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CSPG 41 - American Sign Language (ASL)
Modified: July 1, 2018
American Sign Language (ASL) is identified as a world language in the Public School Code. American Sign Language is a complete and autonomous human language with its own unique grammar and frequently used as a form of visual-spatial communication by the hearing-impaired communities.
Pathways to ASL Certification
The American Sign Language (4003) instructional certificate requires completion of an ASL program and may be earned by:
- An educator who completes an approved ASL world language certification program and the appropriate testing requirements may apply for the ASL certificate.
- Hearing Impaired PK-12 (9205) instructional certificate holders who pass the ASL content test may apply to add the subject area to their certificate.
Grade-Level Scope of Certificate
A person holding a valid certificate for ASL is qualified to teach ASL courses to students in grades PK-12.
An educator holding a valid certificate for ASL may teach ASL courses and programs to students in grades PK-12:
- For world language credit, as elective credit, or as non-credit exploratory courses; and
- Including fundamental concepts and structures of communication, cultural understanding, and immersion of the language into the community.
- An American Sign Language PK-12 (4003) certificate is required when world language credit is awarded.
- The Hearing Impaired PK-12 (9205) instructional certificate is required to teach deaf and hearing impaired students with an Individualized Education Plan.
An educator certified in this field may provide:
- Professional development;
- Service in the role of mentor/advisor; and
- Assistance to students in understanding how to read content area materials.
24 P.S. §15-1524 Recognition of American Sign Language courses; CSPG #62 – Hearing Impaired PK-12 (12/1/2014); CSPG #45 – World Languages PK-12 (5/1/2014).
§14.105 Personnel (a) Paraprofessionals. (4)(b) Educational Interpreters.
This revision supersedes all earlier CSPGs carrying this number and/or addressing this subject. Previous printing dates on this subject: June 1, 2015.
Summary of Changes
- Updated the pathways to certification.
- Updated the staffing restrictions and information.
- Created the first ASL CSPG.
- Listed proposed pathways to certification. | <urn:uuid:3383672c-5386-4efa-bc92-375da13db9fd> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.education.pa.gov/Educators/Certification/Staffing%20Guidelines/Pages/CSPG41.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739347.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814160701-20200814190701-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.86924 | 523 | 2.640625 | 3 |
For much of the world, the heart of Bethlehem is found down a narrow stairway in a small cave area under a huge church where a 14-pointed silver star marks the spot that, for at least 17 centuries, Christians have honored as the place where Jesus was born.
It is a spot that reflects so much hope and so much faith.
But you only have to take one step back to realize that even here in this sacred place, life is way more complicated than the beautiful images. Then pause again and you also can realize that part of the miracle of the Christmas story is that it has sustained hope through centuries of such complications.
That is still true in Bethlehem today -- a West Bank city under Israeli occupation, home to three Palestinian refugee camps housing some 20,000 people, a place reeling under economic hardship. Yet it is a city where people are building institutions to create a future worthy of the birth honored in this cave.
So take that first step back from the sacred place. This star inside the Church of the Nativity was installed by Roman Catholics in 1717, apparently removed by the Greek Orthodox in 1847, and replaced by the Turkish government in 1853.
The 15 lamps burning around the room are parceled out among the three branches of Christianity that control this building -- six to the Greek Orthodox, five to the Armenian Orthodox, and four to the Roman Catholics. This place that proclaims peace on earth to all people of goodwill reflects hard-fought divisions even among the followers of Jesus.
Now take a few more steps back. In 2002, this Church of the Nativity was the scene of a 52-day standoff between Palestinian militants who took refuge in the church and the Israeli army that had launched a major military operation in Bethlehem.
That was only the latest conflict to swirl around this building; it was built in the early 300s, burned down in a war in 529, rebuilt by 565, captured by Persians in 614, Muslim Arabs in 637, Christian Crusaders in 1099. Around 1300 the Egyptians took control of Bethlehem; in 1516 the Ottoman Turks took over; in 1920, the British; in 1948, the Jordanians; and in 1967, Israel.
Yet in the midst of that complicated history, people are creating a future that reflects the glow of the star far more than the smoke of conflict.
On a hill looking out over Bethlehem, the Dar Al-Kalima Health and Wellness Center not only deals with the physical needs of both Christians and Muslims in Bethlehem, but also is creating new opportunities for young women in a patriarchal society and providing social networks for older citizens who have been trapped by isolation.
Next door, the Dar Al-Kalima School educates Christian and Muslim children not only on basic skills, but on conflict resolution techniques and about the richness of the three great faiths that share this turf -- Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.
These are among a series of projects of Christmas Lutheran Church, one of many places in Bethlehem trying to make the hope engendered in that cave with the star into a reality in the lives of the people of contemporary Bethlehem.
These are not the scenes you will see on Christmas cards this month, but they are the embodiment of that birth 2,000 years ago.
Phil Haslanger is pastor of Memorial United Church of Christ in Fitchburg. He was in Bethlehem last month. | <urn:uuid:c0536e57-a77a-4d09-ae72-737707edecbd> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | https://sojo.net/articles/stepping-back-bethlehem | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320270.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170624170517-20170624190517-00182.warc.gz | en | 0.960917 | 692 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A joint forms where two or more bones meet. The hip joint is a ball-and-socket type joint and is formed where the thigh bone (femur) meets the three bones that make up the pelvis: the ilium at the rear, the ischium at the lower front and the pubis above it. The thighbone has a ball-shaped knob on the end that fits into a socket formed in the hipbone. A smooth cushion of shiny white articular cartilage about 1/4 inch thick covers the femoral head and the acetabulum. The articular cartilage is kept slippery by fluid made in the synovial membrane (joint lining). Since the cartilage is smooth and slippery, the bones move against each other easily and without pain. Large ligaments, tendons, and muscles around the hip joint (called the joint capsule) hold the bones (ball and socket) in place and keep it from dislocating.
The weight-bearing bones in our body are usually protected with articular cartilage, which is a thin, tough, flexible, slippery surface which is lubricated by synovial fluid. The synovial fluid is both viscous and sticky lubricant. Synovial fluid and articular cartilage are a very slippery combination—3 times more slippery than skating on ice, 4 to 10 times more slippery than a metal on plastic hip replacement, and more than 30 times as slippery as metal on metal using the best petroleum-based lubricant. Synovial fluid is what allows us to flex our joints under great pressure without wear.
The hip joint is one of the largest joints in the body and is a major weight-bearing joint. Weight bearing stresses on the hip during walking can be 5 times a person’s body weight. A healthy hip can support your weight and allow you to move without pain. Changes in the hip from disease or injury will significantly affect your gait and place abnormal stress on joints above and below the hip.
It takes great force to seriously damage the hip because of the strong, large muscles of the thighs that support and move the hip. Osteoarthritis affects many people, and the brittle bones from osteoporosis in the elderly can lead to life threatening fractures.
Anatomical terms allow us to describe the body clearly and precisely using planes, areas and lines. Instead of your doctor saying “his knee hurts” she can say “his knee hurts in the anterolateral region” and another doctor will know exactly what is meant. Below are some anatomic terms surgeons use as these terms apply to the hip:
- Anterior — the abdominal side (front) of the hip
- Posterior — the back side of the hip
- Medial — the side of the hip closest to the spine
- Lateral — the side of the hip farthest from the spine
- Abduction — move away from the body (raising the leg)
- Adduction — move toward the body (lowering the leg)
- Proximal — located nearest to the point of attachment or reference, or center of the body
- Distal — located farthest from the point of attachment or reference, or center of the body
- Inferior — located beneath, under or below; under surface
Anatomy of the Hip
Like the shoulder, the hip is a ball-and-socket joint, but is much more stable. The stability in the hip begins with a deep socket—the acetabulum. Additional stability is provided by the strong joint capsule and its surrounding muscles and ligaments. It’s the need for such a high degree of stabilization of the joint that limits movement. If you think of the hip joint in layers, the deepest layer is bone, then ligaments of the joint capsule and the tendons and muscles are on top. Nerves and vessels supply the muscles and bones of the hip.
The hip joint capsule is a dense, fibrous structure which includes the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments. These ligaments along with the ligamentum teres and the labrum help give stability of the hip.
Bony Structures of the Hip
The adult skeleton is mainly made of bone and a little cartilage in places. Bone and cartilage are both connective tissues, with specialized cells called chondrocytes embedded in a gel-like matrix of collagen and elastin fibers. Cartilage can be hyaline, fibrocartilage and elastic and differ based on the proportions of collagen and elastin. Cartilage is a stiff but flexible tissue that is good with weight bearing which is why it is found in our joints. Cartilage has almost no blood vessels and is very bad at repairing itself. Bone is full of blood vessels and is very good at self repair. It is the high water content that makes cartilage flexible.
The hip is formed where the thigh bone (femur) meets the three bones that make up the pelvis: the ilium, the pubis (pubic bone) and the ischium. You can feel the arching bones of the ilium by placing your hands on your waist. The pubis attaches to the lower part of the ilium and curves forward. The ischium is slightly behind the pubis. The three bones converge to form the acetabulum, a deep socket on the outer edge of the pelvis.
The shape of the acetabulum is a half of a sphere; the femoral head is about two-thirds of a sphere. Without weight bearing, the ball-and-socket are not completely congruent. As the joint bears more weight, the contact of the surface areas increases as does joint stability. The articular cartilage is thicker on the back part of the socket where most of the force is placed on the joint with walking, running and jumping. When standing, the body’s center of gravity passes through the center of the acetabula. Obviously, injury to the acetabulum can affect its ability to distribute weight bearing.
The hip joins the leg to the trunk of the body at the hip joint. The hip joint is made up of the ball of the femoral head that fits into the cup-shaped acetabulum. The large round head of the femur rotates and glides within the acetabulum. The depth of the acetabulum is further increased by a fibrocartilagenous labrum attached to the acetabulum. The socket of the hip is much deeper than the socket in the shoulder and encompasses a greater area of the ball.
The femur is the longest bone in the body. The neck of the femur connects the femoral head with the shaft of the femur. The capsular ligament of the hip joint attaches to the posterior part of the femoral neck. The neck ends at the greater and lesser trochanter prominences. The greater trochanter serves as the site of attachment for the abductor muscles. The lesser trochanter is the site of the iliopsosas tendon.
The greater trochanter is a very prominent bump on the femur and easy to feel on the outside of your thigh. It is the widest part of the lower legs and is where the tendons of several muscles attach including the gluteus, obturator, gemelli and piriformis muscles. The lesser trochanter serves as the attachment for the iliopsoas and iliacus muscle tendons.
The stability of the hip is increased by the strong ligaments that encircle the hip (the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments). These ligaments completely encompass the hip joint and form the joint capsule. The iliofemoral ligament is the strongest ligament in the body. Damage to the ligamentum teres can result in avascular necrosis because of injury to the small artery within the ligament that supplies most of the blood to the head of the femur. Death of the bone in the femoral head is one cause for hip replacement.
Muscles of the Hip
The muscles of the thigh and lower back work together to keep the hip stable, aligned and moving. It is the muscles of the hip that allow the 4 basic movements of the hip:
- flexion – bend
- extension – straighten
- abduction – take the leg away from the body
- adduction – bring the leg back toward the body
The hip muscles are divided up into three basic groups based on their location: anterior muscles (front), posterior (back), and medial (outside). The muscles of the anterior thigh make up the quadriceps group (vastus medialis, intermedius, lateralis and rectus femoris muscles). The quads make up about 70% of the thigh’s muscle mass. The purpose of the quads is flexion (bending) of the hip and extension (straightening) of the knee.
The gluteal, hamstring and piriformis muscles are located in the buttocks. The gluteus maximum is the main hip extensor and helps keep up the normal tone of the iliotibial band. The gluteus maximus also keeps the head of the femur from sliding forward in the hip socket; if it can’t do this, pain results form the femoral head pressing against the soft tissues in the front of the hip joint. The gluteal and sartorius muscles also help abduct the hip—that is, move the leg away from the midline of the body (using the spine as a midline reference point). It is abduction that allows us to walk sideways. When the glutes are weak, it is the hamstrings that pick up the slack. Hamstrings can be constantly strained injuries can take awhile to heal when the glutes (gluteus maximus and gluteus medius) are weak.
Adduction—bringing the leg back towards the midline—is performed by the hip adductor muscle group (gracilis muscle, pectineus muscle).
The hip also has the ability to rotate internally (medially)—turning the foot in (pigeon-toed) and externally (laterally)—turning the foot out. Medial rotation is needed for squatting. The piriformis muscle assist in lateral rotation of the hip. Lateral rotation is needed for crossing the legs.
The hip muscles do not attach right at the hip joint, thereby giving the hip more stability. The gluteus medius muscle connects to the greater trochanter, a bony prominence on the neck of the femur. The gluteus medius helps keep the pelvis level when you walk.
The facia lata, which is not a muscle but the deep fascia of the thigh, is known as the iliotibial band. The function of this band is to prevent dislocation of the hip. If this band is too tight, it can cause hip and knee problems.
Blood Vessels and Nerves of the Hip
The nerves in the hip supply the various muscles in the hip. These nerves include the femoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, and obturator nerve . The obturator nerve is also responsible for sensation over the thigh. The sciatic nerve is the most commonly recognized nerve in the hip and thigh. The sciatic nerve is large—as big around as your thumb—and travels beneath the gluteus maximus down the back of the leg and then branches on down to the foot. Hip dislocation can cause injury to the sciatic nerve. Nerves carry signals from the brainto the muscles to move the hip and carries signals from the muscles back to the brain about pain, pressure and temperature.
The blood supply to the hip is primarily from the internal and external iliac, femoral, obturator, and superior and inferior gluteal arteries. The femoral artery is well-known because of its use in cardiac cath; it travels from deep within the hip down the leg to the knee. The main blood supply for the femoral head comes from vessels that branch off the femoral artery.
Bursae are fluid filled sacs lined with a synovial membrane which produce synovial fluid. The synovial fluid is similar in consistency to raw egg white. Bursae are often found near joints. Their function is to lessen the friction between tendon and bone, ligament and bone, tendons and ligaments and between muscles. There are as many as 20 bursae around the hip. Inflammation or infection of the bursa called bursitis.
The greater trochanteric bursa is located between the greater trochanter (the bony prominence on the femur) and the muscles and tendons that cross over the greater trochanter. This bursa can get irritated if the iliotibial band is too tight. Two other bursa that can get inflamed are the iliopsoas bursa, located under the iliopsoas muscle and the bursa located over the ischial tuberosity (the bone you sit on).
Common Problems of the Hip
- Aseptic or Avascular necrosis
- Congenital Dislocation
- Perthes’ disease
- Aplasia of the acetabulum
- Coxa valga
- Coxa vara
- Dislocation (see image above of simple dislocation)
- Legg-Perthes disease
- Bone tumor | <urn:uuid:ac1b68ab-6fae-464d-89e0-2b50053dbe91> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://healthpages.org/anatomy-function/hip-structure-function-common-problems/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163049608/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131729-00023-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923798 | 2,829 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Our hasty review uncovered basic facts from the www.MineraldePozos.com website. Pozos originally settled by the Chichimec people, served as a wagon train trading post after silver was discovered in Zacatecas in 1567. The Jesuits, always one step ahead of the Spanish founders, settled there in hopes of converting the indigenous population. Jesuit priests organized workers and mined trace amounts of silver there. They built a smelting foundry in 1597 to process the ore. Later in 1657, they founded the beautiful, still functioning Church of San Pedro, bestowing the name San Pedro de Pozos on the town.
After the Spanish displaced the Jesuits, replacement miners unearthed huge gold and silver reserves west of town. By 1895, Mineral de Pozos supported over 300 operating mines that created wealth for a population of 70,000. It earned a reputation throughout colonial Mexico for its opulent life style and haciendas oozing with grandeur. Mexican President, Porfirio Diaz, promoted its thriving mining industry and boomtown appeal. It was temporarily renamed Ciudad Porfirio Diaz, in honor of the adoring President.
The mines of Mineral de Pozos proved so lucrative, so important to the economic growth of Mexico, that the Mexican Stock Exchange, La Bolsa, was founded to promote shares.
With the Mexican Revolution unrest brewing in 1910, mining ceased when the fighting began. After the mines were intentionally flooded, the global price of silver plummeted. The last mine closed in 1927 and the town died without its source of revenue. By 1950, only 200 people remained in Pozos, making it a virtual ghost town. The grand mansions, left uninhabited and unmaintained fell to decay in the dust.
Noting its historical significance, President Lopez Portillo named it a National Historic Zone in 1982, with little effect. For the last 10 years, the community has attempted to resurrect the town, trying to encourage artists and musicians to abandon expensive San Miguel and set up shop in undiscovered Pozos. Today, around 2,000 people struggle to update the necessary infrastructure.
With this background on hand, we drove 45 minutes from San Miguel through beautiful high desert country, at an elevation or 7500 feet. Bucolic landscapes unfolded as goats, sheep and donkeys lined the deserted road. On the outskirts of town, ruin after ruin draped with overgrown vines and nopal cacti engulfed crumbling, century old mansions and mining operations. These reminders of a glorious past lured us on, eager to unearth the secrets of a town that went from boom to bust, a town resisting permanent death, trying to recover some of its long gone splendor and fame.
As we drove through the main, cobblestoned drag, the drab adobe brick buildings looked deserted. We turned toward the central plaza, following the hand made wooden arrow pointing the way. The zocalo teemed with people. All 2,000 inhabitants had congregated there for the ‘secret’ festivities. Eureka – we had found it!
Continued on next page | <urn:uuid:f57892f5-ec04-4b9f-80fa-434ad5b7399e> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.goworldtravel.com/travel-mineral-de-pozos-mexico/2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424239.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20170723022719-20170723042719-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.945987 | 640 | 2.921875 | 3 |
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: a common bush in the eastern U.S. and Canada that causes a very itchy and painful rash on your skin if you touch it
Full Definition of POISON SUMAC
: a swamp shrub (Toxicodendron vernix syn. Rhus vernix) chiefly of the eastern United States and Canada that has pinnate leaves, greenish flowers, and greenish white berries and produces an irritating oil —called also poison dogwood
: an American swamp shrub of the genus Rhus (R. vernix synonym Toxicodendron vernix) that has smooth pinnate leaves, greenish flowers, and greenish white berries and produces an irritating oil—called also poison dogwood
Attractive, narrow shrub or small tree (Rhus vernix or Toxicodendron vernix) of the sumac, or cashew, family. It is native to swampy acidic soils of eastern North America. Unlike the upright reddish, fuzzy fruit clusters of other sumacs, whitish waxy berries droop loosely from its stalks. The clear sap, which blackens on exposure to air, is extremely irritating to the skin for many people. | <urn:uuid:d96a6279-c3ec-4ff2-8243-69f47aea453c> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poison%20sumac | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1412037663637.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20140930004103-00281-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917235 | 265 | 2.90625 | 3 |
U Minnesota Hosts High-Tech Camp for Disadvantaged Kids
- By Paul McCloskey
Graduate students from the University of Minnesota's computer science and engineering departments hosted middle school students last week. The five-day high-tech camp attracted 30 students from Minneapolis and St. Paul who created 3D movies, programmed robotic dogs, and digitally altered the sound of their own voices. Read More:
The Technology Day Camp, now in its third year, was created promote interest in the sciences on the part of kids who typically don't get high-level technology experiences, especially girls and students of color, camp sponsors said. At the camp, students work in the university's Institute of Technology labs on interactive projects they can then take home.
The camp is free to the middle-school students. The $300 cost for each student is sponsored by the University of Minnesota Center for Distributed Robotics and the university's Digital Technology Center.
"We help kids see that you don't have to be born knowing you want to be a computer scientist to be one," said Kelly Cannon, a computer science and engineering doctoral student who started the camp in 2005.
READ MORE DAILY NEWS
Proposals for articles and tips for news stories, as well as questions and comments about this publication, should be submitted to David Nagel, executive editor, at [email protected].
Paul McCloskey is contributing editor of Syllabus. | <urn:uuid:9498ce5e-ba38-4ee7-8b55-817744293b9b> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://thejournal.com/articles/2007/08/23/u-minnesota-hosts-hightech-camp-for-disadvantaged-kids.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426639.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726222036-20170727002036-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.953631 | 298 | 2.71875 | 3 |
This project involves using flammable materials to create a miniature hot-air balloon, and because of the danger of fire, the balloon should be ignited and flown only under the supervision of adults and with the appropriate safety precautions including a fire extinguisher. The balloon should be flown only over water.
This type of balloon, made spherical or designed like the regular aeronaut's hot-air balloon, are the best kind to make. Those having an odd or unusual shape will not make good ascensions, and in most cases, the paper will catch fire from the torch and burn before they have flown very far. The following description is for making a tissue-paper balloon about 6 ft. high.
Printable Detail Drawing [PDF]
The balloon is made up of 13 gores pasted together, using about 1/2-in. lap on the edges. Any good paste will do--one that is made up of a well-cooked mixture of flour and water will serve the purpose. If the gores have been put together correctly, the pointed ends will close up the top entirely and the wider bottom ends will leave an opening about 20 in. in diameter. A light wood hoop having the same diameter as the opening is pasted to the bottom end of the gores. Two cross wires are fastened to the hoop, as shown in Fig. 3. These are to hold the wick ball, Fig. 4, so that it will hang as shown in Fig. 5. The wick ball is made by winding wicking around a wire, with the wire ends bent into hooks as shown.
The balloon is filled with hot air in a manner similar to that used with the ordinary cloth balloon.A small trench or fireplace is made of brick with a chimney over which the mouth of the paper balloon is placed. Use fuel that will make heat with very little smoke. Hold the balloon so it will not catch fire from the flames coming out of the chimney. Have some alcohol ready to pour on the wick ball, saturating it thoroughly. When the balloon is filled with hot air, carry it away from the fireplace, attach the wick ball to the cross wires, and light it under the supervision of an adult.
In starting the balloon on its flight, take care that it leaves the ground as nearly upright as possible. | <urn:uuid:a8224b15-4793-4992-85ea-0b69ddbe41cd> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/4294206 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394020561126/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305115601-00025-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943098 | 476 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Embedded ICs – Definition And Applications
An embedded IC (Integrated Circuit) is a microchip-sized electronic circuit that contains all the components necessary for a particular application. These components can include transistors, resistors, capacitors, microprocessors, and more. Embedded ICs are found in a wide variety of applications, such as automotive electronics, home appliances, cell phones, and medical equipment. They are often used to control complex tasks or to provide higher levels of performance.
The working principle of an embedded IC is that it can be programmed to perform specific tasks. This is accomplished by programming the IC with instructions, which can be done either by burning a custom-made program onto the IC or by using a programming language. The instructions are then executed by the IC, which can perform the desired task. Depending on the application, the IC may also be able to interact with other components in the system, such as sensors, motors, and actuators. | <urn:uuid:69f45ec1-ffd6-4973-b128-3b39d1f1dd67> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://theintegratedcircuits.com/embedded-ics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100632.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207022257-20231207052257-00639.warc.gz | en | 0.934396 | 197 | 3.671875 | 4 |
Constructed languages come in many shapes and sizes. There are International Auxiliary Languages, which aim to enable communication between people who have no common language; and there are constructed fictional languages, which increasingly populate movies and TV, adding extra layers of realism to fantasy realms.
Children will often experiment with secret forms of communications between one another, inventing private languages––idioglossia––usually with the intention of strengthening friendship bonds between selected individuals and, at the same time, excluding others.
But who goes on to invent constructed languages as an adult?
A conlanger. That’s who.
Conlangers invent constructed languages. And they are a rarefied breed. It takes a particular mindset to consciously devise new grammars, phonologies and vocabularies. The number of people in the world who earn a living as a conlanger are as few and far between as examples of h-dropping in Received Pronunciation.
But while conlangers remain rare, the number of conlang speakers is growing.
International Auxiliary Languages
Of all the International Auxiliary Languages (IAL), Esperanto is the best known and most widely spoken.
Esperanto was created in 1887 by Polish ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof as a unifying second language of peace for the world. Although not universally adopted, the advent of the Internet has helped to boost Esperanto’s status, to the extent that it now has roughly two million speakers globally, including a small number of native speakers.
In recent times, IALs have been developed as a potential machine interlingua to aid communication between humans and artificial intelligence, of which Lojban is a notable example.
J. R. R. Tolkien
More famous as the author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings trilogy, J. R. R. Tolkien was also a philologist and the creator of numerous constructed languages, a subject he lectured on in 1931 under the title A Secret Vice.
Tolkien’s most elaborate constructions are his Elvish family of languages, of which Sindarin and Quenya are the most well-known, and which display influences from Welsh and Finnish respectively.
Nadsat and Newspeak
Two other authors who have dipped their toes into the contentious consonants of conlanging are Anthony Burgess and George Orwell, when they invented new languages to add authenticity to their freshly-visualised dystopian worlds.
Burgess’ A Clockwork Orange sees Alex, the novel’s protagonist, speaking in Nadsat and, by so doing, identifying himself with an exclusive teenage subculture, not dissimilar to modern street gang slang.
Like Tolkien, Burgess was a linguist, and Nadsat draws heavily on his knowledge of Russian, creating a hybrid of loan-words and cross-language homophones.
Newspeak is the fictional language of Oceania in George Orwell’s classic novel Nineteen Eighty-Four.
English forms the basis of Newspeak, although the vocabulary is typically contracted and then recombined to form a wealth of new portmanteau words, which are designed to limit the freedom of thought in Orwell’s oppressive totalitarian state.
From Pakuni to Dothraki
The need for greater sophistication in constructing artificial languages has arisen where fictional texts have been translated to the cinema and TV screen.
The 1974 TV series Land of the Lost saw the first example of a fully realised on-screen fictional language with the Pakuni language, which was created by UCLA linguist Victoria Fromkin and contained a vocabulary of 300 words.
Since then, fictional languages have become more sophisticated, as witnessed by the Klingon language spoken in Star Trek III: The Search for Spock; Huttese in several Star Wars films; Na’vi in Avatar; and Barsoomian in John Carter.
One of the most celebrated current conlangers, David J. Peterson, is responsible for the Dothraki and Valyrian languages in Game of Thrones. Building on an initial vocabulary based on the original series of fantasy novels by George R. R. Martin, Peterson’s Dothraki now comprises over 3000 words and has clearly established rules for parts of speech and word order.
Perhaps more than any other movie, the film that has most thoroughly explored the idea of new languages is Arrival. The premise of the film is how to communicate with an extra-terrestrial intelligence, newly arrived on earth.
A team of linguists from McGill University were employed to create a complicated alien visual language for the movie, which could be authentically interpreted by both humans and 30-foot high, ink-spraying heptapods.
The producers of recent Marvel Universe film, Black Panther, have taken a different approach when faced with the problem of constructing a language for the inhabitants of the fictional country of Wakanda. Instead of attempting to construct a brand-new language, they have simply borrowed an existing one.
The language of Wakanda in the movie is actually isiXhosa, a language of southern Africa, spoken as a first language by around 8 million people.
Find out more
- Learn an African language at SOAS
- Discover the SOAS Language Centre
- Study Linguistics as SOAS
- SOAS World Language Institute
You may also like to read: | <urn:uuid:170d8658-4e63-414d-82d8-b27454e20e8d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.soas.ac.uk/blogs/study/conlanger/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250589560.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200117123339-20200117151339-00444.warc.gz | en | 0.946305 | 1,106 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The birth of Jesus
1About that time Emperor Augustus gave orders for the names of all the people to be listed in record books.#2.1 names…listed in record books: This was done so that everyone could be made to pay taxes to the Emperor. 2These first records were made when Quirinius was governor of Syria.#2.2 Quirinius was governor of Syria: It is known that Quirinius made a record of the people in ad 6 or 7. But the exact date of the record taking that Luke mentions is not known.
3Everyone had to go to their own home town to be listed. 4So Joseph had to leave Nazareth in Galilee and go to Bethlehem in Judea. Long ago Bethlehem had been King David's home town, and Joseph went there because he was from David's family.
5Mary was engaged to Joseph and travelled with him to Bethlehem. She was soon going to have a baby, 6and while they were there, 7she gave birth to her firstborn#2.7 firstborn: The Jewish people said that the firstborn son in each of their families belonged to the Lord. son. She dressed him in baby clothes#2.7 dressed him in baby clothes: The Greek text has “wrapped him in wide strips of cloth”, which was how young babies were dressed. and laid him on a bed of hay, because there was no room for them in the inn.
8That night in the fields near Bethlehem some shepherds were guarding their sheep. 9All at once an angel came down to them from the Lord, and the brightness of the Lord's glory flashed around them. The shepherds were frightened. 10But the angel said, “Don't be afraid! I have good news for you, which will make everyone happy. 11This very day in King David's home town a Saviour was born for you. He is Christ the Lord. 12You will know who he is, because you will find him dressed in baby clothes and lying on a bed of hay.”
13Suddenly many other angels came down from heaven and joined in praising God. They said:
14“Praise God in heaven!
Peace on earth to everyone
who pleases God.”
15After the angels had left and gone back to heaven, the shepherds said to each other, “Let's go to Bethlehem and see what the Lord has told us about.” 16They hurried off and found Mary and Joseph, and they saw the baby lying on a bed of hay.
17When the shepherds saw Jesus, they told his parents what the angel had said about him. 18Everyone listened and was surprised. 19But Mary kept thinking about all this and wondering what it meant.
20As the shepherds returned to their sheep, they were praising God and saying wonderful things about him. Everything they had seen and heard was just as the angel had said.
21Eight days later Jesus' parents did for him what the Law of Moses commands.#2.21 what the Law of Moses commands: See the note at 1.59. And they named him Jesus, just as the angel had told Mary when he promised she would have a baby.#Lv 12.3; Lk 1.31.
Simeon praises the Lord
22The time came for Mary and Joseph to do what the Law of Moses says a mother is supposed to do after her baby is born.#2.22 after her baby is born: After a Jewish mother gave birth to a son, she was considered “unclean” and had to stay at home until he was circumcised (see the note at 1.59). Then she had to stay at home for another 33 days, before offering a sacrifice to the Lord.#Lv 12.6-8.
They took Jesus to the temple in Jerusalem and presented him to the Lord, 23just as the Law of the Lord says, “Each firstborn#2.23 firstborn: See the note at 2.7. baby boy belongs to the Lord.”#Ex 13.2,12. 24The Law of the Lord also says that parents have to offer a sacrifice, giving at least a pair of doves or two young pigeons. So that is what Mary and Joseph did.
25At this time a man named Simeon was living in Jerusalem. Simeon was a good man. He loved God and was waiting for God to save the people of Israel. God's Spirit came to him 26and told him that he would not die until he had seen Christ the Lord.
27When Mary and Joseph brought Jesus to the temple to do what the Law of Moses says should be done for a new baby, the Spirit told Simeon to go into the temple. 28Simeon took the baby Jesus in his arms and praised God,
29“Lord, I am your servant,
and now I can die in peace,
because you have kept
your promise to me.
30With my own eyes I have seen
what you have done
to save your people,
31and foreign nations
will also see this.
32Your mighty power is a light#Is 42.6; 49.6; 52.10.
for all nations,
and it will bring honour
to your people Israel.”
33Jesus' parents were surprised at what Simeon had said. 34Then he blessed them and told Mary, “This child of yours will cause many people in Israel to fall and others to stand. The child will be like a warning sign. Many people will reject him, 35and you, Mary, will suffer as though you had been stabbed by a dagger. But all this will show what people are really thinking.”
Anna speaks about the child Jesus
36The prophet Anna was also there in the temple. She was the daughter of Phanuel from the tribe of Asher, and she was very old. In her youth she had been married for seven years, but her husband had died. 37And now she was eighty-four years old.#2.37 And now she was eighty-four years old: Or “And now she had been a widow for eighty-four years.” Night and day she served God in the temple by praying and often going without eating.#2.37 without eating: The Jewish people sometimes went without eating (also called “fasting”) to show their love for God or to show sorrow for their sins.
38At that time Anna came in and praised God. She spoke about the child Jesus to everyone who hoped for Jerusalem to be set free.
The return to Nazareth
39After Joseph and Mary had done everything that the Law of the Lord commands, they returned home to Nazareth in Galilee.#Mt 2.23. 40The child Jesus grew. He became strong and wise, and God blessed him.
The boy Jesus in the temple
41Every year Jesus' parents went to Jerusalem for Passover.#Ex 12.1-27; Dt 16.1-8. 42And when Jesus was twelve years old, they all went there as usual for the celebration. 43After Passover his parents left, but they did not know that Jesus had stayed on in the city. 44They thought he was travelling with some other people, and they went a whole day before they started looking for him. 45When they could not find him with their relatives and friends, they went back to Jerusalem and started looking for him there.
46Three days later they found Jesus sitting in the temple, listening to the teachers and asking them questions. 47Everyone who heard him was surprised at how much he knew and at the answers he gave.
48When his parents found him, they were amazed. His mother said, “Son, why have you done this to us? Your father and I have been very worried, and we have been searching for you!”
49Jesus answered, “Why did you have to look for me? Didn't you know that I would be in my Father's house?”#2.49 in my Father's house: Or “doing my Father's work”. 50But they did not understand what he meant.
51Jesus went back to Nazareth with his parents and obeyed them. His mother kept on thinking about all that had happened.
52Jesus became wise, and he grew strong. God was pleased with him and so were the people.#1 S 2.26; Pr 3.4. | <urn:uuid:7f03279a-3c5a-495b-be9e-35f144f70f56> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.bible.com/bible/294/LUK.2.CEVUK | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251694071.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126230255-20200127020255-00118.warc.gz | en | 0.991881 | 1,775 | 3.046875 | 3 |
We often talk about pollinator gardens in reference to bees and butterflies, but hummingbirds also play an integral role in pollination of many of our native and ornamental plants. Red-colored, tubular-shaped flowers tend to be favorites for hummingbirds. When they dip their long bills into the flowers to feed on the sweet nectar, they get pollen on their faces. This makes them great pollinators for many species of plants that aren’t pollinated by bees or butterflies.
Many of our hummingbirds migrate for winter, but spend March to September in our region to nest and feed on nectar. Creating a hummingbird garden is easy and can be integrated into your current landscape by the addition of a few nectar sources and a water source. We recommend putting your hummingbird feeding plants close to a window in your home so you can watch as they come to feed. When choosing flowers, pay attention to bloom times to ensure you will have a good supply of food all season. Hummingbirds feed on flowers with the highest sugar content, seeking out protein from insects.
The three most common hummingbirds for our area are Anna’s, Black-chinned and Calliope hummingbirds.
Anna’s hummingbirds, with a pinkish red crown and green back, were named after Anna Messena, Duchess of Rivoli. These beautiful specimens are commonly spotted where bird baths and nectar are found. To attract them to your garden, plant red- or fuchsia-flowered gooseberry (Ribes speciosum), red hot poker (Tritoma), California fuchsia (Zauschneria californica), redflower false yucca (Hesperaloe parviflora), manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.) and desert willow (Chilopsis linearis).
Another common hummingbird in our area is the Black-chinned or Alexander hummingbird. It has a vibrant violet collar with a black head and white chest. It enjoys feeding on the nectar of red colored lupines (Lupinus spp.), scarlet or mountain larkspur (Delphinium spp.), fireweed (Chamerion angustifolium) and foxgloves (Digitalis purpurea).
Lastly, the Calliope hummingbird, the smallest bird in the U.S., has very unique magenta markings on its chin, with a mostly green body. It can be found feeding on wild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa), golden currant (Ribes aureum) and coralbells (Heuchera sanguinea). These small birds tend to feed on smaller flowers than the larger hummingbirds do.
When making your hummingbird garden, select plants native to our region when possible, as many native birds are already adapted to them. Remember to include diverse nectar sources, including a variety of flower sizes and shapes. Columbine and aster are native to our area and provide diversity in flower style to attract hummingbirds.
Also provide hummingbirds with perches and trees for nest-building, for resting and to provide a vantage point so they can scout their territory. Reduce your use of pesticides, as they have shown to harm hummingbirds.
Don’t forget to always provide a water source nearby. A small bird bath or feeder with sugar water is sufficient. You can watch the hummingbirds drink or perch on the edge, even if it’s only for a brief second. | <urn:uuid:e051d8da-a433-4c45-93d1-30e099abcb7f> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=2135 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511002.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002164819-20231002194819-00872.warc.gz | en | 0.92096 | 731 | 3.21875 | 3 |
|What do you think the Earth would look like in 4 million years? In 4 billion years?||
The Earth is a dynamic, living planet.
|In 4 million years, the Earth would not look very different from how it does today. The same mountains would exist, and we would still have the same four oceans. The climate would be close to what it is right now. Geologists call the last 2.5 million years an ice age, with the Earth's climate slowly cooling, so we would still be in this same period. The continents would change position slightly, but not much.
The Earth has been around for 4.5 billion years, so 4 million years is not very much time.
But 4 billion years from now is a different story. Perhaps this planet would look like Venus, which has nothing living on it and has a surface temperature of 460ºC (860ºF). It's hard to say ... | <urn:uuid:95b0b23e-6d9d-4167-8844-9299565fe802> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.amnh.org/ology/features/ologist/mathez/question.php?id=9 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696382851/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092622-00090-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980077 | 191 | 3.65625 | 4 |
THE COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF HEAD INJURY
by Trevor Powell
Craig has been researching and studying in this field for nearly twenty years
stemming from a long-standing head injury. He hopes that by sharing that it
will make some difference in those lives affected by brain injury. Craig likes
to share knowledge and insights from his life experiences to try and help
others. He hopes that by sharing, it will make some difference in those lives
affected by brain injury.
Part of the text is reproduced by kind permission of Trevor Powell from his
book ‘Head Injury: A Practical Guide’.
The cognitive effects of a brain injury
affect the way a person thinks, learns and remembers. Different mental
abilities are located in different parts of the brain, so a head injury can
damage some, but not necessarily all, skills such as speed of thought, memory,
understanding, concentration, solving problems and using language.
The cognitive system can be divided up into
six separate areas:
Memory is not one thing or one skill on its
own. It is easily damaged by brain injury because there are several structures
within the brain which are involved in processing information, storing it and
retrieving it. Damage to those parts of the brain on which these abilities
depend can lead to poor memory. Problems with memory is a complex subject and
is covered in more depth in a separate section.
Headway has produced a publication Memory
Problems After Brain Injury that provides further information.
Attention and Concentration
A reduced concentration span is very common
after head injury, as is a reduced ability to pay attention to more than one
task at the same time. These problems are usually caused by damage to the
frontal lobe. Attentional problems tend to get worse when the person is tired,
stressed or worried. When there are problems with concentration, other skill
areas can be affected. It is difficult to follow instructions, plan ahead, be
organised and so on, when there is a problem concentrating. Working in a place
with as few distractions as possible can help and, as concentration improves,
distractions can be increased. In this way, someone can slowly learn to
concentrate better in a world which is crowded with distracting sights and
Speed of Information Processing
Slowing down the speed at which the brain
performs the task of information processing is often due to ‘diffuse axonal
damage’ caused by a shake up of all of the pathways the brain uses to transmit
messages. This results in problems such as not understanding fast speech, being
unable to absorb instructions first time around, and not being able to quickly
formulate a reply to a question. To improve the speed of information
processing, it is advisable to keep mentally stimulated at the right level to
Executive Functions – Planning, Organising,
Damage to the frontal lobe can affect these
skills, resulting in a subtle set of deficits which have been called
‘Dysexecutive Syndrome’. This covers problems in making long-term plans, goal setting and initiating
steps to achieve objectives. The ability to stand back and take an objective
view of a situation may be lacking, as may the ability to see anything from
another person’s point of view. If the person is aware that this is a problem,
then encouragement and direct feedback can be given to help the person modify
their behaviour. It is useful to try to create structure in otherwise
unstructured situations, by breaking down any task into specific tasks, perhaps
using checklists. Flexible thinking is made up of both divergent thinking
(thinking outwards or generating ideas from a single point) and convergent
thinking (thinking inwards, taking ideas and summarising them). Exercises which
practice these skills not only improve ability but help to identify
difficulties and improve awareness.
Visuo-Spatial and Perceptual Difficulties
Organs such as ears and eyes may be working
perfectly well, but the part of the brain which makes sense of incoming
information from these sources may not be working properly. This gives rise to
several different types of difficulty. Problems in judging distances, spatial
relationships and orientation can mean, for example, that a person may bump
into furniture that they have seen, but have misjudged where it is in relation
to themselves. Sometimes a person will have a problem where one side of
whatever they are looking at is not seen (visual neglect). A person may only
eat half the food on their plate, or read only halfway the across the page. The
ability to recognise something viewed from a different or unusual angle can be
lost. This can also apply to sounds as well as vision. Building objects or
drawing them from component parts such as coloured block may be very hard.
Problems with language loss can be either
receptive such that no sense can be made of what is heard or read, or
expressive which means it is not easy to find the right words to say or write.
Difficulties with these areas are known as aphasia. When both problems are
present the condition is known as ‘global aphasia’. There is a special area on
the left side of the brain concerned with producing speech (Broca’s area which
is located between the frontal and temporal lobes) and another area for
understanding the speech of others (Wernickes’s area which is located further
back between the temporal and parietal lobes). These two are connected by
numerous pathways but are quite distinct. It is useful to remember that the
brain skills which produce and understand speech are different to the ability
to make the sounds of language. The latter can be due to problems with the
muscles in the throat and mouth, and more detailed information is given in the
section on physical effects after head injury.
A publication titled Communication Problems
after Brain Injury is available which describes the common problems and gives
hints and tips on dealing with them.
Other organisations can help, such as
Everyone who has had a head injury can be
left with some changes in emotional reaction and behaviour. These are more
difficult to see than the more obvious problems such as those which affect
movement (a physical effect) and speech (a cognitive effect), for example, but
can be the most difficult for the individual concerned and their family to deal with.
Headway has produced publications to help
and advise on many of the problems outlined below. There are more than twenty
titles covering subjects such as Psychological Effects of Brain Injury and
Personal and Sexual Relationships Following Brain Injury
Headway’s network of local Groups and
Branches are an excellent source of advice and support for the head injured
person and members of the family
by people who have experienced these difficulties at first hand, and can advise
on coping strategies and treatment methods.
This subject is very large, and not
everybody will experience all of the problems below. The severity of the
problems will also vary.
Explosive Anger and Irritability
For example, exaggerated angry reaction to
apparently minor annoyances.
Direct damage to the frontal lobes, which
is the part of the brain which controls emotional behaviour and tolerance of
frustration, can create emotional lability. This means emotions can swing to
extremes. The stress of coping with even minor crises, such as misplaced shoes
or a noisy vacuum cleaner, can be too much and trigger an angry outburst. If
these stresses can be identified, they may be able to be reduced.
Lack of Awareness and Insight
The mental ability to monitor personal
behaviour and adjust it accordingly is a sophisticated skill contained in the
frontal lobes of the brain. Damage to this area affects the ability to be
self-aware, have insight into the effects of personal actions, show sensitivity
or feel empathy. It also means that a person may not fully appreciate or
understand the effect that the accident is having on their life, health or family. Involvement in a head
injury support group can be very useful for meeting people at various stages of
recovery, who can help a person recognise difficulties they may also be
Impulsivity and Disinhibition
For example, speaking your mind no matter
what the circumstances, touching people inappropriately, and not considering
the consequences of any action.
This is the lack of ability to control
either actions or speech, and is due to neurological damage to the frontal
lobes. This problem often goes hand in hand with lack of awareness, and the
person may not be aware of breaching any social rules or etiquette. A behavioural
management system devised with the help of a neuro-psychologist can help
improve the situation, and prevent a person developing unacceptable behaviour
This describes a person’s tendency to laugh
and cry very easily and to move from one emotional state to another very
Loss of control over emotions means the
person has lost the ability to discriminate about when and how to express their
feelings. This can be very tiring and embarrassing for family members to deal
with, but in time a person can begin to re-learn emotional control.
For example, not showing any interest in
family matters, and only being concerned with personal needs.
This can be partly due to direct brain
injury affecting a person’s ability to judge how another person is feeling, and
may be partly due to a person becoming accustomed to the huge amount of
attention focused on a head injury survivor while they were in hospital. The
result can be very hard to cope with. It needs to be handled firmly to avoid a
family feeling their effort and love are not appreciated.
Apathy and Poor Motivation
For example, no interest in hobbies enjoyed
previously, or not being bothered to get out of a chair all day.
Lack of motivation or spontaneity,
or apathy, is a direct result of brain injury to frontal lobe structures that
concern emotion, motivation
or forward planning. Over time, lack of motivation can lead to
social isolation and lack of pleasure. To help, activities can be broken down
into small steps to avoid overwhelming the person.
For example, feeling there is no point in
having survived the accident, or thinking that everything has changed for the
Depression is a very common
emotional reaction which comes on in the later stages of rehabilitation, often
when a person realises the full extent of the problems caused by the accident.
This can be seen as a good sign, that a person is aware of the reality of the
situation, and is coming to term with the emotional consequences. ‘Healthy’ depression can be worked
through in time, as adjustments are made. If a person feels emotionally blocked
and unable to move on, professional counselling from someone who understands
head injury may be helpful.
For example, panic attacks, nightmares, and
feelings of insecurity.
It is natural for people involved in a
traumatic experience to feel anxious afterwards. Loss of confidence when faced
with situations and tasks which are difficult to cope with is also a pretty
normal reaction. However, long standing problems can occur if difficult
situations are continually avoided, or if carers encourage dependence rather
than independence. Talking about fears and worries is very helpful, and
adopting methods of staying calm under stress can reduce the effect of anxiety on everyday life.
Inflexibility and Obsessionality
For example, unreasonable stubbornness,
obsessive pattern of behaviour such as washing or checking things, or fear of
possessions being stolen.
The ability to reason must not be taken for
granted. The roots of this type of rigid behaviour are in cognitive
difficulties resulting from damage to the frontal lobes. The person can lose
the ability to jump from one idea to another, and becomes ‘stuck’ on one
particular thought. This type of behaviour is often made worse by anxiety or insecurity, so
reassurance is helpful, as is trying to redirect attention to more constructive
ideas and behaviour. This type of behaviour can be very irritating to family
and friends, and often leads to social isolation.
Part of the text is reproduced by kind
permission of Trevor Powell from his book Head Injury: A Practical Guide
Fatigue after head injury can be one of the
most limiting symptoms because it affects everything a person does. Energy
stores are easily depleted, and it can take a long time to build up the
reserves again. By pushing themselves too hard a head injured person can
exhaust the supply of energy, so it is better to recognise the early signs of
fatigue and to rest.
Movement, Balance and Co-ordination
Damage to the brain which causes movement
difficulties usually happens to the motor cortex, the brain stem and the
cerebellum. As one side of the brain affects the motor co-ordination on the
opposite side of the body, a person often experiences a weakness or paralysis
of one side. Damage to the cerebellum affects fine co-ordination of the
muscles, and can mean continuing problems with dexterity even after a period of
improvement. Difficulties with balance can be caused by damage to the
vestibular system, which is a small mechanism at the back of the skull. Even a
minor brain injury can upset this delicate organ, so that the person often
feels dizzy. Learning to
walk again after a head injury involves re-learning the basic developmental
stages so that they learn to balance before a stable posture can be achieved.
Contractures, that is, abnormal shortening of muscles which make it very hard
to stretch limbs, can seriously affect posture. Exercises provided by the
physiotherapist are essential in helping to overcome this in the early stages.
More severe contractures may require the muscle to be encased in plaster and
Dyspraxia is a disorder of deliberate
voluntary actions, or sequences of actions. That means it is different from
problems with motor co-ordination or movement. The person may not have a
problem with actual movement, rather the problem lies with being unable to put
movements together deliberately and intentionally. This kind of problem can
often be perceived as a lack of co-operation on the person’s part. A good
example of the kind of problem would be a person who cannot bend his elbow when
instructed to, but a few minutes later could tell the time by looking at his
watch which involves bending his elbow quite automatically. Rehabilitation aims
to break actions down into a sequence of activities, with cues and prompts,
which is then practised until the cues and prompts can be gradually dispensed
Loss of Sensation
Different parts of the sensory cortex deal
with sensations in different parts of the body. After a head injury, people may
experience a loss of sight, hearing, taste, smell (anosmia) and so on without
actually damaging any of the sense organs. If the sensory cortex has been
bruised, a gradual recovery of sensation may be possible. If the area has been
torn, it is unlikely to return to normal functioning. Processing what the eyes
see is carried out in the occipital lobes at the back of the brain. Damage here
can result in either full or partial blindness, or gaps in the visual field.
Visual neglect is covered in the section on cognitive problems. Temperature
control can also be affected, particularly by damage to the brain stem.
Reproduced from the Headway web site: http://www.headway.org.uk
© Headway – the brain injury association Reg Charity No 1025852
“Success to others may be apparent in
what you DO; but
significance, meaning and purpose lies, then reveals itself
in what you ARE and BECOME down the ‘river of life’ – how
and the spirit with which you face, then overcome the daily
obstacles, the frequent trials and tribulations along the
often rocky path-way of life’s magical and mysterious
Light your path brightly.”‘
P.S: To end off, enjoy these thoughts…
“We have it within; but we get it all
from without. There is a well-spring
of strength, wisdom,
courage and great imagination
within each one of us; but once we draw on this truth, it gets watered from
without, by a Higher Source – the Source of Life and Love, which is God, the
very Ground of our Being.”
“When you can see no light at the end
of the tunnel, light your own candle and let your light illuminate the world,
like the radiance from a window at midnight.”
That’s a metaphor, BTW
“When the world is filled with love,
peoples hearts are overflowing
“The task ahead of you can always be
overcome by the power within you…and the seemingly difficult path ahead of
you is never as steep with the great spirit that lies within you.”
Part of the text is reproduced by kind permission of
Trevor Powell from his book ‘Head Injury: A Practical Guide’.
“With knowledge comes | <urn:uuid:7822f427-d69d-406a-8dd7-6b65fedc938b> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://headbraininjury.wordpress.com/2011/01/20/the-cognitive-effects-of-brain-injury/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549423723.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170721062230-20170721082230-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.943333 | 3,678 | 3.3125 | 3 |
Ursus Rare Books has released a catalogue of Nineteenth Century Illustrated Books. There are all types of books here, historical, scientific, mathematical, political, architectural, educational, children's, etc. The common element beyond date is being illustrated, not just ordinary illustrations but those requiring highly skilled artists and often hand-coloring. They are always worth looking at, even if you don't read them. Here are a few of these items.
We begin with a picture book about San Francisco. It contain 67 photogravures. The title is Select San Francisco. What makes it particularly interesting is the date – 1898. If Chicago has its ante-fire images then San Francisco has its ante-earthquake images. The earthquake came just eight years later and San Francisco has never looked the same again. Item 72. Priced at $2,500.
Next we have a book of illustrations for one of the grandest of architectural projects, perhaps the greatest one never built. The book is Projetto sul Foro Bonaparte che doveva Eseguirsi in Milano in 24 Gran Tavole (Project on the Forum Bonaparte which was to be carried out in Milan in 24 large tables), published in 1814. The architect was Giovanni Antonio Antolini. With the French controlling Milan, Antolini was commissioned to design the grand Foro Bonaparte. The plan was to move the city center to the Sforza Castle, which had been scheduled for demolition. The castle would be like the Forum in Rome, surrounded by Doric columns. Outside that would have been a plaza, which would then be surrounded by various government buildings, a court house, public baths, universities, theaters and museums. It was a spectacular project and reportedly, Napoleon liked it. That's not surprising as it was to be named for him. However, the project proved a bit too grand for a city the size of Milan and it was never built. Item 11. $35,000.
In this next book, the story wasn't real either, though the images were. Item 17 is Le Voyageur Anglais Autour du Monde Habitable: Nouvelle Méthode Amusante et Instructive pour étudier la Géographie...Orné de 45 Gravures coloriees... (The English Traveler Around the Habitable World: A Fun and Instructive New Method of Studying Geography... Decorated with 45 Colored Engravings). The teacher here was Rene Périn. Périn was a playwright and novelist with many works to his credit. This one was intended to teach children about the world. It follows the adventures of English travelers Felix and Felicia. However, there was no Felix nor Felicia. They were imaginary, but the places they visited were not. They visited London, Paris, St. Petersburg, Naples, Washington, Peking, Cairo, Buenos Aires, and many others. Those sites are illustrated and there are maps and plates of costumes. It is described as a translation, and Périn was also a translator, but there does not appear to be an English edition from which this was translated. That's likely just one more fiction. $3,500.
This is surely one of the most amazing illustrated books of the 19th century. What makes it even more amazing is that it was not meant to be a work of art. It's just a math book. The title is The First Six Books of the Elements of Euclid in which Coloured Diagrams and Symbols are used instead of Letters for the Greater Ease of Learners, by Oliver Byrne, published in 1847. It is fantastically colorful, but for the life of me I can't figure out why Byrne thought it made learning Euclid easier. Nonetheless, he claimed, “It is based on the theory that by means of colour the Elements of Euclid can be acquired in less than one third the time usually employed.” What it did was to replace letters in equations, like a + b = c, with colored shapes, squares, triangles, rectangles, featuring what has been described as “a riot of color.” Mathematically, I find it impossible to follow, but the pre-cubist art is awesome. Ruari McLean describes it as “one of the oddest and most beautiful books of the whole century.” Item 33. $22,500.
That was not the only odd mathematical book Byrne published. Less well known is this one – The Young Geometrician; or Practical Geometry without Compasses, published in 1865. It too uses brightly colored figures to teach geometry. Ursus says of this book, “While clearly not as dazzling as that book (the Euclid), it is still a tour de force of the imagination and also possess a modern feel, like the Euclid.” There is a pocket in the back that once held two triangular forms and a ruler but they are missing from this copy. Item 54. $4,750.
Here is an item that would look great hanging on your wall, provided you have a wall that is 15 meters (50 feet) long. It's a scroll that measures 14.4 meters in length when unrolled. The scroll is a panorama depicting the 1833 Fetes des Vignerons (winemakers' festival) in Vevey, Switzerland. Vevey is noted as the home of Nestle, which makes excellent hot chocolate but not much in the way of wine, but the wine there must be good too. These wine festivals have been taking place since 1791, but not that often, four or five times per century. You will have a bit of a wait for the next one since the last festival was held in 2019. The scroll is composed of 30 consecutive lithographs, all hand-colored at the time of publication. The result is a continuous depiction of the procession. The artist was Christian Gottlieb Steinlen of Vevey, who was the official artist of the festival. Item 21. 15,000. | <urn:uuid:1652cd23-6bfe-424b-9e4c-30da8bc59004> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://rarebookhub.com/reviews/2588 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100677.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231207153748-20231207183748-00105.warc.gz | en | 0.97378 | 1,254 | 2.515625 | 3 |
At the outset of the excavation, a layer of modern refuse (thickness c. 1.3 m) was removed from the ground surface of the plot with the aid of a backhoe.
The excavation (c. 54 sq m; Fig. 1) exposed two building strata. Stratum I was part of a building with several rooms whose occupation was dated by the finds to the Early Islamic period (seventh–eighth centuries CE). Stratum II consisted of a wall and very small areas of fills, which contained a few Late Hellenistic, Roman and Late Byzantine potsherds and were exposed beneath the Stratum I floors. The strata are presented from early to late.
Stratum II: A single stone wall (W118) was exposed in the southeastern corner of the excavation. It was oriented northeast-southwest, diagonal to the later Stratum I building. Wall 118 (length 3.8 m, width 0.5 m) overlaid a thin layer of earth (L126; thickness 0.1 m) on the bedrock, and was carefully constructed from integrated large, medium and small stones (Fig. 2). It was preserved one–two courses high (0.3 m) and its upper course was secondarily incorporated in the stone slab paving (L106, L107) of the later Stratum I building. A small patch of a plaster floor (L106A), overlying the earth layer (L126), abutted the southeastern face of W118 and was contemporary with it. Six meters away in the northwestern corner of the excavation, a short row of three flat building stones, oriented northwest-southeast and perpendicular to W118, was incorporated in the Stratum I packed-earth floor (L114). These stones may have survived from a second wall of the Stratum II building, but this could not be ascertained as excavations were not carried out beneath the later floor (L114).
Small areas excavated beneath the Stratum I building exposed accumulation or fill layers (L122, L123, L125, L126; thickness 0.25–0.40 m), overlying the bedrock. Layers 122 and 123 underlay the Stratum I floors (L115, L117), Layer 125 underlay other Stratum I floors (L108, L116) and Layer 126 underlay two additional floors (L102, L106A). These layers contained some potsherds, stone implements, glass fragments and coins. Layer 125 contained a couple of Late Hellenistic buff-ware storage jar rims (Fig. 3:1) and a few Roman and Byzantine potsherds. Layer 126 also included two Late Roman Phocean Red Slip bowls of Hayes' Type 10 (Fig. 3:2, 3), dating to the late sixth–early seventh centuries CE and a Byzantine closed globular cooking pot with an everted rim (Fig. 3:4), dating to the fourth–fifth centuries CE. Four small basalt pestles were found in Layer 122 (Fig. 4:1, 2) and a few fragments of glass vessels dating to the Umayyad period (see Y. Gorin-Rosen, below; Fig. 8:1, 5, 6), were found in Layer 123. Seven of the nine Byzantine coins found in Layers 122, 123 and 126, were conclusively identified; four dating to the mid-fourth–fifth centuries CE and three to the late sixth century CE (see R. Kool below).
Stratum I: A single building, consisting of parts of six rooms delimited by stone walls (W103, W109–111, W113, W119, W121; Figs. 1, 5), was uncovered. Wall 121 (length c. 7 m, width 0.6 m), aligned east–west, was built of a course of dressed, although rather worn, large rectangular soft limestone blocks, which were laid over a layer of small fieldstones and fill (thickness c. 0.2 m), overlying the bedrock (Fig. 6). A wide entrance with a large dressed threshold stone (length 1.45 m) was set in the center of W121. Walls 103, 110, 111, 113 and 124, oriented north–south, abutted W121 at right angles and divided the building into six rooms, three to the north of W121 and three to its south. The bedrock was not reached in most of the excavated area; yet, it was exposed in small areas where the base of the cross walls was about 0.1–0.2 m higher than the base of W121, indicating that the cross walls were built technically after the long wall. The cross walls (width 0.5–0.6 m), were built similarly to W121 of a single course of large stones, some of which were rectangular slabs, overlying a layer of small fieldstones and fill. The stone slabs in W111 were laid lengthwise creating a slightly narrower wall than the others (width 0.4–0.5 m). Most of the walls were preserved a single course high, and only occasional stones of the second courses were extant, for example in W103. No entrances or thresholds were found in the cross walls and no room was completely exposed due to the excavation limits. However, it could be ascertained that the width of three of the rooms was 2.2–2.3 m and their length was at least 4 m.
The floors were preserved in most of the rooms. The three southern rooms (L104, L106, L107) were paved with carefully laid and large paving stone slabs (height 0.2–0.3 m; see Fig. 6). The slabs varied in size, some were square (0.5 x 0.5 m) and others—slightly smaller. As noted above, W118 of the earlier Stratum II was incorporated in the stone floors of Rooms 106 and 107, and the earlier plastered Floor 106A on the southeastern side of W118 was also reused without being overlain with paving stones. The floor of the three northern rooms (L114, L115/L117 and L116) was not stone-paved, but consisted of packed earth with some small stones. A row of stones (W109) may have been the remains of a bench in Room 114 (Fig. 7), and another row of stones (W119) may have been the remains of a partition wall that divided between the floors of Rooms 115 and 117.
Another row of stones (L108) may have been a bench or alternatively, the remains of a later superimposed floor, lying 0.25 m above Floor 116. A packed-earth floor (L102) was uncovered in patches at a similar level to L108 in the southern half of the excavation. A clay tabun (L101A) in the fill above Floor 117 (see Fig. 1: Section 1-1) also belonged to the final occupation of the building.
Several basalt artifacts and tools for food-processing were found in the rooms, including the upper grinding stone of a manual rotary mill in the fill above Floor 117, two large three-legged grinding basins, a large basalt ring and three pestles (not illustrated). A small basalt cube may have been a weight (Fig. 4:3).
Two broken marble architectural fragments that were uncovered in the building are significant. One is a segment of a fluted column drum found on the row of stones (L108; Fig. 4:4) and the other is a rectangular carved stone fragment of a latticed chancel screen found in fill overlying Floor 102 (Fig. 4:5). These marble architectural fragments are characteristic of Byzantine churches.
The pottery found in the building included many potsherds of buff-ware vessels, mostly bowls, some glazed with yellow, white and green alkali glazes (Fig. 3:5–8) and a few small jugs, some with applied blob decoration (Fig. 3:9). The large open basins included a gray one of hard-fired ware with combed decoration (Fig. ) and another of a hard red ware with a gray core (Fig. ). The cooking ware included dark red open cooking pans with an internal dark brown glaze and thumb-impressed ledge handles or horizontal handles (Fig. 3:12, 13) and a dark red closed pot with a high neck made of cooking ware (Fig. 3:14). A couple of vessels, a bowl and a jar, had red brush-painted geometric designs (Fig. , 16). A reddish brown storage jar had a high ribbed neck (Fig. ) and a mold-made lamp had a ladder and circle decoration (Fig. ). These pottery forms are characteristic of the seventh and eighth centuries CE—the Umayyad and Abbasid periods, having comparisons at contemporary sites, including Tiberias (Stacey D. 2004. Excavations at Tiberias, 1973–1974, The Early Islamic Periods [IAA Reports 21]. Jerusalem. Pp. 89–166).
The glass fragments found in the building are characteristic of the Umayyad and Ayyubid periods (see Y. Gorin-Rosen below; Fig. 8).
Coins of the Early Islamic seventh or eighth centuries CE were not found in the building, whilst a single coin, dated to the fourth century CE, was found on the paved Floor 107.
The small excavated area prevented a comprehensive understanding of the building plan in Stratum I. Based on the location of the excavated site in the nucleus of ancient Iksal and the finding of the two marble architectural fragments, it is proposed that a church may have been located in the close vicinity and that the present building remains may have been part of an associated monastery or farmhouse. It is possible that the building was constructed in the Late Byzantine period and continued to function in the Early Islamic period. The late sixth century CE coins and the Late Roman Phocean bowls found in the fill under the building may date to the time of construction of the Stratum I building in the Late Byzantine period. The pottery in the building indicates that it was abandoned by the late eighth century CE and no evidence for a violent destruction of the building was noted.
To summarize, the extremely limited remains of the earlier Stratum II permit the tentative suggestion that the occasional potsherds may reflect a Late Hellenistic occupation here. The settlement may have continued into the Roman period and there is evidence for the settlement in the early Byzantine period (late fourth or fifth centuries CE). This may be the village of Xalot that is referred to by Josephus as the southern border of the Lower Galilee in the first century CE. The subsequent Stratum I building was probably constructed in the sixth century Late Byzantine period and may have been part of a church complex, a monastery or a farmhouse that was occupied in the Early Islamic Umayyad-Early Abbasid periods (seventh–eighth centuries CE). The marble architectural fragments and the presence of some rare glass vesssl forms (see below) support the existence of a church in the vicinity.
Bagatti (2001:215) also saw column bases and shafts in the mosque square in the center of the village that he evaluated as originating from a Byzantine church. He also noted that Parthenius, bishop of a village named Exalus that is identified with Iksal, took part in the Council of Jerusalem in 536 CE. Bagatti considered that the diocese of Exalus/Iksal could not have been established much before this date as it did not appear in earlier official lists, nor could it have remained an Episcopal see for long because the village became Muslim with the Arab occupation.
On the basis of the archaeological data it seems that the excavated building was abandoned within the Abbasid period and that this specific area was not resettled.
The Glass Finds
Sixty-three glass fragments were found in the excavation, of which 36 can be identified and dated (Fig. 8). These vessels mostly date to the end of the Byzantine and the Early Islamic periods.
The glass assemblage includes both simple known types of the period alongside others, which are adorned in various techniques and some of them are rare. Glass assemblages from this period are known mostly from cities, such as Tiberias, Bet She’an, Hamat Gader, Caesarea and Ramla, and are far less familiar in rural regions of the Galilee. Hence, the importance of this assemblage that comes from a rural settlement in the Lower Galilee.
The most typical vessels of the Umayyad period are the beaker/bowl type, having a rounded rim, somewhat inverted and a cylindrical or barrel-shaped body (L105; not illustrated). These vessels were adorned with trails in various ways, on the edge of the rim or in horizontal pinching and provided with additions, among them miniature loop handles, as seen on the fragments in Fig. 8:6, 7. Other vessels from the period are wine goblets with a thickened base and lamps of various shapes. One such lamp rim was found (L123; Fig. 8:1); it is inverted and folded out. The remains of a handle are visible on the edge of the rim. Lamps with a folded-out rim and three handles are common to the Byzantine period, although the rim is usually upright or slightly everted. The change in the rim's direction toward the interior characterizes lamps of the Early Islamic period. A bowl that had survived by a small rim fragment (L107; Fig. 8:2) is adorned with a pinched dual tonged decoration that has begun to appear in the Umayyad period and was prevalent during the Abbasid period. Another vessel was adorned with mold blowing in a pattern of two circles around the center of the base, from which a radiating rib pattern comes out. The shape, the technique, the quality of glass and the manner of working the glass point to the assignment of this fragment to the Abbasid period (L108; Fig. 8:3).
The typical bottles of the period have a folded-in rim, a short neck and a spherical or barrel-shaped body. The bottle in Fig. 8:4 (L105) represents one of the variations. It was found together with rims of beaker/bowl-type vessels, dating to the Umayyad period. So does the bottle fragment in Fig. 8:5 (L123), which has a wide wavy trail on the neck or the funnel mouth. More fragments of such bottles were found in other loci (L108, L121) and they are usually dated to the seventh–eighth centuries CE.
One fragment was adorned with a different pinched decoration (L123; Fig. 8:6). It probably belongs to a beaker/bowl type, made of bottle-green glass, which functioned as a lamp. A dominant knob on the body of the vessel resembles a degenerated handle. A very small handle (L116; Fig. 8:7) also belongs to this group. Similar handles were found in the Bet She’an excavations, in contexts dating to the Umayyad and Abbasid-Fatimid periods (Haddad S. Islamic Glass Vessels from the Hebrew University Excavations at Bet Shean [Qedem Reports 8]. Jerusalem. Pls. 21:394–396, 44:934–936). The phenomenon of adding small wide loop handles or knobs to small bowls is known in the Early Islamic period and it is plausible that these vessels served as lamps.
In addition to the vessels, a small bracelet fragment was found (L102; Fig. 8:8). It is made of dark glass whose hue can not be identified and it has a pattern of dense crescents on the outer face and a wide delicate ridge on the inside face. This bracelet was ascribed to a group defined as Type B2d: “Tooled monochrome bracelet with vertical ribbing and with bulging inside section”, which was dated to the Late Roman–Byzantine periods and even later (Spaer M. 1988. The Pre-Islamic Glass Bracelets of Palestine. JGS 30:55–56); such a bracelet was recovered from an Umayyad context in Bet She’an (Haddad 2005: Pl. 23:460).
Eleven coins were found during the excavations, seven of which were conclusively identified. Without exception, all the coins belong to the Byzantine period. These include four small copper coins dating to the fourth–fifth centuries CE (IAA 138939, 138941, 138942, 138945) and three sixth century CE coppers (IAA 138940, 138943), the latest of which is a large follis of Maurice struck at the imperial mint of Antioch in the thirteenth year of his reign (594/5 CE; IAA 138944; Fig. 9). | <urn:uuid:b33a1ef3-f2d1-4eb1-a90f-c152c6dbe720> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/Report_Detail_Eng.aspx?id=1785&mag_id=118 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371858664.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409122719-20200409153219-00523.warc.gz | en | 0.965313 | 3,548 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Need another reason to get angry at your next cell phone bill? Turn to Nigel Bannister, a space scientist at the University of Leicester in Britain, who has concluded that sending a mundane, ubiquitous text message costs at least four times as much as transmitting scientific data from the Hubble telescope. Here’s his math, from a news release, converted to dollars from British pounds:
“The maximum size for a text message is 160 characters, which takes 140 bytes because there are only 7 bits per character in the text messaging system, and we assume the average price for a text message is [about 10 cents]. There are 1,048,576 bytes in a megabyte, so that’s 1 million/140 = 7490 text messages to transmit one megabyte. At 10 cents each, that’s [$734] per MB – or about 4.4 times more expensive than the ‘most pessimistic’ estimate for Hubble Space Telescope transmission costs [of $166 per megabyte].”
The NASA figure was the more elusive one, since the space agency provided Mr. Bannister with only an estimate of the raw cost of transmitting the data to the ground. To get it the rest of the way to its final destination — a NASA database — more money must be spent on hardware and personnel and overhead, he conceded.
“This is difficult, so I had to make some conservative assumptions,” he said, meaning that the official NASA downlink estimate of $17.34 per megabyte was multiplied by almost 10. He did not say whether that included the costs of launching and maintaining the Hubble itself, which are counted in the hundreds of millions.
As Mr. Bannister says, “Hubble is by no means a cheap mission,” and yet by his math, it still looks like a bargain compared with commercial carriers’ text-message prices.
As for his main point — that those prices are “pretty astronomical” — well, you don’t have to be a rocket scientist to figure that out, just someone with two thumbs, a few chatty friends and a dearth of disposable income. | <urn:uuid:63f3ed8e-e705-41df-862c-72359bb359f2> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/05/12/costs-of-text-messaging-vs-space-transmissions/?_r=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689845.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20170924025415-20170924045415-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.949315 | 446 | 2.953125 | 3 |
= “trustlines networks,” a new way of representing how much we are willing to respect our friends’ obligations".
"The main principle of a trustlines network is that it allows secure exchange between strangers, by sending payments along chain of trusting friends. The basic idea is a network of people who have a mutual trust on each other. Anyone can create a trustline with a friend, allowing them to borrow or pay any amount up to a specified credit limit, expressed in anything considered valuable. For example, one can create a trustline for $100, for 10 hours of work, or for 4 beers.
At this basic level there is nothing new. People have always trusted their friends, lending things and providing services. The new thing is in scaling this up.
With trustlines networks, two strangers can exchange different measures of value by taking advantage of the trustlines they have both created with a mutual friend. Let’s say that Alice and Bob do not know each other, but both of them know Nick. Nick has in turn created a trustline for 4 beers with both Alice and Bob. Now Alice can buy Bob a beer so that Bob owes one to Nick and Nick one to Alice, with the expectation of getting the beer eventually back.
As the network and different measures of value grow, Bob does not actually need to buy a beer for Nick. For example, it is possible that Bob changes his tyres instead, cancelling the original debt (and perhaps creating a new one.) Since all the people in the world is connected by just 4 degrees, trustlines scales up quickly in communities and cities.
It is no longer necessary to exchange everything with just money. Computers and digitalisation are particularly good at accounting, having made it technically viable to keep track and exchange values of multiple sorts. Measuring multiple kinds of value make it possible for us to appreciate and endorse actions which are not directly producing monetary value." (https://valuecraft.coop/2017/04/20/first-blog-post/)
- the Trustlines Network project: "the original Ripple idea built on Ethereum" | <urn:uuid:7b3a6e31-92a7-426d-9f57-be978cfa5bba> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Trustlines_Networks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510781.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20231001041719-20231001071719-00592.warc.gz | en | 0.946767 | 449 | 3.125 | 3 |
Until now, pain and swelling from lizard bites assumed to be non-venomous were attributed to the bacteria that thrive on bits of meat left between their teeth from their scavenging diet.
However, the symptoms are actually from the venom, a finding which could have implications for medical research, said Dr. Bryan Fry of the University of Melbourne, lead author of the research published online by the science journal Nature.
"Milking the big monitors was quite simple, just gently squeezing the glands would result in 40-50 milligrams (dry weight) of liquid venom pooling at the base of the teeth," Fry said.
"This means a big Komodo dragon could have more than 200 milligrams ready to delivery at any time", he said.
Wednesday, November 16, 2005
KOMODO DRAGONS - Study shows more to a lizard bite than a nasty nip
Reuters.com has an enlightening article on a new study which effectively doubles the number of potentially venomous reptile species in the world from 2,300 to 4,600! This could prove very important news to medicine developers, because many of today's drugs are derived from snake toxins. | <urn:uuid:bf7b6934-9732-4fd6-872b-40ff2788f83a> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://anotherchancetosee.blogspot.com/2005/11/komodo-dragons-study-shows-more-to.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107720.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821060924-20170821080924-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.96471 | 240 | 3.390625 | 3 |
About a week ago, the National Climate Data Center (NCDC) at NOAA released the State of the Climate Summary for 2011. Now that the year is over, we can look back and see how the state of the climate compares in the context of the entire instrumental record that began circa 1880. The report is available here: http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/ So how does 2011 stack up? It tied 1997 as the 11th warmest year on record. Or, put another way, the 11th warmest year globally since ~1880. This in itself is not so remarkable with respect to climate change. What is far more alarming is that 2011 was the 35th CONSECUTIVE year that the global annual average temperature was above the average of the 20th century, and every single year in the 21st century falls within the warmest 13 years out of the entire instrumental record! There was only one year in the entire 20th century that was warmer globally than 2011, and that was 1998 with its catastrophic El Niño. The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) analysis places 2011 as the 9th warmest year on record with 9 of the 10 warmest years occurring in the 21st century. Their site provides an excellent overview of the climate extremes that the planet faced in the last year in addition to how various pieces of the global climate system fit together to make 2011 the year that it was:
The two-standard-deviation uncertainty (2σ, 95% confidence interval) for comparison of global temperatures in nearby recent years is estimated to be 0.05°C (Hansen et al., 2010). The size of this uncertainty and the small temperature differences among different years (Fig. 2) is one reason that alternative analyses yield different rankings for the warmest years.
The figure above from GISS provides spatial context for the temperature anomalies of 2011. Note that the location of many of the warmest sea surface temperature anomalies are in coral reef zones. The Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, and in the Pacific: the coral triangle, and the west Pacific from the Marianas down along the northern coast of Papua New Guinea, through the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu and southeastward to the Fiji, Tonga and Samoa regions. This crystalizes the fact that coral reefs still face a global threat in the form of sea surface temperature warming. | <urn:uuid:4d3d40e9-9c59-417c-b2c0-ae25a62e863c> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://reefs.com/2012/02/08/climate-summary-for-2011-shows-climate-change-a-continuing-threat-to-coral-reefs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187826210.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20171023164236-20171023184236-00165.warc.gz | en | 0.920095 | 487 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Rovers refer to robotic cars that are typically sent to other planets for exploration purposes. Â Some rovers are designed to get soil and rock samples from other planets like Mars while other rovers are specifically configured to take various photos of a distant planet and send them back to Earth. Â With these kinds of missions though, rovers are expected to travel at a slow pace of only 30 km/h. Â This speed is considered very slow and some people have wondered why this is so. Â The main reason for the rover’s slow speed is that it is configured as such by scientists on Earth. This configuration is done because the rovers are controlled from the Earth to move through the fields of a planet that is light-years away. Â The farther the rovers are from Earth, the longer will it receive any command from the Earth. Â Slowing the rovers to a minimum speed will allow scientists on Earth to have some control over the robotic car before any untoward incident happens. Â It is said that commands from the Earth could as take as long as 15 seconds to reach rovers in Mars for example. Â With this very long lag after the commands are given, the rovers are somewhat at risk as they travel to the unchartered terrain of other planets.
Rovers are considered very important tools for exploring other planets in terms of their natural environment and possible discovery of life forms or evidences. Â These robotic machines are also very delicate and expensive making them very valuable in the scientific community. With so much delay in terms of commands, scientists need to make sure that these rovers will not encounter in any problems or emergencies while performing their functions in distant planets. Â One way to prevent possible problems with the rovers is to have them move slowly while getting pictures or picking up rocks for example. Â The slow speed in rovers is basically meant as a precautionary measure to avoid rover malfunction or any other problems. | <urn:uuid:d53fbf8a-64ac-45e2-9dba-1114e88429b8> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.knowswhy.com/why-do-rovers-travel-so-slowly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934804976.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118151819-20171118171819-00748.warc.gz | en | 0.966223 | 402 | 4.03125 | 4 |
A child’s language development begins in infancy, long before he joins our program. Our role is to provide a language rich environment and age-appropriate materials that will allow that development to continue and flourish.
Our youngest children in the Iris class are just starting to say individual words. Teachers speaking slowly and clearly assist that development. Teachers use correct terms for vocabulary, read stories, use sign language, sing songs, and enjoy finger-play. Some children in our youngest class start to recognize and respond to their name and may start to follow one or two step directions. They may be putting a few words together by the time they move up to the next class level.
At around age 2 most children start speaking in short sentences and have a functional language. Teachers in the toddler program continue to model clear spoken language. Children are encouraged to verbalize their needs. Naming actual objects or pictures of objects helps to increase vocabulary. Children build visual discrimination skills through matching objects and pictures and by learning to recognize colors and shapes. Learning to listen is part of language development. Reading to the children, engaging them in conversation and giving them short verbal directions to follow enhance listening skills.
The pre-reading lessons in the older toddler class and in the 3-6 classes include more visual discrimination practice. Matching, sorting, classifying, patterning, and go-together cards are used. Rhyming and opposites will be introduced. Vocabulary work is done not only in the language area, but also in the sensorial, science, cultural and geography lessons. Pre-writing work is done with lessons that help children learn the proper way to hold a pencil. Pencil control and fine-motor skills are practiced. Preparation for writing includes sandpaper letters that the children can feel and trace.
Our language curriculum in the 3-6 program is phonic based. Children learn letter sounds starting with lower case letters. Once they know 10 or more sounds, they are introduced to a word building lesson called the movable alphabet. They learn that putting sounds together creates a word. Children are often ready for word building before they are able to write so the movable alphabet allows them to “write” without paper and pencil. It isn’t long before they start sounding out 3 letter words. They match words to objects or pictures, increasing their understanding that a word has meaning. In keeping with the Montessori philosophy of allowing children to progress at their own pace, lessons are presented according to a child’s interest and readiness. When ready, a child will progress to reading short sentences, sight words, and may start reading emergent reading books.
Both receptive language skills and expressive language skills are important milestones. As the children get older, they will be given opportunities to follow 3 or 4 step verbal directions. Sustaining attention in a group, answering questions with an appropriate response and staying on topic while carrying on a conversation will be expected. They can listen to longer books and start to retell a story. Older children can be asked to predict an outcome or next event in a story.
Vocabulary and expressive language skills increase as children are allowed to converse and interact with adults and peers throughout the day. Show-n-tell is a great way to help children become comfortable speaking in front of a group. Creative writing can start by “writing” stories with the movable alphabet or dictating to a teacher. Using phonetic spelling, some children start writing stories themselves and illustrating them as well.
Even after a young child learns to read, it remains important that they continue to be read to daily. At around age 4 or 5, you can start reading chapter books that may take several days to finish. Ask your child what happened previously in the story before continuing from one day to the next. Choose books that don’t have a lot of illustrations, allowing children to create their own images as they listen to the narrative. Include poetry, fiction and non-fiction on your child’s bookshelf. Have multi-cultural books and books that include characters in non-traditional gender roles, for example a male nurse or a female fire fighter. Biographies of famous people are popular with young children.
Be prepared to read the same story numerous times – children love the repetition. Change the wording in a sentence or the ending of a story to add a new challenge as the child listens for those “mistakes”.
Comments are closed. | <urn:uuid:86d85caf-a93f-4cad-8c39-c3d7a5cb20ff> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://discoveryasheville.com/language-curriculum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296945144.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20230323100829-20230323130829-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.948087 | 912 | 4.40625 | 4 |
Computer technology has been around for decades, but the machines we use today are light years ahead of where we were even a decade ago. They are faster, more accurate and easier to use. This is cutting-edge technology.
Machine learning and artificial intelligence help plant scientists to run millions of “microsimulations” that give researchers insights into how a pesticide might interact with target or non-target pests or how it might impact the environment.
This can lead to a reduction in the amount of active ingredient being used, a reduction in the toxicity of an active ingredient and help ensure no harm to beneficial species like honey bees.
Learn more about how artificial intelligence is helping change the face of the crop protection industry here:
This story is part of our Partner Spotlight on CropLife International. CropLife is committed to bringing farmers the plant science they need to help them grow crops in sustainable ways. The innovations in plant protection shared through this Partner Spotlight are some of the many examples that are helping farmers cope with increasing threats worldwide. As a Partner in GFAR, CropLife’s researchers believe that the future of farming can only benefit from informed discussion and knowledge sharing, and that engagement and partnerships are key to improving agriculture. They know that to progress farmers and rural communities they must be empowered to take ownership of their own futures and become drivers of the innovations they wish to see. | <urn:uuid:99e4613b-f18b-409a-b18f-b728404442dc> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://blog.gfar.net/2018/12/06/how-artificial-intelligence-can-speed-up-innovation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371618784.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406035448-20200406065948-00308.warc.gz | en | 0.940008 | 281 | 3.375 | 3 |
The Malaysian wood-based industry began in the early 1900s. While it was primarily focused on meeting the domestic demand at the time, it has been transformed into a large, export-oriented industry, producing a wide variety of value-added productions. The industry has gained a prominent socio-economic status by contributing more than RMB20 billion in annual export earnings and providing employment to almost 226,000 workers over the last few years. In 2011, a total of 3,975 manufacturing entities were operating in the Malaysian wood-based industry.
The wood-based industry has emerged as one of the most important, prominent and fastest growing manufacturing sectors in the Malaysian economy. Despite the growing importance of value-added wood product manufacturing, the sawmilling sector remains the backbone of the wood-based industry.
Sawmilling produces sawn timber and wood waste that are exploited by the other wood-based industries to be further processed into value-added products, such as furniture, wood-based panels, moulding and joinery. Since the implementation of the first Industrial Master Plan (IMP) in 1986 by the Malaysian government, the sawmilling industry has been accorded less importance.
With a reduced supply of saw-logs from natural forest in the country, which practices sustainable forest management (SFM), the capacity for utilisation of wood within the sawmilling industry in Malaysia has also suffered.
Furthermore, the technology used in the Malaysian sawmilling sector is old and obsolete. In general, sawmills fail to modernise and automate because of a lack of finances. It has been noted that the different characteristics of the tropical hardwood and softwood saw-logs, together with the variable market demands for these sawn timbers, makes the application of new technology in the Malaysian sawmilling sector uneconomical.
As a result, the Malaysian sawmilling sector suffers from low productivity and generates a large volume of waste. According to the ITTO-CITES Project report, the generation of wood waste in the sawmilling sector of Peninsular Malaysia was approximately 45-50 percent of the total volume of saw-log input. On the other hand, the sawmilling sector is also energy-intensive.
The electrical energy consumed during the sawmilling processes is generated off-site at power stations that burn fossil fuels. During the sawmilling process, a substantial amount of thermal energy is also produced on-site. The combustion of fossil fuels for energy generation discharges gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, mono-nitrogen oxides—which include nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, non-methane volatile organic compounds, and particulates to the environment. These gases have a negative impact on the environmental air quality.
A number of studies have investigated the effects of resource consumption in sawmilling and the resultant environmental profiles. These studies have revealed that the consumption of resources results in the discharge of a variety of gases in different quantities into the environment. Environmental emissions are different between countries and sawmills as a result of the different technologies, methods and environmental standards applied.
It is widely believed that the effects of sawing softwoods is less environmentally damaging compared to hardwoods, although no conclusive reports are available at this time. In addition, the emission of several gases subsequently impacts the environment in the form of global warming, acidification, human toxicity, ozone depletion, photo-oxidant formation, material depletion, energy depletion and eutrophication potentials. Consequently, the issue of environmental performance from the sawmilling industry has become a topic of intense debate at the national and international levels.
Although alternative materials, such as steel, plastic and concrete, can replace wood for many applications, this practice is not desirable, as these materials have been reported to contribute to greater environmental burdens compared to wood.
In view of this difference, research on the environmental performance of the sawmilling sector is of high interest, especially in Malaysia, which has a large wood-based industry. Therefore, a study of the environmental performance of the sawmilling sector in Peninsular Malaysia using the life cycle assessment (LCA) technique was carried out.
The study assessed the environmental performances from the sawmilling sector. Two sawmills were chosen for the study. The selection of sawmills in this environmental burdens assessment was presumed to be representative of the overall sawmilling sector that produces rough green sawn timber of meranti species in Peninsular Malaysia. The findings of the environmental performances in this investigation provided benchmark values for the sawmilling sector, which is considered the oldest wood-processing industry in the country.
The first sawmill, referred to as sawmill A, is the biggest sawmill in Peninsular Malaysia. Sawmill A was set as the base scenario for the study. Meanwhile, the second sawmill, referred to as sawmill B, is a medium-sized sawmill. The purpose to include medium-sized sawmill in this study was to determine any notable differences from resource consumption to environmental performance when compared to sawmill A.
Small-size sawmills do exist, but mills of this type provide custom wood products only. In addition, smaller mills tend not to keep accurate production records, and even some of the large hardwood sawmills did not have primary mill data requested.
The flow of saw-logs in the manufacturing process produced rough green sawn timber as the main product. The yield of light red meranti and dark red meranti rough green sawn timber was enumerated by applying the cubic recovery technique. The method of cubic recovery was selected as it is more practical and more accurate than the lumber recovery factor.
The mean recovery of light red meranti and dark red meranti rough green sawn timber in sawmill A differed by 10.36 percent. Likewise, the mean of the sawn timber recovery for light red meranti was 10.49 percent higher than dark red meranti in sawmill B. On the other hand, in a comparison between the sawmills, sawn timber recovery for both species in sawmill B yielded greater quantities than sawmill A by 3.23 percent and 3.05 percent for light red meranti and dark red meranti respectively.
Apart from the production of rough green sawn timber, the flow of saw-logs also resulted in wood losses in the form of off-cuts, sawdust, shavings and splinters. These wood losses were not further used in sawmill A and sawmill B. Off-cuts, sawdust, shavings and splinters were eventually sold to other mills in which off-cuts were recovered for other wood products, while sawdust, shavings and splinters were used for energy generation in the boilers.
The sources of energy used in the sawmilling activities were identified as electrical energy and diesel fuel energy.
Electricity was used in sawmill A and sawmill B to run the motors for the sub-system unit processes comprising the primary breakdown, secondary breakdown, quality control and conveyor belt. Energy used to operate the sub-system processes was defined as process energy.
Diesel fuel was used in sawmill A and sawmill B for off-road transportation activities. These activities involved the carrying of saw-logs and sawn timber boards within the mills themselves. Since the study was focused on the off-site transportation activity, the fuel used was the only aspect taken into consideration.
The use of resources in sawmilling activities consequently discharges the wood residues, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide, mono-nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide in different types and quantities into the environment.
The off-site electricity was generated from the burning of fossil fuels in the conventional power stations. Meanwhile, diesel fuel was combusted on-site, especially for transportation activities. Fuel comprises carbon, sulphur, nitrogen and other compounds. Inevitably, these components were emitted into the environment in different amounts, depending on the quantities and types of fossil fuel used. The release of these gases as a result of fuel consumption is categorised as anthropogenic emission, which is related to environmental burdens.
Generally, the release of carbon dioxide, mono-nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide from dark red meranti was greater than that of light red meranti. As a matter of fact, the result showed that wood species factor did not affect the emission of carbon dioxide, mono-nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide, as the findings were non-significant between the wood species.
The saw-log’s density, length, diameter, volume, moisture content as well as the dimensions of sawn timber produced, for both wood species, were different. The observations in this study with regards to the variability in the energy consumption, particularly electricity, for light red meranti and dark red meranti saw-logs was likely caused by the differences in saw-log characteristics and physical properties. Increasing the saw-log’s length and diameter would require additional energy during the cutting processes. Furthermore, cutting small dimension sawn timber would increase the energy demand.
Saw-logs of higher density require more energy and more material for a given cutting volume. In the meantime, the sawing volume of dark red meranti in both sawmills was higher than the light red meranti, which explains the higher use of diesel fuel energy.
Perhaps, the difference in the saw logs characteristics, physical properties, and number of logs does not have strong influence in the variation in energy consumption. As a result, the weak variability in the consumption of electrical and diesel fuel energy between the light red meranti and dark red meranti did not show any significant difference in the discharged amount of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide, mono-nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide.
The release of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen dioxide, mono-nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide is capable of impacting the environment. Based on this fact, the potential environmental impacts were evaluated.
The findings indicate that the global warming, acidification, human toxicity, eutrophication and photo-oxidant formation potentials showed a mean difference between the sawmills and wood species. A statistical analysis was performed in order to determine any significant difference for each of the potential environmental impacts between the test factors. As the normality for each of the potential environmental impacts was observed to be acceptable, MANOVA statistical test was applied for further analysis.
The first part of the MANOVA test was a multivariate test. The multivariate test for sawmill, wood species and interaction of sawmill and wood species was not statistically significant. The statistical analysis was not continued to examine in detail the univariate analysis for main effect of sawmill factor, main effect of wood species factor, and interaction of sawmill and wood species because the finding for each of the potential environmental impact would be non-significant as well. | <urn:uuid:e266c05e-9a2c-4f73-b21d-38f4594414a7> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://fdmasia.com/index.php/wood-sustainability/item/340-environmental-emissions-from-sawmilling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250620381.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124130719-20200124155719-00373.warc.gz | en | 0.95589 | 2,271 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Methodologies and Tools for Measuring the Mental Health and Psychosocial Wellbeing of Children in Humanitarian Contexts
This report, conducted for the Child Protection Working Group (CPWG) and Mental Health and Psychosocial Support (MHPSS) Reference Group, maps the current repertoire of tools and approaches available for measuring children's psychosocial wellbeing. There are three major challenges with regard to measuring mental health and psychosocial wellbeing of children in humanitarian emergencies: cultural validity, reliability, and feasibility. A review of the 48 tools that met inclusion criteria led to 4 conclusions. First, there is a varied array of measures available for use in humanitarian settings. Second, measures are often not framed with respect to the comprehensive approach to MHPSS needs put forth in the IASC Guidelines. Third, the majority of measures originate in high-income countries. And last, determining age-appropriateness and the appropriateness of self- versus parental-report presents additional complexities.
This represents a key step in providing practical guidance to practitioners for the development of initial assessments and ongoing monitoring and evaluation tools in humanitarian settings.
Click to Download: | <urn:uuid:7fa92e91-1f9d-4af5-9e1b-ce67e3d7f2bc> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://www.cpcnetwork.org/resource/methodologies-and-tools-for-measuring-the-mental-health-and-psychosocial-wellbeing-of-children-in-humanitarian-contexts/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250601628.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20200121074002-20200121103002-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.893792 | 231 | 2.609375 | 3 |
To reach its 2028 goal to build a lunar base and eventually sustain a human presence on the moon, NASA awarded $370 million to over a dozen companies to deploy the technology on the lunar surface. Those innovations include remote power generation, cryogenic freezing, robotics, safer landing ... and 4G. Because how else will astronauts tweet their moon golf shots and lunar rover selfies?
NASA says 4G could provide more reliable, longer-distance communication than the current radio standards in place on the moon. Like on Earth, the 4G network will eventually be upgraded to 5G.
Nokia's (NOK) Bell Labs was granted $14.1 million for the project. Bell Labs, formerly operated by AT&T, will partner with spaceflight engineering company Intuitive Machines to build out the 4G-LTE network.
John Oliver jokes about CNN parent company AT&T (T) aside, 4G will probably work better on the moon than it does here -- it won't have any trees, buildings or TV signals to interfere with the 4G signal. The moon's cellular network will also be specially designed to withstand the particularities of the lunar surface: extreme temperature, radiation and space's vacuum. It will also stay functional during lunar landings and launches, even though rockets significantly vibrate the moon's surface.
Bell Labs said astronauts will use its wireless network for data transmission, controlling of lunar rovers, real-time navigation over lunar geography (think Google Maps for the moon), and streaming of high-definition video. That could give us stuck on Earth a much better shot of astronauts bouncing around on the lunar surface: Buzz Aldrin was a great cameraman, but he didn't have an iPhone. | <urn:uuid:0ef95cbd-ff86-4beb-a461-8eabe436388d> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.albawaba.com/business/nasa-nokia-team-install-4g-network-moon-1387978 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224649293.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230603133129-20230603163129-00206.warc.gz | en | 0.939574 | 349 | 2.84375 | 3 |
There are a lot of people in the world -- nearly 7 billion -- and the diversity among them is great [source: U.S. Census Bureau]. Although sometimes people who have different ethnic backgrounds might share similar in skin tones and textures, the differences usually are more noticeable. Because of this, there are differences in the way people of varying ethnicities must take care of their skin, including techniques for cleansing.
For example, people with dark skin tones, such as those of African descent, tend to have sensitive skin. To avoid irritation and excessive dryness, it can be a good idea to go easy on cleansing products containing abrasive exfoliants and chemicals such as benzoyl peroxide because they can be too harsh and can cause problems [source: Nordenberg]. The same can be true for Hispanics, Asians, Native Americans and anyone else with darker skin. Some products targeted to clear up acne -- especially those with bleaching ingredients -- can temporarily lighten the skin, causing blotchy discoloration [source: American Academy of Dermatology].
However, in Caucasians and others with very light skin tones, cleansers containing benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid can often be used to achieve a better skin tone and a smoother texture. Discoloration is less of a concern for them because light skin tones already have very little melanin, the pigment that gives skin and hair their color.
Just because two people have the same skin color, however, doesn't always mean that they will require the same treatment. People who share the same ethnicity may have different skin textures or skin conditions. Keep reading to discover ethnic differences in skin tone and texture and what can cause hyperpigmentation (dark spots) on certain skin types. | <urn:uuid:09dd0fc9-80b2-4b02-b469-952a8ca755f6> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://health.howstuffworks.com/skin-care/cleansing/basics/ethnic-differences-skin-cleansing.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703035278/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516111715-00010-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943923 | 354 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Our top priority is the care of your eyes. We want to keep your eyes healthy through regular eye health evaluations, communication, and education. This page lists a few of the most common eye diseases. Select from the following list of topics or scroll to learn about the causes, symptoms, and treatments for:
|Dry Eye Syndrome||Glaucoma|
|Macular Degeneration||Retinal Detachment|
There are two types of blepharitis. Seborrheic blepharitis is often part of an overall skin condition called seborrhea, which may also affect the scalp, chest, back and the area behind the ears. The second form of blepharitis – staph blepharitis – is a more severe condition, caused by bacteria, that begins in childhood and may continue through adulthood.
Hormones, nutrition, general physical condition, and even stress may contribute to seborrheic blepharitis. Build-ups of naturally occurring bacteria contribute to staph blepharitis.
Blepharitis could be described as dandruff of the eyelids. Seborrheic blepharitis causes redness of the eyelids, flaking and scaling of the eyelashes, and greasy, waxy scales. Staph blepharitis also causes redness of the eyelid margins and flaking of the lashes, and can cause loss of eyelashes, eyelid scarring, and red eye.
Eyelid scrubs with baby shampoo or a specially formulated cleaner can reduce the symptoms of blepharitis. Application of warm compresses to the eyes daily can also help. Staph blepharitis may also require antibiotic drops or ointments, and special eyelid cleansers. The use of artificial tears is often helpful to relieve associated discomfort or dryness.
A cataract is a cloudiness that occurs in the normally clear lens of the eye. The lens helps to focus images onto the back of the eye. If the lens is cloudy it causes a decrease in vision.
A person with cataracts may notice faded colors, problems with light (such as halos, or headlights that seem too bright), or poor night vision.
Your eye doctor can detect the presence of cataracts through a thorough eye exam, including a visual acuity test and dilation of the pupils. The good news is that cararacts can be removed and replaced with a clear lens providing clear vision again.
At Solano Eye Care we are trained to help advise and can help find the best surgeon for you. We also co-manage the postoperative care and prescribe the appropriate glasses or contact lenses, when needed, following surgery.
Conjunctivitis, commonly called pink eye, is a redness of the eye. It is often accompanied by a discharge (clear, yellow, or white) and itching in the eye.
Pink eye is most often a viral infection, but it may also be caused by bacteria or an allergic reaction. Viral pink eye is highly contagious.
Prevention & Treatment
To avoid spreading conjunctivitis, wash your hands often, do not touch the infected area with your hands, do not share wash cloths or towels, and avoid using makeup which may become contaminated. A child with pink eye should be kept from school for a few days. Sometimes an eye doctor will need to prescribe antibiotic eye drops and ointments to clear up conjunctivitis.
If you have diabetes it is extemely important for you to have a dilated retinal eye exam every year. The early phases of diabetic retinopathy may not cause vision symptoms. Diabetic retinopathy is a condition associated with diabetes. High levels of blood sugar may damage tiny blood vessels in your eye. New vessels may form to replace the damaged vessels. The new vessels can burst, resulting in blurred vision or even blindness.
Symptoms of diabetic retinopathy include:
- "Floaters" – small specks that pass across your field of vision, made up of cells floating in the transparent gel of your eye
- Difficulty reading or seeing things close-up
- Sudden loss of vision
- Blurred or darkened vision
Risk Factors & Treatment
If you have diabetes, make sure you control your blood sugar level. This will reduce your risk of getting diabetic retinopathy. If you are experiencing any of the symptoms listed above, give us a call. If diagnosed properly, diabetic retinopathy can be treated with a laser procedure or a vitrectomy.
Following your eye examination a letter will be sent to the doctor who is managing your diabetes. This report of your eye health is important information for your diabetes doctor.
If your eyes are constantly dry, you may have dry eye syndrome, which affects almost 10 million Americans. Dry eye syndrome is caused by a lack of, or poor quality of, tears. Tears lubricate the outer layer of the eye called the cornea. If the tears are not composed of a proper balance of mucous, water, and oil, the eye becomes irritated.
Dry eye syndrome leads to a number of symptoms, including irritation, burning, excessive tearing, redness, blurred vision that improves with blinking, and discomfort after long periods of watching television, driving, using a computer, or reading.
There are many factors that can contribute to dry eye syndrome. These include dry, hot, or windy climates, high altitudes, air-conditioned rooms, and cigarette smoke. Contact lens wearers, people with abnormally dry skin, and the elderly are more likely to develop dry eye syndrome. You may also be more at risk if you take certain medications, have a thyroid condition, a vitamin-A deficiency, Parkinson's or Sjorgen's disease, or if you are a woman going through menopause.
Glaucoma is a very common eye disorder affecting millions of Americans. It is progresssive damage of the optic nerve which may be caused by too much pressure on the inside of the eye. The fluid in your eyes helps to nourish and cleanse the inside of your eyes by constantly flowing in and out. When the fluid is prevented from flowing out, the intraocular pressure builds and damages the optic nerve. This causes a gradual loss in peripheral vision.
Glaucoma is a painless disease. Most people who have glaucoma have no symptoms. It gradually affects your peripheral vision and then closes in until all vision is lost. For this reason it is very important to have eye examinations every 1-2 years. Once the nerve is damaged and vision has been lost, it can't be reversed.
At Solano Eye Care we have the latest equipment to diagnose and monitor this silent disease to help protect your vision.
Risk Factors & Treatment
Heredity is a risk factor. If you have a parent or sibling with glaucoma your risk of developing it is higher than the average person. Also, you may be at greater risk if you are over 45, of African descent, near-sighted, or diabetic. Finally, if you have used steroids or cortizone for a long period of time, or if you have suffered an eye injury in the past, you have a greater chance of developing glaucoma.
Some people have "normal tension glaucoma". These patients have normal eye pressure but their nerve still atrophies gradually over time. This is thought to be more of a vascular cause than an eye pressure problem. The treatment usually requires eye drops to be used daily and frequent monitoring of the health of the nerve and peripheral vision.
Macular degeneration is a disease which affects a small area of the retina known as the macula. The macula is a specialized area on the retina that allows us to see the fine detail of whatever is directly in front of us. Macular degeneration occurs when the macula begins to deteriorate.
"Wet" vs. "Dry"
Most often, macular degeneration is accompanied by formation of yellow deposits, called "drusen," under the macula, which cause the macula to become "bumpy" or irregular. This is called "dry" macular degeneration. In rare cases, abnormal blood vessels develop under the macula and leak fluid. This is called "wet" macular degeneration.
A number of uncontrollable factors contribute to macular degeneration, including age, sex, eye color, hereditary, and race. Risk factors you can control include smoking, high blood pressure, exposure to harmful sunlight, and diet.
It is difficult to detect dry macular degeneration in its early stages. The most common symptoms, when detected, include a spot of blurry vision, dark vision, or distorted vision. Wet macular degeneration progresses much faster than the dry variety. Both forms of macular degeneration can cause loss of central vision, making it difficult to read or see small details.
Currently, there is no cure for macular degeneration, but treatment is available to slow the effects. Certain vitamins and nutrition may also help slow the progression.
The part of the eye which collects light and transmits the light messages to the optic nerve and brain is the retina. It lines the inner back wall of the eye. When the retina separates from the back wall, it is known as retinal detachment. It is a serious condition which can cause permanent damage and vision loss if not treated quickly.
A retinal detachment often causes sudden defects in your vision. It may just cause a blind spot too small to notice, or it may cause a noticeable shadow which obscures your vision. An increase in "floaters," which look like small particles or fine threads, may also be noticed. Finally, flashes of light are associated with retinal detachment.
Eye injuries, tumors, and cataract surgery can increase the risk for retinal detachment. Near-sighted individuals and the elderly are at greater risk for spontaneous detachment. Also, diabetic retinopathy, a condition associated with diabetes, can cause bleeding which leads to retinal detachment. | <urn:uuid:98b3e22a-8862-4be0-ba66-e7742c4631bf> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.solanoeyecare.net/eye-health/diseases-of-the-eye | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657155816.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20200715035109-20200715065109-00389.warc.gz | en | 0.933659 | 2,078 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Parents are a child’s first and most important teachers. Natural learning opportunities arise daily to teach children lessons in health, safety, manners and morals: eat your vegetables, don’t touch the hot stove, always say “please” and “thank you”, and treat others the way you wish to be treated. All are essential truisms for leading a productive and satisfying life. Just as learning and living these lessons will help forge a path to a successful and happy existence, instilling solid financial values early and often can set children on a healthy financial path and help avoid common but painful financial pitfalls later on in adulthood.
Teaching children the importance of prudent money management is a lesson that is sometimes neglected by even the most caring and astute parents. Among the many crucial lessons children learn at home from their parents, basic financial literacy is often overlooked. Sometimes parents skip this lesson because they themselves struggle with understanding core financial concepts. If parents, as natural family teachers, fail to take the lead by modeling unhealthy attitudes towards money and its true value, children may grow up gaining independence in every aspect of life except when it comes to their money. Achieving a certain level of financial independence is essential to being successful as an adult. Parents can attain much peace of mind by educating themselves on basic financial literacy and passing that knowledge down to their impressionable children.
Distraction from the media, uncertainty or volatility in the markets, or pressure to buy and sell from friends, colleagues, financial “gurus” and other less than reliable sources for investment advice can directly challenge an investor’s ability to make consistent, rational and logical investment decisions. The barrage of information coupled with some inherent behavioral biases can make long term investing a challenge for most people.
Behavioral Finance has been an academic area of study since the early 2000s when Daniel Kahneman, a psychology professor at Princeton University published research that demonstrated “repeated patterns of irrationality, inconsistency, and incompetence in the ways human beings arrive at decisions and choices when faced with uncertainty.” Dr. Kahneman’s findings won him the Nobel Prize in economics in 2002 and the research strongly suggests that investors will often make decisions based on their emotions rather than on logic and historical data, even if it is right in front of them.
In a perfect world, planning for retirement should be exciting (I can’t wait to retire early!), easy (automatic savings/contributions) and not stressful (I have so much money to save!)
In reality, thinking about retirement can make people feel very anxious. How much should I be saving? Will I have enough to live? Will I run out of money? Planning for the future can be very overwhelming and it can be difficult to picture how saving into an investment portfolio can actually provide an income for you when you are no longer working.
Many times, people don’t realize the importance of starting to save early on. The earlier you begin to save money for retirement, the more successful you will be. You will have saved more dollars, and you are giving it a longer time to grow and earn interest.
As we get older, the idea of no longer earning an income and receiving a paycheck is hard to comprehend. We’ve seen a lot of our clients fearful of making a mistake as they near retirement and they become very fearful of market declines. As you approach retirement, it is so important to discuss any concerns that arise with your trusted advisor.
As financial planners, we hope our clients can achieve a peaceful transition into retirement. Here are a few suggestions:
Your time has finally come. You spent your years since high school scraping by on ramen noodles and pulling all-nighters so that you could score that great job, right? Now you have paid your dues for a few years and the time has come for you to get a raise or a bonus. This is certainly a cause for celebration!
Rewarding your hard work with some new clothes, a night out on the town or possibly something bigger like a new car is okay, but don’t get too carried away. It is important, to maintain a sharp perspective on your cash flow and your goals when your income begins to increase.
THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL FAMILY WEALTH TRANSFERS
It is inevitable--every day we get a little bit older. The time to begin planning for the next generation is now. As successful heads of your family, you have worked very hard saving for your future, taking care of your family and creating a plan for retirement. It’s possible that with a few additional conversations, you can create a legacy that your children and grandchildren may continue to enjoy for generations to come.
The complexities of the family and the amount of wealth transferring to the next generation can help determine how much time and effort will be required in the planning stages to ensure a successful transfer. If you would like the transfer of your wealth to benefit the next generation, then you need to consider involving your family early. It is important for each generation to try to understand each other’s perspectives regarding the shifting of assets and the impact these assets may have on their future. | <urn:uuid:d9c11723-338f-4b54-81ac-1b239d945c49> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://arcadiawm.com/resources/our-blog.html?start=30 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370505731.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200401130837-20200401160837-00325.warc.gz | en | 0.956064 | 1,068 | 3.1875 | 3 |
10 Cholangiocarcinoma: Ablation and Intra-arterial Therapies
Cholangiocarcinoma is an aggressive neoplasm originating from the bile duct epithelium. Historically, cholangiocarcinomas have been described as rare tumors, but they represent the second most common primary hepatic tumor after hepatocellular carcinoma. A variety of conditions can predispose to the development of cholangiocarcinoma ( Table 10.1 ). The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma appears to be on the rise. 1 Prognosis and treatment options are variable depending on location and tumor biology but have historically been poor, with survival from time of diagnosis ranging from 3 to 11 months in the face of best available therapy. 2 , 3 , 4
Definite predisposing factors
Possible predisposing factors
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Chronic liver fluke infection
Biliary-enteric anastomotic procedures
Biliary malformations (choledochal cyst)
Cholangiocarcinomas are classified by their location; this has important treatment and prognostic implications. They can occur anywhere along the bile tract, from small intrahepatic ductules to the ampulla. The hilar variant or Klatskin tumor is the most common, with extrahepatic and gallbladder variants. Up to 10% of tumors are solely intrahepatic. 5
The mainstay of therapy for cholangiocarcinoma of any type remains surgical resection, with cure rates ranging from 28 to 40%. Unfortunately, many patients are deemed unresectable at presentation, likely owing to the multifocal nature of cholangiocarcinoma and proximity to hilar structures. 6 Transplantation is another surgical option, with a recent series showing a 5-year survival of 38% in transplanted patients, which increased to 68% in those treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. These results are tempered by strict patient selection criteria and a limited supply of organs. 7 , 8
Optimal second-line therapy for cholangiocarcinoma has not been determined. Systemic chemotherapy, external beam radiation, localized photodynamic therapy, and brachytherapy have all been used, most with limited success and high levels of toxicity. Given the fact that no single nonsurgical therapy is particularly effective, the intrahepatic variant of cholangiocarcinoma represents an enticing potential target for liver-directed therapy. Furthermore, malignant tumors of the liver and the biliary ducts theoretically derive their blood supply preferentially from the hepatic arterial circulation, in contrast to normal hepatocytes, which are preferentially supplied by the portal vein. Liver-directed therapy is largely limited to treating the intrahepatic variant; however, extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma metastatic to the liver also represents a potential target. 9
The main indications for percutaneous therapy of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma fall into a few major categories: primarily unresectable (due to anatomy/location), poor performance status precluding surgery, recurrent disease after resection, or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma metastatic to the liver. Palliation of mass symptoms and refractory biliary obstruction are other potential indications for locoregional therapy. An emerging indication for percutaneous treatment is to downstage initially unresectable patients for possible resection or transplantation.
Absolute contraindications are a life-threatening anaphylaxis to contrast or any other medications used and an uncorrectable coagulopathy. Poor performance status is a strong relative contraindication, because most studies have excluded patients with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) score > 2 or a short life expectancy (< 6 months). Poor liver function reserve also represents a relative contraindication to therapy, given the potential of locoregional therapy to damage normal liver. Patients with extrahepatic metastatic disease are unlikely to benefit from treating only some of their metastatic burden. Prior biliary enteric anastomoses or an incompetent sphincter of Oddi are relative contraindications to percutaneous therapy given the high risk of infectious complications. Uncorrected anemia and leukopenia are contraindications to chemotherapy. Platelet levels should be reviewed to insure they are at levels adequate for hemostasis for both arterial and solid organ punctures.
10.4 Patient Consideration and Workup
As in any interventional oncology procedure, initial patient selection is crucial to success. The initial workup and treatment planning process are centered around a meticulous review of the patient’s medical history, oncological history, and diagnostic imaging. Oncological clinical decision making is complex and is best performed in a multidisciplinary setting combining surgical specialists, medical specialists, diagnostic radiologists, interventional radiologists, and radiation therapy specialists.
Surgical therapy has demonstrated superior survival benefit with respect to all other treatment modalities in the treatment of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and the initial concern is whether complete resection can be achieved (i.e., R0 resection). The scope of surgical decision making is beyond the scope of this text, but the imaging findings pertinent to surgical planning significantly overlap those used in locoregional therapy planning. Imaging is reviewed, with specific attention paid to the location of the tumor, proximity to/encasement of adjacent vascular structures, centricity/number of tumors, arterial supply, and possible percutaneous approaches ( Fig. 10.1 a, b). The relative conspicuity of the tumor on imaging modalities can be useful to determine the optimal method of image guidance for ablation. Determination of portal venous and biliary patency is important because these are associated with an increased risk of complication. Lastly, accurate determination of the stage is important given that extrahepatic metastatic disease is a relative contraindication to liver-directed therapy.
Laboratory and clinical data are also reviewed for relevant contraindications. ECOG score is a useful assessment of performance status. Patients appropriate for therapy typically have an ECOG score < 3 because patients with higher scores are less likely to derive benefit from therapy due to coexisting morbidity. Complete blood counts, chemistries, and liver function tests are routinely obtained to evaluate for possible procedural contraindications. Elevated bilirubin values in this population must be interpreted with caution as biliary obstruction may falsely give the impression of poor hepatocyte function. Lastly, baseline tumor markers (usually CA 19–9 and CA-125) are obtained and, if initially elevated in a patient with proven cholangiocarcinoma, they have some value for following the efficacy of therapy. Caution must be used because biliary system infection (sometimes subclinical) can spuriously elevate these values. A complete blood count is obtained to ensure adequate platelet numbers and cell counts prior to the patient receiving any chemotherapy.
10.5 Selection of Therapy
The clinical superiority of one percutaneous treatment modality over another has not been determined in any randomized, controlled clinical trial. Determining which treatment to pursue focuses largely on technical considerations, theoretical considerations, individual patient factors, and operator/institutional experience.
A comparison of patient factors favoring ablative or transarterial therapy is shown in Table 10.2 . Ablative therapy tends to favor smaller, oligocentric disease. The best results have been seen in tumors < 3 cm and intermediate results in tumors < 5 cm, and emerging literature suggests acceptable recurrence rates in tumors up to 7 cm. 10 Central tumors, diffuse/infiltrative morphology, and mutilfocality are more feasibly treated with transarterial therapy. Despite historical concerns over arterial chemoembolic therapy in the presence of portal vein thrombosis, recent data suggest that this is safe. 11 If downstaging to resectability/transplantation is a consideration, consultation with the surgical team may also provide insight into optimal therapy.
Infiltrative tumor type
Mass forming type
Adjacent to diaphragm
Considerable individual and institutional variation exists in the particular techniques used for both hepatic chemoembolization and percutaneous ablation. The techniques described hereafter are given as examples. | <urn:uuid:93bcfa3b-af65-4d40-95f9-7f0d8ff59a82> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://oncohemakey.com/10-cholangiocarcinoma-ablation-and-intra-arterial-therapies/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224652494.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20230606082037-20230606112037-00448.warc.gz | en | 0.902729 | 1,833 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Humans have a natural interest in animals; through a long history of...
By: Donald M Broom(Author), Andrew F Fraser(Author)
Behaviour is a significant indicator of health in animals and understanding behaviour is the key to good management. Animal behaviour and animal welfare science are fast becoming core topics in the curricula of agriculture and veterinary students.
The eagerly awaited fourth edition of Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare has a new title to reflect its expansion to include companion animals. Domestic Animal Behaviour and Welfare builds on the coverage of the previous edition, fully updating it to take into account developments over the last 10 years. It is an indispensable textbook covering the major and growing areas in agricultural and veterinary science and practice.
" [...] of enormous value to anyone interested in animal behaviour and welfare, animal science, livestock management and production, her health, or animal husbandry"
- Choice, August 2008 Vol. 45 No. 11
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Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985 | <urn:uuid:710508dc-cd0a-4388-948c-9f6ae90c42ba> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.nhbs.com/domestic-animal-behaviour-and-welfare-book-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105955.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819235943-20170820015943-00144.warc.gz | en | 0.901188 | 244 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Butterflies and moths have many things in common, but there are differences. Download this puzzle and see if you can place the photos and characteristics into the correct parts of the Venn diagram.
Download the puzzle file: Open this link on your iPad and then choose to Open in Stick Around. You need to have Stick Around installed on your iPad in order to play this puzzle. Download Stick Around from the App Store.
What's better than playing a puzzle? Creating one yourself! Perhaps learners can make a puzzle that compares two different animals. | <urn:uuid:22efb431-7542-4d15-ad96-9646195a02bc> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://learninginhand.com/stickaroundblog/2014/1/12/comparing-butterflies-and-moths | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687324.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920142244-20170920162244-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.944355 | 111 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The creation of such panels in Niger and Russia has resulted in action to improve habitats by some oil giants operating in these countries, IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) representatives told an event at the World Conservation Summit. They explained that the science focus of such panels has defused potential conflict between the oil industry and activists, instead providing transparent and independent advice.
For example, the Western Gray Whale Advisory Panel, set up by the IUCN, has worked with local oil company Sakhalin Energy to reduce the impact of drilling at the eastern Russian coast on this critically endangered species. As a result of their work, the number of whales in the area increased from 115 in 2004 to 174 in 2015. “Cooperating with industry is crucial for the long-term protection of endangered species,” says Steward Maginnis, the director for nature-based solutions at the IUCN. “We found that we needed to take advice from as many parties as possible.”
The panel’s advantage, according to its organisers, is that it includes sound scientific advice as well as voices from local communities. This mix results in high-quality and rounded input, which is easier for oil companies to act on, while potential conflict is diffused in the course of discussions, Maginnis says.
At the event, which took place on 3 September in Honolulu, industry representatives from oil giant Shell said a similar panel set up in the Niger Delta was already providing the company with advice on cleaning up the area. Deric Quaile, a manager of environmentally sensitive areas at Shell, says the practical advice received from the Niger panel means company management is able to make decisions that conserve the environment and also make business sense, while clashes with NGOs are kept to a minimum.
“Cooperating with industry is crucial for the long-term protection of endangered species. We found that we needed to take advice from as many parties as possible.”
Steward Maginnis, IUCN
“Initially, there was a lot of mistrust,” Quaile told SciDev.Net. “But as soon as you breach that mistrust you can make incredible progress.”
However, Wendy Elliot, the deputy global wildlife leader at conservation charity WWF, says there are still reservations about working with the industry on the NGO side. She describes how many NGO and community representatives felt angry about involving the oil industry in the Niger Delta — which caused the environmental problems in the first place — in clean-up efforts.
“But eventually, we saw that success requires every operator to come together,” she says. “There were times when we disagreed, but in the end the process worked. Our contributions improved the panel process.” | <urn:uuid:df3470a7-4e63-4fed-89be-207aa1a6bc7b> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.scidev.net/global/environment/news/science-panels-conflict-conservation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886108268.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821114342-20170821134342-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.972344 | 569 | 2.890625 | 3 |
It's the beginning of August. It's hot and sunny. The days are still long and the pool is still open. You might not want to think about the coming of the colder months, but if you're one of the 6% of Americans who suffer from Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) or one of the additional 14% of Americans who suffer from the less severe version, called the "winter blues", now is the time to work on managing that seasonal dip in mood.
Why start now?
The days have been getting shorter for over a month now. In addition, August is the time that many Americans experience an increase in stress, especially those who work in academic settings or who have children in school. Beginning to use good coping strategies now can be more helpful than starting those strategies once you're already noticing your seasonal mood symptoms.
Coping Strategies by Symptom
You sleep much more than usual in the winter.
One sign of seasonal depression include sleeping more than usual during the winter months. Most people do sleep more than usual, but within an hour of their normal sleep duration. Those with SAD sleep on average 2.5 hours more than in the summer months, and those with winter blues sleep 1.7 hours more.
Consider using a therapeutic lamp. Set up the lamp somewhere you will find it convenient to use it daily for 20-30 minutes. It needs to be a very bright (10,000 lux) lamp that can be used at a comfortable distance (some smaller lights need to be very close to you in order to expose you to the proper amount of light.) Start using it now, before the days become short and your symptoms become noticeable. The best time to use it is first thing in the morning. If you want, you can even plug it with a smart plug and set it to wake you up in the morning (it's very bright, so this will be somewhat of a rude awakening, but you're pretty much guaranteed not to sleep in!)
Note: if you have been diagnosed with a bipolar mood disorder, you should talk to your psychiatrist about the risks of using light therapy. In those with bipolar mood illness, light therapy can trigger a manic episode.
You feel sad, irritable, or anxious in the fall or winter months.
The mood symptoms associated with seasonal changes can vary from person to person. While low energy and sadness are common, anxiety and irritability are also observed.
Exercise is a very good way to counteract low mood. Daily exercise in the morning can help wake you up and get you energized for the day. If the morning feels too hard, exercising in afternoon or early evening can help boost your mood later in the day. Aerobic exercise is particularly good for anxiety and irritability. Strength training has been shown to improve mood and self-esteem.
One particularly powerful use of exercise is to combine it with volunteering. Try signing up for a physically active volunteering program like our local City Snow Partners, which brings together volunteers with local households in need of snow removal. Or just take a walk around your own neighborhood and see who might need their leaves raked or snow shoveled.
You avoid friends and family.
If you're isolating yourself in the winter months, you're not alone. When the evenings get darker and the weather gets colder, we all tend to spend less time socializing with others.
n the summer months, social activities abound. But as it gets colder, you have to make a conscious effort to stay social. This is particularly true for introverts, who want nothing more than to spend an evening at home with a book. If that's you, it's okay to indulge in some quiet evenings. Try to strike a balance, planning for a few different social outings each week, alternated with days at home. Recurrent social engagements, like book clubs, bowling leagues and church functions help to keep you in a routine of being social. For days when you're feeling like you'd rather not go, just make a deal that you'll attend the first half hour of a social event. Once you're there, you may feel like staying.
You turn to food for comfort
It's natural to have a craving for carb-dense foods in the autumn months, leading up to a time when food used to be much more scarce. This can lead to eating processed foods that lead you to feel more fatigued and foggy-headed.
Look for comfort foods that are consistent with a healthy diet. Dr. Andrew Weil's anti-inflammatory food pyramid is a good place to start, in terms of finding foods that will promote, rather than detract, from our overall health. Small changes can lead you to feel much better, such as swapping a baked sweet potato for fries, or guacamole for cheese dip. Having a baked apple with cinnamon, or a pumpkin custard, make great fall desserts. If this is a particular area of struggle for you, you may want to consult with a local dietitian to help you adapt your favorite comfort foods to healthier versions. No matter what diet you're choosing, mindful eating strategies are also important. Mindful strategies include: eat only when you're hungry, eat slowly, enjoy each bite and stop when you are no longer hungry.
You're drinking more than usual.
When the days get shorter, we reach for things that will boost our sense of pleasure. If you're reaching for alcohol, it's important to check in to see if your drinking is reaching a problematic level. The CDC considers moderate drinking up to 1 drink a day for women and up to 2 drinks a day for men. It's important to note that many mixed drinks contain much more than one drink's worth of alcohol. You might be surprised to learn how little alcohol the average American drinks, with 60% of Americans drinking one drink or less per week.
What's the harm in drinking? Heavy drinking makes depression worse over time. Those who drink often find their anxiety has worsened by the next morning, leading to an increased urge to drink again the next day. Drinking can drive a wedge between you and your partner, or between you and your children. Over time, drinking can lead to serious health, legal and financial consequences.
Changing alcohol habits can be easy for some and nearly impossible for others. If you feel you may need help, find a local AA chapter, or look into the Smart Recovery program for a secular alternative to AA. If you have a loved one who drinks, consider going to Al-Anon, a support group for friends and relatives of alcoholics.
Serious symptoms, like loss of appetite, suicidal thoughts, severe insomnia or panic attacks.
For some, seasonal depression reaches a moderate to severe level. If you're noticing that you're having trouble eating, you're having persistent difficulty sleeping, your having panic attacks or thoughts of self-harm, it's time to seek professional help. Find a therapist who can help you address the behavioral aspects of this condition and consider scheduling with a medical doctor to get a physical exam and medication consultation. | <urn:uuid:799c8a11-8770-4854-a4a1-2af7cd6cff11> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.drsarahwesch.com/blog/archives/08-2019 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737238.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20200808021257-20200808051257-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.955311 | 1,443 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A - Diversion
The Canadian Lumberjack Show was a series of demonstrations and competitions between Canadian lumberjacks that took place on the Old Mill Stage.
Located at the Old Mill Stage on the left hand side
11:15 AM, 12:30 PM, 1:30 PM, 3:00 PM, 4:00 PM, 5:15 PM
The host (Monsieur Le Capatain) began the show by shouting, "TIMBER!" and a brief safety warning. He continued by introducing the four lumberjacks. The lumberjacks were split between the red team and the blue team. He also explained that for every tree used in the show, three more trees are planted in their place.
During the first event a member from each team participated in an axe throwing competition a target was setup on the right side of the stage roughly 20 feet away from the competing lumberjacks. The two lumberjacks took turns throwing axes at the target. A winner was declared after a series of throws. The host engaged the audience to cheer for the red team or blue team throughout the competition as well as booing an individual that missed the target entirely.
The winner of the first event was awarded 5 points for his team. The next competition was a cross cutting competition involving both members of each team. Before the competition began, the host explained the concept of a safety cut in this type of competition. Once the competition began, the two team members take a racing cross cutting saw and sawed a slice off a log. Like the previous event, the winning team was awarded 5 points.
The next event was Hot Saw Racing. This event used chainsaws with expansion chambers allowing for faster cutting. The host emphasized the safety gear used in this competition before they began. The event started with the chainsaws on the ground and one competitor from each team standing behind protective glass with two hands on top of the wood they were about to cut. The race was one cut down and one cut up, the winner of this event was awarded 5 points for their team.
The final event was the Standing Block Chop. A member of each team used an axe to chop down a standing block of wood that was positioned on stage. The wood was meant to represent a tree in the woods. The lumberjacks operated simultaneously with the winner determined by the first clear cut through the wood. At that point, the host shouted, "TIMBER!" and declared a winner. Once again, the winning team was awarded 5 points.
In the event of a tie, the host declared that a tiebreaker will take place at the beginning of their next performance. At the end of the show, the lumberjacks posed for a photo, as they have multiple times throughout the show. The host capped the show by stating that they are the Canadian Lumberjacks and shouted, "TIMBER!" one last time.
The show was performed on the Old Mill Stage. | <urn:uuid:7b89d6a1-3442-475a-bdff-7b2158f56efd> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://wdwthemeparks.com/details/epcot/world-showcase/canada-pavilion/old-mill-stage/canadian-lumberjacks | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806509.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122065449-20171122085449-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.981568 | 605 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Signs & Symptoms
The physical and emotional milestones of children with Reactive Attachment Disorder deviate from expected developmental norms. Many of the children appear significantly malnourished. They may show a pattern of inhibited, hypervigilant or ambivalent reactions (e.g., frozen watchfulness, resistance to comfort, or a mixture of approach and avoidance). Dullness, listlessness or apathy with a lack of spontaneous activity and reciprocity with the caregiver are often seen. Some children look sad, unhappy, joyless or miserable. Older infants show minimal curiosity about their surroundings and little exploratory behavior. They may show delayed responsiveness to a stimulus that might elicit fright or withdrawal in other children. Some may shrink from contact; others may exhibit indiscriminate attachments.
There are two major subtypes of Reactive Attachment Disorder:
- Inhibited type—the child's predominant disturbance is the persistent failure to initiate and to respond to most social interactions in a developmentally appropriate way.
- Disinhibited type—the child's predominant disturbance is indiscriminate sociability or a lack of selectivity in the choice of attachment figures.
Reactive Attachment Disorder may resemble other disorders. It may be associated with developmental delays, Feeding Disorder of Infancy and Early Childhood, Pica or Rumination Disorder. Laboratory findings consistent with malnutrition may be present. Physical examination may document medical conditions, such as growth delay or evidence of physical abuse, that might contribute to, or result from, difficulties in caring for the child.
Reactive Attachment Disorder must be distinguished from Severe Mental Retardation, Autistic Disorder or other Pervasive Developmental Disorders. Unlike Reactive Attachment Disorder, however, these other disorders usually occur in the context of a reasonably supportive psychosocial environment whereas Reactive Attachment Disorder is due to a grossly deprived environment. Autistic Disorder and Reactive Attachment Disorder may seem similar; however it is important to note that a child with autism has a neurologically based disability which impedes expected development in social relationships whereas a child with Reactive Attachment Disorder has the capacity to comprehend social relationships, but does not function appropriately. Neglect, not a neurological difficulty, is the causal factor. | <urn:uuid:f6251134-a4d6-44a3-bce8-801fbdc4370b> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.aboutourkids.org/families/disorders_treatments/az_disorder_guide/reactive_attachment_disorder/signs_symptoms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223205375.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032005-00368-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.914868 | 450 | 3.171875 | 3 |
The body operates as a unit, with the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual working together to maintain a balance. Each aspect needs nourishment, but mental and emotional nourishment is often lacking in our work-driven society. To still the mind and let the cares of life drift away is a deeply healing process. Nourish yourself with good food, sleep, exercise and relaxation.
Learn to recognise the first symptoms of being overstressed. It is important to understand that “dis-ease” is a response to stress and that disease can help you to stop, rest and allow time for self-healing. Homoeopathic remedies, Herbal remedies and nutritional supplements support the body systems and stimulate the natural innate defensive mechanism of the body to enhance the process of self healing.
Remedies available at the Naturopathic Health Care Centre
1. Homoeopathic Remedies
1.1 Natura Rescue:
Rescue is the tried and trusted remedy that aids in restoring calm and balance to help you cope with challenging situations. For use in the relief and treatment of emotional shock, fear, nervous stress, feeling of desperation, tearfulness and grief, sleeplessness due to emotional stress
1.2 Nervuton 2
Nervuton 2 has a relaxing and mildly sedative effect on the nervous system to help reduce the symptoms of stress including nervous tension, irritability, restlessness and disturbed sleep patterns, especially difficulty falling asleep.
Cerbo is a homoeopathic complex which helps relieve symptoms of an over-stressed, hyperactive nervous system. It helps overcome brain fatigue, chronic tiredness, restlessness, poor concentration and poor memory and aims to promote astute brain functioning and muscular co-ordination.
1.4 Nerva 1
The mind and skin are intertwined, resulting in many skin conditions being caused or exacerbated by stress,
1.5 Nerva 2
Nerva 2 assists in supporting the function of the nervous system to assist in the treatment of tension headache, nerve-related muscular cramps and spasms
1.6 Nerva 3
This is a homoeopathic complex which helps to relieve the emotional symptoms of stress such as sadness, grief, tearfulness, over sensitiveness and moodiness.
2. Stress Reducing Vitamins
2.1 Vitamin B
B Vitamins is essential for the normal function of the nervous system. Vitamin B12 is involved in the synthesis of the nerve insulating myelin sheath.
Magnesium is a natural stress reducing food supplement that aids to balance the production of neurons and acts on the transmission of nerves which maintain a healthy nervous system. It helps you to sleep soundly and to relax.
2.3 Brain Child Children’s Supplement
These supplement formulations contains Essential fatty acids (EFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important building blocks of cell membranes and make up 60% of brain tissue.
Supplementing with DHA may be beneficial for:
• Normal brain, visual and cognitive functioning,
• Language, communication & performance ability,
• Improved memory, and
• The support of children with attention- deficit and/or hyperactivity disorders (ADD/ADHD), restlessness & moodiness.
The B-VITAMINS in formulation is vital for mental health. The brain uses large amounts of B-vitamins. Because these vitamins are water-soluble, they pass out of the body quickly – this means that even a short term deficiency may have an effect on how your child thinks and feels
3. Stress Reducing Herbals
3.1 Siberian Ginseng (Eleuthrococcus)
Siberian ginseng is often called an “adaptogen.” that strengthens the body and increase general resistance to daily stress.
3.2 Ginkgo Biloba
Ginkgo Biloba improves memory and concentration by improving blood circulation to the brain. It may slow down Alzheimer’s disease by interfering with changes in the brain that interfere with thinking.
Ginkgo biloba, also known as the maidenhair tree, is one of the oldest species of trees on the planet. The tree is considered to be a "living fossil", meaning that it has continued to survive even after major extinction events. Ginkgo trees have very unique properties - they are capable of growing more than 130 feet and can live for over one thousand years. In fact, there are some trees in China are said to be over 2,500 years old. The plant has a number of therapeutic properties and contains high levels of flavonoids and terpenoids. These are antioxidants that provide protection against oxidative cell damage from harmful free radicals.
Bronne: Homoeopathy: Miranda Castro; Comed Health website, Herbal Remedies for Healthy Living: SW van Rooyen | <urn:uuid:075199b3-1a7b-47d8-823f-174775cb9c24> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.naturopathichealthcarecentre.co.za/articles/recognising-and-dealing-with-stress-using-natural-supplements | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371606067.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20200405150416-20200405180916-00101.warc.gz | en | 0.923975 | 997 | 2.671875 | 3 |
LBNL Report Number
Electric energy efficiency resources save energy and may reduce peak demand. Historically, quantification of energy efficiency benefits has largely focused on the economic value of energy savings during the first year and lifetime of the installed measures. Due in part to the lack of publicly available research on end-use load shapes (i.e., the hourly or seasonal timing of electricity savings) and energy savings shapes, consideration of the impact of energy efficiency on peak demand reduction (i.e., capacity savings) has been more limited. End-use load research and the hourly valuation of efficiency savings are used for a variety of electricity planning functions, including load forecasting, demand-side management and evaluation, capacity and demand response planning, long-term resource planning, renewable energy integration, assessing potential grid modernization investments, establishing rates and pricing, and customer service.
This study reviews existing literature on the time-varying value of energy efficiency savings, provides examples in four geographically diverse locations of how consideration of the time-varying value of efficiency savings impacts the calculation of power system benefits, and identifies future research needs to enhance the consideration of the time-varying value of energy efficiency in cost-effectiveness screening analysis. Findings from this study include:
- The time-varying value of individual energy efficiency measures varies across the locations studied because of the physical and operational characteristics of the individual utility system (e.g., summer or winter peaking, load factor, reserve margin) as well as the time periods during which savings from measures occur.
- Across the four locations studied, some of the largest capacity benefits from energy efficiency are derived from the deferral of transmission and distribution system infrastructure upgrades. However, the deferred cost of such upgrades also exhibited the greatest range in value of all the components of avoided costs across the locations studied.
- Of the five energy efficiency measures studied, those targeting residential air conditioning in summer-peaking electric systems have the most significant added value when the total time-varying value is considered.
- The increased use of rooftop solar systems, storage, and demand response, and the addition of electric vehicles and other major new electricity-consuming end uses are anticipated to significantly alter the load shape of many utility systems in the future. Data used to estimate the impact of energy efficiency measures on electric system peak demands will need to be updated periodically to accurately reflect the value of savings as system load shapes change.
- Publicly available components of electric system costs avoided through energy efficiency are not uniform across states and utilities. Inclusion or exclusion of these components and differences in their value affect estimates of the time-varying value of energy efficiency.
- Publicly available data on end-use load and energy savings shapes are limited, are concentrated regionally, and should be expanded. | <urn:uuid:577f9aef-db14-41c7-af99-7f7c1951eb41> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://energyanalysis.lbl.gov/publications/time-varying-value-electric-energy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348509264.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606000537-20200606030537-00148.warc.gz | en | 0.928669 | 569 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Drugs are administered to patients to make them well, ease disease and prevent complications in chronic conditions. However, drugs need to be prescribed, administered and meticulously monitored to safeguard the health and life of patients.
The U.S. government’s Food and Drug Administration (FDA) needs to approve any drug before it is available in the market. The FDA evaluates all drugs including prescribed or over-the-counter drugs. The evaluation process consists of collecting complete information about the product. It involves the following
- Studying the side effectsof drugs
- Finding information about the manufacturing process
- Studying the results of animal testing, clinical trials and research
Drug Safety is ensured by providing all required information to consumers and health professionals on drugs old and new, drug label changes, other safety information and shortages of necessary drug products. It also covers online buying of medicines from legitimate pharmacies and taking the prescribed dose correctly. It also involves sharing information, new research and studies of all types of drugs. Patients and their care takers need to be taught the correct way of medication.
Here are some common medication errors that should be rectified.
Common Medication Errors
The main objective of medicating is to cure diseases, prevent problems from chronic diseases, and ease pain and discomfort. However, medicines can be harmful if not used properly; incorrect use of medicines can result in serious side effects, reactions and other complications.
Apart from home medication, errors can happen even in hospitals and doctor's office and pharmacy.
Preventing medicating errors of medicines, herbs, vitamins and supplements
- Have complete information about medicines
- Knowledge of the correct dosage
- Correct time and interval to take the medicine
- Reading the medicine labels thoroughly.
- Not taking medicines prescribed for others.
- Careful administration of medicine to children
- Ask your doctor about the reason, any side effects and their cure, the duration of medicine
- Combination of medicines
- Contraindicated medicines and supplements
Medicine safety helps you to gain health and maintain well-being while working with health professionals, by making the best choices, by buying safe and genuine drugs and by using the medicine safely and effectively.
FDA provides a lot of educational resources through free drug-related publications. It provides information about antibiotics, antibiotic resistance, counterfeit medicine, safe use of medicines generic drugs, misuse of prescription pain relievers, over the counter medicines, buying medicine over the Internet.
The safety of drug ensures the trust of people in the medical system of any country. If doctors, physicians, pharmacologists and other medical professionals are unaware of complete information of drugs, they cannot prescribe the correct medicine.
In the age of the Internet when information overload is overwhelming, government and the medical fraternity should make a commitment to spreading awareness through multiple channels. New studies and findings of drugs should be available on websites so that patients can educate themselves. A clear understanding and emphasizing the importance of expert opinion regarding any drug can save many lives. It can also control wrong self-medication.
The 9th edition of World Drug Safety Americas 2017 the global leading safety strategy-led event for pharma and biotech organizations explains-
Drug safety is evolving to meet increasing regulatory and patient expectations and to exploit opportunities offered by big data and new technologies. In order to succeed in this new environment, it is critical to be up to date on legislation globally and be transparent in all drug safety processes. We need to have effective systems in place to empower patients, physicians, drug manufacturers and consumers to make the best drug safety decisions. | <urn:uuid:6cb3fd40-6839-4304-b531-67d172807c6c> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://blog.sollers.edu/drug-safety/drug-safety-market-an-overview | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687820.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20170921134614-20170921154614-00686.warc.gz | en | 0.914894 | 726 | 3.609375 | 4 |
Human skin has an amazing capacity to heal itself from scratches and cuts, so it’s not surprising that scientists are looking at transferring the self-healing properties of skin to materials. Efforts to embed tiny liquid-filled capsules that rupture when a scratch occurs to spill healing agents into the damaged area of electroplated coatings have previously been hampered by the size of these capsules. But now researchers have developed a process for producing electroplated layers with nano-capsules that measure only a few hundred nanometers in diameter that could solve the problem.
Previous capsules, which measured 10 to 15 micrometers, were too large for the electroplated layer, which is itself around 20 micrometers thick. The researchers from the Fraunhofer Institute for Manufacturing Engineering and Automation IPA in Stuttgart, together with colleagues from Duisburg-Essen University, found that, although shrinking the capsules down to the nanoscale solved this problem, it presented another challenge.
The difficulty then became ensuring that the smaller capsules and their thinner and more sensitive casings weren’t damaged when producing the electroplated layer – a process that involves electrolytes that are extremely aggressive chemically and can easily destroy the capsules. The solution lay in finding a compatible material for the capsule casing depending on the electrolytes used – the details of which the researchers are choosing to keep under their hats.
Self-healing materials are of particular interest to the car-makers because of the potential for self-healing paint to combat the various scrapes and scratches vehicles are prone to. But self-healing materials have applications well beyond the automotive industry. One example is for mechanical bearings, which usually have an electroplated coating in which the capsules can be embedded. If there is a temporary shortage of lubricant and part of the bearing’s coating is lost, the capsules at the top of the layer will burst and release lubricant to prevent any damage to the bearing.
The researchers have produced the first copper, nickel and zinc coatings with the new capsules, although surface coverage does not extend beyond the centimeter scale. They estimate that it will be another one and a half to two years before whole components can be coated.
The team is also working on more complex systems involving differently filled capsules whose fluids react with one another like a two component adhesive.Share
- Around The Home
- Digital Cameras
- Good Thinking
- Health and Wellbeing
- Holiday Destinations
- Home Entertainment
- Inventors and Remarkable People
- Mobile Technology
- Urban Transport
- Wearable Electronics | <urn:uuid:82844479-7fb3-4117-9230-cce4956a7747> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.gizmag.com/self-healing-nano-capsules/12449/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510268363.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011748-00361-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934651 | 530 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Invented in the 50’s by R. Buckminster Fuller, the geodesic dome is still the lightest, strongest, and most cost-effective structure ever devised. The geodesic dome is able to cover more space without internal supports than any other enclosure. It becomes proportionally lighter and stronger the larger it is.
Based on this concept, easy to build construction and energy efficient, the dome tent combines the inherent stability of triangles with the advantageous volume-to-surface-area ratio of a sphere. Not only is the pod aerodynamic, but it has a dynamic center of gravity that stands strong against wind. Quick and easy to assemble it can withstand any snow and wind load required. Its geometry allows proper circulation of the ambient air with little energy input.
These characteristics + extra insulation options make from the pod the perfect solution for cold and windy areas like Himalayas or Northern Europe. Better suited for permanent operations. Available in different sizes from 27-sqm to 131-sqm. | <urn:uuid:0650dd57-edc0-4e5d-be81-6a277f96645e> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.amazingescapes.ch/the-dome | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250614880.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20200124011048-20200124040048-00551.warc.gz | en | 0.876902 | 207 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Gene therapy is the deliberate 'repair' or replacement of damaged genes. Success has been limited to somatic (body) cells rather than sex cells (gametes). This means that any changes are not passed on to subsequent generations (inherited). The modification of germ line cells (germ line therapy) is likely to be discouraged on moral grounds.
Using mice with artificially induced Cystic fibrosis (CF) copies of a gene CFTR enclosed in liposomes (tiny lipid droplets) were squirted into their lungs.
The liposomes fused with the lung cell membranes, and this allowed the DNA in the CFTR genes to pass through into the cells.
Not all cells were successfully changed, but those that had the gene added were then corrected for CF, temporarily.
Later attempts were made using viruses as vectors (carriers) to introduce the gene as the virus enters (infects) the cells.
Cystic fibrosis in humans.
Cause: The inheritance of two recessive alleles for cystic fibrosis.
Symptoms: The transport of chloride ions and water by the cells in the airways, lungs and gut is disrupted. This causes thick mucus to line the lungs and ducts in the gut. Because the thick mucus is not shifted easily, it is more likely that a sufferer will pick up a bacterial infection.
Gene therapy treatment: Copies of the DNA for the normal allele were inserted into other loops of DNA, which were then attached to liposomes. The liposome complexes were then sprayed as an aerosol of fine droplets into the patients' noses. The DNA is then taken up by some of the cells lining the airways.
Fortunately only about 10% of these cells need to take up the DNA for symptoms to be relieved.
In an example, called severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) the gene for making an enzyme (adenosine deaminase, ADA) is defective and this prevents the immune system from defending the body against infections.
The missing ADA gene is extracted from healthy bone marrow tissue. The gene is then inserted into a virus, which is then rendered harmless (non invasive) by removing its reproductive genes.
Treatment of affected babies involves taking samples of its defective bone marrow cells and subjecting them to this modified virus. The cells are cultures for several days, and then reintroduced, by injection, into the baby's bone marrow.
Once in the bone marrow, these modified cells then produce healthy blood cells, complete with the ADA gene. Although not all the cells are 'repaired' in this way, sufficient numbers exist in the body to produce an improvement in the health of the baby. | <urn:uuid:e1e8c85d-12b1-466a-b4b3-0d08b85c68f6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.s-cool.co.uk/node/1029 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825399.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022165927-20171022185927-00453.warc.gz | en | 0.960521 | 555 | 3.78125 | 4 |
True or False:
- Everyone is at risk of osteoporosis.
- You have built all the bone you are going to have by age 30.
- Men don’t get osteoporosis.
- You can reduce the effects of osteoporosis.
- Getting enough calcium and vitamin D only matters when you are young.
- Women don’t need to worry about osteoporosis until after menopause
- True. Anyone can develop osteoporosis but some people are more at risk than others. Your risk is determined by a combination factors including genetics, age, gender, bone development before age 30, nutrition and exercise.
- True. Bones reach their maximum strength and density around age 30. Bone density declines as we age. However, bones continue to regenerate throughout our lives. In fact, they remodel every seven to ten years which means we have an opportunity to improve our bone health.
- False. Osteoporosis affects both men and women, although women are at greater risk. In fact, 80 percent of the 10 million people in the United States who have osteoporosis are women.
- True. There are many things you can do to reduce your risk of osteoporosis and to improve your bone health even after you are diagnosed with the disease. Things you can do: get enough calcium and vitamin D, exercise regularly, drink alcohol in moderation, quit smoking, and improve your posture.
- False. The amount of vitamin D and calcium you need varies depending on your age, but they are beneficial throughout your life.
- False. Although a woman’s risk of osteoporosis increase after menopause, the disease can strike much earlier. Women should pay attention to their bone health at all ages to ensure proper growth and maintenance. Young adults who exercise regularly achieve greater bone mass. And, exercise after age 30 can prevent bone loss.
Ella Health is hosting a Bone Health 101 presentation by America Bone Health Association Educator and Advocate Hope Levy in San Francisco. Learn more about what you can do to prevent and manage osteoporosis.
March 3; 6 to 8 p.m.
2211 Bush Street Suite 100, San Francisco, CA 94115
Call 415-440-4151 for more information. | <urn:uuid:5844c707-a557-4242-81a2-30a892e2917c> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://blog.ellahealth.com/2015/02/25/what-do-you-need-to-know-about-bone-health/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818686705.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920071017-20170920091017-00214.warc.gz | en | 0.935774 | 477 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Scoping reviews are today viewed as a valid assessment means for certain indications
An essential difference between scoping evaluations and methodical testimonials usually in terms of an evaluation problem, a scoping overview will have a wider setting than conventional systematic opinions with correspondingly additional expansive inclusion factor. Besides, scoping critiques are different from systematic evaluations in significant objective. We’ve got previously appropriate the effective use of the PCC mnemonic (human population, strategy and framework) to help doubt advancement . The need for plainly determining the crucial element questions and objectives of a scoping examine continues reviewed formerly by one of several writers, as deficiencies in clarity may result in issues found eventually inside the assessment system .
Contemplating their dissimilarities from methodical analysis, scoping opinions should nonetheless end up being wrongly identified as typical books critiques. Standard books assessments have been used as a technique to summarize different magazines or reports on a particular field for many years. On these old-fashioned assessments, authors determine research records plus conceptual or technical written material that targets the, advantages, and combined reasoning around a subject, problem or idea. These sorts of ratings can be viewed subjective, for their significant dependence the publisher’s pre-exiting experience and knowledge even though they don’t really typically show an unbiased, thorough and organized summary of a subject write my college paper . Aside from a number of these limits, standard literature recommendations might still have some use within terms of offering an overview of an interest or problem. Scoping ratings render an alluring substitute for written material critiques when clarification around an idea or principle is essential. If traditional literary works testimonials are compared with scoping feedback, the aforementioned :
Another method of proof synthesis which includes come about just recently may production of information routes . The goal of these explanation maps is like scoping testimonials to spot and review gaps through the skills base [37, 38]. The reality is, most verification mapping information quote seminal scoping evaluation guidance for their methods . Both means therefore have numerous parallels, with possibly the most prominent variation are the creation of a graphic website or schematic (i.e. map) which supports the consumer in interpreting where indications prevails and where you will find holes . As Miake-Lye countries, at this time it’s difficult to figure out exactly where one strategy edges as well various other starts.’ Both ways may be valid whenever the sign is actually for identifying the degree of data on a specific theme, particularly when accentuating gaps into the reports.
Throughout our opinion, scoping opinions (the spot that the goal is to methodically research a thought from inside the novels) provide a methodologically arduous replacement for approach investigations employing outcomes probably being most helpful to teach exercise
A further popular solution to describe and range principles, specifically in breastfeeding, is through the perform of a thought testing [39,40,41,42]. Official idea analysis is a process wherever concepts include logically and systematically explored in order to create crystal clear and strictly constructed conceptual explanations,’ which is certainly very much like scoping reviews when the indicator is always to clear up methods during the literature. Absolutely restricted methodological assistance with just how to carry out an idea investigation and lately they were critiqued so you can have no impact on application .
Measuring up and contrasting the qualities of conventional literary works recommendations, scoping product reviews and organized feedback may help clarify the true taste of those distinct recommendations (find out dinner table 1)
Fast reviews are another growing particular information synthesis and a large amount of literary works need addressed these kind of ratings [43,44,45,46,47]. Different kinds of definitions for quick critiques, and explanation uses, all of us determine these overview types as systematic ratings with strategies.’ Contained in this documents, we have definitely not reviewed traditional between a rapid or systematic evaluation means when we include of the thoughts that even the significant account for conducting a rapid review (compared to a systematic or scoping assessment) isn’t the purpose/question alone, although feasibility of conducting one examine given financial/resource disadvantages and your time pressures. As such, an immediate analysis could be performed about of this signs mentioned above for all the scoping or systematic overview, whilst shortening or missing completely some interfere the regular systematic or scoping testimonial process. | <urn:uuid:9d616ff2-cacb-4c5b-a4b8-c101943d26d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://radiomiraflores.online/scoping-reviews-are-today-viewed-as-a-valid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511717.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20231005012006-20231005042006-00610.warc.gz | en | 0.933752 | 881 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Babies fed crisps and fizzy drinks at just six months old
Published 20/11/2012 | 05:00
BABIES as young as six months old are being fed crisps, fizzy drinks and chocolate pudding – leading to increased risk of diabetes and obesity in later life.
Dieticians have warned that the diet of many babies in Ireland is "far from ideal".
Ireland has the lowest breastfeeding rates in Europe – with almost three-quarters of infants weaned off milk and on to solid foods too early.
Dr Mary Flynn, chief specialist in public health nutrition with the Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI), said dieticians were "concerned" with the level of high calorie snack foods such as crisps and chocolate pudding being fed to children as young as six months.
The first 1,000 days of a baby's life – from birth to two years old – help shape their health and diet into the future, Dr Flynn said.
The spiralling increases in childhood obesity has its origins in poor feeding practices as a baby, experts highlighted at yesterday's FSAI conference.
A new guide, 'Best Practice for Infant Feeding', was unveiled at the event.
The health specialist highlighted that problems including heart disease, diabetes and obesity may be partly caused by the "inadequacy of their mother's diet during pregnancy and how they were fed as babies".
Dr Flynn highlighted the importance of diet during the first year of life – with breastfeeding recommended as the "gold standard" up to six months.
"How well humans grow and develop during this time can have far-reaching effects on health in childhood and throughout adult life," she said.
Dr Ita Saul, chair of the FSAI expert group which produced the new recommendations, or 'National Infant Feeding Policy', said it was "not automatic" that parents would naturally know what foods provide the best nutrition for babies.
"We sometimes think that mothers instinctively know what to give their babies, but they don't. So it is important that the information is there," Dr Saul said.
Latest Irish figures show that just over half of mothers – 56pc – breastfeed in Ireland, compared with 81pc in the UK and more than 90pc in Scandinavian states. The rate falls to 20pc after three months, a low level that Dr Saul described as "unique" to Ireland.
The paediatric dietician said there was growing awareness that babies and young children were "getting heavier".
"It's not only a medical issue. Mothers need to see other mothers breastfeeding. People read the information as to all the benefits of breastfeeding for both infant and mother. Yet it isn't translated into action." | <urn:uuid:b79d5877-7050-4847-b16a-d111003cf1fc> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/babies-fed-crisps-and-fizzy-drinks-at-just-six-months-old-28903440.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500826259.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021346-00271-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.975932 | 551 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Question from July 5, 2012:
I’m scared I might be pregnant and I don’t know if it is too soon to test. I had sex 2 weeks ago and the condom broke. And i have been having weird cramps but they are not period cramps.. so when should I test?
Generally, a pregnancy test should be done 7 to 10 days after your missed period. Pregnancy tests are designed to tell if your body contains a hormone called hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) that is produced right after a fertilized egg attaches to the uterus. This usually happens — but not always — about six days after fertilization. If you’re pregnant, levels of hCG continue to increase rapidly, doubling every two or three days. You may choose to take an at home pregnancy test or come in to Teen Matters for a pregnancy test and also discuss birth control options.
In good health,
The Health Educator | <urn:uuid:68313fb8-566d-4fce-b9ce-ed78dd405b06> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://teenmattersathens.com/2012/07/ask-the-health-educator-question-about-when-to-take-a-pregnancy-test/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120194.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823113414-20170823133414-00560.warc.gz | en | 0.940482 | 198 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Almonds are most nutritious and delicately flavoured dry fruit that is commonly used and available throughout the year. It is likely used to season your meals, sweet as well as savoury dishes. Almond is considered as a nut but in actual it`s a seed of a fruit produced by almond tree.
An almond encompasses great nutritious values; it`s high in monounsaturated fats that are great for your health and helps to reduce your cholesterol level. Also gives you protection against cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. As it`s a source to provide your body with healthy fats, verily it keeps you fit and healthy. It possibly will help you in losing your body weight without any dieting and starving, by providing you with healthy nutrients that are needed by your body. They are low in carbohydrates, while rich in fibre and protein which helps you lower your calorie intake and satisfies your hunger at the same time.
Almonds are good source of copper, biotin, vitamin E, manganese, magnesium, phosphorus and Riboflavin (vitamin B2), which are essential minerals and helps in production of energy in your body. They are enriched with antioxidant that gives you protection against oxidative stress as well as diseases like cancer and contributes in aging. LDL Cholesterol in our body becomes oxidized, that plays a crucial role in heart disease procedures. Intake of almonds dailyaids you with significant reduction in oxidized LDL level in your body and keeps you strong. | <urn:uuid:fea43658-05a5-48ac-9ae0-a5961f146ab8> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.zaiqa.com/recipes/almonds/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250594705.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200119180644-20200119204644-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.962146 | 299 | 2.6875 | 3 |
(or "You mean there's no one flying the plane?")
The Internet was born in the 60s and 70s as a special project of the Advanced Research Projects Administration (ARPA). Rumors persist that the original goal was to develop a way to transmit information that could not be interrupted by nuclear attack. True or not, one of the major goals was to get the ability for scientists and researchers to share information with each other, quickly and efficiently. Thus was ARPANet born. An initially small network connecting a few research sites together. Compared to the Internet we know today, it was puny and slow - but back then, it was a miracle.
Bit by bit, universities were connected to the ARPANet. Although it was still being used to help researchers, and only prestigious universities who did a lot of work with computers had them (U.C. Berkeley and M.I.T were among the earliest members of the ARPANet), it was at least growing. Slowly, the Internet grew faster and universities started allowing students to use the ARPANet. Growing at a rapid pace, it quickly became used for eMail and student correspondence. More features and standard capabilities were added with time; FTP, Gopher and then the World Wide Web... Eventually ARPA pulled out of the project and committed the Internet to the future.
Nobody exclusively controls the Internet now. Different providers, universities or people control small portions of the Internet, but any one of them could be replaced if necessary. Likewise, there is no-one to force their opinions or will on the 'Net - Nobody can say "I don't like that web page, have it removed". You can temporarily stop someone from saying something, but it's not permanent. The Internet exists as world's largest co-operative effort, ever. Pretty grandiose, huh? And it's getting bigger all the time.
Now, various organizations control different parts of the Internet and set standards for what can be used on them. Educational sites typically only host non-commercial information used or maintained by students and faculty of the institution. Government sites host public resources. Military sites often don't host anything the general public is supposed to see, but they use the Internet too, as well as their own, private network. Commercial sites are unregulated and can have pretty much anything on them. You can tell what kind of site you're on by looking at the name:http://www.somewhere.com
is a Commercial site. It ends in ".com". Educational institutions usually end in ".edu", Military in ".mil", government in ".gov", non-profit institutions can use the ".org" ending. Then there's tricky endings: Two-letter endings are usually countries; ".us" is the USA (most US sites don't use the .US ending though, since the Internet started here and for a long time it was taken for granted. Other countries are '.au" (Australia), ".nz" (New Zealand), ".ca" (Canada), ".uk" (United kingdom) and dozens more. Furthermore, each country also uses the com, edu, mil, org and gov endings; they are, however, usually shortened to two letters; .co, .ed, .mi, .or and .go . There are many exceptions, and each country can set themselves up however they wish. The UK uses ".ac" (for Academic) instead of ".ed". Australia typically uses all three letters. So... ".edu.au" is an educational institution in Australia, and ".ac.uk" is an educational institution in the UK. Confusing? Perhaps. You generally don't need to know where you're going as long as they give you the information you want though. If you have a choice between two or more sites to use, pick the one that looks closest. If you live in Australia, an ".au" site is preferable to a ".uk" one, for instance. Information doesn't have to be passed so many times and can get to you faster the closer it is. | <urn:uuid:3a729e15-27a0-4f15-b73d-286a3725e798> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://plumeria.vmth.ucdavis.edu/~saintly/newbie/ans-whois.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818695113.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170926070351-20170926090351-00347.warc.gz | en | 0.973252 | 834 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In the blink of an eye, more attoseconds have expired than the age of Earth measured in – minutes. A lot more. To be precise, an attosecond is one billionth of a billionth of a second.
The attosecond timescale is where you must go to study the electron action that is the starting point of all of chemistry. Not surprisingly, chemists are most eager to explore it with X-rays, the region of the electromagnetic spectrum that can probe the core electrons of atoms, the electrons that uniquely identify atomic species.
Heralded as the science of the 21st century by Science and The Economist, attosecond science is a new frontier of molecular and material science. It is expected to catalyze novel applications in a wide range of fields such as nanotechnology and life sciences, based on the ultimate visualization and control of the quantum nature of the electron.
Ali Belkacem, a chemist with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, has been using powerful laboratory-scale lasers to test whether multidimensional nonlinear x-ray spectroscopy on the attosecond timescale is practical for the light sources of the future – and just what combination of beam characteristics is needed to define them.
"Chemistry is inherently dynamical," he has said. "That means, to make inroads in understanding – and ultimately controlling – chemical reactions we have to understand how atoms combine to form molecules; how electrons and nuclei couple; how molecules interact, react, and transform; how electrical charges flow; and how different forms of energy move within a molecule or across molecular boundaries. Most importantly, we have to know how all these things behave in a correlated way, dynamically in time and space, both at the electron and atomic levels."
Belkacem will give a presentation at the 2013 AAAS annual meeting in Boston titled "Attosecond Science for Steering Chemical Reactions." The talk is part of the panel session titled "Attosecond Science in Chemical, Molecular Imaging, Spintronics, and Energy Science," which is scheduled for February 17, from 8:30 AM to 11:30 AM in Room 306 of the Hynes Convention Center.
Sunday, February 17, 8:30 AM to 11:30 AM
Room 306, Hynes Convention Center
Jon Weiner | Source: EurekAlert!
Further information: www.lbl.gov
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University of Würzburg physicists have succeeded in creating a new type of laser.
Its operation principle is completely different from conventional devices, which opens up the possibility of a significantly reduced energy input requirement. The researchers report their work in the current issue of Nature.
It also emits light the waves of which are in phase with one another: the polariton laser, developed ...
Innsbruck physicists led by Rainer Blatt and Peter Zoller experimentally gained a deep insight into the nature of quantum mechanical phase transitions.
They are the first scientists that simulated the competition between two rival dynamical processes at a novel type of transition between two quantum mechanical orders. They have published the results of their work in the journal Nature Physics.
“When water boils, its molecules are released as vapor. We call this ...
Researchers have shown that, by using global positioning systems (GPS) to measure ground deformation caused by a large underwater earthquake, they can provide accurate warning of the resulting tsunami in just a few minutes after the earthquake onset.
For the devastating Japan 2011 event, the team reveals that the analysis of the GPS data and issue of a detailed tsunami alert would have taken no more than three minutes. The results are published on 17 May in Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, an open access journal of ...
A new study of glaciers worldwide using observations from two NASA satellites has helped resolve differences in estimates of how fast glaciers are disappearing and contributing to sea level rise.
The new research found glaciers outside of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, repositories of 1 percent of all land ice, lost an average of 571 trillion pounds (259 trillion kilograms) of mass every year during the six-year study period, making the oceans rise 0.03 inches (0.7 mm) per year. ...
About 99% of the world’s land ice is stored in the huge ice sheets of Antarctica and Greenland, while only 1% is contained in glaciers.
However, the meltwater of glaciers contributed almost as much to the rise in sea level in the period 2003 to 2009 as the two ice sheets: about one third. This is one of the results of an international study with the involvement of geographers from the University of Zurich.
21.05.2013 | Studies and Analyses
21.05.2013 | Life Sciences
21.05.2013 | Studies and Analyses
17.05.2013 | Event News
15.05.2013 | Event News
08.05.2013 | Event News | <urn:uuid:f038b70e-8faf-45bc-bb3c-f866f4501ead> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.innovations-report.com/html/reports/life_sciences/blink_eye_x_ray_imaging_attosecond_timescale_209698.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701670866/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105430-00024-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93013 | 1,067 | 3.484375 | 3 |
In an effort to fight climate change, the United Nations announced Sunday that Gabon will become the first African country paid with international funds to preserve its rainforest. Through the Central African Forest Initiative (CAFI), Norway will pay $150 million to Gabon to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and battle deforestation. The announcement was made at the Climate Action Summit in New York, where world leaders gathered to discuss how to reach net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. CAFI is a collaborative partnership between the UN Development Program (UNDP), six Central African countries, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Bank and a coalition of donors including the United Kingdom, Norway and South Korea. The partnership aims to support six Central African countries – Cameroon, Gabon, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo – to create investment frameworks to support conservation of their forest resources. According to a statement from CAFI, the historic 10-year deal with Gabon will see that the country maintains up to 98% of its rainforests. “The 150 million US dollars agreement announced today between Gabon and Norway via the Central African forest initiative (CAFI) is historic in many ways. For the first time, an African country will be rewarded in a 10-year deal for both reducing its greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation, and absorptions of carbon dioxide by natural forests,” according to the statement.
Covered in forests
Up to 80% of Gabon is covered with forests, according to a report in Mongabay, a website of environmental news.In the statement, Ola Elvestuen, Norway’s minister of climate and environment, said he hopes the partnership will help Gabon maintain 98% of the forests.”I am very pleased with this results-based partnership through CAFI, which includes a historic carbon floor price to further encourage Gabon to continue to preserve its rainforest. This is a major breakthrough for REDD+ in Africa,” Elvestuen said.For many years, Gabon has been a leader in Africa in preserving its rainforests.In 2002, it announced the establishment of its first national park system at the World Summit in South Africa. The park system consists of a network of 13 parks. One of them, Lope-Okanda national park, is listed as a UNESCO natural heritage site. The country also hosts more than 50% of the surviving forest elephants on the continent, which CAFI said was a “key indicator of sound natural resource governance.”
Raising the value of Gabonese Rainforests
But Gabon is not without its environmental challenges. In June, following a corruption scandal in which hundreds of containers of illegally logged kevazingo wood went missing, the country’s former forests minister was fired. Lee White, the country’s new minister of Forest, Seas, Environment and Climate Change, says raising the value of Gabonese rainforests is an important key in improving the living standards of the people of Gabon.”We have to raise the value of the Gabonese rainforests in order to ensure that conservation and sustainable exploitation can be used as tools to improve the living standards of the Gabonese people by creating jobs and livelihoods, whilst also sustaining natural capital, and to preserve our natural treasures and biodiverse ecosystems,” he said. | <urn:uuid:72d4cd4e-f979-4d25-96b4-ab260ad2e451> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://africanexplorermagazine.com/2019/09/23/gabon-gets-paid-for-protecting-its-forest/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250628549.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200125011232-20200125040232-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.945247 | 701 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Information About Menorrhagia
If you suffer from excessive menstrual bleeding, you're not alone. Menorrhagia, as it is known, affects roughly one in four healthy women in the United States. Characterized by heavy periods that last more than seven days, this condition is usually caused by hormonal imbalance or uterine fibroids, according to Norman Armstrong, MD, an obstetrician/gynecologist at Virginia Hospital Center.
While excessive bleeding can sometimes be a sign of uterine or ovarian cancer, the vast majority of women with menorrhagia do not have cancer. Nevertheless, it can be uncomfortable and disruptive to everyday activities.
Fortunately, there are several diagnostic and therapeutic procedures now available for menorrhagia in lieu of hysterectomy. Fibroids, polyps and similar benign lesions (which account for 80% of cases) can be detected via ultrasound and treated on an outpatient basis using methods that are much less invasive than major surgery. Procedures such as hysteroscopy and laparoscopic myomectomy use different kinds of thin, tube-like instruments to remove lesions from the uterine wall. These treatments will allow a woman to keep her uterus in case she wants to have children, but because they often weaken the uterine wall, future births may require cesarean section.
For women who have passed their childbearing years, yet another alternative is endometrial ablation, or NovaSure, which delivers a precisely controlled dose of energy via a slender, handheld wand to remove the endometrial lining. This quick, simple procedure requires no incision and no endometrial pre-treatment. It can be performed in an outpatient setting, under local or regional anesthesia, and generally takes less than 5 minutes, significantly less time than any other endometrial ablation procedure, so recovery time is quicker. The NovaSure Endometrial Ablation procedure provides an effective and minimally invasive alternative to hysterectomy, while avoiding the potential side effects and long term risks of hormone therapy.
If you're experiencing abnormal menstrual bleeding, don't rely on girlfriends or family members for health information. Keep a menstrual calendar that chronicles the dates and severity of each period, and then share that information with your physician. Patterns tracked over time can often shed light on what's causing heavy bleeding, leading to quicker diagnosis, treatment and recovery. | <urn:uuid:c5a5615e-582c-42be-a473-2cce05d15afb> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.virginiahospitalcenter.com/medical/women/health/menorrhagia.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163972679/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133252-00099-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924986 | 488 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The British hills offer beauty, challenge and adventure, as well as the opportunity to keep fit and healthy. So it is no wonder that hill walking is such a popular activity, attracting people of all ages. Walking in the uplands requires a collection of skills, including navigation and hazard avoidance. It is important that participants are prepared with some basic equipment and knowledge in order to enjoy hill walking safely.
There is not much gear that is vital, but it’s important to have appropriate equipment for the activity and prevailing weather.
When out in the hills you will need, as a minimum:
• Shoes or boots to keep you upright
• Insulating layers to keep you warm
• Waterproofs to keep you dry
It is important to choose shoes or boots that are both comfortable and provide adequate support. No footwear is perfectly suited for all seasons and terrain. A lightweight summer shoe would be completely inappropriate in winter, for example, just as wearing winter mountaineering boots on a hot sunny day could result in overheated and blistered feet
Some boots can be used for summer and winter walking. But whatever you choose, make sure the boot is appropriate for the most demanding conditions you plan to walk in. if you are very heavy with large feet, or very light with small feet you could also consider choosing a more or less substantial boot as appropriate.
Good socks regulate your foot temperature and help to prevent blisters by providing a snug fit. as with your clothing, socks need to wick moisture away from your skin, as overheated feet will be uncomfortable and prone to developing blisters.
Choose socks that are padded in the heel, ball and toes where the most pressure is applied. some people like to wear two pairs of socks consisting of a snug thin inner one and a thicker outer one. this system can reduce friction on your feet, as the sock layers will move against each other instead of your feet moving against the sock.
Just as we use layers of clothing in our everyday lives to regulate body temperature, the same is true when exploring the hills. the range of temperatures experienced in one day will often be greater in the hills than in cities. Clothing to deal with such variation is therefore required. With the weight of your rucksack contents an important consideration, choosing items that fulfil a range of functions is a good idea. Waterproofs double up as windproofs for example.
You may already own clothing that fits the bill very well. You’ll need light comfortable clothing while you walk, something warm for when it gets colder and something waterproof in case the heavens open. it is better to wear several relatively thin layers than a single thick one, because the layers trap air which is a good insulator, and you can regulate your temperature more effectively by adding or removing layers.
Materials which do not absorb moisture are better because wet clothes will make you feel cold. Wool has always been recognised as a good material for hill walkers. synthetic materials such as fleece are also used for outdoor clothing. Cotton is not good and jeans are particularly cold when wet.
A waterproof outer layer of jacket and trousers will keep you dry, and in combination with your insulating layers will prevent a reduction in body temperature which can in extreme circumstances lead to the development of hypothermia. Nowadays, just about all waterproofs are made from breathable fabrics, allowing body moisture to escape, whilst keeping the rain out. Non breathable fabrics do not let perspiration escape, so you can get increasingly damp as the day wears on.
A hill walking jacket should be big enough to get warm layers underneath, but not so big that it flaps around. It should have an easily accessible pocket that can accommodate a map, and large pockets for carrying hats, gloves and so on. Waist and hood drawcords and adjustable wrist closures help to seal out the weather and retain warmth. A stiffened hood will provide good visibility; the alternative is one that slaps you in the face with every gust of wind! You’ll need to be able to put your overtrousers on and remove them whilst wearing your boots, so make sure there are zips down the side.
Gaiters can be invaluable on boggy ground and rainy days. They also prevent vegetation from entering your boots. In winter, gaiters are indispensible for keeping snow out of your boots and preventing your feet from becoming wet and cold. If worn with waterproof trousers, wear the gaiters underneath, not with the trousers tucked in, or water will be ‘conveniently’ channelled into your boots!
A suggested kit list at the end of this section provides guidance on what to take on your hill walks. Consider
your day ahead, and pack accordingly.
A rucksack is the most convenient way to carry your equipment, and should be neither too big nor too small. There are many different sizes to choose from. When moorland walking, a 30 litre rucksack is probably adequate; if heading into the mountains, a 45 litre rucksack would be better.
When full, the rucksack should distribute the load evenly and be comfortable to wear. It should sit close to the wearer’s back, allowing an upright posture to be maintained, and not restrict the movement of the head. all walkers should consider their own back anatomy in relation to the rucksack they choose. The shoulder-waist-hip ratios are different between men and women, and so some rucksacks are specially designed for women.
A slim rucksack with no side pockets is less likely to get caught on obstructions. Compression straps along the side of the rucksack allow a slim profile to be maintained, and can be used to secure walking poles when not in use. Lid pockets are very useful for gloves, hats and snacks, etc.
As crucial as taking suitable equipment is having sufficient food and drink. The amount required will vary depending on weather conditions, distance and terrain walked.
A good breakfast will set you up for a day’s walk, and whilst out, consuming little and often is the best way to keep hydrated and maintain your energy. It is sensible to have some emergency food, like high energy bars, tucked out of the way ‘just in case’. You do not need to take any ‘specialist’ food; sandwiches, snacks and some fruit will work fine.
When it comes to drinks, water will do the job perfectly well. in cold weather a hot drink is likely to be very welcome, with a metal thermos flask being more robust than a glass one.
Trekking poles are increasingly popular, and are best used as a pair. Poor technique can negate any positive benefits, and there are pros and cons to using them. After a long day out in the hills, aching knees on the
descent is very common. Poles can transfer some of the impact of walking from the lower legs and knees to the arms and shoulders. poles also help with stability, particularly useful when carrying a heavy sack, walking on uneven ground or in winter when patches of ice can occur unexpectedly.
However, the wrist, elbow and shoulder joints are not designed to prop up your body – we’re bipedal after all! if you’re not careful, protecting your knees can simply mean aggravating other joints. If you are very tired and do not need the poles for stability, it may be best to pack them away if there is the chance of tripping yourself up on one! using poles prevents your hands from being free for other things. don’t fall into the trap of not eating, drinking or checking your map simply because you cannot be bothered to take your poles off.
Whilst emergencies are a rare occurrence in the hills, the equipment to help you deal with them is relatively modest. Here are some suggestions:
When dealing with an injured hill walker, help may not be close at hand. Therefore, taking a first aid kit and seeking out some basic first aid training is a very good idea.
Getting lost in poor visibility or dealing with even a minor injury can escalate into something more serious for the whole party if people get cold. Spare clothing should be carried for this reason, but a group shelter is the most effective way to keep warm. Made from light ripstop nylon, a group shelter is shaped like a very large upside down bowl. The warmer temperature inside the shelter is created by retained body heat and protection from wind.
Made from tough polythene, a bivi bag provides individual shelter in case of emergency. Effective and inexpensive, they can also be used in conjunction with a group shelter. more expensive survival bag designs can provide greater insulating properties than a standard polythene bivi bag.
It is not uncommon for mountain rescue teams to assist able bodied walkers off the hills who have simply got caught out after dark. Whether underestimating how long a walk will take, or getting lost and staying out for longer than planned, heading back home in the dark need not be a reason to panic if everyone has a torch. A headtorch is best, and many inexpensive models are widely available. Always take a torch and make sure you also have some spare batteries.
Mobile phones can be a godsend when needing to contact the emergency services, but should not be thought of as a ‘safety net’, tempting walkers to objectives outside of their experience and ability.
A whistle is a great way to attract attention – the international distress signal is six blasts in quick succession, repeated after a one-minute interval. Flashing your torch in a similar manner will also be recognised as a distress signal.
Time flies when you’re having fun, so keep track of it. You’ll also need it to time navigation legs. | <urn:uuid:c8178d0d-a554-4750-aaa6-45b03014e6c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.mountainsafe.co.uk/site/en/advice/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823067.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018180631-20171018200631-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.949283 | 2,019 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Chicks are very frail, especially during the first few weeks of their life. Hence, it is imperative to have sound management to keep your flock healthy. Moreover, irrespective of the quality of the chicks supplied/procured and the robustness of management, early chick mortality cannot be avoided entirely. 1-5% of mortality is normal in a poultry farm; however, anything higher than this should be taken seriously.
A high mortality rate is indicative that something is wrong with the flock, and it demands the poultry owner’s immediate intervention and appropriate action to stop further losses as failure to do so may lead to huge losses. Many factors cause early chick mortality, such as genetic, management, disease, and nutritional causes. Here in this post, we are sharing about the cause of early chick mortality and ways to reduce the chick mortality.
What causes early chick mortality?
There are myriads of causes of early chick mortality. However, the most common factors are:
- Genetic causes.
- Management causes.
- Nutritional causes.
- Disease causes.
Let’s discuss all four mortality causes gradually.
There are around 21 lethal gene mutations in birds. Most of these lethal genes lead to chicks’ death during the incubation period. However, congenital tremors and congenital loco cause the death of chicks within a week of hatching.
Another most important cause of early chick mortality is – Poor management. Sound management is indispensable for keeping flocks healthy and alive. Chicks reared in poorly managed poultry won’t be able to manifest their full genetic potentials. Some of the management blunders include.
- High Brooding Temperature:High brooding temperature is dangerous for your flock. Too much heat makes chicks dehydrated due to which they consume more water rather than feed. Due to their reduced feed intake, their growth is drastically affected, leading to their death. Besides, it also causes pasted vent (i.e., feces stalked around the vent area block the vent, ultimately resulting in chicks’ deaths because of their inability to pass out waste from the body).
- Low Brooding Temperature:Low brooding temperature causes chilling, and prolonged exposure to cold can directly impact the immune system of the flock, thereby making birds vulnerable to diseases. Besides, flock tends to huddle together when exposed to too much cold to keep themselves warm. Huddling causes suffocation in the flock, thereby resulting in chick mortality.
- Poisoning:The mortality rate due to poisoning is also high in early chicks. It, however, depends on the type, dose, and duration of exposure. Poisoning mortality could be sudden and dreadful. The reason for poisoning could be any from feed to excessive salt intake, herbicides to insecticides, and disinfectants, etc.
- Litter Contamination:Another most crucial cause of chick mortality is -contaminated bedding materials. Some farmers use sawdust for brooding, which could be really harmful to chicks. Chicks can mistake sawdust for feed, and in the process, they consume it in good quantity, which leads to gastrointestinal impaction and ultimately resulting in death.
- Starvation:Starvation is another cause of chick mortality because young chicks do not have fat storage to fulfill body needs during starvation, resulting in death.
- Injuries:It is important to handle chicks carefully during vaccination, sexing, dubbing, de-beaking, transportation from brooding farm to rearing farm, etc.; otherwise, it can cause injuries and ultimately result in death.
- Inadequate Feeders and Drinkers:Using wrong feeding and drinking equipment can also cause chick mortality. Inadequate feeders and drinkers affect flocks’ performance. It also leads to feed wastage and water spillage that results in the wet litter, which is a suitable condition for disease outbreak. Less feeder and drinker, on the other hand, cause starvation, ultimately leading to death.
- High Relative Humidity:High relative humidity causes the dampness of litter material in the brooding house, facilitating the growth of microorganisms, a suitable condition for disease outbreak.
- Predators:Poorly constructed brooding houses are again a cause of chick mortality. Predators, such as Rat, Dog, Cat, etc., can easily make their ways in the brooding place and attack chicks.
- Water: Water is one of the essential elements for maintaining the health and performance of the birds. It not only acts as a transport medium for nutrients and metabolic end products but also it helps in maintaining body temperature during hot weather. Besides, water balances the minor deficiency of minerals like Na, Cal, K, etc. Unhygienic water causes high mortality.
- Fat Soluble Vitamin Deficiency: Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble vitamins. These Vitamins are required for normal growth, development, and reproduction of chicks. A high deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins can cause death. In comparison, minor deficiency of these vitamins results in cessation of growth, lacrimation, rickets, ruffled feather, exudative diathesis, anemia, etc.
- Water-Soluble Vitamin Deficiency: Vitamin C and B-Complex are water-soluble vitamins. Water-soluble vitamins are an essential part of poultry diets. They are required for the metabolism, reproduction, growth, and development of chicks. Severe deficiency of these vitamins can cause death; however, minor deficiency leads to poor feathering, low growth, weight loss, dermatitis, nervous signs, and anemia, etc. in chicks.
Young chicks are susceptible to infections and diseases due to a lack of immunity during the first six weeks. It is crucial to maintain biosecurity measures; failure to do so increases the chances of a disease outbreak. Pullorum is again a bacterial infection characterized by ruffled feathers, labour breathing, white diarrhoea, chirping, and death.
- Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection: Chicken anaemia virus infection or CAV is an acute viral infection found worldwide. It can infect chickens of all ages; however, it is mostly detected in young chickens. CAV affects the immune system of the chicken, thereby leaving it more susceptible to other infections. However, mortality is often a result of secondary infection.
- Salmonellosis: A salmonellosis is a group of acute rapidly spreading diseases characterized by a rise in body temperature, omphalitis, hepatitis, and septicaemia, enlargement of the spleen, arthritis, and death. It affects all ages.
14 Ways to reduce early chick mortality
If you’re recording a high mortality rate in your poultry farm, it is alarming, and you need to take appropriate actions. Failure to do so can cost you all your investments. Here are the steps that you can take to reduce chick mortality in your poultry farm.
1. Buy chicks only from trusted suppliers
First things first, buy quality chicks from trusted suppliers. More often than not, the problem begins when you buy poor quality and unhealthy chicks. Most of the health problems affecting birds are due to low genetic background. Hence, it is vital to buy chicks from a reputable and trusted supplier who raises healthy parent stocks. It is also important to know the source of eggs of the hatchery that supplies chicks to you along with the history of the birds that lay those eggs.
2. Inspect the health status
No matter how reliable your supplier is, it is always advised to inspect each bird’s health status before you transport them to your farm.
3. Provide the flock with adequate brooding temperature
High and low brooding temperatures lead to high chick mortality. Hence, it is essential to provide your flock with a proper brooding temperature. Failure to do so can wreak havoc on your poultry farm.
4. Protect your flock from cold weather
Of course, even in your wildest dream, you would not want to see your chicks dying because of cold weather. So, it is important to supply them with heat during very cold weather. You can consider designing the pens in such a way that your birds are not exposed to extremely cold conditions.
5. Keep drinkers and feeders clean
Being a poultry owner is not an easy task. You need to take care of your flock and their needs to keep them healthy. Keeping your birds’ feeders and drinkers or drinking trough clean is very important. So, make sure you clean them every morning and discard any leftover water and feed. Also, do not fill drinkers with chlorinated water.
While discarding leftover water and feed, make sure you do it very far away from the pen. It will help you prevent soldier ants from invading your farm and killing your chickens.
6. Minimize the risk of suffocating the chicks to death.
Birds can quickly suffocate and die when forced to move in the tight corner or inadequate temperature. In a very cold atmosphere, they huddle to keep themselves warm, due to which the birds can suffocate or suffer a fatal injury. To avoid this, make sure that the brooding house’s temperature and humidity are at the right levels and uniform throughout the pen.
The best way to protect your birds from suffocating to death is to centralize the pen’s heat source. With the heat source in the middle, you can protect the birds from huddling.
Avoid entirely sudden loud noises around the birds. Birds get panic with a sudden loud noise due to which they pack together and suffocate.
Predators away from your farm. Birds get scared when they see predators, which leads to a panic-induced gathering that results in suffocation.
7. Prevent your farm from infections and diseases
Some diseases can be gruesome; they can wipe out your entire flock in a go. While some may not be so fatal but may affect the feed conversion ratio of the birds. So, it is crucial to keep checking your flock regularly. In case you detect symptoms for any disease in a bird, immediately separate it from the flock and contact the vet to avoid further damage to your poultry.
8. Don’t feed your birds with moldy feeds
Moldy feeds can be dangerous and poisonous to your flock. Feeding your birds with moldy feed can lead to severe problems, such as poultry disease. The best way to avoid moldy feeds on your farm is to keep the feeds away from water. Also, do not store the feed in storage rooms with very high humidity.
Besides, don’t buy in bulk. Buy only that much that your birds will finish before the end of its shelf life. And check the expiry dates on the feed before making the purchase.
9. Serve your birds water before feeds
Serve your birds’ water before feeds; it will prevent your flock from stampeding while struggling for food. Birds tend to drink water slower than they peck on their feed. Serving water first will divert some of the birds’ attention to water, which will reduce the intensity of the struggle for feed.
10. Keep your farm protected from predators
It is imperative to keep predators away from your farm. However, you cannot ensure complete protection as some of the predators sneak in from the underneath or the roof. The best way to keep more giant predators like dogs and cats from the range area is by using an electric fence. For flying predators like hawks, crisscross a thin cord over the area to prevent them from flying in and out.
Besides, close all the holes around the farm and keep monitoring your farm for predators’ signs. You can even install strong iron mesh nets around the pens and apply predator repellents regularly.
11. Regularly clean dirty poultry pens
It is essential to clean your filthy poultry pens regularly. Ammonia starts to build up in the pen when the litter is wet or when it is left unattended for a long time. This ammonia gas can be hazardous to your birds. When it exceeds 25 ppm, it leads to severe problems, like stress, inadequate feed intake, irritation of the eyes and nasal membrane, slow growth rate, and respiratory diseases like coryza, bronchitis, etc.
Thus, it is essential to remove wet or caked litter from pens to prevent your birds from mortality due to choking or other respiratory problems.
12. Supply sufficient feed to your birds
The improper or insufficient feed can lead to poor growth and development of your birds. When underfed, birds have low body weights and poor immune responses, due to which they fall sick easily. Likewise, overfeeding can also lead to more significant problems. That is why it is vital to give them enough feed.
13. Strictly follow medication and vaccination schedules
Following medication and vaccination is a good farm practice that can help each poultry farm owner greatly. By following medication and vaccination, you can keep endemic disease outbreaks at bay. Make sure you get your birds are vaccinated against contagious diseases like Colibacillosis, Newcastle Diseases (ND), Fowl Typhoid, Chicken Anaemia Virus Infection, Gumboro Disease, Fowl Pox, etc.
Talk to your vet and get the right vaccination and medication schedule for the poultry species you’re raising. You can also keep a stock of the medicines at the farm to reduce chick mortality.
14. Have a vet regularly check your flock
Have a vet regularly checking your flock of chicken to ensure there are no symptoms of contagious diseases. Remove recovered from the flock as recovered birds are a reservoir of infection. This way, you can keep your other birds safe and healthy. | <urn:uuid:0d0eaa93-c14e-4ad7-8759-9484052a7e9c> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.poultry.care/blog/causes-of-early-chick-mortality-14-ways-to-reduce-the-mortality | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510208.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926111439-20230926141439-00816.warc.gz | en | 0.936525 | 2,820 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Terms used in this subpart are defined in the Clean Air Act as amended (the Act), in § 63.2
, or in this section as follows:
Anode bake cycle means the period during which the regularly repeated sequence of loading, preheating, firing, cooling, and removing anodes from all sections within an anode bake furnace occurs one time.
Anode bake furnace means an oven in which the formed green anodes are baked for use in a prebake process. This definition includes multiple anode bake furnaces controlled by a common control device (bake furnaces controlled by a common control device are considered to be one source).
Center-worked prebake (CWPB) process means a method of primary aluminum reduction using the prebake process in which the alumina feed is added down the center of the reduction cell.
Center-worked prebake one (CWPB1) means all existing center-worked prebake potlines not defined as center-worked prebake two (CWPB2) or center-worked prebake three (CWPB3) potlines.
Center-worked prebake two (CWPB2) means all existing center-worked prebake potlines located at Alcoa in Rockdale, Texas; Kaiser Aluminum in Mead, Washington; Ormet Corporation in Hannibal, Ohio; Ravenswood Aluminum in Ravenswood, West Virginia; Reynolds Metals in Troutdale, Oregon; and Vanalco Aluminum in Vancouver, Washington.
Center-worked prebake three (CWPB3) means all existing center-worked prebake potlines that produce very high purity aluminum, have a wet scrubber for the primary control system, and are located at the NSA primary aluminum plant in Hawesville, Kentucky.
Continuous parameter monitoring system means the total equipment that may be required to meet the data acquisition and availability requirements of this subpart, used to sample, condition (if applicable), analyze, and provide a record of process or control system parameters.
Horizontal stud Soderberg (HSS) process means a method of primary aluminum reduction using the Soderberg process in which the electrical current is introduced to the anode by steel rods (studs) inserted into the side of a monolithic anode.
Modified potroom group means an existing potroom group to which any physical change in, or change in the method of operation of, results in an increase in the amount of total fluoride emitted into the atmosphere by that potroom group.
Paste production plant means the processes whereby calcined petroleum coke, coal tar pitch (hard or liquid), and/or other materials are mixed, transferred, and formed into briquettes or paste for vertical stud Soderberg (VSS) and HSS processes or into green anodes for a prebake process. This definition includes all operations from initial mixing to final forming (i.e., briquettes, paste, green anodes) within the paste plant, including conveyors and units managing heated liquid pitch.
Pitch storage tank means any fixed roof tank that is used to store liquid pitch that is not part of the paste production plant.
Polycyclic organic matter (POM) means organic matter extractable by methylene chloride as determined by Method 315 in appendix A to this part or by an approved alternative method.
Potline means a single, discrete group of electrolytic reduction cells electrically connected in series, in which alumina is reduced to form aluminum.
Potroom means a building unit that houses a group of electrolytic cells in which aluminum is produced.
Potroom group means an uncontrolled potroom, a potroom that is controlled individually, or a group of potrooms or potroom segments ducted to a common control system.
Prebake process means a method of primary aluminum reduction that uses an anode that was baked in an anode bake furnace, which is introduced into the top of the reduction cell and consumed as part of the reduction process.
Primary aluminum reduction plant means any facility manufacturing aluminum by electrolytic reduction.
Primary control system means the equipment used to capture the gases and particulate matter evacuated directly from the reduction cell and the emission control device(s) used to remove pollutants prior to discharge of the cleaned gas to the atmosphere. A roof scrubber is not part of the primary control system.
Primary emissions means the emissions discharged from the primary control system.
Reconstructed potroom group means an existing potroom group for which the components are replaced to such an extent that the fixed capital cost of the new components exceeds 50 percent of the fixed capital cost that would be required to construct a comparable entirely new potroom group, and for which it is technologically and economically feasible to meet the applicable emission limits for total fluoride set forth in this subpart.
Reconstruction means the replacement of components of a source to such an extent that:
All of the major components of the source are replaced (for example, the major components of a potline include the raw material handling system, reduction cells, superstructure, hooding, ductwork, etc.); and
It is technologically and economically feasible for the reconstructed source to meet the standards for new sources established in this subpart.
Roof monitor means that portion of the roof of a potroom building where gases not captured at the cell exit from the potroom.
Secondary emissions means the fugitive emissions that are not captured and controlled by the primary control system and that escape through the roof monitor or through roof scrubbers.
Side-worked prebake (SWPB) process means a method of primary aluminum reduction using the prebake process, in which the alumina is added along the sides of the reduction cell.
Soderberg process means a method of primary aluminum reduction in which the anode paste mixture is baked in the reduction pot by the heat resulting from the electrolytic process.
(TF) means elemental fluorine and all fluoride compounds as measured by Methods 13A or 13B in appendix A to part 60 of this chapter
or by an approved alternative method.
Vertical stud Soderberg (VSS) process means a method of primary aluminum reduction using the Soderberg process, in which the electrical current is introduced to the anode by steel rods (studs) inserted into the top of a monolithic anode.
Vertical stud Soderberg one (VSS1) means all existing vertical stud Soderberg potlines located either at Northwest Aluminum in The Dalles, Oregon, or at Goldendale Aluminum in Goldendale, Washington.
Vertical stud Soderberg two (VSS2) means all existing vertical stud Soderberg potlines located at Columbia Falls Aluminum in Columbia Falls, Montana. | <urn:uuid:41e2eb3f-453a-4139-9c03-0f883da11b3e> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/40/63.842 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919886.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909042639-00072-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925918 | 1,393 | 2.75 | 3 |
ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT PROFILE
PROTECTION STATUS: Threatened; Pacific population endangered
CRITICAL HABITAT: None
RANGE: Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans
THREATS: Entanglement in fishing nets, coastal development, global warming, beachfront lighting, increased nest predation, pesticides, collisions with watercraft, oil and gas exploration, and human consumption
POPULATION TREND: Pacific populations of loggerhead sea turtles have declined by more than 80 percent in the last 25 years, with fewer than 1,000 females returning to their natal beaches to nest each year. Atlantic and Indian ocean populations are also declining.
|Photo courtesy Flickr Creative Commons/ukanda||HOME / DONATE NOW / SIGN UP FOR E-NETWORK / CONTACT US / PHOTO USE /| | <urn:uuid:e054b550-8329-4614-945b-d9ce43e4e83d> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/reptiles/loggerhead_sea_turtle/endangered_species_act_profile.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1387345772708/warc/CC-MAIN-20131218054932-00093-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.82636 | 173 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Designing parts that are easy to machine can make a huge difference in part cost and quality.
Make sure inside corners take into account endmill radii.
Try not to design sharp, square inside corners. Allow for the radius of the endmill. If you must have a pocket with sharp square corners, there are ways to accomplish this task (broaching, EDM, etc.), but they are usually much more expensive than simple milling.
Illustration- It is very easy to design square pockets such as the example on the left above, but it is harder to machine them than you would think. An end mill will always leave rounded inside corners, as shown in the right hand version. A smaller endmill can minimize the radius, but it will still be there. Very square corners can be created through other techniques (broaching, EDM, etc.), but this gets pricey.
If you are fitting something inside a pocket, often the corners can be cut away with an endmill so that the sharp corners of the mating part will still fit without jeopardizing alignment.
Illustration- Often, pocket corners can be cut away so that a mating square part can still fit accurately in the pocket.
Watch EM length to diameter.
Endmills work best when they are very rigid. Avoid making deep pockets or inside corners with small radii. Generally, an endmill will cut easily with a length of up about 4 times its diameter (e.g., a ž" endmill cutting a pocket up to an inch deep). Endmills can be cut deeper, sometimes up to 10-15 times the diameter, but this gets progressively harder and more time consuming to do. It these cases, the mill must be "stepped down" the wall of the pocket in very small increments, or run at extremely slow rpm and feed rates. In general it is best to limit pocket depth to as small a multiple of end mill diameter as possible.
Illustration- A deep pocket with small inside corners cut with an extra long endmill is just asking for trouble. Endmills like this will chatter and break easily, and surface finish will be poor.
Illustration- One way to work around the above problem would be to build up the part from three components. This way the pocket could be easily milled from the side and all corners could be kept sharp.
Plan parts for standard EM sizes; make corners larger than EM diameter
As CNC milling has become more common, shops have tended to use standard size endmills for much of the milling work. This is because modern CNC milling machines can mill arcs and curves without regard to endmill diameter. Before CNC, on a manual mill, you would have to choose an endmill with the diameter of the inside corner you wanted to mill, or use a difficult-to-setup rotary table. Now nearly any radius can be milled with a standard size endmill. For efficient material removal shops still need endmills of different sizes, but most shops keep a good supply of only the common sizes. These are usually even fractions of an inch, e.g., 1/16", 3/32", 1/8", 3/16", 1/4", 1/2", 3/4", etc. Metric sizes in even mm increments are common as well.
When designing parts, it is good practice to design inside corners with these endmills in mind. However, when possible don't pick corner radii that are exactly the same as endmill diameters. The reason is that if you bring a .25" diameter endmill into a corner of .25" for example, the endmill has a large portion of its surface area in contact with the work during the finishing pass. This leaves the endmill prone to chatter and poor surface finish. It's better to machine a .300" diameter corner with a smaller endmill, such as a .250" diameter. If you need something close to a .25" diameter corner, choose a slightly bigger radius instead, say .27 or .30. Avoid very small differences, as a .251 corner will effectively machine the same as a .250 corner. You need to add .020 or .030" to lower the surface area contact sufficiently.
Illustration- If the corner of the pocket is has the same radius as the endmill, there is a large area of surface contact on the finishing pass (shown in red). Designing a slightly larger corner than a standard endmill size limits the surface contact and reduces potential chatter.
Don't specify too deep tapped holes
Putting threads in holes (tapping) is usually not a difficult process. But it gets progressively more difficult and expensive as the tapped holes get deeper. Keep in mind that for maximum strength, you only need a hole to be tapped to a depth of 1 to at most 3 times the diameter. Any deeper and the screw will break before the threads pull out. Think about the average commercial nut on a bolt. The thickness of the nut is usually is only 1 to 1.5 times the bolt diameter, because this is all the thickness that is needed. But despite this, we often see prints with tiny holes tapped to extreme depth.
Bear in mind too that the threaded portion of taps is not too long. A 4-40 tap, for example, only has 5/8th of an inch worth of threads on it. If a deeper threaded hole is specified, the tap shank has to be ground back. Because of the depth of the hole there is also an extreme risk of breakage. A very expensive hole to manufacture indeed!
If you need to have a long through hole to clear, for example, a threaded shaft, try to specify threads on only one side of the hole, with a drilled hole from the other end.
Illustration- Long tapped holes (A.) require custom tooling and are expensive to make. Instead, design shorter holes tapped from each side (B.). A through drilled hole, but with short threads from each end is also acceptable (C.). If you need to pass a long fastener or part through the threaded hole, consider back boring as shown in D.
Watch for High walls- EM, toolholder and spindle clearance issues
Another problem area in machining is tool, toolholder and spindle clearance, especially next to high walls or other part features. The end of a standard ER-16 collet chuck, which is often used to hold smaller endmills and drills, is about 1.125 inch in diameter. If you have a pocket next to a high wall, for example, this clearance can present a problem. Sometimes a smaller chuck, like an ER-11, can be used. But this will still have a diameter of about .75", and can only hold quite small tools up to about .25".
You need to bear in mind these tooling clearance issues when designing parts. As always, there are work-arounds, but they are expensive and time consuming.
When possible, design multiple parts or pieces that can be bolted, fit, or welded together to alleviate clearance issues.
Illustration- The photo shown is a typical machine tool spindle with an endmill holder. The accompanying illustration shows typical toldholder and spindle sizes. These numbers are approximate and will vary with the specific machine tool, taper size (#30, #40, #50), etc., but they give you an appreciation of types of clearances required for easy machining.
Limit Machining Risk Factors- Design simple parts
An important but little talked about factor in part cost is the risk involved in the work. For example, if a shop is going to engrave text on a $20,000 mold cavity supplied by the customer, they will charge many times more than if they are asked to engrave the same text on a $10 piece of steel. The reason is risk. The shop cannot afford to make a mistake on the mold, so they will spend much more time testing and proving out the procedures than on the cheap piece of steel. In addition, if they do make a mistake (and mistakes are part of the business of machining) on a costly mold, it will mean a costly insurance claim or worse. As such, the shop charges a premium.
The logic follows if a part gets too valuable. Imagine a part with hundreds of features fashioned out of a huge block of aluminum. The single part might take days to make. If the shop makes a mistake near the end of the project, the part may have to be scrapped at enormous cost. As a result, the shop will charge a premium. If the same part where made of several smaller and less complex parts bolted together, the project would cost less, even though the shop now had to produce a larger number of parts.
As a rule of thumb, it is better to design assemblies out of simple, smaller parts than to try to make a single large complex part.
Illustration- A complex part as shown might be better designed as three separate parts fastened together with shoulder bolts or screws with locating pins. Each of the individual parts then become less risky, clearance problems are avoided, and significant material is saved as well. Often the three simpler parts will be much less expensive to manufacture than a single more complex part. | <urn:uuid:5ed6cc1b-8a2e-426f-9558-dd54fca5086e> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://youniqmachining.com/en/cutting-costs | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347415315.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200601071242-20200601101242-00243.warc.gz | en | 0.946673 | 1,910 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Amidst Genome Data, a Practical Tool for Researchers; Project Establishes Guideposts for Pinpointing DNA Segments for Researchers in Genetics and Cancer
PHILADELPHIA, Feb. 13 /PRNewswire/ -- As the "working draft" of the human genome is officially published this week, scientists are unveiling powerful tools to make the crucial data more useful to medical researchers. One team, the BAC Resource Consortium, led by a researcher at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, announced today that it has used large segments of DNA to connect the genome's sequence data to cytogenetic landmarks -- the microscopic patterns of light and dark bands seen on human chromosomes.
With the help of this new resource, researchers studying a disease associated with detectable defects on a chromosome can identify the precise DNA segment involved, then order normal copies of the segment for further analysis in their own laboratories. This resource will enable researchers to identify the genes that are defective in genetic diseases, including cancer.
"Our project helps to make human genome data usable by guiding scientists to specific DNA segments needed for their research," says Vivian G. Cheung, M.D., a researcher in the Division of Neurology at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and an assistant professor of Pediatrics at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Dr. Cheung is the lead author of a paper about the BAC Resource Consortium in the Feb. 15 special issue of the journal "Nature," which contains the official publication of the draft of the human genome, along with many related papers. Other major collaborating institutions in the federally funded consortium include the Roswell Park Cancer Institute (represented by Dr. Norma Nowak) and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (represented by Dr. Barbara J. Trask).
The completion of the working draft of the human genome was announced in June 2000 at a White House ceremony, well in advance of this week's formal publication of the data in "Nature" by the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Heralded as the compilation of the "Book of Life," the working draft is a listing of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that carry genetic instructions in the human chromosomes. The finished version of the sequence is projected to be completed in 2003. In the meantime, scientists throughout the world have been applying the data to gene identification, disease research and drug discovery.
The BAC Resource is a tool to bridge the gap between two levels of genetic knowledge. One level is the genome sequence: the detailed, ordered listing of the chemical bases adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, which are the four members of the genetic alphabet, often simply abbreviated as A, G, C and T. The other level is cytogenetic, found in the patterns of dark and light bands visible on human chromosomes. "Our Consortium has produced the first comprehensive integration of cytogenetic and sequence maps for the whole human genome by identifying a library of DNA segments that contain landmarks for both maps," said Dr. Cheung.
Identifying Abnormal Genes Researchers investigating cancers, developmental disorders and multisystem genetic diseases often directly observe abnormal band patterns and other microscopic aberrations in a patient's chromosomes. In addition, laboratory tools such as fluorescent tags may detect a translocation, an abnormal exchange of DNA between chromosomes. However, understanding the molecular details of many diseases has not kept pace with the discovery of chromosome abnormalities.
The BAC Resource Consortium aims to hasten discovery of molecular changes occurring in specific diseases. By referring to the BAC Resource database, publicly accessible on the Internet, scientists can identify DNA sequences underlying particular locations on chromosomes. The scientists can then obtain those specific segments of DNA, called bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones. The BAC Resource links chromosome landmarks to 8,890 such clones, each of which is available to researchers at low cost through several sources.
As an example of the resource's usefulness, the BAC Consortium took DNA from a patient with mental retardation and developmental disorders. Knowing the location on the chromosome of abnormal structures, the researchers used their map to pinpoint the associated DNA segment. Analyzing the DNA clone, they were then able to narrow their search to specific candidate genes that may be responsible for the patient's disorder. "Identifying abnormal genes that are responsible for a disease is a first step toward eventually designing treatments to restore normal function," said Dr. Cheung.
Islands of DNA In addition to providing a resource for scientists focusing on particular diseases, the BAC Resource helped other researchers to produce a physical map of the human genome. "Because our clones are highly accurate islands of DNA sequences throughout the genome, they provided anchors for researchers doing the sequencing to check their results when assembling the genome sequence," said Dr. Cheung, who co-authored another paper in the special issue of "Nature" reporting on the assembly of a whole-genome physical map.
In addition to Dr. Cheung, members of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia staff who were among the co-authors of the BAC Consortium paper were lab manager Alan Bruzel, Ph.D., database manager Michael Morley and project manager Sandya Narasimhan. Other contributors from Children's Hospital were Melissa Arcaro and Teresa Weber, both technicians, and computer programmer Josh Burdick. The research at Children's Hospital was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health and the Merck Genome Research Institute.
Founded in 1855 as the nation's first pediatric hospital, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia is ranked today as the best pediatric hospital in the nation by a comprehensive Child Magazine survey. Its pediatric research program is among the largest in the country, ranking second in National Institutes of Health funding.
CONTACT: Cynthia Atwood of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 215-590-4092; or Ellen O'Brien of University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, 215-349-5659. | <urn:uuid:496b604f-02b7-4b77-b41f-8bf46170f2db> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.research.chop.edu/publications/press-releases/?ID=292 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535919886.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20140909044114-00137-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937824 | 1,206 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Endometriosis is a uterine condition affecting millions of women around the world. The name of the condition comes from the word “endometrium”, which is the layer of tissue lining the uterus.
In some cases, these cells become more visible and begin to grow in the uterus, causing a number of painful symptoms, which can include infertility.
These 3 facts on endometriosis and pregnancy will help you to learn more
What are the symptoms of endometriosis?
Endometriosis causes painful symptoms that don’t usually go unnoticed. If you notice that you have any of the following, it is worthwhile visiting a doctor who will be able to give you an official diagnosis and treatment.
Some women do not experience these symptoms to any great degree and only find out they have the condition when they try to fall pregnant; others suffer so greatly that they are unable to take part in social and other activities and lead a normal life.
- Cramping and pelvic pain during menstruation, sometimes beginning several days before and after your monthly period. Pain can also occur in the lower back or lower abdomen, with some women experiencing nerve pain shooting down the legs.
- Feelings of deep pain during sexual intercourse, ovulation, and bowel movements and/or urination.
- Bleeding inbetween periods and heavy menstrual periods
- Nausea and indigestion
- Constipation or diarrhea
If I have endometriosis, does this mean I won’t be able to have children?
Researchers are still trying to examine the relationship between infertility and endometriosis.
Some studies suggest that the uterus is changed by the condition and as a result it does not accept the embryo.
Other studies are exploring whether the condition changes the actual egg, or if it gets in the way of moving a fertilized egg from the fallopian tube to the uterus.
So, the short answer is “no, not necessarily”. The longer answer is “many women with endometriosis can and do have children, although the process can be more difficult.”
The symptoms of endometriosis worsen during the menstrual cycle and are capable of harming the ovaries and other reproductive organs, making infertility an unfortunate symptom of endometriosis in some cases.
In these circumstances, surgery or other such fertility treatments such as in-vitro fertilization and donor eggs can help a woman get pregnant.
About 30% to 40% of women with endometriosis are infertile, making the condition one of the top three reasons for infertility in women around the world.
However, some women are able to fall pregnant naturally even if they have endometriosis. Doctors suggest that women with endometriosis try to fall pregnant, having regular sex, for at least 6 months to a year before seeking alternative treatment or surgery.
How can I treat my endometriosis?
There is no specific treatment for endometriosis, but the condition can be reduced after menopause. Hormone treatment can also prevent the skin wall cells from growing in excess and causing pain. These hormone treatments can be prescribed by a doctor.
You can also pursue natural treatments which may help to ease the symptoms of the condition and help your body to fight it.
Leading a healthy lifestyle is one of the simplest ways of managing the disease. You need to try stay physically active and eat healthily, cutting out harmful substances such as alcohol and cigarettes.
You can incorporate certain foods into your diet to help manage the disease:
- Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish such as sardines, mackerel, anchovies, and salmon.
- Ginger tea may help to relive the nausea caused by the condition.
- Important supplements to take include all B vitamins Vitamin C, Magnesium, and Zinc.
- Flax seeds have high fiber and lignin levels, which have shown to be beneficial for estrogen-related conditions.
- Colorful fresh fruit and vegetables give your body the vitamins and minerals it needs.
If you think you may have endometriosis, it is important to consult a doctor before trying to conceive as a medical professional will be able to assess your unique case and give you the relevant information to help you along the journey to becoming pregnant and giving birth to a healthy baby. | <urn:uuid:6f679727-3dde-4f38-b9b2-977b28312168> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.elegantlypregnantafrica.co.za/3-facts-on-endometriosis-and-pregnancy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818685698.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20170919131102-20170919151102-00252.warc.gz | en | 0.93989 | 901 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Read the article in The Atlantic:
A preoccupation with safety has stripped childhood of independence, risk taking, and discovery—without making it safer. A new kind of playground points to a better solution.
Read the article in The Atlantic:
Teachers can educate students about Ohio’s number one industry, enter to win a field trip for your classroom, and help students build their college funds by participating in the state’s Ag is Cool! program.
Students of all ages (K-12) can participate in a creative expression art contest. It’s simple and fun! Students can paint a picture, make a video, take a picture, or submit a creative illustration of why they think Ohio agriculture is cool! They can win prizes and get into the Ohio State Fair for FREE! Enter today and your winning student may meet the Governor at the 2014 Ohio State Fair.
In addition, all 4th grade teachers can apply to win a field trip for their classroom! Start by signing up to receive a free admission voucher at www.ohioagriculture.gov/agiscool, then visit the Ag is Cool! stations during the Ohio State Fair (July 23 – Aug. 3). There, they can enter a random drawing for a chance to win big!
Students of all ages and grades can learn about agriculture at the interactive Ag is Cool! stations at the Ohio State Fair, but 4th grade students (during the 2013-2014 year) can get in free and enter to win one of four $500 scholarships.
The Ohio Department of Agriculture, Ohio Farm Bureau, Ohio State Fair and the buckeye state’s agricultural commodity groups are co-sponsors for the “Agriculture is Cool” program. For a complete listing of forms, rules and other details, visit the Ohio Department of Agriculture’s website at: www.agri.ohio.gov, or call Lori Panda at 614-466-8798.
Please click on the following link to view the Ag is Cool! video: http://youtu.be/EQNoeJyxtlA.
We had a lot of fun at Olander Park's Christmas Bird Count for Kids last weekend. It was snowing and blowing! But we got GREAT views of a Bald Eagle. It perched for a long time for us,and we even used a spotting scope to get close-up views of its talons and beak. We also saw American Coots, Juncos, and, of course, Canada Geese and Mallards.
Bring the kids to Olander Park in Sylvania and/or Woodlawn Arboretum in Toledo for a half day of learning about and counting birds.
Any of the three parts of this event will be cancelled if there is a Level 2 or 3 snow emergency at the start time.
From the journal Preventing Chronic Disease
We measured the quantity and intensity of physical activity in 106 urban public school students during recess outdoors, recess indoors in the gym, and recess indoors in the classroom. We determined, on the basis of 655 recess observations, that outdoor recess enabled more total steps per recess period, more steps in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and higher heart rates than recess in the gym or classroom. To maximize physical activity quantity and intensity, school policies should promote outdoor recess.
Read the article here: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2013/13_0135.htm at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Study after study has shown that outdoor exercise, views of trees and sky, and interactions with animals have hugely beneficial effects. Sometimes it can be difficult to move away from the computer, put aside the smartphone, and take in what nature has to offer. Read THIS ARTICLE to be inspired by 10 dead simple ways to *be* in nature.
9 Free Nature and Wildlife Apps for Kids – from the Wilderness Society.
Our Favorite Apps where You Pretend to be Animals or Naturalists – from the National Wildlife Federation.
And remember to check out the Resources page on this website for a list of Lesson Plans, Camps, Articles, Websites and more that can help you get the kids in your life outside and learning about nature.
There's still time to register for this amazing event, but you must act FAST! Registration closes on October 31st!
The conference features outstanding young people sharing their interest and
knowledge of birds, but the conference is NOT just for young people.
Adults are encouraged to attend, and we guarantee that you will learn a lot and come away feeling inspired!
· Adult Registration Fee - $20
· Student Registration Fee - $10
· And that includes a catered lunch, too!
To download a registration form or register using paypal,
please visit the OYBC WEBSITE.
You may also register by calling
Black Swamp Bird Observatory at (419) 898-4070
We have an awesome group of young birders who will be speaking
at this year’s conference. We guarantee you will leave knowing more about birds than you did when you arrived, and that you will feel the dedication these dynamic young people have for birds and bird conservation.
Master of Ceremony: Jacob Stinnett
Keynote Speaker: Aspen Ellis
Title: Three Months, Three Showers, and Countless Data Sheets:
A Summer in Seabird Field Research Off The Coast of Maine
Speaker: Nathan Martineau
Title: The Merits of Local Birding
Speaker: Stephen Bischoff
Title: Daily Development of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and
Eastern Bluebirds (Sialia sialis) Using Photography and Weight Measurements
Speaker: May Martineau
Title: Water, Paints, and Paper: How Birds Inspired My Art
Speaker: Bill Davis and the Toledo ZooTeens
Title: Toledo ZooTeens: Who We Are, What We Do, & How To Become One
Young Birders Assisting Kenn Kaufman with this year's Bird Photo ID Quiz include:
Kayla Parry, Clare Jusdanis, and Sarah Seeley
Optional activities from 8:15-10:00 AM include:
· A behind the scenes tour of the Zoo Aviary or Herpetology Room
· Nestbox building near the registration area
Please meet at the OYBC Conference registration area inside the Museum of Science building for tours.
Opening remarks begin at 10:30 AM.
Tickets for AWESOME optics raffle prizes will be available for purchase at the registration table.
All proceeds from the raffles benefit the OYBC
There will also be FREE OPTICS door prize drawings for all youth attendees
This year we'll also offer Fledgling Corner - with bird-related crafts and activites for the little 'birds' in your family!
If you have any questions about the conference, please contact
Kate Zimmerman at [email protected] or by calling 419-898-4070.
* The Conference is also supported by a grant from Midwest Birding Symposium | <urn:uuid:bfe745cc-dcaa-4ec2-806a-2780ba9bc9b9> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.everykidoutsidenwoh.org/news--events/category/all/2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500833525.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021353-00387-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897945 | 1,487 | 2.625 | 3 |
At the time, the Norwegian shipping industry was experiencing rapid growth and breaking out of its traditional local boundaries. An emerging, nationwide market for marine insurance was needed. Three years later in Germany, a group of 600 ship owners, shipbuilders and insurers gathered in the great hall of the Hamburg Stock Exchange. It was the founding convention of Germanischer Lloyd (GL), a new non-profit association based in Hamburg.
GL was formed out of a desire to achieve transparency. Merchants, ship owners and insurers often received little information about the state of a ship. As an independent classification society, GL was created to evaluate the quality of ships and deliver the results to stakeholders. GL’s first international ship classification register from 1868 reports 273 classed ships. By 1877, the number had grown tenfold. The surveyor network extended rapidly as a result.
The DNV fleet also grew rapidly. First agents, then permanent surveyors were appointed in a number of countries to serve Norwegian vessels abroad. Steamships were introduced in the 1870s, dramatically changing the classification business and the work and competence required of surveyors.
GL and DNV began collaborating from the very beginning. DNV Council records from September 1868 list plans to create a common class register for the two organisations. These discussions were ultimately unsuccessful, as were similar talks in 1891 over the mutual recognition of certificates and a common ship register.
Society became an increasingly demanding stakeholder in the predominantly private, liberal industry. Load lines developed by Samuel Plimsoll became compulsory on every British ship from 1891, saving the lives of seamen along the British coasts. Load lines became mandatory in Norway in 1907.
The Titanic disaster in 1912 brought safety at sea to the forefront of public concern. International classification societies played an important part in discussions on ship safety. Nevertheless, GL’s managing director Carl Pagel and Johannes Bruun from DNV were the only official classification industry delegates at the adoption of the first International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS).
The cost of war
For GL, the First World War was a severe setback. International relationships were severed and foreign-flagged ships changed class. The inter-war period represented improvement and new growth until the Second World War took its toll. Germany’s economic recovery following WWII led to rapid improvement and growth for GL.
After WWI, the transition from sailing ships to steamers brought a fundamental change in technology and skills needed for the classification industry. The outdated rules were no longer in harmony with the shipbuilding methods of the time. Between 1920 and 1940 DNV was technically independent, and established a new culture prioritizing engineering, construction and design. Then came the hardships of WWII, and DNV was almost split as an organization. | <urn:uuid:58c9141f-58d4-4b2c-84ad-f07677cd632b> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www2.dnvgl.com/about/in-brief/our-history.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689806.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923231842-20170924011842-00275.warc.gz | en | 0.973556 | 566 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Understanding Data Visualization
In data visualization, information is translated into a visual context, such as a map or graph, in order to facilitate human understanding and insight. The primary objective of data visualization is to make it easier to identify patterns, trends, and outliers among large data sets. In addition to the term, other terms, such as information graphics, information visualization, and statistical graphics can also be used interchangeably.
The visualization of data is one of the steps of the data science process, which states that after data has been collected, processed, and modeled, it must be visualized to draw conclusions. In addition to data visualization, there is a broader discipline called data presentation architecture (DPA) which discusses how to identify, locate, manipulate, format, and deliver data in an efficient manner.
What role does data visualization play?
The use of data visualization enables us to transmit information in an efficient and general manner. The method may also assist firms in determining which aspects influence client behavior, identifying areas that need to be addressed or given more attention, making data more remembered for stakeholders, determining when and where specific things should be deployed, and estimating sales quantities.
How is Data visualization helpful for my business?
1. Absorption of enormous and complex data
When introduced actually, we can get a handle on enormous volumes of data in a real sense in a matter of moments. The justification for this is that the brain interaction expected to deal with prepared pictures is a lot simpler than making our own visualization from text or numbers. We are additionally ready to see the value in the interrelations between various data focuses all the more effectively when we view their visual portrayals. When we see something, we assimilate it quicker.
2. Helps in Decision Making
Business gatherings that examine visual data will quite often be more limited and arrive at agreement all the more effective when contrasted with those that emphasize just text or numbers. Data visualization assists with arriving at choices quicker and empowers watchers to gather much better experiences about examples and patterns.
3. Better Engagement of Target Audience
Viewers feel undeniably more drawn in when they can connect with data on account of a good visual show. Pictures produce close-to-home reactions, so data visualization can assist with driving assessment and activity.
Visualization additionally empowers correspondence and coordinated effort as various partners can see, appreciate and talk about bits of knowledge from data. We currently anticipate that data should be introduced in straightforward, visual strategies.
What advantages can data visualization provide?
What are some of the overarching aims of data visualization?
The speed with which choices are made is critical in business. Answers to recognized questions and indications should not take too long to find. However, when dealing with unknown possibilities, there should be enough room to investigate the existing facts in less time-consuming methods.
As a result, the two primary purposes of every data visualization tool are:
- Explanation: Visuals that give consumers useful information for everyday requirements (ex: volume of sales in a day across regions).
- Exploration: Providing users with a multidimensional picture of a data set to explore, ask questions as they reflect, and find insights along the way (e.g., Performance of a business measured by different traits throughout a certain time period).
What are some of the elements of data visualization?
Human minds digest imagery at breakneck speed, and data visualizations are no exception. The reason for this is that the eye and brain grasp what is known as the preattentive visual qualities of an image—the color, form, spatial placement, and movement that comprise a data visualization in less than half a second.
These structural components may be used to construct a broad variety of visualizations. They are as follows:
READ MORE: How Data Virtualization Is Changing The Business Landscape | <urn:uuid:5725fc39-86be-4f59-888e-cd6ffaa9d87b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.polestarllp.com/glossary/data-visualization | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224643585.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528051321-20230528081321-00245.warc.gz | en | 0.912863 | 785 | 2.90625 | 3 |
A miscarriage is the loss of a baby during the first 23 weeks of pregnancy.
According to the baby charity, Tommy’s, as many as 50% of all pregnancies end in miscarriage -- most often before a woman misses a menstrual period or even knows she is pregnant. About 15% of recognised pregnancies will end in a miscarriage.
Up to 80% of miscarriages occur within the first three months of pregnancy. Less often they occur after 20 weeks gestation; these are termed late miscarriages.
What are the symptoms of miscarriage?
Symptoms of a miscarriage include:
- Bleeding which progresses from light to heavy
- Abdominal pain
- Back pain
If you're pregnant and experience the symptoms listed above, seek medical advice straight away. You’ll be advised whether to attend your GP practice, antenatal clinic or accident and emergency (A&E).
What causes miscarriage?
The causes of miscarriage are not well understood. Most of the miscarriages that occur in the first trimester of pregnancy are caused by chromosomal abnormalities in the baby. Chromosomes are tiny structures inside the cells of the body which carry many genes. Genes determine all of a person’s physical attributes, such as sex, hair and eye colour, and blood type. Most chromosomal problems occur by chance and are not related to the mother's or father's health.
Miscarriages are also caused by a variety of other factors, including:
- Exposure to environmental and workplace hazards such as high levels of radiation or toxic agents.
- Hormonal problems.
- Uterine abnormalities.
- Incompetent cervix (the cervix begins to widen and open too early, in the middle of pregnancy, without signs of pain or labour).
- Lifestyle factors such as smoking, drinking alcohol or using illegal drugs.
- Disorders of the immune system, including lupus.
- Severe kidney disease.
- Congenital heart disease.
- Uncontrolled diabetes.
- Thyroid disease.
- Certain medications.
- Severe malnutrition.
In addition, women may be at increased risk of miscarriage based on their age. Studies show that the risk of miscarriage is 12% to 15% for women in their 20s and rises to about 25% for women at the age of 40. The increased incidence of chromosomal abnormalities contributes to the age-related risk of miscarriage.
Note: there is no proof that stress or physical or sexual activity causes miscarriage.
Sometimes, treatment of a mother's chronic illness can improve the chances of a successful pregnancy.
How is a miscarriage diagnosed and treated?
Your doctor or midwife may perform a pelvic examination and an ultrasound test to confirm the miscarriage. If the miscarriage is complete and the uterus is clear, then no further treatment is usually required. Occasionally, the uterus is not completely emptied, so a dilation and curettage (D&C) procedure is performed. During this procedure, the cervix is dilated and any remaining foetal or placental tissue is gently removed from the uterus. As an alternative to a D&C, certain medications can be given to cause your body to expel the contents in the uterus. This option may be more suitable for someone who wants to avoid surgery and whose condition is otherwise stable.
If a miscarriage was not confirmed, but you had symptoms of a miscarriage, rest is often recommended. You may be admitted to the hospital overnight for observation. Blood tests to determine the amount of a pregnancy hormone (hCG) is checked to monitor the health of your baby. When the bleeding stops, usually you will be able to continue with your normal activities. If the cervix is dilated, you may be diagnosed with an incompetent cervix and a procedure to close the cervix (called cerclage) may be performed.
Blood tests, genetic tests or medication may be necessary if a woman has more than three miscarriages in a row (called recurrent miscarriage). Some diagnostic procedures used to evaluate the cause of recurrent miscarriage include: endometrial biopsy (a procedure involving the removal of a small amount of tissue from the lining of the uterus for study under a microscope), hysterosalpingogram (an X-ray of the uterus and fallopian tubes), hysteroscopy (a test in which the doctor views the inside of the uterus with a thin, telescope-like device inserted through the vagina and cervix), and laparoscopy (a surgical procedure in which the doctor views the pelvic organs with a lighted device). | <urn:uuid:fd422a4f-3918-46e9-868a-55db01216c83> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.webmd.boots.com/pregnancy/guide/pregnancy-miscarriage | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394021727061/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305121527-00096-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929785 | 930 | 3.25 | 3 |
LEUVEN (Belgium), September 13, 2019 — Today, imec, a world-leading research and innovation hub in nanoelectronics and digital technologies, and the National University of Singapore (NUS) announce the signing of a research collaboration agreement to develop chip-based prototypes for secure quantum communication networks. In the frame of this five-year agreement, imec and NUS will jointly develop scalable, robust and efficient technologies for quantum key distribution and quantum random number generation, which are amongst the basic building blocks of a truly secure Quantum Internet.
Research in quantum information science has indicated that large-scale quantum computers (when realized) will render most of today’s encryption techniques insecure. Although one might argue that such a large-scale quantum computer is still some time away, the situation is nevertheless an urgent one. To that end, two broad directions have been pursued globally, namely a software-based approach called post-quantum cryptography and a hardware-based approach called quantum cryptography.
Post-quantum cryptography is essentially about updating existing cryptographic algorithms and standards so that current infrastructures would be ready for a post-quantum digital world. It however maintains a security profile that is still based on unproven assumptions. Quantum cryptography, on the other hand, offers a much stronger security guarantee: its security is solely based on the laws of quantum physics and thus is in principle unbreakable.
Hence, with regards to critical information infrastructures with long-term security needs such as healthcare, government and banking, quantum cryptography is the safer way to go. With this approach, two essential building blocks are quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum random number generation (QRNG). At present, however, the methods and processes enabling these quantum technologies are limiting and expensive. Consequently, these bottlenecks have made quantum cryptography unattractive for wide-spread deployment.
Together, imec and NUS aim to resolve some of these bottlenecks, leveraging on the theoretical, experimental and engineering expertise of the respective R&D teams. The overarching objective is to move QKD and QRNG technologies to a platform which is much more scalable, robust, and cost-effective. The research collaboration is supported by the National Research Foundation Singapore under the Quantum Engineering Programme.
“Our approach consists of developing and integrating all QKD key components in a single silicon-photonics based chip, which ensures a cost-effective solution,” says Joris Van Campenhout, R&D Program director at imec. “As a first deliverable, we will jointly develop an ultrafast quantum random number generation (QRNG) chip, a key component for generating the secret keys. Secondly, we will work on a compact, fully-integrated photonic quantum transmitter prototype chip. In these efforts, we will strongly leverage imec’s deep expertise in silicon photonics technology, originally developed for conventional datacom and telecom applications.”
Dr. Charles Lim, Assistant Professor at NUS said: “The development of chip-based prototypes will allow us to turn today’s QKD technologies into an efficient communication networking solution. Our team at NUS will bring in expertise on the theory, protocol design, and proof-of-concept experiments of the quantum random number generator and QKD systems. We’re very excited to collaborate with Imec, as their expertise will allow us to translate these solutions into real silicon-photonics based chips – by using imec’s process design kits and re-usable IP blocks.”
Dr. Charles Lim, Assistant Professor at NUS and Joris Van Campenhout, R&D Program director at imec
Imec is a world-leading research and innovation hub in nanoelectronics and digital technologies. The combination of our widely acclaimed leadership in microchip technology and profound software and ICT expertise is what makes us unique. By leveraging our world-class infrastructure and local and global ecosystem of partners across a multitude of industries, we create groundbreaking innovation in application domains such as healthcare, smart cities and mobility, logistics and manufacturing, energy and education.
As a trusted partner for companies, start-ups and universities we bring together more than 4,000 brilliant minds from over 97 nationalities. Imec is headquartered in Leuven, Belgium and has distributed R&D groups at a number of Flemish universities, in the Netherlands, Taiwan, USA, and offices in China, India and Japan. In 2018, imec's revenue (P&L) totaled 583 million euro. Further information on imec can be found at www.imec-int.com.
Imec is a registered trademark for the activities of IMEC International (a legal entity set up under Belgian law as a "stichting van openbaar nut”), imec Belgium (IMEC vzw supported by the Government of Flanders), imec the Netherlands (Stichting IMEC Nederland, part of Holst Centre which is supported by the Dutch Government), imec Taiwan (IMEC Taiwan Co.), imec China (IMEC Microelectronics (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.), imec India (Imec India Private Limited) and imec Florida (IMEC USA nanoelectronics design center).
About National University of Singapore
The National University of Singapore (NUS) is Singapore’s flagship university, which offers a global approach to education, research and entrepreneurship, with a focus on Asian perspectives and expertise. We have 17 faculties across three campuses in Singapore, as well as 12 NUS Overseas Colleges across the world. Close to 40,000 students from 100 countries enrich our vibrant and diverse campus community.
Our multidisciplinary and real-world approach to education, research and entrepreneurship enables us to work closely with industry, governments and academia to address crucial and complex issues relevant to Asia and the world. Researchers in our faculties, 29 university-level research institutes, research centres of excellence and corporate labs focus on themes that include energy, environmental and urban sustainability; treatment and prevention of diseases common among Asians; active ageing; advanced materials; as well as risk management and resilience of financial systems. Our latest research focus is on the use of data science, operations research and cybersecurity to support Singapore's Smart Nation initiative.
For more information on NUS, please visit www.nus.edu.sg. | <urn:uuid:b6b804c0-7990-4493-93f6-75f2c3b72ace> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.imec-int.com/en/articles/imec-and-nus-to-collaborate-on-chip-based-quantum-cryptography-technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655882934.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703184459-20200703214459-00030.warc.gz | en | 0.91965 | 1,338 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Arctic Sea Ice Day
Every year, the polar bears of Western Hudson Bay are forced ashore in summer when the sea ice melts.
We’ve created a new earth awareness day, Arctic Sea Ice Day, on July 15, to call attention to sea ice loss in the Arctic and how we can help reverse this trend. We chose July 15 because the breakup on Western Hudson Bay was historically in mid-July, with considerable natural fluctuation between years. Now the breakup is over three weeks earlier, on average, than it was in the 1980s.
Team up with us for polar bears and save our sea ice!
The key to getting the climate system back to functioning the way it should, and to preserving a future for polar bears across the Arctic, is to move away from using fossil fuels for energy altogether.
In the meantime we can also take steps to use much less of the kinds of energy that add heat-trapping gases to our atmosphere.
One way we can work together is by encouraging the shift to renewable energy sources like solar and wind. Not only will this help reduce the carbon emissions that are causing the planet to warm and the sea ice to melt, it will also create jobs, strengthen the economy, and improve the overall environment and our health.
Join us in helping to save sea ice by:
1. Voting for candidates, at every level of government and in every election, who support the transition to renewable energy.
2. Supporting local initiatives that expand solar and wind—and talking about the benefits with friends, colleagues, and neighbors.
3. If you live in the U.S., switching to Arcadia Power at no extra cost from your current energy provider. You'll help build the renewable energy grid and will benefit PBI at the same time.
4. Signing our petition asking for a fair price on carbon. This will level the playing field for renewable energy and speed up the transition from fossil fuels.
5. Contacting your representatives to let them know you care about this issue. See our primer on how to become an engaged citizen; also see our talking points below on wind and solar.
Did you know?
The global shift to a renewable energy future is well underway. Solar and wind power now cost less than coal, and more than 8.1 million people worldwide are employed by the renewable energy industry. In the U.S. alone, jobs in wind and solar outnumber fossil fuel jobs 2.5 to 1.
But there’s still more to do! On Arctic Sea Ice Day and every day, it’s important to remember that future generations of polar bears and people depend on the decisions and plans we make today. Shifting to renewable energy brings economic benefits, decreases pollution, and creates jobs, but it will also be our legacy for the future.
Why? Using less energy produced by carbon-based fuels reduces our carbon emissions and can slow or even stop global warming, improving our climate, and save our sea ice. Polar bears require sea ice for efficient hunting. Without sea ice, polar bears will decline in both range and numbers, making them more vulnerable to extinction in the future. Sea ice also helps control the global climate—our global air conditioner. A stable climate will help our children and grandchildren, too, preserving the conditions that have allowed people to flourish. | <urn:uuid:e07fceca-ae5d-4704-8d05-7698e30f6daa> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://polarbearsinternational.org/get-involved/arctic-sea-ice-day/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424770.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724082331-20170724102331-00624.warc.gz | en | 0.935701 | 683 | 3.21875 | 3 |
The Religion and Society Center
THE RELIGION AND SOCIETY CENTER fosters the exploration and development of religiously-based social teachings as they can apply to today's multi-cultural and multi-faith society.
Towards that end, THE RELIGION AND SOCIETY CENTER strives to institutionalize interfaith dialogue so as to explore:
- religious teachings, and assumptions as to their authority, about the good society and human nature;
- religiously-rooted ritual, and how these might be experienced as spiritual practice that can inform a social vision, motivate spiritual practitioners to engage in social issues, and sustain individuals and groups in their efforts to improve society;
- questions of religious particularism and universalism - not to elliminate the importance of distinctions and diversity - but to illuminate the importance of the tapestry of teaching that the many religious traditions of the world can bring to each others' understanding of the good society and human nature.
THE RELIGION AND SOCIETY CENTER has four primary areas of exploration:
- Social Values
- Religious Authority
- Religious Practice
- Interfaith Dialogue | <urn:uuid:35d7092f-99fb-4eaf-8a80-1caf010b1d04> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://jewishexponent.com/the-religion-and-society-center | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500830903.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021350-00202-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920299 | 234 | 2.765625 | 3 |
What is polycystic ovary syndrome?
The exact causes of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are unknown, but it’s thought to affect one in 10 women of a childbearing age. It’s a very common health condition caused by an imbalance of reproductive hormones. This can be a problem for your ovaries, disrupting periods and causing fluid-filled follicles to appear around your eggs.
The wide-ranging symptoms usually appear when women are in their late teens and early twenties. Though there isn’t a cure for the condition, there are plenty of ways to make sure it doesn’t get in the way of you living your most confident life.
What are the causes and symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome ?
The most common indicator that you might have polycystic ovaries is irregular or missed periods. Having fewer than eight periods a year, especially if they’re irregular, may mean there’s an imbalance of hormones in your ovaries. Luteinising hormone (LH) is what usually stimulates ovulation, but strangely an excess of it can have the opposite effect, preventing your period.
PCOS is closely associated with insulin production. Insulin is the hormone that regulates the amount of glucose in our bloodstream. Sometimes our bodies’ tissue can become resistant to it, requiring greater production to compensate for this. This extra insulin in our ovaries can cause them to over produce testosterone.
We usually associate testosterone with being a male hormone, but in fact all women produce a smaller amount of it in their bodies too. Testosterone can cause PCOS if we start to produce too much of it. The results of this can include an unusual distribution of hair across the body. For instance, hair on your head may begin thinning, while it grows thicker in other areas, such as on your face or chest. This extra hair growth is also known as ‘hirsutism’ and is one of the more obvious signs of PCOS.
Fertility, stress and menopause
Having fewer periods because of PCOS is one of the leading causes of infertility in women (many women don’t even realise they have it until they try to conceive). Fortunately this is very often treatable. Although sadly, women with the condition are more likely to miscarry and develop preeclampsia and gestational diabetes.
Stress is also thought to play a part in the condition. The same brain signals that trigger the stress hormone, cortisol, stimulate the hormones that are believed to overstimulate your ovaries. Women with PCOS also have higher levels of anxiety. This is often because of the uncomfortable symptoms. To break this cycle, make sure you’re getting enough sleep at night, reduce your caffeine intake and try to forge relaxing habits like meditation.
Most cases of PCOS appear in premenopausal women, but unfortunately that doesn’t mean that the menopause can cure it. You may still experience symptoms as your hormones change, and menopause may even occur later. Because perimenopause and PCOS are both related to hormone regulation, it can be sometimes difficult to diagnose the condition at this age. Many symptoms, such as missed periods and thinning hair, can be the same, so do visit your GP if you think you need more advice.
PCOS can run in families. If your mother, sisters or daughters experience similar symptoms, it may be more likely that you’ll have the condition. It’s important to know that there’s no singular gene to test for.
How to treat PCOS
There currently isn’t a known cure for PCOS, but there are many ways to manage symptoms. For women who may be overweight, losing just 5% of their weight can greatly reduce the symptoms and risks of the condition. Weight gain is both a symptom and a cause of the condition. It’s important to get on top of this as much as you can.
For irregular periods, you may often be prescribed the contraceptive pill or progesterone tablets to induce periods. There is also medication to encourage the monthly release of an egg for those who wish to get pregnant. While pregnancies may be more complicated for women with PCOS, lifestyle changes of diet and exercise can greatly improve your chances of conceiving. There are further options, like IVF, for those that this doesn’t work for. Fortunately, with some changes and help along the way, the majority of women with PCOS are able to become pregnant.
Unwanted hair can also be medicated against with prescriptions that block the effects of ‘male’ hormones, such as testosterone. Medicated creams are also available to slow down hair regrowth.
The impact of diet
Amending your diet can help ease the symptoms of PCOS, especially as poor eating is often thought to be responsible for the rising rates of the condition. Eating processed foods can contribute to inflammation within the body. Carbs (especially refined sugars) wreak havoc with our insulin production. Aim for whole foods that are free from artificial preservatives, sugars and added hormones. Try to balance unprocessed carbohydrates with good quality fats and plenty of protein to help with energy levels and insulin sensitivity. Mediterranean-style diets based on extra virgin olive oil, green leafy vegetables and oily fish have been shown to help fight inflammation in the body. This in turn can help fight the cycles of insulin production and weight gain.
Adding supplements to what we eat can help to combat inflammation too. Interestingly, both turmeric and liquorice root have anti-inflammatory properties and may also help insulin and hormone regulation. Trials suggest that liquorice root may offer some success specifically for PCOS.
As ever, your gut health will play a big role in your overall wellbeing too. Consider taking probiotic supplements or adding some of the ‘five K’s’ of kombucha, kefir, kraut, kimchi and kamut (sourdough) into your diet.
Visit the charity Verity’s website for more information, support and events.
How can I get a diagnosis?
If you think you have PCOS, it’s important to seek a diagnosis from your GP to avoid the long-term health implications. PCOS cause conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and, in rare cases, endometrial cancer.
Doctors typically check three criteria – the first of which is noticing irregular or infrequent periods – and only two need to be present for a diagnosis. Your GP will also usually take a blood test to check for high levels of testosterone, but will take symptoms into account even if your blood test is normal. Finally, doctors may also decide to look at scans of your ovaries to check for follicles. Ultrasounds aren’t always necessary if the condition can be confirmed by other symptoms.
The prevalence of the condition is increasing all over the world. While the condition can be uncomfortable, the right diagnosis and care can help you feel confident and healthy.
- Polycystic ovary syndrome, Office on Women’s Health
- Symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrom, NHS
- Pregnancy and PCOS, Healthline
- Cortisol regulation in polycystic ovary syndrome
- Does menopause affect PCOS?, Healthline
- Causes of PCOS, NHS
- Treatment of PCOS, NHS
- What to eat if you have PCOS, Healthline
- Licorice ethanol extract improves symptoms of polycytic ovary syndrome in Letrozole-induced female rats, Integrative Medicine Research
- Diagnosis of PCOS | <urn:uuid:2318aef8-d2ef-48a4-8a15-afbd73c3e1db> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://lizearlewellbeing.com/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738552.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809102845-20200809132845-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.945772 | 1,590 | 3.25 | 3 |
The first two lines begin with a burst of enthusiasm at the freedom of the falcon and its associates. The narrator in line 3 is relieved that the falcon returns to him. He offers a comparison with the falcon’s faithful returns with that of others who had once sought his companionship and now reject him. The former friends are compared to parasites fleeing a dead host, and the narrator comments on the cruelty of this rejection over a small challenge to their relationship.
The concluding rhyming couplet has the narrator swearing by the birds’ bells that his only true friends are the falcons.
The poem begins with an expressive appeal to the falcon: a bird of prey often used at court and trained specifically for hunting. The rhyme scheme used is ABABABCC.
The narrator seems to be passionate about, even envious of, the freedom of the falcons. There is an irony in this as the birds are carefully trained to obey their master, and their freedom is fleeting; the falcons are trained to return. ‘Lux’ seems to be a common name for a trained falcon, and also operates as a pun on the word ‘luck’: the falcon is lucky to have even a brief amount of freedom.
In Wyatt's time, the term ‘falcon’ referred exclusively to the females of the species; male birds were called 'hawks'. This suggests that Wyatt is symbolizing the ladies of the court through the falcon. It is possible that the poem alludes to a point when the narrator felt that he had been cruelly forsaken by the female sex. His simile, ‘like lice away from dead bodies’ is a particularly gruesome one, reminding us that there is more to this spurned lover than the bewildered Petrarchan hero.
Wyatt, like other courtiers under Henry VIII, went through periods of great disfavor as well as great reward, and it is certainly credible that the poem illustrates a period of social rejection felt by the narrator. 'Lux! My Fair Falcon' is believed to have been composed when Wyatt was imprisoned in 1841. This would help explain the despair evident in the poem, and the harshness of description used to illustrate his feelings of desertion. He was imprisoned as an apparent partner in adultery with Anne Boleyn. Anne and the four other men charged with the adulterous liaisons were executed. Only Wyatt was allowed to rejoin the court.
The idea of a wild animal as a metaphor is similar to the approach used in ‘Whoso List to Hunt’, which is said use a hind as a metaphor for newly married Anne Boleyn. This time, however, the bird has been tamed to a point of loyalty much greater than the human figures mentioned in the poem, unlike the collared hind, which retains its wild ways.
The poem makes considerable use of alliteration around the letters f, l and b. These sounds suggest the sound of the bird wings as they flap and beat in flight. | <urn:uuid:1f484485-5665-4663-8ab4-ee770f34c20e> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.gradesaver.com/collected-poems-of-sir-thomas-wyatt/study-guide/summary-lux-my-fair-falcon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886107490.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170821041654-20170821061654-00578.warc.gz | en | 0.978775 | 632 | 3.640625 | 4 |
Nov 9, 2012
We so often hear the phrase “artists are sensitive,” but what does that mean? Are they any more sensitive than the general population? And how do we measure this? Our study tries to unpack these questions.
We find that artists engage in more prosocial behavior than the average person, so this suggests that perhaps artists are in fact more sensitive. However, our results also show that you don’t need to necessarily be an artist for this link to exist; simply experiencing the arts through observation—whether this be through attendance at a museum exhibit or witnessing a fine arts performance—also leads to higher levels of prosocial behavior. Why this link exists between altruistic action and exposure to the arts, we cannot be sure.
There is no existing theory to guide us on this, but what our findings suggest is that there is something about the creative process, both directly engaging in it and witnessing it, that puts people more in touch with their emotions, which manifests in helping, nurturing, caring types of actions. So not only engaging in art directly, but also experiencing it as an audience member evokes some sort of passion or stirs up feelings that somehow translate into greater consideration of others’ feelings, and into helpful actions when the opportunity presents itself.
Kelly LeRoux is a professor in the department of public administration at the University of Illinois at Chicago. | <urn:uuid:56609451-481b-4e2b-80e1-299e6768062d> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.scienceandreligiontoday.com/2012/11/09/why-would-attendance-at-art-events-be-associated-with-prosocial-behavior/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609521558.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005201-00055-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956817 | 285 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The nearly supernatural nature of this groundbreaking work can be glimpsed in the book’s title. When read aloud, Yíngelìshi (pronounced yeen guh lee shr) sounds like an accented pronunciation of the word “English,” while the Chinese reader sees the Chinese characters for “chanted songs, beautiful poetry.” Stalling coined this term (and “Sinophonic English”) to give a positive name to an increasingly widespread variation of English created by combining the two dominant languages of globalization (Mandarin Chinese and English). With over 350 million English speakers in China (more than there are Americans alive) many of whom speak English by recombining existing Chinese sounds into English words and sentences, this new hybrid language is already overwhelmingly present, yet its aesthetic potential has not yet been explored. Stalling’s book complicates any easy dismissal of so-called Chinglish by creating a poetry written entirely in Sinophonic English. Stalling rewrites a common English phrasebook into hauntingly beautiful Chinese poetry (which is all translated into English) that when sung, becomes an uncannily accented libretto, a story of a Chinese tourist’s one-way journey into this interstitial language and its sonorous, if disastrous, consequences. The above video is a recording, with instrumentation, of the opera. For more about the opera version of Yingelishi click here.
Jonathan Stalling is an Assistant Professor of English Literature at the University of Oklahoma. He is the author of Poetics of Emptiness: Transformations of Asian Thought in American Poetry (Fordham University Press, 2010), and a co-editor of The Chinese Written Character as a Medium for Poetry, A Critical Edition (Fordham, 2008). He is also the author of a book of poems, Grotto Heaven: A Revised Grammar Book (Chax Press).
from Marjorie Perloff: Two seemingly alien languages interact, collide, call each other into question and create a soundscape unique among contemporary poems. Its “Yingeleshi” texture (fusing English words, Chinese calligraphy, and instrumental accompaniment) produces an entirely new experience for the reader, pointing the way to what a truly global poetry might look like.
from Michelle Yeh: Whereas the visuality of Chinese characters inspired Pound to renew American poetry, Jonathan Stalling finds an abundant creative resource in the sound of Chinese. The process of transforming Chinese pronunciations of elementary textbook English into evocative, beautiful poetry is nothing short of magic.
Yingelishi: Sinophonic English Poetry and Poetics
$15.95, 100 pgs. | <urn:uuid:3533bfcb-c1f7-42f1-93f4-7467657166b8> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://counterpathpress.org/yingelishi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500831565.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021351-00253-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.904119 | 557 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Proposition 30 and Proposition 38 could both pass, but only the proposition that has the most votes will prevail. Furthermore, only Proposition 30 will stop the mid-year (January 2013) budget cuts proposed by Gov. Brown. Proposition 38 can only be used for supplemental programs and materials.
The real tragedy is that our kids could lose five or more days of instruction (depending upon the school district) this school year if Proposition 30 doesn't prevail. Our students will have less instruction but still be held to the same standards as proscribed by law.
The news story referred to the Legislative Analyst's office suggestion of increasing class sizes as an alternative to reducing the school year. So, we are going to put more students into already overcrowded classrooms, thereby further reducing the amount of individual student/teacher time? Either way, our students lose.
Both The Reporter Editorial Board and those quoted in the news report seem to think that Gov. Brown will find other ways to fund education if Proposition 30 doesn't pass. To avoid paying an additional quarter of a percent sales tax (a 1-penny sales tax on every $4, or $40 on every $4,000 spent on taxable items), they are willing to gamble our children's education and future.
Please think about our children and don't gamble with their education or future.
Vote "yes" on Proposition 30. | <urn:uuid:0b881096-f7a1-48d4-bb29-61c863453770> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.thereporter.com/letters/ci_21912096/letter-proposition-30-is-best-kids | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510264575.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011744-00002-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963079 | 279 | 2.625 | 3 |
By Patrick Baron
BLOOMINGTON – While being outwardly offensive towards someone isn’t allowed in the workplace, the idea of microaggressions brings up new questions for what is or isn’t appropriate to say to someone.
A microaggression is a phrase or question that can be perceived as offensive or hurtful. Microaggressions will be one of the topics discussed this fall during the Business School’s leadership breakfasts. Organizational Leadership Institute director and Illinois State University professor Rick Ringer told WJBC’s Scott Laughlin microaggressions can upset someone, even if unintentionally.
“They’re not malicious, but they create feelings like ‘I don’t belong here, I’m different, I’m out of the ordinary, I’m not part of the in-group’,” Ringer explained.
Ringer also said the concept of microaggressions raises many questions itself.
“It’s a really fascinating topic,” said Ringer. “Are they real? If so, what do we do about it? Can we do anything about it? Are we overreacting to simple politeness? Are we making a big deal out of nothing? Or are these really legitimate issues?”
Ringer explained asking someone of color what country they are from is an example of a potential microaggression.
Patrick Baron can be reached at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:19d753dd-a9ca-4dc8-bb56-057726e8630a> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.wjbc.com/2018/05/06/isu-discussion-to-highlight-microaggressions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371656216.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200406164846-20200406195346-00260.warc.gz | en | 0.92115 | 318 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The Magic of Reading
Age 5 – 7: How to Manage the Transition to School
‘It is so important that the reading routine established before children start school continues long after. We know for sure that children who are read to after the age of five read for pleasure more often themselves and do better at school in lots of subjects, not just English, all the way through primary and secondary school.’
David Reedy, Literacy expert
This is such an exhilarating time: your child is starting school and will soon learn how to read. Most children find learning to read exciting, and parents are thrilled by their child’s progress. Lots of children pass through the transition from listener to reader painlessly, learning bit by bit and enjoying the journey. But for others it’s not so much fun. They may find it hard and confidence-sapping. For a few, the process can turn them off reading altogether.
How to Read
At school, the teachers are helping your child to learn the skill of reading. At home your role is to encourage your child to love reading. You can do this by keeping to your reading routine and making it as much fun as you can! The goal is for your child to really look forward to your reading time together.
The Right Environment
Children’s lives are full of hustle and bustle: getting ready for school, arriving home tired and often wired, friends coming to tea, play dates, afterschool clubs. At home, there are phones, tablets and other gaming devices at their fingertips. If you want your child to read, they need quiet time where they can concentrate and immerse themselves in a story. A regular bedtime routine is an easy way to achieve this.
Help Build Their Attention Span
You can help build sustained attention, which will help your child follow a lesson at school. When watching a film or reading a book, stop during the story and ask them what they think might happen next, or why a character did something.
Bring Books to Life
Look for opportunities to bring books you have at home to life. If your daughter loves the Fairy Animals of Misty Wood series, when you are out for a walk or in the car point out trees and woods and say, ‘I wonder if Chloe the Kitten Fairy is there today. Shall we read about her when we get home?’
Praise Any Independent Reading Steps
As your child becomes more competent at reading for themselves they might want to show you how they can recognise words. While you are reading a picture book, say, ‘Can you read that word/sentence? Well done!’ Use lots of positive language and praise them. Say, ‘We’ll tell Mum/Dad later that you read that!’
Explore New Ways of Reading, Genres and Formats
If they are reading independently, feed your child new books, give them variety, and keep talking to them about what they are reading. And keep on reading to them too. If your child is reading well and confidently, try co-reading – where you share the same book and you read portions of the text in turn.
Explore every avenue you can think of to find new and different things to read. Listen to what your child is interested in and seek out books or magazines about them. There’s a book out there for everyone!
The information and tips on this page are taken from Help Your Child Love Reading, which contains advice on encouraging reading for every age group – from babies to teens. | <urn:uuid:58237745-cb47-463f-a788-e3345884b2a6> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.egmont.co.uk/reading-fun/the-magic-of-reading/age-5-7-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370504930.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331212647-20200401002647-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.968754 | 732 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Grilling is a cooking method that involves a grate of connected metal bars. Whether the heat source in grilling comes from above or below depends on where you live.
Henri-Paul Pellaprat, co-founder of Le Cordon Bleu cooking school in Paris, gives the definition of ‘to grill’ as:
“In grilling, hot air is… the heat transfer agent and the principles underlying the method of grilling are the same as when roasting. Grilling can be carried out over a glowing and smokeless fire, beneath the glowing reflector of a gas grill or over a hot grid or gridiron. The major difference between roasting and grilling is that this is a very quick method of cooking throughout which a high degree of heat is maintained. Grilled meat should be juicy and tender when cut and have a slightly puffy appearance caused by the sealing in of the meat juices as a result of the application of intense heat.” Pellaprat, H.P. Modern French Culinary Art. London: Virtue & Company Ltd. 1969. Page 82.
Grilling in North America
In the U.S. and Canada, to grill is to cook something on an open grate with a high heat source coming from below the grate. The grate itself is not the heat source. The heat source is below the grate, and can be gas, electric, charcoal or some other form of fuel that burns such as wood or coals. The grate rests above the heat source at varying distances. The heat source can be seen through the grate.
The grate both raises the food up off the heat source, and allows fat from the food to drip away below. The food sits on the grate.
Commercially, grills can be found in restaurants. Domestically, grills inside the home are rare: they are more likely to be gas grills outdoors.
Outdoor gas grills can be run off of propane tanks, or, off of fixed gas lines running from the house. If you plan to run yours off a fixed gas line, check to see what your gas grill is “spec’d” for. If for instance it is “spec’d” for 95,000 BTU and your gas pipe connection is only, say, 35,000 BTU max, then your grill will never get searing hot because the gas line won’t be able to supply the draw that the grill needs.
Grill can actually refer either to the act of cooking this way, or to the open grate on which the food is placed, or to the complete cooking device, as in a gas backyard grill that you cook steaks and burgers on.
Grilling in France
The North American sense of grilling is also the classic French sense of grilling. Pellaprat, quoted above, gives his expectation of what grilled meats should be like:
“GRILLING: Grilled meat is usually described as an entrée, although it can be served as a main dish. Grilled Châteaubriands, entrecôtes or ribs of beef, if served only with water-cress and herb butter, are also a main dish. Nevertheless we repeat that all garnished grills served with a sauce are really entrées. If a piece of meat is to be grilled properly and well, the grill must be spotlessly clean and very hot before the meat is placed on it, i.e., the source of heat must be warmed up before-hand, whether it is an electric, gas or charcoal grill. The meat is lightly oiled and salted on both sides, placed on the hot grill and grilled for a few minutes, and then given a half turn so as to make the popular square grill marks. As soon as beads of blood appear on the raw side, turn the meat over and grill the other side in the same way. When the blood starts to bead on the cooked side the meat is done. During grilling the meat should be neither pressed nor pierced to prevent loss of blood. Note: As regards the terms grill, entrée, relevé, roast, etc., these differences only have a point at big dinners where there are a number of courses. In the case of a normal meal, only one main dish is served, which consists of meat, poultry or game.” Pellaprat, H.P. Modern French Culinary Art. Page 406.
Grilling in England
In England (as well as in Australia), the word “grill” means an overhead heat source. The grill is a metal grate, but it is not used to hold the food. Instead, this grate is the actual heat source. It is suspended above a cooking cavity in the stove, and the food is placed underneath the grill to cook. Thus you will see English written recipes instructing you to brown food “under the grill”
Properly the word should be “broiler” in homes, and “salamander” in restaurants”, but suggesting an alternative word to the English is met with derision and guffaws.
Some misuses of grill
The world “grill” is misused in North American English to refer to a pan that has a solid bottom with ridges or grooves in it. Granted that the lines are designed to fake the visual impression of something having been cooked on a grill — but ridges or not, it’s still just a ridged frying pan, and not a grill. There is no such as a “grill frying pan.” If it’s got a solid bottom, it’s either a frying pan, or a griddle (or in Scotland, a girdle.)
What North Americans call a “grilled cheese sandwich” is actually a “griddled” or “fried” cheese sandwich. But you’d never launch a successful campaign to correct the term. In the American south, where the usage can be even more off-base, you might occasionally hear the sandwiches described as “grill-fried.”
When many people in the UK, Australia and in Canada grill outside, even though they are doing true grilling, they refer to the process as “barbequing.”
Australians throw everybody off by saying they are putting food “in the griller.”
Granted, how people use the word “grill” for their own purposes in their own areas of the world is so deeply entrenched that you’ll never change them. Given, however, it is CooksInfo’s job to distinguish these differences, we have to be pedantic on this at least on paper.
When using an outdoor grill to cook larger cuts of meat and poultry, such as a whole chicken, leg of lamb, or prime rib, keep the grill tightly covered and resist the temptation to peek. Every time you lift the lid, you add 5 to 10 minutes to the cooking time.
Do not use a spatula / flipper to press down on food while it is grilling. You are pressing all the juice out of the food, causing it to dry out.
Ideally, use tongs to flip food on a grill. A fork pierces the meat and lets all the juices drain out.
In the 1300s, only wealthier homes had grills. Grills could also be used to toast bread. | <urn:uuid:5685eaea-247e-45c7-8896-6009f20773d8> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.cooksinfo.com/grill | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644855.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529105815-20230529135815-00404.warc.gz | en | 0.944334 | 1,573 | 3.0625 | 3 |
STANFORD – Five years after the collapse of Lehman Brothers triggered the largest global financial crisis since the Great Depression, outsize banking sectors have left economies shattered in Ireland, Iceland, and Cyprus. Banks in Italy, Spain, and elsewhere are not lending enough. China’s credit binge is turning into a bust. In short, the world’s financial system remains dangerous and dysfunctional.
Worse, despite years of debate, no consensus about the nature of the financial system’s problems – much less how to fix them – has emerged. And that appears to reflect the banks’ political power.
For example, Vince Cable, the United Kingdom’s business secretary, recently accused Bank of England regulators – whom he called “capital Taliban” – of holding back the country’s economic recovery by imposing excessive burdens on banks. Cable appears to believe the banks’ lobbyists when they claim that lending and growth would suffer if banks were forced to “hold more capital.”
Such claims by senior policymakers are hardly unique to the UK; but they are false and misleading. Bank capital is not cash reserves that must be “set aside”; it is unborrowed money that can be used to make loans.
Simply put, lending and economic growth have suffered since 2007 because highly indebted financial institutions could not absorb their losses, not because of regulations that sought to reduce their indebtedness. The regulations in place when the crisis erupted were both inadequate and inadequately enforced, and the reforms proposed since then do little better. The proposed Basel III reforms, for example, would allow banks to fund up to 97% of their assets with borrowed money; some investments could be made entirely by borrowed funds.
The perils of this approach should be obvious by now. When homeowners cannot pay their mortgages, they may lose their house, blighting the entire neighborhood. The same is true of financial institutions, as the Lehman bankruptcy showed.
Moreover, the effects of heavy borrowing are felt before borrowers default. Distressed or “underwater” homeowners do not invest much in maintenance or improvements. Similarly, weak banks with overhanging debts that prevent them from funding worthy investments are a drag on the economy.
Flawed regulations further distort weak banks’ behavior – for example, by biasing them in favor of making loans to governments or investing in marketable securities over lending to businesses. Regulators too often tolerate, and sometimes support, weak banks, denying the reality of their dire condition. This is counterproductive.
Instead, regulators must take forceful steps to unwind zombie banks and compel viable banks to rely more on equity markets, where risk is traded and priced, to become stronger. Banning payouts to shareholders and requiring banks to raise funds by selling new shares would bolster them without restricting their ability to lend. Banks that cannot sell their shares at any price may be too weak to survive without subsidies. Such banks are dysfunctional and must be unwound.
If we want safer and healthier banks, there can be no substitute for requiring banks to reduce their reliance on borrowing. As lenders, banks lose when borrowers default. Banks themselves, however, are the heaviest borrowers, routinely funding more than 90% – and sometimes more than 95% – of their investments by taking on debt. (By contrast, non-financial corporations rarely borrow more than 70% of their assets, and often much less, despite the absence of any regulation of their leverage ratios.)
Cyprus illustrates the problem. Beginning in 2010, Cypriot banks invested some of their deposits in Greek government bonds, which promised interest rates of more than 10% – sometimes even 15% or 20%. As long as Greece paid these high rates, Cypriot banks could pay their depositors attractive rates, such as 4.5%, and thrive.
Cypriot banks passed stress tests in July 2011. Yet, in early 2012, their Greek bonds lost 75% of their value. Because the banks made their investments with too little unborrowed money, they became insolvent. After being kept afloat for a year with help from the European Central Bank, the Cypriot banks were forced to face their losses. One was shut. Deposits over €100,000 ($133,000) incurred losses. Eurozone taxpayers provided €10 billion in bailout funds.
Remarkably, regulators had allowed Cypriot banks to engage in the practices that led to their troubles. Although investing in Greek bonds was risky – reflected in the high rates the bonds promised – the regulations ignored the possibility of a loss. While the upside of the risks played out, the banks’ profits benefited their shareholders and managers, politicians were happy, and the banks grew enormously relative to the economy.
The proposed Basel III regulations set wholly insufficient minimum capital requirements and maintain a failed approach to adjusting the requirements to risk. Within the eurozone, for example, banks can extend loans to any government using exclusively borrowed money. The French-Belgian bank Dexia, like Cypriot banks and many others since 2008, failed or were bailed out from losses on risky investments that regulators had considered safe.
Regulations everywhere appear to be based on the false notion that banks should have “just enough” equity. Equity is not scarce for viable banks, and the “science” of complex risk weights and stress tests is a harmful illusion. Instead, regulation should seek to force banks’ investors to bear much more of their own risk, and thus to care much more about managing it, in order to limit the collateral damage of their excessive borrowing.
Some say that banks are inherently special, because they allocate society’s savings and create liquidity. In fact, banks have become special mainly in their ability to get away with so much gambling at others’ expense. Nothing about financial intermediation justifies allowing banks to distort the economy and endanger the public as much as they do.
Unfortunately, despite the enormous harm from the financial crisis, little has changed in the politics of banking. Too many politicians and regulators put their own interests and those of “their” banks ahead of their duty to protect taxpayers and citizens. We must demand better.
Read more from "Direct from Davos" | <urn:uuid:d15c3bf3-7bab-4efb-bf48-1dc79d239101> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/the-failure-of-bank-reform-since-2008-by-anat-admati | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510264270.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011744-00204-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968467 | 1,274 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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Montana received an “F” when it comes to government spending transparency, according to Following the Money 2012: How the States Rank on Providing Online Access to Government Spending Data, the third annual report of its kind by the United States Public Interest Research Group (U.S. PIRG) and the Montana Public Interest Research Group (MontPIRG).
“State governments across the country continue to be more transparent about where the money goes, extending checkbook-level disclosure of data on spending to contracting, tax subsidies, development incentives and other expenditures,” said Phineas Baxandall, Senior Analyst for Tax and Budget Policy at U.S. PIRG. “But Montana still has a long way to go.”
Officials from Montana and 46 other states provided the researchers with feedback on their initial evaluation of state transparency websites. The leading states with the most comprehensive transparency websites are Texas, Kentucky, Indiana, Louisiana, Massachusetts, West Virginia, and Arizona.
Based an inventory of the content and accessibility of states’ transparency websites, Following the Money 2012 assigns each state a grade of “A” to “F.” The report describes Montana as a “failing state” because it is one of the four states that still lacks a website with checkbook-level detail.
Since last year’s Following the Money report, there has been remarkable progress across the country with new states providing online access to government spending information and several states pioneering new tools to further expand citizens’ access to government spending information.
This year’s report found that 46 states now provide an online database of government expenditures with “checkbook-level” detail, a major increase from 32 states two years ago. Twenty nine state transparency websites now provide information on government expenditures through tax code deductions, exemptions and credits – up from eight states two years ago.
Said Baxandall, “Citizens expect information to be at their fingertips the way they can view their cell phone minutes or the location of a package. Putting spending information online helps hold government accountable and allows taxpayers to see where the money goes.”
The states with the most transparent spending generally include data on economic development subsidies, expenditures granted through the tax code, and quasi-public agencies. Eight states have launched brand new transparency websites since last year’s report. Many more have made improvements to existing websites that are documented in the report. The best state transparency tools were highly searchable, engaged citizens, and included detailed usable information.
States that have created or improved their online transparency have typically done so with little upfront cost. In fact, states with top-flight transparency websites actually save money for taxpayers, while also restoring public confidence in government, and preventing misspending and pay-to-play contracts.
“The improvement of the state's transparency website should be a top priority, because it would shine a light on Montana's government spending,” said Baxandall. “Given the state’s budget problems, Montanans need to be able to follow the money.”
To read the report, click here.
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MontPIRG, the Montana Public Interest Research Group, is a non-profit, non-partisan public interest advocacy organization.
Your donation supports MontPIRG’s work to stand up for consumers on the issues that matter, especially when powerful interests are blocking progress. | <urn:uuid:0acf6f5f-3176-4a60-8e0e-6f50394e935e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://montpirg.org/news/mtp/new-report-montana-receives-%E2%80%9Cf%E2%80%9D-annual-report-transparency-government-spending | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875143635.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20200218055414-20200218085414-00191.warc.gz | en | 0.919399 | 720 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Collective Bargaining Agreements
Collective bargaining is specifically an industrial relations mechanism or tool and is an aspect of negotiation applicable to the employment relationship. In collective bargaining, the union always has a collective interest since the negotiations are for the benefit of several employees. Where collective bargaining is not for one employer but for several, collective interests become a feature for both parties to the bargaining process.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics'
Collective Bargaining Agreements Web Page
International Labor Organization Report on Collective Bargaining Negotiations | <urn:uuid:4b95577f-92ee-405f-ac73-c2269fd251b3> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.dol.gov/dol/topic/labor-relations/collbargaining.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1398223203422.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20140423032003-00552-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930199 | 105 | 2.71875 | 3 |
A fundamental relationship exists between Active Directory and the security services that are included with Windows 2000. Active Directory stores domain security policy information that has direct bearing on the use of the system, such as domain-wide password restrictions and system access privileges. In addition, Windows 2000 implements an object-based security model and access control for all objects in Active Directory. Each object in Active Directory is associated with a unique security descriptor that defines the access permissions that are required to read or update the object properties. Permissions can be assigned at the property level.
Each security principal (user, group, and computer, as well as the domain itself) has a SID, which is the property ( objectSid ) that authoritatively identifies the object to the security system. The SID of a user, group, or computer is derived from the SID of the domain to which the object belongs; this SID is the same as the SID of the domain except that it has one extra 32-bit component called the relative identifier.
In Windows 2000, a security descriptor is associated with each object. The security descriptor defines the access control information that is associated with the object. Security descriptors include the following:
The header , which contains control flags and pointers to the four parts of the security descriptor.
The owner , which is a SID that indicates what user or group owns the object. The owner of an object has some inherent rights to the object.
The primary group , which is a SID that is present for POSIX compliance.
The discretionary access control list (DACL) , which contains a list of access control entries that define who does and does not have specific types of access to the object. A DACL is controlled by the owner of the object. The owner can grant this control to others.
The system access control list (SACL) , which contains a list of system access control entries that specify audit and alarm message generation when particular subjects attempt specific types of access to the object. SACL is controlled by security administrators (who are, by default, members of the Administrators group).
Default Object Security
When an object is created in Active Directory, its security descriptor can be specified manually by the object creator. If no security descriptor is specified, a default security descriptor is applied to the object. The default security descriptor is computed according to the following rules:
The Owner usually is assigned by default. If the creator's access token contains a default owner, the default is set as the "owner." Otherwise, the user SID of the object's creator is assigned. The only case in which the owner is not the user SID of the creator of the object is when the creator is a member of the Domain Administrators group. In that case, the default owner is set to the Domain Administrators group SID. Thus, all objects that are created by an administrator are owned by all members of the Domain Administrators group.
The Primary group is usually assigned by default. If the creator's access token contains a default primary group, this default group is set as the primary group. Otherwise, a NULL SID is assigned.
DACL is assigned as a new object's DACL if an explicit (not inherited) DACL is provided. The parent container's DACL is checked for any inheritable access control entries. If one is found, the inherited DACL is merged with the explicit DACL as the new object's DACL. If an explicit DACL is not provided, the default DACL that is provided by the Active Directory schema, if any, is used. If no default DACL is provided by Active Directory, the creator's access token is checked for a default DACL. If a default DACL is found in the owner's access token, it is assigned as the new object's DACL. If there is no default DACL in the creator's access token, no DACL is assigned to the new object. In this case, unconditional access is granted to everyone.
SACL is assigned as being any explicit SACL that is provided. The parent container's SACL is checked for any inheritable access control entries. If inheritable access control entries are found, the inherited SACL is merged with the explicit SACL as the new object's SACL. If an explicit SACL is not available, the default SACL that is provided by the Active Directory schema, if any, is used. If no default SACL is provided by Active Directory, no SACL is assigned.
An object manager is different from an object's owner. Each object type has an object manager that handles creation of the object. Active Directory is the object manager for directory objects. NTFS is the object manager for file system objects.
For more information about how access control, access tokens, security principals, and security descriptors are used by the security subsystem, see "Access Control" in this book. | <urn:uuid:82969882-dda4-4ebf-a35f-2685e9a39543> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc961776.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368707187122/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516122627-00023-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925005 | 1,016 | 2.796875 | 3 |
PEORIA, Ill. (AARP) — Studies show house fires peak in winter months. While it’s important for your family to have an escape plan in case of emergency, fire prevention is lifesaving.
Some of the downsides of getting older can also put you more at risk when it comes to fires. AARP has some tips to keep you safe.
First, maintain your smoke detectors. You should have one in every bedroom, outside each sleeping area and on every level of your home. Replace the batteries twice a year, and dust or vacuum them while you’re at it.
Practice cooking safety. Stay in the kitchen while cooking on the stove or broiling.
Heat your home safely. Keep any flammable materials at least 3 feet from space heaters, fireplaces and furnaces. Don’t forget to turn off and unplug heaters when you leave home or go to bed.
Plan your escape route and practice it at least twice a year. Finally, be prepared in case there is a fire. Stay calm, get out fast and stay outside your home. | <urn:uuid:24d7c881-3d15-4b36-a777-1eed7544b586> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://www.centralillinoisproud.com/lifestyle/active-life-with-bob-larson/active-life/active-life-protecting-yourself-from-fire-risk/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250607118.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20200122131612-20200122160612-00202.warc.gz | en | 0.941591 | 230 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Huey P Long
Brandon Jones Mr. Collick English 2-C 4/26/12 Huey P. Long: Rise to Power I.
Thesis: There are many inspirational leaders of United States such as George Washington and Ben Franklin, but none of them were ever more brilliant than Huey P. Long II. A. Early Life a) Birth b) School c) As a teenager d) College III. B.
Adulthood a) Salesman b) Marriage c) Lawyer III. C. Political Office a) Railroad Commissioner b) Election c) Election Results IV. D.
Governor of Louisiana a) Luxuries as Governor b) First act in office c) Keeping the people happy V. E.Senator a) Share our Wealth VI. F. Death a) How he died and where b) Memorials built VII.
H. Conclusion Huey P. Long: Rise to Power People call him a “Crook” others call him a “Hero. ” this legendary governor of Louisiana accomplished what was thought to be impossible, “Surviving the Depression.
” There are many inspirational leaders of United States such as George Washington and Ben Franklin, but none of them were ever more brilliant than Huey P. Long Huey P. Long born August 30th, 1893 was the seventh child of Caledonia Long and Huey Pierce Long Sr.He lived on a farm in Winnfield; a poor community town located in North Central Louisiana. Having to live the life of a poor farm boy was difficult, first off most of his brothers and sisters died due to disease or malnutrition, as a result, young Huey was the third living child in the family. Unlike other children Huey disliked playing outside, while kids were outside playing games and baseball he was inside reading books and studying the anatomy of animals.
Huey was also fascinated with vehicles; whenever the train would stop in town Huey would watch silently underneath the train tracks.His father would often say “Young Huey would jump in a well just to see what it was like” (CDF). In Winnfield public schools were scarce in order to get an education children were home schooled. Huey would listen to his mother teaching his older brother about the Bible in addition to penmanship, writing, math, history, classic literature and poetry (CDF websolutions). To get a proper education, his father and a couple of neighbors saved up money and bought a subscription school which is a one room school for children for all ages.When Huey was 11 years old he attended local public schools. Blessed with photographic memory and his persuasive charm, he convinced his teacher to move him up to seventh grade.
In 1910 he completed 11th grade, unfortunately, the school board initiated a law that clearly stated “in order to graduate high school you must attend 12th grade”. Furious Huey formed a petition and he was expelled due to involvement. Huey was an excellent debater in high school and won a scholarship to Louisiana State University; however, he could not afford the textbooks.
By putting his persuasive charm to use he became a traveling salesman at age 17. He said “Attending this school was a waste of my talents for they clearly didn’t recognize my talent as a debater if they would have paid for my full tuition” (Long 8). Things were going great until Huey was discharged, he moved to Houston in hopes to find another salesman job but he couldn’t secure a job. Huey traveled to many cities such as Memphis and Oklahoma but couldn’t find anything that had a job opening. After speaking to a Dr.Dawson he learned that there was a local town offering an office for a salesman.
With a smile on his face and his eyes sparking success he took the job in January 2, 1912. “But a problem still persists how was I to get to Norman” (Long 10). Cold winds and Snow covered Norman and Huey only had 5 cents and could not afford a bus to Norman in order to get to Norman he had to walk 18 miles and that’s what he did. After a day of walking he arrived on a bright and sunny day eager to begin working. On his first day of employment Huey was already exceeding expectations.
In three hours he had sold at least two carts full of potatoes and secured delivery orders for an entire carload (Conservapedia 1). However, when he tried calling Mr. Dawson on the telephone he realized he did not have enough money to call him. Desperate for money, he had to sell a leather purse that was given to him by his father as a gift.
With his 25-cents he informed Mr. Dawson with the great news Unfortunately, Mr. Dawson couldn’t deliver a cartload and Huey made up his mind about his employment and left (Long 12). On his way to the train depot Huey bumped into a gentleman called R.O. Jackson. Jackson offered Huey 20 dollars and he only took five because that was all he needed (Long 13).
In the Morning, Huey discovered that Jackson was a buyer of Dawson Produce Company. Later he found him on the street and after a brief conversation he was offered money for law books and with the money Huey went to study at a university for his degree (Simkin 1). He left that school at the end of spring and secured a job with a manufacturing company in Kansas City.
He had other salesman working with him whom he was in charge of.Huey was located in Memphis, Tennessee with his headquarters at the Gayoso Hotel. His territory embraced parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, and Alabama (Long 14). During Christmas, Huey left to go stay at his home in Louisiana for a month vacation. During his time in Shreveport, Huey invited a Rose McConnell ,a woman that he met while attending school to the Grand Opera House to see “Lohengrin”.
They fell in love and were married the following year in Memphis, Tennessee (Long 15). October 1914, he entered Tulane University as a law student.He spent most of time taking care of his wife and studying at the library. Following advice given to him from Chief Justice Frank A. Monroe, of the Supreme Court of Louisiana, in New Orleans he took the bar and on May 15th, 1915 was declared a lawyer in the State of Louisiana (Long 17.
) Huey traveled back to his home in Winnfield, and took office right next to the bank the next day he received his first case. There had been a man living in Winnfield called Cole Johnson he was sick and sent to a hospital in Shreveport. Johnson was working with Mr.
Oscar K. Allen who was the Governor of Louisiana; Mr.Allen entered Johnson’s account on his books under his initials.
Cole Johnson died at the hospital and Mr. Allen wants his body sent back to Winnfield. When the body arrived Mr. Allen was not there and Mr. Allen instructed everyone to call Huey for any questions (Long 21). The rest of the town people called Huey and demanded there be a court case to settle the issue. Huey called Mr.
Allen and told him he should come back to town to settle the dispute. Huey continued his career as a lawyer for two years and his reputation had grown across Shreveport (CDF websolution).Huey found out that there was no minimum age limit to become Railroad Commissioner. In the summer of 1918 he entered the race and was running up against four other candidates.
He established his headquarters in a small house in Shreveport where his family supported his campaign. After interviewing farmers and sending out letters to companies the results were in, he was elected with a majority of 636 votes to become Railroad Commissioner, Thus making him the youngest Commissioner ever elected in Louisiana (Simkin 1).As Railroad Commissioner, Huey invested in stocks for oil companies. Everything was going great until several companies threatened to begin pipeline embargoes, designed to freeze out small companies and independent operators (Long 41). The pipelines of the oil trust were paying $1. 55 per barrel for the oil and begging for more of it.
In a flash all the independents were told they would take no more of their oil. A meeting was held at the Shreveport Chamber of Commerce, attending by officials of the Standard Oil Company and other companies allied in the embargo.The Standard Oil vice president said “You are going to surrender all of your oil claims and rights to drill for oil and” But before he could finish Huey stood up and spoke for the first time “And this is also a free country you done this before and got by with it, but this time, go do it and see when you hear the last of it” without another word he left the meeting (Long 43).
Several days later a dynamic individual approached Huey and said “Son, I was at the meeting you got the fire that can make these guys sick, if you fight them long enough” Huey was the only hope these companies had.In March 25, 1919 he held a meeting at the old Capitol in Baton Rouge. After a long and painstaking decision the Chairman signed the documents that Huey presented. Huey gave out copies of the document to the Governor and several Senators.
The chairman felt swindled and called Huey the “Devil’s Ass” (Long 42). With a new Governor to be elected in January, 1920, an opening campaign meeting for the preceding July 4th was scheduled at Hot Wells, a health resort in the center of the State (Long 46). The campaign finally dwindled to two candidates: Frank P.
Stubbs and John M. Parker.Huey supported Parker against the oil crisis. Eventually, Parker was elected the Governor and their relationships soon became hostile oil taxes were escalated and fists were blazing. On August 30th, 1923 Huey announced he would run for Governor.
Newspapers were delivered to every house, even school houses and on the front page in bold letters were Vote for Huey for Governor (Long 70). Every day Huey would drive his car around Shreveport and give out speeches. He bargained with traveling merchants and they pin up posters by the end of the week more than 50 posters were up.
Word spread across Louisiana about Huey, every time there was a party or a gathering people said “We should invite our ol’ friend Huey along” (Long 74). Unfortunately, the influence of the Ku Klux Klan influenced the election results Huey came in third place. In 1928, Huey Long ran again for Louisiana governor campaigning with the slogan, “Every man a king, but no one wears a crown,” (CDF websolutions). Meanwhile, education was considered a luxury.
Families couldn’t afford textbooks, weather conditions made traveling tedious and the poll tax didn’t allow the lower class to vote (CDF websolutions).Long made hundreds of campaign speeches among rural voters; expressing a vision for a new Louisiana in which government would be responsive to the needs of its people. He promised Louisiana’s needy citizens good roads, bridges, free hospital care, free education, and lower property taxes (Simkin). Huey called a Board of Liquidation for a loan of 500 million dollars for the public education and was granted the loan (Long 115. ) Long won the election by the largest margin in Louisiana. More than 15,000 supports flocked to the capital to see their beloved governor.
Life for Huey was different by becoming the new Governor he was given numerous luxuries such as, living with his family in the Governor’s Mansion and having his own security force protecting each individual of his family (CDF websolutions). Upon his election, Huey gave an opportunity to the lower class allowing them to have jobs and go to school for education. He also pushed forward his public school program which gave brand new textbooks to public schools. Furthermore, he hired professional teachers to assist the students anyway possible.
In addition to providing public education to children, he also initiated night schooling for illiterate adults and piping natural gas to New Orleans. Huey developed a relationship to his supporters often he would say “I lived the same life as the poor have done so were a family” (Lanset). One of his biggest programs was the Infrastructure Reconstruction, this program repaired buildings such as roads, bridges, schools, monuments, and hospitals. Huey’s bills met stiff oppositions from many legislators and the state’s newspapers.They accused Huey of fraud and slander (CDF websolutions).
In order to finance his programs Huey proposed a 5 cent tax on every barrel of refined oil. Legislators rioted and sought to impeach Huey. However, Huey proved in court that the jury was paid to vote for his impeachment. As a result, the case was considered illegal and the charges were dropped. After his impeachment Huey told the news reporters “I used to try to get things done by saying please, now I dynamite them out of my path” (CDF websolutions).
In 1930, Huey ran for Senator and easily won but left the Senate seat vacant until he could find a loyal successor to continue his reform agenda in Louisiana (CDF websolutions). Huey continued to be in effective control of Louisiana after the next gubernatorial election, when he successfully campaigned for Oscar K. Allen who successfully abolished the poll tax and creating a homestead tax exemption for personal property. Huey arrived in Washington in January 1932 as the Great Depression worsened; he made impassioned speeches in the Senate.
In By1934, Huey unveiled a program of reforms called Share Our Wealth to share the nation’s wealth more fairly (Lanset). By the summer of 1935 Huey’s Share Our Wealth clubs had 7. 5 million members nationwide, every week he would gain 25 million radio listeners and 60, 000 letters from supporters ( CDF websolutions). By 1935, tensions ran high in Louisiana, as rumors of multiple plots to assassinate Huey Long swirled around the capital (CDF websolutions). After death threats, arson, and drive by shootings at his house in New Orleans Huey increased his amount of body guards by 10 %.On September 8, Huey was in the capitol in Baton Rouge for a session of the Louisiana legislature to push through several bills including of putting Judge Benjamin Pavy out of his job. According to authorities Pavy’s son-in-law, Dr.
Carl Weiss approached Huey in an alley and shot Huey in his abdomen. His bodyguards immediately opened fire and Weiss was killed. Huey was brought to the emergency hospital where they failed to recognize the damages. Two days later on a dark rainy day, Huey died of internal bleeding.The next day after his funeral, his sister found a note hidden in his jacket pocket, and the note said “God, don’t let me die now I still have much left to do” (CDF websolutions). The nation mourned a mentor, a hero, and a friend.
In tribute of Huey Long a 12 foot bronze-statue was casted in Baton Rouge to show the world of his accomplishments. In conclusion, Huey P. Long was an influential leader of the people in Louisiana. He endured numerous struggles, but he never gave up. He is unlike any other leader; he was born a no body and died as a hero.Works Cited CDF websolutions, comp. “Huey Long.
” Hueylong. com. Long Legacy Project, Jan. -Feb.
2010. Web. 19 Jan. 2012. Conservapedia. Conservipedia.
com. N. p. , Nov. -Dec. 2011. Web.
19 Jan. 2012. Lanset, Andy, comp. ““Share the Wealth”: Huey Long Talks to the Nation. ” Historymatters.
com. N. p. , n. d.
Web. 15 Jan. 2012.
Long, Huey Pierce. Every Man a King. New Orleans: Da Capo Press, 1933.
Print. Simkin, John. Spartacus. school. net.
N. p. , Nov. -Dec. 2011.
Web. 19 Jan. 2012 | <urn:uuid:0245ef48-abd2-4e41-933a-e4903e4beb86> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://freebooksummary.com/huey-p-long | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347390437.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525223929-20200526013929-00514.warc.gz | en | 0.983713 | 3,426 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Automobiles are motor vehicles that usually run on roads and mainly transport people. They typically seat from one to eight people and have four wheels.
They are characterized by their body designs, which are often categorized according to the number of doors, the arrangement of seats, and the roof structure. They have a common practice of mounting the engine at the front and relying on rear-wheel drive or all-wheel drive to provide propulsion.
The main purpose of vehicle design is to maximize the stability and safety of the product, while at the same time optimizing the performance and comfort levels for the intended use. This requires a balance between the weight distribution and the height of the centre of gravity of the vehicle, which is related to its aerodynamics, suspension characteristics, and axle-suspension system.
Cars are also characterized by their engines, which produce power by burning fuel (most commonly gasoline) to generate heat. The type and size of the engine determines fuel economy, power, and performance.
Having a car is essential for every family. It provides a sense of security for your loved ones, and it helps you keep them safe in an emergency situation.
It also saves you a lot of money. You can avoid paying for public transportation and the cost of gas, which can add up quickly.
A car is a great investment for anyone who wants to travel. It can help you explore new places, travel off-grid, and make traveling with kids easier.
You can get a good deal on a car if you buy it used, but that means it will be a bit older and may not have all of the features you want. A brand-new car, on the other hand, can be tailored to your exact specifications and will come with a wide variety of features and technologies.
If you are looking for a high-quality car that offers a combination of performance, reliability, and comfort, consider the Honda Civic. It delivers all of these qualities at a price that’s competitive with its compact rivals.
In addition to being a popular car, the Honda Civic is known for its fun-to-drive character. It also has a good reputation for handling and braking.
It’s also a good choice for drivers who are interested in low fuel consumption and environmentally friendly driving practices. Compared to conventional gasoline-powered cars, the Honda Civic produces significantly less carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions in the city.
For this reason, it’s an excellent option for families who want to travel in style but also want to be green.
Moreover, it has a wide range of options for adding safety features, like automatic braking and pedestrian detection, to your ride. It’s also available with a variety of driver-assistance systems that help you handle emergencies, such as automatic steering or lane departure warning.
Buying a new car can be a bit intimidating, but it’s worth the effort. A car gives you a great feeling of ownership, and it can be a valuable resource when you need to find a new job or take on other commitments. | <urn:uuid:88e8cb0b-f96c-490e-803d-f1aa2a618133> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://lemediateurdubenin.org/2023/04/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100540.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205010358-20231205040358-00198.warc.gz | en | 0.964943 | 625 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The Challenge of Obesity, and a Systems Approach to Solutions
Obesity has grown into a major global epidemic. Rates in the US have doubled since the 1980s, with more than two-thirds of adults now overweight (including more than one third who are obese). These trends are paralleled by rapid growth in childhood obesity, suggesting adult rates may continue to climb for some time even if we take action soon. This epidemic has significant implications for public health, substantially increasing morbidity and mortality for most of the major diseases affecting our citizens. For example, it is estimated that one in three children born today will be diabetic in their lifetime. Health care costs are also affected--costs related to obesity already account for fully 21% of all US medical expenditures, and the overall economic impact of the US obesity epidemic may top $215 billion annually. Unfortunately, obesity is a complex problem involving multiple inter-related contributing factors spanning a wide range of levels of scale (from the social, built, natural and economic environments to behavior, physiology, and epigenetics) and crossing the entire lifecourse. This complexity poses a challenge for traditional methods of study, and for the design of effective interventions. Many scholars now suspect that disappointing results from most obesity prevention interventions to date flow from insufficient attention to this complexity. Three recent Institute of Medicine consensus reports concluded that new approaches were needed, and specifically recommended a “systems approach” and modeling tools drawn from complexity science. This talk will review the data and trends on obesity in US (and globally), and discuss promising approaches for prevention science and policy. It will draw on the presenter’s own research as well as his participation in several Institute of Medicine/National Academy of Sciences studies and in the National Institutes of Health Envision project.
Ross Hammond, Senior Fellow and Director, Center on Social Dynamics and Policy, Brookings Institution
Watch it on our live webcast on SFI's YouTube Page
SFI’s 2014 Community Lecture series is generously sponsored by Thornburg Investment Management | <urn:uuid:f7f77508-652b-4ecc-ab14-815e6dd1b1ca> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.santafe.edu/events/the-challenge-of-obesity-and-a-systems-approa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875146341.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20200226084902-20200226114902-00330.warc.gz | en | 0.953016 | 407 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Pulmonary valve stenosis is a condition characterized by the narrowing of the pulmonary valve, the gateway between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery that carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The narrowing restricts the flow of blood and makes the heart work harder to pump blood to the lungs. Pulmonary valve stenosis ranges from mild to severe, depending on the degree of narrowing.
Pulmonary valve stenosis usually occurs as a congenital heart defect, meaning it is present at birth. The exact cause of this narrowing isn’t always clear, but it is often associated with genetic conditions or environmental factors during pregnancy. In some cases, pulmonary valve stenosis can develop later in life due to conditions that damage the heart or valves.
The symptoms of pulmonary valve stenosis can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Some people may have no symptoms at all, especially if the stenosis is mild. For others, symptoms may include:
- Shortness of breath, especially during exertion
- Chest pain
- Fainting spells
- Heart murmur
- Cyanosis (bluish color of the lips, skin, or nails due to low oxygen levels in the blood)
The most common cause of pulmonary valve stenosis is congenital heart defects. These defects occur when the heart or blood vessels near the heart don’t develop properly before birth. Other potential causes include:
- Rheumatic fever: An inflammatory disease that can develop after strep throat or scarlet fever.
- Carcinoid syndrome: A rare type of cancer that secretes hormones into the bloodstream, leading to heart valve problems.
- Age-related changes: As people age, the heart valves may become thicker and stiffer, leading to valve stenosis.
- Genetic conditions: Certain genetic conditions, such as Noonan syndrome, are associated with an increased risk of pulmonary valve stenosis.
- Environmental factors during pregnancy: Exposure to certain medications, illnesses, or environmental factors during pregnancy may increase the risk of congenital heart defects in the baby.
- Other heart conditions: People with other heart conditions, such as a history of rheumatic fever, are at a higher risk of developing valve stenosis.
How to Avoid It
Preventing pulmonary valve stenosis mainly involves managing risk factors for congenital heart defects:
- Prenatal care: Regular prenatal check-ups and following a healthy lifestyle during pregnancy can help reduce the risk of congenital heart defects.
- Prevent rheumatic fever: Promptly treating strep throat with antibiotics can prevent the development of rheumatic fever, a potential cause of valve stenosis.
- Manage underlying conditions: Properly managing conditions like carcinoid syndrome can help prevent the development of valve stenosis.
When to See the Doctor
If you or your child experience symptoms of pulmonary valve stenosis, such as shortness of breath, fatigue, or chest pain, it’s essential to seek medical attention. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent complications and improve the long-term outlook for this condition.
Diagnosis and Treatment
The diagnosis of pulmonary valve stenosis involves physical examination, echocardiogram, and other imaging tests to assess the function and structure of the pulmonary valve. Treatment options depend on the severity of the condition and may include:
- Observation: In mild cases, no treatment may be necessary, but regular check-ups are essential.
- Balloon valvuloplasty: A catheter with a balloon at the tip is inserted through a blood vessel and guided to the narrowed valve. The balloon is inflated to widen the valve opening.
- Valve surgery: In severe cases, the valve may need to be repaired or replaced through surgery.
In conclusion, pulmonary valve stenosis is a condition that can be effectively managed with proper diagnosis and treatment. By understanding the risk factors, symptoms, and available treatment options, you can better navigate this condition and work towards optimal heart health. | <urn:uuid:a5402f1b-ba13-4e47-8313-36e1ba24a22b> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://longmoreclinic.org/understanding-pulmonary-valve-stenosis/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511361.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004052258-20231004082258-00483.warc.gz | en | 0.9141 | 834 | 3.5 | 4 |
This image is for reference purpose only, Photo May Slightly Different From Actual Item in Terms of Color Due to the Lighting During Photo Shooting or the Monitor's Display.
Common name: Brahma Kamal, Hindi Name: ब्रह्म कमल, Botanical name: Saussurea obvallata, Family: Asteraceae. The Brahma Kamal, native to Himalayas, at the upper limit of high mountains (4000m approx). The flowers bloom at the height of the monsoons and abundant in high-altitude places like The Valley of Flowers. The bract-cover provides the warm space needed to bloom in the cold mountains. The flowers are used as offering in the hill temples, like the shrines of Badrinath. Brahma Kamal is the state flower of Uttarakhand.
Brahma Kamal Plant - Saussurea obvallata
- Live plant along with plastic pot
- plants height with pot is 1ft and pot size is 5icnhes diameter.
- plants nature is indoor-semi shade, watering once in 5 days
- useful for gifts Plants, table top Plants, terrariums & fairy gardens
- Best succulent with beautiful texture, hardy plant & low maintenance | <urn:uuid:7a65dad5-1fca-4106-8c5d-94bebee648f9> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.plantsguru.com/vaastu-religious/brahma-kamal-saussurea-obvallata-plant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657131734.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712051058-20200712081058-00163.warc.gz | en | 0.815609 | 271 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Battle of the Morannon
In J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium, the Battle of the Morannon or Battle of the Black Gate is a fictional event that took place at the end of the War of the Ring. It is depicted in The Return of the King, the third volume of his epic fantasy book The Lord of the Rings.
This was the final major battle against Sauron in the War of the Ring, fought at the Black Gate of Mordor. The Army of the West, led by Aragorn, marched on the gate as a diversionary feint to distract Sauron's attention from Frodo and Sam, who were carrying the One Ring through Mordor. It was hoped that Sauron would think Aragorn had the Ring and was now trying to use it to overthrow Mordor. As the journey progressed, Aragorn was credited openly as "the King Elessar" by their heralds to challenge Sauron, though he was not yet formally crowned.
Aragorn and the other captains had around 7,000 soldiers of Gondor and Rohan available to fight; they left some in Minas Tirith to defend against assault, and sent 3,000 Rohirrim under Elfhelm to rout another army holding the west road to Anórien (which soon returned to Minas Tirith). Thus they marched with about 6,000 foot and 1,000 horse.
At the Crossroads, Aragorn and other captains left the main force for a while with a small company of troops and surveyed Minas Morgul from afar, finally setting fire to Morgul Vale. They also left some archers to guard the Crossroads.
They were also later ambushed by Orcs and Easterlings on the very spot where Faramir and the Rangers of Ithilien had ambushed a company of Haradrim some two weeks earlier (which was observed by Frodo and Sam), but the enemy was beaten back without much loss. However, it was realized that this was an intentionally weak feint, meant to try to lure them into thinking that Sauron's army was incapable of mounting a strong attack when in fact it was. Later, some whose fear overcame them were sent to retake and hold Cair Andros, an island in the River Anduin used as a fortress by Gondor which was the location of strategically important fords. Thus the Army of the West was less than 6,000 strong at the Black Gate.
Before the battle began, Sauron sent one of his servants, the Black Númenórean called the Mouth of Sauron, to speak with the Captains of the West. He tried to trick Gandalf into believing Sauron held Frodo captive, displaying as evidence items that had belonged to Frodo and Sam (Sam's sword, an Elven cloak, and Frodo's mithril shirt.) The Mouth threatened that Frodo would be tortured if the West did not agree to Sauron's terms of surrender. (It is clear that while Sauron knew there was a Hobbit in Mordor, he did not know why.) Gandalf, however, refused to be swayed, took the items from the Mouth of Sauron, and sent him away. Amazed and angered, the Mouth of Sauron rode back to the Black Gate and the forces of Sauron advanced. At the same time, more of Sauron's forces that had been hidden in the hills around the Black Gate came forth, thus surrounding the Men of the West. Sauron's army outnumbered that of the West by at least ten to one. It is not clear who commanded the field for Sauron, though Khamûl the Easterling, the second most powerful Ringwraith after the Witch-king, is a reasonable candidate. The Army of the West divided itself into two rings upon two great hills of rubble opposite the gate: Aragorn, Gandalf, and the sons of Elrond "with the Dúnedain about them" were on the left ring, with Éomer, Imrahil, and the Knights of Dol Amroth on the right.
Against Aragorn's army was arrayed Sauron's hordes of Orcs, Trolls, and Mannish allies such as the Easterlings and Southrons (Haradrim). An exact count is not given of the number of Sauron's forces, though Tolkien says they were "ten times and more than ten times" the size of Aragorn's army. The Olog-hai, improved Trolls much like the Uruk-hai were improved Orcs, first made an appearance.
During the course of the battle, the hobbit Peregrin Took, marching as a Guard of the Citadel of Minas Tirith, slew an Olog-hai officer. The remaining eight Nazgûl hovered over the Army of the West and spread fear and confusion. The Eagles of the Misty Mountains, led by Gwaihir the Windlord, arrived and attacked the Ringwraiths. At that moment, when all hope seemed lost, Frodo put on the One Ring and Sauron realized that Frodo was inside Mount Doom. The Nazgûl immediately left the battle to intercept Frodo, and the army of Mordor (bereft of Sauron's attention) was immediately thrown into disarray. Gollum bit the Ring off Frodo's finger, and then both he and the ring accidentally fell into the Crack of Doom, and Sauron's power was dissipated.
Barad-dûr, the Black Gate and the Towers of the Teeth collapsed to ruin as their foundations were built with the Ring's magic. Sauron's physical body perished yet again for what would be the last time. His gigantic shadow formed in the sky and reached out in wrath to the heroes, but it was blown away by a strong wind, and his spirit, which had been housed in a tall humanoid form, was left forever bodiless and impotent.
The Orcs and other creatures of Sauron were left completely directionless with the Dark Lord's demise and were easily defeated by the Army of the West. Some slew themselves, while others fled to hide in dark places. The proud Easterlings and Southrons fought on bravely, though eventually many threw down their weapons and surrendered later to be sent home in peace by Aragorn ending the Easterlings and Southrons hate for Gondor.
Fighting against Sauron's remaining forces would continue in the northern theatre of the War of the Ring for several weeks, notably in Mirkwood, Lothlórien, Dol Guldur and at Erebor, but the power of Sauron was no more.
The 1980 animated film
The armies of Gondor ride up to the Gate here, not as a diversion, but seemingly as a merely suicidal attack on Mordor. The Nazgûl are seen flying overhead as they approach, and the Orcs can be heard singing the song "Towers of the Teeth" but they are not visible at first. Aragorn cries out silencing them, and then he demands the Dark Lord come forth. The Mouth of Sauron does appear and he mocks Aragorn before warning that he is hopelessly outnumbered. He does not, however, present any tokens. Aragorn defies him and the Mouth turns back into the gate. As he does, the Orcs resume their song and appear all along the walls, the towers, and the gate itself. The scene then cuts to inside Mt. Doom until after the Ring is destroyed.
Once the Ring is destroyed, the towers and the gate are shown to come crashing down, and the earth begins to shake. Here it seems that the earthquake will destroy the armies of the West as well, but at this time the Great Eagles turn up (thousands of them) and they lift up the soldiers from harm's way and fly them all back to Minas Tirith.
Towers of the Teeth as sung by the Orcs:
- Win the battle, lose the war,
- Choice of evils lie before your feet,
- Retreat, Retreat, Retreat!
- If you win then you will lose,
- Choice of evils yours to choose,
- Retreat, retreat, retreat!
- You are standing in the eye of the storm,
- Move an inch, and you'll be dead,
- You are standing underneath, the towers of the Teeth,
- and the Eye...blazes red!
The 1981 radio series
The encounter with the Mouth of Sauron and the events preceding the battle are faithful to the book. However, the battle itself is virtually omitted. After the Mouth of Sauron departs, sounds of approaching orcs are heard, and Gandalf says, "The trap is sprung. We are surrounded by the whole host of Mordor, and we must fight!", but it then leads on to the rest of Frodo and Sam's journey up Mount Doom.
The 2003 live-action film
In Peter Jackson's film adaptation of The Return of the King, it is interspersed with scenes of Frodo and Sam at Mount Doom, and focuses mainly on the characters of Gandalf, Aragorn, and the rest of the Fellowship.
Sauron's army marches forward, chanting "Durbgu nazgshu, durbgu dashu!" (Black Speech for "Lord of the Ring, Lord of the Earth!") Aragorn's force does not position itself in two rings, but rather in one great circle, which is completely surrounded by the enemy. Merry is present along with Pippin; in the book he remains in the Houses of Healing.
Before the battle, Aragorn encourages his army:
"Sons of Gondor, of Rohan, my brothers! I see in your eyes the same fear that would take the heart of me. A day may come when the courage of men fails, when we forsake our friends, and break all bonds of fellowship; but it is not this day! An hour of wolves, and shattered shields, when the Age of Men comes crashing down; but it is not this day! This day we fight! By all that you hold dear on this good earth, I bid you stand, Men of the West!"
Upon hearing Sauron call him "Elessar", he leads them in a desperate charge against the army of Mordor. The two armies clash and fierce combat ensues. The Nazgûl try to attack the army, but before they can, the Eagles arrive and drive them off. Aragorn is shown battling a troll, which nearly defeats him.
The Dark Tower and Mount Doom are visible through the Gate, while in the book Mount Doom is not. When the Ring is destroyed and the Dark Tower collapses along with Jackson's literal interpretation of the Eye of Sauron, a great earthquake shakes the land and Mount Doom erupts. A huge rift opens in the earth, swallowing up the gates and a greater part of Sauron's army, with the rest fleeing in terror. The release of the "impotent shadow" is instead replaced by a massive shock wave caused by the Eye's implosion.
Originally, Peter Jackson envisioned having Sauron himself make an appearance in the battle. At first there was to be an image of Sauron in his Second Age guise of "Annatar", which was fair to look upon, but once the battle was joined the Dark Lord was going to emerge much as he looked at the beginning of the trilogy before the Ring was cut from his hand. The Extended Edition of the movie features storyboard animations of this idea. Aragorn battles the Dark Lord and is almost defeated when the Ring is destroyed and Sauron's physical form shattered.
This idea was abandoned as it played too much like the opening of the first film and because it diminished the triumph of Frodo at Mount Doom with the destruction of the Ring. It was also felt that making a personal duel between Aragorn and Sauron changed the thematic point of the battle, that it was a selfless sacrifice by Aragorn and the Army of the West. The original footage of Aragorn battling Sauron was kept, but modified to show him battling a troll instead. A mock-up of the version including Annatar/Sauron, using a mix of the shots which were filmed intercut with storyboard panels for those which were not, is included in the DVD extras.
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), "The Last Debate", ISBN 0-395-08256-0
- Tolkien, J. R. R. (1955), The Return of the King, The Lord of the Rings, Boston: Houghton Mifflin (published 1987), "The Black Gate Opens", ISBN 0-395-08256-0 | <urn:uuid:8f255e20-f5e2-434e-90f2-927cf634e954> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Morannon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500832052.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021352-00068-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968412 | 2,677 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Author Interview: 'How the Brain Learns'
David Sousa, author of the popular book, How The Brain Learns (now in its 5th edition), agreed to answer a few questions about it. David is an international consultant in educational neuroscience and the author of over 15 books that suggest ways that educators and parents can translate current brain research into strategies for improving learning.
LF: This is the 5th edition of your book. What are the two or three key new ideas/research results that you've added to it and that you think are most relevant to educators?
David Sousa: First, is the impact that technology is having on the developing brain. Students are spending so many hours every day interacting with their digital devices that the technology is altering their brains. This is because the brain possesses neuroplasticity—the ability to rewire itself as a result of input from its environment. For today's students, much of the input from their environment involves hours of texting, gaming, and surfing the internet on digital devices.
Because of neuroplasticity, the brain adapts to this constant flow of information by reconfiguring cognitive, emotional, and social networks. Recent studies are revealing that the cerebral areas most affected include attention systems, memory networks, thinking processes, and social skills. These areas are critical for successful learning to occur. I discuss these changes in the book, and offer suggestions to teachers of strategies that can help these rewired brains focus and learn the lesson's objectives.
Second, I have updated the research on how the brain learns through different stages of growth and development. Of particular importance is whether a child develops a fixed or growth mindset. Fixed mindsets believe that ability is pre-determined at birth and no amount of effort can really change that. Growth mindsets focus on effort and believe that working harder on learning how to learn will lead to successful achievement. I discuss ways that teachers can encourage students to transition from a fixed to a growth mindset.
LF: I, like many teachers, try to help our students understand what happens to our brains when we learn something new. How would you explain that process to a student, and what do you think is a benefit to them understanding this idea?
David Sousa: My experience is that students of all ages enjoy learning about their how their brains work. In my books, I try to explain the process of how the brain learns in simple language, using models and analogies, and avoiding overly technical terms when possible. Teachers can use this text to help explain the learning brain.
I would start by telling students how important emotions are to learning something new, and then use an emotional topic to introduce the new objective. I would explain that their working memory can hold only a few items at a time, and because the brain requires sense and meaning to determine whether to store the new learning, we will spend more time discussing fewer items in depth. Less is more.
Students also find other research intriguing and relevant. For example, explaining to students that their brains store new learning into long-term memory during sleep helps these students recognize the importance of getting enough sleep at night to allow that storing process to occur successfully.
LF: There's been some concern about the possible overselling neuroscience research's application to the classroom. What's your perspective on that critique?
David Sousa: I was a high school science teacher and I got involved with looking at the applications of neuroscience to teaching and learning more than 30 years ago when brain research was beginning to intensify. It is true that early on some educators overstated the applications, suggesting it was a panacea. Publishers were putting the word "brain" in nearly every book title. This prompted legitimate criticism from cognitive psychologists who feared that non-scientists were misinterpreting the research and misleading teachers. Much of the overselling has subsided in the past decade now that a new area of scientific inquiry has emerged called educational neuroscience. This field looks at the substantial body of research evidence that provides insights into the teaching learning process and suggests practical applications to pedagogy. It has helped to separate scientific findings from brain myths.
LF: Based on all of your research and work in the field, what are the two-or-three most key points about the brain that you think would be most helpful for teachers to know and remember?
David Sousa: Simply put,
- Emotion drives attention, and attention drives learning
- Working memory is limited, so present a small amount for deep learning and maximum meaning (relevancy)
- Deep learning is enhanced by challenges and inhibited by threats
- Past learning always influences new learning
Is there anything I haven't asked that you'd like to share?
In-service educators are now accepting the notion that findings from research in educational neuroscience can update their knowledge about how the brain learns and suggest effective strategies for their practice. One serious problem, however, is that schools of education have been exceedingly slow to incorporate these findings into their courses for pre-service teachers. Consequently, too many teachers are entering the profession with a kitbag of strategies from the 1980s to work with students who have 2017 brains. It is not working, and it is one of the reasons why so many beginning teachers leave the profession after just a few years. | <urn:uuid:d91824b5-8e46-4014-b692-1a451efeb637> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://blogs.edweek.org/teachers/classroom_qa_with_larry_ferlazzo/2017/02/author_interview_how_the_brain_learns.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655887360.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705121829-20200705151829-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.966371 | 1,081 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Spacing and ecology of the Australasian harrier (Circus approximans) in the Rangitikei-Manawatu sand country : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Zoology at Massey University
Between March 2000 and May 2001 138 Australasian Harriers were trapped, individually banded, measured, sexed and aged. Morphometric measurements and molecular sexing methods were used to identify the best way to accurately assign gender to harriers. Morphometric sexing is 96% accurate when based on six measurements; weight, back talon, culmen, middle talon, hallux and toe. Of these, weight, back talon and culmen are the most reliable indicators of sex. Molecular sexing applied to DNA from 11 birds proved to be an accurate means of sexing and is a first for this species.
Mammal (61.2%) and bird (36.2%) prey dominate the diet of the harrier at Pukepuke Lagoon, especially lagomorphs and small passerines. Mammalian prey in pellets peaked in August and again in December, was highest in the early-breeding season and lowest in the non-breeding season. Birds were most frequent in pellets in the non-breeding season (peaking in May and June) and lease in the early-breeding season (Ausust). Other prey averaged only 5.9% of the total prey in pellets over the year. Harriers are generalist feeders of live prey and carrion, but may become specialised when prey abundance and availability in the environment is high. Impact of harriers on economic, recreational, and threatened endemic species is discussed.
Eight harriers were radio-tagged and tracked intensively over seven months. Male home ranges averaged 405.51 ha in the breeding season and 669.71 ha in the non-breeding season. In females, but not in males, there was significant difference between seasonal ranges. Range sizes and shapes varied between all individual with no common pattern emerging. Breeding season range overlaps were scarce, but tended to be large and associated with closely nesting pairs. In the non-breeding season there were large overlaps in ranges of most birds. Range overlap was not related to age or sex. Temporal ranges overlapped little for most birds, except those nesting close together. For males and females pasture accounted for over 70% of the habitat in all ranges and seasons, but the birds utilised only 38% of pasture. Swamp accounted for less than 5% of the total habitat but was the most frequently used by harriers (41%).
Three communal roosts were observed for 27 evenings and six mornings. The earliest harrier, and the latest, landed in a roost 90 minuted and four minutes respectively before complete darkness. On average there were 39 minutes between the first and last harriers to land, and most landed shortly after sun moved below the horizon. The highest light reading for a harrier landing in a roost was 715.1 lux and the lowest 0.3 lux. High numbers of birds over roosts was associated with poor weather (wind and rain). Both the breeding and non-breeding season produced fairly similar positive linear increases in bird numbers as light intensity decreased. Differing habitat type and composition at the three roosts did not affect the general behaviour of harriers in response to changing light intensity and weather conditions. In New Zealand communal roosting by harriers may relate to a combination of foraging, social and resource pressures within the local area. | <urn:uuid:377834a3-3877-419b-b1de-81eb14fda0bb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/7421 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653631.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607074914-20230607104914-00021.warc.gz | en | 0.963731 | 754 | 2.6875 | 3 |
1 STANDARDS FOR GUIDANCE COUNSELING PROGRAMS These standards were approved January 2005 by the Kentucky Education Professional Standards Board. The Kentucky Standards for Guidance Counselor Programs are derived from the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) Standards and are incorporated by reference in 16 KAR 5:010 that include core curriculum experiences and demonstrated knowledge and skills. PREAMBLE Professional guidance counselors represent a significant and important component of the educational leadership team within the P-12 schools of the Commonwealth. The standards for training and preparation for guidance counselors evolved from a synthesis of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA) National Model and the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) national counselor preparation standards. The standards acknowledge the importance of a common core of knowledge, skills, and abilities as well as the specific skills and knowledge unique to the practice of professional school counseling. The standards for counselor training and preparation represent the foundation for the profession of guidance counseling in the Commonwealth of Kentucky. A. FOUNDATIONS OF SCHOOL COUNSELING 1. history, philosophy, and current trends in school counseling and educational systems; 2. relationship of the school counseling program to the academic and student services program in the school; 3. role, function, and professional identity of the school counselor in relation to the roles of other professional and support personnel in the school; 4. strategies of leadership designed to enhance the learning environment of schools; 5. knowledge of the school setting, environment, and pre-k-12 curriculum; 6. current issues, policies, laws, and legislation relevant to school counseling; 7. the role of racial, ethnic, and cultural heritage, nationality, socioeconomic status, family structure, age, gender, sexual orientation, religious and spiritual beliefs, occupation, physical and mental status, and equity issues in school counseling; 8. knowledge and understanding of community, environmental, and institutional opportunities that enhance, as well as barriers that impede student academic, career, and personal/social success and overall development; 9. knowledge and application of current and emerging technology in education and school counseling to assist students, families, and educators in using resources that promote informed academic, career, and personal/social choices; and 10. ethical and legal considerations related specifically to the practice of school counseling (e.g., the ASCA Ethical Standards for School Counselors, and the ACA Code of Ethics).
2 B. CONTEXTUAL DIMENSIONS OF SCHOOL COUNSELING Studies that provide an understanding of the coordination of counseling program components as they relate to the total school community, including all of the following: 1. advocacy for all students and for effective school counseling programs; 2. coordination, collaboration, referral, and team-building efforts with teachers, parents, support personnel, and community resources to promote program objectives and facilitate successful student development and achievement of all students; 3. integration of the school counseling program into the total school curriculum by systematically providing information and skills training to assist pre-k-12 students in maximizing their academic, career, and personal/social development. 4. promotion of the use of counseling and guidance activities and programs by the total school community to enhance a positive school climate; 5. methods of planning for and presenting school counseling-related educational programs to administrators, teachers, parents, and the community; 6. methods of planning, developing, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating comprehensive developmental counseling programs; and 7. knowledge of prevention and crisis intervention strategies. C. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILL REQUIREMENTS FOR SCHOOL COUNSELORS 1. Program Development, Implementation, and Evaluation a. use, management, analysis, and presentation of data from school-based information (e.g., standardized testing, grades, enrollment, attendance, retention, placement, surveys, interviews, focus groups, and needs assessment) to improve student outcomes; b. design, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of comprehensive developmental school counseling programs (e.g., the ASCA National Standards for School Counseling Programs) including an awareness of various systems that affect students, school, and home; c. implementation and evaluation of specific strategies that meet program goals and objectives; d. identification of student academic, career, and personal/social competencies and the implementation of processes and activities to assist students in achieving these competencies; e. preparation of an action plan and school counseling calendar that reflect appropriate time commitments and priorities in a comprehensive developmental school counseling program; f. strategies for seeking and securing alternative funding for program expansion; and g. use of technology in the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of a comprehensive school counseling program.
3 2. Counseling and Guidance a. individual and small-group counseling approaches that promote school success through academic, career, and personal/social development for all; b. individual, group, and classroom guidance approaches systematically designed to assist all students with academic, career, and personal/social development; c. approaches to peer facilitation, including peer helper, peer tutor, and peer mediation programs; d. issues that may affect the development and functioning of students (e.g., abuse, violence, eating disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, childhood depression, and suicide); e. developmental approaches to assist all students and parents at points of educational transition (e.g., home to elementary school, elementary to middle to high school, high school to postsecondary education and career options); f. constructive partnerships with parents, guardians, families, and communities in order to promote each student s academic, career, and personal/social success; g. systems theories and relationship among and between community systems, family systems, and school systems, and how they interact to influence the students and affect each system; and h. approaches to recognizing and assisting children and adolescents who may use alcohol or other drugs or who may reside in a home where substance abuse occurs. 3. Consultation a. strategies to promote, develop, and enhance effective teamwork within the school and larger community; b. theories, models, and processes of consultation and change with teachers, administrators, other school personnel, parents, community groups, agencies, and students as appropriate; c. strategies and methods of working with parents, guardians, families, and communities to empower them to act on behalf of their children; and d. knowledge and skills in conducting programs that are designed to enhance students academic, social, emotional, career, and other developmental needs. D. CLINICAL INSTRUCTION For the School Counseling Program, practicum/internship experiences must occur in a school counseling setting under the supervision of a site supervisor. The program must clearly define and measure the outcomes expected of practicum/intern students, using appropriate professional resources that address Standards A, B, and C (School Counseling Programs).
4 PROGRAM OBJECTIVES AND CURRICULUM Curricular experiences and demonstrated knowledge in each of the eight common core areas are required of all students in the program. The eight common core areas follow: 1. PROFESSIONAL IDENTITY studies that provide an understanding of all of the following aspects of professional functioning: a. history and philosophy of the counseling profession, including significant factors and events; b. professional roles, functions, and relationships with other human service providers; c. technological competence and computer literacy; d. professional organizations, including ASCA/ACA, its divisions, branches, and affiliates, including membership benefits, activities, services to members, and current emphases; e. professional credentialing, including certification, licensure, and accreditation practices and standards, and the effects of public policy on these issues; f. public and private policy processes, including the role of the professional counselor in advocating on behalf of the profession; g. advocacy processes needed to address institutional and social barriers that impede access, equity, and success for clients; and h. ethical standards of ASCA, ACA, and related entities, and applications of ethical and legal considerations in professional counseling. 2. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY studies that provide an understanding of the cultural context of relationships, issues, and trends in a multicultural and diverse society related to such factors as culture, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, sexual orientation, mental and physical characteristics, education, family values, religious and spiritual values, socioeconomic status and unique characteristics of individuals, couples, families, ethnic groups, and communities including all of the following: a. multicultural and pluralistic trends, including characteristics and concerns between and within diverse groups nationally and internationally; b. attitudes, beliefs, understandings, and acculturative experiences, including specific experiential learning activities; c. individual, couple, family, group, and community strategies for working with diverse populations and ethnic groups; d. counselors roles in social justice, advocacy and conflict resolution, cultural selfawareness, the nature of biases, prejudices, processes of intentional and unintentional oppression and discrimination to the growth of the human spirit, mind, or body; e. theories of multicultural counseling, theories of identity development, and multicultural competencies; and f. ethical and legal considerations.
5 3. HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT studies that provide an understanding of the nature and needs of individuals at all developmental levels, including all of the following: a. theories of individual and family development and transitions across the life-span; b. theories of learning and personality development; c. human behavior including an understanding of developmental crises, disability, exceptional behavior, addictive behavior, psychopathology, and situational and environmental factors that affect both normal and abnormal behavior; d. strategies for facilitating optimum development over the life-span; and e. ethical and legal considerations. 4. CAREER DEVELOPMENT studies that provide an understanding of career Development and related life factors, including all of the following: a. career development theories and decision-making models; b. career, avocational, educational, occupational and labor market information resources, visual and print media, computer-based career information systems, and other electronic career information systems; c. career development program planning, organization, implementation, administration, and evaluation; d. interrelationships among and between work, family, and other life roles and factors including the role of diversity and gender in career development; e. career and educational planning, placement, follow-up, and evaluation; f. assessment instruments and techniques that are relevant to career planning and decision making; g. technology-based career development applications and strategies, including computer-assisted career guidance and information systems and appropriate worldwide web sites; h. career counseling processes, techniques, and resources, including those applicable to specific populations; and i. ethical and legal considerations. 5. HELPING RELATIONSHIPS studies that provide an understanding of counseling and consultation processes, including all of the following: a. counselor and consultant characteristics and behaviors that influence helping processes including age, gender, and ethnic differences, verbal and nonverbal behaviors and personal characteristics, orientations, and skills; b. an understanding of essential interviewing and counseling skills so that the student is able to develop a therapeutic relationship, establish appropriate counseling goals, design intervention strategies, evaluate client outcome, and successfully terminate the counselor-client relationship. Studies will also facilitate student self-awareness so that the counselor-client relationship is therapeutic and the counselor maintains appropriate professional boundaries;
6 c. counseling theories that provide the student with a consistent model(s) to conceptualize client presentation and select appropriate counseling interventions. Student experiences should include an examination of the historical development of the counseling theories, an exploration of affective, behavioral, and cognitive theories, and an opportunity to apply the theoretical material to case studies. Students will also be exposed to models of counseling that are consistent with current professional research and practice in the field so that they can begin to develop a personal model of counseling; d. a systems perspective that provides an understanding of family and other systems theories and major models of family and related interventions. Students will be exposed to a rationale for selecting family and other systems theories as appropriate modalities for family assessment and counseling; e. a general framework for understanding and practicing consultation. Student experiences should include an examination of the historical development of consultation, an exploration of the stages of consultation and the major models of consultation, and an opportunity to apply the theoretical material to case presentations. Students will begin to develop a personal model of consultation; f. integration of technological strategies and applications within counseling and consultation processes; and g. ethical and legal considerations. 6. GROUP WORK studies that provide both theoretical and experiential understandings of group purpose, development, dynamics, counseling theories, group counseling methods and skills, and other group approaches, including all of the following: a. principles of group dynamics, including group process components, developmental stage theories, groups members roles and behaviors, and therapeutic factors of group work; b. group leadership styles and approaches, including characteristics of various types of group leaders and leadership styles; c. theories of group counseling, including commonalities, distinguishing characteristics, and pertinent research and literature; d. group counseling methods, including group counselor orientations and behaviors, appropriate selection criteria and methods, and methods of evaluation of effectiveness; e. approaches used for other types of group work, including task groups, psycho educational groups, and therapy groups; f. professional preparation standards for group leaders; and g. ethical and legal considerations. 7. ASSESSMENT studies that provide an understanding of individual and group approaches to assessment and evaluation, including all of the following: a. historical perspectives concerning the nature and meaning of assessment;
7 b basic concepts of standardized and non-standardized testing and other assessment techniques including norm-referenced and criterion-referenced assessment, environmental assessment, performance assessment, individual and group test and inventory methods, behavioral observations, and computer-managed and computerassisted methods; c. statistical concepts, including scales of measurement, measures of central tendency, indices of variability, shapes and types of distributions, and correlations; d. reliability (i.e., theory of measurement error, models of reliability, and the use of reliability information); e. validity (i.e., evidence of validity, types of validity, and the relationship between reliability and validity); f. age, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, language, disability, culture, spirituality, and other factors related to the assessment and evaluation of individuals, groups, and specific populations; g. strategies for selecting, administering, and interpreting assessment and evaluation instruments and techniques in counseling; h. an understanding of general principles and methods of case conceptualization, assessment, and/or diagnoses of mental and emotional status; and i. ethical and legal considerations. 8. RESEARCH AND PROGRAM EVALUATION studies that provide an understanding of research methods, statistical analysis, needs assessment, and program evaluation, including all of the following: a. the importance of research and opportunities and difficulties in conducting research in the counseling profession; b. research methods such as qualitative, quantitative, single-case designs, action research, and outcome-based research; c. use of technology and statistical methods in conducting research and program evaluation, assuming basic computer literacy; d. principles, models, and applications of needs assessment, program evaluation, and use of findings to effect program modifications; e. use of research to improve counseling effectiveness; and f. ethical and legal considerations. | <urn:uuid:d0a8b5ac-94bf-47b1-aa28-478d37fe547d> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://docplayer.net/19901613-Standards-for-guidance-counseling-programs.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687333.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920161029-20170920181029-00501.warc.gz | en | 0.922248 | 3,109 | 2.84375 | 3 |
California Genealogy and History Archives
|Thomas Gilbert Cook
Whatever may be accomplished in future years by the agriculturists of California, whatever of success they may attain, whatever of prosperity they may enjoy and whatever improvements they may consummate on their country estates, a due share of praise for the advancement may be given to the native-born sons of the commonwealth, the men who were reared in the environment with which they are still familiar and who from their earliest recollections were trained to a knowledge of our climate and soil, together with the best methods of conducting agricultural operations under conditions existent in the west.
A son of Isaac F. and Eliza (Hopper) Cook, both natives of Missouri and early pioneers of California, Thomas Gilbert Cook were born on the parental homestead in Sonoma county January 10, 1862. The district schools in the vicinity of his home gave him his first insight into books, and established the foundation upon which he has since added a worthy superstructure by reading and observation. The close of his school days marked the beginning of his career as a tiller of the soil, and occupation which he has followed continuously ever since, with the result that he is an expert in his calling and enjoys financial results in keeping with his efforts. Sonoma county was the field of his early operations, but after a time he transferred his interests to Mendocino county, where for thirteen years he carried on a ranch. At the end of this time he returned to Sonoma county, and near Santa Rosa purchased the ranch on which he now resides, on Rural Route No. 3. For a number of years, or until 1901, general ranching and cattle-raising formed his chief industries, but in later years he has turned his attention to fruit-raising, and raising grapes and hay, in all of which he is successful, thus proving his adaptability to any line of agriculture to which he might wish to turn his hand.
During early manhood, in 1884, Mr. Cook formed
domestic ties by his marriage with Miss Laura McCulloch, a native of
California who passed much of his his early life in Mendocino county.
Two children were born of this marriage, a daughter and son. Maude E.,
born in 1886, is now the wife of Philo0 Phillips, and the mother of one
child, Wesley, born in 1903. Grover Cleveland Cook, born in 1888, is at
home. The mother of these children died in 1901, and in 1905 Mr. Cook
married his present wife, formerly Miss Annie Shaw, a native of Indiana.
No children have been born of this marriage. Nominally Mr. Cook is a
Republican, but in reality he does not belong to any party, for in the
casting of his vote he is entirely independent, the fitness of the
candidate and not the party which he represents being his guide in this
matter. While he is not a member of any church organization, no one
could be more interested in the welfare of his fellowmen than he is, and
no opportunity to serve them or benefit his community in any way in his
power passes his notice. His interest in the subject of good roads has
led his fellow-citizens to elect him road commissioner, and the result
of his efforts may be seen in the fine condition of the Petaluma and
Santa Rosa road, and the Cotati and Belleview road, both of which are a
credit to the county and to the citizens also. Fraternally Mr. Cook is
identified with but one order, the Ancient Order of Foresters of
Willits, Mendocino county. He joined the order while living there and
has never transferred his membership to his present place of residence.
Transcribed by Peggy Hooper 2011 | <urn:uuid:fd66463b-ee11-487a-9cf8-c79005eccabe> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cagha/biographies2/bios2/cook-thomas-gilbert.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609533121.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005213-00001-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98823 | 780 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Baseball’s National League — one of two leagues that make up modern Major League Baseball — was founded in 1876.
Three years later, Buffalo joined the National League, playing at Riverside Park on Buffalo’s West Side.
The park was bounded by West Avenue, Vermont Street, Rhode Island Street and Fargo Avenue. The park was small, and other teams complained that it gave the Buffalo club an advantage.
The homerun wasn’t as universally well-thought-of in the early days of the game, and some felt Buffalo’s team was a lesser squad for taking advantage of the short fences.
“The day the snow goes,” wrote a Syracuse newspaper in 1879, “the Buffalo nine will commence practicing the knack of knocking the ball over the fence of the corral they call a ballpark.”
It was in part those home runs that helped ignite excitement in Buffalo over the new sport.
“Everyone else is talking base ball, and why shouldn’t we?” asked the Buffalo Express in 1881, after the Buffaloes defeated the Chicago team that wouldn’t officially be renamed “the Cubs” for another 26 years. “Three successive defeats of the champions by the Buffalo team make a ‘base ball’ event of quite enough note to set all tongues wagging.”
Six seasons of Bisons baseball, including five seasons in the National League, were played in the park. Over the next decade, pieces of the lot where the ballpark once stood were sold off to developers, and Buffalo baseball moved to the first Olympic Park at the northeast corner of Summer and Richmond.
When that new ballpark opened, the Buffalo Commercial bragged that “The Buffaloes … had the best base ball grounds in the country.”
By the time he opened the “Invalids’ and Tourists’ Hotel” at Porter and Prospect avenues in 1878 on the West Side, Dr. R.V. Pierce had long run a mail order quack medicine dispensary from Buffalo and had also been elected state senator.
“There is no quarter of the civilized world where his remedies aren’t known,” said The Buffalo Express upon the completion of the building. Pierce chose Buffalo as his base of operations because, The Express reported, that statistics “prove dispute that Buffalo outranks in healthfulness all other cities of the United States.”
The paper called the finished hotel “superb in its completeness, one of the proudest ornaments of a city famed for its beauty.”
The piazzas and grand porches of the building provided stunning views of the Niagara River and Lake Erie, and newspaper accounts printed around the country gushed about “bath appliances of all sorts, a steam elevator, and a fully furnished gymnasium.”
As the name would imply, the campus was split into two distinct sections. One for summer tourists and “a pleasant and cheerful home for invalids in search of health in a delightful, bracing and invigorating climate.”
“Chronic diseases of every sort will be treated in the sanitarium,” reported The New York Times.
Like many of Buffalo’s grand structures of the era, it was destroyed by fire in 1881. The site is now a part of the D’Youville College campus.
For many decades following, Dr. Pierce’s hotel and dispensary were on the 600 block of Main Street opposite Shea’s Buffalo. The Pierce Building still stands there.
In 1880, the spot where Johnnie B. Wiley Stadium – once known as War Memorial Stadium – stands, was on the far outskirts of the city.
The big landmark along Jefferson Street between Best and Dodge wasn’t “The Rockpile,” but was across the street from the stadium where the Stanley Makowski Early Childhood Center now stands.
The school was built on what was once the campus of the Gerhard Lang Brewery. Built in 1875, the brewery was marked as No. 57 on the 1880 map.
It would be another 10 years before there was any activity on the land on the other side of Jefferson Avenue.
In 1880, the Prospect Hill Reservoir was still Buffalo’s primary source for drinking water. Located at Niagara and Connecticut streets, the original reservoir spot has been the home of the Connecticut Street Armory for more than 100 years.In 1893, the new Prospect Reservoir started serving as Buffalo’s stand-by water source on Jefferson Avenue.
A generation later, that second reservoir would be replaced by War Memorial Stadium as a Depression-era WPA project.
Heading north from Canalside toward the Peace Bridge, the I-190 was built in the bed of the Erie Canal.
It’s difficult to imagine a ride along the Erie Canal, with some of today’s landmarks there with the old waterway. You’d be floating north past the Channel 7 studios, then Genesee Street going right up to the edge of the water, then the BlueCross BlueShield headquarters, then Court Street going right up to the edge of the water – but that’s what it would have looked like if the canal was magically put back in the spot where it once sat.
The shipbuilding yard of George Notter was at the foot of Virginia Street, where Virginia met the canal. This 1883 photo shows Notter’s shipyard, the Erie Canal, and the strip of land between the canal and the water.
Today, the spot once occupied by the Notter building is about where the Niagara Street northbound on-ramp to the I-190 starts to curve. The canal is paved over with the Niagara Extension of the Thruway, and the strip of land with small houses to the right is now LaSalle Park.
Vernors Ginger Ale is an iconic Detroit staple, but for at least a century, Buffalo has been one of the biggest secondary markets of the unique pop brand.
Not everyone is a fan of the sweet, peppery, spicy, “deliciously different” Vernors – but if you are, it’s one of those tastes that makes this place home.
For decades, Buffalo got its fix of Motor City pop via Great Lakes steam power. Crates of Vernors made their way across Lake Erie on the same ships, like the “City of Buffalo” of the D&C line, that once carried passengers to all the major Great Lakes ports.
In 1926, the James Vernor Company bought the former Pierce-Arrow showroom at 752-758 Main St., and set up a bottling plant and retail shop after “the success attained by Vernors Ginger Ale in Buffalo forced the company to seek larger and permanent headquarters” in Western New York.
The soft drink was popular in bottles and at soda fountains and drink counters. “The Boston Cooler” was a popular drug store treat, mixing Vernors and vanilla ice cream. It was one of the featured specials in the early days of Anderson’s, and was a big hit at Kenmore’s Henel Bros. Dairy as well.
One less-popular recipe that Vernors printed in newspapers encouraged parents to mix their children’s milk with Vernors for “a drink children find irresistible,” touting it as a “healthful, rich beverage with a stimulating zest and sparkle.”
Through the 1950s and 1960s, Vernors ads could be heard on WKBW Radio, with Danny Neaverth and other KB stars reminding baby boomer teens that “Vernors has va-va-voom,” contributing to the beverage’s ongoing popularity here.
The company’s retail store stood in the beautiful marble and terra cotta Vernor building for 25 years before being sold in 1951. The bottling rights were franchised a few years later, bought up by the same company that produced Squirt and Hires.
The Vernor Building was sold several times and fell into disrepair. It was torn down in 2007, in what Buffalo City Court Judge Henry Nowak called “a classic case of demolition by neglect.”
Detroit Pharmacist James Vernor created the beverage in 1866. His family sold the business 100 years later in 1966. Today, the brand is owned by Dr. Pepper.
From just about the moment that construction on Buffalo’s City Hall was completed on Niagara Square, the mostly Italian immigrant, mostly poor neighborhood became the target of those wishing to “give the city a cleaner look.”
One front page Courier-Express headline read, “6,000 dwell in slums in the shadow of City Hall. 85 acres of misery near civic center.”
The story goes on to call the blocks behind City Hall “the most wretched in the city,” noting the area ranked second in murders committed, second in tuberculosis and social diseases. Words like ramshackle, dilapidated and reeking were used.
The 1936 article never specifically mentioned that it was a district of mostly Italian families, but the story of life inside of one building with a hole in the roof left the reader with little doubt.
An elderly woman was making macaroni with “welfare” flour. She rolled a thin sheet of pastry around the rib of an umbrella and after withdrawing the steel from the tube of pastry chopped it into small pieces with a knife. The macaroni was dried on a clean sheet on one of the beds, because there was no other space available.
Before City Hall was built on Niagara Square, city fathers tried to address the poverty in the area through education. More than anywhere else in the city, children worked to help feed their families.
State law was changed in 1922 to say that all children up to age 17 must receive at least half a day’s worth of schooling. With that new law in mind, Buffalo’s board of education bought an old furniture warehouse at the corner of Georgia Street and Caldwell Place (which was later Newark Alley) right in the middle of this poor, overcrowded neighborhood.
The old brick factory was to become Buffalo’s first “part-time school” for children who worked. They needed special and intricate accommodation according to educators.
“Adolescent working children, it is declared, possess individual differences to a much greater extent than those children without the worldly experience which comes through contacts made as employees,” read the newspaper account announcing the opening of the school.
The school’s primary objectives were to prepare students for citizenship and to “stimulate the moral of these working children, to help them obtain and hold an optimistic viewpoint on life and then keep them on the road to successful, useful, and happy citizenship.”
The building came down during one of many urban renewal projects in the neighborhood over the decades. Neither the buildings nor the streetscape survives. The spot where the school once stood is the in the midst of the government subsidized senior housing which is fronted along Niagara Street behind City Hall.
Remember when the milk man used to deliver the milk right to your back door?
Well, the people who collect the trucks our milkmen used to drive are getting together in WNY next week.
The Divco Club of America will be holding it’s 2018 convention in Hamburg starting next week, and their trucks will be on display at the Hamburger Festival on July 21st.
Divco trucks were seen all over WNY and all around the country starting in the 1920s, and used for milk and bread deliveries.
It was in March 30, 1982, that Carl Heim made one last era-ending trip through the streets of Buffalo.
The cartons shown being loaded into this truck were the last home-delivered milk from Upstate Milk Cooperatives, the area’s largest dairy supplier.
Upstate, which sold the Sealtest brand, was the last of the big dairies to end home service, though several smaller dairies vowed to continue.
The biggest factor in dropping service to Buffalo’s side and back doors was the growing disparity between the premium cost of delivered milk and the increasingly cheaper prices being charged by large grocery stores.
In 1932, Buffalo was swept up in the celebration of the city’s centennial, and many groups and organizations that had existed through those 100 years took the opportunity to celebrate their own existence as well.
The Buffalo Academy of Medicine — particularly proud that Buffalo’s first mayor, Ebenezer Johnson, was a medical doctor — wrote a lengthy history of the practice of medicine from Buffalo’s frontier days right up to the most modern advances 1932 could offer.
The most interesting part, however, might not be that dryly written narrative, but the index of hospitals open in Buffalo in the centennial year.
Buffalo Stories archives
The directory offers a glimpse of medical care in a different era: the J.N. Adam Memorial Hospital devoted to the “various phases of tuberculosis.” The Moses Taylor Hospital in Lackawanna “chiefly for the care of industrial accident cases.” Buffalo State Hospital, “a special state hospital of 2,400 beds devoted entirely to mental diseases.”
Several of the hospitals also took out ads in the booklet — they give a look at some of the hospital buildings around Buffalo as they stood 85 years ago.
Forty years removed, it’s still evident if you think about it — despite all the death, destruction and jokes, Buffalonians enjoyed the Blizzard of ’77.
On the storm’s first anniversary, University at Buffalo researcher Arthur G. Cryns released a report that outlined the results of a detailed survey of 104 random Western New Yorkers.
By now this anniversary week, you’ve become reacquainted with the numbers. There were at least 23 deaths, 13,000 people were stranded away from home and 175,000 workers lost $36 million in wages.
“The blizzard furnished a considerable proportion of area residents with a welcome reprieve from the routines and obligations of everyday life,” Cryns told the Associated Press in 1978. “Others found occasion in the storm to celebrate and have a good time.”
Cryns’ survey also found that while Buffalonians still held a generally positive outlook on area weather, it was also clear that most people would be more cautious and more vigilant for future predictions of snow emergencies. That prediction has proved true.
The survey might now even have been necessary, as on that first anniversary of the blizzard, Buffalo held the first Blizzard Ball.
Allentown antiques and art dealer Bill Eaton was one of the founders of the Blizzard Ball, which ran for every year for a decade and a few later anniversaries of the storm as well.
“Maybe the blizzard was lousy for business and plenty of other things, but it brought out fellowship in the people of Buffalo,” Eaton told The News in 1978. “Most of us had fun. Got to know one another better.”
Exactly two weeks after the blizzard had started, an editorial in the Buffalo Evening News wrapped it up this way:
“The fact remains that the people of this area were put to an extremely rugged test, which they passed with courage, character and good humor. And that, too, ought to become a permanent part of the Buffalo legend and image associated with the Blizzard of ’77.” | <urn:uuid:0ca84373-6951-4c6e-842d-d44fb0973b4a> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | http://blog.buffalostories.com/tag/west-side/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296949025.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20230329182643-20230329212643-00718.warc.gz | en | 0.966492 | 3,260 | 2.578125 | 3 |
by Jindan Chen*
What were German geographers up to under the Third Reich from 1933 to 1945? What were their researching emphases in this period? How did politics and World War II influence the development of geography in Germany? With these questions in mind, I came across Carl Troll’s review article, “Geographic Science in Germany during the Period 1933-1945: A Critique and Justification” (Die geographische Wissenschaft in Deutschland in den Jahren 1933 bis 1945: Eine Kritik und Rechtfertigung). Carl Troll was a German geographer during the administration of Third Reich. The first part of this review was published as the opening article of the new German geographical journal after the war, Erdkunde: Archiv fur Wissenschaftliche Geographie. Immediately after its issue in May 1947, the article was translated into English by Dr. Eric Fischer of the University of Virginia and published in Annals of the Association of American Geographers in June 1949.
I suppose the initial motivation of Troll to craft this article was, as he argued in this article, to confirm “German geographers were able to produce genuinely scientific work in spite of the Nazi pressure.” The word “genuine” appeared ten times in this article. The high-frequent use of “genuine” could make you have a strong sense that Troll was making every effort to emphasize the sound and honest work done by German geographers under harsh conditions particular to this period. Nonetheless, the more he stressed the achievements, the more severe one feels the damage must have been due to the intervention of political doctrine.
Troll scrutinized almost every aspect of the development in German geography. There was damage and there were achievements. The damage was caused principally by forcing researchers to pander to the need of political ideology. Research results were loaded with political meanings. The conclusions were no longer simple reflections on relations between geographic factors. Instead, these geographical relations indicated certain political values. In this situation, some research areas coming up with results opposed to the preference of Nazis administration were forbidden, and some research areas were flooded with tons of faked data in order to agree with what the Nazi leaders advocated.
Take economic geography for example. One branch of this geography dealt with how resources for economic activities are distributed across the world. One student of German economic geographer Leo Waibel took up a statistical study on the proportion of imports from tropical countries to German over the past thirty-five years. The study reflected that the German economy largely depended upon the import of raw materials. The problem with this finding was it implied there would be a high risk of waging a war of long duration. This was absolutely against the desire of Nazi administrators. Therefore, any study in regard to the dependence of German economy on foreign resources was shut down.
On the other hand, achievements were made, but with great pains and wise tactics. The most interesting example to me was the progress in physical geography. At first, the development of physical geography was repressed by the Third Reich. The reason was administrators found it hard to make use of the research results in support of their political contentions. Ironically, as the war started, knowledge in air force, marine meteorology, military geography, cartography, and military terrain science was in high demand. Consequently, research in every branch of physical geography gained support. Whenever political leaders tended to interfere with the investigation of this field, researched resorted to “military importance” to protect their normal scientific research. In this sense, war spurred and protected the development of geography.
It is no doubt that in this article we see again the effects of political intervention on the course of science. At least there are two things we could learn from the struggle. For one thing, it is extremely problematic to judge research that is tied to political implications, as in the case of the choking of economic geography. For another, when the research is directly related to the interests of the administrative power, like the application of physical geography to war, politics acts as a stimulation to promote scientific research and shields research activities from political manipulation.
C. Troll, “Geographic Science in Germany during the Period 1933-1945: A Critique and Justification,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 39: 2 (Jun., 1949), pp. 99-137
Image from http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/chronob/TROL1899.htm
*Jindan Chen is pursuing a Master’s degree in History of Science at Oregon State University. | <urn:uuid:5a641baf-7641-4f3e-9321-35c2aad1081f> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://blogs.oregonstate.edu/historyofscience/2012/02/12/reflection-how-one-german-geographer-saw-his-science-under-the-third-reich/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163800358/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133000-00046-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.963588 | 950 | 2.625 | 3 |
Aerosol's optical and physical characteristics and direct radiative forcing during a shamal dust storm, a case study
Abstract. Dust aerosols are analyzed for their optical and physical properties during an episode of a dust storm that blew over Kuwait on 26 March 2003 when the military Operation Iraqi Freedom was in full swing. The intensity of the dust storm was such that it left a thick suspension of dust throughout the following day, 27 March. The synoptic sequence leading to the dust storm and the associated wind fields are discussed. Ground-based measurements of aerosol optical thickness reached 3.617 and 4.17 on 26 and 27 March respectively while the Ångstrom coefficient, α870/440, dropped to −0.0234 and −0.0318. Particulate matter concentration of 10 μm diameter or less, PM10, peaked at 4800 μg m−3 during dust storm hours of 26 March. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) by Deep Blue algorithm and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aerosol index (AI) exhibited high values. Latitude–longitude maps of AOD and AI were used to deduce source regions of dust transport over Kuwait. The vertical profile of the dust layer was simulated using the SKIRON atmospheric model. Instantaneous net direct radiative forcing is calculated at top of atmosphere (TOA) and surface level. The thick dust layer of 26 March resulted in cooling the TOA by −60 Wm−2 and surface level by −175 Wm−2 for a surface albedo of 0.35. Slightly higher values were obtained for 27 March due to the increase in aerosol optical thickness. Radiative heating/cooling rates in the shortwave and longwave bands were also examined. Shortwave heating rate reached a maximum value of 2 K day−1 between 3 and 5 km, dropped to 1.5 K day−1 at 6 km and diminished at 8 km. Longwave radiation initially heated the lower atmosphere by a maximum value of 0.2 K day−1 at surface level, declined sharply at increasing altitude and diminished at 4 km. Above 4 km longwave radiation started to cool the atmosphere slightly reaching a maximum rate of −0.1 K day−1 at 6 km. | <urn:uuid:e92920a6-2098-4c54-92ae-88c2a56d1e39> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/3751/2014/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653930.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607143116-20230607173116-00333.warc.gz | en | 0.939018 | 478 | 2.703125 | 3 |
System B1 utilizes simple computer vision techniques to allow a user to control their system using hand and finger motion. 2-button mouse emulation is provided, and includes a simple gesture-recognition system to allow users instant access to pre-defined functionality.
The system was built and tested to be used in a day to day office environment, or to be used as a mouse replacement for laptops in restricted horizontal space.
Other potential uses:
Mouse control in head mounted displays
Gesture-based control for home entertainment systems
For the impatient, videos and pictures are provided in the resources section, (these may be pulled in the advent of an excess level of traffic).
Please note that this is a first-draft quality writeup, limited by the amount of time available to spend on documentation. Error reports and suggestions would be greatly appreciated.
Concept 1. Build a glove with superbright (3000mCd+) LEDs on the end of each finger, figure out the position of each finger and translate movements into computer commands (moving the mouse, clicking, rotation etc).
This idea was tested by stickytaping keychain LEDs to our fingers and seeing how the camera viewed the data - even after turning exposure down to 1/2000th of second, the LEDs still flooded the display, and produced vertical streaks. In addition, it seems that many superbright LEDs have a narrower field of projection, meaning that the LEDs would have to be pointed at the webcam.
In addition, while a solution such as this may be suitable for a gesture based system (it would excel at recognising hand rotation, for example), no software exists to take advantage of this, and for demonstration and usability purposes, it would be better to build a glove that emulates a mouse (clicking and dragging).
Concept 2. Mount an LED on the end of the index finger of a glove, and mount two switches on the user's middle finger, to be activated by the user's thumb - these switches would light two LEDs that would be picked up by the software to produce mouse clicks.
After obtaining a suitable glove, it was noticed that typing with full-length gloves is like trying to eat chocolate with oven mitts, and even with the thinnest of gloves, having an LED on the end of your finger also introduces considerable errors (such as when it gets stuck in your laptop keyboard, and extrication results in keys flying everywhere).
Concept 3. Mount the green 'pointing' LED on a ring to be worn around the middle of the user's index finger, allowing them to type and move without restriction, and mount two switches and accompanying LEDs on another ring to be worn around the middle of the user's middle finger.
This would allow a user to place their thumb on the middle finger switches, and point their index finger slightly upwards to allow the green LED to be seen by the webcam. The middle finger LEDs would be visible when the middle finger was pointed downwards (see figure 3 below). The ring orientation would allow the LED to be swivelled around to the top of the user's index finger, to be used in 'hands down' situations (so the user can leave their hands on the keyboard, with the webcam pointing down from the top of the screen).
Figure 1. Circuit Diagram.
As depicted in Figure 1, the glove used an extremely simple circuit, with the LEDs mounted on two velcro straps acting as 'rings'. The index finger was home to the non-switch glove, while the middle finger hosted the bigger velcro strap, allowing the user's thumb to access the two switches (Figure 2, below).
Figure 2. Component locations.
The actual construction of the glove involved lots of glue, electrical tape, and melting plastic velcro bits. Powered by two AAA batteries, it was estimated that the system would run for around 80 hours before requiring a change of batteries. View a closeup of the middle ring.
The webcam was a USB Logitech Quickcam for Notebooks Pro, which had special mounting legs to allow it to hang from the top of a laptop screen, at any angle from horizontal to pointing down at the keyboard. The laptop used sported a P3-M 1Ghz processor, and had been able to perform real video processing tasks with ease in the past.
Written in C++, using a directshow framegrabber kindly provided by Andreas Müller, the software could grab 320x240 images at the webcam's maximum transfer rate of 30fps. The webcam exposure time was set to 1/2000th of a second, to filter out any non-LED imagery (it works best indoors, and still has issues with bright lights such as other monitors). Points of brightness were isolated (based on distance from previously known points), colour and relative position data was then used to determine what LEDs were active (and therefore which mouse buttons to emulate).
Since functionality for turning the pointing LED on and off wasn't available, mouse movement was set to 'absolute' - positioning the pointer in the top-left cornert of the webcam's vision would place the mouse cursor in the top-left corner of the screen. A buffer zone (20% of the image) was added to the input image to allow users to easily reach the edges of the screen.
Figure 3. Camera's view of the user with buffer zone darkened.
Sub-pixel prescision was obtained by weighting the position based on how bright certain pixels are, a similar technique was used to determine the average colour of each point. This allows the user to position their cursor anywhere on a 1600x1200 screen, despite only using 256x192 (320x240 minus the 64x48 buffer zone) for the input (lower screen + higher video resolutions would perform more accurately, however).
We used strokeit to perform the gesture recognition.
Unfortunately, the first thing that was apparent was that while we'd done most of our testing with the green LED, the two LEDs used for the mouse buttons suffered from a few unforseen problems
Despite having the same mCd rating, the red LED was much darker than the green LED.
The yellow LED showed up quite green on the webcam image (and the green LED showed up quite yellow).
The red darkness problem was addressed by lowering the brightness threshold for detecting LEDs, although now the system is too sensitive to use in well-lit areas.
The yellow/green LED issue was addressed by using the topmost point for movement, and the lower one (if visible) for right-mouse button emulation. This works well in all but 'hands down' situations, where one would probably use the left-most point for movement.
The test machine had been previously configured to have an extremely small interface - all desktop icons had been shrunk to half their default size, all system fonts had been reduced to 7pt, and title bars /scroll bars and minimize+close buttons had all been shrunk to 60% of their original size, all on a 1400x1050 res screen. This made all system areas relatively hard to hit, even with a normal mouse.
Using the shrunken scrollbars was almost impossible on account that they require the user to move the cursor in a perfectly straight line without straying from the scrollbar area. Using Windows' hierachical menus with the shrunken system fonts was also extremely hard, and required an extremely steady hand. Most other common tasks were accomplished relatively quickly, however.
To simulate a more common scenario, we tested with a system resolution at both 800x600 and 1024x768 and using the default WindowsXP skin, which is slightly larger than the 'classic' skin. In this situation, all tasks were performed much more quickly, although scrollbars presented the occasional problem.
When attached to objects with motion that could be mechanically controlled (eg toy cars) the motion across the screen was smooth and consistent, suggesting that the accuracy errors were due to shakey finger motion.
Thanks to the absolute-positioning model using the system at a range of more than 3 metres required far too much movement by the user in order to go from one side of the screen to the other, and at this range the LEDs were extremely hard to pick out and separate. Although at this range, the small jitters in finger motion weren't as easy to pick up, and so the overall accuracy was greatly improved.
There was a perceptable lag in the mouse motion (you can see the correlation between real movement and mouse movement in the video in the resources section), although we have used wireless mice with laggier movement. Thanks to the 30hz update rate, the overall motion was smooth (and again, we've used wireless mice that have been jerkier).
Using the mouse buttons worked well; we were able to perform simple gestures using strokeit (as seen in the video). However, because the mouse-button controlling LEDs are located approximately 2" diagonally down-right of the pointer LED, they are out of the camera's field of view when the pointer LED is at the bottom or right edges of the screen. This makes it extremely hard to click on the items in the windows task bar (it's possible, but you have to cross your fingers). Also, due to the weakness of the red LED, sometimes it lost tracking if not pointed directly at the webcam, producing an undesired rapid-clicking effect.
While idle the software reached 40% CPU + 12mB RAM Utilization if the display was active, and 30% CPU + 8mB RAM utilization if all drawing functions were turned off. While MS-Office applications continued unhindered, Photoshop would occasionally freeze up for fractions of a second, and Quake3's framerate dropped from low 30s to the low 20s.
This interface performed admirably - speed and accuracy were far beyond our modest expectations. But in the next version of this glove, we would likely make the following improvements:
Use brighter LEDs: not only would this increase the range with which the device could be used, but it would also allow us to reduce the brightness sensitivity, making the unit more usable in medium-light situations (we still doubt that it would be useful in the full brightness of Australian sunshine, however).
Use watch batteries mounted inside the rings: this idea was originally panned on the grounds that battery life would be reduced to a couple of hours at most, and watch batteries are expensive and not rechargable. But demonstration-level glove, this would be more visibly impressive and less intrusive. Currently the glove goes against our 'do not make the user look like a cyborg' goals.
Use a firewire camera: currently the USB connection is limiting the capture rate to 320x240@30hz with a medium-level of image quality. Firewire cameras currently on the market would allow 640x480@60hz, allowing smoother motion, higher image quality and increased accuracy and range, as well as allowing us to increase the size of the buffer zone, making it easier to detect the mouse-LEDs when the pointer is at the frame's edge. Firewire also places less strain on the processor than USB, hopefully leading to a decrease in CPU utilization.
In addition, the following possibilities should also be considered:
Use infrared LEDs: Most webcam CCDs are sensitive to infrared light, so if we used IR LEDs, we could put an IR-pass filter over the webcam to filter out the normal light. This would have issues with differentiation of colour, but could potentially be a low-power system, using IR-reflecting stickers for capturing pointer motion.
Build a head-band version: This would enable complete hands-free use of the mouse - clicking could be performed by eyebrow or jaw movement - this would make an ideal mouse-control system for the disabled. (naturalpoint are currently offering a similar product that uses foot pedals or dwell-clicking for mouse button emulation).
Use two cameras: Using binocular vision techniques, this could figure out the location of the user's hand in three dimensional space.
Most importantly however, we must consider escape from the mouse context - in Minority Report, we saw Tom Cruise sifting through a stream of consciousness using a pair of LED-gauged gloves in a manner most unfamiliar to most GUI users of today. And while the ergonomics of such a system can be debated, the fact that a user could continue to use everyday gestures to control a system is worthy of further study, especially in the realm of pervasive computing, where a user should not be expected to continually switch interface metaphors when controlling the real or the virtual.
Armed with more time and experience, we hope to build simple applications to illustrate this idea in the next B-series system.
Videos shakeycam1.mov - 13 seconds, 2mB
shows window dragging, gesturing and general latency.
shakeycam2.mov - 6 seconds, 1mB
shows window dragging, only download if you're REALLY BORED.
Photos (open in new window)
3 5-15mCD LEDs
2 AAA Batteries
Lots of wires
2 mini momentary switches
Velcro cable ties (for rings and wristband)
Dell Inspiron 4100 Laptop
Logitech QuickCam for Notebooks Pro | <urn:uuid:17e0edcd-7ce2-4396-9d9b-864b2b76d388> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://riot.com.au/systems.php?s=b1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500811913.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021331-00169-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951402 | 2,723 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The cervical spine refers to that portion of the spinal column that is within our neck. This portion of the spine needs to be flexible enough to allow us to turn our head from side to side and up and down, but at the same time needs be strong enough to protect the delicate spinal cord and spinal nerves that travel through it.
The cervical spinal column is made up of seven vertebrae and the discs and ligamentous bands between these bones. Each of these seven vertebrae has a channel within it through which the spinal cord travels. As part of the normal aging process, the discs lose some of their water content and start bulging out as we get older. In some patients, however, the bulging of the disc and other arthritic changes between the vertebrae results in narrowing of the space for the spinal cord and its branches, known as nerve roots. ‘Stenosis’ means narrowing and cervical stenosis refers to narrowing of the space for the spinal cord or nerve branches in the cervical spine.
The spinal cord is like the main cable that brings television signals to the house. The spinal nerve roots are branches of the main cable that carry signals to each room within a house. The spinal cord carries signals from the brain into our arms, legs and body and, at the same time, carries signals back to the brain from our arms, legs and body. The spinal nerve roots control individual muscles or are responsible for feeling in certain parts of the arm or leg.
Cervical myelopathy refers to a loss of function in the upper and lower extremities secondary to compression of the spinal cord within the neck. Cervical radiculopathy refers to a loss of function in a specific region within the upper extremity secondary to irritation and / or compression of a spinal nerve root in the neck.
Image: X-ray of neck, showing degenerative spurs between C5 and C6
Cervical myelopathy tends to creep up on patients in most cases. It can result in subtle changes in the way their hands work. Patients feel their hands are clumsier; they may drop objects more often, they may not be able to button their shirts as easily as they could, or their handwriting may become worse. Patients may develop unsteadiness, requiring holding onto objects more frequently while walking. Their gait may become noticeably wobbly. At times, they feel their brain doesn’t know exactly where their legs are in time and space. In extreme cases, patients may develop more profound weakness and numbness in their arms and legs and rarely changes in bowel or bladder control.
Cervical radiculopathy will manifest itself as pain traveling from the neck into a specific region of either arm, forearm or hand. In many instances, this will be accompanied by numbness in a similar distribution or weakness in specific muscles in either the arm, forearm or hand.
(What could I expect if I do nothing?)
The “natural history” of cervical radiculopathy depends in large part on how long the patient has had symptoms for. In patients who present with very early symptoms, the prognosis is generally very good. Most of these patients will have complete resolution of their pain, numbness and weakness over a 6-12 week period.
In patients who have had symptoms for a slightly longer period of time, the prognosis is less clear. Some patients will go onto complete resolution of pain with (and, in some cases, without) limited treatment such as modification of activities, heat, ice, physical therapy or over-the-counter medications. Approximately one third of these patients will have some lingering degree of symptoms that they may be able to cope with. A small percentage will have symptoms that are unbearable and may need further treatment.
Most patients with cervical radiculopathy will be treated initially with non-operative measures. These measures typically include a short period of modification of activities. Modification of activities may include simple techniques such as changing the height of your computer monitor or the height of your chair at work. Your doctor may recommend applying ice or head to the painful area, or using over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications judiciously, keeping in mind that overuse of any medication can be accompanied by unwanted side effects. Prolonged bed rest can lead to deconditioning and is generally not recommended.
In patients whose pain is not controlled with these measures, stronger medications such as prescription anti-inflammatory agents, muscle relaxants or narcotic analgesics may be required for a short period of time. Physical therapy is an important part of the rehabilitation process. Your physical therapist will carry out an evaluation of your function, and then instruct you on proper ergonomics and a gentle program of stretching and flexibility. As the pain resolves, mild strengthening exercises will be instituted. A primary benefit of physical therapy conditioning is avoidance of secondary stiffness or inflammation at your shoulder, elbow or elsewhere in the neck and upper extremities, commonly seen in patients who have pain and weakness.
In some patients with cervical radiculopathy, your NASS doctor may recommend injection treatments for your problem. Most commonly, these will be epidural steroid injections. These are targeted injections of corticosteroid into the area around the nerve that is inflamed in your neck. The purpose of the injection is to reduce the inflammation and relieve the pain associated with the irritated nerve.
In patients with mild cervical stenosis and without clinically obvious myelopathy, cautious nonoperative care is an option. This generally begins with a thorough education regarding their condition. Patients need to understand that narrowed dimensions of their spinal cord can predispose them to myelopathy at some point in the future.
Patients should be cautious to avoid situations or injury that might place their spinal cord at more risk. A short period of immobilization in a soft cervical collar may be helpful in some patients. Physical therapists can help with instructions on proper gait mechanics and the use of canes or walkers that can prevent falls. Occupational therapists can provide suggestions that help with everyday tasks such as bathing, dressing, opening jars or turning keys.
In patients who have narrowing of the space for the spinal cord, progressive myelopathy may be precipitated by the development of degenerative changes with age, injury to the already compressed spinal cord from a fall or motor vehicle collision, spinal instability or a combination of all of the above. If symptoms of cervical myelopathy are evident or progressing, you ought to be assessed by your NASS doctor.
In those patients where nonoperative measures are unsuccessful, surgical measures provide a good option. Your NASS doctor may recommend surgical intervention for cervical radiculopathy either through the front [anterior] or the back [posterior] of the neck, or both the front and back of your neck. Several factors will be considered by your NASS doctor in choosing the type of surgery you undergo. These will include the exact location of any compression on your spinal cord or nerve branches, the number of levels at which there is compression, the overall alignment of your cervical spine and your overall medical condition.
When surgery is carried out through the front of the neck, a small incision is made in the front of your neck. The tissues are gently moved to the side and the cervical vertebrae easily accessed. The structures impinging on the nerve root are removed. Frequently a block of bone obtained from a bone bank or your pelvis will be inserted in the disc space and a metal plate and screws will be used to stabilize two vertebra. Anterior surgery may be required at more than one level and may require removal of the discs and the vertebrae. Following surgery you may be in a neck brace for a short period of time depending on the surgical procedure.
When surgery is carried out through the back [posterior] of the neck, a small incision is made directly over the area where the nerve branches off of the spinal cord. A high speed burr may be used to remove some of the bone spurs impinging on the nerve branch. Small disc fragments can be removed through this hole. Following surgery, a period of immobilization may be used.
Posterior surgery can also involve a wider decompression of the entire cervical spinal cord through two operations: laminectomy and laminoplasty. In both of these operations, the pressure on the spinal cord is relieved by removing portions of the back of the vertebra. In laminectomy, the back of the vertebra is completely removed. In laminoplasty, a hinge is created on one side of the back of the vertebra and the lamina lifted up on this hinge to make room for the spinal cord. Occasionally metal screws and plates are used following either of these operations to stabilize the cervical spinal column.
You should see your NASS doctor if you have worsening function in your arms and/or legs and if your primary care physician feels that this is related to your cervical spine. If you have persistent pain, numbness or weakness in one of your arms that is not relieved following a short period of observation, you should certainly see your NASS doctor.
Your NASS doctor will begin by letting you relate the history of how your symptoms began and how they progressed. You will be asked a series of questions and a physical examination then carried out that is directed primarily at your neck, and nerve function in your arms and legs. Your NASS doctor will check your balance, test your gait.
X-rays may be requested and will in some patients show signs of degenerative changes in the disc spaces or facet joints. Bending x-rays of the neck may show a small degree of “slip slide” between the neck vertebrae.
Magnetic resolution imaging [MRI] of the neck may be ordered. MRI pictures allow your NASS doctor to visualize structures that may be impinging on the spinal cord or the nerve branches. In some patients, injection of dye into the spinal cord [myelogram] may be required and this is followed by CT scans [computerized tomography].
Electrical testing of the nerves and spinal cord is requested in some patients. Electromyogram [EMG] and nerve conduction studies help distinguish cervical radiculopathy from other nerve problems in the arm and forearm such as carpal tunnel syndrome. Somatic sensory evoke potentials [SSEP] are electrical tests that study signal conduction through the spinal cord and may be ordered in some patients with cervical myelopathy.
Image: MRI of neck, showing degenerative changes and severe spinal cord compression at C5/C6 and C6/C7
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The Society of Aviation & Flight Educators (SAFE) recently expanded its online Resource Center. In addition to content tailored to flight, ground, avionics, and maintenance technology instructors, new material has been added specifically for K-12 teachers and educators involved in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) disciplines.
Although most of the content in the Resource Center is exclusively for SAFE members, the organization also maintains a Public Resource Center with training aids, free syllabi, and other material.
In response to a survey of teachers conducted by SAFE’s K-12 Resources Group during AirVenture 2012, an annotated list of online resources was recently added to the Public section. The six-page list was vetted by SAFE and is designed to save time for K-12 teachers looking to introduce aviation and aerospace themes into their classrooms.
According to SAFE Executive Director Doug Stewart, “Our goal is to continue to provide aviation educators — members and non-members alike — with useful and easy-to-access educational resources and thanks to our working relationship with the FAA, members can now access the SAFE-created FAASTeam Flight Instructor Open Forums directly from our Resource Center.”
For more information: SafePilots.org | <urn:uuid:98cecf34-9020-4fb4-aeec-c7f5ba3ea9bc> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://generalaviationnews.com/2012/11/27/aviation-resources-for-k-12-teachers-now-online/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394009669807/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305085429-00097-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950416 | 259 | 2.71875 | 3 |
Chapter 14 Vocabulary. Warriors Don’t Cry. DOUSED. Formal Definition: to plunge into water or the like; drench. Example: After the Patriots won the game, they doused the coach with water. HOAX. Formal Definition: something intended to deceive or defraud; to play a joke.
Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author.While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. | <urn:uuid:98e6a8ba-a318-48d8-98db-198b3a954584> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | http://www.slideserve.com/brooks/warriors-don-t-cry | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818687324.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20170920142244-20170920162244-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.936812 | 135 | 2.96875 | 3 |
In Aikido uke is regarded as a partner and is someone you train with, not someone you train on. An enigma perhaps but, the better one carries out the role of uke the better one's own Aikido will become. If one is just waiting for one’s turn to do the technique then it will be very difficult to learn Aikido.
Jumping through the air and falling is not what we mean by ukemi in Aikido. It is certainly good training, and one should practice falling and getting up in a solid forward, central, or rear posture facing forwards in the direction of travel or from the direction from whence one came. Many variations on this can be made, but it is still not what we are after. Ukemi is the receipt of technique – one must be immobilised or thrown to truly receive.
When receiving technique, the movement should emanate from one's centre. Do not collapse or fall over without good reason, nor jump before being thrown. In the beginning, learn to go wherever tori leads, lightly but firm, and without any apprehension. Next, get past the stage of knowing where one is going to fall - learn to trust tori. Skill at being uke is the single most important factor in determining one's aiki potential.
Flying ukes are fun to train with but one must never fall into the trap of believing it is one's own skill that makes them fly - it is theirs, and if you want that skill, you must fly too. Most of the criticism directed towards Aikido concerns practice where ukes fly too easily. The smart Aikidoka knows that it is but one method of practice where uke might be flying in anticipation of avoiding an incoming strike. Doing it is exhilarating but one must not stray too far from the basics. One needs to actively add energy to the attack and throw uke most of the time. Those ukes who clamp onto tori's wrist hard and resist all movement are usually doing what some jokingly call aiki Judo. Judo is an active art, they make technique on uke and speak of kuzushi and tsukuri, or actively breaking balance and making technique. Of course, it is possible to practice Aikido that way too but it is not the ideal. If uke decides to clamp on hard it is imperative that they press in and contact tori's centre thereby creating a real attack. Uke is not dead meat, uke should not just hang onto tori, uke is alive. We need to train realistically so that when attacked by the stereotypical knife-wielding madman, harmony will emerge from the chaos. Our initial movement will in part stem from our own uke training, and then we revert to tori to gain control. But, of course, if our technique is lacking, or the madman runs out of steam before his attack has chance to work, there is nothing wrong in using all our available kokyu-ryoku strength to take full advantage of the lull in his attack - just recognise that such is not the perfection we desire. But we do need to survive.
Taking Ukemi means to receive technique but in Aikido the role of uke is far more important than just that. Uke has to attack tori so completely that uke is in fact giving themselves to tori to play with. Tori learns to deal with this attacking energy, redirecting it this way or that. Simply, if there is no attack, there can be no technique in Aikido. Tori is not doing the technique on uke, rather, uke is doing it to themselves. This is the ideal, but a more realistic scenario is where tori and uke produce about fifty percent of the technique between them. What commonly happens is that uke’s energy runs out mid-technique, tori swings them around, and then splats them into the tatami - not quite perfect. Rather, uke’s energy should be active the whole time for good aiki to develop. Tori needs something to learn to manipulate. In the latter case, what happened was that tori overtook uke, tori
When receiving pain it is important that uke not grimace or shout uncontrollably. The expression should be normal, controlled; it is the tap that signals the pain. Uke uses two quick taps to signal tori that either, they cannot move, or, the pain limit has been reached. With a simple immobilisation like ikkyo there is often no pain. Here, uke tries to get up, fails, and signals such to tori by tapping and tori releases. If there is pain, then again, uke signals with two quick taps and tori releases. The reason for two taps is that it signifies deliberate decision. A simple tap could be mistaken as general noise within the midst of technique, such as when uke hits the floor with their hand or body when break-falling. If possible, uke taps against tori's arm, leg, or body as this best transmits the message. Failing that, uke taps against their own leg or body or, if lying prone, they tap the floor.
When taking ukemi it is important to breathe. Holding the breath promotes stiffness and such is easily detected by tori. There are many things to remember when training yet some students actually stop breathing when practising. Instead of breathing naturally their breath becomes something akin to grunt. To get over this problem, always emphasise breathing out when practising break-falls. Next, from say koshi-nage, practise breathing out sharply when hitting the floor. And if game, tori can jump down on uke's chest, body-to-body Judo style, just after uke lands, which necessitates another sharp outward breath by uke for their self protection. Tori also breathes out to make the hit.
Uke should continually try to get up, albeit gently. If tori leaves a suki then uke should respond accordingly. Uke could simply escape, deliver atemi, counter, or just get up. For example, the pain of a wrist lock such as nikyo drives uke down, but if released uke should be up immediately. After being fully immobilised on the ground, on release uke should get up quickly; in fact, uke should aim to get up before tori, and tori should aim to prevent it by getting up first.
When repeatedly getting up off of the floor uke should maintain composure and alertness, not looking exhausted. When tired, just stop. Do not look tired, keep the breathing in rhythm. A good teacher ought to spot when one is tired and act accordingly. Training in this way will enable one to become immune to the shock of sudden pain and being able to bear it more will instil in an opponent an amount of uncertainty or self doubt.
The responsive aiki feeling between tori and uke also allows a psychological understanding to develop. One will instinctively know if one’s partner is happy, apprehensive, nervous, or not. Aikido develops this and after time, one will be able to gauge the feelings of others outside of the dojo a little more deeply. Finally, a good uke is someone who would use their common sense to simply avoid a life threatening situation.
In time, your ukemi skill will lead to improved overall skill in Aikido. Also, you will figure out that it really helps with kaeshi-waza, or, returning the technique upon your partner (counters). Simply, if you go with the flow, you should/will learn to reverse that flow. And later still, you should be able to do your waza against someone who resists, or against someone who is trying to counter you. Then, you have it = aiki. But this does not work by magic. You have to plan your training accordingly.
You are not the most important person in the dojo. Your training partner is. They sacrifice their time, energy & body in order to train Aikido with you, for without them, you cannot train. Respect your partner! | <urn:uuid:fe93bddc-3b39-41a4-80d1-561c9c3c4114> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.aikidocornwall.uk/index.php/blog/ukemi | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224653501.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230607010703-20230607040703-00167.warc.gz | en | 0.957154 | 1,726 | 2.53125 | 3 |
9 July 2022.
On July 5, 2022, ‘Derecho Storm System’ hit the states of Minnesota, Nebraska, and Illinois in the United States.
- As the Derecho Storm System reached these state, speed of winds reached to around 140 km per hour.
- Winds knocked down the power lines as well as trees.
- The storm turned the skies into green, which was never witnessed.
- As per National Weather Service of United States, derecho is a widespread, long-lived, straight-line windstorm.
- It is related to the ‘band of fast-moving showers or thunderstorms”.
- Its name has been derived from Spanish word ‘la derecha’ meaning ‘straight’ in English.
- Straight-line storms can be defined as the thunderstorm winds having no rotation.
- Derecho is a warm-weather phenomenon.
- It generally occurs during summertime starting May.
- Mostly hit in June or July.
- It is a rare phenomenon, as opposed to other storm systems like tornadoes or hurricanes.
Which storm is classified as derecho?
- A storm having wind gusts of at least 93 km per hour, is classified as derecho. In such cases, damage area of winds reaches to over 400 km.
- Gap between two successive wind damage events should not be greater than 3 hours.
Why did recent derecho in US turned skies green?
Skies are tuned green when light interacts with huge amount of water hold by them, during severe thunderstorms.
Types of derechos
Derechos are classified into three categories, namely progressive, serial and hybrid:
- Progressive derecho– It is a summer phenomenon and it related to short line thunderstorms that travel for hundreds of miles, across a relatively narrow path.
- Serial derecho– It commonly occurs during spring or fall. It has a wide & long squall line, which sweeps over large area.
- Hybrid derecho– It has the features of progressive as well as serial derechos.
Areas of dominance
Derecho mostly commonly occur in central and eastern parts of United States. Derechos have also been reported in countries like Russia, Germany, Finland, Bulgaria and Poland. | <urn:uuid:a55be37e-2b78-4724-adcc-65cc9e6756af> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://environment-watch.in/2022/07/10/what-is-derecho-storm-system/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946535.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326204136-20230326234136-00627.warc.gz | en | 0.937681 | 493 | 3.203125 | 3 |
This module is a resource for lecturers
This section contains material that is meant to support lecturers and provide ideas for interactive discussions and case-based analysis of the topic under consideration.
Exercise # 1 ~ Standard Operating Procedures
Instruct your students to conduct research on the standard operating procedures (SOPs) relating to digital evidence of law enforcement agencies in their country. Assign students to select and review the SOP on digital evidence of one law enforcement agency. Students should come prepared to discuss the answers to the below questions in class.
- What was included in the SOP?
- What digital handling procedures were covered?
- Were any unique constraints that could be encountered during the investigation covered in the SOP? If so, which ones?
Exercise # 2 ~ Digital Evidence Acquisition
You are investigating a cybercrime committed against Company Z. The system that has been targeted by the cybercrime provides critical services. What type of acquisition would you perform? Why?
Exercise # 3 ~ Digital Forensics Expert Qualifications
Task you students to research on the required qualifications of digital forensics experts in their country. Students should come prepared to discuss the answers to the below questions in class.
- What are the required qualifications of digital forensics experts?
- Are these qualifications assessed? If so, in what ways?
- Why are qualified digital forensics experts needed?
Next: Possible class structure
Back to top | <urn:uuid:36820419-7866-45d5-ba00-8e7132139216> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.unodc.org/e4j/en/cybercrime/module-6/exercises.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296946584.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20230326235016-20230327025016-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.933924 | 303 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Finding the Rhyme in a Poem (Write Me a Poem)
by Valerie Bodden (Author)
Booktalk: The BIG Picture
An elementary exploration of rhyme and rhythm in poetry, introducing syllables, rhyme schemes, and sonnets as well as poets such as Elizabeth Barrett Browning. Includes a writing exercise.
#kidlit Writing Lesson: the small details
The second spread in the Beat and Rhythm chapter says:
POEMS are a lot like music. When you read a poem, you can hear its rhythm (RIH-thum). In music, instruments or voices make the rhythm and keep the beat. But in poetry, rhythm is made by the words.
The paragraph begins with a comparison:
POEMS are a lot like music.
Then the new term is introduced. A phonetic spelling is included:
When you read a poem, you can hear its rhythm (RIH-thum).
The comparison is expanded:
In music, instruments or voices make the rhythm and keep the beat.
The paragraph ends with more information about the new idea:
But in poetry, rhythm is made by the words.
The simplest way to explain something new is to compare it to something that the readers already know.
It’s Nonfiction Monday!
Copyright © 2016 Anastasia Suen All Rights Reserved. | <urn:uuid:fa593146-dfed-4a3d-b5fe-75dd98b600e7> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://nonfictionmonday.wordpress.com/2016/04/25/finding-the-rhyme-in-a-poem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824325.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020192317-20171020212317-00413.warc.gz | en | 0.941246 | 284 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Who are Europe’s unemployed and inactive? Why are they out-of-work? Why are some excluded for extended periods of time? What can be done to enable their active participation in the labor market?
In the European Union (EU), people who are out-of-work today likely represent very diverse profiles, some of which include: middle-aged men and women who have lost their jobs, young adults who are neither working nor receiving education, individuals who have been searching for a job for a long period of time, people living in rural areas, early retirees, and mothers who remain at home to look after children.
Unemployment remains one of the most significant challenges facing many people. Following the 2008 global financial crisis, EU economies contracted sharply and in 2009 experienced the largest reduction in GDP levels since the Union’s formation. Although most economies have been slowly recovering since then, growth continues to be sluggish and higher levels of unemployment persist.
With today’s constrained government budgets – and demographic trends such as aging populations – a better understanding of the profiles of the out-of-work in Europe is increasingly essential for governments to design effective policies that can enable wider and more inclusive activity in the labor market.
Portraits of Labor Market Exclusion is a joint European Commission and World Bank study that aims to do just that – portraying individuals who are out-of-work in Bulgaria, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, and Romania. Analyzing data from Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), the report offers a comprehensive description of the distinct profiles of people out-of-work among the working-age population of 16 to 64 years.
Youth unemployment is a major ongoing issue for many countries. In Greece, for example, close to 60 percent of 15 to 24 year-olds were unemployed in 2013. Young adults continue to live in multi-generational households and struggle to enter the labor market. In all six countries surveyed, the percentage of young people aged 15 to 24 who are neither in employment nor in education or training (the so-called “NEET rate”) increased following the financial crisis.
In several countries, more than half of those currently unemployed have been looking for a job for more than 12 months. Long-term unemployment is a major concern because it imposes a significant financial burden on households, adversely affects the long-term health status of jobseekers, and also lowers the overall level of skills among a country’s workforce, with a highly negative impact on productivity. In addition, many people who have been unemployed for exceptionally long periods of time become discouraged and drop out of the labor market altogether.
In most countries surveyed, the number of middle-aged people who have lost a job has grown, especially in Lithuania, Greece and Bulgaria. Rural areas are especially vulnerable. In Lithuania, for instance, the number of rural poor middle-aged people who have been long-term unemployed more than tripled between 2007 and 2011.
In all six countries, the participation rates of older people of working age are among the lowest in Europe. Early retirees often declare themselves to be limited in their ability to work, so retirement and disability are the main reasons for this demographic profile to be out of the labor market. It is worth noting also that growing life expectancy, combined with a shrinking working-age population, will likely increase the fiscal costs of aging.
Labor market inactivity among women in the working-age population is of concern in most countries, particularly Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece. Inactive women and stay-at-home mothers are identified as distinct categories and can be explained in part by cultural and social reasons, or by the limited availability of formal child care and elder care facilities.
In Hungary and Estonia, the percentage of women who reported being inactive in 2013 because they were looking after children or incapacitated adults was 56.5 and 73 percent respectively, which is much higher than the EU average of 38.5 percent.
The diverse profiles identified in the report can be considered a good starting point for further policy dialogue on ways to help bring about greater inclusion in the labor market. A first step is assessing the activation needs and potential of people out-of-work.
A high activation need is mostly driven by a high poverty risk, while high potential may come from previous work experience or a good educational base. In this sense, market-ready jobseekers – normally, the unemployed with work experience and/or education – have high priority. Activation measures may include the provision of information on job vacancies, assistance with job searches and applications, or job-matching services provided by public or private employment agencies.
Young people and individuals who have been without a job for an extended period of time are also prioritized according to their activation needs and potential. However, given the labor market barriers they face, they will require more intensified activation measures – such as help with job market re-entry, training and mobility. Special consideration should be given to youth, given the potential long-term negative effects of unemployment at an early age.
Demographic groups such as inactive women, people with disabilities and early retirees face different social – non-labor market – barriers and require specific policies to address them.
Inactive women, for instance, would benefit from childcare services near their homes, job-search assistance, and flexible work schedules. A review of the disability benefit allocation may help stem the flow of individuals receiving disability benefits, while the promotion of life-long learning and adaptable work environments could help reduce labor market exclusion of early retirees.
The report concludes that further policy dialogue needs to focus on the level of resources devoted to the labor market as well as on the improvement of services at the local or national level. Tailored policies to address specific problems and barriers can help create a more inclusive labor market in Europe – and also provide hope for the millions of young people who are starting out and eager to be an active part of it. | <urn:uuid:2203f89f-4094-4daf-863e-f4f1619959c1> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2014/11/24/portraits-of-labor-market-exclusion | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510671.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930082033-20230930112033-00760.warc.gz | en | 0.964254 | 1,216 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Sex education may reduce teen pregnancy without increasing the amount of sexual intercourse among teens, or the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases among them, according to new research.
"It is not harmful to teach teens about birth control in addition to abstinence," said study lead author Pamela Kohler, a program manager at the University of Washington in Seattle.
Which approach will postpone sexual experience? Instruction on birth control, or advice on how to say No. That’s the longstanding debate between sex educators and parents. The findings of a study analyzing the response from 1,719 teens, heterosexual and aged between 15 and 19, and the 2002 national survey, found that one in four teens received abstinence-only education, 9%—primarily those living in rural areas and the poor%—received no sex education at all, while the remaining two-thirds received comprehensive instruction with discussion of birth control.
Predictably, those teens receiving comprehensive sex education were 60% less likely to become pregnant or impregnating someone than those receiving no sex education at all. The one in four teens receiving abstinence-only education were 30% less likely to become pregnant than those receiving no sex education at all, although this number was dismissed as statistically insignificant by the researchers because so few teens fit the categories researchers analyzed.
The findings support comprehensive sex education, Kohler said. "There was no evidence to suggest that abstinence-only education decreased the likelihood of ever having sex or getting pregnant." Don Operario, Ph.D., a professor at Oxford University in England, said the study provides "further compelling evidence" about the value of comprehensive sex education and the "ineffectiveness" of the abstinence-only approach.
Still, the study does not show how educators should implement comprehensive sex education in the classroom, said Operario, who studies sex education. "We need a better understanding of the most effective ways of delivering this type of education in order to maximize audience comprehension and community acceptability."
The study appeared in the April, 2008 issue of the Journal of Adolescent Health. | <urn:uuid:10fe395c-fe9a-41eb-8794-7de935d56b2f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://mednews.com/teen-pregnancy-sex-education/comment-page-1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251687725.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20200126043644-20200126073644-00532.warc.gz | en | 0.949851 | 416 | 2.9375 | 3 |
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