presupposes "similar souls." For the purpose of mutual agreement and dominion.
On the origin of logic. The fundamental inclination to posit as equal, to see things as equal, is modified, held in check, by consideration of usefulness and harmfulness, by considerations of success: it adapts itself to a milder degree in which it can be satisfied without at the same time denying and endangering life. This whole process corresponds exactly to that external, mechanical process (which is its symbol) by which protoplasm makes what it appropriates equal to itself and fits it into its own forms and files.
Equality and similarity.
1. The coarser organ sees much apparent equality;
2. the spirit wants equality, i.e., to subsume a sense impression into an existing series: in the same way as the body assimilates inorganic matter.
Toward an understanding of logic: the will to equality is the will to power--the belief that something is thus and thus (the essence of judgment) is the consequence of a will that as much as possible shall be equal.
Logic is bound to the condition: assume there are identical cases. In fact, to make possible logical thinking and inferences, this condition must first be treated fictitously as fulfilled. That is: the will to logical truth can be carried through only after a fundamental falsification of all events is assumed. From which it follows that a drive rules here that is capable of employing both means, firstly falsification, then the implementation of its own point of view: logic does not spring from will to truth.
513 (Fall 1886)
The inventive force that invented categories labored in the service of our needs, namely of our need for security, for quick understanding on the basis of signs and sounds, for means of abbreviation:--"substance", "subject", "object", "being", "becoming" have nothing to do with metaphysical truths.--
It is the powerful who made the names of things into law, and among the powerful it is the greatest artists in abstraction who created the categories.
514 (March-June 1888)
A morality, a mode of living, tried and proved by long experience and testing, at length enters consciousness as a law, as dominating--And therewith the entire group of related values and states enters into it: it becomes venerable, unassailable, holy, true; it is part of its development that its origin should be forgotten.-- That is a sign it has become master--
Exactly the same thing could have happened with the categories of reason: they could have prevailed, after much groping and fumbling, through their relative utility--There came a point when one collected them together, raised them to consciousness as a whole--and when one commanded them, i.e., when they had the effect of a command--From then on, they counted as à priori, as beyond experience, as irrefutable. And yet perhaps they represent nothing more than the expediency of a certain race and species --their utility alone is their "truth"--
515 (March-June 1888)
Not "to know" but to schematize to impose upon chaos as much regularity and form as our practical needs require.
In the formation of reason, logic, the categories, it was need that was authoritative: the need, not to "know," but to subsume, to schematize, for the purpose of intelligibility and calculation--(The development of reason is adjustment, invention, with the aim of making similar, equal--the same process that every sense impression goes through!) No pre-existing "idea" was here at work, but the utilitarian fact that only when we see things coarsely and made equal do they become calculable and usable to us--Finality in reason is an effect, not a cause: life miscarries with any other kinds of reason, to which there is a continual impulse--it becomes difficult to survey--too unequal--
The categories are "truths"' only in the sense that they are conditions of life for us: as Euclidean space is a conditional "truth." (Between ourselves: since no one would maintain that there is any necessity for men to exist, reason, as well as Euclidean space, is a mere idiosyncracy of a certain species of animal, and one among many--)
The subjective compulsion not to contradict here is a biological compulsion: the instinct for the utility of inferring as we do infer is part of us, we almost are this instinct--But what naivete to extract from this a proof that we are therewith in possession of a "truth in itself"!--Not being able to contradict is proof of an incapacity, not of "truth."
516 (Spring-Fall 1887; rev. Spring-Fall 1888)
We are unable to affirm and to deny one and the same thing: this is a subjective empirical law, not the expression of any "necessity" but only of an inability.
If, according to Aristotle, the law of contradiction is the most certain of all principles, if it is the ultimate and most basic, upon which every demonstrative proof rests, if the principle of every axiom lies in it; then one should consider all the more rigorously what presuppositions already lie at the bottom of it. Either it asserts something about. actuality, about being, as if one already knew this from another source; that is, as if opposite attributes could not be ascribed to it. Or the proposition means: opposite attributes should not be ascribed to it. In that case, logic would be an imperative, not to know the true, but to posit and arrange a world that shall be called true by us.
In short, the question remains open: are the axioms of logic adequate to reality or are they a means and measure for us to create reality, the concept "reality," for ourselves.?--To affirm the former one would, as already said, have to have a previous knowledge of being--which is certainly not the case. The proposition therefore contains no criterion of truth, but an imperative concerning that which should count as true.
Supposing there were no self-identical "A", such as is presupposed by every proposition of logic (and of mathematics), and the "A" were already mere appearance, then logic would have a merely apparent world as its condition. In fact, we believe in this proposition under the influence of ceaseless experience which seems continually to confirrn it. The "thing"--that is the real substratum of "A"; our belief in things is the precondition of our belief in logic. The "A" of logic is, like the atom, a reconstruction of the thing--If we do not grasp this, but make of logic a criterion of true being, we are on the way to positing as realities all those hypostases: substance, attribute, object, subject, action, etc.; that is, to conceiving a metaphysical world, that is, a "real world" (--this, however, is the apparent world once more--).
The very first acts of thought, affirmation and denial, holding true and holding not true, are, in as much as they presuppose, not only the habit of holding things true and holding them not true, but a right to do this, already dominated by the belief that we can gain possession of knowledge, that judgments really can hit upon the truth;--in short, logic does not doubt its ability to assert something about the true-in-itself (namely, that it cannot have opposite attributes).
Here reigns the coarse sensualistic prejudice that sensations teach us truths about things--that I cannot say at the same time of one and the same thing that it is hard and that it is soft. (The instinctive proof "I cannot have two opposite sensations at the same time"--quite coarse and false.)
The conceptual ban on contradiction proceeds from the belief that we are able to form concepts, that the concept not only designates the essence of a thing but comprehends it--In fact, logic (like geometry and arithmetic) applies only to fictitious entities that we have created. Logic is the attempt to comprehend the actual world by means of a scheme of being posited by ourselves; more correctly, to make it formulatable and calculable for us--
517 (Spring-Fall 1887)
In order to think and infer it is necessary to assume beings: logic handles only formulas for what remains the same. That is why this assumption would not be proof of reality: "beings" are part of our perspective. The "ego" as a being (--not affected by becoming and development).
The fictitious world of subject, substance, "reason" etc., is needed--: there is in us a power to order, simplify, falsify, artificially distinguish. "Truth" is the will to be master over the multiplicity of sensations:--to classify phenomena into definite categories. In this we start from a belief in the "in-itself" of things (we take phenomena as real).
The character of the world in a state of becoming as incapable of formulation, as "false," as "'self-contradictory." Knowledge and becoming exclude one another. Consequently, "knowledge" must be something else: there must first of all be a will to make knowable, a kind of becoming must itself create the deception of beings.
If our "ego" is for us the sole being, after the model of which we fashion and understand all being: very well! Then there would be very much room to doubt whether what we have here is not a perspective illusion--an apparent unity that encloses everything like a horizon. The evidence of the body reveals a tremendous multiplicity; it is allowable, for purposes of method, to employ the more easily studied, richer phenomena as evidence for the understanding of the poorer. Finally: supposing everything is becoming, then knowledge is possible only on the basis of belief in being.
If there "is only one being, the ego" and all other "being" is fashioned after its model--if, finally, belief in the "ego" stands or falls with belief in logic, i.e., the metaphysical truth of the categories of reason; if, on the other hand, the ego proves to be something in a state of becoming: then--
Continual transition forbids us to speak of "individuals," etc; the "number" of beings is itself in flux. We would know nothing of time and motion if we did not, in a coarse fashion, believe we see what is at "rest" beside what is in motion. The same applies to cause and effect, and without the erroneous conception of "empty space" we should certainly not have acquired the conception of space. The principle of identity has behind it the "apparent fact" of things that are the same. A world in a state of becoming could not, in a strict sense, be "comprehended" or "known"; only to the extent that the "comprehending" and "knowing" intellect encounters a coarse, already-created world, fabricated out of mere appearances but become firm to the extent that this kind of appearance has preserved life--only to this extent is there anything like "knowledge"; i.e., a measuring of earlier and later errors by one another.
521 (Spring-Fall 1887)
On "logical semblance"-- The concepts "individual" and "species" equally false and merely apparent. "Species" expresses only the fact that an abundance of similar creatures appear at the same time and that the tempo of their further growth and change is for a long time slowed down, so actual small continuations and increases are not very much noticed (--a phase of evolution in which the evolution is not visible, so an equilibrium seems to have been attained, making possible the false notion that a goal has been attained--and that evolution has a goal--).
The form counts as something enduring and therefore more valuable; but the form has merely been invented by us; and however often "the same form is attained," it does not mean that it is the same form--what appears is always something new, and it is only we, who are always comparing, who include the new, to the extent that it is similar to the old, in the unity of the "form." As if a type should be attained and, as it were, was intended by and inherent in the process of formation.
Form, species, law, idea, purpose--in all these cases the same error is made of giving a false reality to a fiction, as if events were in some way obedient to something--an artificial distinction is made in respect of events between that which acts and that toward which the act is directed (but this "which" and this "toward" are only posited in obedience to our metaphysical-logical dogmatism: they are not "facts").
One should not understand this compulsion to construct concepts, species, forms, purposes, laws ("a world of identical cases") as if they enabled us to fix the real world; but as a compulsion to arrange a world for ourselves in which our existence is made possible:--we thereby create a world which is calculable, simplified, comprehensible, etc., for us.
This same compulsion exists in the sense activities that support reason--by simplification, coarsening, emphasizing, and elaborating, upon which all "recognition," all ability to make oneself intelligible rests. Our needs have made our senses so precise that the "same apparent world" always reappears and has thus acquired the semblance of reality.
Our subjective compulsion to believe in logic only reveals that, long before logic itself entered our consciousness, we did nothing but introduce its postulates into events: now we discover them in events--we can no longer do otherwise--and imagine that this compulsion guarantees something connected with "truth." It is we who created the "thing," the "identical thing," subject, attribute, activity, object, substance, form, after we had long pursued the process of making identical, coarse and simple. The world seems logical to us because we have made it logical.
Ultimate solution.--We believe in reason: this, however, is the philosophy of gray concepts. Language depends on the most naive prejudices.
Now we read disharmonies and problems into things because we think only in the form of language--and thus believe in the "eternal truth" of "reason" (e.g., subject, attribute, etc.)
We cease to think when we refuse to do so under the constraint of language; we barely reach the doubt that sees this limitation as a limitation.
Rational thought is interpretation according to a scheme that we cannot throw off..
523 (March-June 1888)
Nothing is more erroneous than to make of psychical and physical phenomena the two faces, the two revelations of one and the same substance. Nothing is explained thereby: the concept "substance" is perfectly useless as an explanation. Consciousness in a subsidiary role, almost indifferent, superfluous, perhaps destined to vanish and give way to a perfect automatism--
When we observe only the inner phenomena we may be compared with the deaf-and-dumb, who divine through movements of the lips the words they do not hear. From the phenomena of the inner sense we conclude the existence of invisible and other phenomena that we would apprehend if our means of observation were adequate and that one calls the nerve current.
We lack any sensitive organs for this inner world, so we sense a thousandfold complexity as a unity; so we introduce causation where any reason for motion and change remains invisible to us --the sequence of thoughts and feelings is only their becoming visible in consciousness. That this sequence has anything to do with a causal chain is completely unbelievable: consciousness has never furnished us with an example of cause and effect.
524 (Nov. 1887-March 1888)
The role of "consciousness."--It is essential that one should not make a mistake over the role of "consciousness": it is our relation with the "outer world" that evolved it. On the other hand, the direction or protection and care in respect of the co-ordination of the bodily functions does not enter our consciousness; any more than spiritual accumulation: that a higher court rules over these things cannot be doubted--a kind of directing committee on which the various chief desires make their votes and power felt. "Pleasure," "displeasure" are hints from this sphere; also the act of will; also ideas.
In summa: That which becomes conscious is involved in causal relations which are entirely withheld from us--the sequence of thoughts, feelings, ideas in consciousness does not signify that this sequence is a causal sequence; but apparently it is so, to the highest degree. Upon this appearance we have founded our whole idea of spirit, reason, logic, etc. (--none of these exist: they are fictitious syntheses and unities), and projected these into things and behind things!
Usually, one takes consciousness itself as the general sensorium and supreme court; nonetheless, it is only a means of communication: it is evolved through social intercourse and with a view to the interests of social intercourse--"Intercourse" here understood to include the influences of the outer world and the reactions they compel on our side; also our effect upon the outer world. It is not the directing agent, but an organ of the directing agent.
My proposition compressed into a formula that smells of antiquity, Christianity, scholasticism, and other muskiness: in the concept "God as spirit," God as perfection is negated--
526 (March-lune 1888)
Where a certain unity obtains in the grouping of things, one has always posited spirit as the cause of this coordination: for which notion there is no ground whatever. Why should the idea of a complex fact be one of the conditions of this fact? or why should the notion of a complex fact have to precede it as its cause?--
We shall be on our guard against explaining purposiveness in terms of spirit: there is no ground whatever for ascribing to spirit the properties of organization and systematization. The nervous system has a much more extensive domain; the world of consciousness is added to it. Consciousness plays no role in the total process of adaptation and systematization.
Physiologists, like philosophers, believe that consciousness increases in value in proportion as it increases in clarity: the clearest consciousness, the most logical and coldest thinking, is supposed to be of the first rank. However--by what measure is this value determined?--In regard to release of will, the most superficial, most simplified thinking is the most useful--it could therefore--etc. (because it leaves few motives over).
Precision in action is antagonistic to far-seeing providentiality, the judgments of which are often uncertain: the latter is led by the deeper instinct.
Principal error of psychologists: they regard the indistinct idea as a lower kind of idea than the distinct: but that which removes itself from our consciousness and for that reason becomes obscure can on that account be perfectly clear in itself. Becoming obscure is a matter of perspective of consciousness.
529 (March-June 1888)
1. the absurd overestimation of consciousness, the transformation of it into a unity, an entity: "spirit", "soul", something that feels, thinks, wills--
2. spirit as cause, especially wherever purposiveness, system, co-ordination appear;
3. consciousness as the highest achieveable form, as the supreme kind of being, as "God";
4. will introduced wherever there are effects;
5. the "real world" as a spiritual world, as accessible through the facts of consciousness;
6. knowledge as uniquely the faculty of consciousness wherever there is knowledge at all.
every advance lies in an advance in becoming conscious; every regression in becoming unconscious; (--becoming unconscious was considered a falling back to the desires and senses --as becoming animal--)
one approaches reality, "real being", through dialectic; one distances oneself from it through the instincts, senses, mechanism--
to resolve man into spirit would mean to make him into God: spirit, will, goodness--all one; all good must proceed from spirituality, must be a fact of consciousness; any advance toward the better can only be an advance in becoming conscious
In the case of Kant, theological prejudice, his unconscious dogmatism, his moralistic perspective, were dominant, directing, commanding.
The proton pseudos: how is the fact of knowledge possible? is knowledge a fact at all? what is knowledge? If we do not know what knowledge is, we cannot possibly answer the question whether there is knowledge.--Very well! But if I do not already "know' whether there is knowledge, whether there can be knowledge, I cannot reasonably put the question "what is knowledge?" Kant believes in the fact of knowledge: what he wants is a piece of naivete: knowledge of knowledge!
"Knowledge is judgment!" But judgment is a belief that something is thus and thus! And not knowledge! "All knowledge consists of synthetic judgments" of universal validity (the case is thus and not otherwise in every case), of necessary validity (the opposite of the assertion can never occur).
The legitimacy of belief in knowledge is always presupposed: just as the legitimacy of the feelings of conscience-judgments is presupposed. Here moral ontology is the dominant prejudice.
The conclusion is therefore:
1. there are assertions that we consider universally valid and necessary;
2. necessity and universal validity cannot be derived from experience;
3. consequently they must be founded, not upon experience, but upon something else, and derive from another source of knowledge!
(Kant infers (1) there are assertions which are valid only under a certain condition; (2) this condition is that they derive, not from experience, but from pure reason.)
Therefore: the question is, whence do we derive our reasons for believing in the truth of such assertions? No, how our belief is caused! But the origin of a belief, of a strong conviction, is a psychological problem: and a very narrow and limited experience often produces such a belief! It already presupposes that there is not "data à posteriori" but also data à priori, "preceding experience." Necessity and universal validity could never be given to us by experience: why does that mean that they are present without any experience at all?
There are no isolated judgments!
An isolated judgment is never "true," never knowledge; only in the connection and relation of many judgments is there any surety.
What distinguishes the true from the false belief? What is knowledge? He "knows" it, that is heavenly!
Necessity and universality can never be given by experience! thus they are independent of experience, prior to all experience! That insight that occurs a priori, therefore independently of all experience, out of sheer reason, is "a pure form of knowledge"!
"The basic laws of logic, the law of identity and the law of contradiction, are forms of pure knowledge, because they precede all experience."--But these are not forms of knowledge at all! they are regulative articles of belief.
To establish the à priori character (the pure rationality) of the judgments of mathematics, space must be conceived as a form of pure reason.
Hume had declared: "There are no synthetic à priori judgments." Kant says: But there are! Those of mathematics! And if there are such judgments, perhaps there is also metaphysics, a knowledge of things by pure reason!
Mathematics is possible under conditions under which metaphysics is never possible. All human knowlege is either experience or mathematics.
A judgment is synthetic; i.e., it connects different ideas.
It is à priori; i.e., every connection is a universally valid and necessary one, which can never be given by sense perception but only through pure reason.
If there are to be synthetic a priori judgments, then reason must be in a position to make connections: connection is a form. Reason must possess the capacity of giving form.
Judgment is our oldest belief, our most habitual holding-true or holding-untrue, an assertion or denial, a certainty that something is thus and not otherwise, a belief that here we really "know"-- what is it that is believed true in all judgments?
What are attributes?--We have not regarded change in us as change but as an "in itself" that is foreign to us, that we merely "perceive": and we have posited it, not as an event, but as a being, as a "quality"--and in addition invented an entity to which it adheres; i.e., we have regarded the effect as something that effects, and this we have regarded as a being. But even in this formulation, the concept "effect" is arbitrary: for those changes that take place in us, and that we firmly believe we have not ourselves caused, we merely infer to be effects, in accordance with the conclusion: "every change must have an author";--but this conclusion is already mythology: it separates that which effects from the effecting. If I say "lightning flashes," I have posited the flash once as an activity and a second time as a subject, and thus added to the event a being that is not one with the event but is rather fixed, "is" and does not "become."--To regard an event as an "effecting," and this as being, that is the double error, or interpretation, of which we are guilty.
Judgment--this is the belief: "This and that are so." Thus there is in every judgment the avowal of having encountered an "identical case": it therefore presupposes comparison with the aid of memory. The judgment does not produce the appearance of an identical case. Rather it believes it perceives one: it works under the presupposition that identical cases exist. Now, what is that function that must be much older and must have been at work much earlier, that makes cases identical and similar which are in themselves dissimilar? What is that second function, which on the basis of the first, etc. "Whatever arouses the same sensation is the same": but what is it that makes sensations the same, "accepts" them as the same? There could be no judgments at all if a kind of equalization were not practiced within sensations: memory is possible only with a continual emphasizing of what is already familiar, experienced.--Before judgment occurs, the process of assimilation must already have taken place; thus here, too, there is an intellectual activity that does not enter consciousness, as pain does as a consequence of a wound. Probably an inner event corresponds to each organic function; hence assimilation, rejection, growth, etc.
Essential: to start from the body and employ it as guide. It is the much richer phenomenon, which allows of clearer observation. Belief in the body is better established than belief in the spirit.
"No matter how strongly a thing may be believed, strength of belief is no criterion of truth." But what is truth? Perhaps a kind of belief that has become a condition of life? In that case, to be sure, strength could be a criterion; e.g., in regard to causality.
533 (Spring-Fall 1887)
Logical certainty, transparency, as criterion of truth ("omncillud verum est, quod clare et distincte percipitur." Descartes): with that, the mechanical hypothesis concerning the world is desired and credible.
But this is a crude confusion: like simplex sigillum veri. How does one know that the real nature of things stands in this relation to our intellect?--Could it not be otherwise? that it is the hypothesis that gives the intellect the greatest feeling of power and security, that is most preferred, valued and consequently characterized as true?--The intellect posits its freest and strongest capacity and capability as criterion of the most valuable, consequently of the true--
"True": from the standpoint of feeling--: that which excites the feeling most strongly ("ego");
from the standpoint of thought--: that which gives thought the greatest feeling of strength;
from the standpoint of touch, seeing, hearing--: that which calls for the greatest resistance.
Thus it is the highest degrees of performance that awaken belief in the "truth," that is to say reality, of the object. The feeling of strength, of struggle, of resistance convinces us that there is something that is here being resisted.
The criterion of truth resides in the enhancement of the feeling of power.
"Truth": this, according to my way of thinking, does not necessarily denote the antithesis of error, but in the most fundamental cases only the posture of various errors in relation to one another. Perhaps one is older, more profound than another, even ineradicable, in so far as an organic entity of our species could not live without it; while other errors do not tyrannize over us in this way as conditions of life, but on the contrary when compared with such "tyrants" can be set aside and "refuted."
An assumption that is irrefutable--why should it for that reason be "true"? This proposition may perhaps outrage logicians, who posit their limitations as the limitations of things: but I long ago declared war on this optimism of logicians.
536 (Jan.-Fall 1888)
Everything simple is merely imaginary, is not "true." But whatever is real, whatever is true, is neither one nor even reducible to one.
What is truth?--Inertia; that hypothesis which gives rise to contentment; smallest expenditure of spiritual force, etc.
First proposition. The easier mode of thought conquers the harder mode;--as dogma: simplex sigillum veri.-- Ditto: to suppose that clarity proves anything about truth is perfect childishness--
Second proposition. The doctrine of being, of things, of all sorts of fixed unities is a hundred times easier than the doctrine of becoming, of development--
Third proposition. Logic was intended as facilitation; as a means of expression--not as truth--Later it acquired the effect of truth--
539 (March-June 1888)
Parmenides said, "one cannot think of what is not",--we are at the other extreme, and say "what can be thought of must certainly be a fiction.''
There are many kinds of eyes. Even the sphinx has eyes-- and consequently there are many kinds of "truths," and consequently there is no truth. Spencer.
541 (March-June 1888)
Inscriptions for the Door of a Modern Madhouse
"What is thought necessarily is morally necessary." Herbert
"The ultimate test of the truth of a proposition is the conceivability of its negation." Herbert Spencer.
542 (Nov. 1887-March 1888)
If the character of existence should be false--which would be possible--what would truth, all our truth, be then?--An unconscionable falsification of the false? The false raised to a higher power?--
543 (Nov. 1887-March 1888)
In a world that is essentially false, truthfulness would be an antinatural tendency: such a tendency could have meaning only as a means to a higher power of falsehood. In order for a world of the true, of being, to be invented, the truthful man would first have to be created (including the fact that such a man believes himself "truthful").
Simple, transparent, not in contradiction with himself, durable, remaining always the same, without wrinkle, volt, concealment, form: a man of this kind conceives a world of being as "God" in his own image.
For truthfulness to be possible, the whole sphere of man must be very clean, small and, respectable; advantage in every sense must be with the truthful man.--Lies, deception, dissimulation must arouse astonishment--
544 (1885-1887; rev. Spring-Fall 1888)
Increase in "dissimulation" proportionate to the rising order of rank of creatures. It seems to be lacking in the inorganic world-- power against power, quite crudely cunning begins in the organic world; plants are already masters of it. The highest human beings, such as Caesar, Napoleon (Stendhal's remark on him), also the higher races (Italians), the Greeks (Odysseus); a thousandfold craftiness belongs to the essence of the enhancement of man-- problem of the actor. My Dionysus ideal--The perspective of all organic functions, all the strongest instincts of life: the force in all life that wills error; error as the precondition even of thought. Before there is "thought" there must have been "invention"; the construction of identical cases, of the appearance of sameness, is more primitive than the knowledge of sameness.
I believe in absolute space as the substratum of force: the latter limits and forms. Time eternal. But space and time do not exist in themselves. "Changes" are only appearances (or sense processes for us); if we posit the recurrence of these, however regular, nothing is established thereby except this simple fact, that it has always happened thus. The feeling that post hoc is propter hoc can easily be shown to be a misunderstanding; it is comprehensible. But appearances cannot be "causes"!
The interpretation of an event as either an act or the suffering of an act (--thus every act a becoming-other, presupposes an author and someone upon who "change" is effected.
Psychological history of the concept "subject." The body, the thing, the "whole" construed by the eye, awaken the distinction between a deed and a doer; the doer, the cause of the deed, conceived ever more subtly, finally left behind the "subject."
Our bad habit of taking a mnemonic, an abbreviative formula, to be an entity, finally as a cause, e.g., to say of lightning "it flashes." Or the little word "I." To make a kind of perspective in seeing the cause of seeing: that was what happened in the invention of the "subject," the "I"!
"Subject", "object", "attribute"--these distinctions are fabricated and are now imposed as a schematism upon all the apparent facts. The fundamental false observation is that I believe it is I who does something, suffer something, "have" something, "have" a quality.
In every judgment there resides the entire, full, profound belief in subject and attribute, or in cause and effect (that is, as the assertion that every effect is an activity and that every activity presupposes an agent); and this latter belief is only a special case of the former, so there remains as the fundamental belief the belief that there are subjects, that everything that happens is related attributively to some subject.
I notice something and seek a reason for it; this means originally: I seek an intention in it, and above all someone who has intentions, a subject, a doer: every event a deed--formerly One saw intentions in all events, this is our oldest habit. Do animals also possess it? As living beings, must they not also rely on interpretations based on themselves?--
The question "why?" is always a question after the causa finalis' after the "what for?" We have no "sense for the causa efficiens": here Hume was right; habit (but not only that of the individual!) makes us expect that a certain often-observed occurrence will follow another: nothing more! That which gives the extraordinary firmness to our belief in causality is not the great habit of seeing one occurrence following another but our inability to interpret events otherwise than as events caused by intentions. It is belief in the living and thinking as the only effective force--in will, in intention--it is belief that every event is a deed, that every deed presupposes a doer, it is belief in the "subject." Is this belief in the concept of subject and attribute not a great stupidity?
Question: is intention the cause of an event? Or is that also illusion?
Is it not the event itself?
551 (March-June 1888)
Critique of the concept "cause".- We have absolutely no experience of a cause; psychologically considered, we derive the entire concept from the subjective conviction that we are causes, namely, that the arm moves--But that is an error. We separate ourselves, the doers, from the deed, and we make use of this pattern everywhere--we seek a doer for every event. What is it we have done? We have misunderstood the feeling of strength, tension, resistance, a muscular feeling that is already the beginning of the act, as the cause, or we have taken the will to do this or that for a cause because the action follows upon it--cause, i.e.,-
There is no such thing as "cause"; some cases in which it seemed to be given us, and in which we have projected it out of ourselves in order to understand an event, have been shown to be self-deceptions. Our "understanding of an event" has consisted in our inventing a subject which was made responsible for something that happens and for how it happens. We have combined our feeling of will, our feeling of "freedom," our feeling of responsibility and our intention to perform an act, into the concept "cause": causa efficiens and causa finalis are fundamentally one.
We believed that an effect was explained when a condition was detected in which the effect was already inherent. In fact, we invent all causes after the schema of the effect: the latter is known to us--Conversely, we are not in a position to predict of any thing what it will "effect." The thing, the subject, will, intention--all inherent in the conception "cause." We search for things in order to explain why something has changed. Even the atom is this kind of super-added "thing" and "primitive subject"--
At length we grasp that things--consequently atoms, too-- effect nothing: because they do not exist at all--that the concept of causality is completely useless.-- A necessary sequence of states does not imply a causal relationship between them (--that would mean making their effective capacity leap from 1 to 2, to 3, to 4, to 5). There are neither causes nor effects. Linguistically we do not know how to rid ourselves of them. But that does not matter. If I think of the muscle apart from its "effects", I negate it--
In summa: an event is neither effected nor does it effect. Causa is a capacity to produce effects that has been super-added to the events--
Interpretation by causality a deception--A "thing" is the sum of its effects, synthetically united by a concept, an image. In fact, science has emptied the concept causality of its content and retained it as a formula of an equation, in which it has become at bottom a matter of indifference on which side cause is placed and on which side effect. It is asserted that in two complex states (constellations of force) the quanta of force remain constant.
The calculability of an event does not reside in the fact that a rule is adhered to, or that a necessity is obeyed, or that a law of causality has been projected by us into every event: it resides in the recurrence of "identical cases".
There is no such thing as a sense of causality, as Kant thinks. One is surprised, one is disturbed, one desires something familiar to hold on to--As soon as we are shown something old in the new' we are calmed. The supposed instinct for causality is only fear of the unfamiliar and the attempt to discover something familiar in it--a search, not for causes, but for the familiar.
552 (Spring-Fall 1887)
Against determinism and teleology.-- From the fact that something ensues regularly and ensues calculably, it does not follow that it ensues necessarily. That a quantum of force determines and conducts itself in every particular case in one way and manner does not make it into an "unfree will." "Mechanical necessity" is not a fact: it is we who first interpreted it into events. We have interpreted the formulatable character of events as the consequence of a necessity that rules over events. But from the fact that I do a certain thing, it by no means follows that I am compelled to do it. Compulsion in things certainly cannot be demonstrated: the rule proves only that one and the same event is not another event as well. Only because we have introduced subjects, "doers," into things does it appear that all events are the consequences of compulsion exerted upon subjects--exerted by whom? again by a "doer." Cause and effect--a dangerous concept so long as one thinks of something that causes and something upon which an effect is produced.
a. Necessity is not a fact but an interpretation.
b. When one has grasped that the "subject" is not something that creates effects, but only a fiction, much follows.
It is only after the model of the subject that we have invented the reality of things and projected them into the medley of sensations. If we no longer believe in the effective subject, then belief also disappears in effective things, in reciprocation, cause and effect between those phenomena that we call things.
There also disappears, of course, the world of effective atoms: the assumption of which always depended on the supposition that one needed subjects.
At last, the "thing-in-itself" also disappears, because this is fundamentally the conception of a "subject-in-itself." But we have grasped that the subject is a fiction. The antithesis "thing-in-itself" and "appearance" is untenable; with that, however, the concept "appearance" also disappears.
c. If we give up the effective subject, we also give up the object upon which effects are produced. Duration, identity with itself, being are inherent neither in that which is called subject nor in that which is called object: they are complexes of events apparently durable in comparison with other complexes--e.g., through the difference in tempo of the event (rest--motion, firm--loose: opposites that do not exist in themselves and that actually express only variations in degree that from a certain perspective appear to be opposites. There are no opposites: only from those of logic do we derive the concept of opposites--and falsely transfer it to things).
d. If we give up the concept "subject" and "object," then also the concept "substance"--and as a consequence also the various modifications of it, e.g., "matter," "spirit," and other hypothetical entities, "the eternity and immutability of matter," etc. We have got rid of materiality.
From the standpoint of morality, the world is false. But to the extent that morality itself is a part of this world, morality is false.
Will to truth is a making firm, a making true and durable, an abolition of the false character of things, a reinterpretation of it into beings. "Truth" is therefore not something there, that might be found or discovered--but something that must be created and that gives a name to a process, or rather to a will to overcome that has in itself no end--introducing truth, as a processus in infinitum, an active determining--not a becoming conscious of something that is in itself firm and determined. It is a word for the "will to power."
Life is founded upon the premise of a belief in enduring and regularly recurring things; the more powerful life is, the wider must be the knowable world to which we, as it were, attribute being. Logicizing, rationalizing, systematizing as expedients of life.
Man projects his drive to truth, his "goal" in a certain sense outside himself as a world that has being, as a metaphysical world, as a "thing-in-itself," as a world already in existence. His needs as creator invent the world upon which he works, anticipate it; this anticipation (this "belief" in truth) is his support.
All events, all motion, all becoming, as a determination, degrees and relations of force, as a struggle--
As soon as we imagine someone who is responsible for our being thus and thus, etc. (God, nature), and therefore attribute to him the intention that we should exist and be happy or wretched, we corrupt for ourselves the innocence of becoming. We then have someone who wants to achieve something through us and with us.
The "'welfare of the individual" is just as imaginary as the "welfare of the species": the former is not sacrificed to the latter, species viewed from a distance is just as transient as the individual. "Preservation of the species" is only a consequence of the growth of the species, i.e., the. overcoming of the species on the road to a stronger type.
[Theses.] That the apparent "purposiveness" ("that purposiveness which endlessly surpasses all the arts of man") is merely the consequence of the will to power manifest in all events; that becoming stronger involves an ordering process which looks like a sketchy purposiveness; that apparent ends are not intentional but, as soon as dominion is established over a lesser power and the latter operates as a function of the greater power, an order of rank, of organization is bound to produce the appearance of an order of means and ends.
Against apparent "necessity": --this is only an expression for the fact that a force is not also something else.
Against apparent "purposiveness": --the latter only an expression for an order of spheres of power and their interplay.
The sore spot of Kant's critical philosophy has gradually become visible even to dull eyes: Kant no longer has a right to his distinction "appearance" and "thing-in-itself"--he had deprived himself of the right to go on distinguishing in this old familiar way, in so far as he rejected as impermissible making inferences from phenomena to a cause of phenomena--in accordance with his conception of causality and its purely intra-phenomenal validity-- which conception, on the other hand, already anticipates this distinction, as if the "thing-in-itself" were not only inferred but given.
Causalism.--It is obvious that things-in-themselves cannot be related to one another as cause and effect, nor can appearance be so related to appearance; from which it follows that in a philosophy that believes in things-in-themselves and appearances the concept "cause and effect" cannot be applied. Kant's mistakes
In fact, the concept "cause and effect" derives, psychologically speaking, only from a mode of thought that believes that always and everywhere will operates upon will--that believes only in living things and fundamentally only in "souls" (and not in things). Within the mechanistic view of the world (which is logic and its application to space and time), that concept is reduced to the formulas of mathematics--with which, as one must emphasize again and again, nothing is ever comprehended, but rather designated and distorted.
Against the scientific prejudice.--The biggest fable of all is the fable of knowledge. One would like to know what things-in-themselves are; but behold, there are no things-in-themselves! But even supposing there were an in-itself, an unconditioned thing, it would for that very reason be unknowable! Something unconditioned cannot be known; otherwise it would not be unconditioned! Coming to know, however, is always "placing oneself in a conditional relation to something" one who seeks to know the unconditioned desires that it should not concern him, and that this same something should be of no concern to anyone. This involves a contradiction, first, between wanting to know and the desire that it not concern us (but why know at all, then?) and, secondly, because something that is of no concern to anyone IS not at all, and thus cannot be known at all.--
Coming to know means "to place oneself in a conditional relation to something"; to feel oneself conditioned by something and oneself to condition it--it is therefore under all circumstances establishing, denoting, and making-conscious of conditions (not forthcoming entities, things, what is "in-itself").
A "thing-in-itself" just as perverse as a "sense-in-itself," a "meaning-in-itself." There are no "facts-in-themselves," for a sense must always be projected into them before there can be "facts."
The question "what is that?" is an imposition of meaning from some other viewpoint. "Essence," the "essential nature," is something perspective and already presupposes a multiplicity. At the bottom of it there always lies "what is that for me?" (for us, for all that lives, etc.)
A thing would be defined once all creatures had asked "what is that?" and had answered their question. Supposing one single creature, with its own relationships and perspectives for all things, were missing, then the thing would not yet be "defined".
In short: the essence of a thing is only an opinion about the "thing." Or rather: "it is considered" as the real "it is," the sole "this is."
One may not ask: "who then interprets?" for the interpretation itself is a form of the will to power, it exists (but not as a "being,' but as a process, a becoming) as an affect.
The origin of "things" is wholly the work of that which imagines, thinks, wills, feels. The concept "thing" itself just as much as all its qualities.--Even "the subject" is such a created entity, a "thing" like all others: a simplification with the object of defining the force which posits, invents, thinks, as distinct from all individual positing, inventing, thinking as such. Thus a capacity as distinct from all that is individual--fundamentally, action collectively considered with respect to all anticipated actions (action and the probability of similar actions).
The properties of a thing are effects on other "things": if one removes other "things," then a thing has no properties, i.e., there is no thing without other things, i.e., there is no "thing-in-itself."
558 (Spring-Fall 1887)
The "thing-in-itself" nonsensical. If I remove all the relationships, all the "properties," all the "activities" of a thing, the thing does not remain over; because thingness has only been invented by us owing to the requirements of logic, thus with the aim of defining, communication (to bind together the multiplicity of relationships, properties, activities).
559 (Nov. 1887-March 1888)
"Things that have a constitution in themselves"--a dogm idea with which one must break absolutely.
560 (Spring-Fall 1887)
That things possess a constitution in themselves quite apart from interpretation and subjectivity, is a quite idle hypothesis: it presupposes that interpretation and subjectivity are not essential, that a thing freed from all relationships would still be a thing.
Conversely, the apparent objective character of things: could it not be merely a difference of degree within the subjective?--that perhaps that which changes slowly presents itself to us as "objectively" enduring, being, "in-itself"--that the objective is only a false concept of a genus and an antithesis within the subjective?
Suppose all unity were unity only as an organization? But the "thing" in which we believe was only invented as a foundation for the various attributes. If the thing "effects," that means: we conceive all the other properties which are present and momentarily latent, as the cause of the emergence of one single property; i.e., we take the sum of its properties--"x"--as cause of the property "x": which is utterly stupid and mad!
All unity is unity only as organization and co-operation--just as a human community is a unity--as opposed to an atomistic anarchy, as a pattern of domination that signifies a unity but is not a unity.
"In the development of thought a point had to be reached at which one realized that what one called the properties of things were sensations of the feeling subject: at this point the properties ceased to belong to the thing." The "thing-in-itself" remained. The distinction between the thing-in-itself and the thing-for-us is based on the older, naive form of perception which granted energy to things; but analysis revealed that even force was only projected into them, and likewise--substance. "The thing affects a subject"? Root of the idea of substance in language, not in beings outside us! The thing-in-itself is no problem at all!
Beings will have to be thought of as sensations that are no longer based on something devoid of sensation.
In motion, no new content is given to sensation. That which IS, cannot contain motion: therefore it is a form of being.
N.B. The explanation of an event can be sought firstly: through mental images of the event that precede it (aims);
secondly: through mental images that succeed it (the mathematical-physical explanation).
One should not confuse the two. Thus: the physical explanation, which is a symbolization of the world by means of sensation and thought, can in itself never account for the origin of sensation and thought; rather physics must construe the world of feeling consistently as lacking feeling and aim--right up to the highest human being. And teleology is only a history of purposes and never physical!
Our "knowing" limits itself to establishing quantities; but we cannot help feeling these differences in quantity as qualities. Quality is a perspective truth for us; not an "in-itself."
Our senses have a definite quantum as a mean within which they function; i.e., we sense bigness and smallness in relation to the conditions of our existence. If we sharpened or blunted our senses tenfold, we should perish; i.e., with regard to making possible our existence we sense even relations between magnitudes as qualities.
Might all quantities not be signs of qualities? A greater power implies a different consciousness, feeling, desiring, a different perspective; growth itself is a desire to be more; the desire for an increase in quantum grows from a quale; in a purely quantitative world everything would be dead, stiff, motionless.-- The reduction of all qualities to quantities is nonsense: what appears is that the one accompanies the other, an analogy--
565 (Fall 1886)
Qualities are insurmountable barriers for us; we cannot help feeling that mere quantitative differences are something fundamentally distinct from quantity, namely that they are qualities which can no longer be reduced to one another. But everything for which the word "knowledge" makes any sense refers to the domain of reckoning. weighing, measuring, to the domain of quantity; while, on the other hand, all our sensations of value (i.e., simply our sensations) adhere precisely to qualities, i.e., to our perspective "truths" which belong to us alone and can by no means be "known"! It is obvious that every creature different from us senses different qualities and consequently lives in a different world from that in which we live. Qualities are an idiosyncrasy peculiar to man; to demand that our human interpretations and values should be universal and perhaps constitutive values is one of the hereditary madnesses of human pride.
566 (Nov. 1887-March 1888)
The "real world," however one has hitherto conceived it, it has always been the apparent world once again.
567 (March-June 1888)
The apparent world, i.e., a world viewed according to values; ordered, selected according to values, i.e., in this case according to the viewpoint of utility in regard to the preservation and enhancement of the power of a certain species of animal.
The perspective therefore decides the character of the "appearance"! As if a world would still remain over after one deducted the perspective! By doing that one would deduct relativity!
Every center of force adopts a perspective toward the entire remainder, i.e., its own particular valuation, mode of action, and mode of resistance. The "apparent world," therefore, is reduced to a specific mode of action on the world, emanating from a center.
Now there is no other mode of action whatever; and the "world" is only a word for the totality of these actions. Reality consists precisely in this particular action and reaction of every individual part toward the whole--
No shadow of a right remains to speak here of appearance--
The specific mode of reacting is the only mode of reacting; we do not know how many and what kinds of other modes there are.
But there is no "other," no "true," no essential being--for this would be the expression of a world without action and reaction--
The antithesis of the apparent world and the true world reduced to the antithesis "world" and "nothing."--
568 (March-June 1888)
Critique of the concept "true and apparent world."-- Of these, the first is a mere fiction, constructed of fictitious entities.
"Appearance" itself belongs to reality: it is a form of its being; i.e., in a world where there is no being, a certain calculable world of identical cases must first be created through appearance: a tempo at which observation and comparison are possible, etc.
Appearance is an arranged and simplified world, at which our practical instincts have been at work; it is perfectly true for us; that is to say, we live, we are able to live in it: proof of its truth for us--
The world, apart from our condition of living in it, the world that we have not reduced to our being, our logic and psychological prejudices, does not exist as a world "in-itself"; it is essentially a world of relationships; under certain conditions it has a differing aspect from every point; its being is essentially different from every point; it presses upon every point, every point resists it--and the sum of these is in every case quite incongruent.
The measure of power determines what being possesses the other measure of power; in what form, force, constraint it acts or resists.
Our particular case is interesting enough: we have produced a conception in order to be able to live in a world, in order to perceive just enough to endure it--
569 (Spring-Fall 1887)
Our psychological perspective is determined by the following: 1. that communication is necessary, and that for there to be communication something has to be firm, simplified, capable of precision (above all in the [so-called] identical case). For it to be communicable, however, it must be experienced as adapted, as "recognizable." The material of the senses adapted by the understanding, reduced to rough outlines, made similar, subsumed under related matters. Thus the fuzziness and chaos of sense impressions are, as it were, logicized;
2. the world of "phenomena" is the adapted world which we feel to be real. The "reality" lies in the continual recurrence of identical, familiar, related things in their logicized character, in the belief that here we are able to reckon and calculate;
3. the antithesis of this phenomenal world is not "the true world," but the formless unformulable world of the chaos of sensations--another kind of phenomenal world, a kind "unknowable" for us;
4. questions, what things "in-themselves" may be like, apart from our sense receptivity and the activity of our understanding, must be rebutted with the question: how could we know that things exist? "Thingness" was first created by us. The question is whether there could not be many other ways of creating such an apparent world--and whether this creating, logicizing, adapting, falsifying is not itself the best-guaranteed reality; in short, whether that which "posits things" is not the sole reality; and whether the "effect of the external world upon us" is not also only the result of such active subjects--The other "entities" act upon us; our adapted apparent world is an adaptation and overpowering of their actions; a kind of defensive measure. The subject alone is demonstrable; hypothesis that only subjects exist--that "object" is only a kind of effect produced by a subject upon a subject a modus of the subject.
570 (Nov. 1887-March 1888)
If one is a philosopher as men have always been philosophers, one cannot see what has been and becomes--one sees only what is. But since nothing is, all that was left to the philosopher as his "world" was the imaginary.
571 (Spring-Fall 1887; rev. Spring-Fall 1888)
To assert the existence as a whole of things of which we know nothing whatever, precisely because there is an advantage in not being able to know anything of them, was a piece of naivete of Kant, resulting from needs, mainly moral-metaphysical.
An artist cannot endure reality, he looks away from it, back: he seriously believes that the value of a thing resides in that shadowy residue one derives from colors, form, sound, ideas, he believes that the more subtilized, attenuated, transient a thing or a man is, the more valuable he becomes; the less real, the more valuable. This is Platonism, which, however, involved yet another bold reversal: Plato measured the degree of reality by the degree of value and said: The more "Idea", the more being. He reversed the concept "reality" and said: "What you take for real is an error, and the nearer we approach the 'Idea', the nearer we approach 'truth'. "--Is this understood? It was the greatest of rebaptisms; and because it has been adopted by Christianity we do not recognize how astonishing it is. Fundamentally, Plato, as the artist he was, preferred appearance to being! lie and invention to truth! the unreal to the actual! But he was so convinced of the value of appearance that he gave it the attributes "being","causality" and "goodness", and "truth", in short everything men value.
The concept of value itself considered as a cause: first insight. The ideal granted all honorific attributes: second insight.
573 (Jan.-Fall 1888)
The idea of the "true world" or of "God" as absolutely immaterial, spiritual, good, is an emergency measure necessary while the opposite instincts are still all-powerful--
The degree of moderation and humanity attained is exactly reflected in the humanization of the gods: the Greeks of the strongest epoch, who were not afraid of themselves but rejoiced in themselves, brought their gods close to all their own affects--.
The spiritualization of the idea of God is therefore far from being a sign of progress: one is heartily conscious of this when considering Goethe--in his case, the vaporization of God into virtue and spirit is felt as being on a coarser level--
Senselessness of all metaphysics as the derivation of the conditioned from the unconditioned.
It is in the nature of thinking that it thinks of and invents the unconditioned as an adjunct to the conditioned; just as it thought of and invented the "ego" as an adjunct to the multiplicity of its processes; it measures the world according to magnitudes posited by itself--such fundamental fictions as "the unconditional","ends and means'',"things","substances", logical laws, numbers and forms.
There would be nothing that could be called knowledge if thought did not first re-form the world in this way into "things", into what is self-identical. Only because there is thought is there untruth.
Thought cannot be derived, any more than sensations can be; but that does not mean that its primordiality or "being-in-itself" has been proved! all that is established is that we cannot get beyond it, because we have nothing but thought and sensation.
"Knowledge" is a referring back: in its essence a regressus in infinitum. That which comes to a standstill (at a supposed causa prima, at something unconditioned, etc.) is laziness, weariness
Psychology of metaphysics: the influence of timidity.
That which has been feared the most, the cause of the most powerful suffering (lust to rule, sex, etc.), has been treated by men with the greatest amount of hostility and eliminated from the "true" world. Thus they have eliminated the affects one by one --posited God as the antithesis of evil, that is, placed reality in the negation of the desires and affects (i.e., in nothingness).
In the same way, they have hated the irrational, the arbitrary, the accidental (as the causes of immeasurable physical suffering). As a consequence, they negated this element in being-in-itself and conceived it as absolute "rationality" and "purposiveness."
In the same way, they have feared change, transitoriness: this expresses a straitened soul, full of mistrust and evil experiences (the case of Spinoza: an opposite kind of man would account change a stimulus).
A creature overloaded and playing with force would call precisely the affects, irrationality, and change good in a eudaemonistic sense, together with their consequences: danger, contrast, perishing, etc.
577 (Spring-Fall 1887)
Against the value of that which remains eternally the same (vice Spinoza's naivete; Descartes' also), the values of the briefest and most transient, the seductive flash of gold on the belly of the serpent vita--
578 (Spring-Fall 1887)
Moral values even in theory of knowledge: trust in reason--why not mistrust? the "true world" is supposed to be the good world--why? appearance, change, contradiction, struggle devalued as immoral; desire for a world in which these things are missing; the transcendental world invented, in order that a place remains for "moral freedom" (in Kant); dialectic a way to virtue (in Plato and Socrates: evidently because Sophistry counted as the way to immorality); time and space ideal: consequently "unity" in the essence of things; consequently no "sin," no evil, no imperfection --a justification of God; Epicurus denied the possibility of knowledge, in order to retain moral (or hedonistic) values as the highest values. Augustine, later Pascal ("corrupted reason"), did the same for the benefit of Christian values; Descartes' contempt for everything that changes; also that of Spinoza
Psychology of metaphysics.--This world is apparent: consequently there is a true world;--this world is conditional: consequently there is an unconditioned world;--this world is full of contradiction: consequently there is a world free of contradiction;-- this world is a world of becoming: consequently there is a world of being:--all false conclusions (blind trust in reason: if A exists, then the opposite concept B must also exist). It is suffering that inspires these conclusions: fundamentally they are desires that such a world should exist; in the same way, to imagine another, more valuable world is an expression of hatred for a world that makes one suffer: the ressentiment of metaphysicians against actuality is here creative.
Second series of questions: for what is there suffering?--and from this a conclusion is derived concerning the relation of the true world to our apparent, changing, suffering, contradictory world: (1) Suffering as a consequence of error: how is error possible? (2) Suffering as a consequence of guilt: how is guilt possible? (--experiences derived from nature or society universalized and projected to the sphere of "in-itself"). If, however, the conditioned world is causally conditioned by the unconditioned world, then freedom to err and incur guilt must also be conditioned by it: and again one asks, what for?--The world of appearance, becoming, contradiction, suffering, is therefore willed: what for?
The error in these conclusions: two opposite concepts are constructed--because one of them corresponds to a reality, the other "must" also correspond to a reality. "Whence should one derive this opposite concept if this were not so?"--Reason is thus a source of revelation concerning being-in-itself.
But the origin of these antitheses need not necessarily go back to a supernatural source of reason: it is sufficient to oppose to it the real genesis of the concepts. This derives from the practical sphere, the sphere of utility; hence the strength of the faith it inspires (one would perish if one did not reason according to this mode of reason; but this is no "proof" of what it asserts).
The preoccupation with suffering on the part of metaphysicians--is quite naive. "Eternal bliss": psychological nonsense. Brave and creative men never consider pleasure and pain as ultimate values--they are epiphenomena: one must desire both if one is to achieve anything--. That they see the problem of pleasure and pain in the foreground reveals something weary and sick in metaphysicians and religious people. Even morality is so important to them only because they see in it an essential condition for the abolition of suffering.
In the same way, their preoccupation with appearance and error: cause of suffering, superstition that happiness attends truth (confusion: happiness in "certainty", in "faith").
580 (Spring-Fall 1887)
To what extent the basic epistemological positions (materialism, idealism) are consequences of evaluations: the source of the supreme feelings of pleasure ("feelings of value") as decisive also for the problem of reality!
--The measure of positive knowledge is quite subsidiary or a matter of indifference: as witness the development of India.
The Buddhistic negation of reality in general (appearance = suffering) is perfectly consistent: undemonstrability, inaccessibility, lack of categories not only for a "'world-in-itself," but an insight into the erroneous procedures by means of which this whole concept is arrived at. "Absolute reality," "being-in-itself" a contradiction. In a world of becoming, "reality" is always only a simplification for practical ends, or a deception through the coarseness of organs, or a variation in the tempo of becoming.
Logical world-denial and nihilation follow from the fact that we have to oppose non-being with being and that the concept "becoming" is denied. ("Something" becomes.)
581 (Spring-Fall 1887)
Being and becoming.--"Reason", evolved on a sensualistic basis, on the prejudices of the senses, i.e., in the belief in the truth of the judgments of the senses.
"Being" as universalization of the concept "life" (breathing), "having a soul", "willing, effecting," "becoming".
The antithesis is: "not to have a soul," "not to become," "not to will." Therefore: "being" is not the antithesis of non-being, appearance, nor even of the dead (for only something that can live can be dead).
The "soul," the "ego" posited as primeval fact, and introduced everywhere where there is any becoming.
Being--we have no idea of it apart from the idea of "living."-- How can anything dead "be"?
583 (March-June 1888)
( A )
I observe with astonishment that science has today resigned itself to the apparent world; a real world--whatever it may be like--we certainly have no organ for knowing it.
At this point we may ask: by means of what organ of knowledge can we posit even this antithesis?--
That a world accessible to our organs is also understood to be dependent upon these organs, that we understand a world as being subjectively conditioned, is not to say that an objective world is at all possible. Who compels us to think that subjectivity is real, essential?
The "in-itself" is even an absurd conception; a "constitutioning-itself" is nonsense; we possess the concept "being," "thing," only as a relational concept--
The worst thing is that with the old antithesis "apparent" and "true" the correlative value judgment "lacking in value" and "absolutely valuable" has developed.
The apparent world is not counted as a "valuable" world; appearance is supposed to constitute an objection to supreme value. Only a "true" world can be valuable in itself--
Prejudice of prejudices! Firstly, it would be possible that the true constitution of things was so hostile to the presuppositions of life, so opposed to them, that we needed appearance in order to be able to live--After all, this is the case in so many situations; e.g., in marriage.
Our empirical world would be determined by the instincts of self-preservation even as regards the limits of its knowledge: we would regard as true, good, valuable that which serves the preservation of the species--
a. We possess no categories by which we can distinguish a true from an apparent world. (There might only be an apparent world, but not our apparent world.)
b. Assuming the true world, it could still be a world less valuable for us; precisely the quantum of illusion might be of a higher rank on account of its value for our preservation. (Unless appearance as such were grounds for condemnation?)
c. That a correlation exists between degrees of value and degrees of reality (so that the supreme values also possess the supreme reality) is a metaphysical postulate proceeding from the presupposition that we know the order of rank of values; namely, that this order of rank is a moral order--Only with this presupposition is truth necessarily part of the definition of all the highest values.
( B )
It is of cardinal importance that one should abolish the true world. It is the great inspirer of doubt and devaluator in respect of the world we are: it has been our most dangerous attempt yet to assassinate life.
War on all presuppositions on the basis of which one has invented a true world. Among these is the presupposition that moral values are the supreme values.
The supremacy of moral valuation would be refuted if it could be shown to be the consequence of an immoral valuation --as a special case of actual immorality--it would thus reduce itself to an appearance, and as appearance it would cease to have any right as such to condemn appearance.
( C )
The "will to truth" would then have to be investigated psychologically: it is not a moral force, but a form of the will to power. This would have to be proved by showing that it employs every immoral means: metaphysicians above all.
We are today faced with testing the assertion that moral values are the supreme values. Method in investigation is attained only when all moral prejudices have been overcome:--it represents a victory over morality--
584 (March-June 1888)
The aberration of philosophy is that, instead of seing in logic and the categories of reason means toward the adjustment of the world for utilitarian ends (basically, toward an expedient falsification), one believed one possessed in them the criterion of truth and reality. The "criterion of truth" was in fact merely the biological utility of such a system of systematic falsification; and since a species of animals knows of nothing more important than its own preservation, one might indeed be permitted to speak here of "truth." The naivete was to take an anthropocentric idiosyncrasy as the measure of things, as the rule for determining "real" and "unreal": in short, to make absolute something conditioned. And behold, suddenly the world fell apart into a "true" world and an "apparent" world: and precisely the world that man's reason had devised for him to live and settle in was discredited. Instead of employing the forms as a tool for making the world manageable and calculable, the madness of philosophers divined that in these categories is presented the concept of that world to which the one in which man lives does not correspond--The means were misunderstood as measures of value, even as a condemnation of their real intention--
The intention was to deceive oneself in a useful way; the means, the invention of formulas and signs by means of which one could reduce the confusing multiplicity to a purposive and manageable schema.
But alas! now a moral category was brought into play: no creature wants to deceive itself, no creature may deceive--consequently there is only a will to truth. What is "truth"?
The law of contradiction provided the schema: the true world, to which one seeks the way, cannot contradict itself, cannot change, cannot become, has no beginning and no end.
This is the greatest error that has ever been committed, the essential fatality of error on earth: one believed one possessed a criterion of reality in the forms of reason--while in fact one possessed them in order to become master of reality, in order to misunderstand reality in a shrewd manner--
And behold: now the world became false, and precisely on account of the properties that constitute its reality: change, becoming, multiplicity, opposition, contradiction, war. And then the entire fatality was there:
1. How can one get free from the false, merely apparent world? (--it was the real, the only )
2. how can one become oneself as much as possible the antithesis of the character of the apparent world? (Concept of the perfect creature as an antithesis to the real creature; more clearly, as the contradiction of life--)
The whole tendency of values was toward slander of life; one created a confusion of idealist dogmatism and knowledge in general: so that the opposing party also was always attacking science
The road to science was in this way doubly blocked: once by belief in the "true" world, and again by the opponents of this belief. Natural science, psychology was (1) condemned with regard to its objects, (2) deprived of its innocence--
In the actual world, in which everything is bound to and conditioned by everything else, to condemn and think away anything means to condemn and think away everything. The expression "that should not be," "that should not have been," is farcical-- If one thinks out the consequences, one would ruin the source of life if one wanted to abolish whatever was in some respect harmful or destructive. Physiology teaches us better!
--We see how morality (a) poisons the entire conception of the world, (b) cuts off the road to knowledge, to science, (c) disintegrates and undermines all actual instincts (in that it teaches that their roots are immoral).
We see at work before us a dreadful tool of decadence that props itself up by the holiest names and attitudes.
585 (Spring-Fall 1887; rev. Spring-Fall 1888)
Tremendous self-examination: becoming conscious of oneself, not as individuals but as mankind. Let us reflect, let us think back; let us follow the highways and byways!
( A )
Man seeks "the truth": a world that is not self-contradictory, not deceptive, does not change, a true world--a world in which one does not suffer; contradiction, deception, change--causes of suffering! He does not doubt that a world as it ought to be exists; he would like to seek out the road to it. (Indian critique: e.g. the "ego" as apparent, as not real.)
Whence does man here derive the concept reality--Why is it that he derives suffering from change, deception, contradiction? and why not rather his happiness?--
Contempt, hatred for all that perishes, changes, varies-- whence comes this valuation of that which remains constant? Obviously, the will to truth is here merely the desire for a world of the constant.
The senses deceive, reason corrects the errors; consequently, one concluded, reason is the road to the constant; the least sensual ideas must be closest to the "true world."--It is from the senses that most misfortunes come--they are deceivers, deluders, destroyers.--
Happiness can be guaranteed only by being; change and happiness exclude one another. The highest desire therefore contemplates unity with what has being. This is the formula for: the road to the highest happiness.
In summa: the world as it ought to be exists; this world, in which we live, is an error--this world of ours ought not to exist.
Belief in what has being is only a consequence: the real primum mobile is disbelief in becoming, mistrust of becoming, the low valuation of all that becomes--
What kind of man reflects in this way? An unproductive, suffering kind, a kind weary of life. If we imagine the opposite kind of man, he would not need to believe in what has being; more, he would despise it as dead, tedious, indifferent--
The belief that the world as it ought to be is, really exists, is a belief of the unproductive who do not desire to create a world as it ought to be. They posit it as already available, they seek ways and means of reaching it. "Will to truth"--as the impotence of the will to create.
To know that something is thus and thus:
To act so that something becomes thus and thus:
Antagonism in the degree of power in different natures.
The fiction of a world that corresponds to our desires: psychological trick and interpretation with the aim of associating everything we honor and find pleasant with this true world.
"Will to truth" at this stage is essentially an art of interpretation: which at least requires the power to interpret.
This same species of man, grown one stage poorer, no longer possessing the strength to interpret, to create fictions, produces nihilists. A nihilist is a man who judges of the world as it is that it ought not to be, and of the world as it ought to be that it does not exist. According to this view, our existence (action, suffering, willing, feeling) has no meaning: the pathos of "in vain" is the nihilists' pathos--at the same time, as pathos, an inconsistency on the part of the nihilists.
Whoever is incapable of laying his will into things, lacking will and strength, at least lays some meaning into them, i.e., the faith that there is a will in them already.
It is a measure of the degree of strength of will to what extent one can do without meaning in things, to what extent one can endure to live in a meaningless world because one organizes a small portion of it oneself.
The philosophical objective outlook can therefore be a sign that will and strength are small. For strength organizes what is close and closest; "men of knowledge," who desire only to ascertain what is, are those who cannot fix anything as it ought to be.
Artists, an intermediary species: they at least fix an image of that which ought to be; they are productive, to the extent that they actualy alter and transform; unlike men of knowledge, who leave everything as it is.
Connection between philosophers and the pessimistic religions: the same species of man (--they ascribe the highest degree of reality to the most highly valued things--).
Connection between philosophers and moral men and their evaluations (--the moral interpretation of the world as meaning: after the decline of the religious meaning--).
Overcoming of philosophers through the destruction of the world of being: intermediary period of nihilism: before there is yet present the strength to reverse values and to deïfy becoming and the apparent world as the only world, and to call them good.
( B )
Nihilism as a normal phenomenon can be a symptom of increasing strength or of increasing weakness:
partly, because the strength to create, to will, has so increased that it no longer requires these total interpretations and introductions of meaning ("present tasks," the state, etc.);
partly because even the creative strength to create meaning has declined and disappointment becomes the dominant condition. The incapability of believing in a "meaning," "unbelief."
What does science mean in regard to both possibilities?
1. As a sign of strength and self-control, as being able to do without healing, comforting worlds of illusion;
2. as undermining, dissecting, disappointing, weakening.
( C )
Belief in truth, the need to have a hold on something believed true, psychological reduction apart from all previous value feelings. Fear, laziness.
The same way, unbelief: reduction. To what extent it acquires a new value if a true world does not exist (--thus the value feelings that hitherto have been squandered on the world of being, are again set free).
586 (March-June 1888)
The "True" and the "Apparent World"
( A )
The seductions that occur from this concept are of three kinds
a. an unknown world:--we are adventurers, inquisitive-- that which is known seems to weary us (--the danger of this Concept lies in its insinuation that "this" world is known to us--);
b. another world, where things are different; something in us calculates, our still submission, our silence, lose their value-- perhaps everything will turn out well, we have not hoped in vain --the world where things are different, where we ourselves-- who knows?--are different--
c. a true world: this is the most amazing trick and attack that has ever been perpetrated upon us; so much has become encrusted in the word "true," and involuntarily we make a present of all this to the "true world": the true world must also be a truthful world, one that does not deceive us, does not make fools of us: to believe in it is virtually to be compelled to believe in it (--out of decency, as is the case among people worthy of confidence--).
The concept "the unknown world" insinuates that this world is "known" to us (is tedious--);
the concept "another world" insinuates that the world could be otherwise--abolishes necessity and fate (useless to submit oneself--to adapt oneself--);
the concept "the true world" insinuates that this world is untruthful, deceptive, dishonest, inauthentic, inessential--and consequently also not a world adapted to our needs (--inadvisable to adapt oneself to it; better to resist it).
We therefore elude "this" world in three ways:
a. by our inquisitiveness--as if the more interesting part were elsewhere;
b. by our submission--as though it were not necessary to submit oneself--as if this world were not a necessity of the ultimate rank:
c. by our sympathy and respect--as if this world did not deserve them, were impure, were not honest with us--
In summa: we have revolted in three ways: we have made an "x" into a critique of the "known world."
( B )
First step toward sobriety: to grasp to what extent we have been seduced--for things could be exactly the reverse:
a. the unknown world could be a stupid and meaner form of existence--and "this" world might be rather enjoyable by comparison;
b. the other world, far from taking account of our desires which would find no fulfillment in it, could be among the mass of things that make this world possible for us: to get to know it might be a means of making us contented;
c. the true world: but who is it really who tells us that the apparent world must be of less value than the true one? Does our instinct not contradict this judgment? Does man not eternally create a fictitious world for himself because he wants a better world than reality? Above all: how do we arrive at the idea that our world is not the true world?--it could be that the other world is the "apparent" one (in fact the Greeks thought of, e.g., a shadow kingdom, an apparent existence, beside true existence). And finally: what gives us the right to posit, as it were, degrees of reality? This is something different from an unknown world-- it is already a wanting to know something of the unknown-- The "other," the "unknown" world--very good! But to say "true world" means "to know something of it"--That is the opposite of the assumption of an "x" world--
In summa: the world "x" could be in every sense more tedious, less human, and less worthy than this world.
It would be another thing to assert the existence of "x" worlds, i.e., of every possible world besides this one. But this has never been asserted--
( C )
Problem: why the notion of another world has always been unfavorable for, or critical of "this" world--what does this indicate?--
For a people proud of itself, whose life is ascending, always thinks of another kind of being as a lower, less valuable kind of being; it regards the strange, the unknown world as its enemy, as its opposite; it feels no inquisitiveness, it totally rejects the strange--A people would never admit that another people was the "true people."--
It is symptomatic that such a distinction should be at all possible--that one takes this world for the "apparent" one and the other world as "true."
The places of origin of the notion of "another world": the philosopher, who invents a world of reason, where reason and the logical functions are adequate: this is the origin of the "true" world;
the religious man, who invents a "divine world": this is the origin of the "denaturalized, anti- natural" world;
the moral man, who invents a "free world": this is the origin of the "good, perfect, just, holy" world.
What the three places of origin have in common: the psycho-logical blunder, the physiological confusions.
By what attributes is the "other world," as it actually appears in history, distinguished? By the stigmata of philosophical, religious, moral prejudice.
The "other world," as illumined by these facts, as a synonym for nonbeing, nonliving, not wanting to live--
General insight: it is the instinct of life-weariness, and not that of life, which has created the "other world."
Consequence: philosophy, religion, and morality are symptoms of decadence.
It might seem as though I had evaded the question of "certainty." The opposite is true; but by inquiring after the criterion of certainty I tested the scales upon which men have weighed in general hitherto--and that the question of certainty itself is a dependent question, a question of the second rank.
The question of values is more fundamental than the question of certainty: the latter becomes serious only by presupposing that the value question has already been answered.
Being and appearance, psychologically considered, yield no "being-in-itself,, no criterion of "reality," but only for grades of appearance measured by the strength of the interest we show in an appearance.
There is no struggle for existence between ideas and perceptions but a struggle for dominion: the idea that is overcome is not annihilated, only driven back or subordinated. There is no annihilation in the sphere of spirit--
"Ends and means"
"Cause and effect"
"Subject and object"
"Acting and suffering"
"Thing-in-itself and appearance"
as interpretations (not as facts) and to what extent perhaps necessary interpretations? (as required for "preservation")--all in the sense of a will to power.
Our values are interpreted into things. Is there then any meaning in the in-itself? ! Is meaning not necessarily relative meaning and perspective? All meaning is will to power (all relative meaning resolves itself into it).
The desire for "solid facts" epistemology: how much pessimism there is in it!
The antagonism between the "true world," as revealed by pessimism, and a world possible for life--here one must test the rights of truth. It is necessary to measure the meaning of all these "ideal drives" against life to grasp what this antagonism really is: the struggle of sickly, despairing life that cleaves to a beyond, with healthier, more stupid and mendacious, richer, less degenerate life. Therefore it is not "truth" in struggle with life but one kind of life in struggle with another.--But it wants to be the higher kind!-- Here one must demonstrate the need for an order of rank--that the first problem is the order of rank of different kinds of life,
To transform the belief "it is thus and thus" into the will "it shall become thus and thus."
Science--this has been hitherto a way of putting an end to the complete confusion in which things exist, by hypotheses that "explain" everything--so it has come from the intellect's dislike of chaos.--This same dislike seizes me when I consider myself: I should like to form an image of the inner world too, by means of some schema, and thus triumph over intellectual confusion. Morality has been a simplification of this kind: it taught that men were known, familiar.--Now we have destroyed morality--we have again become completely obscure to ourselves! I know that I know nothing of myself. Physics proves to be a boon for the heart: science (as the way to knowledge) acquires a new charm after morality has been eliminated--and because it is here alone that we find consistency, we have to construct our life so as to preserve it. This yields a sort of practical reflection on the conditions of our existence as men of knowledge.
Our presuppositions: no God: no purpose: finite force. Let us guard against thinking out and prescribing the mode of thought necessary to lesser men!!
No "moral education" of the human race: but an enforced schooling in [scientific] errors is needed, because "truth" disgusts and makes one sick of life--unless man is already irrevocably launched upon his path and has taken his honest insight upon himself with a tragic pride.
The presupposition of scientific work: belief in the unity and perpetuity of scientific work, so the individual may work at any part, however small, confident that his work will not be in vain.
There is one great paralysis: to work in vain, to struggle in vain.
The accumulative epochs, in which force and means of power are discovered that the future will one day make use of; science an intermediary station, at which the more intermediary, more multifarious, more complicated natures find their most natural discharge and satisfaction--all those who should avoid action.
598 (Nov. 1887-March 1888)
A philosopher recuperates differently and with different means: he recuperates, e.g., with nihilism. Belief that there is no truth at all, the nihilistic belief, is a great relaxation for one who, as a warrior of knowledge, is ceaselessly fighting ugly truths. For truth is ugly.
The "meaninglessness of events": belief in this is the consequence of an insight into the falsity of previous interpretations, a generalization of discouragement and weakness--not a necessary belief.
The immodesty of man: to deny meaning where he sees none.
No limit to the ways in which the world can be interpreted; every interpretation a symptom of growth or of decline.
Inertia needs unity (monism); plurality of interpretations a sign of strength. Not to desire to deprive the world of its disturbing and enigmatic character!
Against peaceableness and the desire for reconciliation. The attempt at monism belongs here.
This perspective world, this world for the eye, tongue, and ear, is very false, even if compared for a very much more subtle sense-apparatus. But its intelligibility, comprehensibility, practicability, and beauty begin to cease if we refine our senses; just as beauty ceases when we think about historical processes; the order of purpose is already an illusion. It suffices that the more superficially and coarsely it is conceived, the more valuable, definite, beautiful, and significant the world appears. The deeper one looks, the more our valuations disappear--meaninglessness approaches! We have created the world that possesses values! Knowing this, we know, too, that reverence for truth is already the consequence of an illusion--and that one should value more than truth the force that forms, simplifies, shapes, invents.
"Everything is false! Everything is permitted!"
Only with a certain obtuseness of vision, a will to simplicity, does the beautiful, the "valuable" appear: in itself, it is I know not what.
That the destruction of an illusion does not produce truth-- but only one more piece of ignorance, an extension of our "empty space, an increase of our "desert"--
604 ( 1885-1886)
"Interpretation," the introduction of meaning not "explanation" (in most cases a new interpretation over an old interpretation that has become incomprehensible, that is now itself only a sign). There are no facts, everything is in flux, incomprehensible, elusive; what is relatively most enduring is--our opinions.
605 (Spring-Fall 1887)
The ascertaining of "truth" and "untruth," the ascertaining of facts in general, is fundamentally different from creative positing, from forming, shaping, overcoming, willing, such as is of the essence of philosophy. To introduce a meaning--this task still remains to be done, assuming there is no meaning yet. Thus it is with sounds, but also with the fate of peoples: they are capable of the most different interpretations and direction toward different goals.
On a yet higher level is to posit a goal and mold facts according to it; that is, active interpretation and not merely conceptual translation.
Ultimately, man finds in things nothing but what he himself has imported into them: the finding is called science, the importing --art, religion, love, pride. Even if this should be a piece of childishness, one should carry on with both and be well disposed toward both--some should find; others--we others!--should import!
607 (Spring-Fall 1886)
Science: its two sides: in regard to the individual; in regard to the cultural complex (level);
--valuations from one side or the other are mutually antagonistic.
The development of science resolves the "familiar" more and more into the unfamiliar:--it desires, however, the reverse, and proceeds from the instinct to trace the unfamiliar back to the familiar.
In summa, science is preparing a sovereign ignorance, a feeling that there is no such thing as "knowing," that it was a kind of arrogance to dream of it, more, that we no longer have the least notion that warrants our considering "knowledge" even a possibility--that "knowing" itself is a contradictory idea. We translate a primeval mythology and vanity of mankind into the hard fact: "knowledge-in-itself" is as impermissible a concept as is "thing-initself." Seduction by "number and logic," seduction by "laws."
"Wisdom" as the attempt to get beyond perspective valuations (i.e., beyond the "will to power"): a principle hostile to life and decadent, a symptom as among the Indians, etc., of the weakening of the power of appropriation.
It is not enough that you understand in what ignorance man and beast live; you must also have and acquire the will to ignorance. You need to grasp that without this kind of ignorance life itself would be impossible, that it is a condition under which alone the living thing can preserve itself and prosper: a great, firm dome of ignorance must encompass you.
Science--the transformation of nature into concepts for the purpose of mastering nature--belongs under the rubric "means."
But the purpose and will of man must grow in the same way, the intention in regard to the whole.
We find that the strongest and most constantly employed faculty at all stages of life is thought--even in every act of perceiving and apparent passivity! Evidently, it thus becomes most powerful and demanding, and in the long run it tyrannizes over all other forces. Finally it becomes "passion-in-itself."
612 (Spring-Fall 1887)
To win back for the man of knowledge the right to great affects! after self-effacement and the cult of "objectivity" have created a false order of rank in this sphere, too. Error reached its peak when Schopenhauer taught: the only way to the "true," to knowledge, lies precisely in getting free from affects, from will; the intellect liberated from will cannot but see the true, real essence of things.
The same error in arte as if everything were beautiful as soon as it is viewed without will.
613 (Fall 1888)
Competition between affects and the dominion of one of the affects over the intellect.
To "humanize" the world, i.e., to feel ourselves more and more masters within it--
Among a higher kind of creatures, knowledge, too, will acquire new forms that are not yet needed.
That the value of the world lies in our interpretation (--that other interpretations than merely human ones are perhaps somewhere possible--); that previous interpretations have been perspective valuations by virtue of which we can survive in life, i.e., in the will to power, for the growth of power; that every elevation of man brings with it the overcoming of narrower interpretations; that every strengthening and increase of power opens up new perspectives and means believing in new horizons--this idea permeates my writings. The world with which we are concerned is false, i.e., is not a fact but a fable and approximation on the basis of a meager sum of observations; it is "in flux," as something in a state of becoming, as a falsehood always changing but never getting near the truth: for--there is no "truth."
To impose upon becoming the character of being--that is the supreme will to power.
Twofold falsification, on the part of the senses and of the spirit, to preserve a world of that which is, which abides, which is equivalent, etc.
That everything recurs is the closest approximation of a world of becoming to a world of being:--high point of the meditation.
From the values attributed to being proceed the condemnation of and discontent with becoming, after such a world of being had first been invented.
The metamorphoses of what has being (body, God, ideas, laws of nature, formulas, etc.)
"Beings" as appearance; reversal of values; appearance was that which conferred value--.
Knowledge-in-itself in a world of becoming is impossible; so how is knowledge possible? As error concerning oneself, as will to power, as will to deception.
Becoming as invention, willing, self-denial, overcoming of oneself: no subject but an action, a positing, creative, no "causes and effects."
Art as the will to overcome becoming, as "eternalization," but shortsighted, depending on the perspective: repeating in miniature, as it were, the tendency of the whole.
Regarding that which all life reveals as a diminutive formula for the total tendency; hence a new definition of the concept "life" as will to power.
Instead of "cause and effect" the mutual struggle of that which becomes, often with the absorption of one's opponent; the number of becoming elements not constant.
Uselessness of old ideals for the interpretation of the totality of events, once one knows the animal origin and utility of these ideals; all, moreover, contradictory to life.
Uselessness of the mechanistic theory--it gives the impression of meaninglessness.
The entire idealism of mankind hitherto is on the point of changing suddenly into nihilism--into the belief in absolute worthlessness, i.e., meaninglessness.
The destruction of ideals, the new desert; new arts by means of which we can endure it, we amphibians.
- Presupposition: bravery, patience, no "turning back," no haste to go forward. (N.B. Zarathustra adopts a parodistic attitude toward all former values as a consequence of his abundance.)
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The importance of international mindedness in education
In today’s fast changing, multi-cultural world where industry extends across borders and worldwide trends and policy impact upon us all, a global outlook is increasingly important. So what does an internationally minded school look like and why is this so key in to a modern education?
Here at Redmaids’ High School in Bristol, we are delighted that we have been recognised for our international outlook in the 2018 TES School Awards. Our shortlisting is the result of our awareness of the world our students face when they leave school, actively preparing them to think globally in readiness to excel in an international environment.
This ethos is central to our school. We help our students become agile thinkers, understanding diversity in the world around them. They set up and support charities both home and abroad; they can choose from six languages; they organise and take part in networking events and conferences with people locally and from across the world. A global view is woven into the day-to-day fabric of school life.
In our view, this mentality is the foundation of a quality education. Our pupils will be working in an increasingly interconnected world, forging careers in fields that we haven’t even heard of yet. They will be the generations that truly tackle global cross-border issues such as plastics in the ocean, epidemic outbreaks, food shortages and distribution, economic changes (who would have thought Bitcoin would take off when it first emerged?), and the ever changing nature of conflict.
These issues aren’t resolved alone as sovereign states or individual organisations but require worldwide responses, compromises and partnerships, dependent on the activity and initiative of socially conscious individuals. Giving pupils the sense that they are global citizens is important; they need to take responsibility for their local community, whilst looking across borders to take a wider interest in the world around us.
It can be hard to know what to do about big, often abstract ideas like these. As school leaders we need to show our students the way. At Redmaids’ High across the curriculum we use case studies, examples, literature and topics drawn from a variety of countries and communities. Different voices and perspectives are heard and evaluated.
Redmaids’ High was also the first school in Bristol to introduce the International Baccalaureate Diploma as an option for Sixth Form students ten years ago, which we run alongside a successful programme of A Levels. This adds another key strand to the academic education, shaping young minds to be critical of the knowledge they acquire, an essential skill for the future. The world and the workplace are undergoing a transformation unusual in scale, scope and complexity. Universities and businesses increasingly want their recruits to have more than just good grades: they need to be agile thinkers who are confident with in-depth independent assignments as well as collaborative, thought-provoking projects.
And we know our emphasis on the international is having an impact, as our alumnae are making a real difference. Former students have set up charitable organisations such as Linda Cruse’s Be the Change Foundation and the Moldova Project started by Lucy and Emma Watson. Others have worked for the European Parliament, Save the Children and even United World Schools (UWS) – who we partnered with over seven years ago. They are literally changing the world!
These alumnae in turn provide a resource for the school; students study a humanitarian course started by Linda Cruse and go on expeditions through her foundation to offer aid and support in countries like Nepal and Morocco. Sixth Formers fundraise for children living in poverty in Moldova through the Watson sisters’ charity. We’ve funded the building and maintenance of Jong school in Cambodia through UWS.
Getting these links with charities and other organisations right is essential. Rather than buying big expedition off-the-shelf trips, teaming up with NGOs allows us to embed global links across the school and offer bespoke and long-term links to communities and projects. Through UWS, for example, Redmaids’ High enjoys a depth and cohesiveness to our internationally minded strategy. As soon as students start here, they learn about the partnership and raise money and awareness in their local community. Students can gain UWS Global Citizenship Awards at four levels (bronze through to platinum).
Once a year, Sixth Form students visit the Jong school for three weeks. Leading up to the trip, students work collaboratively to raise funds. Then, when they are in the village, they teach students for six hours a day, plan lessons and learn about Cambodian culture and history. It is truly a two-way education where both groups of pupils learn there is a world beyond their own. They understand the value of each other’s knowledge. They share in a cultural exchange and are thrown into new challenges. It’s an invaluable experience that has helped increase international mindedness and enhance their academic studies too.
The quest to become internationally minded is never ending. Our curriculum is evolving to include more material that explicitly relates to this, drawing on cross-curricular work and allowing subjects to support and complement each other. A major aim of the school over the coming couple of years is to make steps forward in our green agenda which will involve policy decisions, pupil and teacher response, as well as joining up our response in relation to overall recycling decisions at school and catering choices we might be making, and how our community makes their way to school each morning.
Being a school with a global view is the primary means by which we will prepare our pupils to bridge divides, be that cultural, linguistic or otherwise. It will make sure they lead the decisions of the future and are ready to be the generation that will need new levels of intellectual engagement, flexibility and individual resourcefulness. It is a major task and responsibility but in this day and age, schools should be ensuing an international mindedness is at the core of their teaching and learning.
Jon Cooper, Assistant Head (International) and IB Co-ordinator for Redmaids’ High School, Bristol
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Uninterruptible power supplies installed in harsh environments
What should you pay for a wide-temperature UPS?
When it comes to power protection, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) to be specific, most think of these systems tucked away in an environmentally controlled environment, quietly at the ready to protect against any power problems that may come their way. Due to the integration of power-sensitive microprocessor controllers into every type of device and equipment imaginable, on-line UPSs are required to not only provide battery backup but to act as a firewall between questionable utility power and the power-sensitive equipment. The active power regenerating capabilities of on-line UPSs supplies provides the connected equipment with continuous, clean computer-grade power. Often, the equipment has to be installed in a variety of environmentally demanding locations, requiring the UPS to handle wide temperature swings while maintaining excellent reliability.
Not any UPS will do
The operational temperature specifications for the majority of UPS models being offered by most UPS manufacturers is typically stated as 0ºC to 40ºC and the UPS has been designed to operate within that range. Typically, the UPS manufacturer has submitted a sample of the UPS to a safety agency such as Underwriters Laboratories (UL) for testing so they will receive a Listing approval for operation within the stated temperature range. However, equipment may be installed in a remote or protected outdoor environment having a wider temperature range. In these applications, the temperature may range from -30°C to 65°C (-22°F to 149°F) inside protective NEMA enclosures (Figure 1) or a building without temperature control. A standard off-the-shelf UPS is designed specifically for use in an indoor, temperature-controlled environment. When UPS specifications are reviewed, they typically indicate that the UPS has received a UL listing status under the UL1778 standard. This usually indicates that all UL product safety and component thermal testing were performed within the stated 32ºF to 104ºF temperature range, unless otherwise specified by the manufacturer.
As part of the UL thermal testing, the UL engineer verifies that component temperatures are within the limits specified by the component manufacturer of the UL1778 standard. This includes the temperature ratings of the key electronic components, displays, plastics, circuit board materials, insulating materials, magnetics, batteries and everything used in the construction of the UPS. Elevating the ambient temperature the UPS has been installed in stresses the components and may result in the UPS’s internal components to overheat and affect its reliability.
This is the key to understanding why the off-the-shelf UPS products should not be installed in non-temperature controlled locations that are outside the manufacturer’s stated operational temperature range.
Batteries - The weak link
The majority of UPS products rated under 10kVA use valve regulated sealed lead-acid (VRLA) batteries to provide backup energy. Due to identical battery chemistries and like construction, most battery manufacturers’ specifications are very similar. Battery manufactures rate their projected battery life with the battery operating in a 25°C environment. They provide graphs that show the reduction in battery life as the ambient operating temperature increases.
As shown in the graph (Figure 2), a nine-month battery life is projected when operated in a 50°C environment, while projecting a five-year life at 25°C.
Other batteries with very wide temperature ranges are available, but due to their high cost are not typically installed in most commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) UPS products.
Let's take a closer look at the operational temperature range of a typical VRLA battery used in a COTS UPS unit.
• Discharge mode (+5ºF to +122ºF)
• Recharge mode (+5ºF to +104ºF)
• While being stored (+5ºF to +104ºF)
• Battery plastic material (140ºF Max)
It's clear that the battery manufacturer’s stated operational temperature ranges are not wide enough for use in a -22ºF to +149ºF application
Newer technology VRLA batteries yield a four year of life at 50°C and up to 12 years at a 25°C room temperature. Proper charge and recharge of the batteries must be maintained to assure the stated battery life. If stored without recharging, VRLA batteries used in UPSs will self-discharge at a given rate over time. If allowed to discharge to a level below 60% depth of discharge, irreversible damage will occur inside the battery. The damage is caused by deposition of lead sulfate on the surface and in the pores of the active material of the batteries' lead plates. High ambient temperatures accelerate this process as they make the chemistry more active. The Capacity Retention chart (Figure 3) shows the effects of the ambient storage temperature on the rate of self-discharge.
Assuming the battery was fully recharged when stored at 77ºF, it is recommended that it be recharged every 12 months. If stored in a 104ºF environment, the battery must be recharged every five months. Failure to keep the UPS batteries properly charged is the number one cause of premature battery failure. Often a UPS is unplugged with its batteries in a discharged state for several months when not in use. The lack of charge and battery self-discharge, combined with any low level current demanded by the UPS, causes the batteries to become excessively discharged.
Not all components are created equal
Semiconductor manufactures often grade like part number components for use in differing operational temperature ranges. The wider the operational temperature range, the more the component costs. The UPS business is very competitive. As such, semiconductors and other components used in their manufacture are selected due their suitability for operation within the specifications of the UPS with an eye on their cost. For instance, many Integrated Circuits (ICs) have differing temperature grade ratings with 85?C the standard recommended upper operational temperature. Most off-the-shelf UPS products are manufactured using this grade of ICs. When subjected to higher temperatures, their reliability often decreases causing a premature failure of the UPS. Wide-temperature UPS manufacturers typically use ICs rated for use at 125°C greatly increasing the UPS reliability when subjected to elevated ambient environment temperatures.
Many other considerations must be taken when designing a wide or high temperature UPS.Component and plastics ratings along with increasing the overall UPS efficiency and cooling are key to developing a much more robust UPS suitable for use in harsh temperature environments. Of course the wide-temperature UPS must pass the same rigorous safety agency testing of its off-the-shelf counterpart and receive the same Listing statue, except the testing is conducted over the wider stated operational temperature range. The operation temperature range and safety agency listing status for a UPS is either printed on a label located on the UPS rear panel, or stated in the UPS specifications. Using a UPS or any other piece of electronic equipment outside its rated operational temperature not only will reduce its reliability, but could present product liability problems for a company.
The simple fact is you get what you pay for. Due to the higher cost of components and batteries, the wide-temperature UPS costs more than a typical off-the shelf UPS. However, the added cost is often offset by its increased reliability, longer battery life and reduced servicing, downtime and product liability. The simple fact is that you should never use a UPS that is not rated for the temperature environment of its intended installation. If you're designing an electrical installation or installing a UPS in an extreme operating temperature environment, select the one that is rated for operation in that temperature range.
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Yesterday, Iceland saw a string of earthquakes, with the maximum of those reaching 5.7 on the Richter Scale. The epicenter of the quakes was recorded in the Reykjanes Peninsula region, roughly 40 kilometers from the capital, Reykjavík.
The effects of the series of earthquakes were felt across the majority of the western part of the country, reaching as far as the Westman Islands in South Iceland and Stykkishólmur, over 200 kilometers away from Reykjavík.
It was noted by the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management that the Icelandic Met Office’s automatic earthquake system detected a total of 12 shocks of more than 4 in magnitude from the beginning of the first wave.
Volcanologist at the University of Iceland, Ármann Höskuldsson, told Kjarninn that they’re investigating whether the recent activity was caused by the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates pulling away from each other or rubbing together. Also, part of the investigation was whether the ground is lifting, which would help to determine if a volcanic eruption is on the way or not.
Kristín Jónsdóttir, the leader of a natural disasters group at the Icelandic Met Office, mentioned that yesterday’s activity was both powerful and unusual. She also noted that Civic Protection had been in talks and concluded that there is “an increased chance of more and even stronger quakes.”
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Principles of Socialism
True socialists advocate a completely classless society, where the government controls all means of production and distribution of goods. Socialists believe this control is necessary to eliminate competition among the people and put everyone on a level playing field. Socialism is also characterized by the absence of private property. The idea is that if everyone works, everyone will reap the same benefits and prosper equally. Therefore, everyone receives equal earnings, medical care and other necessities.
As we've learned, socialism is difficult to define because it has so many incarnations. One of the things socialists agree on is that capitalism causes oppression of the lower class. Socialists believe that due to the competitive nature of capitalism, the wealthy minority maintains control of industry, effectively driving down wages and opportunity for the working class. The main goal of socialism is to dispel class distinctions by turning over control of industry to the state. This results in a harmonious society, free of oppression and financial instability. Some of the other forms of socialism include these goals:
- Guild socialism: Based in early 19th-century England, workers' guilds (similar to unions) were responsible for control and management of goods.
- Utopian socialism: Advocates social ownership of industry and a voluntary, nonviolent surrender of property to the state. Implemented in communities like Robert Owens' New Lanark.
- State socialism: State socialism allows major industries to be publicly owned and operated.
- Christian socialism: Developed in England in 1948, this branch was born from the conflict between competitive industry and Christian principles. Christian socialist societies are characteristically led by religious leaders, rather than socialist groups.
- Anarchism: Opposes domination by the family, state, religious leaders and the wealthy. Anarchism is completely opposed to any form of repression and has been associated with some radical events, including assassinations in Italy, France and Greece. U.S. President William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist.
- Market Socialism: Often referred to as a compromise between socialism and capitalism. In this type of society, the government still owns many of the resources, but market forces determine production and demand. Government workers are also enticed with incentives to increase efficiency.
- Agrarianism: Form of socialism that features the equitable redistribution of land among the peasants and self-government similar to that in communal living. Agrarian ideals were popular in the rural United States well into the 1900s, although increasing government control deterred their growth.
Gilles Mingasson/Getty Images
So who came up with these ideas? We'll learn about the history of socialism next.
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World Alzheimer’s Day
World Alzheimer’s Day is observed on September 21st every year to create awareness about Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. The most common form of dementia, it is a group of brain disorders that lead to diminished intellectual and social skills. Alzheimer’s is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory; eventually, incapacitating people from performing the simplest tasks. People start repeating statements and questions frequently, they forget conversations, dates, names and also objects of daily use like keys, glasses, etc. It primarily affects people in their 60s. It must be noted that these symptoms are not a normal part of aging.
The disease is named after Dr Alois Alzheimer. In 1906 he noticed some changes in the brain tissue of a woman who had died of an unusual mental illness; her symptoms included memory loss, language problems and unpredictable behavior.
- Alzheimer’s disease is the 6th leading cause of death in the United States; it cannot be prevented and cured.
- Nearly half of adults aged 80 and more have Alzheimer’s disease.
- More women than men get this disease.
- Sometimes, the disease may even start in people aged 30.
- Every 68 seconds, someone around the world develops Alzheimer’s disease.
A person with Alzheimer’s disease becomes frustrated while struggling to perform simple tasks. Here are some simple tips to make life easier:
- Physical exercise, proper nutrition, good general health and socializing are important.
- Plan a schedule for all the daily activities, such as eating, walking, taking medicines… This will help the patient become familiar with the daily routine.
- As simple tasks take longer, persons with Alzheimer’s disease should have frequent breaks. Don’t hurry them.
- Allow them to do as much as possible with the least help. For example, they might be able to set the table with the help of visual cues or dress on their own if you lay out the clothes in order.
- Keep them busy, guide them gently and slowly, explaining each and every step of the activity.
- Label everything, so that it is easier for him/her to search for things.
Keeping Alzheimer’s at Bay
While there is no proven way to prevent Alzheimer’s disease, some general measures can be taken to reduce the risk. The 6 pillars to prevent Alzheimer’s are:
- Regular exercise
- Healthy diet
- Mental stimulation
- Quality sleep
- Stress management
- Active social life
These 6 pillars help the brain stay stronger and last longer.
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A variety of both annuals (plants that survive for one season) and perennials (plants that return year after year) drop seeds into the ground that may sprout and grow new plants the following year. This is known as self-seeding, and it can save you money on next year’s gardening.
Cosmos, native to South America, is named for its perfectly spaced flower petals that reminded early cultivators of the harmony of the universe. The most common color of cosmos is yellow, though other colors such as red, white, pink and orange are available. This annual is easy to grow and can become quite tall, producing numerous blooms if grown in full sun. Collect seeds from the plant after flower petals drop or allow cosmos to scatter its own seeds naturally.
The black-eyed Susan is a late-summer garden favorite. The tall stalks produce yellow to orange daisylike blooms with a dark brown to black center. This North American native perennial is sometimes considered a weed because of its prolific self-seeding. Seeds may be scattered by wind or by birds into nearby flower beds. Black-eyed Susans will survive some shade, but they thrive where they receive six to eight hours of sunlight a day.
Sweet alyssum is known and named for its strong sweet scent. The flowers are small and white, making an excellent ground cover. This low-growing annual spreads rapidly and self-seeds; thus, it is a low-maintenance backdrop for taller, more showy plants. Place alyssum in front of tall lanky flowers such as black-eyed Susans, foxglove and echinacea. Plant in full sun or partial shade. Shake seed heads from spent flowers over any areas in which you want to see more alyssum.
Violas, or Johnny-jump-ups as they are commonly called, are prolific self-seeding perennials with small violet and yellow blooms. The stems are thin and fragile, and the leaves are divided and said to resemble bird’s feet. This flower will spread easily throughout the garden, providing a fragile but full ground cover. Plant smaller flowers such as violas in front of taller plants or use violas as a garden border. These petunialike blooms prefer sunny locations.
Petunias bloom in a variety of colors, including pink, red, white, purple and combination blooms. These colorful blooms have the distinction of being one rounded petal. These annuals will self-seed in containers and in the garden. They make colorful hanging baskets as well as backdrop garden plants. Most varieties of petunias require six to eight hours of sunlight a day for optimum growth.
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Whatever your view of psychology, like it or not, it has entered the mainstream of public consciousness. Only after studying the subject does it become clear just have far academic terms, phrases and concepts from Freud, Yung and others have filtered down into the common understanding of the ‘self’. Listening to Dhamma talks by masters who have no background in psychology it becomes clear just how much even Dhamma has been affected.
For example, some teachers (unnamed) often speak of watching the mind as ‘just allowing’ and ‘not repressing’ ect.. Well, ‘repressing’(aka ‘surpressing’) is a psychological concept that you will be hard pushed to find any reference to in anything over 100 years old. Certainly there is no Pali equivalent, and no sutta that speaks in this way. This does not mean that it is wrong, only that it is a concept from modern psychology that has seeped into Dhamma, for better or worse.
Other ideas such as the ‘ego’have also become mainstream. Somehow, the Pali term Atman has come to be recognised as ‘ego’, thus colouring the concept of non-self. Actually, several mistakes are made here. First, ‘ego’ in Freudian psychology is the rational, reality based part of the mind as opposed to the ‘id’ (pleasure seeking principle) and the ‘super-ego’ (ideals, mostly from our society). In this sense, the ego is something to be developed. Secondly, in Buddhism too, the ego is the rational part of your self, that, when developed, is home to your wisdom. You do have a ‘self’ in Buddhism, it is just not a permanent, unchanging Atman. So yes, in both proper psychology and in Buddhism the ego self is to be developed, and it is an ego that has nothing to do with the sense of self-aggrandizement that the term commonly is taken to mean.
Is the trickle down of concepts born from psychology into Dhamma a good thing? In some instances it surely must be. If you ask most Thai monks if while they were novices they were ever beaten with canes, most will tell you they have. Despite all the teachings on compassion and harmlessness (ahimsa) it was has been standard behaviour to beat children in Thai monasteries, without any sense of contradiction. The world zeitgeist of the present age has long moved against the idea there is value in this behaviour, and this has filtered into Thai temples over the last decade.
Yet there are places where psychology does not belong. Such as the highly lamentable attempt by author David Brazier to psycho-analyse the Buddha, which regrettably resulted in a widely available book The Feeling Buddha. The Buddha attained Enlightenment, and did not endure lifelong torment through losing his natural mother when he was just 7 days old.
Another area psychology does not belong, is in our legends. We all like heros. Fantasies of our whittling day dreams. And few fantasy heros are more iconic than Robin Hood. This figure is so archetypal that even Thais know the story. Yet Hollywood director Ridley Scott makes a very grievous attempt to analyse our Merry Man in a forthcoming film about the legend:
The film will explore the background of the key characters and claim that Robin found a sense of belonging with his merry men because he was abandoned as a child. The Sheriff of Nottingham will be relegated to a bit part and Robin’s true enemy will be the French. “The villain is much bigger, much more important and much more dangerous,” Scott said.
Ok, making the main enemy the French might be a popular move, but giving our man in Lincoln green abandonment issues would have Yung turning in his grave. There are just some areas psychology, especially misguided pop psychology, simply does not belong. Ridley might be a great cinematographer, but he should leave the writing to the writers, as his futile attempt at character study in The Gladiator should have made clear.
Well, you might like modern psychology or you might not. But certainly it is here to stay, and an awareness of it helps to highlight the changing views and constructs of our time.
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The Oxford English Dictionary defines “oppression” as “the state of being subject to unjust treatment or control.” However, this does not mean that those subjected to unjust treatment or control are aware of it.
This is an aspect of oppression that is largely missed in popular culture when we consider whether we or others are being oppressed. Indeed, when living day to day in concert with the constraints of a given cultural milieu, we seldom consider whether we are actually being oppressed. Instead, we tend to think that one who wants to live according to the constraints of her culture is making a free choice.
In contrast, the usual scenario we think of when we think of oppression is that of someone who is captured, confined, tortured, or otherwise unjustly treated or controlled against his or her protests and pleas for freedom. Those who organize rebellions, or who would do so if they could, are thought to be oppressed. The internal resistance against apartheid in South Africa was viewed as a mark of oppression; while those who acquiesce in their cultural restrictions and taboos, and think none the worst of it, are typically considered free agents.
In United States history, one prominent example of the latter sort of “forced” oppression is that described by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, in 1848, in their influential book, The Communist Manifesto. Therein, Marx and Engels advanced their polemic against the power of capitalism to enslave the working class using the technology of mass production:
“Modern industry has converted the little workshop of the patriarchal master into the great factory of the industrial capitalist. Masses of laborers, crowded into the factory, are organized like soldiers … Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machines, by the overlooker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself. The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to be its end and aim, the more petty, the more hateful and the more embittering it is.”
In this image of wage slavery, the popular conception of exploitation is clearly illustrated wherein the masses of laborers are bound to an assembly line for an excessive amount of hours per day, under abominable working conditions, and given meager compensation. Indeed, Marx and Engel predicted that such egregious treatment of workers by rich capitalists would inevitably “produce its own gravediggers,” that is, explode into a bloody revolution.
Marx and Engels insight into the capacity of technology to oppress is one that should not be overlooked. While technology may itself be neutral, its deployment in this or that way, unconstrained by common sense and ethics, can be a means of exploitation and oppression. This should become abundantly clear in what I will say here. However, the dynamics of oppression is more complex than this popular model admits. Oppression is not necessarily obvious to those who are being oppressed; nor does it necessarily involve dissatisfaction or a tendency to rebel. This is because enculturation can be subtle, systematic, and not ordinarily called into question.
In 1861, in his seminal essay titled, “The Subjection of Women,” John Stuart Mill wrote about one such subtle form of enculturation:
“All causes, social and natural, combine to make it unlikely that women should be collectively rebellious to the power of men … All men, except the most brutish, desire to have, in the woman most nearly connected with them, not a forced slave but a willing one, not a slave merely, but a favorite. They have therefore put everything in practice to enslave their minds.”
Here is a different concept of oppression in contrast to the Marxian one, that of “willing” rather than “forced” slavery. Indeed, a significant number of women living in the United States today (those who have what social workers call a “victim mentality”) still believe they are lucky to be under the control of men who treat them abusively or like possessions.
Willful oppression can take many and sundry subtle forms, some of which even liberal thinkers like Marx and Mill did not foresee. Marx thought that oppression largely involved the consciousness of being forced into living an undesirable life. Mill identified willful oppression but focused on gender-specific oppression, that of the subjection of women by men. But what of willful oppression of the masses, across cultural divides, spanning the “developed” or industrialized world? Is this sort of ubiquitous, willful oppression possible?
Currently, a large percentage of people living in the industrialized “free” world are also members of a global commons in cyberspace. While the servers of this global online community are located inside national borders, the virtual space that this equipment generates transcends any of these geographical boundaries. Nevertheless, the participants of this online global culture have, for the most part, accepted, and assumed, the terms of going online. These terms have been dictated largely by Internet gatekeepers such as Comcast, Verizon, and AT&T, working in cooperation with governmental agencies, in particular, the United State’s National Security Agency (NSA) and Great Britain’s Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ).
Most of us, by now, accept and assume that all of our personal messages, including telephone and email messages, will be filtered and stored in giant government databases. Some of us, perhaps a large majority, accept this suspension of privacy because we think it makes us safer from terrorist attacks. Others assume that whatever the government does must be right. Still others are simply unaware or in disbelief that any abridgment of privacy actually exists or poses a serious threat to civil liberties or personal freedom. Of course, there are also some who do not think privacy is even important in the first place. But all these views involve largely unexamined assumptions. This is unfortunate since, as Socrates starkly expressed, “the unexamined life is not worth living,” and in our high tech milieu, this may be truer today than it was in ancient Athens.
Mill urged us to examine our assumptions about the willful oppression of one sector of our society, namely those who are female. True, we have not yet cast off these chains (there still isn’t pay equity, and the number of women still is not equally represented in higher management — including the office of U.S. President — and in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) positions). However, there has been substantial progress toward liberation as a result of affirmative action and related conscious attempts to eliminate oppressive social practices. Without such conscious awareness and effort to challenge cultural assumptions, such progress would have been nil.
It is no different, in principle, with respect to our assumptions about privacy in cyberspace. Unless we actively examine the assumptions governing our freedom (or loss thereof) in cyberspace, we are likely to fall deeper and deeper into a systematic regimen of quietly creeping, ever-expanding oppression. So, as the technology becomes more and more able to oppress, will we be just as complacent with future, successive encroachments on our privacy?
According to Intel Corporation, in the next decade, the new Bluetooth connection to the internet will be through Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs), which will connect your brain via electrodes directly to the internet. In this environment, your thoughts, not merely the words you type on a keyboard or handheld device, or your voice over a wireless connection, will be online. Your deepest thoughts and most personal secrets will be open to inspection. In this brave new world, government will have the ability (and the authority) to, quite literally, read your mind.
This sort of threat, more than even terrorism, devours the very core of what it means to be human! Will you be as willing to have a cookie implanted in your brain as you are, presently, to have one implanted in your computer?
Oppression cannot only be subtle; it can also be gradual. It can develop over time, in progressive installments, not all at once. The most likely scenario is that we will not wake up one morning and discover that we no longer have any freedom of thought and expression. More likely, we will never come to realize just how oppressed we really have become.
Do you know how far the government has already gone down this slippery slope toward oppressing your freedom of thought and expression? How much research has been spent in developing more powerful forms of surveillance technologies? How little time and money government has invested in trying to protect your privacy from unjust encroachment? What evidence there is that the current surveillance system is really helping to stop terrorism? What the rate of false positives generated by this system really is? What business interests, in particular, are driving the development of surveillance technologies? How much do you actually know, based on evidence, not just government propaganda, about these and other things? How much are you just assuming?
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You can do practical things to help yourself cope with cancer. Understanding your illness and treatment can help. Many people join a support group.
Understanding your illness
A lot of people feel helpless when they first find out they have cancer. You might feel that you're in the hands of doctors and hospitals, and that there’s nothing you can do for yourself. It can help to find out more about your illness.
Understanding your cancer and its treatment will help you and your family to:
- do something to help yourself
- know more about what to expect
You can find out about your type of cancer on this website.
But everyone is different. So it helps to talk directly to someone who can answer your particular questions, like your hospital doctor or specialist cancer nurse.
Talk to them about what you can do to help yourself, and any problems that you might have. They can also give you information about your particular type of cancer.
When you go to the doctor or cancer nurse, it might help to:
- make a list of questions before you go
- take someone with you – they can remind you what you wanted to ask and help remember the answers
It can also help to find out about your treatment so you know what to expect.
Joining a support group
There are more than 800 cancer support groups in the UK.
Each group is very different. Most are for people with all types of cancer, as well as carers, family and friends. But some groups are for people with a specific type of cancer, such as a breast care group or laryngectomy club.
There may be more than one group in your area. You could contact a few to see which one suits you best.
What to expect
Some groups are just a few people who meet regularly in a member's front room. Others are much larger and may have their own rooms or a drop in centre.
When you go to a group, you’ll get a warm welcome and be introduced to other members. You will have a chance to talk about yourself and how you have found having cancer.
You don't have to talk about anything you don't want to discuss. It might take a few visits before you feel comfortable enough to talk about personal issues.
You might not be comfortable in groups generally, or you might live some distance away. In this case you could also arrange to meet other members individually, or perhaps talk to them over the phone.
Activities at these groups vary a lot, but might include:
- regular meetings where people talk about having cancer
- social activities
- speakers who give talks
- complementary therapies
- home and hospital visits
- bereavement support
- telephone support lines
- help for you to access social or health services
Most groups are free. But some might charge for tea and biscuits. Or they might welcome donations for the complementary therapies or counselling they offer.
How to find a support group
Your GP surgery or hospital might be able to tell you where your nearest group is.
You can also find local help and support on the NHS Choices website.
Practical and positive things
When you are having treatment, or when you're recovering, you might not be able to do all the things you used to. But as you begin to feel better it can help to have a go at simple tasks.
You can try to do a little more each day. Success will give you confidence but remember, take one step at a time.
Many people want to fight their illness. Some like to:
- plan a healthy, well balanced diet
- learn relaxation techniques
- take regular exercise
Only do these things if you want to – and only if they make you feel better.
Well meaning friends or relatives might make suggestions about what you can do. But you don't have to make any sudden or drastic changes to your lifestyle. You might feel you’ve had enough change for a while if you've had a recent diagnosis and treatment.
Tips if you do decide to exercise
- Build up slowly.
- Set realistic targets.
- Base the type, strength and frequency of your exercise on what you're used to and how well you feel.
Tips from support group members
We asked a group of people from a support group what they recommended for this page. The first thing they said was 'Join a support group!'
They also told us what else had worked for them. Here are some of their tips.
- Make lists of questions for your cancer doctor, GP or specialist nurse.
- Ask about sources of information and support when you go to the hospital – otherwise they might not think to tell you.
- Try not to dwell on the cancer.
- Make the most of what you have – do the things you've put off in the past.
- Don’t make too many life changes at one time.
- Join a local exercise class.
Getting help and support
You might have questions about your cancer or treatment. Or you might want to ask where you can get support.
You can phone the Cancer Research UK nurses on Freephone 0808 800 4040, from 9am to 5pm Monday to Friday.
To find people to share experiences with online, you could use our online forum Cancer Chat.
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There is something oddly satisfying about watching a ram headbutt his opponent. It is like seeing an animal dominate another using amusing (but slightly brutal) horseplay.
But why do rams butt heads in the first place? It turns out there is a reason for this bizarre behavior. And the reason was surprising to us – even though we are around rams, cows, goats, and poultry around the clock!
Let us look at what scientists have discovered about why rams butt heads.
- Why Do Rams Headbutt?
- Why Do Rams Headbutt – FAQs
- Final Thoughts
Why Do Rams Headbutt?
Most rams headbutt one another as a show of dominance. This behavior is most common in rams due to their testosterone. But ewes can also headbutt to assert their dominance. And to show aggression. Very young rams may headbutt as a method of testing out the motion.
At first glance, it may seem like rams are just engaged in random acts of violence when they headbutt each other. However, there is a reason for this behavior.
Rams are male sheep! They use headbutting to assert their dominance over other males. By headbutting, they can establish a hierarchy within the flock and determine which ram is the leader.
In addition, headbutting helps rams to build up their muscles, which makes them stronger and better able to stake claim over their territory.
While headbutting may look like aggression, it is a form of communication that allows rams to maintain order within the flock.
Why Do Sheep Ram Heads?
While it may seem like rather odd behavior, sheep ram heads for a variety of reasons.
For one, it is a way of asserting dominance over other flock members. By establishing themselves as the alpha, they are more likely to gain access to food and mates. In addition, head-ramming can also be a way of releasing aggression or stress.
When faced with a stressful situation, such as a predator attack, sheep may headbutt each other to release excess adrenaline.
Finally, headbutting may be a form of play. Juvenile sheep often engage in this behavior as they learn to interact with others in their flock.
So – head-ramming is a prevalent behavior among sheep that serves a vital purpose in their social hierarchy.
When researching why rams headbutt, we found an excellent resource we recommend to all sheep ranchers. It's called The Backyard Sheep by Sue Weaver. The book teaches how to select the best sheep breed, harvest fleece, and house your sheep. It also shows everything you need to make yummy homemade yogurt and cheese. The book contains 224 pages and packs helpful insights for raising sheep as pets. The reviews are mostly stellar.
Do Rams Headbutt People?
Sometimes, yes! It is critical to note that rams can be aggressive toward people if they feel threatened. If you encounter a ram or are dealing with an aggressive ram on your farm (particularly during mating season), it is best to give it plenty of space and avoid making sudden movements. Nobody wants a surprise headbutt from an angsty ram!
It is a common misconception that rams always headbutt and aggressively attack people. The truth is that headbutting in rams helps establish dominance and social pecking order. And – some rams are more aggressive than others. Headbutting can also be a part of their mating ritual!
Why Do Sheep Headbutt Random Objects?
Why do sheep headbutt objects? It is a question that has perplexed scientists for years. It is also confusing to us – doubly so when we see sheep headbutt seemingly random items around the farm! But new research suggests that sheep may be using this behavior to communicate.
Sheep are more likely to headbutt when they see an unfamiliar object. This behavior suggests that the headbutting conduct may be a way for sheep to signal their distrust of something new.
Interestingly, sheep are likely to headbutt objects within their field of view. This headbutting nature suggests that the behavior may also be a way for sheep to assert dominance over their surroundings.
So why do sheep headbutt objects? It is still not entirely clear. But the new research provides some insight into this strange behavior.
Is Headbutting a Sign of Boredom?
Headbutting is a sign of boredom – or angst – in some cases. If an animal is frequently headbutting, especially if combined with other boredom signs such as pacing or chewing on objects, the animal is likely bored.
A lack of enrichment can cause boredom. So increasing the amount of time the animal spends outside its cage and providing it with more toys and objects to interact with can help.
In some cases, headbutting may signal an underlying medical condition. If the behavior persists despite efforts to increase enrichment, a vet may need to get consulted.
Read More – Sheep vs. Lambs! What’s the Difference?
How Do You Deal With Aggressive Rams?
When faced with an aggressive ram, it is vital to assess the situation and determine the best course of action. If the ram is charging, it is best to stand still and allow it to pass. If you attempt to run, the ram is likely to chase you and could cause serious injury.
If the ram is not charging but is simply displaying aggressive behavior, you may be able to scare it away by making loud noises or waving your arms. However, if the ram does not back down, it is best to retreat to a safe distance and call for help.
Aggressive rams can be dangerous creatures, so it is always best to remain cautious!
Here’s a video my 12-year-old daughter made of our newest addition to the farm – an adorable lamb!
How Can You Protect Yourself from a Headbutting Ram?
There are a few recommended steps to protect yourself from a headbutting ram. First, try to keep your distance. If the testy ram charges, try to side-step or jump out of the way.
Finally, headbutting may be a form of play. Juvenile sheep often engage in this behavior when learning to interact with others in their flock.
Read More – 11 Gorgeous Black and White Sheep Breeds! Perfect for Small Homesteads!
Can You Teach a Ram Not to Headbutt?
Headbutting can sometimes result in injuries, which is why many farmers choose to prevent their rams from engaging in this behavior. Even if you do not get injured from the headbutt – getting attacked on your farm is never good!
There are several ways to teach a ram not to headbutt. Our favorite methods are keeping the horns trimmed, keeping the rams separate, and providing plenty of space to roam.
With proper management, it is possible to teach rams not to headbutt.
Read More – Adorable Sheep with Black Faces! And the Cutest Sheep Contest!
Why Do Rams Headbutt – FAQs
We have spent the last few weeks researching why rams headbutt – and the best tips to help manage their violent behavior! Sometimes, providing ample personal space is the best bet. But we also want to share other ram-headbutting questions you may encounter.
We hope these help you and your rams!
Rams may headbutt humans as a way of showing aggression or excitement. However, it is vital to note that not all rams exhibit this behavior. In many cases, headbutting is simply a matter of individual personality. We also notice that headbutting seems more prevalent in some breeds (and family lines) than others.
After a ram butts heads with another, it will often stand upright with its chest puffed out. This behavior is known as raising. Raising serves several purposes. First, it allows the ram to assess the damage inflicted on its opponent. If the other ram is injured or otherwise weakened, the act of raising can intimidate it into submission. Second, raising also helps to show off the ram’s strength and vigor. It is aggressive posturing!
By displaying its muscular body and bold demeanor, the ram is more likely to impress potential mates and deter rivals. Finally, raising gives the ram a chance to catch its breath and prepare for another bout of headbutting.
Unless the ram decides to headbutt your tractor – or a brick wall, it probably will not get hurt. Rams have surprisingly thick skulls and strong neck muscles, which cushion the impact of their headbutts. In addition, their horns curve so that they deflect most of the force away from their brains. As a result, concussions are rare among rams.
Rams do not feel pain when their horns are touched. They are also impervious (mostly) when their horns collide with other objects. However, the horns can still be damaged, and rams will sometimes bleed from their wounds. When the horn is broken or damaged, the ram can feel pain.
Read More – Raising Sheep vs. Goats! Which Is Best for Profits? And Fun?
Rams are known for their aggressive behavior, including headbutting each other. While this may seem like a senseless act, there is a lot of genetics that go into their behavior.
Most of the time, the rams do not mean any harm. However, we always urge caution when you are around your rams. Do not let your guard down. Even for a moment!
What about you? Have you noticed that your rams are more aggressive during mating season? Or – do you know any good tricks to help reduce headbutting in rams?
We would love to hear your thoughts and experiences.
Thanks so much for reading.
And – have a great day!
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Plan to Make Rubella Vaccine Must For Girls
- Hits: 1117
21 May 2010
By Teena Thacker
New Delhi, India
With a view to reduce the number of children having Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS), responsible for causing mental retardation and other defects like hearing and vision impairment, it may be soon made mandatory for girls to get vaccinated against rubella once they reach adolescence.
In one of the recommendations being made to the Union Health Ministry last week, the technical core committee on vaccines under the chairmanship of Dr M K Bhan, secretary, department of biotechnology, has strongly recommended rubella shot for a girl who reaches adolescence and in states with high coverage.
The recommendation gains significance as approximately 20 per cent of women who marry are susceptible to rubella infection and the complications they carry are very high, which they may pass on to their child if they get infected in early pregnancy.
"Though we do not have a solid data for children having CRS in India, there are approximately 30,000 children in India who suffer from it every year. Va ccination, therefore, is a good way to avoid misery. If we want healthy children, prevention is a better way," said Dr Bhan.
The other recommendation made by the committee is that the measles vaccine should be made double dose.
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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Wednesday, July 26, 2017
Newborn and Infant Care
I would like to ask what causes potters syndrome, and what is it,in 1979 i had a daughter with it but sadly she died at an hour old. The doctors did say that it happend mostly in girls. I have had 4 other children all very healthy all boys. Was there anything that i could have done to prevent it happening. Thanks
Sorry for the delay in answering this question, but I was out of the country for three weeks.
Potter Syndrome is also know as bilateral renal agenesis, the absence of both kidneys which is incompatable with life. Renal agenesis occurs in 1 out of 100,000 births, with a male to female ratio of 2.5:1. Why the kidneys do not develop is unknown. It is thought that it has a multifocal cause. Renal agenesis is often associated with other abnormalities of the gastrointestinal and cardiac systems. Diagnosis can be made by ultrasound after 15 to 18 weeks gestation. Infants with renal agenesis are often stillborn or die shortly after birth from respiratory or renal problems.
Tina Weitkamp, RNC, MSN
Associate Professor of Clinical Nursing
College of Nursing
University of Cincinnati
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Share 'Neanderthal genome may hold clues to human survival'
Neanderthal genome may hold clues to human survival
By Susan Lunn, CBC News
Svante Paabo holds a reconstructed skull of a Neanderthal. Paabo, a Swedish geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, is nearly finished mapping the DNA of the Neanderthal - DNA which exists in small amounts in modern humans. (Frank Vinken/Max Planck Gesellschaft)…
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The reasons why history has been unkind to Crean are twofold: first, the politics of post-independence Ireland; and second, what George Bernard Shaw described as the greatest of evils and worst of crimes — poverty.
Tom Crean was an Irish seaman and Antarctic explorer from Annascaul, Co Kerry. He was a member of three major expeditions to Antarctica during the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. He joined the Royal Navy at 15 years of age. Served on ‘Discovery’ from 1901–1904 and ‘Terra Nova 1910–1913 under Captain Robert Scott. This saw the race to reach the South Pole lost to Roald Amundsen and ended in the deaths of Scott and his polar party. During this expedition, Crean’s 35 statute miles (56 km) solo walk across the Ross Ice Shelf to save the life of Edward Evans led to him receiving the Albert Medal for Lifesaving.
After his Terra Nova experience, Crean’s third and final Antarctic venture was as second officer on Ernest Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, on ‘Endurance’. After ‘Endurance’ became beset in the pack ice and sank, Crean and the ship’s company spent months drifting on the ice before a journey in boats to Elephant Island. He was a member of the crew which made an open boat journey of 800 nautical miles (1,500 km) from Elephant Island to South Georgia, to seek aid for the stranded party.
Crean’s contributions to these expeditions sealed his reputation as a polar explorer, and earned him a total of three Polar medals. After the Endurance expedition, he returned to the UK in 1916. On 5 September 1917, Crean married, Ellen Herlihy, of Annascaul. Crean was retired on medical grounds on 24 March 1920 and moved back to Co Kerry. In his home town of Annascaul, Crean and his wife Ellen opened a pub called the ‘South Pole Inn’. The couple had three daughters, Mary, Kate, and Eileen, although Kate died when she was four years old.
When Crean returned to Kerry, at a time and in the very place where the Irish War of Independence was at its height. He discovered a totally different political environment to that which he had known when he left Ireland as a teenager in 1893. Now any association with the British was more unpopular than ever, especially in the heartlands of staunchly republican Kerry. Only a month after coming home Crean was given a stark first-hand example of the depth of feeling. Cornelius Crean, his brother and a sergeant in the Royal Irish Constabulary, was ambushed and shot dead in Co Cork. Crean, a pragmatic man with a genius for survival in the most hostile environments, took evasive action. In the difficult circumstances, he sensibly chose to keep a low profile and decided not to speak about his past life and exploits in the Antarctic with Scott and Shackleton.
Tom Crean lived in Annascaul until his death in 1938, and all those alive today who remember him share one common memory—that he never spoke about his life as an explorer. Never once did Tom Crean give an interview to a journalist or an author. Even his two surviving daughters were told precious little about his adventures.
In 1938 Crean became ill with a burst appendix. He was taken to the nearest hospital in Tralee, but as no surgeon was available to operate, he was transferred to the Bon Secours Hospital in Co Cork where his appendix was removed. Because the operation had been delayed, an infection developed, and after a week in the hospital he died on 27 July 1938, shortly after his sixty-first birthday. He was buried in his family’s tomb at the cemetery in Ballynacourty.
Image | Colourised by Pete Vass
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Submitted to: Journal of Parasitology
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: 9/30/1996
Publication Date: N/A
Citation: N/A Interpretive Summary: Coccidiosis is an intestinal infection caused by several species of Eimeria parasites. The ability to vaccinate against coccidiosis will have a major impact on the poultry industry worldwide. One of the long term goals of the ARS Coccidiosis Control Program is to develop a recombinant coccidial vaccine. ARS scientists have developed a novel technology to produce chicken monoclonal antibodies which can detect coccidia antigens as explained in this paper. These antibodies will be used to identify potential vaccine antigens of coccidian parasites. Identification of coccidial proteins which are immunogenic for chickens should lead to the development of a recombinant coccidial vaccine and could save the industry from losses estimated at > $ 600 million.
Technical Abstract: A stable chicken hybridoma secreting a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that detects the apical complex of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites has been developed by fusing a thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient chicken myeloma with spleen cells from chickens immunized with sporozoite antigen. The mAb, designated as 6D-12-G10, recognized the apical complex of sporozoite of 20-21 kDa molecular mass on western blot. Immunoelectron microscopic examination revealed that mAb 6D-12-G10 stained the conoid antigen. Furthermore, mAb 6D-12- G10 inhibited the invasion of sporozoites into CD8+ T cells in vitro. These results suggest that the conoid may play an important role in the recognition and invasion of host cells by Eimeria sporozoites.
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Dancing is a form of carrying out art generally known as the rhythmic movement of body to music. It is not just a hobby; it has actually become a part of life for most of the people across the world. There are many forms of Dances across the globe, starting from western to cultural dances. In India, we have 8 forms of classical dances that are recognized internationally. They are Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Kathak, Manipuri, Odissi, Sattriya and Mohiniyattam.
Out of these we generally see Bharatanatyam, Kathakali and Kuchipudi being played in most of the events internationally by Indian Dancers. This has actually got some publicity worldwide and many foreigners are now interested in learning of cultural dance, besides western. There are many classical dancers who were internationally well known for their performances. Five out of these have actually won the hearts of international audience.
Rukmini Devi was the first in the list. She was born on 28th February, 1904 in thiruvayur, Madurai. She hails from a cultural background. She was married to Dr. George at the age of 16. After marriage, she has travelled across Europe giving lectures on Indian classical culture.
Later Rukhmini learned Russian Ballets from a Russian Legend Anna Pavlova. Pavlova has renowned the spark in Rukhmini and advised here to learn Indian classical dance. This has motivated her and she travelled back to India to learn lessons from Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai. Her presence in Bharatanatyam has brought a great revolution in the history of Indian Dance. She has even made some corrections to the dances and played a role in costume designing. Later on she has started bharatanatyam kalakshetra to train the students. She has also taught the art of Nattuvangam. With this art she has got the reputation worldwide.
Padma Subramanyam is the next well recognized dancer from India. She is not just a dancer. She is also a choreographer, a music composer, a teacher and a research scholar. She was born to a famous directory K Subramanyam in the year 1943 at Chennai. Her mother was a lyricist in tamil and sanskrit and also a dancer. Padma has her own dance school by name “Nrutyodaya”. This was actually started by her father and currently she is the director. Padma did Bachelors in music and masters in Ethno musicology.
She has also received PHD in dance from Annamalai University. Her first public performance “Arangetram” in the year 1956 brought her name and fame worldwide and also she gave countless performances across the world later on. She was the first dancer to introduce Pushpanjali as a dance item.
Alarmel valli was born in the year 1957. She holds the division of proponent tradition in Bharatanatyam. Valli was the youngest dancer to receive the Padma Shri Award. She has performed in many major festivals across India and also in many cultural capitals of the world. In her childhood, she was trained by Shri Chokkalingam Pillai and his son. At the age of 16, she has got an invitation to perform at the International Dance festival in Paris.
This has actually been a turning point in her life. She has got the reputation worldwide. Later on she has received ovation for her dance in leading theaters across the globe. Valli was the Founder of “Dipashikha” in the year 1984. It is a center for performing arts. She has also conducted classes, lectures and workshops.
Balasaraswati was looked upon as a bright dancer by many Pandits, Born in the year 1918, She did her Arangetram when she was 7 years old. She started her journey from Kamakshiamman temple in kancheepuram under the coaching of the great guru Kandappa.
She was known for her Sancharibhavas. Bala was invited to perform in a festival at Edinburg, Scotland in the year 1963. This was the major asset in her life. She has become popular throughout the world with this performance. As an appreciation, Government of Tamil Nadu has prepared a documentary on her.
Yamini Krishnamurthy was born at Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu in the year 1940. She was born in a telugu family. She is a well-known classical dancer. She went to Madras at the age of 5 to learn dance at Kalakshetra School. Rukhmini Devi was her tutor. Later on Yamini went on for advanced studios of Dance. Yamini has given her debut performance in the year 1957 at Madras, Tami Nadu. Her excellent performance on that day has made her an overnight star.
She has been acknowledged as the international vista by the year 1960. She has also become the AsthanaNarthaki of Tirumala Tirupathi Devastanam, Andhra Pradesh. Kuchipudi has become popularized worldwide with the presence of Yamini and at the very young age she has received an international appreciation. Yamini has received Padma shri in the year 1968 and Padma Bhushan in 2001. She has also started “YaminiSchool of dance” in New Delhi.
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Perhaps one of the more charismatic and unproductive investments made by the education community over the past 20 or so years has been on learning styles. If you total the expenditures on books, workshops, tests, teacher guides and other adjunct resources, I suspect the investment goes into the millions. So, what return has the learning community realized?
The idea of learning styles is so seductive because we all have intuitions or preferences regarding how we learn best. And it seems so straightforward that a learner with a visual learning style would learn best from a more visual presentation compared to a person with a kinesthetic style who would benefit from a more hands-on experience. As logical as it seems, we simply don’t have evidence to support it.
No Evidence for Learning Styles
First, there are a number of different learning styles. I focus this blog on the very popular idea of visual, auditory, and kinesthetic learning styles. Recently, Kratzig and Arbuthnott (2006) compared meausres of these three learning styles among 65 participants. Each individual rated their own learning style as visual, auditory, or kinesthetic. Then each individual completed the Barsch 24-item learning style inventory, which reports a score for each modality. Third, each individual completed a memory test including (1) reconstructing a briefly shown drawing, (2) recounting a short story read aloud, and (3) identifying different geometric shapes that the subjects had previously felt while blindfolded.
All scores were correlated. According to the learning styles idea, if you identify your style as visual, you would score higher on the visual scale of the Barsch inventory and would show better memory results on the visual test than on the auditory or kinesthetic tests. What were the correlations? Zilch. The research team concludes, “The results of this study raise serious doubts about learning style specificity and instead support the idea that each individual uses a combination of different learning modalities to learn effectively.” (p. 242)
Instead of Learning Styles…
Let’s invest resources on instructional modes and methods proven to improve learning. For example, as I summarized in a previous post, studies have shown that adding a relevant visual to a textual explanation dramatically improves learning in novices. Learners familiar with the topic don’t benefit as much because they can formulate their own visuals as they read the words. Furthermore, if you have a complex visual such as an animation, learning is better when the animation is explained with audio rather than text. An audio explanation allows the learner to allocate all of their visual attention to the graphic while listening to the explanation. To review the evidence (or lack thereof) for learning styles, take a look at any of the resources listed below.
Has your organization invested resources in learning styles? Was it fun? Was it productive? Why do you think so many resources have been invested in this particular unproven instructional approach? Are workforce learning practitioners too eager to jump on the latest learning fads? Please add your comments to the discussion!
For More Information
Clark, R.C & Lyons, C (2011). Graphics for Learning. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. See Chapter 11: Plan graphics to leverage individual differences.
Kratzig, G.P. and Arbuthnott, K.D. (2008). Perceptual learning style and learning proficiency: A test of the hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 238-246.
Paschler, H., McDaniel, M., Rohrer, D., & Bjork, R. (2009). Learning styles: Concepts and evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 9(3), 105-119.
Riener, C., & Willingham, D. (2010). The myth of learning styles. Change, Sept/Oct, 32-36.
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Papers on Parliament No. 52
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Franca Arena and Parliamentary Privilege
Although the federal and state parliaments of Australia have the power to alter the law of parliamentary privilege by legislation, some core element of parliamentary privilege may be constitutionally entrenched because it is essential for the ability of the parliaments to function, and to that extent parliamentary privilege may therefore not be amenable to alteration by statute.
This was perhaps the most interesting constitutional implication of the Franca Arena saga, which was played out in the New South Wales Parliament and the New South Wales courts and the High Court late in 1997.
Parliamentary privilege is a generic term which refers to legal immunities and powers of the houses of the various parliaments. Those immunities and powers are a notable feature of Anglo-American legislative institutions inherited from the British Parliament.
The Commonwealth Constitution provides in section 49 that the powers, privileges and immunities of each house of the federal Parliament may be declared by the Parliament, and, until so declared, are those of the House of Commons as at 1901. The constitution Acts of the various states, with the notable exception of New South Wales, contain similar provisions prescribing their immunities and powers by reference to those of the House of Commons at a particular date or for the time being. The New South Wales houses rely for their immunities and powers solely on common law, which determines the immunities and powers reasonably necessary for a legislature to function. All of the parliaments seemingly can alter their immunities and powers by legislation. Only at the Commonwealth level has this legislative power been utilised to any significant extent, and the Commonwealth Parliamentary Privileges Act 1987 is only a partial codification of the existing law.
The identification of the immunities and powers of the houses is therefore largely a matter of consulting British common and statutory law on the subject. The content of that law is fairly well established. There is only one immunity of any substance possessed by the houses and their members: the immunity of parliamentary proceedings from any question or impeachment in any court or tribunal. This immunity is statutorily enshrined in article 9 of the Bill of Rights 1689 in the following terms:
That the freedom of speech and debates or proceedings in Parliament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Parliament.
The immunity is usually referred to as freedom of speech in parliament, because it means that a member of parliament cannot be called to account before any court or tribunal for speeches in parliament. This famously has the effect that a member cannot be sued for defamation contained in a parliamentary speech. This characterisation of the immunity is somewhat misleading, because it has a much wider application. The houses and their members cannot be called to account in any way in legal proceedings for any of their parliamentary actions, and no body can inquire into proceedings in parliament except the houses themselves. This means, for example, that a royal commission or other commission of inquiry appointed by the executive government cannot inquire into proceedings in parliament.
The scope of the activities included in proceedings in parliament and therefore protected by the immunity is not entirely settled. Such proceedings are statutorily defined to include at the federal level, and are generally taken to include at the state level, all words spoken and actions done in the course of the transacting of parliamentary business and in the course of transactions closely associated with that business. There is room for dispute, however. In 1995 a Western Australian royal commission (the Royal Commission into Use of Executive Power) inquired into the circumstances surrounding the presentation of a petition to the Legislative Council. It was clear that the actual presentation of the petition was a proceeding in parliament and therefore not amenable to the inquiry. Some of the matters examined by the commission, for example, advice given by the Clerk of the Council to members, were arguably also protected by the immunity. A legal challenge to the commission by Dr Carmen Lawrence, who was involved in the matter, was not pursued to a conclusion.
The immunity known as freedom of speech in parliament has long been regarded as essential to allow a parliament to debate and inquire freely on behalf of the public without fear of retribution of any kind. Without it, members who would otherwise expose abuses through parliamentary forums could be harassed into silence by the executive government and other powerful interests using legal proceedings and executive-appointed inquiries.
The immunity adheres in the terms of article 9 of the Bill of Rights to the federal houses and those of the states with House of Commons immunities conferred by their constitutions. The New South Wales houses have a common law immunity which appears for practical purposes to be identical in content.
The only power of substance possessed by the houses is the power to punish contempts. This power principally supports the power to conduct parliamentary inquiries, and, for that purpose, to compel the attendance of witnesses, the giving of evidence and the production of documents, and to punish defaults as contempts. Because the New South Wales houses do not statutorily possess House of Commons powers, their power to punish contempts appears to be more circumscribed than that of their counterparts in other jurisdictions.
In recent years there has been concern about the ability of members of parliament to abuse their freedom of speech by recklessly defaming in their speeches persons who then have no redress. This has led to the adoption by various houses, starting with the Australian Senate in 1988, of procedures whereby such persons may make a privileged response to allegations made about them in the houses. An incidental effect of the Franca Arena affair, as it may now be known, was the adoption of those procedures by the New South Wales Legislative Council. It is conceded by their proponents that the procedures provide only limited and often delayed redress, and are inadequate when very serious and damaging allegations of official corruption are made under parliamentary privilege.
Such was the case with speeches made in the Legislative Council by the Honourable Franca Arena. Mrs Arena’s contributions culminated in a speech in the council on 17 September 1997 in which she alleged, in effect, that there was a conspiracy between the Premier, the Leader of the Opposition and the royal commissioner inquiring into alleged police protection of paedophilia, Justice Wood, to suppress findings against ‘people in high places’.
This allegation was so politically damaging that political leaders considered that it was essential to conduct some inquiry into it.
The most readily available and, because of parliamentary privilege, the only lawful avenue of inquiry would have been an inquiry by the council itself through one of its committees. This was apparently the only form of inquiry acceptable to Mrs Arena. While the council, as has been indicated, possesses powers of inquiry theoretically adequate to the task, such a treatment of the matter would have had a great political drawback: it could be seen as politicians inquiring into themselves. There is also a parliamentary rule of comity between houses that one house does not inquire into the conduct of members of the other house, except ministers acting in that capacity. An inquiry by the council into Mrs Arena’s allegations would involve inquiry into the conduct of members of the assembly.
For these reasons some independent commission of inquiry was called for. To any such body, however, the law of parliamentary privilege opposed a barrier. Mrs Arena’s speech was undoubtedly a proceeding in Parliament and therefore could not be the subject of inquiry by any body other than the council itself. Attention was therefore directed to the possibility of the Parliament using its legislative powers to alter its immunities so as to permit an inquiry into Mrs Arena’s allegations.
This was the course adopted, but it was approached with great caution. The importance of freedom of speech in parliament to the operation of a parliamentary system, and the danger of legislative dilution of that immunity, obviously weighed heavily on the minds of the legislators. The statute which was eventually passed provided that a house of the Parliament could by resolution authorise a special commission to inquire into and report to the house on a specified matter relating to its proceedings. Such a provision would seem to be sufficient in itself to overcome the problem of parliamentary privilege, because any inquiry under the provision would clearly be an inquiry by the council itself into its own proceedings, through an agent authorised by the council. The clarity of the provision was diminished by an involvement of the state Governor in setting the commission in motion and receiving its report; no doubt this was done to retain some control by the government over inquiries initiated by the council. Further precautions, however, were taken. In order for the special commission to proceed with an inquiry, a house would have to declare by resolution that parliamentary privilege would be set aside to the extent required for the inquiry. Such a waiving of parliamentary privilege would not operate to set aside the privilege attaching to the contributions to parliamentary proceedings of an individual member, but would authorise the member to give evidence voluntarily before the special commission. Resolutions under the provisions would require a two-thirds majority of the members present and voting.
Mrs Arena challenged the validity of this legislation in the courts. Given that parliamentary privilege at state level is a matter on which the state parliament may legislate, there was obviously considerable difficulty in advancing coherent and persuasive grounds of challenge. Several grounds were raised, the principal ground being that parliamentary privilege is essential for the operation of a legislature and therefore cannot be legislatively waived. The Supreme Court of New South Wales rejected the challenge to the statute without giving any credence to this argument. Leave to appeal to the High Court was sought, but was refused. In the course of refusing leave, Chief Justice Brennan made the following significant observations:
The critical question on the present application is whether the Act so affects the parliamentary privilege of free speech that it invalidly erodes the institution of Parliament itself. If an affirmative answer could be given to that question, the applicant would have made a case for the grant of special leave. But whatever limits there might be upon the powers of Parliament legislatively to affect its privileges, it is not possible to regard this Act as exceeding those limits. … Nothing that we have said should be thought to diminish the importance which the Courts have traditionally accorded to the privileges of the Parliament …
This raises the possibility that a different statute, less carefully crafted, might have been held to be invalid on the stated ground. To some extent the law of parliamentary privilege may be constitutionally entrenched notwithstanding the power of parliaments to alter it by legislation, a power which, it might have been thought hitherto, is unlimited. If a malign majority in a parliament were to legislate, say, to take away the immunity of individual members and allow them to be prosecuted for their parliamentary actions, the courts might well strike down such legislation as taking away something essential to the very institution of parliament.
There have been other judicial hints that there may be some basic constitutional and common law principles beyond repudiation by statute although they are not explicitly constitutionally entrenched or even constitutionally implied. This notion has been suggested even in relation to the states, notwithstanding that their parliaments were long thought to have inherited untrammelled legislative sovereignty from the British legislature. Parliamentary privilege, or at least freedom of speech in parliament, may be added to the list of matters thought by some to have this sacred status.
A special commission, duly authorised by the Legislative Council, and consisting of Mr J.A. Nader, QC, a retired judge of the Supreme Court of the Northern Territory, inquired into Mrs Arena’s allegations. Mrs Arena declined to give evidence before the commission. The commission found that there was no evidence to support her allegations and dismissed them accordingly.
The question of the propriety of her conduct was then referred to the Legislative Council Privileges and Ethics Committee, which is to consider a suggestion that she be expelled from the council. The power to expel a member is undoubtedly possessed by the New South Wales houses and by houses with House of Commons powers, but was denied to themselves by the federal houses in their 1987 legislation.
The council also referred to the Police Commissioner documents provided by Mrs Arena in support of her allegations. A report by the commissioner is to be considered by the Privileges and Ethics Committee.
The special legislation passed by the New South Wales Parliament is to expire in accordance with a sunset clause contained in it.
The lesson will no doubt be drawn from this case by parliaments that they must be very careful in legislating in the area of parliamentary privilege; they cannot assume that their legislative power is at large. Any adventurous tampering with the basics may invite equally adventurous judicial review.
In recent times, indeed, there has been something of a spate of court cases on parliamentary privilege. This is largely due, no doubt, to the increasing number and importance of parliamentary committee inquiries and upper houses kicking over the traces of government control. In another New South Wales case, Egan v Willis and Cahill, the Supreme Court was called upon to determine the extent of the Legislative Council’s power to compel the production of documents by a minister. The Court found that the council possesses the power to order the production of documents, and acted within its powers in suspending a minister from the council as a penalty for failure to produce documents in accordance with an order. The case has gone to the High Court. Also before the High Court are two cases concerning federal parliamentary privilege, Katter v Laurance and Rowley v O’Chee, both originating in Queensland. The first involves the use of statements in parliament to elucidate statements outside parliament which are the subject of defamation action; the second involves a claim by a senator to immunity from orders for discovery of documents provided to the senator for the purpose of proceedings in the Senate. The scope of freedom of speech in parliament is therefore in issue in both cases. It seems that the courts will become more involved in determining questions of parliamentary privilege. The very extensive American case law on the subject, which was referred to in the Egan case, may be influential in this process. It will not be a matter of judicial activism, but of parliamentary activism drawing in the courts.
1. Special Commissions of Inquiry Amendment Act 1997.
2. Arena v Nader and Others 42 NSWLR 427 at 1605.
3. This matter is analysed by G. Winterton, ‘Constitutionally entrenched common law rights: sacrificing means to ends?’, in C. Sampford and K. Preston, Interpreting Constitutions. Leichhardt, NSW, Federation Press, 1996, pp. 121–45.
4. 40 NSWLR 650.
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What are Branched-Chain Amino Acids?
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) is the name given to three of the eight essential amino acids needed to make protein: leucine, isoleucine and valine. They are called branched-chain because their structure has a ‘branch’ off the main trunk of the molecule. The combination of these three essential amino acids makes up approximately one-third of skeletal muscle in the human body. In order to get energy, the body can actually break down muscle to get these BCAAs. Therefore, by supplying them during or after a workout, muscles and other tissues are spared from breakdown, which occurs as a natural part of metabolism.
Leucine is the most readily oxidized BCAA and therefore the most effective at causing insulin secretion from the pancreas. It lowers elevated blood sugar levels and aids in growth hormone production. Leucine works in conjunction with the other two BCAAs to protect muscle and act as fuel for the body. They promote the healing of bones, skin and muscle tissue, and are often recommended for patients recovering from surgery.
Food sources for leucine are: meat, nuts, beans, brown rice, soy flour and whole wheat.
Isoleucine stabilizes and regulates blood sugar and energy levels. It is also needed for hemoglobin formation. When coupled with the other two BCAAs, they enhance energy, increase endurance and aid in the healing and repair of muscle tissue, making them a valuable tool for athletes.
After a group of healthy people received a single intravenous infusion of these amino acids, the amount of tissue breakdown that normally occurs overnight decreased by 50 percent. In another study, the muscles of a group of marathoners and cross-country runners were spared completely with a daily dose of them.
People suffering from many different mental and physical disorders have been found to have isoleucine deficiency, which can lead to symptoms similar to those of hypoglycemia.
Isoleucine can be found in foods such as chicken, eggs, fish, meat, rye, almonds, cashews, chickpeas, lentils, soy protein and most seeds.
Valine is the third BCAA. It also aids in muscle metabolism, tissue repair and the maintenance of proper nitrogen balance in the body. It may also be helpful in treating liver and gallbladder disease, and is good for correcting the type of severe amino acid deficiencies which can be caused by drug addiction. However, an excessively high level of valine can lead to symptoms such as a crawling sensation in the skin and possibly cause hallucinations.
Sources for valine are: meat, mushrooms, peanuts, dairy products, grains, and soy protein.
What are the benefits/uses?
There is evidence that taking BCAAs orally seems to reduce muscle breakdown during exercise, increase protein synthesis, regulate blood sugar levels and aid in fat loss. Additionally, BCAAs have been studied for their potential role in delaying central nervous system (CNS) fatigue, especially in athletes. Particularly important for all bodybuilders, BCAAs’ anabolic properties are ranked as high as commonly used steroids. And it is not just the healthy physically active people who thrive on BCAAs. Clinically, Branched Chain Amino Acids are used to treat depression, diabetes, anorexia, irritability and headaches that result from protein deficiency.
So, can what is so special about the BCAAs? Aren’t all amino acids the same? Not at all. Even though all amino acids are important for the simple fact of their paramount involvement in cellular metabolism, the mechanism by which these work is much more complex.
BCAAs are a group of essential amino acids comprised of three essential amino acids. You have to memorize this famous trio as remembering to get these in sufficient amounts may do your body, mind and overall immunity a lot of good. The names of Branched-Chain Amino Acids are leucine, isoleucine and valine. All essential amino acids are needed to maintain a positive nitrogen balance. But when the three essential ones in focus, Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine, are combined together, they are used differently by the body.
Branched-Chain Amino Acids act as nitrogen carriers assisting the muscles in synthesizing other amino acids needed for building new cells and tissues. If this sounds pretty much the same as for other amino acids, read this: BCAA have been studied for their unique metabolism and ability to reduce or delay the onset of ‘central fatigue’, also known as fatigue of the Central Nervous System rather than the muscle.
As you may already know, before getting energy to your cells and tissues, any fuel needs to be oxidized, or combined with Oxygen. Physiologically, carbohydrates are the easiest ones to go down that road and form a great team with Oxygen giving you the needed spark to move and think. Proteins have some trouble dealing with Oxygen, but they can still manage after going through a long metabolic pathway known as Krebs Cycle. All proteins fist have to be broken down to amino acids in the intestine, absorbed through the tissues into blood, then travel to the liver which converts these to ketones, and only then amino acids may become useful for the body.
What is extremely exciting is that Branched Chain Amino Acids, the leucine, valine and isoleucine, can by-pass the liver stop and be used by the body as fuel in tissues other than the liver. Particularly, these are metabolized in the skeletal muscle tissue, so it makes sense that you use these more rapidly when you exercise.
More than that, BCAAs are the first amino acids to be oxidised or used for energy, which is not very typical action of amino acids and proteins. Given the conditions, your muscles can oxidise at least with amino acids – alanine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate, isoleucine, leucine, lysine and valine. But during exercise, the BCAA trio of isoleucine, leucine, and valine, are given the priority of oxidation.
Following ingestion, BCAAs are not readily broken down by the liver. BCAAs in the muscle are able to transaminate Pyruvate to form amino acid Alanine, which is then recycled to glucose in the liver via the Cori cycle. If you really want to dig deep down the chemical reactions, I will try to simplify it as much as possible. BCAAs are broken down to their keto-acid analogues by very specific enzymes Branched-Chain Aminotransferase (BCAAT) and Branched-Chain oxo-acid dehydrogenase (BCOAD). Interestingly, the enzyme concentration increases with exercise. If at rest your body has only 5-8% of BCOAD available, during exercise this number goes up to 25%! What does this all mean? That during exercise you use more BCAAs than at rest. Yes, same for all other amino acids. But the BCAAs are used directly by the muscles, and oxidation is one of the things you need to think of if you doubt that proteins are not the best source of energy.
BCAAs are not metabolized in the liver like the rest of nutrients, but they instead circulate and compete for absorption into the blood-brain barrier with the amino acids tryptophan, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine for access to the neural amino acid transport system which allows amino acid entry to the brain.
Your brain governs how tired or energized, hungry or satisfied, rested or fatigued you feel. Essentially, several neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, GABA, dopamine, effect your sensations of mood, drive, pain, weariness and fatigue.
Because the mechanism where the Branched Chain Amino Acids are involved is centered in the brain, BCAAs may help your entire system to go on for longer and delay fatigue. Remember a traffic jam near almost every business or shopping center during peak hours? For some reason, the road is empty at all other times, but when you need it the most, you wish that there were more lanes, right? Same thing with neurotransmitters. When you are at rest, happy and content, sitting on the couch in front of a TV set, all your neurotransmitters are in balance. But when the stress comes, the road by which these travel in your brain gets crowded.
Neurotransmitters are derived from amino acids. For example, amino acid tryptophan is a precursor to serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT), is known to depress the Central Nervous System and produce symptoms of fatigue. Research has shown that exercise reduces plasma BCAA levels while increasing the levels of tryptophan. This translates into a higher ratio of free tryptophan/BCAA. What does this all mean? Fatigue.
More tryptophan means more serotonin. And when serotonin levels are up, you are down. But BCAAs may help turn the tables on fatigue and change the picture. Raising levels of BCAAs lowers the tryptophan/BCAA ratio bringing serotonin down and you don’t even think about getting tired. Some researchers speculate that supplementing with BCAAs will lower this ratio and result in improved mental and physical performance.
BCAAs also help maintain and repair muscles and tendons after exercise, injury, chronic illness, and even surgery because in combination, leucine, isoleucine and valine are involved in production of collagen and maintenance of connective tissue. They have shown to stimulate production of insulin, the main function of which is to allow circulating blood sugar to be taken up by the muscle cells and used as a source of energy. In other words, the insulin production induced by BCAAs helps muscle cells to take up other amino acids and use these for constructive purposes.
BCAAs are also currently used clinically to aid in the recovery of burn victims, and because the metabolic breakdown is accelerated when an individual is afflicted with a wasting disease such as cancer, AIDS, or end-stage kidney failure, BCAA along with glutamine and medium-chain triglycerides are often used by progressive surgeons as intravenous support for their critically ill patients.
The proper dosage depends on a variety of factors – body weight, activity level, lifestyle stress, overall health, and diet. There are no established daily recommendations for this supplement. As a dietary supplement take 25 – 65 milligrams per pound of bodyweight per day. It is recommended that supplemental valine be used in union with both isoleucine and leucine. Mix into water or your favorite beverage 1-2 times daily or as directed by your physician. Mix for 20-30 seconds using a shaker cup or mix thoroughly with a spoon. May not mix very easily. May be hygroscopic and may clump during shipment. This does not affect the efficacy of the product; just the texture. Try mixing in sport drink or anything with a ph less than water to improve mixability. It may be necessary to let it sit for awhile.
Any Side Effects?
There have not been any reported side effects with BCAA supplement intake: excess BCAAs are usually converted to other amino acid forms, used up as energy, or stored up as fat. However, if you have liver or kidney disease, you should not take in high doses of amino acids without asking your doctor. It is crucial that you always speak to a knowledgeable healthcare provider before taking any dietary supplements, including glutamine. This advice is also recommended for anyone suffering from a health condition.
Pregnant and nursing women should only take an amino acid such as glutamine after consulting your physician.
Shelf Life: This product will retain a 2 year shelf life from the date of manufacturer if properly sealed and stored in a dry, cool environment outside of direct sunlight.
Why Muscle Feast, LLC?
We guarantee our supplements to be the freshest and purest available: Muscle Feast, LLC supplements are manufactured under the strictest HACCP, FDA, and Kosher standards, producing the highest quality and purest supplements available. Our raw ingredients undergo state of the art analysis to ensure zero impurities and strict adherence to product labeling. When it comes to price and quality you can’t beat Muscle Feast. We guarantee it!
Important facts you should know about our supplements:
- Laboratory tested for purity
- Strict adherence to GmP, HACCP and Kosher standards
- Licensed and regularly inspected by The Ohio Department of Agriculture
- Freshly manufactured – not expired or closeout
- Spoon mixes with no gritty taste or residue
- Backed by the Muscle Feast 30-day money back guarantee
FREE dosing scoop: Get the exact dosage every time with a free single-dose scoop. Fill to the top, not the line.
How can our Quality be so high and our prices so low? We are able to keep our pricing so low because we are a relatively small manufacturer with very low overhead and we sell direct to the public. We source the same great suppliers used by more popular brands.
Notes: BCAA ratios have long been standard at 2:1:1. However, current research suggests that higher levels of L-Leucine product better results. T
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| 0.952578 | 2,801 | 3.5 | 4 |
Guinea Pig Facts
|Average Adult Size:||8 to 11 inches long|
|Average Life Span:||Up to 8 years with proper care|
Guinea pigs or “Cavies” can make an ideal first pet. When buying a guinea pig you’ll want to research ahead of time to know their specific needs. Their habitat should be large enough to allow them to move around freely and have a solid chew-resistant bottom. Cavies are known to bond easily with their pet parents, and they’ll not only reward you with their affection, but also by squeaking, chirping and purring. Like all rodents, their teeth constantly growing, and you’ll need to provide them with safe chew sticks and treats to prevent over-growth. Your cavy can’t produce its own Vitamin C, so you’ll need to supplement their water or food. When you’re ready for a cuddly companion, come to Petland and select a live guinea pig for sale and their accessories.
A well-balanced guinea pig diet consists of:
- High-quality guinea pig food, Timothy hay and limited amounts of vegetables and fruits.
- Require 30 to 50 mg of vitamin C daily from high-quality food, vitamin supplements or fruits and vegetables high in vitamin C.
- Clean, fresh, filtered, chlorine-free water, changed daily.
- Do not feed chocolate, caffeine or alcohol as these can cause serious medical conditions. Avoid sugar and high-fat treats.
Things to remember when feeding your guinea pig:
- Fresh food, Timothy hay and water should always be available.
- A limited amount of vegetables and fruits can be given daily, but should not exceed 10% of their total diet.
- Vegetables and fruits not eaten within 24 hours should be discarded.
- Guinea pigs acclimate well to average household temperatures, not to exceed 80°F; be cautious of extreme temperature changes. The habitat should never be in direct sunlight or in a drafty area.
- A minimum 36"L x 30"W x 18"H escape-proof habitat with a solid surface area and plenty of room for exercise and play makes a good home for one guinea pig. It is best to provide the largest habitat possible.
- 1 to 2" of bedding should be placed in the habitat; proper bedding includes high-quality paper bedding, crumbled paper bedding or hardwood shavings. Cedar-based products are not recommended.
- Guinea pigs may be kept in same-sex pairs if they are raised together; otherwise, keep adult guinea pigs housed separately. Different types of small animals should not be housed together.
- Easy to handle; prefers a routine and similar time for playing, feeding and resting each day.
- Hides in objects, but will come out when people are near the habitat.
- Chew on objects to maintain all their teeth, which grow continuously; ensure they have plenty of chew sticks or mineral chews available.
- Clean and disinfect the habitat and its contents at least once a week with a 3% bleach solution. Rinse and allow to dry completely before placing the guinea pig back into the habitat.
- Remove wet spots daily; change bedding at least twice a week, or more often as necessary.
Grooming & Hygiene
- Guinea pigs stay clean and rarely need baths, but can be spot-cleaned with a damp washcloth or unscented baby wipes if needed.
- Fur may be brushed with a soft-backed brush. Hairless guinea pigs benefit from a small amount of non-toxic aloe-based lotion rubbed onto skin to keep it soft.
- Guinea pigs need their nails clipped approximately once a month.
- It is normal for a guinea pig's teeth to be yellow; cleaning is not necessary.
- Consult with a veterinarian if a guinea pig's teeth or nails seem too long.
Fill out the form below and we’ll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks!
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Nestled in central California and flanked by the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range, Tulare County is sometimes called the Appalachia of the West. It is home to the giant Sequoia trees; Mount Whitney towers over the county’s eastern edge. It’s also one of the most poverty-stricken regions of the state.
With an agriculture-dominated economy, the region’s inequalities have only intensified as the state suffers one of the worst droughts on record. Unemployment in Tulare County remains high — at 12.6 percent it is nearly twice the national average, according to recent numbers from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Caity Meader, executive director of Family Services of Tulare County, knows that financial hardships in the county can exact an additional toll, particularly when it comes to cases of domestic violence.
“We know that financial stress, unemployment — all those things also exacerbate family stress and can exacerbate violence,” Meader said. Increasingly, advocates in the field are identifying financial abuse itself as a distinct type of domestic violence.
Meader’s organization is not just observing a correlation between domestic violence and financial instability – Family Services is tackling economic justice head on.
Often occurring in concert with other forms of violence, financial abuse manifests in many different ways, ranging from the subtle to the overt. It might be restricting victims’ access to bank accounts and forcing them to live on a meager allowance; forbidding them from working or sabotaging their employment; racking up debt on shared accounts and purposefully destroying the victim’s credit — the latter, Meader says, becoming more common among her clients in recent years.
“It all leads back to making it more difficult for a victim to leave a relationship. If they’re not able to rent on their own or establish credit, it makes it more difficult for them to get out of an abusive situation,” Meader said. “It’s all part of that cycle of power and control that we see in violent relationships.”
According to the National Network to End Domestic Violence, financial abuse occurs in 98 percent of abusive relationships; concerns over financial stability are reported as one of the top reasons victims stay with their abusers, according to the organization.
Despite the prevalence of financial abuse, Meader said, “It’s one of the most unrecognizable forms of domestic violence, and unrecognized by the victims themselves.”
But from a professional standpoint, that’s changing, says Kathy Moore, executive director of the California Partnership to End Domestic Violence.
“Generally, there’s such an emphasis on physical abuse because it is incredibly threatening and harmful. But there are so many other forms of abuse — whether it’s emotional, verbal, spiritual or economic — that are really at play,” Moore said. “As we’ve had greater awareness about financial abuse and the tactics, I think we’re talking about it more and we’re identifying it more.”
Moore, who has been working in the field for more than 20 years, says that financial abuse is nothing new. However, in the past, advocates mostly dealt with financial abuse on an individual basis.
“Being able to see it as domestic violence, and also being able to see it as broader economic inequality, that has been gaining much more traction and energy in recent years, ” Moore said.
Family Services of Tulare County is among the agencies to directly address such economic disparities — with the idea that the approach will not only help victims permanently break free of their abusers, but also that it can help prevent future instances of abuse.
The organization is working to integrate economic empowerment and financial literacy education into nearly every aspect of its offerings. On a daily basis, case managers walk clients through everything from banking basics — opening a new account, for instance, can be difficult when previous accounts were drained by an abuser — to career development services and guidance with repairing damaged credit.
Family Services of Tulare County has also drawn in local business professionals to participate in workshops to help clients build networks.
“That’s what a lot of what career development and financial literacy is — having connections,” Meader said. “And that’s also something that being in a violent relationship takes away from you is that network and those connections.”
Meader says that in order to make an impact, she knew the approach had to be more than a one-time session or a class on the side.
“We’ve thought of this as a longer term investment, because it’s going to take daily practice for our clients,” Meader said. “It takes time to implement new habits, especially healthy habits.”
However, Meader also knows that concerns about financial literacy may not always be the most pressing issue at first, particularly when physical abuse is involved.
“A lot of times when someone initially leaves a domestic violence situation, there are so many other immediate issues — like getting a restraining order, addressing the legal issues, addressing the immediate housing, food, and clothing [needs] — that some of these things, in terms of the financial literacy, those have to be a bit later on after someone has established safety and the threat has diminished to some degree,” Meader said.
Meader noted that there are other unique challenges in Tulare County that can impact domestic violence outcomes. It can be challenging for case workers to maintain contact with clients not only because it’s a rural area, but also because a great deal of the population tends to be migrant, often traveling for seasonal farm work. Violence — and increasingly, gang-related violence — is a problem in the county.
“In Tulare County, we already have some significant income challenges and workforce challenges,” Meader said. “So when you add financial abuse on top of that, we can see how many barriers that can present to a victim that’s already struggling with poverty.”
But financial abuse is not exclusive to low-income families. In fact, as Kathy Moore points out, escaping financial abuse in an affluent household can present its own unique barriers.
While there is a frequent correlation between domestic violence and poverty, Moore cautions that economic status does not have a causative effect on abuse.
“You can look at financial abuse as it relates to poverty, and it’s a tremendous issue. But there are certainly tactics that fall within a range of income status levels, and have similar debilitating effects,” she said.
Moore recalls a former client who had terminal cancer, and despite being from an affluent family, felt trapped in a violent relationship, in part because she feared losing her health insurance. When she would reach out to her friends for advice, they would tell her to go to a hotel, not understanding that she did not even have a credit card.
“We have to look below the surface to understand whether a domestic violence victim actually has access to the wealth or resources in a family. They may look like they have access on paper, but the reality is, they may not,” Moore said.
“If you have a real appreciation for the financial barriers, hopefully that will help to decrease some of that judgment and allow somebody to continue to be supportive and there for victims.”
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| 0.965591 | 1,537 | 2.578125 | 3 |
GENEVA — The number of AIDS cases in the United States last year increased by 9% over 1988, the World Health Organization said today.
State and territorial health departments reported 35,238 cases during 1989, compared with 32,196 the previous year, WHO's Weekly Epidemiological Record showed.
It said the rates of reported cases were highest for blacks and Latinos, for people between the ages of 30 and 39, in the Northeast region and U.S. territories (primarily Puerto Rico), in the largest metropolitan areas and for men.
As in previous years, the report showed, most reported cases occurred among homosexuals and bisexual men (56%) and among heterosexual intravenous drug users (23%).
The largest proportional declines occurred among children infected with the AIDS virus through blood transfusions. It gave no figures.
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| 0.948787 | 164 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Colloquium featuring Alejandro De La Fuente
Using Cuba as a case study, this paper seeks to probe a basic question: what did colonial officials, legal intermediaries, slaveowners and slaves mean when they referred to the "law"? Which statutes, regulations, precepts, principles and customs informed the legal reasoning of colonial justices and subjects in Spanish America in matters concerning slaves and slavery? How did those principles, customs, and precepts inform the strategies of slaves? And how did slaves' initiatives shape, in turn, the very customs and principles that they invoked?
Lecture is free and open to the public. There will be a Q&A session following each talk. Please feel free to bring a lunch.
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The uterus: we know it, we love it, but like most of our anatomy, many people have some questions about what exactly happens down (and in) there. We’ve got the answers!
What exactly is the uterus?
The uterus is a major organ in the female reproductive system. Also known as our womb, this is the place where offspring are conceived and grow or, if that’s not the plan, it’s where unfertilized eggs disintegrate.
Where is the uterus it located?
The uterus is located in the pelvic area between the bladder and the rectum. It consists of three layers called the endometrium (inner layer), myometrium (middle layer), and perimetrium (outer layer). The fallopian tubes, cervix (and vagina) are connected to the uterus.
Why do we have a uterus?
The uterus houses the pregnancy when a fetus is developing. When a woman has her period, the uterus has an important job too. During a woman’s cycle, the ovary releases an egg that travels down the fallopian tube and lands in the uterus. If the egg is not fertilized by a sperm, it disintegrates and sloughs off with the lining of the uterus in the form of vaginal bleeding.
What are the uterine phases in a woman’s cycle?
The uterus plays a big role in the female menstruation cycle. There are two uterine phases: the proliferative phase and the secretory phase.
- The proliferative phase is part of the early cycle, days 5 through day 14. During this phase, the uterine lining is thickening.
- In the secretory phase, occurring after ovulation, days 14 through 28. If the egg is not fertilized, the woman’s hormones, estrogen and progesterone drop, and the uterine lining is shed through the period, or menses.
What does it mean to have a fibroid on your uterus?
A fibroid is a noncancerous tumor on the uterus and occurs in about 20% of women ages 20-50. The doctor usually can feel the fibroid on a pelvic exam, and then most do an ultrasound to confirm. Usually, they do not cause women any problems, but, they sometimes can cause pain. There is a no known cause for fibroids, but many believe it has something to do with the levels of the progesterone and estrogen hormones in women.
How does the uterus help in delivering a baby?
The myometrium, or middle layer of the uterus, helps deliver a fetus through the cervix because it is the muscle layer of the uterus. Contractions squeeze the uterus to help move the fetus down into the vagina.
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| 0.930483 | 569 | 3.6875 | 4 |
Starts the application at the specified network path, using the specified manifests and other application data.
HRESULT CorLaunchApplication ( [in] HOST_TYPE dwClickOnceHost, [in] LPCWSTR pwzAppFullName, [in] DWORD dwManifestPaths, [in] LPCWSTR *ppwzManifestPaths, [in] DWORD dwActivationData, [in] LPCWSTR *ppwzActivationData, [out] LPPROCESS_INFORMATION lpProcessInformation );
[in] A value of theenumeration that specifies the type of host that is launching the application.
[in] The full name of the application that is being launched.
[in] The number of manifest paths for the application.
[in] An array of strings, each of which specifies a path to a manifest for the application that is being launched.
[in] The number of activation data items for the application that is being launched.
[in] An array of strings, each of which is an activation data item for the application that is being launched.
[out] A pointer to information about the process in which the application has been loaded.
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CC-MAIN-2013-20
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http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/library/ms231388(v=vs.80).aspx
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en
| 0.83898 | 259 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Many plant-based meats and dairy substitutes use pea protein isolates as their primary protein source. This often involves a complex process of cleaning the protein to get rid of unwelcome flavors, as well as adding additional ingredients to cover up the taste. A Vienna-based company, called Arkeon Biotechnologies, may have figured out a way to bypass that complicated purifying process with the help of an ancient microbe.
Rather than using sugars from plants, Arkeon’s fermentation process uses Archaea — a microorganism endowed with the power to turn CO2 into the building blocks for a carbon-negative protein.
“The unique feature of the microorganism we’re using is that it’s producing all of the amino acids that we need in human nutrition,” says Gregor Tegl, Arkeon’s CEO. “And it’s also spitting them out of the cell just naturally, which is an insane thing to do.”
The company is mainly run by three scientists. Tegl, Simon Rittman, and Guenther Bochman. Rittman, a researcher at the University of Vienna, is the one who discovered that one strain of Archaea had the ability to spew out all 20 of the essential amino acids that make up the protein we need in our diets.
According to the scientists, the resulting protein could then be used in alternative protein products like plant-based meat or dairy. The amino acids that make up the protein can also be combined in various ways to create different ingredients and flavors. As such, the company says that the novel process could add a lot more flavors to the current alt-protein market.
Not only that, since it doesn’t require any sugars the fermentation process eliminates the environmental impacts of growing and harvesting crops. “Basically, it has the potential to bypass agriculture,” says Michael Mitsakos, principal at Evig Group, the startup accelerator that helped Arkeon kick off its project.
Mitsakos also notes that taking agriculture out of the equation also makes the production process cheaper. And since the microbe uses CO2 as part of the fermentation process, the resulting ingredients are carbon negative, which of course has a huge environment-friendly advantage compared to protein sourced from animal farming.
The company now plans to put its innovative fermentation process to work at a pilot facility, where it will start producing ingredients on a larger scale. Also, part of the plan is to work together with breweries to use the CO2 captured during the brewing process, most of which is typically wasted.
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CC-MAIN-2023-14
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https://www.optimistdaily.com/2022/03/this-company-uses-an-ancient-microbe-to-convert-co2-into-food/
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| 0.953407 | 537 | 2.84375 | 3 |
EXERCISE V DIET
This blog looks at the benefits of exercise versus diet for weight management and health.
People often go to the gym and seek advice from a personal trainer in order to lose weight. However, they may also investigate exercise and diet options in order to maintain their weight at a particular level or to gain weight and/or bulk.
THE CAUSES OF OBESITY
Today, obesity has reached epidemic proportions. In the US, one of the causes is that people are consuming more energy than in the past. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which studied trends in intake of energy and macronutrients in the US between 1971 and 2000, found that average energy intake increased significantly between these years, from 2,450 kcal a day to 2,618 kcal a day.
In the UK, however, while energy and fat intake decreased between 1980 and 1995, the prevalence of obesity increased by more than 150%. This suggests a decline in energy expenditure – in other words, the UK population taken as an overall group was less active in 1995 than it was in 1980.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LOSING WEIGHT
The recommendations given to those wishing to lose weight are to increase the amount of exercise they do and to decrease calorie consumption. However, people do need to educate themselves on how to eat a healthy diet and what will be sustainable in the long run and it’s a good idea for fitness professionals to be well informed on these matters.
One option is for the personal trainer to ask their client to keep a food diary: a record of what they eat and when (see previous blog on Diet diaries: pros and cons).
Dieting is a major business and there are many weight-loss diets that claim to be quick fixes, as well as celebrity-endorsed diets. There are also companies selling supplements that claim to help weight loss.
Many of the so-called solutions are nothing more than a fad and often they involve limiting the types of food you eat, for example, low carb, high protein or fruit only. Some may bring short-term benefits but they tend not to be a long-term solution. In some cases, the downside to these diets can outweigh the benefits, as an individual may lose a few pounds but can find themselves deficient in the essential elements that the body needs to function.
As a result, it can be a challenge for personal trainers, fitness instructors and nutritionists, who are trying to encourage clients to eat healthily.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SMALL STEPS
Those who are looking to get fit and improve their all-round diet – whether they are overweight, underweight or simply want to keep a balanced weight – are likely to be more successful if they make gradual changes.
If a personal trainer has a client who is eating a lot of high-fat foods and drinking sugary drinks, it would be a major leap to move to only eating salads and drinking water, and they are more likely to stick with smaller changes to their diet. This could be substituting a glass of water for a can of fizzy drink every day and then slowly introducing healthier food to replace high-fat or high-sugar foods in their diet.
WEIGHT LOSS FROM CHANGES TO DIET AND BEHAVIOUR
In 2003, H Lantz, M Peltonen, L Agren and J Torgerson undertook “A dietary and behavioural programme for the treatment of obesity. A 4-year clinical trial and a long-term post treatment follow-up.” The results of this have been reported in various journals, including the Journal of Internal Medicine (254(3), 2003) and the Health & Fitness Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) (Vol 8, No 5, 2004).
The study found that a group of obese women and men were able to maintain significant weight loss after a combination of a hypo-energetic diet and behavioural programme over four years. There was no surgery or medication for weight loss; the programme involved educating individuals about food and giving the participants cognitive therapy to encourage more positive lifestyle choices.
On average the participants lost 6kg to 8kg and those who completed the four-year programme maintained a 3kg weight loss for eight years after the programme ended.
HOW TO GET RESULTS FROM DIET AND EXERCISE
For some people dieting only provides a short-term solution and they either return to their original weight or even put on more weight once they finish dieting. But if adults both reduce their energy input from food and increase energy burned through exercise, they are likely to have a better overall and long-term result.
Personal trainers will find that a client is more likely to be able to prevent weight gain with diet if they have access to some kind of behavioural support system. Local referral schemes often help participants by talking about the psychology behind our choices and why they may find it difficult to eat healthily.
REASONS FOR EXERCISING
Although weight loss can be a good incentive for a client to want to work with a personal trainer, it’s worth remembering that a slim or thin person is not necessarily a healthy person and that there are many health benefits to exercise, even for those who don’t need or want to lose weight. As L Pescatello, SL Volpe, and N Clark state in an article: “Is Diet or Exercise More Effective?” (Health & Fitness Journal of the American College of Sports Medicine, Vol 8, No 5, 2004):
“Physical activity results in numerous health benefits with or without weight loss. These benefits include less abdominal fat, lower blood pressure, an improved blood lipid-lipoprotein profile, enhanced insulin action, and protection from cardiovascular and all-cause mortality even in the presence of overweight and obesity.”
DIET VERSUS EXERCISE
Various studies have found that the effects of diet and exercise are similar if the energy deficit imposed is similar.
However, a personal trainer may want to additionally advise a client that when they are only using diet to lose weight, they will see a loss of skeletal muscle, whereas when they lose weight through exercise, their skeletal muscle is preserved. This is because exercise stimulates the muscles and increases muscle tone and strength.
In conclusion, a personal trainer should advise clients that the best solution for weight loss is a combination of carefully planned diet and exercise.
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| 0.956635 | 1,323 | 2.796875 | 3 |
A training bus is a special kind of bus or coach that is used by bus operators for training the driving skills of bus drivers. It is also used to train the driving skill of a person who is learning to become a bus driver. Driving a training bus on the road is an important part of driving training, as it is the most practical to train one's driving skill.
A training bus is usually a bus that has been retired from the passenger-serving fleet. Some bus companies may like to repaint the bus with a special livery for training bus after the bus is retired from the passenger-serving fleet, which is usually white or a plainer version of the company's regular livery. Some bus companies may also remove most of the facilities (such as passenger seats) from a training bus, so that those facilities can be installed onto some newer buses. On a training bus, there is usually another seat for the driving instructor (trainer) next to the driver's seat. This allows the instructor to monitor how trainee is driving and give appropriate instruction when necessary.
The use of training buses for practical training is especially popular among the Hong Kong franchised bus companies. In Hong Kong, training buses are known in Chinese as "訓練巴士" (pinyin: Xùn liàn bā Shì).
In contrast, other jurisdictions may use active-service buses for training; this will be at non-peak service times when more buses are available. The head sign may be set to read 'TRAINING', and a sign mounted at the rear as well.
The Toronto Transit Commission uses training buses on regular routes or roads with sign display the bus as a training bus for real life training for new drivers. The bus will not be in service and will only stop briefly at select bus stops.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Training bus.|
Standard route bus operating for training bus in Tokyu Bus, Tokyo. Yellow sign lettered "Training Bus" with Japanese language.
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| 0.955412 | 418 | 3.015625 | 3 |
BRONZE CHERUB FROM TITANIC'S GRAND STAIRCASE
This object is perhaps one of the most recognized in RMS Titanic, Inc. collection of Titanic artifacts. This cherub was recovered in 1987 and is missing its left foot. This loss most likely occurred when the cherub was ripped from its base on the staircase.
Titanic's Grand Staircase was a favorite meeting place for first-class passengers. Passengers gathered there before a visit to the Turkish Baths, or to mingle after dinner. Each level of the staircase was decorated with inlaid wood and gilded ornaments. This bronze cherub graced one of the upper landings.
The Grand Staircase descended through six decks and was topped by a dome of iron and glass. It is felt that this particular cherub is from a side post newel on the aft C Deck landing. The figure is substantially smaller than the more famous cherubs on the main staircase landings.
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Do you want to become an architect or an architectural engineer? Although they sound about the same, perhaps you did not realize there is a distinct difference. Without a doubt, the two fields overlap, that can not be denied; however, architects design structures to meet their client’s needs. They are especially concerned with aesthetics. The architect is also responsible for the functionality of the design, whether it pertains to the inside or outside of the home or building. An architect will work closely with the client to meet their every need.
The architectural engineer makes the architect’s design come to life. They make sure that the design is structurally safe and meets all codes and regulations for the area. They determine which materials should be used, in addition to, the systems that should be installed, such as the HVAC, plumbing and electrical. Both architects and engineers work together to create blueprints that specify how a design should be built.
An online Bachelor of Architecture degree program will instruct the aspiring architect on many aspects of design, as well as, the construction process. They are the creative force behind the beautiful and intricate buildings or homes we all enjoy viewing; although, the engineer ensures us that it is safe to enter without fear of collapse.
Can you work in tandem with others? In your career as an architect, rest assured you will need to work well with others; therefore, excellent communication skills are a must. Both architects and architectural engineers need knowledge of how to accurately use drafting software, so that they may work cohesively together. Although various types of systems are the responsibility of the engineer, an architect must design around the placements of each, such as heat and air units, return ventilation, and, in commercial applications, elevators or escalators.
Many critical decisions go into the design and construction of our surrounding businesses, homes, malls, and entertainment venues. We take them for granted as we are not usually aware of the extreme planning that goes into each steel beam and brick used during the construction phase. Whether you are interested in the designing or engineering aspects of architecture, the proper education should be your top priority. If becoming an architect is your goal, please see our choices for the Best Online Schools for Bachelor of Architecture Degree Programs.
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| 0.967543 | 457 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Two CONICET researchers working in Puerto Madryn with marine invertebrates, they seek methods that allow reducing the damage to animals when using them as study subjects in laboratories. Although there are long-standing ethical guidelines for working with different species, in general, the community tends to treat them as objects and use them indiscriminately. For this reason, the biologists Augusto Crespi and Tamara Rubilar propose a new approach to change the utilitarian conception and generate practices based on caring for the environment, nature and the beings that inhabit it.
“In order to study the regeneration mechanisms of starfish, I had to cut off an arm. The bibliography that he used at that time said that to do so he had to build a cattle prod and there was even an instruction manual to assemble it.. I refused to use a torture tool to do science and looked for another way,” he says. tamara rubilar, researcher at the Center for the Study of Marine Systems (Cesimar-Conicet). As an alternative, the scientist used bookcase clips to simulate the grip of a crab claw, a situation that does occur in nature. After a while, the star released her arm.
In general terms, biologists have as an ethical guide when experimenting on animals the principle of the 3 Rs, postulated by the English scientists William Russell and Rex Burch in 1959, which call for “Replace”, “Reduce” and “Refine”. That is, as far as possible, do not use animals. If this is unavoidable, use the smallest amount and refine the experiments to avoid the suffering of the study subjects.
The biologist Augusto Crespi, a specialist in animal welfare, assures that This postulate has not managed to significantly modify the historical practices that specialists use in laboratories when experimenting with organisms.. “The paradigm that reigns during the course of the Biology degree is that of insensitization. In this search for a science that is as objective as possible, there is a tendency to reify them., particularly in the case of marine invertebrates, which are the animals that we study”, highlights Crespi. In addition, he narrates that some science magazines reject his work because the number of copies they sacrifice to obtain certain results are not considered statistically sufficient and they ask for more.
“Although there is a responsibility that is individual, there is an assessment of the academic community that must accompany it. If I am an evaluator of a work and you made a sample with 30 animals and you already detected the desired effect, I cannot demand that you do it with 300 so that the tests are more robust ”, she assures.
respect and responsibility
For researchers this is a subject in which contradictions abound. Some as thorny as the sea urchins they usually study. Dissecting, amputating and sacrificing specimens is still part of his job; but also, as they understand, they must find new methods and alternatives to avoid or mitigate pain. “For us it is essential to add two more R’s to this 1959 principle: Respect and Responsibility. We must never lose sight of the fact that we are dealing with living beings.”, affirms the biologist.
For his part, Rubilar points out that it took him at least seven years of professional practice to question the way of working with animals. The straw that broke the camel’s back was watching the sacrifice of a huge crab that a colleague of hers was studying. She “she placed it in a bin full of formaldehyde and the crab was scraping the container for about eight hours before it died. That day I had to leave the laboratory. I got to the office and told Augusto, I can’t take it anymore. We cannot continue to treat animals in this way, ”he describes.
In the same sense, Crespi asks: “Why should biologists maintain the same practices that we have been developing in the laboratory for many years? We have to think and apply new conceptual frameworks. It is necessary to maintain respect for life for life itself. It is a value that was and continues to be present in other cultures, but in ours, which is increasingly utilitarian, we have been losing it”.
Many works linked to ethnoecology, ethnozoology, and ethnobotany observe and rescue the traditional methods that many communities have of connecting with nature. For this reason, Crespi maintains that It is not incompatible to respect and use. “In fact, this combination favors a responsible use of the natural environment“, guarantees.
Other practices are possible
At the origin of their ethical reconsideration, the researchers communicated with professionals from different disciplines to Think of alternatives that allow to appease the suffering that they cause to their subjects of study.. Thus, they consulted a veterinarian and an anesthesiologist to see what drugs they could use to reduce pain, until they developed a method.
“In practice, we work with the smallest number of animals and we develop some non-lethal methods to investigate and techniques to assess the reproductive status of the species without generating a slaughter as was normally done. It works on sea urchins. Now we want to encourage others to adapt it to study other species”, Rubilar explains.
However, the concept of animal welfare does not only apply at the time of the experiment. In this sense, the scientists take sufficient precautions and house the animals in suitable places, without overcrowding, with a good quantity and quality of water. In addition to respect and responsibility, not having them in good condition affects the research because the body is in a context of stress and that alters the results. “In the case of sea urchins, for example, if they are stressed they do not produce eggs,” the researcher remarks.
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https://then24.com/2023/03/07/conicet-scientists-develop-responsible-alternatives-to-work-in-the-study-of-animals/
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| 0.960942 | 1,211 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Contact: Debra Levey Larson
University of Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences
Caption: The life cycle of the Ixodes scapularis commonly known as the deer tick or the black-legged tick. Lyme disease is caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi which is transmitted by an infected vector tick to a host during feeding.
Credit: University of Illinois
Usage Restrictions: None
Related news release: Research results confirm need for protection against ticks that carry Lyme disease
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This summer, the heat is spiking in the 100-degree Fahrenheit range in the U.S.—while Europe and Asia suffer unusual temperatures in the 30s Celsius—for days at a time. The power drain from air conditioning is causing brownouts and blackouts. That reminds us that it’s a fragile electrical grid standing between us and calamity. In fact, the U.S. energy infrastructure scored only a D+ on the last American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Report Card for America’s Infrastructure. And the problem is global. Rising demand for energy in countries like the rapidly developing BRIC nations will strain their energy generation and delivery system too.
In its study, Failure to Act: The Economic Impact of Current Investment Trends in Electricity Infrastructure, ASCE projects an investment gap in the U.S. reaching $107 billion by 2020—about $11 billion a year—and almost $732 billion by 2040. As the title suggests, utilities, governments, and consumers are putting off the reckoning until tomorrow.
The good news is that manufacturing innovations will make dollars go farther. The new Energy Manufacturing 2012 special issue of Manufacturing Engineering magazine highlights some examples:
For wind generation, materials and revolutionary production strategies will be game-changers. Using carbon fiber rather than glass for reinforcement in blades, and compacted graphite iron (CGI), aluminum, or titanium alloys instead of cast iron for rotor hubs, could cut the weight of turbines in half, which would also shrink the size and cost of towers and foundations.
Factories can be thousands of miles from the wind farm, and moving turbines and blades can account for one third of their cost. Why not fabricate the blades on site? Technology for constructing large buildings in remote locations is being developed by the U.S. Army. By adapting these technologies to install what’s being called modular and transportable in site manufacturing (MTIM) factories at isolated wind farm locations may soon be possible. Besides manufacturing new blades, the MTIM factories could build more efficient replacement blades at existing wind farms, and could even grind up and package old blades to more easily transport them for recycling.
Oil and Gas
Drilling for oil undersea, in oil sands, in shales, and in the Arctic drives the need for new high performance well designs. Testing massive casing and liner designs for mechanical and thermal stresses is costly and difficult. The task is made more manageable, however, as today’s finite element analysis (FEA) simulation software replaces some of the physical tests formerly required for evaluating early stage design alternatives.
Manufacturing Gigantic Parts
Inspecting immense parts is critical. Innovation and research in the energy industry is resulting in much more complex designs, making the task tougher. In response, innovations like today’s laser tracking and measurement technologies are becoming available. Helpful not only in the manufacturing of new equipment, laser scanning can also record reference points on site in power stations to ensure that turbines dismantled for inspection and servicing are reassembled correctly, minimizing time offline.
Heavy industry manufacturers are also borrowing expertise and technologies from the auto industry, supersizing machines to cut cycle times and increase productivity while still maintaining exacting tolerances.
We need faster technology transfer
Transferring technology innovations from lab to industry, or from one industry to another is slow and haphazard. Manufacturing leaders need to change this. And it’s not that difficult. Managers and engineers need more opportunities to cross-pollinate in more diverse conferences and to benchmark practices outside industry bounds. Hiring from outside a company’s industry should be a more common practice, even though it may take a new hire longer to get acclimated. Companies need to value and foster career trajectories with lateral moves and unusual combinations of experience.
Manufacturing innovation is reducing the cost of increasing, replacing, and operating global energy facilities. Is this enough to close the investment gap? While manufacturing may not be able to do the whole job, leaders must create the conditions required for accelerated manufacturing innovation. It’s vital to providing a more secure energy infrastructure for our children and grandchildren.
Karen Wilhelm has worked in the manufacturing industry for 25 years. She publishes the blogs, Lean Reflections, which has been named as one of the top ten lean blogs on the web.
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Question: Is a curved Menorah kosher for Hanukkah?
Answer: A round Hanukkiyah, even if the candles are not exactly at the same level, is kosher.
The ninth candle - the Shammash - should be a significantly higher level because it isn't counted into the eight. The purpose of the Shammash is to provide light during the burning of the candles, just in case someone accidentally forgets and uses the light of the Hanukkah Menorah for a secular purpose, e.g. sewing or reading.
The ruling that a curved Hanukkah Menorah is kosher is based upon a teaching of Rava that recalls when a Hanukkah lamp could have had oil and multiple wicks. So long as the bowl of oil was covered with separate openings for each wick, then one could use the one lamp. Such a lamp would clearly be circular.
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| 0.965581 | 187 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The ancient Civilization of Troy
The Ancient Civilization of Troy also known as Troja, Illion, Ilios, Illium or Troia is located in Anatolia or West Coast of Turkey in Today's World. The people who inhabited Troja are called The Trojans. Troja is the place of Legend being the setting of the story The Iliad by Homer, the grounds of The Trojan War and also the people who fled Troja after its fall are believe to be The Roman Italians (Latins) in Today's World!
The Start of Troja
Troys History is split into it's 10 Major incarnations, Troy 1, Troy 2, Troy 3, Troy 4, Troy 5, Troy 6, Troy 7A, Troy 7B, Troy 8 & Troy 9. Troy 1 was founded in the Third Millennium B.C. during The Bronze Age. Troy 1 had a giant wall surrounding its borders to protect it from invaders. The Citadel it surrounded was not big however, for it was only 90 Meters or about 300 feet tall. A Citadel is a fortress that is usually on high ground that Dominates and protects a city, like Troy for example. Due to the located of The Ancient City of Troy, it was able to Juggernaut in The Dardanelles; a narrow Straight that is Internationally significant in Turkey to this day, with absolute control of its waters. Whether of not there was A King of Troy 1 is unknown Today. Troy 1 was not destroyed by fire or invasion but in fact was demographically changed by peoples of a different culture. Troy 1 was now taken over.
Troy II was founded 400 years after Troy 1 in 2600 B.C. The big difference between Troy 1 & II are the size and space the two had. Troy II was about twice the size of Troy 1 with a High Upper Citadel and a lower town within its walls. The King of Troy II lived in Palace that was Megaron style; common in Classical World Greece, in The Upper Acropolis. Troy II was destroyed by a Big Fire and was no more around 2250 B.C. Troy II lasted 350, 50 years shy of lasting as long as Troy 1 did.
Troy III, IV & V
Troy III was founded in 2250 B.C. After the fire The Trojans rebuilt Troy bigger than before, but throughout Troy III to V, there is evidence of economic downturn by reason of houses being smaller and more compact than in Troy II. The Walls of Troy III, IV & V were still magnificent however, bringing evidence that The Kings of Troy were perhaps not feeling the impact of the economic decline. The focus also seemed to be on defending Troy and not expanding Troy to other territories. Troy IV was founded in 2100 BC and Troy V was founded in 1950 BC.
Troy VI was founded around 1900 B.C. Troy IV was a massive by Ancient World Standards with a population around 5000 to 10,000 People. Troy IV is recognized by it's pillars at the south gate. It is thought that pillars were used for Religious purposes as opposed to practical structures for personal use. Mycenaean pottery found in Troy IV is evidence of trade with The Greeks still being active. Troy IV is believed to have been destroyed by an Earthquake in 1250 B.C.
Troy 7A was founded in 1300 B.C. It is believed that it was built atop the ruins of Troy VI. Troy 7A Trojans moved within the walls of the citadel due to the threat of the Mycenaeans. Troy 7A is thought to have been the sight of The Trojan War.
The Trojan War
The Trojan war started in either the 13th or 12th Century B.C. The Trojan War was battled between The Trojans & The Classical World Greeks. The Trojan War started when Paris, son of The Trojan King, stole Helen from Menelaus from Sparta; her husband. Agamemnon, Menelaus's Brother, wanting to deliver Helen of Troy; his brother's wife back into his brother's arms; began The Trojan War! Many of the events of The Trojan War were told in The Iliad written by Homer; A Classical World Greek. The Trojan War was fought for 10 Years. The war ended when The Greek built a colossal wooden horse and hid themselves with it. This giant wooden horse would be called The Trojan Horse. When The Trojans brought The Trojan Horse into their walls the Greeks came out and sacked The City of Troy. The Greeks hath won the war. It is believed that some of the fleeing Trojans would later hath founded Roma, The Roman Empire.
Troy 7B was founded in the 1200's B.C. by new settlers. Not much is known about these settlers and they disappeared at around 1100 B.C.
Troy VIII was founded in 700 B.C. Troy VIII was controlled by many different Nations and Cities. After the defeat of Persia by Greeks, Mytilene controlled Troy VIII until the Mytilenean revolt and Athens brought Freedom to Troy. In 399 Sparta controlled Troy. Control of Troy went back and forth for many years until its sacking in 85 B.C. by Rome.
Troy IX was founded in 85 B.C by The Roman Empire. The Siege of Troy by The Roman General Fimbria lasted eleven days. Troy was returned to The Trojans; The Romans now. The city had financial woes even though in had praise from The Romans. This situation was not helped in 80 B.C. when Pirates attacked Troy. Julius Caesar awarded benefactions to Troy because of its loyalty in The Mithridates Wars. Both Julius Caesar and Emperor Augustus Caesar took part in rebuilding Troy. During Emperor Constantine's reign, The Emperor had plans to build Troy a new Capital but instead those efforts were spent building Constantinople. Over time Troy's population grew smaller and smaller until eventually it slowly and quietly became abandon. The final lasted until 500 A.D or 550 A.D. A soft ending for a long lasting Legendary city. Troy would not be found for about 1500 Years.
Troy X or Troy 10 would be the next era of Troy. Whether or not Troy will be rebuilt in Today's World or in the future is yet to be known. This is unlikely due to Troy now being a historic site and rebuilding it may destroy The Ancient structures of The Classical World.
The Ancient City of Troy in whole lasted around 3500 Years. It's been through a lot. Having 9 incarnations it is a testament that anything, no matter how damaged, can rise again from the ashes. We too, can do the same. Just like Troy, we can fall and crumble to the ground and still rise up again. Each time getting stronger and better and learning from our mistakes. Just like Troy, we also can become Legendary.
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As the Central Pacific Railroad Company swiftly laid tracks from west to east coast across Nevada in the late 1860's, the company designated its main stations at Reno, Wadsworth, Winnemucca and Elko as well as a station at Argenta. In the autumn of 1869 a new town, Battle Mountain, sprung up from the relocation of the Argenta Depot. The settlement depended on the railroad for its prosperity, and on the mines that boomed and busted all the way from the Reese River Valley to Austin, 90 miles to the south.
In 1880 the Nevada Central Railroad was completed through the length of the Reese River Valley to the south connecting Austin with the transcontinental line; the following year, a short line was built to Lewis Canyon, but it only lasted one short year.
The town may have owed its name to the Battle Mountain Mining District, but not its economy. Unlike other Nevada towns, Battle Mountain did not die when its namesake district shut down. With its strategic location on the railroad and near the intersection of the Humboldt and Reese Rivers, the town became a supply and shipping hub for a large part of north-central Nevada, and soon all roads did lead to Battle Mountain.
By the Middle 1930's, most of the mines shut down and were boarded up and the Nevada Central had passed into receivership for the last time.
In the late 1960's, Battle Mountains 30 year hiatus ended abruptly when the Duval Company invested more than $20 million in the development of large copper ore bodies in the hills to the south.
All at once Battle Mountain became a boomtown in its own right, causing the Nevada Legislature to move the seat of Lander County from Austin to Battle Mountain in May of 1979.
During the 1980's, the town revolved around the mining of Barite, a heavy compound used in oil production. Today, Lander County's largest city ( Battle Mountain) is one of the world's richest gold-producing areas.
Even so, there are many cultures and industries that have left their mark over the years, including the Western Shoshone Native Americans, the Basque Sheepherders and the Cattle Ranchers and Farmers who make their homes here.
Today, Battle Mountain's Population is Approximately 4,000 and the elevation is 4,511 ft. The town lies at the heart of one of the world's largest gold-producing centers; Mining and ranching are both central to the local economy. Tourism and gambling also help provide economic diversity.
1. 855 Broyles Ranch Road
The Battle Mountain Cookhouse Museum
This building owned by W.T. Jenkins family, served as the cookhouse and bunkhouse for the 25 Ranch, in the 1920's and 1930's; it was moved to its current location in the late 1990's. The museum is open from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday. Call (775) 635-8548 for more information.
2. 4th & Mountain Streets
Old Mortuary Buildings
The Old Mortuary included a building that housed a horse-drawn carriage that was used for funerals.
3. 315 Humboldt Street
Battle Mountain Grammar School/Lander County Court House
Built in 1916, designed by architect Fredrick Delongchamps. It was even equipped with a state of the art vacuum system. It became the L.C. Courthouse in 1979 then deserted in 2017.Work is in progress by a local group to restore in to its original glory.
4. 54 W. 4th Street
One of Battle Mountain's original settlers, Bonner Cole, owned this house. It was moved into town from the "New Hilltop" area.
5. 45 E. 4th Street
Grace Presbyterian Church
This church's bell was donated by Mrs. Louse Marvel (daughter of W.T. Jenkins).
6. 384 S. Reese Street
St. John Bosco Catholic Church (2nd Church)
Originally established as Sacred Heart in 1897.
This church that is now standing was built in the 1937 and was dedicated to St. John Bosco. It has since been updated with antique stained glass windows and a hall across the street for larger functions.
7. 190 E. 3rd Street
This house was built in 1906 and was used as the Episcopal Church parsonage.
8. 285 E. 3rd Street
The design of this home and the one at 292 E. 2nd St are exact replicas of one and another.
9. 292 E. 2nd Street
This house was a dental and medical office at the Tonopah Air Base. When it closed, it was moved to Gold Acres Mine in the 1950's. When the small mine closed in 1963, it was moved to Battle Mountain and placed on a basement.
10. 270 E. 2nd Street
This house was built around 1910 by Robert Taylor and owned by Constance and Henry Dorian
11. 232 E 2nd Street
Water Tower House
Owned by Mr. Treat and built by Robert Taylor around 1910, the Water Tower House accommodated excess guests from the Nevada Hotel.
12. 215 S. Broad Street
Eleanor Lemaire House
Mr.Kottke built this house in 1916 for Kate and Louis Lemaire.
13. 105 W. 2nd Street
This house was built in the early 1900's with lumber from buildings from the "New Hilltop" area. It was once owned by Rene Lemaire, a state senator,
14. 152 W. 2nd Street
United Methodist Church
This church was built in 1893 by early settlers who brought the foundation stones from the surrounding hills for the foundation. The parsonage was added in 1953.
15. 6 W. Front Street
Originally built by John Williams in 1876, this store was remodeled in 1879 by A.D. Lemaire. It remained in the family until 1984 (105 years) It was also the home of Battle Mountain's famous "Pete's Chorizo" until Pete moved his business to Carson City.
16. 36 E. Front St.
It opened in 1872 by Adam and Margret Altenburg. It stayed in the family for 9 Decades. Current Owners are Dorians
17. 72 E. Front St.
Owl Club/ Horton Mercantile
Built about 1877 and bought in 1904 by the Horton family. It encompassed several buildings. Horton Mercantile Co., was a coal yard as well as a hardware store, and is now Battle Mountain's largest casino, the Owl Club Casino, Restaurant & Motel.
18. Broad Street ( behind Welcome to Battle Mountain sign)
L.D.(Dow) Huntsman owned this home. It was built in the 1900's. He also was the owner of Capitol Hotel, which burned to the ground twice.
19. 643 N. 1st Street
The Hancock House was built in 1870. L.D. Huntsman's son-in-law , Crebo Hancock owned the house, he was married to Emma Huntsman; it is now home to the Nelson family.
20. 685 N. 1st Street
The Hinman House was built in 1918 as a boarding house by Mr. and Mrs. Dusang, and then expanded after the Williams family purchased it. Hinman's bought it in the late 1950's.
21. 745 N. 1st Street
The Marvel House was built in 1918 for W.T Jenkins. Mrs. Louise Marvel was his daughter. One of her sons was Assemblyman, John Marvel.
Drive by this house to see how well it has been maintained.
22. 775 N. 1st Street
The Saval House was built in 1900 for Elvira MacDonald. It was purchased in 1924 by Joe Saval.
23. 831 N. 1st Street
This two-room house was originally built in 1907 for Mr. James Horton.
He owned Horton Mercantile Co., a coal yard as well as a hardware store, which is now Battle Mountain's largest casino, the Owl Club Casino & Restaurant.
That name - "Battle Mountain"- has intrigued Nevadans and visitors for decades. Perhaps the most frequent question about this small town in the heart of Nevada centers on the origin of its name. The easy answer is that the town was deliberately named for the mining District that had been established in 1866 in the hills a few miles south of the railroad's planned route. That answer is not entirely satisfactory, however. Another story involves a man named George Tannehill, who arrived in Austin to show off some copper ore he had found about four miles south of the Humboldt River, his discovery lead to the establishment of the Battle Mountain Mining District. Years after Mr. Tannehill's discovery, an article from the Austin newspaper stated "The discoverer named the district Battle Mountain District, from the circumstance of a bloody battle having been fought there nine years ago between a party of twenty-two immigrants, under the command of Captain Pierson, now living on Reese River, and a large force of Piute Indians-Tannehill being one of the victorious immigrants.
Unfortunately, the district's founders did not leave precise records to explain the name's origin. Complicating that lack of documentation are the variations in the stories that attempted to explain it over the years. The name is more evocative of the continuing complicated relationship among the people who lived in and traveled through the Humboldt River Valley than of a specific conflict with recognized combatants. This lack of specificity encompasses all of the struggles-all of the Battles- that have marked the history of this particular area. The name also reflects the theme of battling the elements to create homes and community on the inherently inhospitable spot where Battle Mountain settled- a flat piece of ground far from water and shade. Battle Mountain residents worked hard to shape their new town- building homes and businesses and rebuilding them when they burned or were blown down by strong winds; Early Battle Mountain residents relished their standing as fighters. Sometimes winning; sometimes losing-to build and sustain a community out of little more than steel tracks and dusty rocks
The Native Americans: Here the Territories of three separate tribes converged; to the west, the Northern Paiute: to the east, the Western Shoshone: and to the north, the fearsome Bannock.
Fur Trappers and explorers: Peter Skeen Ogden and John Work of the Hudson Bay Co., Joseph Walker and John C. Freemont all came this way, following the Humboldt River.
The early emigrants: Between 1841 and the discovery of gold in 1848, over 2,700 people traveled to California along the Humboldt River. The most notable group was the Bartelson-Bidwell Party, the first party of emigrants to make this fearsome trip, included a 18 year-old Nancy Kelsey, pregnant and carrying her 6 month old daughter. The ill-fated Donner Party also came through here on their way to the snow-covered Sierra.
The 49ers: Over 200,000 people came through here on their way to California and the gold fields of the Sierra. Stony Point, just north of town, was famous (notorious) landmark on the trail, and the site of three attacks in 1857 that could be the basis for Battle Mountain’s name.
The Transcontinental Railroad: In 1868 the Central Pacific Railroad, the western half of the Transcontinental Railroad that connected Sacramento with Omaha and points east, arrived in Battle Mountain, on the way to meeting the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point. For years, the two story 50-room, Capitol Hotel in downtown Battle Mountain was a meal stop for the trains. It was also the site of the very first women’s suffrage meeting ever held in Nevada, on July 4, 1870.
Early Aviation: Battle Mountain was a stop on the very first transcontinental air race, held in 1919, one leg of which was won by a flyer from Battle Mountain. In 1929 the first airmail beacons were installed along the Humboldt River and Battle Mountain became an emergency field. In 1931 Amelia Earhart landed here in her Pitcairn PCA-2 Autogyro en-route to California just after setting a new world’s record. And during WWII Battle Mountain was a reserve field for the bomber base at Wendover. Where crews trained to drop the atomic bomb.
All Roads Lead to Battle Mountain: Despite the rough and barley-ready roads, Battle Mountain folks enthusiastically acquired an increasing number of motorized vehicles and worked hard to improve the roads that led to Battle Mountain. In 1908, C.H. Snow started his auto stage line between Battle Mountain and Gold Circle, traveling north from Battle Mountain over the recently-completed Black Bridge. Pictured on the Black Bridge in the early 1900’s is local school teacher Eliza Pierce. 2nd picture is current day Black Bridge, property is now privately owned and the road is closed to through traffic.
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If you though that industrial valves are limited only to industries that used oil or water, you are wrong. These valves are now being used in almost every kind of industry where there is a need to control the movement and direction of fluids, gases and well as semi-solids. Valves can help in controlling all these materials and also ensure that only a set quantity of these materials are used in all applications. For industries that depend heavily on the quantity of the products used, this is one thing that cannot be overlooked. Some of the most common types of valves used in industries are- butterfly valves, ball valves, gate valves, air valves and swing check valves. Below, we will be discussing about these valves and how they are useful in industrial applications.
? Ball valves
These are the most common types of valves used in industrial applications. These valves are basically spherical units that are placed in the path of the liquid inside the pipe. These days, two way valves are used more in order to check the liquid more efficiently. Three way valves are also used in some industries but their use in not as common as two way valves. In either case, the valve will provide only a single pathway for the liquid to flow. They can be high pressure types, steel types and stainless steel types as well.
? Gate valves
These valves are needed in industries where the flow of fluids is not very heavy. Gate valves are considered to be perfect for all applications where the flow needs to be stopped immediately or where high purity substances are being used. The gate valves get their name because of their gate like flanged appearance that are sometimes customer made in order to fit into the pipelines where they are being used. These valves are most commonly made of gun metal and stainless steel. However, cast carbon steel and cast iron varieties are also available.
? Globe valves
These valves are mostly used in industries that need more fluid movement control precision. They handle the flow better than most other varieties of valves because of which they are used in industries that very quantity specific.
Thee three kinds of valves are used in different conditions and usually do not work as replacements for each other. There are forged steel pipe fittings and swing check valves as well. Choose the variety that fits your needs more aptly.
KINGNOR IMPORT AND EXPORT CO.,LTD(SHANGHAI)
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The differential equation dy/dx = 2x^3 + 2 cos(x/2) - (1.2) ^x gives the rate of flow of water in/out of a reservoir in gallons per minute.
a) Find the general solution to the differential equation and its particular solution through the point (1, 2). Interpret the meaning for the particular solution.
b) For this particular solution list the points of max, Min, and points of Inflection, domain, Range, Intervals for Continuity, and Differentiability.
For A, this is what I got. [(5/6) ^-x]/ [ln (5/6)] + 4sin(x/2) + (x^4)/2 + C
2 = [(5/6) ^-1]/ [ln (5/6)] + 4sin (1/2) + (1^4)/2 + C; 2 = -164.544 + 1.918 + .5 + C; C = 162.126
[(5/6) ^-x]/ [ln (5/6)] + 4sin(x/2) + (x^4)/2 + 162.13
I think I am doing this correctly but when I look at b, it becomes clear that the function and the integral will always be positive based on my work. That being the case, there would be no min max or inflection point. Also, I am not sure if it wants me to find the questions in b for the original function or the integral.
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Why is Odysseus an archetype?
He portrays values of the Archetypal hero.
The archetypal hero is one who is seen as a leader and often has a trait which defines them above all else.
Odysseus was best known for his wit and cunning during the Trojan war and this earned him the name of a 'hero' (a mortal who possessed god-like powers or traits).
In Homer's Odyssey Odysseus is rather arrogant and self-centered but he is the one leading his army along and taking charge.
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Posted on 2017-02-17
Cerberus is a three-headed dog from Greek and Roman mythology. It is the guardian of the Underworld's gates. Read more For a list of animals that are more ordinary, see animals. For a list major non-pony creatures and animals, see list non-pony characters. Chinese dragons are very common legendary creatures in Chinese folklore. In China dragons are usually portrayed as long, scaled, serpentine four-legged creatures. With one the world’s most unique environments and ecosystems, is it any wonder.
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to assist people with disabling conditions (Batavia and DeJong, 1990). In limiting the discussion to these services only, the discussion will not directly address the organization, financing, and delivery of social and vocational services that, although important to the enabling process, are not traditionally thought of as part of the health care system. However, it is important to underscore the need to develop and evaluate better mechanisms of integrating the delivery of health and social-vocational services; the existing fragmentation of these services is of major concern.
Second, this chapter primarily focuses on the organization, financing, and delivery of post-acute care services. The committee recognizes the important role that access to quality care in the acute clinical care setting plays in minimizing the life-long consequences of disabling injuries and illness. It also recognizes that although a growing literature exists on the clinical effectiveness of acute care interventions, much of this literature falls short in identifying the impact of alternative treatment strategies on long-term functional outcomes and quality of life. The needs for research in this area, although not detailed in this chapter, are critical to an overall strategy of improving and enhancing life following major illness or injury.
Several landmark publications have discussed HSR priorities in rehabilitation and engineering (DeJong et al., 1989; Batavia et al., 1991; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1995) The agenda for research encompasses a broad range of substantive and methodological issues; the committee chose to focus on three areas in which more research is particularly important if society is to better ensure that people with disabling conditions have access to the best possible care at costs that are affordable to the individual consumer and to society as a whole. They are as follows:
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The Siwa Oasis (Siwi: Isiwan; Arabic: واحة سيوة Wāḥat Sīwah, IPA: [ˈwæːħet ˈsiːwæ]) is an oasis in Egypt, located between the Qattara Depression and the Egyptian Sand Sea in the Libyan Desert, nearly 50 km (30 mi) east of the Libyan border, and 560 km (348 mi) from Cairo.
About 80 km (50 mi) in length and 20 km (12 mi) wide, Siwa Oasis is one of Egypt's most isolated settlements, with 23,000 people, mostly Berber speakers who speak a distinct language of the Berber family known as Siwi. Its fame lies primarily in its ancient role as the home to an oracle of Amon, the ruins of which are a popular tourist attraction which gave the oasis its ancient name Ammonium. Historically, it is part of Ancient Libya. Its modern name Siwa, first attested in the 15th century (earlier Arab geographers termed it Santariyyah), is of uncertain origin. Basset links it to a Berber tribal name swh attested further west in the early Islamic period, while Ilahiane, following Chafik, links it to the Tashelhiyt Berber word asiwan, a type of prey bird, and hence to Amon-Ra, one of whose symbols was the falcon.
Agriculture is the main activity of modern Siwi, particularly the cultivation of dates and olives. Handicrafts like basketry are also of regional importance. The isolation of the oasis caused the development of a unique culture which was shown in its pottery, costume, styles of embroidery and, most notably, in the silver jewellery worn by women to weddings and important occasions. These pieces were decorated with symbols which related to Siwa’s history and beliefs and attitudes. Tourism has in recent decades become a vital source of income. Much attention has been given to creating hotels that use local materials and play on local styles.
|This section requires expansion. (September 2011)|
The Siwa oasis is located in a deep depression that extends below sea level. This depression, an area lower than the surrounding region, reaches to about -19 m. To the west the Jaghbub lies in a similar depression and to the east the large Qattara Depression also lies below sea level.
Although the oasis is known to have been settled since at least the 10th millennium BC, the earliest evidence of connection with ancient Egypt is the 26th Dynasty, when a necropolis was established. During the Ptolemaid period of Egypt its ancient Egyptian name was sḫ.t-ỉm3w, "Field of Trees". Greek settlers at Cyrene made contact with the oasis around the same time (7th century BC), and the oracle temple of Amun (Greek: Zeus Ammon), who, Herodotus was told, took the image here of a ram. Herodotus knew of a "fountain of the Sun" that ran coldest in the noontide heat. During his campaign to conquer the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great reached the oasis, supposedly by following birds across the desert. The oracle, Alexander's court historians alleged, confirmed him as both a divine personage and the legitimate Pharaoh of Egypt, though Alexander's motives in making the excursion, following his founding of Alexandria, remain to some extent inscrutable and contested. The Romans later used Siwa as a place of banishment.
Evidence of Christianity at Siwa is uncertain, but in 708 the Siwans resisted an Islamic army, and probably did not convert until the 12th century. A local manuscript mentions only seven families totaling 40 men living at the oasis in 1203.
In the 12th century Al-Idrisi mentions it as being inhabited mainly by Berbers, with an Arab minority, while a century before Al-Bakri stated that only Berbers lived there. The Egyptian historian Al-Maqrizi travelled to Siwa in the 15th century and described how the language spoken there 'is similair to the language of the Zenata'.
The oasis was officially added to Egypt by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1819. The Siwans are a Berber people, so demographically and culturally they were more closely related to nearby Libya, which has a large Berber population, than to Egypt, which has a negligible Berber population. Consequently, Arab rule from distant Cairo was at first tenuous and marked by several revolts. Egypt began to assert firmer control after a 1928 visit to the Oasis by King Fu'ad, who berated the locals for "a certain vice" and specified punishments to bring Siwan behavior in line with Egyptian morals (see next section).
Siwa was the site of some fighting during World War I and World War II. The British Army's Long Range Desert Group was based here, but Rommel's Afrika Korps also took possession three times. German soldiers went skinny dipping in the lake of the oracle, contrary to local customs which prohibit public nudity.
The ancient fortress of Siwa, built on natural rock (an inselberg), made of salt, mud-brick and palm logs and known as the Shali Ghadi ("Shali" being the name of the town, and "Ghadi" meaning remote), although now mostly abandoned and 'melted', remains a prominent feature, towering five stories above the modern town.
Other local historic sites of interest include: the remains of the oracle temple; the Gebel al Mawta (the Mountain of the Dead), a Roman-era necropolis featuring dozens of rock-cut tombs; and "Cleopatra's Bath", an antique natural spring. The fragmentary remains of the oracle temple, with some inscriptions dating from the 4th century BC, lie within the ruins of Aghurmi. The revelations of the oracle fell into disrepute under the Roman occupation of Egypt.
Another attraction for tourists is Fatnas Island, which became a palm-fringed peninsula located on the edge of a saltwater lake. The lake had been partially drained in recent years because of a plan to limit the effect of rising water levels in Siwa due to agricultural runoff from uncontrolled wells (a major problem affecting the entire oasis); Fatnas Island is now surrounded mostly by mud flats.
Siwan homosexual tradition
Siwa is of special interest to anthropologists and sociologists because of its historical acceptance of male homosexuality and even rituals of same-sex marriage—traditions that Egyptian authorities have sought to repress, with increasing success, since the early twentieth century. The practice probably arose because from ancient times unmarried men and adolescent boys were required to live and work together outside the town of Shali, secluded for several years from any access to available women.
The German egyptologist George Steindorff explored the Oasis in 1900 and reported that homosexual relations were common and often extended to a form of marriage: "The feast of marrying a boy was celebrated with great pomp, and the money paid for a boy sometimes amounted to fifteen pounds, while the money paid for a woman was a little over one pound." Mahmud Mohamrnad Abd Allah, writing of Siwan customs for the Harvard Peabody Museum in 1917, commented that although Siwan men could take up to four wives, "Siwan customs allow a man but one boy to whom he is bound by a stringent code of obligations." In 1937 the anthropologist Walter Cline wrote the first detailed ethnography of the Siwans in which he noted: ""All normal Siwan men and boys practice sodomy...among themselves the natives are not ashamed of this; they talk about it as openly as they talk about love of women, and many if not most of their fights arise from homosexual competition....Prominent men lend their sons to each other. All Siwans know the matings which have taken place among their sheiks and their sheiks' sons....Most of the boys used in sodomy are between twelve and eighteen years of age." After an expedition to Siwa, the archaeologist Count Byron de Prorok reported in 1937 "an enthusiasm [that] could not have been approached even in Sodom... Homosexuality was not merely rampant, it was raging...Every dancer had his boyfriend...[and] chiefs had harems of boys. In the late 1940s a Siwan merchant told the visiting British novelist Robin Maugham that the Siwan women were "badly neglected", but that Siwan men "will kill each other for boy. Never for a woman", although as Maugham noted, marriage to a boy had become illegal by then. The Egyptian archaeologist Ahmed Fakhry, who studied Siwa for three decades, observed in 1973 that "While the Siwans were still living inside their walled town, none of these bachelors was allowed to spend the night in the town and had to sleep outside the gates...Under such circumstances it is not surprising that homosexuality was common among them....Up to the year 1928, it was not unusual that some kind of written agreement, which was sometimes called a marriage contract, was made between two males; but since the visit of King Fu'ad to this oasis it has been completely forbidden...However, such agreements continued, but in great secrecy, and without the actual writing, until the end of World War II. Now the practice is not followed."
Despite the multiplicity of sources for these practices, the Egyptian authorities and even the Siwan tribal elders have attempted to repress the historical and anthropological record. When the Siwa-born anthropologist Fathi Malim included reference to Siwan homosexuality (especially a love poem from a man to a youth) in his book Oasis Siwa (2001), the tribal council demanded that he blank out the material in the current edition of the book and remove it from future editions, or be expelled from the community. Malim reluctantly agreed and physically deleted the passages in the first edition of his book, and excluded them from the second. A newer book Siwa Past and Present (2005) by A. Dumairy, the Director of Siwa Antiquities, discreetly omits all mention of the famous historical practices of the inhabitants
|This section requires expansion. (August 2011)|
Siwa is popular for its palm and olive trees, producing huge volumes of dates and olives. Extra virgin olive oil is one of Siwa's popular products used in Egypt and exported to Europe. Mulukhiyah, a plant from the jute family which is widely consumed as a vegetable in Egypt, is also produced at the oasis.
|Climate data for Siwa|
|Average high °C (°F)||19.3||21.5||24.5||29.9||34||37.5||37.5||37||34.6||30.5||25||20.5||29.32|
|Daily mean °C (°F)||12.1||14||17.3||21.9||25.8||29.2||29.9||29.4||27.1||22.8||17.3||13.2||21.67|
|Average low °C (°F)||5.6||7.1||10.1||13.7||17.8||20.4||21.7||21.4||19.5||15.5||10.2||6.5||14.12|
|Precipitation mm (inches)||2||1||2||1||1||0||0||0||0||0||2||1||—|
|Source: Climate Charts|
|Climate data for Siwa Oasis / Markaz Siwa|
|Average high °C (°F)||20.4||21.8||25.8||30.5||34.2||37.7||39.1||38.6||36.3||31.4||25.8||21.5||—|
|Average low °C (°F)||6.6||8.2||11||15.1||18.5||21.5||23.3||23.6||21.5||17.2||11.4||7.8||—|
|Avg. rainy days||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||0||—|
The traditional culture of Siwa shows many features unusual in Egypt, some reflecting its longstanding links with the Maghreb and the fact that the inhabitants are of Berber origin. Until a tarmacadamed road was built to the Mediterranean coast in the 1980s Siwa’s only links with the outside world were by arduous camel tracks through the desert. These were used to export dates and olives, bring trade goods, or carry pilgrims on the route which linked the Maghreb to Cairo and hence to Mecca.
As a result of this isolation, the Berber inhabitants of the Oasis developed a unique culture manifested in its crafts of basketry, pottery, silverwork and embroidery and in its style of dress. The most visible and celebrated examples of this were the bridal silver and the ensemble of silver ornaments and beads that women wore in abundance to weddings and other ceremonies.
The best known of these pieces are a huge silver disc called ‘adrim’ and a torc, called ‘aghraw’ from which it hung over the breast. A girl would give up the disc at a special ceremony at the Spring the day she was married. The jewellery, which was made by local silversmiths, comprised silver necklaces, earrings, bangles, hair ornaments, pendants and many rings. For a wealthy woman, the full ensemble could weigh as much as five or six kilos. These pieces are decorated with symbols common to Berber people across North Africa designed to promote good health, fertility and to protect the wearer from misfortune. Some of the same signs and patterns are found on the embroidery which embellishes women’s dresses, trousers and shawls.
The arrival of the road and of television exposed the oasis to the styles and fashions of the outside world and the traditional silver ornaments were gradually replaced by gold. Evidence of the old styles and traditions are however still in evidence in the women’s embroidery and costume.
Like other Muslim Egyptians, Siwis celebrate Eid al-Fitr (lʕid ahakkik,"the Little Eid") and Eid al-Adha (lʕid azuwwar,"the Big Eid"). Unlike other Egyptians, however, on Id al-Adha Siwis cook the skin of the sheep (along with its innards) as a festival delicacy, after removing the hair. They also eat palm hearts (agroz).
The Siyaha Festival, in honour of the town's traditional patron saint Sidi Sulayman, is unique to Siwa. (The name is often misunderstood as a reference to "tourism", but in fact predates tourism.) On this occasion Siwi men meet together on a mountain near the town, Jabal Dakrour, to eat together, sing chants thanking God, and reconcile with one another; the women stay behind in the village, and celebrate with dancing, singing, and drums. The food for the festival is bought collectively, with funds gathered by the oasis' mosques. This festival takes place on the first full moon of October, shortly after the grain harvest.
Relations with other ethnic groups
According to older members of the Awlad Ali Bedouins, Arab Bedouin relations with Siwis were traditionally mediated through a system of "friendship", whereby a specific Siwi (and his descendants) would be the friend of a specific Bedouin (and his descendants). The Bedouin would stay at the Siwi's house when he came to Siwa, and would exchange his animal products and grain for the Siwi's dates and olive oil.
Relations with Jews
Partly in response to the Siwi complaints, the program's host produced an episode on Siwa in November 2010, in which he gave six Siwis, including Bilal Ahmad Bilal Issa, an Egyptian MP (from Siwa), and Omar Abdallah Rajeh, Sheik of the Awlad Musa Tribe, a chance to respond to these claims. In their replies, the interviewees stated that there were no Jews in Siwa, at the Siyaha Festival or otherwise, and that Siwis reject any relations with Jews, or even hate Israelis/Jews; the reasons given were that Siwis support the Arabs in the Arab-Israeli conflict, and as such "view them as enemies." The interviews also stated that Jews are not welcome in Siwa as tourists. Bilal Issa stated that Siwa residents "despise the Israelis" while Sheik Rajeh stated that Siwa residents "will not accept any relations whatsoever with the Jews."
An extremely old hominid footprint was discovered in 2007 at Siwa Oasis. It was claimed by Egyptian scientists to have the possible age of 2-3 million years old, which would make it the oldest fossilized hominid footprint ever found. However, no proof of this conjecture was ever presented.
Ahmad Fakhry, the famous Egyptian archaeologist, worked at this site.
- "Siwa", Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007
- Bard, Kathryn A.; Shubert, Steven Blake, eds. (1999), Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Routledge (UK), ISBN 978-0-415-18589-9, ISBN 0-415-18589-0
- Arnold, Dieter; Strudwick, Helen; Strudwick, Nigel, eds. (2003), The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture, I B Tauris, ISBN 978-1-86064-465-8, ISBN 1-86064-465-1
- Basset, René (1890), Le dialecte de Syouah, Paris: Ernest Leroux, p. 3
- Ilahiane, Hsain (2006), "Siwa Oasis", Historical dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen), Historical dictionaries of peoples and cultures 5, Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc, p. 111, ISBN 978-0-8108-5452-9
- Margaret Mary Vale, 2011, Sand and Silver: Jewellery, Costume and Life in Siwa Oasis, London:Kelim
- "Elevation data by NASA's SRTM". .jpl.nasa.gov. 2009-06-17. doi:10.1029/2005RG000183. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, ed. Adolf Erman, Hermann Grapow. Vol. IV, p.230; Vol. VI, p.141
- Herodotus, Histories, iv (on-line text).
- Alexander the Great, Robin Lane Fox, Allen Lane 1973/ Penguin 1986-2004, pp 200-218
- "Grammatical Contact In The Sahara". Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- "Siwa Oasis". Byebyenet.com. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- Steindorff, George (1904 p.111). Durch die Libysche Wuste Zur Amonoase. Leipsig: Velohgen and Klasing.
- Allah, Abd (1917). "Siwan Customs". Harvard African Studies 7.
- Cline, Walter (1936, p 43). Notes on the People of Siwa. Menasha, Wisconsin, USA: George Banta Publishing Co.
- De Porok, Count Byron (1936 p 64). In Quest of Lost Worlds. New York: Dutton.
- Maugham, Robin (1950 p80). Journey to Siwa. London: Chapman and Hall.
- Fakhry, Ahmed (1973). Siwa Oasis. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press. pp. 41–43.
- Malim, Fathi (2001). Oasis Siwa from the Inside. Siwa.
- "Siwan anthropologist sparks controversy". Cultural Survival. Retrieved November 14, 2002.
- Dumairy, A. (2005). Siwa Past and Present. Alexandria.
- "Climate Siwa - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table (altitude: −15m)". Climate-Data.org. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- "Siwa, Egypt: Climate, Global Warming, and Daylight Charts and Data". Climate Charts. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- "Weather for Siwa Oasis, Egypt - Climate". Storm247.com. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- "Weather for Markaz Siwa, Egypt - Climate". Storm247.com. Retrieved 19 October 2013.
- Margaret Mary Vale, 2011, Sand and Silver, 71, 79-83.
- Margaret Mary Vale, 2011, Sand and Silver, xiv, 32, 79-81, 87-99, 101-7.
- Margaret Mary Vale, 2011, Sand and Silver, 61-70.
- Margaret Mary Vale, 2011, Sand and Silver
- Ahmed Fakhry. 1973. Siwa Oasis, Cairo: AUC, p. 64
- Fathi Malim. 2001. Oasis Siwa: from the Inside. Traditions, customs, and magic. Al Katan / Dar al Kutub. p. 34
- Malim 2001:29
- Fakhry 1973:67
- Fathi Malim. 2001. Oasis Siwa: from the Inside. Traditions, customs, and magic. Al Katan / Dar al Kutub. pp. 38, 54
- ibid, p. 54
- Donald Powell Cole, Soraya Altorki. 1998. Bedouin, settlers, and holiday-makers: Egypt's changing northwest coast. Cairo: AUC. p. 143
- Margaret Mary Vale, 2011, Sand and Silver, p. 44
- "أما ثالث الأسباب فهي أن أهل سيوة اعترضوا على حلقة سابقة من برنامج الملف لأن أحد الضيوف تحدث عن علاقة وطيدة بين الإسرائيليين وهذه المناطق في الواحة المصرية" (ie: "the third reason is that the people of Siwa protested about a previous episode because one of the guests spoke of a strong relationship between Israelis and these parts of the Egyptian oases" The File: The Egyptian Oasis of Siwa: Hidden Heritage, Al Jazeera, 5/11/2010
- Egyptian Berbers Defend Themselves against Accusations of Being Jew-Lovers: We Can Smell if a Tourist Is Jewish, MEMRI, Clip No. 2686 (transcript), November 5, 2010
- #2686 - Egyptian Berbers Defend Themselves against Accusations of Being Jew-Lovers: We Can Smell if a Tourist Is Jewish, MEMRI, Clip No. 2686 (video), Al-Jazeera TV (Qatar), November 5, 2010.
- Reuters: Human footprint may be oldest ever found August 20, 2007.
- "Egypt footprint 'could be oldest'". BBC News. August 21, 2007.
- "Oldest Human Footprints With Modern Anatomy Found". News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010-10-28. Retrieved 2012-06-30.
- (French) PDF, de Vincent Battesti, in Benfoughal T. et Boulay S. (dirs), Journal des Africanistes, Sahara : identités et mutations sociales en objets, Paris, Sociétés des Africanistes, 2006, Tome 76, fascicule 1, p. 165-185.
- (German) Frank Bliss, 'Siwa - Die Oase des Sonnengottes. Leben in einer ägyptischen Oase vom Mittelalter bis in die Gegenwart'. Bonn 1998'.
- (French) Frank Bliss, 'Artisanat et artisanat d’art dans les oasis du désert occidental égyptien'. Veröffentlichungen des Frobenius-Instituts, Köln 1998.
- (French) PDF, de Vincent Battesti, in Battesti V. et Puig N. (dirs) Égypte/Monde Arabe, Terrains d’Égypte, anthropologies contemporaines, n° 3, 3e série, 1er semestre 2006, Le Caire, Cedej, p. 139-179.
- (French) Alain Blottière, L'Oasis, éditions Quai Voltaire, Paris, 1992. Pocket edition : éditions Payot, "Petite Bibliothèque Voyageurs", Paris, 1994. (see link below).
- (English) Margaret Mary Vale, 'Sand and Silver: Jewellery, Costume and Life in the Oasis of Siwa', London, 2011.
- Western Desert Maps
|Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Siwa.|
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Siwa.|
- (English) siwaguide.com
- (German) Siwa Oasis on Wikivoyage
- (English) See Siwa Oasis Photo album.
- (English) The Locally Run Website of Siwa Oasis.
- (English) Siwa Oasis – Extraordinary
- (English) Siwa information from an English family that live in the Oasis..
- (English) Alain Blottière's Travel book on Siwa.
- Detailed map of Egypt, with towns, oases & temples: http://unimaps.com/egypt/index.html.
- "Pictures gallery on Siwa oasis" on vbat.org, by Vincent Battesti.
- (English) Travel guide.
- (English) 40 Days and 1001 Nights by Tamalyn Dallal (2007).
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A-Z guide to handling report cards
Tips on how to handle good, bad grades
Should you pay your child $10 for every "A"? Banish video games for a month for each "F"?
Lisa Huffman, an assistant professor of educational psychology at Ball State University in Muncie, Ind., offers these tips for handling report cards:
Keep lines of communication open. Ask your child how he feels about the school term before discussing the report card. For example, is she worried about what her marks may be? Be sure to let children know that discussing concerns is good. This way they will be more likely to let you know if there are any problems.
Take report cards seriously. While report cards don't tell the whole story, they do reflect how a student is progressing. Pay special attention to any grade that come as a surprise (good or bad). Encourage children to talk about school performance, again, good or bad.
Praise a good report card. Be sure to let your child know that you are proud of his good work and accomplishments. This is a good time to post your child's work in a prominent place, such as a refrigerator. While celebrating successes also praise improvements in performance and commitments to working hard.
Talk about a bad report card. Failure can be scary, but if your child does not do as well as expected, talk openly about it. Reassure your child that poor grades do not mean he is a failure. Poor report cards can be a catalyst for change and do not need to be a reason for punishment. You can work to develop a plan of action with goals for improvement.
Set realistic goals. It is probably not realistic to go from a "C" to an "A" on the next report card. However, a "B" seems realistic. Maybe completing all homework on time or achieving an "A" on two or more assignments in a particular topic is your goal. Encourage your child to do her best.
Don't assume an "A" reflects your child's best efforts. Talk to her about the ease with which she completes course work –- maybe it is not challenging enough.
Look at your child's work regularly. Report cards only come out a few times a year. Review your student's work regularly and pay special attention to grades and comments that go along with them. This will help you and your student identify trouble spots before it is too late.
Encourage good work habits and effort. Poor grades on report cards may not reflect inability, but rather insufficient effort. When your child is studying or doing homework, this is a good time for you also to do something quietly, which will lessen distractions.
Be involved in your child's school. Children who do well in school have parents who are actively involved in their children's education and their school. Volunteer at school or help your child with her homework.
- Incentives can be rewarding when children do well or meet goals. However, they should not be bribes. Rather than telling children you will give them money for good grades before they have even earned them, surprise them after the grades are earned with a small gift or some special time. Be sure to praise effort and improvement along with good grades. Children should want good grades out of interest, pride and an understanding that success in school is necessary for success in life. Children should not earn good grades only because they will get a reward.
Distributed by Internet Broadcasting. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Although people talk about “stomach ulcers”, most peptic ulcers are actually duodenal ulcers as they are located in the first part of the duodenum. When food leaves the stomach it is saturated with hydrochloric acid and it is forced around a C-shape curve of the duodenum.
It is at the beginning of this C-shape wall of the duodenum that there is the highest risk of developing a duodenal ulcer. Peptic ulcers can develop when the normal defense mechanisms of the mucosa lining are undermined.
This can be from the chronic use of anti-inflammatory medication for arthritis (NSAIDs). But it can also be from a bacterium called H.pylori.
This bacterium has developed a remarkable ability to survive in the acidy milieu of the stomach and duodenum as it produces several enzymes, which enable it to neutralize the acid in its immediate micro surrounding. It also produces mucolytic enzymes, which are capable of breaking down the superficial layer of the gastric and duodenal wall so that acid can now do the rest and erode the wall of the mucosa. A peptic ulcer (or simply ulcer) is a defect of the mucosal layer.
The term “peptic ulcer” comes from a time when physicians thought that ulcers would come from a combination of acid and the enzyme pepsin, which would in combination lead to the ulceration of the esophagus, stomach wall or duodenal wall. As pointed out above, we now know that defense mechanisms also play a tremendous role as does a high secretion of ACTH and cortisol in the case of stress ulcers, which leads to a further weakening of these defense mechanisms. NSAIDs lead to a weakening of the repair mechanisms in the mucosal wall and increase the acidity on a cellular level, which means that the medication is “ulcerogenic”(can cause ulcers).
Ulcers come in different forms. With NSAIDs it is often a multitude of erosions. These can be seen by gastroduodenoscopy. They are often located in the stomach, are very shallow and measure a few mm in diameter. Then there is a chronic duodenal ulcer, which may measure from 0.5 to 2 cm in diameter, and where the bacterium H.pylori may play a role as a chronic propagator. It is clear that any defect of the mucosa, which is full of blood vessels, can lead to bleeding ulcers.
There is a wide variety of symptom presentation with ulcers. It can be that a person only has a mild stomach ache in the mid upper abdomen (called the “epigastric area”). To some it feels like a hunger pain, to others like a burning or gnawing pain.
This pain might disappear with food or milk, only to awaken the person in the middle of the night again. It can go on like this for several weeks. Usually by that time the person sees a physician and complaints that there is something wrong. Only about 50% of patients present with these typical complaints, the other ones have atypical symptoms.
With a gastric ulcer the symptoms are such that eating something does not relieve the pain, but aggravates it. If the ulcer is at the outlet of the stomach (the pyloric area), the swelling in the area can obstruct the outflow of food and the symptoms are nausea, bloating and vomiting.
A duodenal ulcer is causing a more prominent abdominal pain and tends to be more chronic. It happens first in the mid morning, but gets better with food. Only 2 or 3 hours after food intake the pain is back. It may get better with antacids, but this is short lasting. The typical awakening with pain in the middle of the night as mentioned above, is characteristic for duodenal ulcer.
Gastric ulcer and gastric erosions
In case of multiple gastric erosions or a deep duodenal or gastric ulcer where a blood vessel got eroded, there can be profuse bleeding with the patient throwing up coffee ground type clotted blood (bleeding ulcer).
There also may be diarrhea with melena type, black stool, which is from digested blood. If the ulcer perforates, which is nowadays less common, there will be acute abdominal symptoms with a rigid abdomen as well as possible symptom of shock. These last scenarios are life threatening situations, which need quick attention to this patient in a hospital setting with the help of a surgeon.
The history gives the physician a good indication of what diagnosis to expect. However, this assumed diagnosis needs to be confirmed.
The physician may order a barium swallow, which may or may not show the ulcer. As there are so many projections, it could easily be that there is one corner, which was overlooked by this x-ray method. The most efficient way to diagnose an ulcer is by an endoscopic procedure (thanks to www.myvmc.com for this image) called by many names: Gastroscopy (looking into the stomach), gastroduodenoscopy (= looking into stomach and duodenum), panendoscopy ( “pan-” means “all” to express that the physician is looking at all of the upper gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus, stomach and duodenum). Diagnosis by endoscopy is now the established way to diagnose ulcers. The reason for this is that with endoscopy the gastroenterologist can do more than just look. This method is superior to X-ray images, because the specialist can take samples through channels in the fiberoptic instrument. Bleeders can be cauterized under vision.
Multiple biopsies can be taken during the same procedure in case an ulcer looks suspicious of cancer. Minor surgery can be done such as removal of polyps or banding or sclerosing esophageal veins that bleed. The endoscopist can also take pictures of the findings, which can be useful as a teaching tool to give to the patient or for the physician to document a certain finding on a specific date as a baseline for future comparison. Like with any procedure there is a complication rate, in this case about 0.2 % of all procedures, and a mortality rate of 0.03 %. In the elderly patient friable tissue may be a cause for complications and in an end stage liver cirrhosis patient there can be a rupture of some dilated esophageal varices when the endoscopic instrument passes into the stomach. This can cause profuse bleeding, which is extremely difficult to control.
To test for the possibility of H.pylori infection of the mucosa, two reliable tests are available. The one test is the rapid urease test, which can test samples taken by endoscopy with a special indicator paper. The other test is the urea breath test utilizing carbon-13 or carbon-14 labeled urea. This is administered as a capsule by mouth and breath samples are taken 20 to 30 minutes after ingestion, which determines how much of the urea was digested by H.pylori, as the amount of liberated labeled carbon dioxide is proportional to this process. Sensitivity and specificity of this sophisticated test is more than 90%, which means that it is remarkably reliable.
The treatment is tailored according to the underlying problem. If there are recurrent peptic ulcers in the lower esophagus, the stomach or the duodenum, then there is a high probability that H.pylori is present and appropriate testing should be made.
In the case of a positive test, the patient should receive a triple therapy regimen, which consists of a proton pump inhibitor combined with two antibiotics (see Ref. 1 for one such regimen). The one year relapse rate used to be more than 60% for gastric and duodenal ulcer patients after cessation of traditional anti ulcer therapy. After triple therapy for H.pylori the recurrence rate is less than 10% after one year, clearly supportive of the idea that H.pylori plays a role in the more chronic ulcer cases. Most of the ulcers, however, are not due to H.pylori. They may simply be due to the fact that the balance of ulcerogenic factors versus body defense mechanisms was tilted in the ulcerogenic direction. Reduction of alcohol intake, quitting to smoke (or at least cutting down to a minimum) and adding an H2-blocker will often help restore the balance within a few days. Another useful agent in this scenario are the cytoprotective drugs. One such medication, which has been around for some time, is sucralfate (brand names: Sulcrate, Carafate) which binds to the surface of the mucous membrane and protects against noxious substances(see Ref. 2). Another such cytoprotective medication is misoprostol( brand name: Cytotec). The H2-blockers are now widely available over the counter in pharmacies.
Some common H2-blockers are: the first one to be developed was cimetidine (brand name: Apo-, Gen-, Nu-,Novo-, Nu- and PMS-Cimetidine, Peptol, Tagamet). Then ranitidine (Zantac, Alti-, Apo-, Gen-Ranitidine, Novo-Ranidine, Nu-Ranit) came on the market. Since then famotidine (brand name: Pepcid, Ulcidine, Maalox H2 Acid Controller and generic preparations) has been added as well as nizatidine (brand name: Axid, Apo-Nizatidine). No doubt, there will be more added in this lucrative market. However, the problem is not that one of these H2- blockers would be better than another, the challenge is to find out why the patient does not respond to one or two courses of therapy.
The proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are the strongest anti-acid medications.
A well researched remedy for stomach ulcers is licorice root. Licorice however contains glycyrrhetinic acid, which can elevate blood pressure. So scientists developed deglycyrrhizinated licorice tablets (DGL for short), which is very effective in relieving stomach ulcers, but has no side effect of elevating blood pressure. It comes in chewable tablets 380 to 400 mg of DGL per tablet. According to Murray (Ref. 35) the growth of H. pylori, a bacterium that causes difficult to heal ulcers is inhibited by DGL. In head-to-head studies, which are cited by Ref. 35 DGL was more effective than Zantac, Tagamet or antacids. Two to three chewable DGL tablets taken between meals or 20 minutes before meals will heal ulcers within 8 to 16 weeks. The difference is that with DGL the ulcer is healed, while with standard medication described above it is only symptomatically suppressed, but will often flare up when the treatment is stopped. DGL stimulates the normal defense mechanisms of the stomach and duodenum, improves the protective substances that line the intestinal wall and improves blood supply to the intestinal lining. The result is that the lifespan of the intestinal cell is prolonged.
Peppermint and caraway seed oil capsules are helpful for patients with GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) and IBS (irritable bowel syndrome). 200 mg of this oil mixture three times daily between meals will help with abdominal pain, altered bowel function (constipation or diarrhea) and dyspeptic symptoms (nausea, anorexia and flatulence, see Ref. 35, page 74).
It is up to the physician to rethink the “differential diagnosis”. Is it really a peptic ulcer? Or is this patient one of those more chronic cases with H.pylori and perhaps this should be tested again? If not, why is the patient still having symptoms? There could be an underlying Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, a rare condition where benign tumors in the pancreas produce gastrin, which in turn is a powerful stimulus for acid production in the stomach.
In rare cases of very chronic H.pylori infection, a gastric lymphoma (MALT lymphoma, thanks to en.wikipedia.org for this link) can develop in the gastric erosions or ulcers. The gastroenterologist will have to carefully follow this condition with serial endoscopies and biopsies while the patient is being treated with combination therapy. Some of these cases get cured with anti H.pylori therapy, but others progress despite therapy and have to then be referred to an oncologist for chemotherapy or radical surgery. When gastric outlet problems have developed from chronically scarred ulcers in the pylorus area (gastric outlet), a general surgeon with experience in stomach surgery should be consulted. There are some procedures, called Billroth I and II, which were originally developed for intractable ulcers when H2-blockers were not yet available. Sometimes a patient needs one of these procedures done or else a selective vagotomy. The gastroenterologist and surgeon can advise you further. Life style changes, although still important, are not as crucial as in the past since the introduction of H2-blockers and the proton pump inhibitors.
1. M Frevel Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000 Sep (9): 1151-1157.
2. M Candelli et al. Panminerva Med 2000 Mar 42(1): 55-59.
3. LA Thomas et al. Gastroenterology 2000 Sep 119(3): 806-815.
4. R Tritapepe et al. Panminerva Med 1999 Sep 41(3): 243-246.
5. The Merck Manual, 7th edition, by M. H. Beers et al., Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999. Chapters 20,23, 26.
6. EJ Simchuk et al. Am J Surg 2000 May 179(5):352-355.
7. G Uomo et al. Ann Ital Chir 2000 Jan/Feb 71(1): 17-21.
8. PG Lankisch et al. Int J Pancreatol 1999 Dec 26(3): 131-136.
9. HB Cook et al. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000 Sep 15(9): 1032-1036.
10. W Dickey et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 March 95(3): 712-714.
11. M Hummel et al. Diabetologia 2000 Aug 43(8): 1005-1011.
12. DG Bowen et al. Dig Dis Sci 2000 Sep 45(9):1810-1813.
13. The Merck Manual, 7th edition, by M. H. Beers et al., Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999.Chapter 31, page 311.
14. O Punyabati et al. Indian J Gastroenterol 2000 Jul/Sep 19(3):122-125.
15. S Blomhoff et al. Dig Dis Sci 2000 Jun 45(6): 1160-1165.
16. M Camilleri et al. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000 Sep 48(9):1142-1150.
17. MJ Smith et al. J R Coll Physicians Lond 2000 Sep/Oct 34(5): 448-451.
18. YA Saito et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 Oct 95(10): 2816-2824.
19. M Camilleri Am J Med 1999 Nov 107(5A): 27S-32S.
20. CM Prather et al. Gastroenterology 2000 Mar 118(3): 463-468.
21. MJ Farthing : Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 1999 Oct 13(3): 461-471.
22. D Heresbach et al. Eur Cytokine Netw 1999 Mar 10(1): 7-15.
23. BE Sands et al. Gastroenterology 1999 Jul 117(1):58-64.
24. B Greenwood-Van Meerveld et al.Lab invest 2000 Aug 80(8):1269-1280.
25. GR Hill et al. Blood 2000 May 1;95(9): 2754-2759.
26. RB Stein et al. Drug Saf 2000 Nov 23(5):429-448.
27. JM Wagner et al. JAMA 1996 Nov 20;276 (19): 1589-1594.
28. James Chin, M.D. Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. 17th ed., American Public Health Association, 2000.
29. The Merck Manual, 7th edition, by M. H. Beers et al., Whitehouse Station, N.J., 1999. Chapter 157, page1181.
30. Textbook of Primary Care Medicine, 3rd ed., Copyright © 2001 Mosby, Inc., pages 976-983: “Chapter 107 – Acute Abdomen and Common Surgical Abdominal Problems”.
31. Marx: Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 5th ed., Copyright © 2002 Mosby, Inc. , p. 185:”Abdominal pain”.
32. Feldman: Sleisenger & Fordtran’s Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 7th ed., Copyright © 2002 Elsevier, p. 71: “Chapter 4 – Abdominal Pain, Including the Acute Abdomen”.
33. Ferri: Ferri’s Clinical Advisor: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment, 2004 ed., Copyright © 2004 Mosby, Inc.
34. Suzanne Somers: “Breakthrough” Eight Steps to Wellness– Life-altering Secrets from Today’s Cutting-edge Doctors”, Crown Publishers, 2008
35. Michael T. Murray, N.D.: “What the drug companies won’t tell you and your doctor doesn’t know” – The alternative treatments that may change your life – and the prescriptions that could harm you. Atria Books (subsidiary of Simon & Schuster Inc.), 2009 (page 73).
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A STORIED STONE
Mesmerizing, mythical, mysterious, the diamond has for centuries symbolized unparalleled beauty, power, magic, and invincibility. It has been associated with beautiful women, ancient mystics and sages, and storied warriors alike.
The ancient Greeks believed that diamonds were tears of the gods, Romans that they were splinters of fallen stars. (In fact, the Romans weren’t so very wrong: Dying stars, also called cool white dwarfs, have a diamond core.) The philosopher Plato believed diamonds to be living beings that embodied celestial spirits and were even capable of reproduction!
Pure Magic: Battle Lore
Diamonds have been at the heart of myth and legend since their discovery. In large part because it could be destroyed by neither knife nor fire, the diamond was known in antiquity as a “stone of invincibility.” (Thus the Greek word for diamond, adamas, means invincible.) Kings led armies into battle wearing breastplates studded with diamonds. Medieval knights, too, wore diamonds on their armor in the belief the stones could render them unvanquishable. The lore may have become something of a self-fulfilling prophecy, because enemies gave warriors sporting such regalia a wide berth.
Mysticism: Spirituality & Healing
A diamond’s prisms of light make it a symbol of illumination and, therefore, a spiritual stone. Some mystics believe that, placed on the Third Eye, it encourages psychic development and clairvoyance; unites body and mind and brings inner peace; and can banish negativity, increasing physical, mental, and spiritual energy.
But the benefits don’t stop there. Among its other purported gifts are a capacity to slow aging, regenerate the body’s cells, prevent cardiovascular disease, sharpen vision, help balance metabolism, and shore up resistance to addiction.
Romance: One Great Beauty Deserves Another
For centuries, diamonds have been a symbol of love, power…and exceptional beauty. Small wonder they figure in some of the great “conquests” of history.
In 1936, The UK’s Edward VIII abdicated the throne to marry American divorcée Wallis Simpson. The canary-yellow, pear-shaped diamond clips he gave her, called The Windsor Yellows, are fitting tokens of a romance that, metaphorically speaking, felled a monarch.
Elizabeth Taylor owned two of the world’s most prized diamonds: the heart-shaped Taj Mahal Diamond and the 69-carat “Burton Taylor Diamond.” Both were presents from Richard Burton — befitting gifts for the woman then and often since considered the most beautiful woman in the world.
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One of the earliest obtainable Sea Charts of the Atlantic Coast of North America.
Important early Dutch sea chart of the coast of North America from Trinity Harbor, North Carolina to Cape St. Ann, Massachusetts, from Doncker's Zee-atlas ofte water-waereld, first published in Amsterdam in 1660.
Doncker's chart is the third Dutch sea chart of the region, preceded only by Theunis Jacobs z' virtually unobtainable Pascaerte van Nieu Nederlant Virginies, Nieu Engelant en Nova Francia . . . (circa 1650) and Arnold Colom's rare Pascaarte van Nieu Nederlandt . . . (1656). Burden states:
The map is largely derived from Colom's chart, although with some omissions and additions. The key to the various names of the Hudson River is left out, as is the duplicate use of Jamestown. Amongst the new nomenclature can be found Gilfort on the north shore of Long Island Sound. The coastline is virtually identical, with the exception of that part south of Cape Henry, where at first glance he appeared to draw upon Jacobsz, until one notices Chesipioock at the northern end of the Outer Banks. This usage dates back to those derived from the De Bry--White map of 1590 . . . .
Doncker's chart includes rhumb lines, compass rose, location of estuaries, settlements, sea banks or shoals, and Indian tribes. The decorative cartouche includes native American man and woman, with sailing ships off the coast. This is the first edition of the map, which can be identified by the inclusion of the date (1660) in the cartouche. A second edition was published in Doncker's Atlas in 1670. A third edition was published in 1680, with the plate heavily reworked and the addition of a title in English and new coastlines.
The map is one of two charts of the region issued by Doncker, who also issued the 4th and 5th editions of Arnold Colom's 1656 Pascaarte van Nieu Nederlandt . . . in 1670 and 1676 respectively, both of which were separately published and would also have been bound into composite atlases of the period.
Hendrik Doncker was a famous bookseller in Amsterdam, who started at the age of 22 years and ran his shop successfully for fifty years. He published his first sea atlas around 1659. Due to the fact that Hendrik Doncker corrected and improved his charts more frequently then his competitors, his business was quite successful and there was a high demand for his works and this reflected also the various improved and corrected editions of sea atlases he published. This map was published in a composite sea atlas by Pieter Goos, who was 'one of the best known maritime booksellers of Amsterdam' (Koeman), he published a number of different sea-atlases or pilot books, his work was very much derivative. With his 'Zee-Atlas' he relied heavily on Hendrick Doncker's 'Zee-Atlas' of 1659.
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Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
This concept was established be Einstein’s equation E=MC2 and has been confirmed by numerous experiments. Therefore Energy has always existed and will always exist, this means our current concept of time where everything has a beginning and an end is false. If we follow this line of reasoning it should be obvious that any scientific theory that describes the origins of the universe is not actually describing the origin of energy but rather one particular expression of that energy.
Science traces the origins of the universe to a timeless and motionless state called the Singularity. Since the Singularity is timeless, it cannot be talked about as before or after anything, if something exist but is not before or after anything then it is NOW. Therefore the Singularity is NOW.
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The AWARE – Coral Reef Conservation Specialty course teaches divers, snorkelers and nondivers about the vital role coral reefs play in the marine environment and how these ecosystems are currently threatened. The course familiarizes participants with the current state of the world’s coral reefs and explains how individuals can help protect the living reef from further decline.
The program is a nondiving course that only contains classroom presentations.
You may conduct it as a stand-alone program, however, it’s recommended that you offer it in conjunction with other PADI programs.
Students begin the course by reading Chapter Four of the A.W.A.R.E – Our World, Our Water book (if available in a language they understand.) They also watch the Protect the Living Reef video – diver or snorkeler version either independently or with you. You elaborate on course information using the colorful, photo-filled lesson guides. By completing and reviewing the program’s Knowledge Review, students may earn the AWARE – Coral Reef Conservation Specialty certification
This course include the following :
1. An introduction to Project AWARE.
2. The importance of coral reefs to marine ecosystems and coastal areas.
3. Coral reef and reef inhabitant biology, association and competition.
4. The status of the world’s coral reefs and detrimental land-based and ocean-based activities that put reefs in peril.
5. Suggestions and information about actions that may help to protect reefs, including responsible diving and snorkeling practices.
To enroll in the AWARE – Coral Reef Conservation Specialty course, participants need only have an interest in the aquatic world. There is no minimum age or experience requirement.
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AACR2 - Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd edition. AACR (Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd edition) is a major international standard for the cataloguing of all types of materials collected by general libraries. It was the cataloguing standard used by the British Library and also throughout the UK, Australia, Canada, and the USA. It has also been adopted in full or in part by 56 other countries around the world. It has been replaced by RDA – Resource Description and Access.
AAP - Association of American Publishers
Access point control, see Authority control
ALA - American Library Association
Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, 2nd edition, see AACR2
ANSI - American National Standards Institute
ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
APA - American Psychological Association
ARK - Archival Resource Key. ARK is a Uniform Resource Locator that is a multi-purpose identifier for information objects of any type
Authority control - The procedures by which consistency of form is maintained in the headings (names, uniform titles, series titles, and subjects) used in a library catalogue or file of bibliographic records through the application of an authoritative list, called an authority file, to new items as they are added to the collection. (Reitz, 2004, p. 53)
AUTOCAT - AUTOCAT is a semi-moderated international electronic discussion list. It serves as an electronic forum for the discussion of all questions relating to cataloguing and authority control in libraries.
Bibliographic control - A broad term encompassing all the activities involved in creating, organizing, managing, and maintaining the file of bibliographic records representing the items held in a library or archival collection, or the sources listed in an index or database, to facilitate access to the information contained in them. Bibliographic control includes the standardization of bibliographic description and subject access by means of uniform catalogue code, classification systems, name authorities, and preferred headings; the creation and maintenance of catalogues, union lists, and finding aids; and the provision of physical access to the items in the collection. (Reitz, 2004, p. 69)
Bibliographic record - An entry representing a specific item in a library catalogue or bibliographic database, containing all the data elements necessary for a full description, presented in a specific bibliographic format. In modern cataloguing, the standard format is machine-readable, but prior to use of computers, the traditional format was the catalogue card. (Reitz, 2004, p. 71)
Bibliographic resource - An expression or manifestation of a work or an item that forms the basis for bibliographic description. A bibliographic resource may be in any medium or combination of media and may be tangible or intangible. (ISBD(CR), p. 3)
BIC - Book Industry Communication
BNB - British National Bibliography
BnF - La Bibliothèque nationale de France (The French national Library)
Book trade - The operations and arrangements that exist in a specific country for the manufacture, distribution, and sale of books to the public, including publishers and their associations, printers and binders, retail booksellers and their trade associations, jobbers and dealers, and the generally accepted practices, standards, and codes governing their activities. Statistics on the U.S. book trade can be found in The Bowker Annual Library and Book Trade Almanac. Directory information can be found in the annual American Book Trade Directory, also published by R.R. Bowker. (Reitz, 2004, p. 97)
Cataloguing (cataloging) - The process of creating entries for a catalogue. In libraries, this usually includes bibliographic description, subject analysis, assignment of classification notation, and all the activities involved in physically preparing the item for the shelf, tasks usually performed under the supervision of a librarian trained as a cataloguer. (Reitz, 2004, p. 122)
Cataloguing-In-Publication (CIP) - CIP was pioneered in the U.S. Library of Congress in 1971. The British programme, which closely resembles the US system, became fully operational in 1977. The aim of the programme is to provide bibliographic data for new books in advance of publication, and it depends heavily on the voluntary co-operation of publishers. Records are compiled from information supplied by publishers on a standard data sheet. The record also appears in the book itself, usually on the verso of the title-page. (Prytherch, 2005, p. 115)
CDL - California Digital Library
CDNL - Conference of Directors of National Libraries
CD-ROM - Compact Disk Read Only Memory
CERL - Consortium of European Research Libraries
CNRI - Corporation for National Research Initiatives
Copyright - The exclusive right given by law to authors, composers or publishers to sell, reproduce or publish a work during a stated period of time. It is a form of protection for works, such as novels and journal articles, which result from the skill and labour of a creator, and for other subject matter which results from the investment of a producer, such as a film. (Mortimer, 2001, p. 50)
CQL - Contextual Query Language
Data Dictionary for Preservation Metadata: Final Report of the PREMIS (PREservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies) Working Group - This publication includes the PREMIS Working Group Final Report, the Data Dictionary, and Examples. The report and the PREMIS Data Dictionary version 1.0 are the culmination of nearly two years of effort by PREMIS members. This Data Dictionary defines and describes an implementable set of core preservation metadata with broad applicability to digital preservation repositories. This report is intended to put the Data Dictionary into context, explain the underlying assumptions and data model, and provide additional information about the meaning and use of semantic units defined in the Data Dictionary.
DC - Dublin Core
DCMI - Dublin Core Metadata Initiative
DCMI Element Set - The Dublin Core metadata element set is a standard for cross-domain information resource description. It provides a simple and standardised set of conventions for describing things online in ways that make them easier to find. Dublin Core is widely used to describe digital materials such as video, sound, image, text, and composite media like web pages. Implementations of Dublin Core typically make use of XML and are Resource Description Framework based. Dublin Core is defined by ISO in 2003 ISO Standard 15836, and NISO Standard Z39.85-2007. The more comprehensive document "DCMI Metadata terms" includes the latest and authoritative term declarations for the Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, Version 1.1.
DCMI Metadata Terms - This document is an up-to-date, authoritative specification of all metadata terms maintained by the Dublin Core Metadata Initiative - elements, element refinements, encoding schemes, and vocabulary terms (the DCMI Type Vocabulary).
DCMI Type Vocabulary - The DCMI Type Vocabulary provides a general, cross-domain list of approved terms that may be used as values for the Resource Type element to identify the genre of a resource. The terms documented here are also included in the more comprehensive document "DCMI Metadata Terms".
DDC -Dewey Decimal Classification - The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system, devised by library pioneer Melvil Dewey in the 1870s and owned by OCLC since 1988, provides a dynamic structure for the organization of library collections. Now in its 23rd edition, and available in print and Web versions, the DDC is the world’s most widely used library classification system. The DDC provides a logical system for organizing every item in your library’s unique collection, offer library users familiarity and consistency of a time-honoured classification system used in 200,000 libraries worldwide. The DDC provides meaningful notation in universally recognized Arabic numerals, welldefined categories and hierarchies, and a rich network of relationships among topics.
Digital Libraries: Metadata Resources - General resources and indices.
Digital publication, see Electronic publication
Digital resource, see Electronic resource
DOI - Digital Object Identifier
DTD - Document Type Definition
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, see DCMI
Dublin Core Metadata Element Set, see DCMI Element Set
Dublin Core Metadata Terms, see DCMI Metadata Terms
Dublin Core Type Vocabulary, see DCMI Type Vocabulary
DVD - Digital Video Disc
E-publication, see Electronic publication
E-resource, see Electronic resource
EAD - Encoded Archival Description
Electronic publication - A work in digital form capable of being read or otherwise perceived, distributed to the general public electronically. The category includes electronic journals and e-prints, electronic magazines and newspapers, electronic books, Web sites, Weblogs, etc. Some electronic publications are online versions of print publications; others are "born digital". Synonymous with e-publication. (Reitz, 2004, p. 244)
FRAD - Functional Requirements for Authority Data. Conceptual model serves as the basis for relating specific attributes and relationships (reflected in the record as discrete data elements) to the various tasks that users perform when consulting authority records.
FRANAR - Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records.
FRBR - Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records. Conceptual model serves as the basis for relating specific attributes and relationships (reflected in the record as discrete data elements) to the various tasks that users perform when consulting bibliographic records.
FRSAD - Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data
Functional Requirements and Numbering of Authority Records, see FRANAR
Functional Requirements for Authority Data, see FRAD
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, seeFRBR
Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data, seeFRSAD
GND -Integrated Authority File
The Integrated Authority File (GND) contains data records representing persons, corporate bodies, congresses, geographic entities, topics and works. Before April 2012, those records were part of the separate authority files: Corporate Body Authority File (GKD), Name Authority File (PND), Subject Headings Authority File (SWD) and Uniform Title File of the Deutsches Musikarchiv (DMA-EST file).
The authority records are used in descriptive and subject cataloguing. They constitute a common, conclusive reference system for bibliographic library data and for the cataloguing data of other authority data users such as archives, museums and other scientific and cultural institutions.
GND authority records form part of the Virtual International Authority File (VIAF); they are combined with data from other national authority files.
HTML - HyperText Markup Language. A format of a markup language that controls the display of web pages i.e. font size, type, background and text colours.
Last update: 5 December 2017
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Researchers are teaching a driverless DeLorean to steer with the agility and precision of a human driver to improve how autonomous cars handle hazardous conditions.
As the DeLorean rolled to a stop and the cloud of tire smoke cleared, Jon Goh peeked out the sliver of the passenger-side window to see dozens of gathered spectators cheering and high-fiving the successful test.
The crowd, and anticipation, had built throughout the afternoon, while Goh, a recent mechanical engineering PhD graduate from Stanford University, had been outlining a kilometer-long (just over half a mile) obstacle course in traffic cones at Thunderhill Raceway in Northern California.
The sun was setting fast, but Goh and his copilot, another grad student named Tushar Goel, couldn’t wait until morning to take a shot at the twisty course. Besides, MARTY, the driver, didn’t need to see the track—it needed only GPS coordinates and the algorithms on Goh’s laptop to chart its path.
MARTY is a 1981 DeLorean that Goh and his colleagues at Stanford’s Dynamic Design Lab converted into an all-electric, autonomous drift car. Four years ago, MARTY drifted—the style of driving where the car moves forward even though it’s pointed sideways—through its first doughnuts with inhuman precision.
Since then, Goh and team have been busy welding and coding to prepare MARTY to apply those basic drifting skills to an intense driving course, and unbelievably everything had worked perfectly.
MARTY screeched its way through turns and quick zigs and zags in just a few minutes, kicking up smoke and bits of rubber, without nicking a single cone along the course.
As the cheering continued, satisfaction washed over Goh. Completing the “MARTYkhana” course on the first attempt was awesome, but he knew that the one-of-a-kind data gleaned from the run could transform the capabilities of autonomous driving systems found in cars today.
Self-driving cars and drifting
MARTYkhana—a riff on the “gymkhana” autocross racing format regarded as the master test of a driver’s ability—is hardly a stunt. Conducting research in high-speed, complicated driving conditions like this is a bread-and-butter approach of the Dynamic Design Lab, where mechanical engineer Chris Gerdes and his students steer autonomous cars into challenging driving situations that only the top human drivers can reliably handle.
On-board computers measure the car’s response over dozens of runs, and the engineers translate those vehicle dynamics into software that could one day help your car quickly dodge a pedestrian that darts into the road.
Most automated vehicles on the road have been designed to handle simpler cases of driving, such as staying in a lane or maintaining the right distance from other cars.
“We’re trying to develop automated vehicles that can handle emergency maneuvers or slippery surfaces like ice or snow,” Gerdes says. “We’d like to develop automated vehicles that can use all of the friction between the tire and the road to get the car out of harm’s way. We want the car to be able to avoid any accident that’s avoidable within the laws of physics.”
Training an autonomous car to drift is a surprisingly good method for testing a car’s ability to drive evasively. Under typical conditions, a driver points the car where they want to go and uses the accelerator and brake pedals to control the speed. When drifting, whether intentionally or not, this goes out the window.
“Suddenly the car is pointed in a very different direction than where it’s going. Your steering wheel controls the speed, the throttle affects the rotation, and the brakes can impact how quickly you change directions,” Goh says. “You have to understand how to use these familiar inputs in a very different way to control the car, and most drivers just aren’t very good at handling the car when it becomes this unstable.”
Commercial vehicles are outfitted with Electronic Stability Control systems that try to prevent cars from entering these unstable states, but this is where drifters thrive. They harness this instability to maneuver the car in more agile and precise ways that allow them to scorch through a narrow obstacle course without so much as grazing the barriers.
By studying the habits of professional drivers and testing those same control maneuvers in MARTY, the Stanford team has enabled the car to use a greater range of its physical limits to maintain stability through a broader range of conditions, and the mathematics involved could allow autonomous systems to maneuver with the agility of a drift racer in emergencies.
“Through drifting, we’re able to get to extreme examples of driving physics that we wouldn’t otherwise,” Goh says. “If we can conquer how to safely control the car in the most stable and the most unstable scenarios, it becomes easier to connect all the dots in between.”
Getting MARTY into action
When Gerdes and Goh set out to build MARTY—which stands for Multiple Actuator Research Test bed for Yaw control—they knew they wanted a car with rear-wheel drive that would allow the freedom for endless upgrades, and they wanted it to have a certain cool factor.
“The way we see it, if you’re going to build a research vehicle, why not do it with some style?” Gerdes likes to say, nodding to the classic line from Back to the Future.
A DeLorean ticked all those boxes. If you were to look underneath MARTY’s iconic stainless steel shell, you’d find very little DeLorean at this point. The underpowered drivetrain has been replaced by stout batteries and electric motors developed by Renovo.
The original suspension was too squishy to hold a decent drift, so the team designed and fabricated components that could stand the task. Mechanical controls for steering, braking, and throttling were replaced by electronic systems. There’s a roll cage.
A pair of GPS antennae dot the roof and track the car’s location to within an inch, and the whole operation runs on computers tucked behind the seats. Entering the course layout, MARTY calculates the smoothest drift route possible in a matter of seconds. It takes far longer to set up the traffic cones.
Learning to drive like a human
The researchers’ first paper on MARTY defines the system that the car uses to control its angle and position precisely in basic drifting conditions. The controller design was far more straightforward than expected, Goh says, and is open access to allow others to repeat the approach.
Other papers in the works will detail the techniques the team developed that use the car’s full steering range, which is what allows it to complete more complicated routes, such as MARTYkhana. And the team continues to experiment with how incorporating front and rear brakes can open up even more capabilities for the autonomous system. Altogether, this work allows MARTY to make sharper turns in succession even more quickly, which will further help train it to navigate extreme conditions.
“The results so far are rather outstanding,” Gerdes says. “The stability control systems of modern cars limit the driver’s control to a very narrow range of the car’s potential. With MARTY we have been able to more broadly define the range of conditions in which we can safely operate, and we have the ability to stabilize the car in these unstable conditions.”
Drifting is as much an art form as a technical skill, a detail Gerdes has emphasized since the beginning. It’s why he’ll gush over how impressed he is that his students have programmed MARTY to drift on par with professional drivers.
“It’s really impressive how snappy the car can make those transitions and also how precise it could be,” says Fredric Aasbo, the 2015 Formula Drift World Champion. “Because that’s the trick as a driver. That’s what we’re all trying to figure out.”
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As noted in a previous post, while smartphones represent an exciting tool for patient education and the support of health-directed behaviors, 80% of Americans don’t have smartphones. What are the opportunities for mlearning for health when it comes to this population?
Remembering the larger picture
If you feel stymied by the limitations of non-smartphones, remember that mhealth services should be part of a larger picture of patient-centered services and that this larger picture includes human beings—doctors, nurses, and support networks of patients and patient advocates. Thus, mobile phones, even the ones that are not so smart, are best used in blended learning strategies.
Face-to-face learning opportunities in a physician’s office are critical to helping patients develop better health strategies. Additionally, these strategies can be enhanced by using internet applications (at home or at libraries). For example, elearning can be used to facilitate self-directed learning behaviors by providing an interface for:
- reflections on progress
- access to social networks for support and advice
- access to resources for evaluating the credibility of online information
- access to health-care providers
- access to personal health records (PHRs)
While self-directed learning allows patients to become truly empowered, this doesn’t mean that patients go it alone. Health care providers, patient advocates, and educators/coaches are vitally important in facilitating self-directed learning.
How can mobile phones be integrated into this larger learning strategy?
Don’t forget that mobile devices can be used for phone calls
Although it seems obvious, when considering mlearning applications, we often forget that mobile devices provide teleconferencing capabilities. This creates important opportunities for:
- social connection
For example, in one program, health coaches contacted patients with chronic illnesses to help them stay on track with their treatments, inform them of treatment alternatives, and to encourage them to communicate with their personal physicians. The program resulted in overall cost reductions because of fewer hospital admissions for the coached patients compared to non-coached patients.
SMS for health
Probably the most popular use of mobile phones, outside of making calls, is texting. Short message services (SMS) allow users of mobile devices to send text messages of 160 characters or less at a time (message length depends on the service). Multimedia messaging services (MMS) deliver text, images, audio clips, and even videos, and require a camera phone to implement. MMS is usually more expensive than SMS, so in this post, I’ll focus on SMS as the way to reach the most people.
As noted in a previous post, texting can be an ideal way to:
- provide short bits of information
- enhance motivation
- encourage behavior change
- provide feedback and even practice opportunities to solidify learning
What to text
The length constraints of SMS mean that information provided through texting needs to be concise. SMS can be used to deliver short bits of information, including important reminders relating to medication use and self-care. But this doesn’t mean that this approach is necessarily devoid of interactivity.
Calls to action
SMS texts can be motivational and action-oriented. For example, SMS texts might encourage exercise or better eating behaviors. Additionally, learners might text a service to note completion of an activity and to record their progress at a Web site.
Answers to questions
SMS texts can be used to provide answers to a patient’s texted questions to a health-care provider or a health coach. As noted above, texting can be part of a larger patient-centered strategy that implicates blended learning approaches.
Games for health
SMS texts can be used to provide health trivia challenges and what-if scenarios. Success at challenges could be used to lead a learner to more and more complex inquiries. Social learning opportunities could be created by encouraging learners to text a friend for help on particular challenges.
SMS texts can be used to generate a backchannel at patient education presentations, creating a shame-free environment in which to ask questions.
When to text
The ability to automate message delivery makes the internet a very useful tool for deploying spaced repetition strategies via text messaging. Basically, spaced repetition theory posits that instruction which is repeated at intervals which are farther apart in time have a greater impact on improving memory than repetitions closer together in time (Ebbinghaus, 1885). Instructors should, therefore, consider the timing of messages as an important part of facilitating learning.
A patient’s readiness for change (Jones & Edwards, 2002; Peterson, 2002) is also an important factor in considering when to deploy particular types of messages.
Stages of readiness include:
- Precontemplation: a person is not ready for change
- Contemplation: the person intends to make changes in his/her health management in the next six months
- Preparation: the person intends to make changes in his/her health management in the next month
- Action: the person has made changes in his/her health management in the last six months
- Maintenance: the person has had good control of his/her health management for more than six months
Thus, in precontemplation and contemplation stages, texts might be used to provide messages relating to how health changes might improve an individual’s quality of life. In the preparation and action stages, texts can be used to support a patient’s plan for change as part of a larger intensive effort as discussed above, blending elearning and coaching interventions. In the maintenance stage, texts might be spaced at longer intervals and include reminder tips, access to support networks, and reminders to schedule doctor’s appointments, etc.
Examples of SMS being used in mhealth
Medication reminders: A new study by Partners Healthcare demonstrated how automated text messages could be used to provide patients with medication reminders and educational messages to improve compliance with treatment and self-care.
Using text-based interventions to reduce self-harm: In this example, individuals created their own healthy behavior prompts and stored them in a personal message bank for withdrawal at times of crisis.
Text4baby: A project to help pregnant women during their pregnancy by providing three SMS text messages each week timed to their expected due date.
Personalizing health texts: Mobile Health Interventions has launched Custom Txts, an open access application which is available for free. Using the platform, health care providers can create personalized text messages that suit the health care needs of individual patients.
This is just the tip of the iceberg in this burgeoning field. A web page to keep an eye on is the SMS Health Education Archive of the mHealth Update site. Have additional resources you’d like to share? Please add them to this open Diigo Group I started for mhealth resources.
Ebbinghaus, Hermann (1885). Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology. Retrieved from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Ebbinghaus/index.htm
Jones, H., et al. (2002).Changes in diabetes self-care behaviors make a difference in glycemic control: The Diabetes Stages of Change (DiSC) study. Diabetes Care, 26(3), 732-7.
Peterson, K.A. (2002). Readiness to change and clinical success in a diabetes educational program. Journal of the American Board of Family Practice, 15, 266-71.
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Online learning is revolutionizing the way the world learns. It has the potential to dramatically expand the educational opportunities of students everywhere, largely overcoming the geographic and demographic restrictions.
Can this also take place in Africa? Why not? Technology is Africa’s hope, our chance to be able to compete on a global scale regardless of how behind we are. With the right application of technology a garage can compete with a tower, and the best can be crafted from the minutest.
Education is still a major problem in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Out of School Kids statistics in Nigeria are the worst globally. 60% of the 180 million people in Nigeria are under 15 years old, which makes our problems even more difficult to tackle. Where does the problem lie? What do we do? Hire and train more teachers? Build more schools? Encourage more kids to go to school? Whatever policies or initiatives or attempts to take us from where we are to where we want to be or could be, has to be supported by technology and the internet in order to have any impact.
It is cheaper and more cost effective to provide internet than to build roads, I’m not saying building roads is not important, what I am saying is amenities like internet availability should be on top of the list with road construction, healthcare and education.
Every industry leverages soft technology to drive enormous efficiencies both in terms of overhead costs and in terms of increasing the quality of the output, some industries more than others.
There are barriers in the history of education in Nigeria, such as access to good schools, affordability of good schools, access to quality instructors, design of lessons, learning styles effectiveness, redundant curriculums and so much more. The development and proliferation of online learning to supplement the curriculum is beginning to break down these barriers, and with further applications of online education applied creatively over time, the barriers would shift.
Students been able to receive customized instructions from the best teachers, or even just their own teachers would enable mass customization in education, allowing students to learn at their own pace in ways that are tailored to their learning styles and interests.
The best teachers will use technology to reach many more students as the revolution is already underway. Students appear to be benefiting from online learning programs. While evidence about the effectiveness of primary and secondary online learning is limited, there is reason to believe that students can learn effectively online. As far back as 2009, a US study reported that “students who took all or part of their class online performed better, on average, than those taking the same course through traditional face-to-face instruction”. In addition, online learning has the potential to improve productivity and lower the cost of education, reducing the burden on budgets.
So what really is online learning?
Online learning is quite different from the traditional concept of education, which involves sharing the same physical space with an instructor.
Existing online programs and solutions differ from traditional education in a number of ways:
- Online lessons can either be comprehensive or supplementary to a child’s education. Some are full-time while some are for after school tutoring.
- Teacher interaction. There’s real time where interaction is live, and there’s asynchronous where students learn at their own pace and on their own time schedules. Regardless of the method, regular communication is required between tutor and students through videos, instant messaging and other channels.
- Physical location. Some allow students to learn exclusively from home, on their own or with a guardian, while some offer blended learning, which combines online learning with face-to-face instruction.
- Are they public programs or private?
- Range of students served. Students of all ages and learning backgrounds can be served by online learning, from the current statistics, Senior Secondary students use it most, followed by Primary and lastly Junior Secondary.
The Potential Benefits of Online Learning
Given the many ways that the information revolution and the internet have already changed and improved lives, the potential educational benefits are significant. Primary and Secondary education, both public and private would be transformed, and learning opportunities would be increased in a number of ways:
- Increased access to high-quality teachers. A child’s chances of attending a school with high-quality teachers largely depend on where she lives, which is shaped by parents financial means. All students regardless of where they live can access the best instructors and address teacher shortages.
- Mass customization and optimization. Students receiving instruction at their pace, learning styles and interests, will increase customized education, which makes the learning process more enjoyable and productive. And parents would be able to monitor their children’s progress more closely.
- Increased flexibility. It would also provide kids with greater flexibility in when and how they learn. Online learning allows students to learn anytime at their own pace. This opportunity also leaves time to pursue other interests and activities. This flexibility can particularly benefit students who have specific challenges in their education, such as those who have fallen behind in their studies due to one reason or the other.
- Improved flexibility for teachers. Teachers would be provided with new earning potential. Also teachers would have more time for themselves and their families, by not needed to go from house to house to meet all students after-school needs.
- Improved productivity and efficiency. There’s potential to lower cost of education and further improve productivity, thereby reducing the burdens on the state, parents and educational institutions.
- The increasing use of online learning will provide instructors and online learning operators with incentives to innovate and develop new learning tools that could improve students’ learning options in ways unimaginable today.
Online learning has the potential to revolutionize education in Africa as it’s already doing in other parts of the world.
Students appear to be benefiting and teachers feel rescued from a life of monotony. The earlier online education is embraced, the faster we will ascend to relevance and then greatness. Schools, policy makers, parents, teachers and even our kids, should be open to, and pro-active towards growth using technology. It would be a wise path to follow.
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For months, the hottest topic on Wall Street has been when and how often the country’s central bank will raise interest rates.
At its meeting last December, the Federal Reserve (or Fed) raised rates for the first time in a year—from .25-.50 percent to .50-.75 percent. But central bankers also signaled they’re likely to raise it three more times in 2017. The next increase is widely expected to happen tomorrow. That would bring the target range for overnight rates (which banks use to lend to each other) to 0.75 percent to 1 percent.
So, why should you care?
The so-called federal target funds rate is the range that banks use when they lend money to each other. Banks and other lenders in turn use that to determine interest rates for mortgage loans, auto loans, credit cards and other types of credit they extend to us. When the funds rate rises, you can expect to start paying more for credit because the rates of variable loans will increase, too, says Willie Schuette, National Social Security Advisor, of The JL Smith Group in Avon, Ohio.
If you have a variable rate credit card, you could see an increase in the interest you pay on it within 60 days. If you’re a homeowner with an adjustable-rate mortgage, you’ll also get hit when your loan resets.
Rates can affect not only how much you pay on money you borrow, but how much you can earn on investments like certificates of deposit—and they can have broader implications, too. Cheaper rates mean it’s easier for both consumers and companies to borrow money. If consumers borrow, and spend more, that can provide a boost to the economy (assuming we don’t get in over our heads, which can have the opposite effect). And companies can use loans to expand their businesses and hire more employees, which can be good for their stock prices as well as the economy.
But if the economy expands too quickly, it can cause a jump in inflation—an increase in the price you pay for basic goods and services—which in turn makes your dollars less valuable. So the central bank is constantly weighing whether the economy is expanding fast enough or too quickly, as it decides whether to raise rates and take other actions.
The consumer price index, which measures the changes in the price level of a basket of common consumer goods and services, rose at a 2.5 percent rate from January 2016 to January 2017 and the CPI for February is expected to show inflation running closer to 3 percent. Trends like that, plus an increase in average wages and strong job growth numbers, indicate the economy is picking up and makes the Fed more likely to raise rates.
Generally, it’s good news if the Fed raises rates because it signals “a healthy and growing economy,” says Tom Cassidy, chief investment officer at Univest Wealth Management Division. “But the concern about rising rates is if they increase too fast, [they could put] the brakes on the economy, which could lead to a recession.”
Cassidy doesn’t expect that to happen, though, based on the Fed’s earlier statements that economic conditions will likely warrant only moderate increases in the federal funds rate.
Chris Cook, founder and CEO of Beacon Capital Management in Centerville, Ohio, points out that even with the December increase, the range is still near historic lows. And the Fed has indicated that any increases in 2017 should be “gradual.”
So what should you do in the meantime? Stay committed to your financial goals, including saving, investing and, especially, working to pay off debt—so you’ll be prepared as your debt becomes more expensive. Beyond that, don’t worry too much about the upcoming rate hikes.
“Capital markets occasionally go through gyrations based on interest rates, but the economy is actually doing quite well,” says Jeff Reeves, executive editor at InvestorPlace. The bottom line: “If you’re running a pension fund …the Fed’s next meeting matters. But if you’re a normal American, then just chill out.”
This story was updated in March 2017.
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Republican hopefuls, Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan, strongly believe that providing economic incentives for entrepreneurs is central to economic growth, so that government business regulations and taxes are harmful. This vision provides the central justification for many features of Ryan’s budget proposal, including lowering taxes on the wealthy and rejecting restrictions on small business decision-making.
Small business has always been a safety valve for men who did not excel in the educational system. Having access to capital from their family or social network, many men could open a business and expect to attain a middle-class standard of living. The big box stores, however, have constrained this option substantially so that the small business environment has increasingly become a place where dreams are unfulfilled. Even before the Great Recession, three-quarters of the 27 million businesses had annual sales of less than $100,000. Most disheartening, 93 and 85 percent of black and Latino/a owners, respectively, did not reach this sales level.
Unable to forestall this transformation, millions of frustrated small businessmen and their families have chosen to direct their anger at government. The Ryan-Romney rhetoric has increased this scapegoating and underpins the viciousness of many of the personal attacks on President Obama.
Romney and Ryan lionize individual entrepreneurship because it reflects the way they assess their own life stories. Both believe that their success was self made. It is why they reacted so strongly when President Obama claimed that entrepreneurs do not build their companies alone. Government provides the business supports, he argued, that create a healthy and productive business environment.
What is most troubling is that neither Romney nor Ryan considers the crucial role government funding plays in furthering economic growth. Ryan’s budget doesn’t simply slash funding to the most vulnerable people: the poor and the elderly. It slashes government funding for transportation infrastructure, research, job training, and general education. However important the entrepreneur is, without these building blocks, it is difficult to see how the United States can grow and prosper in an increasingly competitive world economy. Indeed, in the hi-tech sector, expanding the base of entrepreneurs with the necessary technical background requires a government supported first-class educational system.
Even if their own success was not aided by government, Romney and Ryan ignore their privileged backgrounds. They both came from families that provided sufficient social and financial capital for them to have opportunities that most individuals do not have.
Today, the vast majority of children live in families who have no wealth, outside of the dwindling equity in their homes, that can be used to fund their children’s education. Romney showed his insensitivity to this reality when, at a campaign rally in Ohio, he urged students to pursue entrepreneurship, even if it meant they would “borrow money, if you have to, from your parents.” By not investing in the necessary human and physical capital, the Romney-Ryan vision will not only reproduce the same class and race inequalities that exist today but will hinder the economic growth that we desperately need.
Robert Cherry is Brueklundian Professor in the Department of Economics at Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. He is the author of Moving Working Families Forward: Third Way Policies That Can Work (NYU Press, 2012).
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Is there evidence of the Conquest at Ai?
The following article is based on Dr. Aardsma's book A New Approach to the Chronology of Biblical History from Abraham to Samuel. A more thorough discussion can be found there.
Et-Tell, the Remains of Ai
Ai was the second city Joshua's army attacked during the Conquest. The ruins of this city are a mound known to archaeology as et-Tell. A few individuals have questioned this identification, motivated by the fact that the archaeology at et-Tell at the traditional date for the Conquest does not fit the biblical account of the Conquest at all. However, the geography and topography of et-Tell closely match the biblical description of Ai.
The Bible records in Joshua chapter 8 that the Israelites defeated Ai, killed its 120,000 inhabitants, and burned the city. This event would leave a clear destruction layer. Dr. Aardsma's chronology places the Conquest ca. 2400 B.C., a full thousand years earlier than the traditional date of the Conquest. Does the archaeology at et-Tell at 2400 B.C. fit the biblical account of the Conquest?
An Overview of Ai's History
According to biblical archaeology,
Et-Tell was a city of 27.5a. [acres], settled in the Early Bronze Age IB (c. 3310 BCE) and occupied until the Early Bronze Age IIIB (c. 2400 BCE), at which time it was destroyed and abandoned. At the beginning of the Iron Age I (c. 1220 BCE), a 2.5-a. unwalled village was established on the acropolis area of the acient ruin. It was occupied until about 1050 BCE, and then abandoned. It was never resettled. [Callaway, Joseph A. "Ai" The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land ed. Ephraim Stern. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.]
In the figure above, the solid horizontal lines represent periods of time during which Ai was an unwalled town. The rectangle represents time during which Ai was a walled city. The letters A and B mark the conventional (early and late) dates for the Conquest. The letter C marks the date of the Conquest according to Dr. Aardsma's biblical chronology.
This summary of Ai's history clearly contradicts the idea that the Conquest happened ca. 1400 B.C., the traditional date. It is not hard to see why Ai has been a problem for traditional biblical chronology. The city was uninhabited for 1,000 years prior to ca. 1400 B.C., when traditional biblical chronology says Joshua destroyed the city. On the contrary, the archaeology from et-Tell fits very well with the Bible's account at Aardsma's date of 2400 B.C.
The Destruction Layer
Joshua 8:28 records: "So Joshua burned Ai and made it a heap forever, a desolation until this day" (NASB). The Bible clearly indicates that the city was burned when it was destroyed by Joshua. Judith Marquet-Krause conducted extensive excavations at et-Tell in the 1930's. She reported (original reference in French; translation by Mark Aardsma):
The city dated back to the dawn of the Early Bronze and had been destroyed at the end of this same period, or at the very beginning of the Middle Bronze by a violent fire. [Marquet-Krause, Judith Les Fouilles de 'Ay (et-Tell), 1933-1935 (Bibliotheque Archeologique et Hisorique 45) Paris: 1949, 14.]
The Heap of Stones
The Bible goes on to record, in Joshua 8:29 (NASB):
And he hanged the King of Ai on a tree until evening; and at sunset Joshua gave command and they took his body down from the tree, and threw it at the entrance of the city gate, and raised over it a great heap of stones that stands to this day.
Judith Marquet-Krause recorded the following paragraphs in her report on her excavation at Ai (translated from French):
The discovery of the sanctuary was the unexpected result of a long and difficult labor. Situated to the South-West of the palace, on a less elevated piece of ground, the site completely disappeared beneath a 6 meter [over 19 feet] high heap of stones, covering a more or less circular area of about 20 ares [.5 acre]. This heap made me think of a tower dominating the view to the South-West.
Until most of the other remains were found, almost at the surface of the soil, it was difficult to foresee if the transport of that heap of stones would reward our effort. But, during the previous work, one characteristic attracted our attention: all heaps of stones cover over some intact, ancient, remains. With an average of 80 to 100 men, lasting one long month, we were relentless to transport the stones. Cleared of the rubbish, a 5000-year-old sanctuary, associated with a Citadel, offered itself to our eyes with its set of religious furniture scattered on the ground. [Marquet-Krause, Judith Les Fouilles de 'Ay (et-Tell), 1933-1935 (Bibliotheque Archeologique et Hisorique 45) Paris: 1949, 16.]
This heap of stones is a most exciting and persuasive piece of evidence.
There is clear archaeological evidence from et-Tell of the biblical Conquest at Ai. The evidence was not recognized by the original excavators, however, because the traditional biblical chronology upon which they were relying misdated the Conquest by a full millennium.
The foregoing article was based on Dr. Aardsma's book A New Approach to the Chronology of Biblical History from Abraham to Samuel. A more thorough discussion can be found there.
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Direction of future development of alloy wheels
1. casting aluminum wheel: 1.1 casting aluminum wheel of material casting aluminum wheel used A356 casting aluminum grades, by melting casting, will solid of aluminum ingots into liquid of aluminum water, by pouring to mold type cavity, get aluminum wheel shape, again by solid dissolved quenching artificial limitation of heat treatment, makes manufacturing aluminum wheel of material mechanical performance strength can meet General passenger cars on wheel products of requirements. Cast aluminum-alloy wheels are the material requirements: tensile strength 260mpa 180mpa yield strength and elongation of 7% However, for casting reasons, due to cooling of castings have different will have mechanical properties vary greatly in different parts. Spoke of extending only below 4%, and the elongation of the rim is about 10%. Casting production of aluminum alloy wheel can only be used in passenger cars.
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Economist (12/02/04) Vol. 373, No. 8404, P. 35
Peer-to-peer (P2P) networking technology is the Internet evolved, say proponents who also worry about legal concerns. The music recording industry has already successfully shut down Napster and is currently lobbying to outlaw P2P technology; movie and music firms have also asked the Supreme Court to hold P2P software firms liable for copyright infringement committed using their products; and the Justice Department has suggested P2P networks could be used by terrorists. Yet P2P innovation continues as small firms and open-source groups develop more uses, including super-efficient voice calls, workplace collaboration, and distributed data storage. P2P networks are actually closer to what the Internet was intended to be--a network of equal peers that was not reliant on centralized services. The Internet today is more like "television with packets" with a hub-and-spoke distribution system, says technology consultant Clay Shirky. P2P traffic consumes a huge amount of Internet resources, some of it legal but most of it for illegally shared copyrighted works. P2P network-services firm CacheLogic estimates that more than half of all Internet traffic is actually P2P activity, and that the BitTorrent application alone makes up 35 percent of all Internet traffic; BitTorrent is an open-source program that up-ends many traditional assumptions about the Internet, including the idea that popularity means bandwidth penalties. With BitTorrent, users pass around small pieces of large files in a system called swarming, and users that share more content are rewarded with faster connections. Meanwhile, many legal P2P distribution services are emerging, including LionShare, a Penn State University program for globally distributing academic information; Red Swoosh, a network set up to legal distribute copyrighted content; and the Internet Archive, a non-profit Internet archive of digital content that uses five P2P systems to manage bandwidth efficiently and inexpensively.
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Free Newsletters - Space - Defense - Environment - Energy
by Staff Writers
Helsinki, Finland (SPX) Nov 11, 2013
With more than a billion cows around the world, an immense amount of dung is produced each day. Most of these droppings will evidently disappear, as the world is still green rather than brown. Now a team of scientists have joined forces with local volunteers to find out who decomposes the most of it in Finland, Northern Europe.
The largest part of a dung pat is broken down by microbes alone, or just evaporates as the pat dries out. About one-eighth (13%) is removed by small animals, mostly insects and other invertebrates.
Not all of these animals are equal: Of all the bugs making a living off the dung, large tunnelling Dor beetles in the genus Geotrupes removed dung twice as fast as did smaller dung-dwelling beetles and earthworms.
Climate proved to have an equally strong effect on dung disappearance as does dung-eating animals.
Citizen scientists did the job
Clearly, no single team of professional scientists could work at this scale. To achieve it, the team used the approach of citizen science.
"Citizen science is about having non-scientists joining in the research process. Together we can then form the big picture" explains Riikka Kaartinen, who kept the whole project together.
Strength in numbers
"What we did was to take citizen science one step further, by moving from 'just' observing nature to manipulating something, to excluding certain groups of animals" says Tomas Roslin, the leader of the research group. "Changing something and looking at the consequences, that is the gist of experimental science."
"The thing to learn here is that we can do so much more if we just think outside of the scientists' box", adds Tomas. "In citizen science, our own imagination is really the hardest limit to what we can do together."
Kaartinen, R., Hardwick, B., and Roslin, T. 2013. Using citizen scientists to measure an ecosystem service nationwide. Ecology 94: 2645-2652.
University of Helsinki
Farming Today - Suppliers and Technology
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Showing 1–12 of 12 results.
This worksheet guides students to make connections between Confirmation in the Eastern and Western Churches.
On this worksheet, students identify the Scripture passages associated with the various parts of the Blessing of the Water used at the Easter Vigil.
This worksheet guides students to make connections between the Mass and a special meal or tradition in their family.
This worksheet helps students to explore the meaning of “the Word” in John’s Gospel and throughout Scripture.
This handout provides several short activities for students to complete as they learn about the symbolism of the Book of Revelation.
This partner worksheet helps students draw connections between Old Testament passage about the Passover and New Testament passages about the Mass.
Everyone knows what it feels like to be on the inside and the outside of a group of people. Fill in the statements below, and then write a prayer to Jesus asking for his help when you are an outsider …
Next to each phrase from the Lord’s Prayer, write another version of the phrase, using more current language or simply putting the words in a different way.
Read the Gospel passages below, and write a summary statement or two about what Jesus tells us about prayer.
Brainstorm personal family issues that are of concern to you as well as any issues that may be troubling your friends. Using the outline below as a guide, write a personal intercessory prayer in the blank space.
Describe the kind of promises that are made in the following areas, giving several examples for each one.
A worksheet for students to list the places they go to pray to God, listen to God, talk to God, and wait for God.
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The impact on climate from 200 years of industrial development is an everyday fact of life, but did humankind’s active involvement in climate change really begin with the industrial revolution, as commonly believed? Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum has sparked lively scientific debate since it was first published — arguing that humans have actually been changing the climate for some 8,000 years — as a result of the earlier discovery of agriculture.
The “Ruddiman Hypothesis” will spark intense debate. We learn that the impact of farming on greenhouse-gas levels, thousands of years before the industrial revolution, kept our planet notably warmer than if natural climate cycles had prevailed — quite possibly forestalling a new ice age.
Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum is the first book to trace the full historical sweep of human interaction with Earth’s climate. Ruddiman takes us through three broad stages of human history: when nature was in control; when humans began to take control, discovering agriculture and affecting climate through carbon dioxide and methane emissions; and, finally, the more recent human impact on climate change. Along the way he raises the fascinating possibility that plagues, by depleting human populations, also affected reforestation and thus climate — as suggested by dips in greenhouse gases when major pandemics have occurred. While our massive usage of fossil fuels has certainly contributed to modern climate change, Ruddiman shows that industrial growth is only part of the picture. The book concludes by looking to the future and critiquing the impact of special interest money on the global warming debate. In the afterword, Ruddiman explores the main challenges posed to his hypothesis, and shows how recent investigations and findings ultimately strengthen the book’s original claims.
Awards and Recognition
- Winner of the 2006 Book Award in Science, Phi Beta Kappa
"[A]n excellent book summarizing and placing in context the age-old influence of humans on atmospheric composition, climate and global warming."—Nature
"If you're not familiar with Ruddiman's hypothesis, you should be. . . . Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum is excellent reading for scientist and nonscientist alike."—James White, Science
"Ruddiman's argument makes it clear that there is no 'natural' baseline of climate in the late Holocene from which to reckon the human impact of the past two centuries."—Wolfgang H. Berger, American Scientist
"What is most remarkable about Ruddiman's work is the evidence it provides for an initial disruption to the climate system that occurred long before the industrial revolution—around 8,000 years ago. . . . Ruddiman's realisation that the gaseous composition of Earth's atmosphere is an exquisitely sensitive barometer of changes to life itself represents a great breakthrough."—Tim Flannery, Guardian
"William Ruddiman's provocative but plausible conclusion is that the economic behavior of humans began to profoundly influence global climate roughly 8000 years ago. . . . Ruddiman's book has already begun to spark an important debate—a debate which economic historians should be eager to follow and join."—Robert Whaples, EH.net
"This well-written book does a great job of summarizing complex topics through simple calculations and examples, and provides the right balance of cultural background and scientific data."—Matthew S. Lachniet, Geotimes
"The book by Ruddiman is very enjoyable and easy to read. It also takes quite a unique perspective on the relationship between human societies and climate. For Ruddiman, rather than the climate being a determinant of the course of human events, the argument is turned on its head making human economic behavior a cause of climate change, even well into distant antiquity."—Arlene Miller Rosen, Nature and Culture
"Ruddiman's short book is an excellent primer on the various influences on global climate. He explains scientific concepts clearly and accessibly, and his melding of climate science and human history is fascinating. For these reasons alone, the book is worth reading."—Erik M. Conway, Journal of the History of Biology
"Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum is a primer on natural variations in Earth's climate and on how human activity is having even more of an impact. While some readers might find it disturbing that people have been influencing the planet's climate for millennia, others may be even more alarmed to think about climate changes yet to come."—S. Perkins, Science News
"[Ruddiman] reviews the ongoing debate about future climate change and provides a balanced and judicious assessment of the challenges ahead. This book offers valuable new insights into one of the world's most demanding environmental challenges."—Population and Development Review
"The book is instructive and refreshingly non-technical in its prose. It also offers insight to historians as to how they might think about scientific and environmental processes . . . And draw on these materials to write history. . . . Given our contemporary industrial capacity, it rises some serious questions and concerns over the fragility of the physical environment and our relationship with it."—Michael Egan, Left History
"Contentious though they are, Ruddiman's arguments are never mere speculation. The book does an excellent job explaining the basic atmospheric science behind glacial cycles, and it presents convincing quantitative evidence of past atmospheric changes, pointing out the likely role of anthropogenic deforestation and agriculture in the late Holocene. The author's credentials as an established climate scientist lend further weight to the theory."—Sam White, Technology and Culture
"Bill Ruddiman's provocative suggestion of early human influence on the atmosphere will draw fire. But I stand with Ruddiman: the simultaneous upward departures of CO2 and CH4 from climate indicators, unique in 420,000 years, is probably an early footprint of humankind."—James Hansen, Director of NASA's Goddard Institute of Space Studies
"First came Rats, Lice and History—next, Guns, Germs, and Steel. Now we have Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum, a book sure to inspire further thinking about the nature of anthropogenic climate change. Even those who question Ruddiman's central thesis—that pre-industrial humans caused enough climate change to head off a minor glaciation—will find that it serves as a great organizing principle for a thoroughly delightful and accessible romp through the physics of climate."—Ray Pierrehumbert, Professor of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago
"Bill Ruddiman has long been considered one of the world's top paleoclimatologists. In Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum, he caps a career at the cutting edge with a great new scientific debate. The book makes for good reading, too. Humans have a long record of altering their climate system and are now changing the climate system like never before. What's more, we're doing it knowingly."—Jonathan T. Overpeck, Director, Institute for the Study of Planet Earth and Professor of Geosciences, University of Arizona
"Plows, Plagues, and Petroleum boldly and creatively revisits the role of humans in climate change. Progress in science requires innovation, and when dealing with science, Ruddiman is world-class. This book is certain to be controversial, but even if all the bold new ideas presented here don't survive intact, it will have substantially moved our dialogue on the Earth forward and focused a bright light on the role of humans—for better or for worse—in taking control over our planet."—Stephen H. Schneider, Melvin and Joan Lane Professor for Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Co-Director, Center for Environmental Science & Policy at the Stanford Institute for International Studies, Stanford University
"Bill Ruddiman, one of the giants of climate history, presents a controversial hypothesis for early human influence on Earth. Our ancestors clearly altered their environment in many ways, and Ruddiman proposes that humans even affected the composition of the atmosphere. Vigorous research is testing this new idea, and should lead to an improved understanding of the world, and of ourselves."—Richard Alley, Evan Pugh Professor of Geosciences, Pennsylvania State University, author of The Two-Mile Time Machine
"This book represents a major and welcome endeavor to bridge the gap between the sciences and history. The two are brought together to achieve a greater understanding of climate change, which seems to be of increasing importance to our species. Few persons could accomplish these goals, but Ruddiman does so, and he does it well."—David C. Smith, Professor Emeritus of History at the Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, author of H. G. Wells: Desperately Mortal
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The Baroque era heralded several major changes to opera as a genre in both French and Italian culture. The Italian opera demonstrated a clear case of style dominating over substance. For instance, the number of voices used in arias was increased significantly to 4–8, as in Giovanni Gabrielli’s In Ecclesiis. The number of instruments used in the opera was reduced, however; for example, the organ was removed, as in Bach’s Cantata BWV 147.
The French opera, in its turn, displayed the tendency to incorporate various “vocal elements” into a single entity, therefore, creating an ode to harmony, as Lully’s Armada shows. In addition, the French opera was growing at a much steadier pace, with a “more balanced” progress. As a result, both the text and the music developed in a harmonic manner. The addition of female voices, which could be traced clearly in the operas such as Giacomo Carissimi’s Jepthe, can also be viewed as a huge step in the right direction.
Recitative and Arias
A stronger emphasis on the recitatives as one of the key elements of oratories, such as recitatives in Lully’s Armide, can also be considered the staple of the era. At this point, one must mention that the introduction of recitatives into operas occurred due to the influence of the Italian tradition (recitative secco, to be more specific). As a result, the innovation had to undergo a major change in order to become a part and parcel of the French opera. In Italy, in its turn, laments became an integral part of opera, as Dorinda’s lamenting in Handel’s Orlando shows.
The same could be said about the evolution of arias in the French and the Italian opera; despite minor discrepancies in the process of introduction of the general audience to the phenomenon of arias, the common features, such as the strong influence of the United Kingdom and its culture could be traced rather easily. However, a very clear line still could be drawn between the French and the Italian arias, the latter bearing distinct dryness. Bach’s Cantata BWV 127 had an obvious impact on both the French and the Italian operas’ evolution.
The Italian opera demonstrated a change in the harmonies over the bass line, which Handel proves rather clearly with his Orlando. In addition, the Italian composers were among the first ones to introduce the opera to the idea of mixing the choir and the instruments. In addition, the Italian opera featured a variety of instruments, therefore, opening new opportunities for experimenting with the style; specifically, violins, organs continuo, cornets, trombones, etc., as in In Ecclesiis by Gabrieli. The French opera, on the opposite, seemed to be reserved in its expressivity and the array of instruments included in the music pieces. Rameau’s Les Indes Galantes is a prime example of this innovation, with its chamber orchestra consisting mainly of string players, and with the simple melody of the refrain.
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Squat is an exercise that combines many muscle groups, and that is simulated as “the king of exercises”. So, we should also learn more about this exercise, because understanding the mechanical structure of the Squat exercise will help you reduce injury and improve efficiency.
You can easily realize that any fitness lesson cannot be missed with the Squat exercise – the prince of the exercises. Because of its popularity, the more we have to understand how it works.
Stretch and shrink
When bearing the thigh, the operation process is divided into two phases. The contraction stage is the stage when the muscle exerts force to overcome the resistance, which in turn causes movement and this is when you stand up. Stress is the muscle phase under pressure, but not greater than the opposite force. Then, the muscle will relax, this is when you lower your body. In the Squat exercise with the participation of many joints and muscles, stretching plays the role of “braking” to reduce the speed of movement, while protecting the body from injury.
The regions involved in the Squat exercise
Both the up and down stages of the Squat exercise use both the large and small muscles of the lower body. These muscles include the anterior thigh muscles (also called quadriceps muscles), the back thigh muscles, large gluteal muscles, inner leg muscles and external leg muscles, posterior tibialis and countless other muscles in the foot area and ankle. Only in one movement that mobilizes too much capital is needed for daily living, Squat exercise is considered the best exercise to improve the quality of life.
Stress phase (Lowering people)
At this stage, gravity generates a strong pulling force. If you carry extra weight, the bigger the gravity. To counteract gravity as well as protect the joint from injury, the big buttocks as well as the rear thigh muscles relax at the hip area, the anterior thigh muscles relax at the knee, and the leg muscles, folds and tibial muscles first relax in the ankles. When these muscles relax, they create a force to control the speed and range of the stretch phase.
Shrinking stage (Raising people up)
In contrast to the stretch period, during this period, the upper muscle groups instead of stretching out to shrink to create force against gravity, lift the body up. The contraction rate occurs at the same time to ensure joint safety, avoiding injuries while rotating the legs. Because the big buttock muscles and the back thigh muscles attach to the pelvis, the abdominal muscles and lower back muscles in the upper body will create a contraction force to fix the pelvis and keep the upper body still.
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Cerebral Palsy (CP) was named by William Osler, a reputable Canadian physician and one of the four founding professors of John Hopkins Hospital. It was coined from Cerebral Child-Paralysis and has since been used to describe motor (movement) disorders in children. Cerebral Palsy or CP, a neurological condition, is a group of movement disorders that affect children in early childhood mostly during pregnancy, childbirth or shortly after birth. It is a permanent abnormal development or damage to the parts of the developing brain responsible for movement, balance and posture.
In the United states of America Cerebral Palsy is the most commonly diagnosed childhood motor disability with around 10,000 babies born each year with it. In Africa, an estimation of about 2-10 Cerebral palsy cases in every 1000 births is recorded yearly.
Types of Cerebral Palsy
There are 4 different types of Cerebral Palsy depending on the kind of damage or abnormal development that occurred and they are usually characterized by different symptoms.
Spastic Cerebral Palsy or Spasticity: this involves some parts of the body including arms and legs and is characterized by high muscle tone resulting in tightness or stiffness of the affected muscles. Movement for someone with Spastic Cerebral palsy is stiff and jerky. It is the most common type of this neurological condition. It is further classified into 3 based on the body parts that are most affected. An example is spastic diplegia also called little’s disease which affects the lower extremities of the body. The others are Hemiplegia and Quadriplegia.
Ataxic Cerebral Palsy or Ataxia: This involves every part of the body and is characterized by poor balance and coordination. This is the least common type of cerebral palsy. The child with this type has difficulty with fine motor skills like reaching for objects, tying shoelaces, unsteady walking and so on.
Dyskinesia: also involving every part of the body, it is characterized by uncontrollable movements. It is also known as Athetoid cerebral palsy. The brain injury occurs in a part of the brain responsible for voluntary movement known as the basal ganglia. In this case the child cannot make his muscles move the way he wants them to.
Mixed Cerebral Palsy: mostly a combination of two or more of the other types of cerebral palsy.
Children or adults with cerebral palsy often have disabilities ranging from mild to severe depending on the type. Some of them include:
- Absence of or delayed growth milestones like rolling over, crawling, sitting up or walking.
- Stiff or weak muscles, tremors (involuntary movements)
- Walking difficulties.
- Trouble with coordination.
- Hearing, sensation, speaking and vision Impairments.
- Drooling and difficulty in swallowing
- Learning difficulties
- Seizures or Epilepsy
- Behavioral and emotional challenges
Risk factors are occurrences that increase the chances of developing a disease condition. The factors that increase the risk of a child having Cerebral Palsy are
- Premature birth: a baby born before 28 weeks of pregnancy is prone to Cerebral Palsy. The earlier the birth of the baby, the higher the chances of developing CP.
- Multiple babies (twin, triplets): when more than one child is sharing the uterus, it increases the risk. The risk is further increased when one of them dies.
- Infections during pregnancy: some infections like Toxoplasmosis caused by a parasite found in contaminated food when ingested by the mother can increase the risk of her pregnant child having Cerebral Palsy. Syphilis, a sexually transmitted bacteria and Herpes which can be transferred from mother to child, affecting the womb and placenta also increases the chances to the child developing cerebral palsy. Rubella (German Measles) if found in the mother is also a risk factor.
- Difficult delivery: the risk of Cerebral Palsy is increased when there are difficulties like the baby being in the Breech position, the feet-first position instead of headfirst at the beginning of labour. Another difficulty that can occur is when the brain does not get enough oxygen during labor, although this is not a high-risk factor of Cerebral palsy.
- Head Trauma: when a newborn has an accident or has a fall that affects the brain or causes an injury to the brain, the baby is very likely to have cerebral palsy.
- Low Birth Weight: babies born at 2.5kg or below are at increased risk of having cerebral palsy. The lower the birth weight, the higher the risk.
Prevention of Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy cannot outrightly be prevented but the risks of your child having it can be lowered b having ample information and being careful and cautious.
- Avoid taking harmful on unprescribed substances during pregnancy
- Get vaccinated against risk infections like rubella
- Visit your obstetrician for regular checkups during pregnancy to ward off or quickly dispel any infections and to screen you for possible complications during pregnancy
Cerebral Palsy is not curable. However, the damage is not progressive as it does not worsen overtime as the child grows into adulthood. People with this condition would naturally need support from family and friends to help them live as normally as possible depending on the type of cerebral palsy. Apart from the Medications that would be given to children diagnosed with cerebral palsy, a number of specialists are also required; Cerebral palsy does not kill, a lot of children with this condition grow up to live independently as adults depending on the severity of disabilities it causes. Some may have to live on the support and care of their family forever. However, some complications of cerebral palsy may be life threatening if not properly managed. For instance, difficulty in swallowing may cause malnutrition and is a risk factor for other deficiencies and lowered immunity against infections. Generally, when well-managed, a child with cerebral palsy can have the same life expectancy as other children.
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- slide 1 of 3
Essential Facts about Swine Flu
- Swine flu is a highly infectious strain of the influenza virus.
- The 2009 outbreak was first identified in Mexico in April 2009.
- Swine flu belongs to the same group of viruses that are responsible for regular flu outbreaks in humans. They are given the "H1N1" designation, although swine flu is caused by different strains. The letters "H" and "N" stand for two proteins found on the surface of the virus - hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N).
- Hemagglutinin is a spike-shaped protein that binds to host cells. Neuraminidase ensures the virus doesn't get stuck when it leaves infected cells.
- Swine flu spreads in the same way as seasonal flu - from person-to-person. It is caught through coughing and sneezing when infected drops are expelled and either inhaled or caught by contact with contaminated surfaces.
- The virus was originally called "swine flu" because it is thought to have originated in pigs, and some its genes are similar to the genes of the influenza viruses that affect pigs. The latest version also contains genes that are found in strains that infect birds.
- On June 11th, 2009 the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared that a swine flu pandemic is underway. A pandemic means that it has spread around the globe.
- Flu pandemics are natural events that occur intermittently. During the last century there were pandemics in 1918, 1957, and 1968.
- Typical symptoms of swine flu are similar to those of seasonal flu and include - fever, cough, sore throat, aches and chills.
- For most people infection with swine flu is mild and 98% of infected persons recover.
- Certain groups are known to be at higher risk including people with underlying serious health problems, pregnant women and the elderly.
- By November 27th 2009 at least 7,826 people are known to have died following infection with H1N1 since it emerged the previous April.
- slide 2 of 3
Additional Swine Flu Info
According to the World Health Organization (June 2009) there are no known cases of people becoming infected after coming into contact with pigs or other animals.
Why are people so concerned about swine flu?
Seasonal flu viruses change every year and most people will have some form of immunity to them. However, even though recovery from swine flu is generally very good the concern is due to the fact that it is a new virus that people will have little or no immunity to. Therefore the incidence of infections could be much greater than seasonal flu.
- slide 3 of 3
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- Blount syndrome
- Blount-Barber syndrome
Syndrome characterized by osteochondrosis, which affects the upper tibial epiphysis in children, causing progressive bowing of one or both legs in childhood. In the infantile type, the deformity appear before the age of 8 years and is usually bilateral; otherwise there is normal development, except for some overweight. The bowing is evident as an abrupt angulation with the apex laterally, just below the knee. The changes may appear as a developmental exaggeration with sloping epiphysis and beaklike recurving metaphysis. In the adolescent type, a similar deformity may occur in one side after the age of 8 years. Most cases are sporadic but involvement of successive generations has been recorded. Blount's is the familial type, transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait.
In 1922 Philipp Erlacher documented progressive deformity of the upper end of the tibia, using the term "tibia vara" in his text. Blount in 1937 reported 13 children with a form of bow legs which he termed "osteochondrosis deformans tibiae". The condition was the consequence of deformation of the upper medical tibial epiphyses and metaphyses but the aetiology was unknown. Blount retained a life-long interest in the disorder, and in 1966, 30 years after his original paper he wrote a review of the condition in the authoritative Current Practice of Orthopaedic Surgery. Carroll Glenn Barber (born 1895) in 1939 and 1942 further advanced the concept of this syndrome.
Although Erlacher-Blount syndrome is supposedly rare, the infantile form is common amongst the indigenous population of South Africa. Indeed, in a 10-year period, more than 300 affected children were treated in the Barangwanath Hospital, Johannesburg (Bathfield and Beighton 1978).
We thank Mats Geijer, M. D., Iowa, USA, for information submitted.
- P. Erlacher:
Deformierende Prozesse der Epiphysengegend bei Kindern.
Archiv für orthopädische und Unfall-Chirurgie, München, 1922, 20: 81-96.
- W. P. Blount:
Tibia vara: osteochondrosis deformans tibiae.
Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Boston, 1937, 19: 1-29. Tibia vara: osteochondrosis deformans tibiae.
Current Practice of Orthopaedic Surgery, 1966. Volume 3, page 141. Mosby Co., St. Louis, Illinois.
- C. G. Barber:
Osteochondrosis deformans tibiae. Nonrachitic bow leg in children.
American Journal of Diseases of Children, Chicago, 1942, 64: 831-842.
- C. A. Bathfield, P. H. Beighton:
Blount disease. A review of etiological factors in 110 patients.
Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, Philadelphia, 1978, 135: 29-33.
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This fish was originally described as Cantharus nigromaculatus by Lesueur in 1829. This name was later
changed to the currently valid Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur 1829). The genus name, Pomoxis, is derived
from the Greek "poma, -atos" and "oxys" meaning sharp operculum. The species name, nigromaculatus, is derived
from Latin and translated as "black spotted".
Common English names include black crappie, calico bass, crappie, crawpie, grass bass, moonfish, oswego bass, shiner, speck, speckled bass, and strawberry bass. Other common names are kalikoabborre (Swedish), marigane noire (French Canadian), mustapilkkuahven (Finnish), perca-prateada (Portuguese), sort crappie (Danish), svart solabbor (Norwegian), and svart solabborre (Swedish).
As is the case with many popular sport fish, the range of the black crappie has been greatly expanded through stocking.
Its original range covered most of the eastern half of the United States, excluding the eastern coastal region from Virginia
northward through New England. As a result of introductions, black crappie presently may be found throughout much of the U.S.,
including the northeastern seaboard and in the west.
World distribution map for the black crappie - original range. This range
has been extended as a result of introductions throughout much of the U.S.
The black crappie has a distinct preference for clear water, while the related white crappie has no such preference. The black crappie appears to prefer areas with an abundance of aquatic vegetative cover with sand and mud bottoms such as in many ponds, lakes, streams, and sloughs. This fish may also be present in reservoirs if the preferred habitat preferences are present.
- · Distinctive Features
courtesy U.S. EPA
This fish has the deep and laterally compressed body that is commonly associated with panfish. The head is small and the
back is arched. The black crappie has a fairly large mouth which may be indicative of its piscivorous (fish eating) feeding
habits. The upper jaw extends below the eye. The dorsal and anal fins are large and appear almost identical in shape.
The white crappie is sometimes confused with the black crappie
The closely related white crappie (P. annularis) is very similar in appearance to the black crappie. However, the
white crappie may be distinguished from the black crappie by two characteristics: 1) the white crappie has 5-6 dorsal spines
while the black crappie has 7-8 spines; 2) the white crappie has dark pigment on its sides oriented as vertical, mottled
stripes while the black crappie often has more of this black pigment and is mottled more evenly over the entire body of the
- · Coloration
The black crappie has dark, black mottling on a silvery-gray to white body color. During the breeding season, it may be primarily black in coloration with flecks of iridescent blue and green. The dorsal, anal, and caudal fins are marked with rows of dark spots.
- ·Size, Age, and Growth
Black crappies grow to a maximum total length of 19.3 inches
The maximum length reported for a black crappie is 19.3 inches (49.0 cm) total length (TL) and the maximum published
weight is just under 6 pounds (2.72 kg). This species is known to live at least 15 years.
courtesy U.S. Geological Survey
During the first four years of life, young black crappies grow quickly in the warm waters of the southern US while growth is slower in cooler northern U.S. waters. Black crappies reach maturity at 2-4 years of age.
- · Food Habits
The black crappie feeds early in the morning from midnight to approximately 2:00am. Individuals less than 6.3 inches (16 cm) in length feed on planktonic crustaceans and dipterous larvae while larger fish feed on small fishes such as shad and minnows.
- · Reproduction
Black crappies spawn during the spring and summer months of March to July, depending upon water temperatures and
latitudes. Female crappies may produce up to 188,000 eggs with an average number of approximately 40,000, depending on
the size and age of the female. The eggs are spherical with a single oil globule. Each egg measures approximately 0.93mm
in diameter. Nests are excavated by the male on substrates of sand, gravel, or mud in close proximity to shoreline
vegetation. After spawning occurs, the male guards the nest until the eggs hatch, usually within 2-3 days. Newly
hatched larvae measure approximately 2.32 mm in length and appear translucent with very little pigmentation. They
remain in the nest, under the protection of the male for a period of several days. Upon leaving the nest, the larvae
move to quiet, shallow, vegetated water and take shelter from predators.
- · Predators
- Large piscivorous fish are potential predators of the black crappie. Predaceous
aquatic insects along with a host of other predators likely prey upon young black crappie.
- · Parasites
The monogenes Haplocleidus dispar and Cleidodiscus vancleavei have been reported as parasites of the black crappie.
Importance to Humans
The black crappie is an important fish in recreational and commercial fisheries. Crappies have the distinction of being among the most palatable species of freshwater fishes. Their flesh is light-colored and has little of the "fishy" flavor, which some people find distasteful. During the spring, crappies may be caught in great numbers. "Fish fries", featuring crappie as the main course, are popular gatherings among anglers of fish camps throughout the black crappie's range. Crappies are often displayed in public aquaria facilities.
Although not as popular as the largemouth bass or rainbow trout, crappies are highly prized game fish. They may be caught on artificial lures and live bait. Small, light-colored feather jigs are among the popular lures in the crappie angler's arsenal. These jigs may be cast and retrieved, fished with free-lined jigging motion over submerged structure, or fished beneath a bobber. Crappie may also be taken in deep water by trolling diving or sinking plugs. In the shallows, anglers catch many fish on small spinners, spoons, and other minnow-imitating baits.
Black crappies are prized game fish
courtesy U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
For anglers preferring live bait, the minnow is the overwhelming favorite. Minnows are generally captive bred and may be purchased from bait at appropriate sizes ranging from 1-4 inches (2.5-10.1 cm) in length. Live bait fishing methods include fishing the minnow under a bobber on a light, medium-sized hook. Minnows may also be fished in deeper water by slow trolling with or without a bobber.
Whichever method is chosen, the angler must take care when setting the hook when crappie fishing. Crappie have notoriously thin mouth membranes. With too strong of a hook set or too stiff a rod, the hook may tear through the thin membrane.
Danger to Humans
The black crappie is omnivorous, and without predators around they tend to overpopulate their habitat. This causes an increase in competition and can lead to stunting their own species' population growth as well as those of other species.
Due to their reproductive capability and range expansion (through introductions), the black crappie can be safely harvested under reasonable regulations without permanent damage to the fishery.
The black crappie is not listed as endangered or vulnerable with the World Conservation Union (IUCN). The IUCN is a global union of states, governmental agencies, and non-governmental organizations in a partnership that assesses the conservation status of species.
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There are a number of relatively independent base band processing units and carrier processing units in the system. The working frequency carrier of each carrier processing unit is fixed, the service information of each communication path is processed by fixed base band unit, and then the processed information is transferred to carrier units of different frequency carriers for processing and transmitting through bus structure according to time sequence and specific frequency hopping principles. This hopping mode is called “base band hopping”.
In base band hopping, each transmitter works at a fixed frequency, the bursts of the same voice channel are sent into respective transmitters under control for switching based on base band signal. Since the frequency of each transceiver is fixed, no change is needed on the combiner, while both broadband combiner and cavity combiner can be used.
The maximum numbers of hopping frequencies are limited by the number of TRX. The problem of base band hopping is that if one TRX board failed, the corresponding code will be lost and the communication performance will be affected.
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Tracing Immigrants Origin Military RecordsEdit This Page
From FamilySearch Wiki
For most countries, military records provide—
- The birthplace or place of residence.
- Names of parent(s), wife, or both.
- Physical description.
- Rank, promotions, and military service.
Military records can be a valuable tool for learning the origins of emigrants. However, most military records are not indexed, and they are often inaccessible or organized in a way that makes research impractical.
Military Service before Emigration. Military service was required of most young men in many countries. Although some emigrants left to avoid serving in the military, most emigrated after fulfilling their military duty. For this reason, and because they are usually kept by country, military records are often an excellent place to seek an emigrant's origin if you know only the country. For example, many British soldiers moved to Canada after their discharge. These records are in British sources. Many European military records have been microfilmed, including thousands of rolls of Austrian Empire records from the Vienna War Archives. The Austrian records include 673 rolls of individual muster sheets.
Generally you must know the soldier's regiment to search the records. Family records, such as photographs and certificates of military release, may prove an emigrant was in the military and identify which regiment. A useful reference for determining which British regiments were in certain places at certain times is—
Kitzmiller, John. In Search of the Forlorn Hope. 2 vols. Salt Lake City, Utah: Manuscript Publishing Co., 1988. (FHL book 942 M2kj.)
Emigration During Military Service. Some emigrants settled in a new country during or immediately after serving there in their homeland's military. Local histories may identify immigrants as former soldiers. In such cases, search the military records of the country of origin, specifically looking for references to deserters. A growing number of such references are being published. An excellent example is—
Hessische Truppen in Amerikanischen Unabhängigkeitskreig (HETRINA) [Hessian Troops in the American Revolution]. 6 vols. Marburg, Germany: Institut für Archivwissenschaft, 1972-87. (FHL book 973 M2mg.)
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(Updated: Nov. 8, 5:05 p.m. ET)
Tuesday’s election ushered in a new historical era for gay rights as residents in Maine, Maryland and Washington became the first voters to approve same-sex marriage initiatives.
Same-sex marriage initiatives have appeared more than 30 times in various elections since 1998, but these victories represent the first time the issue has been approved by the voters.
Chad Griffin, president of the Human Rights Campaign, remarked on the first state to announce results, Maine:
This is a landmark election for marriage equality and we will forever look back at this year as a critical turning point in the movement for full citizenship for LGBT people. Voters in Maine came to the common-sense conclusion that all people deserve the ability to make loving, lifelong commitments through marriage.
In Washington, voters passed a referendum to allow same-sex marriage. Referendum 74 upheld the state’s same-sex marriage law signed by Gov. Christine Gregoire back in February.
Activists also celebrated in Minnesota, where voters shot down a constitutional amendment that would define marriage as being between one man and one woman, according to an NBC News projection. Although same-sex marriage is still not recognized in Minnesota, the vote against the amendment is significant because it makes the state the first to turn back a constitutional amendment that would define marriage.
Maine, Maryland and Washington join half a dozen other states, mainly in the Northeast, that have already legalized gay marriage: Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Iowa, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont.
This marks the second time in four years that Maine residents have voted on same-sex marriage. It failed in 2009.
In Maryland, where same-sex marriage has been banned by law since 1973, Gov. Martin O’Malley praised his state’s residents for their decision. The Maryland legislature and Gov. O’Malley had signed a measure into law to pass gay marriage, but conservative groups had sought to overturn the rule at the ballot box.
“By this vote, the people of our state affirmed that we are one Maryland,” Gov. O’Malley said in a statement.
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There are a number of treatment options available for cartilage damage:
- Cartilage Repair Procedures
- Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI or Carticel)
- Osteochondral allograft transplantation
- Autologous osteochondral transfer (OATS or Mosaicplasty)
- Meniscal Procedures
- Meniscal repair
- Meniscal transplantation
- High tibial osteotomy (HTO)
- Distal femoral osteotomy (DFO)
- Tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO)
- Joint Replacement Procedures
- Unicompartmental (partial) knee replacement
- Patellofemoral replacement
- Total knee replacement
- Advanced patient-specific custom-fit prosthesis (ConforMIS)
What is cartilage and cartilage damage?
Cartilage (hyaline cartilage or articular cartilage) is a 3-5 mm thin tissue that coats the boney surfaces inside our joints. It provides a very low friction articulation that ideally lasts a lifetime.
Cartilage can be damaged acutely through accidents, such as ACL tears or patellar (knee-cap) dislocations, or degenerate slowly over time, eventually leading to osteoarthritis (wear-and-tear, rather than inflammatory arthritis).
Cartilage damage can start as a local “pothole” in the cartilage, that then enlarges with time until all cartilage is worn away and patients have bone-on-bone arthritis. These potholes can be treated with cartilage repair, while bone-on-bone arthritis is treated with osteotomies in younger and active patients. Older and more sedentary patients generally undergo joint replacement surgery.
What is cartilage repair?
Cartilage repair includes various surgical procedures such as microfracture, osteochondral autograft transfer (also known as OATS or Mosaicplasty), osteochondral allograft transplantation and autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI / Carticel). These procedures are designed to heal cartilage damage by filling the cartilage defect with repair tissue.
The choice of procedure depends on the size and location of the defect. Generally speaking, larger defects are treated with ACI or osteochondral allograft transplantation, both of which require open incisions. Smaller defects in specific locations can be treated with microfracture or osteochondral autograft transfer, which can be performed with smaller incisions.
Who is a candidate for cartilage repair?
Once bone-on-bone arthritis has developed, cartilage repair is not an option anymore, and patients can be considered for joint replacement surgery or osteotomy (re-aligning a leg that is very bow-legged or knock-kneed).
Since cartilage repair has a long recovery time of up to one year before the patient can return to unrestricted activities, such as running or basketball, it is mainly performed in younger, active patients where joint replacement is not an option. Even though we have treated suitable patients as old as 60 with cartilage transplants, this is rare and our average patient is between 16 and 45 years of age.
What is the recovery after cartilage repair?
Very generally speaking, patients will spend 1-3 days in the hospital, then use crutches for 8 weeks. They can return to stationary biking at 4-6 weeks, swimming and elliptical trainer at 8-12 weeks, and light jogging at 1 year. Unrestricted activities such as basketball, squash or longer-distance running are permitted after 18 months.
Why does it take so long before I can return to unrestricted activities?
The transplant tissue grows and firms up over time, and early activity can harm or destroy the tissue.
Why would I want to avoid knee replacement?
While knee replacement is a very successful operation in older patients, as a mechanical implant it does not last forever (10-25 years). Once worn out, it has to be re-replaced (revision), a more difficult operation with lesser outcomes and patient satisfaction. Therefore, knee replacement surgery is ideally delayed until after age 50 or 60 if possible. Even though cartilage repair cannot guarantee that a knee replacement can be avoided forever, it has the potential to delay replacement until the patient is older and does not require one, or multiple, revision surgeries.
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Claude Lévi-Strauss, the anthropologist and father of structuralism, died on Friday. He was a hundred years old. In the February 3, 1968, issue of The New Yorker, Janet Flanner (a.k.a. Gênet) concluded a Letter from Paris with a description of Lévi-Strauss’s appearance on the French television program “Un Certain Regard,” which she considered the state network’s “most intellectually ambitious broadcast”:
The typical professor in garb, he is gentle and lively, and looks like an intelligent bird, with a voice that is soft but distinct. He began by talking about genes—of trees and fishes and then of man, with diagrams. He also used photographs of a royal wedding in Westminster Abbey and of tribal marriage ceremonies among primitive South American Indians.
Flanner quotes at length from Lévi-Strauss’s own definition of structuralism and concludes:
Among highly educated French people generally, Jean-Paul Sartre’s Existentialism is considered, in retrospect, to have been far easier to grasp—perhaps because it was a philosophy—than the methodical, apolitical manual of Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism.
The entire article—and the complete archives of The New Yorker, back to 1925—is available to subscribers. Non-subscribers can purchase the individual issue.
Any favorite New Yorker articles come to mind? Send us an e-mail.
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One of the quickest ways to lose heat from a property is through the windows. However, energy efficient glazing can reduce these losses as well as make your home quieter and reduce your heating costs. This could be with special glass, double or triple glazing.
The benefits of energy-efficient windows
• Replacing you old inefficient single glazed windows with B-rated double glazing could save you approximately £180 per year. (Energy Trust 2013)
• You could have the benefit of knowing that being more energy efficient, you have reduced your carbon footprint by approximately 700kg per year (Energy Trust 2013)
• Double or triple glazing will reduce condensation on the inside of your windows
• The costs and savings for each property will be different. Triple glazing is more efficient than double glazing but will cost more. This will mean that the time taken to recover the cost will vary. However new windows should last at least 20 years.
How energy-efficient glazing works
Double and triple glazed windows have two or three sheets of glass with a gap between them. Teach of these gaps is usually about 16mm. This gap creates an insulating barrier that prevents the heat from travelling from the warmer environment to the colder one. Better quality windows will fill this gap with a gas such as Argon, Xenon or Krypton. The panes of glass should also be kept apart by non-metal spacers so they do not conduct heat. This further improves the insulating properties of the window. You should always look for the BFRC rating for each window and the Energy Saving Trust logo. The frames of windows can be made in a variety of materials such as soft wood, hard wood. plastic and even aluminium.
Windows in period properties
Period properties, especially in conservation areas may have special problems with replacing the windows. There are however a couple of options available. Secondary glazing is the most usual. Secondary glazing is where you have a second pane of glass in the inside of the window. This will not be as efficient as double glazing, but should still save you approximately £110 per year (Energy Trust 2013)
Being in a conservation area does not mean you can’t change your windows, but you will probably have to replace them with something that looks very similar to the original and this will undoubtedly need to be made especially for the property. Listed building can be even more of a problem. As it may not be possible to change the appearance of the windows at all and have to be the same as the original ones.
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The odds of being dealt the perfect hand in poker (royal straight flush) happens on average every 649,739 hands. In baseball, a perfect game (no base-runners allowed) occurs once every 18,192 games. In bowling an adult male will need approximately 11,500 opportunities to attain a perfect score (300). While the odds of nailing a work presentation, achieving a wildly successful sales call, or acing an exam at school are far less daunting, the realization of perfection is often elusive and fleeting.
Long odds and low probabilities often don’t matter to those seeking absolute perfection because many individuals operate under the unrealistic presumption that perfection is not only possible, but expected. The flawless quest can both energize and debilitate motivation. For some, perfectionism increases effort when targets are obtainable and reached through methodical and extensive planning and practice supported by coaching and feedback. However, for others, the drive for perfection is wrought with anxiety and angst, and often associated with obsessive behavior and negative results because performers can never reach their own lofty expectations.
Which perfectionist type are you?
People can be categorized into two types of perfectionists. Beneficial perfectionism occurs when individuals aspire to goals that are possible and realistic. This type of person sets stretch goals, but measures success based on improving upon one’s previous performance and not by comparing oneself to others. In their study of perfectionism, psychologists Joachim Stoeber and Kathleen Otto concluded that when people focused on their own continuous improvement, this focus promoted heightened self-awareness, an extroverted personality, and fostered positive emotions including feelings of self-satisfaction. In addition, continuous improvement garners high levels of social support from the performer’s family, teammates, and peers.
On the other side, individuals mired in the dark side of perfection are highly self-critical. This type of person ascribes blame to themselves regardless of what is accomplished or what obstacles were overcome in their perfectionist quest. Dysfunctional perfectionists have an unjustified fear of mistakes and excessive preoccupation with negative evaluations from peers, partners and coaches. They often act defensive when receiving even minor criticism or improvement suggestions. The disillusioned performer often unjustly compares themselves to superlative others who may have many more years of experience or skill. In the worst case, maladjusted perfectionists are neurotic and compulsive, ruminating on their weaknesses. The negative emotions result in higher levels of irrational behavior, social anxiety, and perpetual doubts of worthlessness.
The consequences of reaching perfection
Sometimes we do experience flawless performance! Despite the appropriate feelings of accomplishment and likely recognition from others, negative motivational consequences can also follow from achieving relative perfection. Regardless of the outcome, the perfectionist may not be content and satisfied, resulting in feelings of guilt or anxiety because the individual believes they could have done better. Even in the absence of dysfunctional perfectionist strivings, unrealistic performance evaluations can result in several unproductive future behaviors.
Poor calibration - Inaccuracy related to projecting future task difficulty can sometimes result from success. In other words, when we experience positive outcomes on one task, we may inappropriately believe we will perform similarly on a different, yet unrelated task. Such an overestimation of personal effectiveness can result in lower drive, minimal planning, or inattention to important tasks and aspects that are critical for success.
Withholding future effort - One of the worst consequences of unbridled success is the perception that exerting less effort can achieve the same results. After all, why bust your butt if you can avoid it? Investing less task effort often diminishes progress and produces potentially inferior results because the individual believes they are performing better than they are. Surprisingly, underestimation of ability also has motivationally damaging consequences because when a person doubts their capability, they may falsely believe that exerting more effort won't actually produce better results.
Development is thought to be unnecessary – Habitual success can give false impressions of expertise and interfere with the desire to improve skill sets. A diminished focus on improvement can create an aura of complacency where the individual seems oblivious to changing circumstances, including the need to upgrade technology skills. Feelings of perfection may result in resting on one’s laurels, while the rest of the world upgrades their skills and slowly leaves the gloating performer in the dust.
Narcissism may develop – The perception of perpetual success may give the person a false sense of security, unjustified self-importance, and embellished accomplishment. Narcissists often see themselves as superior to their competitors and are known to demonstrate selfish behavior, evaluate their accomplishments as comparatively superior to others, and have recognition obsessions. The narcissist will exhibit a resilient ego in the face of criticism, but be unaware that just like everyone else, they can always improve.
If you are concerned that you might be a dysfunctional perfectionist, or you know someone who is, there are some simple remedies to correct the problem. My new book “Hack Your Motivation: Over 50 Science-Based Strategies to Improve Performance,” is now available at many online retailers. The book transforms the latest scientific evidence from psychology, education, and business into easy-to-understand and quick-to-use strategies that quickly solve most motivational challenges. If you prefer free information and want daily updates and original content on motivation, leadership, learning, and peak performance follow me on Twitter @ifoundmo. #HackYourMotivation
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Last Updated on
Last month, the California Energy Commission approved a measure that requires most single-family homes and multi-family residential buildings of three stories or less – such as condos and apartment complexes – to install solar panels. The rule goes into effect in 2020 and is estimated to lead to annual greenhouse gas reductions of 493 million pounds. That’s like taking 50,000 cars off the road each year.
The California mandate is the first of its kind in the nation. “This is a huge milestone for distributed solar,” said Mike O’Boyle, electricity policy manager for Energy Innovation, a San Francisco think tank. “This could ultimately drive down the price of rooftop solar by building expertise in the roofing and home construction industries, creating incentives for home builders to streamline their building and solar designs to minimize cost, resulting in a virtuous cycle.”
The mandate is only the latest pro-environmental measure from California. In 2015, the state developed new rules that slash residential energy use by 28 percent. Its auto emissions regulations are stricter than those of the EPA. And California’s renewable energy targets – which require the state to source at least 50 percent of its energy from wind, solar, and other renewable sources by 2030 – are among the most aggressive in the nation. Today, California meets about 16 percent of it energy needs through solar power; for the nation as a whole, that figure is less than two percent.
“California has been a leader in solar in the U.S. for a long time and it’s paid dividends both economically and to our environment here,” said Sean Gallagher, vice president of state affairs for the Solar Energy Industries Association, a trade group representing over 1,000 companies in the solar industry. “California is taking a step further basically recognizing that solar should be as commonplace as a front door welcoming you home.”
Critics complain that the mandate increases new housing costs by an average of over $10,000 at a time when the state is already struggling to provide affordable housing. But solar-powered homes will also enjoy more than $19,000 in energy savings over 30 years.
Even the California Building Industry Association – the state’s main homebuilding organization – supports the plan, with the caveat that they would have liked a later date of implementation. “[W]e would prefer that this had been put off for a few more years, but the fact is that the California Energy Commission has been working on this, with us, for the past 10 years,” the association’s technical director, Robert Raymer, said in a statement. “We know this is coming, we did everything we could to push down compliance costs and increase design flexibility.”
Moreover, houses with solar panels are worth more than homes without, especially in an environmentally friendly state like California, where some 20 percent of new homes are already built with solar panels. A 2013 study conducted by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) found that each kilowatt of installed solar capacity adds $5,911 to a California home’s resale value. A subsequent study from the LBNL and Sandia National Laboratories found that the typical photovoltaic system adds a premium of $15,000 to a home’s value.
While implementing the rules might lead to some logistical challenges, if the mandate is seen as successful, it could serve as a model for similar rules in other states. New Jersey, Massachusetts, and Washington, D.C., for instance, have considered similar legislation in the past.
And at a time when America’s solar energy industry is struggling under the weight of tariffs, this mandate is exactly the sort of boost that the industry needs.
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Our story begins with 17th century painter Johannes Vermeer. He is known for the photorealistic detail in his paintings and his use of light and color. The mystery is, did he (and other old world masters as far back as the early 1400s) use optical projections or some otherwise unknown devices to paint their masterpieces.
Don’t misunderstand, here is no argument that painters such as Vermeer had a great sense of composition and immeasurable creative talent—it’s just interesting to ponder the theories (and some credible evidence) that they did use techniques and devices that were hitherto unknown.
The players include, first, Johannes Vermeer
To get oriented, here’s a website dedicated to Johannes Vermeer and 17th Century Life in Delft (South Holland) compiled by art historian Drs. Kees Kaldenbach. (It includes his in depth academic essay Vermeer & Visual Perception.)
Steadman, Hockney, and Falco
The questioning really ramped up in 2001 with the publication of two books: Architect Philip Steadman’s Vermeer’s Camera and artist David Hockney’s Secret Knowledge: Rediscovering the Lost Techniques of the Old Masters. Hockney collaborated with physicist Charles M. Falco to formalize The Hockney-Falco Thesis. Though others had speculated about the idea of projections, Steadman, Hockney, and Falco brought credible data and a formal theory to the table.
Thorpe and Jenison
What follows is even more interesting. Enter Tim Jenison, an inventor and computer graphics guy (not a painter). In high school Jenison recalls an exchange with his art history teacher, Mr. Thorpe, in which Jenison asked, “These guys are basically trying to make color photographs, aren’t they?”—Mr. Thorp took offense and that stuck with him.
The rest is art history.
Years later after reading Hockney’s book, Jenison saw, in person, a Vermeer at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and it clicked—he thought “I think I see how he did it.” And he set about proving it. Not with diagrams and data, but by painstakingly recreating Vermeer’s space and fabricating the device he envisioned the painter using—a simple mirror on a bar that, to everyone’s surprise, allowed him to, as he describes it, “Trace both shapes and colors.”
Jillette and Teller
Finally on the scene are masters of mystery and magic Pen Jillette and Raymond Joseph Teller—Penn and Teller. As Jenison tells it, Penn (a long time friend), looking for an opportunity to have a conversation about anything but show business, politics, or work, invited Jenison to a meal during which Jenison shared his intention to recreate Vermeer’s process and product. His idea was to build the studio, the set, and the tools and record some of it for a YouTube video. Jillette had a different idea: why not pitch it to one of the movie studios as a full blown documentary. And they did.
The name of the film is Tim’s Vermeer and it was released in 2013 by Sony Pictures to rave reviews—Penn Jillette narrates and Teller directs.
If you enjoy a mystery, slight-of-hand, tempered with a the chill or two—these are books worth reading, interviews worth watching, and a film worth seeing.
Here’s the movie trailer:
Leo Laporte interviews Tim Jenison about the film, episode 118 of his program Triangulation, shortly after the first showings of the film in September of 2013. (Computer graphics aficionados: Watch the whole interview, it’s quite interesting.)
One bonus of piecing this story together was getting to know Penn and Teller a little better—they are fascinating characters. Teller’s father, interestingly, was a commercial artist he wrote book about him back in 2000 titled, “When I’m Dead All this Will Be Yours: Joe Teller—a portait by his kid, Teller.”
The book is available from Amazon.
When I’m Dead All this Will Be Yours…
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Researchers have found that camping for a week can reset our biological clock, especially for those “night owls” that stay up late (past midnight).
Before the 1930’s, we depended on “natural” lighting from the sun. Since then, the electronics we use everyday, such as TV’s, computers, cell phones, and the lights in our home, have disrupted our circadian rhythms.
This article explains how camping may “ground” us to the earth and reset our sleep patterns. There is an emerging science documenting that Earthing, or grounding is highly beneficial to your health and completely safe. Earthing minimizes the consequences of exposure to potentially disruptive fields such as “electromagnetic pollution”.
Grounding or Earthing is defined as placing one’s bare feet on the ground whether it be dirt, grass, sand or concrete (especially when humid or wet). The Earth is a natural source of electrons and subtle electrical fields, which are essential for proper functioning of our immune system, circulation, synchronization of biorhythms and other physiological processes. When you ground to the electron-enriched earth, an improved balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system occurs.
Multiple studies have documented Earthing’s improvement in blood viscosity, heart rate variability, inflammation, cortisol dynamics, sleep, autonomic nervous system (ANS) balance, and reduced effects of stress.
“We think that modern electric lighting patterns and a reduction in exposure to sunlight are contributing to later sleep schedules and difficulties with alertness in the morning,” said Prof Wright, from the University of Colorado in Boulder.
The “blue light” that is transmitted from computer screens has been shown to reduce Melatonin and raise Cortisol (stress hormone). It’s best to turn all computer equipment, phones, TV’s and reduce lighting 30-60 minutes before getting to bed, to get in sync with your natural sleep/wake cycle.
BBC News – Carry on camping – can a week under canvas reset our body clocks?: “”
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