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10. Pagan Origins of Evolution: Evolution emerged from pagan mythology and was promoted among Greek philosophers like Anaximander and Democritus. Diodorus Siculus, a 1st c. BC historian, presented in his “Universal History” one of the myths of the ancient Egyptians was that evolution was the origin of life. Read more about this.
9. Planetary Habitability of Earth: The Earth is balanced just right. The stable habitable zone from the sun, the right amount of water, protective “gas giant” planets, the ideal orbit for stable temperatures, an ideal axial tilt to maintain seasons and warmth, a protective magnetic field, exact placement in the galaxy, and essential elements of biochemistry are some conditions necessary to maintain life. There has yet to have been discovered such a planet other than Earth that has even met the few conditions mentioned here.
8. Fossil Hoaxes: Evolution rests on refuted conjectures and frauds. Find a “missing link”, then that person has found a hoax or soon to be confirmed hoax since “missing links” are based solely on conjecture. The list of evolutionary hoaxes presented as the primitive man include the Piltdown man, Nebraska man, Orce man, Cro-magnon, and Neanderthal. Another hoax that stands out is Haeckel’s embryos. The fraud is still used in textbooks to indoctrinate children and adolescents that they evolved through forms of animals in the womb. There is no doubt that this lies behind the U.S.’s 50 million abortions since 1973 as seen by Carl Sagan’s belief that unborn children are just animals.
7. The Irreducible Order of Life: The complex order of parts within the cell make up an amazing machine. The wonder of motor proteins like kinesins walking on cytoskeleton leaves evolutionists conjecturing how these proteins could happen by accident. Imagining the processes of the cell only reveals a complex order equal from within by its genetic code. These are a few examples of the irreducible order of life.
6. DNA: People learn and educate themselves to communicate in complex languages and intelligently design complex computer codes. Yet supposedly according to evolution, nature accidentally formulated its own code containing more than a trillion bits of data. As has been pointed out by others, if SETI received a code a billionth in size to any strand of DNA, then they would declare the existence of intelligent life somewhere else in the Universe. How is it that DNA does not declare intelligent design behind life on Earth?
5. Unreliable Radiometric Dating: By secularizing of the radiometric dating of igneous rock, Darwinian evolutionists ignore the original elements and presence of existing isotopes. Potassium-Argon dating has proved that all such dating of volcanic rocks is unreliable by the preexisting argon-40 in relatively recent lava flows (Reproducibility of K-Ar Ages of Rocks and Minerals, Excess Argon in Volcanic Rock, , , ). Carbon-14 has the half-life of 5,730 years, and so a consistent decrease of the isotope in organic material would offer possible reliable dating, which is expected to be about 60,000-80,000 years within the assumption that 14C has been constant through the millennia. Yet, fossil fuels that are supposed to be millions of years old still have detectable amounts of Carbon-14 (Chemical History of 14C in Deep Oil Fields, Carbon-14 Content of Fossil Carbon). Either measuring Carbon-14 is an unreliable means of dating and, or the Earth is less than 80,000 years old.
4. The Law of Cause and Effect: The law is that every effect has a greater cause. Trace the effect of every cause back and there is the great cause of all. Darwinists assert that the Big Bang was caused by an atemporal void, a timeless nothing. This is to say that something came from nothing without a cause contradicting the Law of Cause and Effect. Read more about this here: Irrefutable Proof that God is the Cause of the Universe.
3. The Law of Biogenesis: As Louis Pasteur affirmed, life only comes from life, and life only produces after its own kind. This scientific fact is indisputable and no experiment has yet disproved this scientific Law. No life has been made in the lab. No life has evolved from nothing. Still, the evolutionist conjectures with proof that there could have been a time when this might have happened given a number of other assumptions.
2. The Existence of Constant Virtues: Why believe someone who claims to be an ape and lays aside a constant standard of virtue? Why trust the person who believes humans are animals, who invented morals? Why undermine all human rights by there being no definite right and wrong? Why not believe that virtues are eternal and essential to personality? Why believe those who see the virtue of honesty as invented and not constant? This is their basis of prejudice by rejecting virtues, because the guilty conscience prefers this position as comfortable, appealing, and pleasing.
1. The Verification of Jesus as the Christ: The writers of the Gospels testify of what they saw and heard and they testify to the testimonies of other witnesses. Their written testimonies remain for an honest examination before all. The written statements of the Gospels verify the predicted Messiah, His miracles, His fulfilled predictions of Jerusalem’s destruction, and His resurrection. Jesus Christ also testified to the Genesis account of the creation of the Universe (Matt. 19:4-9, Mark 10:5-9). Read more about how Jesus proved Himself. | <urn:uuid:a45a76d4-fabd-4fb6-9f95-8d174b204352> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://godsbreath.net/2011/06/27/10-reasons-why-evolution-is-false/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1409535917663.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20140901014517-00054-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943681 | 1,164 | 2.953125 | 3 |
There many possible types of drug-target interactions, because there are a surprising number of ways in which drugs and their targets can associate with one another. These relationships are expressed as polypharmacology and polyspecificity. Polypharmacology is the capability of a given drug to exhibit activity with respect to multiple drug targets, which are not necessarily in the same activity class. Adverse drug reactions ('side effects') are its principal manifestation, but polypharmacology is also playing a role in the repositioning of existing drugs for new therapeutic indications. Polyspecificity, on the other hand, is the capability of a given target to exhibit activity with respect to multiple, structurally dissimilar drugs. That these concepts are closely related to one another is, surprisingly, not well known. It will be shown in this work that they are, in fact, mathematically related to one another and are in essence 'two sides of the same coin'. Hence, information on polypharmacology provides equivalent information on polyspecificity, and vice versa. Networks are playing an increasingly important role in biological research. Drug-target networks, in particular, are made up of drug nodes that are linked to specific target nodes if a given drug is active with respect to that target. Such networks provide a graphic depiction of polypharmacology and polyspecificity. However, by their very nature they can obscure information that may be useful in their interpretation and analysis. This work will show how such latent information can be used to determine bounds for the degrees of polypharmacology and polyspecificity, and how to estimate other useful features associated with the lack of completeness of most drug-target datasets.
- Bipartite networks
- Drug targets
- Latent information
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology(all)
- Immunology and Microbiology(all)
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics(all) | <urn:uuid:9f5c0a54-1cef-4998-b9a4-482ec08537ac> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://experts.arizona.edu/en/publications/a-simple-mathematical-approach-to-the-analysis-of-polypharmacolog | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233511351.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20231004020329-20231004050329-00753.warc.gz | en | 0.921818 | 424 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionized the way we power our devices, offering a remarkable combination of performance, reliability, and versatility. In this article, we delve into the various applications and industries where lithium-ion batteries play a pivotal role, highlighting their adaptability and immense potential.
In this article, we explore the versatility of lithium-ion batteries and their wide range of applications in various industries. From consumer electronics and electric vehicles to renewable energy storage and aerospace technology, lithium-ion batteries have become indispensable power sources. We discuss the factors driving their popularity, including their energy density, longer lifespan, and lightweight design.
The article also highlights advancements in lithium-ion battery technology, such as increased energy density, fast charging, and the potential of solid-state batteries. Additionally, we address frequently asked questions regarding the safety, lifespan, recycling, and usage of lithium-ion batteries. Overall, the article emphasizes the significant role of lithium-ion batteries in powering our modern world and the ongoing efforts to enhance their performance and sustainability.
The Rise of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries have gained immense popularity in recent years due to their exceptional energy density, longer lifespan, and lightweight design. They have become the preferred choice for numerous applications, ranging from consumer electronics to renewable energy storage. The key factors driving their rise include:
Portable Electronics: Lithium-ion batteries power our smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearable devices. Their high energy density enables compact designs while providing extended battery life.
Electric Vehicles (EVs): EVs have become a sustainable transportation solution, and lithium-ion batteries are the primary energy storage technology driving this revolution. Their ability to store a large amount of energy and deliver high power output has significantly contributed to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles.
Renewable Energy Storage: As the world shifts towards clean energy sources, lithium-ion batteries are crucial for storing and efficiently utilizing renewable energy. They help mitigate the intermittency of solar and wind power, providing a reliable energy supply.
Medical Devices: Lithium-ion batteries are extensively used in medical devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators, and insulin pumps. Their long lifespan, small size, and high energy density make them ideal for powering critical medical equipment.
Versatile Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Beyond the aforementioned industries, lithium-ion batteries find applications in numerous other fields. Here are some notable examples:
Aerospace and Satellites
Lithium-ion batteries are vital components in aerospace technology. They power satellites, spacecraft, and drones, where reliability, lightweight, and high energy density are paramount.
Marine and Boating
Lithium-ion batteries are increasingly used in marine applications, including electric propulsion systems for boats and yachts. Their high power output and longer cycle life make them ideal for marine environments.
Grid Energy Storage
Lithium-ion batteries play a crucial role in grid energy storage, enabling the efficient management of electricity supply and demand. They store excess energy during off-peak periods and release it during peak demand, contributing to grid stability and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
Portable Power Solutions
From camping trips to emergency situations, lithium-ion batteries provide reliable portable power solutions. Portable power stations, solar chargers, and rechargeable batteries make it convenient to access electricity on the go.
Smart Grid and Home Energy Management
Lithium-ion batteries integrated into smart grid systems and home energy management solutions help optimize energy usage, enable demand response programs, and promote energy efficiency.
Advancements and Future Prospects
The versatility of lithium-ion batteries continues to expand with advancements in technology and ongoing research. Key areas of development include:
Increased Energy Density: Researchers are constantly striving to enhance the energy density of lithium-ion batteries, enabling longer-lasting and more powerful energy storage.
Fast Charging and Safety: Efforts are being made to develop battery technologies that enable faster charging while maintaining strict safety standards. This includes advancements in battery management systems and the exploration of new electrode materials.
Solid-State Batteries: Solid-state battery technology, utilizing solid electrolytes instead of liquid ones, holds the potential to offer even higher energy densities, increased safety, and longer lifespans.
Exploring the Power of Molicel/NPE INR Lithium-ion Batteries
When it comes to exploring the versatility of lithium-ion batteries, the Molicel /NPE INR series stands out as a remarkable example. With their exceptional performance and reliability, these batteries offer a wide range of applications.
From powering electric vehicles and portable electronics to supporting renewable energy systems, the Molicel/NPE INR batteries deliver reliable and efficient power.
Their high energy density, long cycle life, and impressive capacity make them suitable for demanding devices and industries. Whether you’re seeking a dependable power source for your smartphone or a sustainable solution for your solar panel setup, the Molicel/NPE INR batteries provide the versatility and performance you need. Embrace the limitless possibilities of lithium-ion technology with the Molicel/ NPE INR series.
The versatility of lithium-ion batteries is evident across a wide range of applications and industries, from consumer electronics to transportation, renewable energy, and beyond. Their exceptional performance, energy density, and reliability have propelled advancements in technology and contributed to the shift toward a more sustainable future. As research and development continue, we can expect further innovations and improvements in lithium-ion battery technology, unlocking new possibilities and driving the transition to cleaner, more efficient power solutions.
FAQ 1: Are Lithium-Ion Batteries Safe?
Lithium-ion batteries are generally safe when used and handled properly. However, mishandling, such as exposure to extreme temperatures, physical damage, or improper charging, can lead to safety hazards. It is important to follow manufacturer guidelines and best practices to ensure safe usage.
FAQ 2: How Long Do Lithium-Ion Batteries Last?
The lifespan of a lithium-ion battery depends on various factors, including usage patterns, charging habits, and environmental conditions. On average, a well-maintained lithium-ion battery can last between 2 to 3 years or even longer. However, over time, the battery’s capacity may gradually decrease, resulting in shorter runtime.
FAQ 3: Can Lithium-Ion Batteries Be Recycled?
Yes, lithium-ion batteries can and should be recycled. Recycling not only helps recover valuable materials but also prevents environmental contamination. Many recycling centers and specialized facilities accept lithium-ion batteries for proper recycling. Check with local recycling programs or electronic waste management facilities for the nearest recycling options.
FAQ 4: Can Lithium-Ion Batteries Be Overcharged?
Overcharging lithium-ion batteries can be detrimental to their performance and safety. Most modern lithium-ion batteries are equipped with built-in protection circuits that prevent overcharging. It is important to use chargers specifically designed for lithium-ion batteries and avoid leaving them connected to the charger once fully charged.
FAQ 5: Can Lithium-Ion Batteries Catch Fire or Explode?
While rare, lithium-ion batteries have the potential to catch fire or explode if they are damaged, subjected to extreme temperatures, or if there is a manufacturing defect. These incidents are usually associated with misuse, mishandling, or using counterfeit or low-quality batteries. Adhering to proper handling, storage, and usage guidelines significantly reduces the risk of such incidents.
FAQ 6: Can I Mix Different Brands of Lithium-Ion Batteries?
It is generally not recommended to mix different brands or models of lithium-ion batteries, especially if they have different capacities or chemistries. Mixing batteries can lead to imbalanced charging and discharging, potentially affecting battery performance and safety. It is best to use batteries of the same brand, model, and specifications for optimal performance.
FAQ 7: Can I Use Third-Party Chargers With Lithium-Ion Batteries?
Using third-party chargers is possible, but it is important to choose reputable and reliable chargers specifically designed for lithium-ion batteries. Low-quality or incompatible chargers can pose risks to the battery’s performance and safety. It is recommended to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations or use chargers approved by the device or battery manufacturer.
FAQ 8: How Should I Store Unused Lithium-Ion Batteries?
When storing unused lithium-ion batteries, it is best to store them in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. Partially charging the battery to around 40-60% capacity before storage is recommended. Additionally, avoid storing batteries near flammable materials and ensure they are stored in a secure manner to prevent physical damage.
FAQ 9: Can Lithium-Ion Batteries Be Used in Extreme Temperatures?
Lithium-ion batteries perform best in moderate temperatures (typically between 20°C to 25°C or 68°F to 77°F). Extreme temperatures, whether excessively hot or cold, can affect battery performance and lifespan. It is advisable to avoid subjecting lithium-ion batteries to extreme temperatures to maintain their optimal functionality.
FAQ 10: Can Lithium-Ion Batteries Be Used in All Types of Devices?
Lithium-ion batteries are versatile and can be used in a wide range of devices, from small electronics to electric vehicles. However, the specific battery requirements may vary depending on the device. It is important to choose lithium-ion batteries that are compatible with the device’s voltage, capacity, and form factor. Always consult the device manufacturer’s guidelines for battery compatibility. | <urn:uuid:b20c4c14-4606-4a6d-a99e-979369ed53fe> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://18650canada.ca/exploring-the-versatility-of-lithium-ion-batteries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510130.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926011608-20230926041608-00879.warc.gz | en | 0.901182 | 2,016 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Almost three quarters of adults in the UK access the internet on a daily basis and most have bought goods and services online.
According to the latest figures from The Office for National Statistics 73% of adults access the internet every day now compared to 53% in 2008. A total of 72% have bought goods and services online. 21% buy groceries online.
In the UK 83% of households, about 21 million, have internet access with 42% using broadband connections.
The research found that 66% use the internet to find information about shopping, while 55% access news and magazines and 53% use social media. It found that 50% of adults use the internet to access their bank accounts, and 43% use it to seek health information.
97% of household with children have internet access but only 40% of households with one adult over 65 have access.
More on broadband availability
Households accessing broadband via fibre optic or cable connections, increased by 12% over the last 12 months to 42% while households using DSL connections dropped from 57% in 2012 to 45% in 2013.
Separately the latest report from Ofcom revealed that the average speed of broadband connections in the UK has reached 14.7Mbps.
The telecoms regulator published its bi-annual survey into fixed-line residential broadband speeds, which showed the figure had risen by 2.7Mbps in the six months to May 2013 and by 5.7Mbps when compared with the same period last year. | <urn:uuid:463e530f-831a-43b2-83e0-998cad0c1ea5> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240203287/72-of-UK-adults-shop-online | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164021066/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133341-00094-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.953237 | 302 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Percy Bysshe Shelley was born in 1792, into a wealthy Sussex family which eventually attained minor noble rank—the poet’s grandfather, a wealthy businessman, received a baronetcy in 1806. Timothy Shelley, the poet’s father, was a member of Parliament and a country gentleman. The young Shelley entered Eton, a prestigious school for boys, at the age of twelve. While he was there, he discovered the works of a philosopher named William Godwin, which he consumed passionately and in which he became a fervent believer; the young man wholeheartedly embraced the ideals of liberty and equality espoused by the French Revolution, and devoted his considerable passion and persuasive power to convincing others of the rightness of his beliefs. Entering Oxford in 1810, Shelley was expelled the following spring for his part in authoring a pamphlet entitled The Necessity of Atheism—atheism being an outrageous idea in religiously conservative nineteenth-century England.
At the age of nineteen, Shelley eloped with Harriet Westbrook, the sixteen-year-old daughter of a tavern keeper, whom he married despite his inherent dislike for the tavern. Not long after, he made the personal acquaintance of William Godwin in London, and promptly fell in love with Godwin’s daughter Mary Wollstonecraft, whom he was eventually able to marry, and who is now remembered primarily as the author of Frankenstein. In 1816, the Shelleys traveled to Switzerland to meet Lord Byron, the most famous, celebrated, and controversial poet of the era; the two men became close friends. After a time, they formed a circle of English expatriates in Pisa, traveling throughout Italy; during this time Shelley wrote most of his finest lyric poetry, including the immortal “Ode to the West Wind” and “To a Skylark.” In 1822, Shelley drowned while sailing in a storm off the Italian coast. He was not yet thirty years old.
Shelley belongs to the younger generation of English Romantic poets, the generation that came to prominence while William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge were settling into middle age. Where the older generation was marked by simple ideals and a reverence for nature, the poets of the younger generation (which also included John Keats and the infamous Lord Byron) came to be known for their sensuous aestheticism, their explorations of intense passions, their political radicalism, and their tragically short lives.
Shelley died when he was twenty-nine, Byron when he was thirty-six, and Keats when he was only twenty-six years old. To an extent, the intensity of feeling emphasized by Romanticism meant that the movement was always associated with youth, and because Byron, Keats, and Shelley died young (and never had the opportunity to sink into conservatism and complacency as Wordsworth did), they have attained iconic status as the representative tragic Romantic artists. Shelley’s life and his poetry certainly support such an understanding, but it is important not to indulge in stereotypes to the extent that they obscure a poet’s individual character. Shelley’s joy, his magnanimity, his faith in humanity, and his optimism are unique among the Romantics; his expression of those feelings makes him one of the early nineteenth century’s most significant writers in English. | <urn:uuid:98a6abfe-4704-4b08-bb43-5f9e8e37c2cb> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.sparknotes.com/poetry/shelley/context.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999645491/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060725-00031-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981463 | 684 | 3.359375 | 3 |
Find more Hussan relatives and grow your tree by exploring billions of historical records. Taken every decade since 1790, the U.S. Federal Census can tell you a lot about your family. For example, from 1930 to 1940 there were 14 more people named Hussan in the United States — and some of them are likely related to you.
What if you had a window into the history of your family? With historical records, you do. From home life to career, records help bring your relatives' experiences into focus. There were 35 people named Hussan in the 1930 U.S. Census. In 1940, there were 40% more people named Hussan in the United States. What was life like for them?
In 1940, 49 people named Hussan were living in the United States. In a snapshot:
As Hussan families continued to grow, they left more tracks on the map: | <urn:uuid:62e0e3c3-bd9b-476e-a451-fae546be20c7> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://www.ancestry.com/family-trees/hussan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424079.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722142728-20170722162728-00511.warc.gz | en | 0.988584 | 183 | 2.84375 | 3 |
He discusses the Black Swan, i.e. the unlikely event that always rears its head and has profound consequences. The unknowable unknown, the risk which cannot be assessed, is ignored by the managers of risk-- to the detriment of everyone. The book was written a few years ago and the lesson is prescient. Whether its 9-11, the Asian currency crisis of 1998, the Great Depression, the Influenza Epidemic, or the current mortgage solvency meltdown, the markets are always vulnerable to something unseen.
All of the successes in the world, whether it’s Bill Gates’ career or the discovery of penicillin, are reliant on a combination of skill and luck, but luck is always under-emphasized in the human brain. When fortunes are made, the human psyche is quick to take the credit, but when disaster strikes we blame some external phenomenon. Taleb does not call for paralysis in the face of such bias, only truth in assessing the risks and recognition of the lack of control we have. The world is a complicated, interconnected place and one hiccup-- whether man-made or natural-- can spell disaster. It's always the entity that was not anticipated that brings down the house.
Humans are vulnerable to several fallacies and biases that can have deleterious effects on our judgment. The narrative fallacy is the appeal of the story: we look for causation for events and this is often misleading. “The market crashed because x occurred this morning.” David Hume, the great Scottish philosopher outlined the problems with causation a couple centuries ago and we need to re-consider his premise now more than ever.
Another problem Taleb outlines is the Ludic fallacy, the idea that all of life resembles game theory with predictable structure and controllable randomness. In life, however, rules often do not apply and such structure, the idea of which is appealing, is absent.
Taleb discusses various biases to which humans attach themselves. The strongest is confirmation bias that is characterized by seeking “proofs” that our preconceived notions are true. We ignore or avoid information that contradicts our worldview. Coupled with narrative fallacy, confirmation bias can be deadly. While Taleb comes at these topics from a financial point of view, the philosophical constructs are applicable to any field, and I would argue that great understanding is at hand for most scientific fields.
The difference between Platonism--i.e., top-down theorizing ala the Ivory Tower-- versus Empiricism--i.e., experiential real-world knowledge-- is a particularly important part of Taleb’s thesis. We yearn to find science where this is none, whether it’s modern financial portfolio theory or alternative medicine; humans look for the comfort of proof that our preconceptions are valid. Often it’s not there.
The desire to create a narrative to explain history or current events leads to an overvaluation of these usually inaccurate facts. As a result, we overvalue the intellectual elite who proposes the narratives. The debacle of Long Term Capital Management, a group of Nobel Prize winning economists and “experts” who went bankrupt in the 1990’s, is an especially poignant example. The history of medicine is also rife with such false theoretical thinking, with examples of grand theories of bodily humours or gases which needed to be expelled or infused, often with horrific results. Only with the practice of empiric study— reasonable conclusions drawn from our collective experience-- can the truth be found if ever. But we must also know the limits of our empiric knowledge; some things just are not known.
The Black Swan is as important a book as any as we seek bedrock explanations for fast moving events in our globalized existence. Taleb’s points are interesting, his book excellent and my short discussion hardly does it justice. | <urn:uuid:0572fc97-08dd-4dc9-9ff0-3edd26d27766> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://kalamazoopost.blogspot.com/2008/03/black-swan-by-nassim-nicholas-taleb.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825154.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022075310-20171022095310-00760.warc.gz | en | 0.942604 | 797 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Zanskar Chuchik Jall Khachod Dubling Nunnery was founded by H. E. Kachen Lobzang Zotpa in 1976, near Karsha village, in Ladakh, in India.
During the 11th Century, the great Lotsawa Ringchen Zangpo, who founded Alchi, travelled through Zanskar and built a small temple on the rocky mountain slope overlooking the valley north of Padum. Chuchik Jall Temple contains images from the Kashmiri/Indian tradition in the same style as in Alchi. It was was cared for by a family living in the nearby village of Karsha. During the same century, the monastery of Karsha was established and began to grow on the spur of rock across from the temple, and gradually became the largest monastery in the Zanskar area of the Gelug tradition.
Kachen Lobzang Zotpa one of Ladakh’s greatest Buddhist teachers, visited Karsha in the 1970s, and was asked by the village people to hold a Nungnye retreat which he performed in Chuchchik Jall Temple. Along with village people, a few nuns also attended. At the time, the nuns were still living separately in their own houses in the village, working within the family and not able to concentrate on their studies. Once the retreat was complete, KLZ suggested to the nuns that they could come together in a nunnery to enable them to fulfil their full potential for study together as a group.
Every year since then, the nuns have organised a Nungnye retreat for the local community.
He encouraged them to build a small temple, slightly below the Chuchik Jall village temple, and in 1976 he gave a teaching on Vajrayogini (Kha-choe Ma), which gave the nunnery the name Kha Choe Drupling Nunnery. At that time there were 16 nuns who joined together as a community. With their own hands, the nuns slowly built their own rooms and a kitchen. In 2004 the nuns were able to construct an extra room which enabled them to start a small school, and gradually they have attracted a number of children who study with them. | <urn:uuid:fe051e9a-9216-4b68-bacd-c743c53919ae> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.cjnunnery.com/history | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371876625.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409185507-20200409220007-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.984624 | 454 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Cold War Era
February 2002, ©2002, Wiley-Blackwell
1. Harry S. Truman and the Creation of a Postwar Order.
2. The Cold War Breaks Loose, 1949-54.
3. The Eisenhower Fifties: Consolidation and Confrontation.
4. The 1960s: The Triumph and Tragedy of American Liberalism.
5. America at Bay: The Enigmatic 1970s.
6. Ronald Reagan and the End of the Cold War Era.
- Concise introductory overview of the entire Cold War Era by a prize-winning Cold War historian.
- Explores the relationship between a conservative political structure and a radicalized popular culture.
- Examines the impact of Cold War diplomacy on everyday American life.
"Fraser Harbutt covers an immense amount of ground in relatively
few pages. This is an excellent overview of the Cold War era,
providing a balance between the history of the period and the
historiographical debates. Harbutt's account is judicious and
fair-minded, though he certainly has a point of view and is not
afraid to express it." Richard Polenberg, Cornell
"Fraser Harbutt's latest book is important and distinctive
because it treats the Cold War era as more than diplomatic history.
It reveals a mastery of the historical literature, and is a fine
read that provides an evenhanded survey of a complex and critical
period in American history." Alonzo L. Hamby, University of
"This in an interesting account and its incorporation of fine summariesof the views of many historians and social thinkers adds to its appeal" Victor Rosenburg, Cleveland, Ohio | <urn:uuid:b4290789-d5a8-4866-ac1f-1b4561e0e946> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1577180526.html?filter=TEXTBOOK | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187824068.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020101632-20171020121632-00510.warc.gz | en | 0.849895 | 350 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Poland Population and Armed Forces
Population. – Since 1931, the major cities in Poland, listed below, have seen a notable increase, according to a 1937 assessment.
As can be seen from this table, the increase is quite strong in absolute value, for Warsaw, Łódź and above all for Gdynia; for the latter center the population has almost quadrupled. This is mainly due to the importance that the city has assumed as a port. The movement of the population in the three-year period 1934-36 has the same characteristics as in the previous years, expressed in the following average values: live births 26.2 ‰, deaths 14.2 ‰, fairly strong surplus births 12.1 ‰. The migratory phenomenon in 1935 had no influence on the movement of the population because in the face of 53,800 emigrants there were 53,400 repatriations, while in 1936 the values were respectively 54,600 and 43,700; on the total population, however, the surplus is a completely negligible percentage.
From the agricultural point of view the conditions of the economy remain almost stationary; remaining almost equal the surface of arable land, orchards and vegetable gardens, meadows, pastures, forests and uncultivated and unproductive, it can be observed that for the various agricultural products in the two-year period 1935-36 there was an increase in the area cultivated for wheat (1.748. 000 ha.), For rye (5.807.000 ha.), For oats (2.244.000 ha.) And for flax; while there is a decrease in the land cultivated with barley (1,203,000 ha.) and beet (120,000 ha.). Production is slightly increasing for wheat (20.7 million q.), While it is stationary or decreasing for other products.
Breeding is in continuous development, at least as far as cattle (9,760,000), sheep (2,803,000) and pigs (6,723,000) are concerned, while it remains almost stationary for horses; in 1935, in addition to the data cited, there were also 355,000 goats.
According to healthvv, the trade movement with foreign countries for 1934 and 1935 shows the following values (in millions of złoty) respectively: exports: 975 and 925, imports 799 and 861. In 1934 there was a slight recovery for the former, which then fell to minimum of the last decade, while for imports from the minimum of 1934 it goes back, in 1935, to a value almost equal to that of 1932. The highest values for exports are always given by timber (155 million) and coal (140 million), while for imports, cotton (114 million) and machinery (70 million) predominate with an increase, while imports of wool remain strong (73 million). From this point of view, the relative position of Italy remains almost the same, despite having been overtaken by the USSR, while the absolute value has slightly decreased.
Merchant Navy. – The merchant navy is made up of 45 ships per ton. gross 93,202: of which 13 per ton 35.006 motor. The two largest Polish ships are the transatlantic liners Pilsudski and Batory, built in the Monfalcone shipyards and employed on the North American line. The most important Polish company, Gdynia-America, is improving its material. A plan for the reconstruction and increase of the canal has recently been put into practice.
Civil aviation. – All of Poland’s air network is currently operated by a single company, PLL Lot, which is owned by the state and autonomous municipalities. The Lot’s air network has the following lines for a total length of 5670 kilometers: Warsaw-Gdynia-Gdansk line (333 km); Warsaw-Poznań-Berlin line (km. 515); Warsaw-Katowice line (km. 256); Warsaw-Krakow line (km.243); Warsaw-Vilna-Riga-Tallinn-Helsinki line (km. 1141); Warsaw-Lviv-Cernauţi-Bucharest-Sofia-Thessaloniki-Athens-Lydda line (km.3188).
Army. – After successive modifications, the Polish army is now made up of 30 infantry divisions, of which 2 are mountain divisions. No variations were carried over to the internal constitution of the infantry division. The cavalry remained constituted on 1 division and 12 autonomous brigades; a telegraph platoon was added to the division; each autonomous brigade is made up of 2 to 4 cavalry regiments, 1 horse artillery group, 1 digging squadron and 1 telegraph platoon.
In addition, 6 tank and armored car battalions and 1 chemical battalion were set up.
Navy. – New units: Destroyers: 2 (B łyskawica, Grom) built in England in 1936, from 1975/2144 tons. and 39/42 knots, armed with 7/120 and 2 x 533 three-point launch tubes.
Submarines: 2 planned (Semp, Orze ł), under construction in Dutch shipyards, 990 tons. and 19/8 knots, armed with 6 launch tubes and 1/100, capable of carrying 40 torpedoes.
Minesweeper: 1 (Gryf) built in 1936 in France, of 2250 tons. and 20 knots, armed with 6/120, anti-aircraft weapons, capable of 300 torpedoes.
Minesweepers: 6 Mewa type, two of which are still under construction and the other 4 launched in 1934-35, weighing 183 tons. and 18 knots, armed with 1/75 and also equipped as minelayers.
Balanced strength ascends to 6100 men.
Military aviation. – The air force includes: 2 air grouping commands; 6 aviation regiments in 3-4 groups with 2-3 squadrons each; autonomous air force squadron as well as two aeronautical battalions. The units are grouped into: Army Aviation: 59 squadrons with 1200 aircraft (bombing, fighter, reconnaissance and school); Maritime aviation: 6 squadrons with 60 aircraft (bombing, fighter and reconnaissance); River aviation: a squadron out of 20 aircraft. A total of 66 squadrons, but only 46 constitute true units for use with a line force of about 700 aircraft.
Finance. – Despite the severe revision of the various revenue and expenditure chapters of the budget, the deficit has not disappeared and to tackle it it has been necessary to resort to loans and coin issues (raising the legal limit), as well as Treasury reserves and advances from the Bank of Poland. However, from 1934-35 there is a notable upward movement in economic activity largely due to increasing state intervention and rearmament costs.
The autonomous department of Silesia has a separate budget which, after reaching 170 million in 1929-30, fluctuates in more recent years around the 80s.
Beginning in 1932, the external public debt fell as a result of both repayments and the depreciation of the pound sterling and the dollar; at 30 September 1937 it amounted to 2632 million and the internal debt (including that due to the Bank of Poland since 1933 and, since 1934, that due to the Postal Savings Bank) at the same date was 2130 million, of which most consolidated.
Gold convertibility (for a minimum of 20,000 złoty) was maintained; in April 1936 it was therefore necessary to introduce exchange control.
As of December 31, 1937, banknotes in circulation amounted to 1059 and the divisional currency to 438 and the reserves in gold and foreign currencies to 435 and 36 million respectively. | <urn:uuid:caf25467-c71f-4bb6-86d3-c7913cdc29bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://www.allcountrylist.com/poland-population-and-armed-forces/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296943698.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20230321131205-20230321161205-00160.warc.gz | en | 0.946493 | 1,617 | 2.75 | 3 |
1850 – Sailors’ Home, Liverpool
Liverpool Sailors’ Home, was designed to provide safe, inexpensive lodging for sailors, and to offer educational and recreational opportunities. It operated from 1850 to July 1969. The building was demolished in 1974, a few years after its closure in 1969.
Decorative features were preserved. Mermaid Railings from the home can be seen in Portmeirion in North Wales. The most famous decorative feature, the wrought iron gates jokingly known as the “Pooley Gates” after their maker, were sold to Avery in Birmingham and were on view at their museum. In 2011 the gates were returned to Liverpool and installed near their original location as a monument to the Sailors’ Home in Liverpool One.
During the construction of The Liverpool Sailors’ Home (1845–52), it is clear from contemporary reports that the architect John Cunningham, worked closely with Henry Pooley Jnr. on the designs of the iron-work: “three tiers of ornamental cast-iron pilasters with an intermediate range of galleries, filled in with ornamental cast-iron work depicting nautical themes characteristic of the purpose of the building, thereby forming six floors for dormitories, capable of accommodating on each floor forty-four cabins.” Pooley and Cunningham also worked together to re-build the Homes’ interior following the disastrous fire of April 1860 which closed the building for two years. | <urn:uuid:263be81a-dcb7-4558-95c1-354fcbe907fc> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://archiseek.com/2014/1850-sailors-home-liverpool/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825174.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022094207-20171022114207-00154.warc.gz | en | 0.981585 | 297 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Remember the Department of Energy’s call for “transformational” technologies that would lead to a breakthrough in energy?
Today, the DOE announced the first group of 37 winners in the $400 million Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy program; the first round of funding totals $151 million. The winning projects were winnowed down from the original 3,600 ideas submitted to the Energy Department.
The full list of winners can be found here.
To judge by the recipients, the Department of Energy’s main concern is on transportation. Eleven of the projects aim at a breakthrough in batteries or advanced automotion. That includes work on metal-air batteries, better lithium-ion batteries, and advanced ultracapacitators. The battery projects could also perform double duty by making it easier to store energy on the power grid.
Biofuels also got a boost from the DOE, with projects designed to improve the economics of growing crops for biofuel, for making cellulosic ethanol cheaper, and making algae-based biofuel more productive.
Another popular area is carbon capture and storage, which could be used to make coal-burning power plants cleaner. Winning projects included improvements to current processes as well as entirely new approaches to capturing carbon dioxide emissions.
One area that didn’t get much attention is old-fashioned renewable energy. Two projects designed to build a better wind turbine got funding, as did one regular solar-power company.
In terms of universities, Arizona State was the only double winner (that commencement address really paid off), with projects on batteries and biofuels. Among the other universities with winning ideas: Iowa State, MIT, Michigan State, Ohio State, Penn State, and Stanford. | <urn:uuid:1f1e7855-3f2a-4d6f-8ad6-1940fdd32086> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://blogs.wsj.com/environmentalcapital/2009/10/26/lab-rats-doe-awards-150-million-to-breakthrough-energy-projects/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609538110.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005218-00486-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957219 | 352 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Herman Moll's map, "Russia or Moscovy with its Acquistions &c. in Sweden," is a meticulously constructed visual display of Eastern Europe, representing Russia's increased influence in the Baltic region in the early 18th century. Covering territories from Swedish Finland to Rus-Lapland and Rus-Finland, Moll's map accurately showcases the varied topography and intricate political boundaries of the time.
The map has an interesting feature: a note detailing a proposed communication link between the Volga and Don Rivers. During the first half of the 18th century, Russia was experiencing a phase of rapid infrastructural growth and advancement. It was during this time that the idea of connecting the Volga and Don Rivers through a canal was conceived. This canal would provide a more direct trade route between the Caspian Sea and the Black Sea, bolstering Russia's economic and strategic position.
Moll's map clearly showcases the anticipated course of this canal, indicating the significant role it would play in shaping Russia's political and economic future. This ambitious project was a reflection of Russia's growing desire to assert its dominance in the region, particularly in the sphere of trade and commerce.
The map also provides an interesting snapshot of the various anglicized names in the Baltic region and White Russia, hinting at the influences and cultural intermingling taking place at the time. Moreover, Moll's map credits Russian maps for the details provided in Southern Russia, emphasizing the sharing and exchange of geographical information and knowledge between different regions and cultures.
It offers detailed notes on St. Petersburg, reflecting its rising significance in Russia and Europe. At the time, the city was transforming into a major hub for trade and commerce, as well as a cultural capital. Moll's emphasis on the increasing size of Russia is also evident in the map, capturing the growth and expansion that was a crucial part of the country's historical trajectory.
Herman Moll (c. 1654-1732) was one of the most important London mapmakers in the first half of the eighteenth century. Moll was probably born in Bremen, Germany, around 1654. He moved to London to escape the Scanian Wars. His earliest work was as an engraver for Moses Pitt on the production of the English Atlas, a failed work which landed Pitt in debtor's prison. Moll also engraved for Sir Jonas Moore, Grenville Collins, John Adair, and the Seller & Price firm. He published his first original maps in the early 1680s and had set up his own shop by the 1690s.
Moll's work quickly helped him become a member of a group which congregated at Jonathan's Coffee House at Number 20 Exchange Alley, Cornhill, where speculators met to trade stock. Moll's circle included the scientist Robert Hooke, the archaeologist William Stuckley, the authors Jonathan Swift and Daniel Defoe, and the intellectually-gifted pirates William Dampier, Woodes Rogers and William Hacke. From these contacts, Moll gained a great deal of privileged information that was included in his maps.
Over the course of his career, he published dozens of geographies, atlases, and histories, not to mention numerous sheet maps. His most famous works are Atlas Geographus, a monthly magazine that ran from 1708 to 1717, and The World Described (1715-54). He also frequently made maps for books, including those of Dampier’s publications and Swift’s Gulliver’s Travels. Moll died in 1732. It is likely that his plates passed to another contemporary, Thomas Bowles, after this death. | <urn:uuid:36bd09ff-5100-4c12-bed4-0faf4738d932> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.raremaps.com/gallery/detail/94710 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100599.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20231206130723-20231206160723-00042.warc.gz | en | 0.966614 | 758 | 3.421875 | 3 |
|1824 to the present|
|New York Point|
Braille (Braille: ⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑) (//; French: [bʁaj]) is a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired. It is traditionally written with embossed paper. Braille users can read computer screens and other electronic supports using refreshable braille displays. They can write braille with the original slate and stylus or type it on a braille writer, such as a portable braille notetaker or computer that prints with a braille embosser.
Braille is named after its creator, Louis Braille, a Frenchman who lost his sight as a result of a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of fifteen, he developed a code for the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first small binary form of writing developed in the modern era.
These characters have rectangular blocks called cells that have tiny bumps called raised dots. The number and arrangement of these dots distinguish one character from another. Since the various braille alphabets originated as transcription codes for printed writing, the mappings (sets of character designations) vary from language to language, and even within one; in English Braille there are three levels of encoding: Grade 1 – a letter-by-letter transcription used for basic literacy; Grade 2 – an addition of abbreviations and contractions; and Grade 3 – various non-standardized personal stenography.
Braille cells are not the only thing to appear in braille text. There may be embossed illustrations and graphs, with the lines either solid or made of series of dots, arrows, bullets that are larger than braille dots, etc. A full braille cell includes six raised dots arranged in two columns, each column having three dots. The dot positions are identified by numbers from one to six. There are 64 possible combinations, including no dots at all for a word space. A cell can be used to represent a letter, digit, punctuation mark, or even a word.
Braille literacy is a social-justice issue. Early braille education is crucial to literacy, education and employment among the blind. However, in the face of changes in education policy and screen reader software, braille usage has declined in recent decades, despite the fact that technologies such as braille displays have also made braille more accessible and practical.
Braille was based on a tactile military code called night writing, developed by Charles Barbier in response to Napoleon's demand for a means for soldiers to communicate silently at night and without a light source. In Barbier's system, sets of 12 embossed dots encoded 36 different sounds. It proved to be too difficult for soldiers to recognize by touch and was rejected by the military. In 1821 Barbier visited the Royal Institute for the Blind in Paris, where he met Louis Braille. Braille identified two major defects of the code: first, by representing only sounds, the code was unable to render the orthography of the words; second, the human finger could not encompass the whole 12-dot symbol without moving, and so could not move rapidly from one symbol to another. Braille's solution was to use 6-dot cells and to assign a specific pattern to each letter of the alphabet. At first, Braille was a one-to-one transliteration of French orthography, but soon various abbreviations, contractions, and even logograms were developed, creating a system much more like shorthand. The expanded English system, called Grade-2 Braille, was completed by 1905. For blind readers, Braille is an independent writing system, rather than a code of printed orthography.
Braille is derived from the Latin alphabet, albeit indirectly. In Braille's original system, the dot patterns were assigned to letters according to their position within the alphabetic order of the French alphabet, with accented letters and w sorted at the end.
The first ten letters of the alphabet, a–j, use the upper four dot positions: ⠁⠃⠉⠙⠑⠋⠛⠓⠊⠚ (black dots in the table below). These stand for the ten digits 1–9 and 0 in a system parallel to Hebrew gematria and Greek isopsephy. (Though the dots are assigned in no obvious order, the cells with the fewest dots are assigned to the first three letters (and lowest digits), abc = 123 (⠁⠃⠉), and to the three vowels in this part of the alphabet, aei (⠁⠑⠊), whereas the even digits, 4, 6, 8, 0 (⠙⠋⠓⠚), are corners/right angles.)
The next ten letters, k–t, are identical to a–j, respectively, apart from the addition of a dot at position 3 (red dots in the table below): ⠅⠇⠍⠝⠕⠏⠟⠗⠎⠞:
The next ten letters (the next "decade") are the same again, but with dots also at both position 3 and position 6 (green dots in the table above). Here w was left out as not being a part of the official French alphabet at the time of Braille's life; the French braille order is u v x y z ç é à è ù (⠥⠧⠭⠽⠵⠯⠿⠷⠮⠾).[note 1]
The next ten letters, ending in w, are the same again, except that for this series position 6 (purple dot in the table above) is used without a dot at position 3. In French braille these are the letters â ê î ô û ë ï ü ö w (⠡⠣⠩⠹⠱⠫⠻⠳⠪⠺). W had been tacked onto the end of 39 letters of the French alphabet to accommodate English.
The a–j series shifted down by one dot space (⠂⠆⠒⠲⠢⠖⠶⠦⠔⠴) is used for punctuation. Letters a ⠁ and c ⠉, which only use dots in the top row, were shifted two places for the apostrophe and hyphen: ⠄⠤. (These are also the decade diacritics, at left in the table below, of the second and third decade.)
In addition, there are ten patterns that are based on the first two letters (⠁⠃) with their dots shifted to the right; these were assigned to non-French letters (ì ä ò ⠌⠜⠬), or serve non-letter functions: ⠈ (superscript; in English the accent mark), ⠘ (currency prefix), ⠨ (capital, in English the decimal point), ⠼ (number sign), ⠸ (emphasis mark), ⠐ (symbol prefix).
The 64 modern braille cells[note 2] decade numeric sequence shift right 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th shift
Originally there had been nine decades. The fifth through ninth used dashes as well as dots, but proved to be impractical and were soon abandoned. These could be replaced with what we now know as the number sign (⠼), though that only caught on for the digits (old 5th decade → modern 1st decade). The dash occupying the top row of the original sixth decade was simply dropped, producing the modern fifth decade. (See 1829 braille.)
Historically, there have been three principles in assigning the values of a linear script (print) to Braille: Using Louis Braille's original French letter values; reassigning the braille letters according to the sort order of the print alphabet being transcribed; and reassigning the letters to improve the efficiency of writing in braille.
Under international consensus, most braille alphabets follow the French sorting order for the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet, and there have been attempts at unifying the letters beyond these 26 (see international braille), though differences remain, for example in German Braille and the contractions of English Braille. This unification avoids the chaos of each nation reordering the braille code to match the sorting order of its print alphabet, as happened in Algerian Braille, where braille codes were numerically reassigned to match the order of the Arabic alphabet and bear little relation to the values used in other countries (compare modern Arabic Braille, which uses the French sorting order), and as happened in an early American version of English Braille, where the letters w, x, y, z were reassigned to match English alphabetical order. A convention sometimes seen for letters beyond the basic 26 is to exploit the physical symmetry of braille patterns iconically, for example, by assigning a reversed n to ñ or an inverted s to sh. (See Hungarian Braille and Bharati Braille, which do this to some extent.)
A third principle was to assign braille codes according to frequency, with the simplest patterns (quickest ones to write with a stylus) assigned to the most frequent letters of the alphabet. Such frequency-based alphabets were used in Germany and the United States in the 19th century (see American Braille), but with the invention of the braille typewriter their advantage disappeared, and none are attested in modern use – they had the disadvantage that the resulting small number of dots in a text interfered with following the alignment of the letters, and consequently made texts more difficult to read than Braille's more arbitrary letter-assignment. Finally, there are braille scripts which don't order the codes numerically at all, such as Japanese Braille and Korean Braille, which are based on more abstract principles of syllable composition.
Academic texts are sometimes written in a script of eight dots per cell rather than six, enabling them to encode a greater number of symbols. (See Gardner–Salinas braille codes.) Luxembourgish Braille has adopted eight-dot cells for general use; for example, it adds a dot below each letter to derive its capital variant.
- Character encoding that mapped characters of the French alphabet to tuples of six bits (the dots),
- The physical representation of those six-bit characters with raised dots in a braille cell.
Within an individual cell, the dot positions are arranged in two columns of three positions. A raised dot can appear in any of the six positions, producing sixty-four (26) possible patterns, including one in which there are no raised dots. For reference purposes, a pattern is commonly described by listing the positions where dots are raised, the positions being universally numbered, from top to bottom, as 1 to 3 on the left and 4 to 6 on the right. For example, dot pattern 1-3-4 describes a cell with three dots raised, at the top and bottom in the left column and at the top of the right column: that is, the letter ⠍ m. The lines of horizontal Braille text are separated by a space, much like visible printed text, so that the dots of one line can be differentiated from the braille text above and below. Different assignments of braille codes (or code pages) are used to map the character sets of different printed scripts to the six-bit cells. Braille assignments have also been created for mathematical and musical notation. However, because the six-dot braille cell allows only 64 (26) patterns, including space, the characters of a braille script commonly have multiple values, depending on their context. That is, character mapping between print and braille is not one-to-one. For example, the character ⠙ corresponds in print to both the letter d and the digit 4.
In addition to simple encoding, many braille alphabets use contractions to reduce the size of braille texts and to increase reading speed. (See Contracted braille)
Braille may be produced by hand using a slate and stylus in which each dot is created from the back of the page, writing in mirror image, or it may be produced on a braille typewriter or Perkins Brailler, or an electronic Brailler or eBrailler. Because braille letters cannot be effectively erased and written over if an error is made, an error is overwritten with all six dots (⠿). Interpoint refers to braille printing that is offset, so that the paper can be embossed on both sides, with the dots on one side appearing between the divots that form the dots on the other. Using a computer or other electronic device, Braille may be produced with a braille embosser (printer) or a refreshable braille display (screen).
Braille has been extended to an 8-dot code, particularly for use with braille embossers and refreshable braille displays. In 8-dot braille the additional dots are added at the bottom of the cell, giving a matrix 4 dots high by 2 dots wide. The additional dots are given the numbers 7 (for the lower-left dot) and 8 (for the lower-right dot). Eight-dot braille has the advantages that the case of an individual letter is directly coded in the cell containing the letter and that all the printable ASCII characters can be represented in a single cell. All 256 (28) possible combinations of 8 dots are encoded by the Unicode standard. Braille with six dots is frequently stored as Braille ASCII.
The first 25 braille letters, up through the first half of the 3rd decade, transcribe a–z (skipping w). In English Braille, the rest of that decade is rounded out with the ligatures and, for, of, the, and with. Omitting dot 3 from these forms the 4th decade, the ligatures ch, gh, sh, th, wh, ed, er, ou, ow and the letter w.
(See English Braille.)
Various formatting marks affect the values of the letters that follow them. They have no direct equivalent in print. The most important in English Braille are:
That is, ⠠⠁ is read as capital 'A', and ⠼⠁ as the digit '1'.
Basic punctuation marks in English Braille include:
⠦ is both the question mark and the opening quotation mark. Its reading depends on whether it occurs before a word or after.
⠶ is used for both opening and closing parentheses. Its placement relative to spaces and other characters determines its interpretation.
Punctuation varies from language to language. For example, French Braille uses ⠢ for its question mark and swaps the quotation marks and parentheses (to ⠶ and ⠦⠴); it uses the period (⠲) for the decimal point, as in print, and the decimal point (⠨) to mark capitalization.
Braille contractions are words and affixes that are shortened so that they take up fewer cells. In English Braille, for example, the word afternoon is written with just three letters, ⠁⠋⠝ ⟨afn⟩, much like stenoscript. There are also several abbreviation marks that create what are effectively logograms. The most common of these is dot 5, which combines with the first letter of words. With the letter ⠍ m, the resulting word is ⠐⠍ mother. There are also ligatures ("contracted" letters), which are single letters in braille but correspond to more than one letter in print. The letter ⠯ and, for example, is used to write words with the sequence a-n-d in them, such as ⠓⠯ hand.
Most braille embossers support between 34 and 40 cells per line, and 25 lines per page.
A manually operated Perkins braille typewriter supports a maximum of 42 cells per line (its margins are adjustable), and typical paper allows 25 lines per page.
A large interlining Stainsby has 36 cells per line and 18 lines per page.
An A4-sized Marburg braille frame, which allows interpoint braille (dots on both sides of the page, offset so they do not interfere with each other) has 30 cells per line and 27 lines per page.
Braille writing machine
A Braille writing machine is a typewriter with six keys that allow to write in Braille alphabet on a regular white page.
The Stainsby Brailler, developed by Henry Stainsby in 1903, is a mechanical writer with a sliding carriage that moves over an aluminium plate as it embosses Braille characters. An improved version was introduced around 1933.
Braille printers or embosser were produced in 1950s. In 1960 Robert Mann, a teacher in MIT, wrote DOTSYS, a software that allowed automatic braille translation, and another group created an embossing device called "M.I.T. Braillemboss.". The Mitre Corporation team of Robert Gildea, Jonathan Millen, Reid Gerhart and Joseph Sullivan (now president of Duxbury Systems) developed DOTSYS III, the first braille translator written in a portable programming language. DOTSYS III was developed for the Atlanta Public Schools as a public domain program.
In 1991 Ernest Bate developed the Mountbatten Brailler, an electronic machine used to type braille on braille paper, giving it a number of additional features such as word processing, audio feedback and embossing. This version was improved in 2008 with a quiet writer that had an erase key.
Braille is usually read in printed forms such as paper books written in braille, braille public signals and also on Braille e-books. Currently more than 1% of all printed books have been translated into braille.
Although the finger can read only one braille character at a time, the brain chunks braille at a higher level, processing words a digraph, root or suffix at a time. The processing largely takes place in the visual cortex.
Children who are blind not only have the educational disadvantage of not being able to see – they also miss out on fundamental parts of early and advanced education if not provided with the necessary tools. Children who are blind or visually impaired can begin learning pre-braille skills from a very young age to become fluent braille readers as they get older.
U.S. braille literacy statistics
In 1960, 50% of legally blind, school-age children were able to read braille in the U.S. According to the 2015 Annual Report from the American Printing House for the Blind, there were 61,739 legally blind students registered in the U.S. Of these, 8.6% (5,333) were registered as braille readers, 31% (19,109) as visual readers, 9.4% (5,795) as auditory readers, 17% (10,470) as pre-readers, and 34% (21,032) as non-readers.
There are numerous causes for the decline in braille usage, including school budget constraints, technology advancements such as screen-reader software, and different philosophical views over how blind children should be educated.
A key turning point for braille literacy was the passage of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, an act of Congress that moved thousands of children from specialized schools for the blind into mainstream public schools. Because only a small percentage of public schools could afford to train and hire braille-qualified teachers, braille literacy has declined since the law took effect.[clarification needed] Braille literacy rates have improved slightly since the bill was passed,[clarification needed] in part because of pressure from consumers and advocacy groups that has led 27 states to pass legislation mandating that children who are legally blind be given the opportunity to learn braille.
Early Braille education is crucial to literacy for a blind or low-vision child. A study conducted in the state of Washington found that people who learned braille at an early age did just as well, if not better than their sighted peers in several areas, including vocabulary and comprehension. In the preliminary adult study, while evaluating the correlation between adult literacy skills and employment, it was found that 44% of the participants who had learned to read in braille were unemployed, compared to the 77% unemployment rate of those who had learned to read using print. Currently, among the estimated 85,000 blind adults in the United States, 90% of those who are braille-literate are employed. Among adults who do not know braille, only 33% are employed. Statistically, history has proven that braille reading proficiency provides an essential skill set that allows blind or low-vision children to compete with their sighted peers in a school environment and later in life as they enter the workforce.
Though braille is thought to be the main way blind people read and write, in Britain (for example) out of the reported two million blind and low vision population, it is estimated that only around 15,000–20,000 people use braille. Younger people are turning to electronic text on computers with screen reader software instead, a more portable communication method that they can use with their friends. A debate has started on how to make braille more attractive and for more teachers to be available to teach it.
Although it is possible to transcribe print by simply substituting the equivalent braille character for its printed equivalent, in English such a character-by-character transcription (known as uncontracted braille) is only used by beginners.
Braille characters are much larger than their printed equivalents, and the standard 11" by 11.5" (28 cm × 30 cm) page has room for only 25 lines of 43 characters. To reduce space and increase reading speed, most braille alphabets and orthographies use ligatures, abbreviations, and contractions. Virtually all English Braille books are transcribed in this contracted braille, which adds an additional layer of complexity to English orthography: The Library of Congress's Instruction Manual for Braille Transcribing runs to over 300 pages and braille transcribers must pass certification tests.
Fully contracted braille is known as Grade 2 Braille. There is an intermediate form, called Grade 1 Braille, that is between Computer Braille (one-for-one identity with print) and Grade 2 Braille. In Grade 1 Braille, the capital sign and number sign are used, and most punctuation marks are shown using their Grade 2 values.
The system of contractions in English Braille begins with a set of 23 words which are contracted to single characters. Thus the word but is contracted to the single letter b, can to c, do to d, and so on. Even this simple rule creates issues requiring special cases; for example, d is, specifically, an abbreviation of the verb do; the noun do representing the note of the musical scale is a different word, and must be spelled out.
Portions of words may be contracted, and many rules govern this process. For example, the character with dots 2-3-5 (the letter "f" lowered in the Braille cell) stands for "ff" when used in the middle of a word. At the beginning of a word, this same character stands for the word "to"; the character is written in braille with no space following it. (This contraction was removed in the Unified English Braille Code.) At the end of a word, the same character represents an exclamation point.
Some contractions are more similar than their print equivalents. For example, the contraction ⟨lr⟩, meaning 'letter', differs from ⟨ll⟩, meaning 'little', only by one dot in the second letter: ⠇⠇ little, ⠇⠗ letter. This causes greater confusion between the braille spellings of these words and can hinder the learning process of contracted braille.
The contraction rules take into account the linguistic structure of the word; thus, contractions are generally not to be used when their use would alter the usual braille form of a base word to which a prefix or suffix has been added. Some portions of the transcription rules are not fully codified and rely on the judgment of the transcriber. Thus, when the contraction rules permit the same word in more than one way, preference is given to "the contraction that more nearly approximates correct pronunciation."
Grade 3 Braille is a variety of non-standardized systems that include many additional shorthand-like contractions. They are not used for publication, but by individuals for their personal convenience.
Braille translation software
When people produce braille, this is called braille transcription. When computer software produces braille, this is called braille translation. Braille translation software exists to handle most of the common languages of the world, and many technical areas, such as mathematics (mathematical notation), for example WIMATS, music (musical notation), and tactile graphics.
Since Braille is one of the few writing systems where tactile perception is used, as opposed to visual perception, a braille reader must develop new skills. One skill important for Braille readers is the ability to create smooth and even pressures when running one's fingers along the words. There are many different styles and techniques used for the understanding and development of braille, even though a study by B. F. Holland suggests that there is no specific technique that is superior to any other.
Another study by Lowenfield & Abel shows that braille can be read "the fastest and best... by students who read using the index fingers of both hands". Another important reading skill emphasized in this study is to finish reading the end of a line with the right hand and to find the beginning of the next line with the left hand simultaneously. One final conclusion drawn by both Lowenfield and Abel is that children have difficulty using both hands independently where the right hand is the dominant hand. But this hand preference does not correlate to other activities.
When Braille was first adapted to languages other than French, many schemes were adopted, including mapping the native alphabet to the alphabetical order of French – e.g. in English W, which was not in the French alphabet at the time, is mapped to braille X, X to Y, Y to Z, and Z to the first French-accented letter – or completely rearranging the alphabet such that common letters are represented by the simplest braille patterns. Consequently, mutual intelligibility was greatly hindered by this state of affairs. In 1878, the International Congress on Work for the Blind, held in Paris, proposed an international braille standard, where braille codes for different languages and scripts would be based, not on the order of a particular alphabet, but on phonetic correspondence and transliteration to Latin.
This unified braille has been applied to the languages of India and Africa, Arabic, Vietnamese, Hebrew, Russian, and Armenian, as well as nearly all Latin-script languages. Greek, for example, gamma is written as Latin g, despite the fact that it has the alphabetic position of c; Hebrew bet, the second letter of the alphabet and cognate with the Latin letter b, is sometimes pronounced /b/ and sometimes /v/, and is written b or v accordingly; Russian ts is written as c, which is the usual letter for /ts/ in those Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet; and Arabic f is written as f, despite being historically p, and occurring in that part of the Arabic alphabet (between historic o and q).
Other braille conventions
Other systems for assigning values to braille patterns are also followed beside the simple mapping of the alphabetical order onto the original French order. Some braille alphabets start with unified braille, and then diverge significantly based on the phonology of the target languages, while others diverge even further.
In the various Chinese systems, traditional braille values are used for initial consonants and the simple vowels. In both Mandarin and Cantonese Braille, however, characters have different readings depending on whether they are placed in syllable-initial (onset) or syllable-final (rime) position. For instance, the cell for Latin k, ⠅, represents Cantonese k (g in Yale and other modern romanizations) when initial, but aak when final, while Latin j, ⠚, represents Cantonese initial j but final oei.
Novel systems of braille mapping include Korean, which adopts separate syllable-initial and syllable-final forms for its consonants, explicitly grouping braille cells into syllabic groups in the same way as hangul. Japanese, meanwhile, combines independent vowel dot patterns and modifier consonant dot patterns into a single braille cell – an abugida representation of each Japanese mora.
The current series of Canadian banknotes has a tactile feature consisting of raised dots that indicate the denomination, allowing bills to be easily identified by blind or low vision people. It does not use standard braille; rather, the feature uses a system developed in consultation with blind and low vision Canadians after research indicated that braille was not sufficiently robust and that not all potential users read braille. Mexican bank notes, Australian bank notes, Indian rupee notes, Israeli new shekel notes and Russian ruble notes also have special raised symbols to make them identifiable by persons who are blind or low vision.
In the United Kingdom, it is required that medicines have the name of the medicine in Braille on the labeling.
Australia also recently introduced the tactile feature onto their five-dollar banknote
U.K. September 2017 – On the front of the £10 polymer note (the side with raised print), there are two clusters of raised dots in the top left hand corner. This tactile feature helps blind and partially sighted people identify the value of the note.
Braille was added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0.
Most braille embossers and refreshable braille displays do not support Unicode, using instead 6-dot braille ASCII. Some embossers have proprietary control codes for 8-dot braille or for full graphics mode, where dots may be placed anywhere on the page without leaving any space between braille cells so that continuous lines can be drawn in diagrams, but these are rarely used and are not standard.
The Unicode standard encodes 8-dot braille glyphs according to their binary appearance, rather than following their assigned numeric order. Dot 1 corresponds to the least significant bit of the low byte of the Unicode scalar value, and dot 8 to the high bit of that byte.
The Unicode block for braille is U+2800 ... U+28FF:
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
|(end of 6-dot cell patterns)|
- Accessible publishing
- Braille literacy
- Braille music
- Braille technology
- Braille translator
- Braille watch
- English Braille
- List of binary codes
- List of international common standards
- Moon type
- Needle punch
- Nemeth Braille (for mathematics)
- Refreshable Braille display
- Tactile alphabets for the blind
- Tactile graphic
- Tangible symbol systems
- Unified English Braille
- The values of the Latin letters after z differ from language to language; these are Braille's assignments for rendering French.
- The characters have been arranged by decade, with decade diacritics listed at left, and supplementary characters included on the right according to their diacritic. See 1829 braille, where the 12 characters listed in the first line are used for shorthand and are found in this order for the 12 notes of plainsong notation, and French Braille, where the 'final' form of Braille's alphabet is laid out in the same way. However, modern tables often organize the supplementary characters differently: Those with a dot 3 are listed as a 6th group of 6 characters, and those with dots only on the right side are listed as a 7th group of 7, without anything in common with the other characters in the columns they are listed under.
- Braille, Louis (1829). Method of Writing Words, Music, and Plain Songs by Means of Dots, for Use by the Blind and Arranged for Them.
- "The Dot Positions Are Identified by Numbers from One Through Six". AFB.org. Retrieved 19 June 2016.
- "Louis Braille and the Braille System". Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- Experts Gathering In Houston To Discuss How Braille Is Taught – And What It Can Teach Us. National Public Radio, 05 May 2018
- "What is Braille". American Foundation for the Blind.
- Roy, Noëlle, "Louis Braille 1809–1852, a French genius" (PDF), Valentin Haüy Association, archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2010, retrieved 5 February 2011
- Daniels, Peter (1996). "Analog and Digital Writing", in The World's Writing Systems, p. 886
- Daniels & Bright, 1996, The World's Writing Systems, pp. 817–818
- Madeleine Loomis (1942). The Braille Reference Book [for Grades I, I½, and II].
- History of the Perkins Brailler www.perkins.org/assets/downloads/research/history-of-brailler-11-17-09.pdf
- Edman, Polly (1992). Tactile Graphics. American Foundation for the Blind. p. 153. ISBN 9780891281948. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
- "Object - Stainsby Braille writer - Victorian Collections". Victorian Collections. Museums Australia Victoria. Retrieved 23 October 2019.
- Braille Translation System for the IBM 704 by Ann S. Schack and R.T. Mertz, 1961 retrieved 3/30/2016
- Computer Translation: Grade 2 from Print; Report of American Printing House of the Blind, by Ann Schack, et al., June 1969 retrieved 3/30/2016
- History of Duxbury Systems, retrieved 3/29/2012
- American Foundation for the Blind, "Estimated Number of Adult Braille Readers in the United States", International Braille Research Center (IBRC), archived from the original on 7 September 2008, retrieved 15 April 2009
- Ranalli, Ralph (5 January 2008), "A Boost for Braille", The Boston Globe, retrieved 17 April 2009
- American Printing House for the Blind (2016), Annual Report 2015 (PDF), retrieved 27 October 2016
- Riles, Ruby, "The Impact of Braille Reading Skills on Employment, Income, Education, and Reading Habits", Braille Research Center, archived from the original on 28 May 2009, retrieved 15 April 2009
- Wiazowski, Jaroslaw (2014). "Can Braille Be Revived? A Possible Impact of High-End Braille and Mainstream Technology on the Revival of Tactile Literacy Medium". Assistive Technology. 26 (4): 227 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
- American Printing House for the Blind (APH) (1999), APH maintains an annual register of legally blind students below the college level, archived from the original on 31 January 2002, retrieved 2016-10-27CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
- Ebnet, Matthew (30 June 2001), "Braille Challenge Gives Young Blind Students a Chance to Shine", The Los Angeles Times, retrieved 15 April 2009
- Riles, Ruby (2004), "Research Study: Early Braille Education Vital", Future Reflections, retrieved 15 April 2009
- Rose, Damon (2012). "Braille is spreading but who's using it?". BBC News. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
- Risjord, Constance (2009). Instruction Manual for Braille Transcribing, Library of Congress, 5th ed. ISBN 0-8444-1227-9
- Hampshire, Barry. Working with Braille. Paris: Unesco, 1981.
- Grade 3 Braille. geocities.com (June 2000). Retrieved on 2012-12-21.
- Holland, B. F. (1934). "Speed and Pressure Factors in Braille Reading", Teachers Forum, Vol. 7. pp. 13–17
- Lowenfield, B.; Abel, and G. L. (1977). Methods of Teaching Braille Reading Efficiency of Children in Lower Senior Classes. Birmingham, Research Centre for the Education of the Visually Handicapped
- "International Meeting on Braille Uniformity" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- Bank of Israel – Banknote Security Features – Raised print (intaglio). boi.org.il. Retrieved on 2013-01-11.
- "Banknotes | Банк России". www.cbr.ru. Central Bank of Russia. Retrieved 9 December 2018.
- National : Right to Information Act in Braille. The Hindu (2006-07-04). Retrieved on 2012-12-21.
- ada.gov. Retrieved on 2012-12-21.
- Medicines: packaging, labeling, and patient information leaflets. gov.uk. Retrieved on 2015-05-05.
- Mills, Nicole (30 August 2016). "Australia's new $5 notes to be more accessible to blind and vision-impaired people". ABC News.
- "Questions about polymer banknotes and the new £10 note". Bank of England. August 2017.
- "World Braille Day: 4th January". www.calendarlabs.com. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
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India’s booming economy has long had a dark side in the form of rampant pollution. Like China, the country has gone full throttle on a production-oriented society while ignoring rising pollution and illnesses associated with pollutants. Now, in a study of 132 countries, India has reached the bottom of the list of dirty air countries or, to put a more positive spin, the top spot on the most dirty countries. Nevertheless, the government is not concerned and assured the public that this is really not that bad.
The annual study, the Environmental Performance Index, found runaway pollution, particularly in the form of fine particulate matter. This includes PM 2.5, or the 2.5 micron size of the particulates, which are 500% above the level considered safe for human beings.
The listing also includes overall pollution where India came in at 125 out of 132.
Yet, D. Saha, a scientist in the “Air Lab” at India’s Central Pollution Control Board, insisted that the air pollution in India is really not like those of other countries and that no comparison can be made due to India’s “different terrain.” He insisted that the study should not raise “undue alarm.” Sounds like India came only in the top ten of the cleanest countries as opposed to the dirtiest. Saha, however, was finally honest when he admitted that “we have other pressing problems like poverty, focus on them.” That is the scientist entrusted with dealing with pollution.
Source: NY Times | <urn:uuid:06a986fe-83d5-48f5-b9d8-fff1439c1f13> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://jonathanturley.org/2012/02/01/india-takes-first-place-in-the-worst-air-pollution-in-the-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187820487.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20171016233304-20171017013304-00527.warc.gz | en | 0.953676 | 320 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Cathy Wu is the Gilbert W. Winslow Assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering and a member of the MIT Institute for Data, Systems, and Society. As an undergraduate, Wu won MIT’s toughest robotics competition, and as a graduate student took the University of California at Berkeley’s first-ever course on deep reinforcement learning. Now back at MIT, she’s working to improve the flow of robots in Amazon warehouses under the Science Hub, a new collaboration between the tech giant and the MIT Schwarzman College of Computing. Outside of the lab and classroom, Wu can be found running, drawing, pouring lattes at home, and watching YouTube videos on math and infrastructure via 3Blue1Brown and Practical Engineering. She recently took a break from all of that to talk about her work.
Q: What put you on the path to robotics and self-driving cars?
A: My parents always wanted a doctor in the family. However, I’m bad at following instructions and became the wrong kind of doctor! Inspired by my physics and computer science classes in high school, I decided to study engineering. I wanted to help as many people as a medical doctor could.
At MIT, I looked for applications in energy, education, and agriculture, but the self-driving car was the first to grab me. It has yet to let go! Ninety-four percent of serious car crashes are caused by human error and could potentially be prevented by self-driving cars. Autonomous vehicles could also ease traffic congestion, save energy, and improve mobility.
I first learned about self-driving cars from Seth Teller during his guest lecture for the course Mobile Autonomous Systems Lab (MASLAB), in which MIT undergraduates compete to build the best full-functioning robot from scratch. Our ball-fetching bot, Putzputz, won first place. From there, I took more classes in machine learning, computer vision, and transportation, and joined Teller’s lab. I also competed in several mobility-related hackathons, including one sponsored by Hubway, now known as Blue Bike.
Q: You’ve explored ways to help humans and autonomous vehicles interact more smoothly. What makes this problem so hard?
A: Both systems are highly complex, and our classical modeling tools are woefully insufficient. Integrating autonomous vehicles into our existing mobility systems is a huge undertaking. For example, we don’t know whether autonomous vehicles will cut energy use by 40 percent, or double it. We need more powerful tools to cut through the uncertainty. My PhD thesis at Berkeley tried to do this. I developed scalable optimization methods in the areas of robot control, state estimation, and system design. These methods could help decision-makers anticipate future scenarios and design better systems to accommodate both humans and robots.
Q: How is deep reinforcement learning, combining deep and reinforcement learning algorithms, changing robotics?
A: I took John Schulman and Pieter Abbeel’s reinforcement learning class at Berkeley in 2015 shortly after Deepmind published their breakthrough paper in Nature. They had trained an agent via deep learning and reinforcement learning to play “Space Invaders” and a suite of Atari games at superhuman levels. That created quite some buzz. A year later, I started to incorporate reinforcement learning into problems involving mixed traffic systems, in which only some cars are automated. I realized that classical control techniques couldn’t handle the complex nonlinear control problems I was formulating.
Deep RL is now mainstream but it’s by no means pervasive in robotics, which still relies heavily on classical model-based control and planning methods. Deep learning continues to be important for processing raw sensor data like camera images and radio waves, and reinforcement learning is gradually being incorporated. I see traffic systems as gigantic multi-robot systems. I’m excited for an upcoming collaboration with Utah’s Department of Transportation to apply reinforcement learning to coordinate cars with traffic signals, reducing congestion and thus carbon emissions.
Q: You’ve talked about the MIT course, 6.007 (Signals and Systems), and its impact on you. What about it spoke to you?
A: The mindset. That problems that look messy can be analyzed with common, and sometimes simple, tools. Signals are transformed by systems in various ways, but what do these abstract terms mean, anyway? A mechanical system can take a signal like gears turning at some speed and transform it into a lever turning at another speed. A digital system can take binary digits and turn them into other binary digits or a string of letters or an image. Financial systems can take news and transform it via millions of trading decisions into stock prices. People take in signals every day through advertisements, job offers, gossip, and so on, and translate them into actions that in turn influence society and other people. This humble class on signals and systems linked mechanical, digital, and societal systems and showed me how foundational tools can cut through the noise.
Q: In your project with Amazon you’re training warehouse robots to pick up, sort, and deliver goods. What are the technical challenges?
A: This project involves assigning robots to a given task and routing them there. [Professor] Cynthia Barnhart’s team is focused on task assignment, and mine, on path planning. Both problems are considered combinatorial optimization problems because the solution involves a combination of choices. As the number of tasks and robots increases, the number of possible solutions grows exponentially. It’s called the curse of dimensionality. Both problems are what we call NP Hard; there may not be an efficient algorithm to solve them. Our goal is to devise a shortcut.
Routing a single robot for a single task isn’t difficult. It’s like using Google Maps to find the shortest path home. It can be solved efficiently with several algorithms, including Dijkstra’s. But warehouses resemble small cities with hundreds of robots. When traffic jams occur, customers can’t get their packages as quickly. Our goal is to develop algorithms that find the most efficient paths for all of the robots.
Q: Are there other applications?
A: Yes. The algorithms we test in Amazon warehouses might one day help to ease congestion in real cities. Other potential applications include controlling planes on runways, swarms of drones in the air, and even characters in video games. These algorithms could also be used for other robotic planning tasks like scheduling and routing.
Q: AI is evolving rapidly. Where do you hope to see the big breakthroughs coming?
A: I’d like to see deep learning and deep RL used to solve societal problems involving mobility, infrastructure, social media, health care, and education. Deep RL now has a toehold in robotics and industrial applications like chip design, but we still need to be careful in applying it to systems with humans in the loop. Ultimately, we want to design systems for people. Currently, we simply don’t have the right tools.
Q: What worries you most about AI taking on more and more specialized tasks?
A: AI has the potential for tremendous good, but it could also help to accelerate the widening gap between the haves and the have-nots. Our political and regulatory systems could help to integrate AI into society and minimize job losses and income inequality, but I worry that they’re not equipped yet to handle the firehose of AI.
Q: What’s the last great book you read?
A: “How to Avoid a Climate Disaster,” by Bill Gates. I absolutely loved the way that Gates was able to take an overwhelmingly complex topic and distill it down into words that everyone can understand. His optimism inspires me to keep pushing on applications of AI and robotics to help avoid a climate disaster. | <urn:uuid:48813c99-131f-4986-b05f-494a63da8f85> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://civilengineering365.com/qa-cathy-wu-on-developing-algorithms-to-safely-integrate-robots-into-our-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510676.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20230930113949-20230930143949-00765.warc.gz | en | 0.956753 | 1,610 | 2.59375 | 3 |
World Space Week
|World Space Week|
World Space Week logo
'World Space Week' (abbrv. WSW) is an annual holiday held from October 4 to October 10. It is observed from 4–10 October in most of the world, in continents including Europe, Russia and Asia. World Space Week is officially defined as "an international celebration of science and technology, and their contribution to the betterment of the human condition."
On December 6, 1999, The United Nations General Assembly declared World Space Week as an annual event celebration to be commemorated between October 4–10. The choice of dates was based on recognition of two important dates in space history: the launch of the first human-made Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957; and the signing of the Outer Space Treaty on October 10, 1967.
World Space Week is the largest annual space event in the world.
In 2007, World Space Week was celebrated in 54 countries and in space. A total of 435 events were reported in 244 cities, with attendance of over 377,000 and media audience of over 26,000,000. Events included rocket launches, school activities, exhibits, political events, and special events at planetaria around the world. Under the theme "50 Years in Space", many events of World Space Week 2007 celebrated the 50th anniversary of the space age which began with the launch of Sputnik I on October 4, 1957. In space, Bigelow Aerospace illuminated its Genesis spacecraft with the World Space Week logo and beamed photos that week to Earth.
In 2008, the theme for World Space Week was "Exploring the Universe". In 2009, the theme was "Space for Education". "Mysteries of the Cosmos" was the theme in 2010. In 2012, the central theme was human safety and security through space, promoting awareness of the roles that space satellites play in safeguarding the environment and protecting humans through functions such as Earth observation, navigation, search and rescue operations, and telecommunication. Commemoration of WSW 2012 included media coverage about the historic launch of SpaceShipOne, Sputnik and future goals of the human colonization of worlds beyond Earth. WSW 2012 was celebrated in 65 nations.
Activities and observances
The World Space Week Association is a non-government, non-profit organization which is supported by national coordinators in over 50 nations. It is led by an all volunteer Board of Directors including Buzz Aldrin, Bill Nye, Tom Hanks and space leaders from around the world. Its goals are to educate people around the world about the benefits that they receive from space, encourage use of space for sustainable economic development, foster enthusiastic education and interest in science and cooperation between nations through space outreach and education.
The association provides resources for educators in grade K-12.
- World Space Week General Assembly, The United Nations
- World Space Week UN General Assembly
- UN launches into World Space Week highlighting contributions of space science to humanity The United Nations News Center; October 4, 2012
- "Report on World Space Week 2000/2007". Worldspaceweek.org. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
- "UN Report on World Space Week 2007, ST/SPACE/38". Worldspaceweek.org. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
- "Report on World Space Week 2008". Worldspaceweek.org. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
- "2012 World Space Week". Worldspaceweek.org. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
- The United Nations World Space Week UN
- Celebrate Sputnik Day by Thinking About Space Sex, by Audrey Ference - The L Magazine; October 4, 2012
- "65 Nations Celebrated World Space Week 2012". Worldspaceweek.org. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
- "About World Space Week". Worldspaceweek.org. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
- "Teacher Activity Guide". Worldspaceweek.org. Retrieved 2012-10-12.
- Calendar of Events 2012 World Space Week; The United Nations | <urn:uuid:07560864-0b01-4c25-92fd-e7241acb29c7> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Space_Week | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678702080/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024502-00067-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.913943 | 859 | 3.15625 | 3 |
The major goals of Zombie-Based Learning are to:
- Increase student engagement
- Provide project-based lessons
- Meet rigorous national standards through authentic assessment
I’m hoping that by providing this curriculum, more students will take an interest in geography, as well as more teachers will take an interest in project-based learning and standards. Through using these lessons, I hope that teachers will increase their own curriculum, project, and assessment design skills.
WHAT IS ZOMBIE-BASED LEARNING?
To help explain exactly what Zombie-Based Learning is, I will talk about its 3 main parts.
- The Narrative
- The Lessons
- The Projects
The Narrative is the story which sets up the Zombie Apocalypse, sets up the lessons and projects, and engages the students in an imaginative and interesting scenario.
The Lessons are the day to day plans provided to the teacher. These model a way to scaffold the projects and set up learning experiences for the students to reach national academic standards.
The Projects are problems students have to solve to survive situations presented in the narrative. They are an engaging way for students to show proficient knowledge in the Geography standards. While the scenarios are based in surviving a fictional story, the skills required are based on real world geographic skills.
DETAILS – THE NARRATIVE
The Narrative’s main goals are to engage students, introduce reality-based problems, and answer the question of “why would I ever need to know this?” While the narrative takes place in a fictitious setting of a Zombie Apocalypse, the problems encountered by the characters are similar to real world work that geographers do today. Each unit in the narrative contains explanations of how the skills required in the story can apply to real world situations.
Dead Reckon is the title of the narrative story which ties into the lessons and projects. Each section of Dead Reckon links to a unit of projects. Dead Reckon helps to engage students, subtly introduce geographic concepts, and impress upon students the idea that problems can be overcome by learning, thinking, planning, and finding solutions.
Dead Reckon is currently a written narrative, but is being transformed into a graphic novel. The first unit is currently being illustrated and colored. Unit one is 32 pages long. Later units will be illustrated into graphic novel form as more funding comes in through donations, sales, and investing. The estimated length of the entire graphic novel is 120 pages. Producing the narrative in graphic novel form helps to quickly engage students in the story and projects.
Dead Reckon page 2
DETAILS – THE LESSONS
Each Lesson Plan includes a daily objective or goal, the standard(s) it addresses, and a way to assess how each student is reaching that objective. The lesson plan also provides all of the day’s activities, handouts, and list of materials required. These lesson plans have taken into account the important parts of a teacher’s lesson plan.
All of the lessons and assessments are based on standards
. The standards used for ZBL are the National Geography Standards: Geography for Life
. This is currently based on the 1st version
. As soon as the second version comes out, I will be adjusting to meet those standards and keep the curriculum up-to-date. I have been adding technology and tools, such as GIS, to keep the standards current. According to National Geographic
, “[t]he vast majority of states have incorporated parts or all of the 18 geography standards into their state standards.”
The organizations involved in creating these standards are:
Find the full list of Standards here
The handouts are plentiful, and rich with visuals and information!
Professional geographers and geography professors have contributed their insights into student handouts and lesson materials.
DETAILS - THE PROJECTS
Zombie-Based Learning is also Project-Based Learning
. To get an idea of what project-based learning is, here is a great video
Projects in ZBL aim to include the essential elements of PBL
- In-depth inquiry
- Driving questions
- Need to know
- Student voice and choice
- Revision and Reflection
- Public Audience
- Significant content
- 21st Century skills
Project based learning has been proven to be a very effective
teaching method. As a teacher, I also use Understanding by Design
to develop my curricula. UbD has been integrated into the design of ZBL.
The projects in ZBL are the main summative assessments. However, pre-assessments and formative assessments are provided so that student growth can be measured and monitored. I am a strong believer in authentic assessments, and work hard to make sure that each assignment is actually measuring the knowledge, understanding, or conceptual thinking skills it is trying to assess.
Assessments and projects include grading rubrics. Rubrics are not only used for the teacher to grade the projects and assignments, but also for both teachers and students to recognize the different levels of quality in the work.
Project Rubric Example
Zombie-Based Learning is currently in production. Units are being provided as they are completed. To download ZBL lessons, visit the donation page.
Please feel free to contact me with any feedback, suggestions, or questions.
Summer is coming to an end and I’m getting close to making the first unit available to download. Expect to see the first project available sometime next week (maybe sooner). This will give teachers who want to get started with ZBL this year, enough time to review the material and prepare (or ask questions). Later units will follow behind the first and be available within time to keep up with your teaching. I’m still aiming for November as the full out ship date.
Below is a very basic description of the first project.
Download the description here, or read on below:
Enter your email address to download Mapping the Outbreak - Project 01 - Outline
Studying the Earth is at the heart of Geography. In this first project, students are introduced to some of the questions geographers ask and the tools they use to try and find answers. Students will apply these tools as they create their own map and analyze the spatial relationships between cities. By recognizing these relationships, students will be able to predict the movement of the zombie outbreak, and where zombies are most likely to attack next.
FINAL PROJECT TASK
Students will need to create a map of using the Zombie Attack Data provided.
How are geographic tools used to make predictions and find solutions?
- How to choose appropriate maps and tools.
- How to create maps to display data.
- How to analyze distance and connections of major metropolitan cities.
- How to describe patterns of migration and diffusion.
- Intro to Geography
- Different Types of Maps
- Map Elements
Map Making Work Time
- Intro to Analyzing Spatial Relationships
- Identifying Major Cities – Structures
- Examining Connections – Relationships
- What Moves and How? – Processes
- Using Maps to Answer Questions and Show Data
1A) Recognize characteristics and applications of maps, globes, aerial and other images.
1B) Make and use different globes, graphs, charts, databases, and models.
1C) Evaluate when to use certain maps or other tools and technology to solve geographic problems.
2A) Identify important physical and human features on maps.
3B) Analyze and explain patterns of land use such as distance, accessibility, and connections.
3D) Describe patterns of migration and diffusion.
(Based on the National Geography Standards)
I set up this blog so that I could post the occasional and informal posts about Geography and Zombies. Some of it is stuff that comes across my radar, gets sent my way, or explanations about Zombie-Based Learning.
For example, one of the last projects that students participating in ZBL-Geography have to do is to make a plan for the future survival of their settlement. This project and these lessons are very timely. Many cities are trying to do a similar thing. Just a couple months ago the City of Portland, Oregon released the “Portland Plan.”
Many cities release long-term plans, and we are seeing more and more take into account multiple factors of what it means for their city to “survive.” The final and biggest project of ZBL has students create a long-term plan for their city. Much like the Portland Plan, students will have to take into account multiple factors. Primary documents such as the Portland Plan will be used in the Lessons included in the ZBL Teacher Resource. Imagine having a discussion with your students about what makes a city, and what they need to plan for. What do you think students would include? What do you think they would have to say about a document like this. Is it possible to not just rebuild society from a Zombie Apocalypse, but to rebuild an EQUITABLE society from a Zombie Apocalypse?
As an example, the project around city planning meets these national geographic standards:
18) The Uses of Geography – Present and Future - How to apply geography to interpret the present and plan for the future
18A) Analyze the interaction between physical and human systems to understand possible causes and effects of current conditions on Earth and to speculate on future conditions
18B) Integrate multiple points of view to analyze and evaluate contemporary geographic issues
18C) Demonstrate an understanding of spatial organization of human activities and physical systems and be able to make informed decisions | <urn:uuid:f6158a4b-7eca-49e6-b0b5-fda80396645d> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://blog.zombiebased.com/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999670669/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060750-00074-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941861 | 1,987 | 3.890625 | 4 |
One of the most useful tools a veterinarian has at their disposal when treating animals is the use of radiographs. A radiograph is more commonly known as an x-ray. An x-ray uses radioactive waves to produce pictures of your pet’s internal organs and bony skeleton.
Dr. McHughes uses x-ray to diagnose enlargement of the internal organs, such as liver and heart; pneumonia of the lungs; tumor identification; fractured bony structures; and even foreign object placement. Radiography is useful when an animal cannot tell us where or why it is hurting.
If your pet needs an x-ray for accurate diagnosis, our staff will properly restrain your pet for a clear picture and develop the film. Dr. McHughes will go over the pictures and give you her impression of what your pet is suffering from with you in the exam room during your visit. | <urn:uuid:3dfea132-3cfd-481b-9cd5-37a516af688b> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | http://www.crosspointveterinaryhospital.com/Services/Radiography.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370496227.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20200329201741-20200329231741-00250.warc.gz | en | 0.93778 | 181 | 2.890625 | 3 |
New York just one of several cities facing increased risk of coastal flooding
As New Yorkers clean up from Hurricane Sandy, they're also considering what they might do to stop such a storm surge in the future. It's a common problem facing leaders of cities the world over.
The flooding New York City experienced from Sandy could become a more common occurrence as climate change causes sea levels to rise.
Officials there have for some time been looking at ways to make the city more resilient to storm surges. Six years ago, they approached a Dutch scientist for advice. The Netherlands is a low-lying country that is well known for its heroic efforts to hold back the sea.
The Dutch scientist, Jeroen Aerts of VU University in Amsterdam, says New York officials wanted to know what they could do to make the city more flood-proof. But, at the time, they weren’t interested in big engineering solutions.
“They were a little bit reluctant in terms of considering large scale protection measures, like surge barriers,” he said.
Surge barriers, or flood barriers, are carefully engineered concrete structures, often built in tidal inlets, that prevent flooding in coastal areas.
These and other large structures, like levees, are expensive, and New York wanted inexpensive solutions, Aerts says.
But that changed last year, after Hurricane Irene caused huge economic damage.
“Thhey also saw this sense of urgency that maybe (we should) also look at other options,” he said.
Aerts is currently collaborating with New York officials to develop plans for levees and storm surge barriers, and on ways to make new and old buildings more flood resistant.
Aerts says New York could adopt some solutions from his country — for example, the network of surge barriers that protects the city of Rotterdam and its port, or the idea of raising beaches with fresh sand every few years.
“Each time the sea rises by a little bit, a few inches, we simply put some more sand on our beaches,” he said.
Aerts’s colleague Pier Vellinga says New York should also consider some tips from Venice.
“Over the last twenty years, the frequency of flooding has increased in Venice from about four times a year to like 20 to 40 times a year,” he said.
Vellinga has been helping Venetians put in a range of measures to help protect themselves from these floods.
Some of them are simple, for instance, raised walkways that help pedestrians keep their feet dry.
Then there are more complex and expensive engineering solutions, like a set of mobile underwater barriers.
“It’s a set of doors that are hinged to the sea floor,” Vellinga said. “They lift up when the water is very high, and then they block” the Adriatic Sea from entering the city.
Whatever action New York takes, experts say the city has to be prepared to redesign its plan depending on what the future brings.
Tim Reeder, the regional climate change program manager at the environmental agency in the U.K., is involved with a program called the Thames Estuary 2100.
It’s a plan to protect London and surrounding areas from floods and other climate-related risks, and it can be tweaked based on the degree the climate changes over the coming decades.
“Given the fact that we don’t know how much of sea level rise exactly we’re going to get as a result of climate change,” he said, “the plan can be adapted so that we can continue to get flood protection for the next hundred years in London.”
One component of the plan is a surge barrier called the Thames Barrier.
“The Thames Barrier is part of a large flood protection system including 330 kilometers of sea walls to protect London,” he said.
Since its completion in 1983, this barrier has protected London from floods more than a hundred times. But if the sea level rises by another foot, the barrier may no longer offer enough protection, in which case it will have to be modified to hold back more water.
Reeder says cities like New York, Rotterdam, Venice and London face an uncertain future, and they should work together to prepare for a common threat.
"PRI's "The World" is a one-hour, weekday radio news magazine offering a mix of news, features, interviews, and music from around the globe. "The World" is a co-production of the BBC World Service, PRI and WGBH Boston. More about The World. | <urn:uuid:7c2c837e-af07-4110-bec3-fc33ab6f6ea8> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.pri.org/stories/science/environment/new-york-just-one-of-several-cities-facing-increased-risk-of-coastal-flooding-11946.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368697552127/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516094552-00014-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955949 | 967 | 3.125 | 3 |
It doesn’t matter how many programming languages we already have, some great minds are always looking for ways to create something new and contribute to the programming community.
A few days ago, Alex Medvednikov has open-sourced a new programming language known as the ‘V language‘. It’s a statically typed programming language, similar to Go and inspired by Rust, Swift, and Oberon.
According to Alex, the creator of V, it’s a simple language designed for building ‘maintainable’ software. As of now, V emits C and works on GCC/Clang for optimized production builds. Just like Rust, it also manages memory at compile time. This language supports Windows, macOS, Linux, *BSD. V also has plans to support Android and iOS later this year.
Main Features of V Language
V compiles around 1.2 million lines of code per second per CPU core. It focuses on modularity and generates machine code directly. It can also emit C but in that case, the compilation speed will drop to something around 100k lines/second/CPU.
The creator, Alex has also mentioned that this mechanism is at a very early stage and supports x64/Mach-O only. He will try to make it more stable in the upcoming versions.
V language comes with a speed of C, built-in serialization, a minimal amount of allocations, C interop without any costs, etc. Thus, the entire V language and its standard library are less than 400 KB in size. You can build this language in 0.4 seconds. Moreover, the creator has also promised to reduce this number to around 0.15 by the end of this year.
Safer than Others
V language doesn’t have null, undefined values, global variables, variable shadowing, bounds checking, etc. It supports immutable variables by default. Apart from that, V also supports generics, option/result types, pure functions, and immutable structs.
You can translate your V code to C or C++ or use Clang parser to convert C/C++ code to V. This feature is also currently in early-stage but Alex aims to make this feature stable by the end of this year.
As we already said, V is simpler than C++ and offers up to 400 times faster compilation, easy concurrency, compile-time code generation, etc. This language is even faster, safer and maintainable than Python.
Talking about the users, they have mixed reaction towards this new language. I know everyone would appreciate a language with the simplicity of Go and the memory management model of Rust. But as there’s not much proof available, people are skeptical about this language.
Anyway, what do you think about the V language? Share your opinion in the comments below. | <urn:uuid:eafd6a2e-6fd8-4149-8705-c41fb7eca97e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.technotification.com/2019/07/v-programming-language-for-software-development.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655896374.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20200708031342-20200708061342-00049.warc.gz | en | 0.939251 | 585 | 2.71875 | 3 |
We talk with Magdalena Bis (PhD) and Wojciech Bis of the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology PAS about archaeological works at the Bersohn and Bauman Children’s Hospital, contemporary archaeology and two decades of studying castles and material culture
20 May 2020
What is your role – as archaeologists – in the progress of works at the Bersohn and Bauman Children’s Hospital?
Wojciech Bis: The works carried out at the hospital involve cooperation between two institutions – the Warsaw Ghetto Museum and the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology PAS. Our participation is determined by the fact that the hospital is a building entered in the National Inventory of Historical Monuments. We are present on its site in order to record any found objects of historical value as well as any exposed remains of old buildings.
Do you think it is possible that you can find something so unique hidden within the hospital area that it would halt investment works?
Magdalena Bis: It is difficult to speculate.
W.B. Archaeology is a science exploring things that were undiscovered or hardly known before. There are three wells on the hospital premises marked on Lindley’s plan (the so called Lindley’s plan was created at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries in connection with the construction of Warsaw Water Filters – editor’s note). It is possible that they may hold some interesting historic objects – interesting for us – but for those who lived at the time it was rubbish thrown into the well as people wanted to get rid of them.
M.B. Archaeologists look for objects of historical value, and not necessarily of material value. The public opinion associates our work with searching for treasures – items made of precious metals, mainly gold and silver. However, we also value much less precious things, even those that are cheap, commonly used and worn out, for example ceramics, items made of other metals and organic raw materials.
W.B. Everything we can find on the hospital premises falls into the category of contemporary archaeology being rather new historic items, only from the 19th century. Whatever we find will be interesting for the museum, as it will be related to this very facility.
When did you commence the works at 60 Sienna Street?
W.B. In the spring, we conducted invasive tests to check if there is anything hidden underground. Last week, demolition works of the porter’s lodge started. It was not a historic building. Formerly, there was a building functionally linked to the hospital in this place, called a morgue (a mortuary – editor’s note). There was a wooden shed next to it. Upon the consent of the Provincial Conservator of Monuments, the buildings have been demolished, since the investment works will be carried out in their place. We supervised the demolition because there was a possibility of finding some items of historic value under the floors. We only discovered small items, such as fragments of post-war metal bed frames, pieces of glass bottles, porcelain cups, parts of stove tiles. Those have been secured. They may be included in the museum’s collection.
Do you think that you may come across objects of great historical significance?
W.B. There could be everything and there could be nothing out there. The workers are unable to distinguish between a common object and a historic item, thus archaeological supervision is needed. The task of the specialists is to assess the finds, secure them and possibly cease further works.
When is your supervision over the works at the hospital premises going to finish?
W.B. It has already ended. When further demolition works are carried out in the buildings marked on Lindley’s plan, we will also participate in them.
As I understand it correctly, the archaeological supervision of the demolition works at the Bersohn and Bauman Children’s Hospital is not the first project of this type that you took part in?
W.B. We have been in this profession for twenty years. As an example, we worked on unveiling the remains of the 19th century buildings and structures in Płock. We specialise in archaeology of the period from the late Middle Ages to the present day. I am engaged in exploring castles, and my wife is interested in material culture. For example, we have explored the castle in Żelechów near Garwolin.
M.B. We also worked at other castles: the Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork as well as the castles in Tykocin, Waniewo in Podlachia, and in Puck in Pomerania. We have extensive experience in fieldwork.
W.B. In Warsaw, we participated in archaeological works preceding the reconstruction of the Jabłonowski Palace at the National Theatre, as well as the construction of the Museum of the History of Polish Jews POLIN, where we were involved in the unveiling of the foundations of the former Crown Artillery Barracks. We also conducted excavations at the Brühl Palace in Młociny.
Interview conducted by Anna Kilian
Photo Warsaw Ghetto Museum | <urn:uuid:e4de6dfd-c640-4576-9070-f544aa863d2a> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://1943.pl/en/artykul/everything-we-find-will-be-interesting-for-the-museum/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506528.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923194908-20230923224908-00307.warc.gz | en | 0.968656 | 1,075 | 2.640625 | 3 |
TerraSAR-X, Germany's first ppp-funded Satellite. Image: EADS-Astrium
Launch: 15 June 2007
Based on the expertise previously gained in the field of synthetic aperture radar technology (X-SAR/SIR-C missions in 1994, SRTM in 2000), DLR and EADS Astrium GmbH agreed on building and operating a radar satellite for scientific and commercial use. Named TerraSAR-X, the project was the first to be implemented by a public-private partnership in which both parties contribute towards financing the system.
The core of the project is an X-band radar satellite designed to generate images of the Earth's surface in a variety of modes: images taken in 'spotlight' mode show an area measuring ten by five kilometers at a resolution of up to one meter. In 'strip map' mode, the satellite scans a swath 30 kilometers wide at a resolution of three meters. In 'ScanSAR' mode, the swath is as wide as 100 kilometers, although the resolution is lower at 16 meters. Moreover, TerraSAR-X is designed to capture radar interferometry data which may be used to generate digital elevation models.
The satellite was built by EADS Astrium GmbH and launched on 15 June 2007 on a Ukrainian/Russian DNEPR rocket. DLR is responsible for operating the satellite (GSOC) as well as for receiving, processing and distributing its data (DFD, IMF). Further responsibilities include system aspects as well as the calibration/validation of SAR data (IHR). Infoterra GmbH, a subsidiary of EADS Astrium GmbH, is in charge of commercializing the high-resolution data supplied by TerraSAR-X, with the goal to establish a self-supporting Earth observation business in Europe. Scientific applications are being coordinated by DLR, whereas EADS Astrium GmbH holds exclusive rights to exploit the data commercially. | <urn:uuid:a6c9060a-f35d-4e8d-acff-cf936f5eb87b> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.dlr.de/rd/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-2440/3586_read-5338/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886103270.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20170817111816-20170817131816-00535.warc.gz | en | 0.924815 | 403 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Describe the chief differences between a currency board and a central bank with a nominal exchange rate target.
First, the central bank controls the money supply by setting the nominal exchange rate target and then adjusting the money supply to achieve that target. Under a currency board system, there is no central bank. The currency board passively responds to the demand for domestic money by buying or selling foreign exchange for ...
This posting provides a detailed answer to the student's question. | <urn:uuid:49936f32-3ed3-4e2e-82d8-8df87fcebbeb> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://brainmass.com/business/foreign-exchange-rates/currency-board-central-bank-nominal-exchange-rate-target-178698 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120194.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823113414-20170823133414-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.907719 | 92 | 3.265625 | 3 |
Index of Articles
Dentistry is often a dreaded experience that everyone faces sooner or later. Finding non-toxic, or less toxic, substitutes for the products normally used is just a small start. There are countless additional pieces of information and life style changes that will increase safety and perhaps protect health.
Oral Chelation of Heavy Metal
Many people today suffer from what is often broadly referred to as “heavy metal toxicity.” The most common source of toxicity is mercury from dental fillings. When the so-called “silver” fillings are put in the teeth, they are roughly 49-53% mercury. The filling is an amalgam that contains some silver and other metals as well as what is for some people a lethal amount of mercury. Read more
Tamarind: Fluoride Detoxification
The studies of tamarind on fluoride were definitely promising. Plants sometimes have a great affinity for certain elements. I have been trying to find words for this kind of “philia” but they are mouthfuls, like hydrargyrumphilic or hydrargyrumphobic or fluoridophilic (or phobic) but the fact that one plant might have measurably more fluoride than another does not mean that Read more
Chemicals that mimic natural estrogens are generally from synthetic contaminants such as plastics, PVC materials, pesticides, petroleum products, and certain pharmaceuticals. To this, we can add growth hormone additives that are ingested through consumption of non-organic animal products, birth control pills, and perhaps some phytoestrogenic botanicals though this is more controversial. Read more | <urn:uuid:ebee4db8-76b8-4c83-aa29-09fc6a08da92> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://toxicteeth.com/index-of-articles/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233508959.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925083430-20230925113430-00458.warc.gz | en | 0.961074 | 342 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Walter Richard Sickert, (born May 31, 1860, Munich, Bavaria [now in Germany]—died January 22, 1942, Bathampton, Somerset, England), painter and printmaker who was a pivotal figure in British avant-garde painting in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Sickert was the son of Oswald Adalbert Sickert, a Danish-born German draftsman who settled in England in 1868. After several years working as an actor, in 1881 the younger Sickert attended the Slade School of Art in London. In 1882 he became an assistant to James McNeill Whistler, and the following year he met the French Impressionist Edgar Degas in Paris; these artists greatly influenced his work. In particular, Sickert was indebted to Degas for the ability to establish a situation merely through the attitudes of his figures. His first pictures of London music-hall interiors, which became one of his most typical subjects, appeared in 1888 at the New English Art Club. Such works helped introduce Impressionism’s subject matter of everyday life to the British public. After making a living as a portrait painter throughout the 1890s, from 1898 to 1905 Sickert lived in Dieppe, France, and in Venice, often painting landscapes.
Courtesy of the trustees of the Tate Gallery, London; photograph, J.R. Freeman & Co. Ltd.In 1905 Sickert returned to London, where he joined the painters Augustus John and Lucien Pissarro, the son of Impressionist master Camille Pissarro, in advocating advanced ideas in British painting. During the latter part of the decade he began to depict disturbing subject matter, such as a series of chilling, ambiguous works entitled Camden Town Murder. By 1911 Sickert became the leader of the Camden Town Group, an association of artists who advocated an unromanticized vision of the urban scene; the rough quality of the group’s aesthetic is apparent in paintings by Sickert such as Ennui (c. 1913). The group also organized exhibitions of French and British Impressionism and Post-Impressionism that exposed the British public to important developments in European avant-garde art.
From the mid-1920s to the end of his life, Sickert lived in a variety of locales, including Dieppe and, in England, Bath and Kent. In his later work he increasingly used photographs, rather than live models, as the basis for his work. He also occasionally wrote art criticism for the leading journals of the day. | <urn:uuid:ab9928ad-015a-44a1-b6cd-65ff11e46fd9> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.britannica.com/print/topic/542862 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657138770.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011218-00001-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976551 | 529 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Comments on Space Sunshade Idea Now Worrisomely Popular
It appears that the idea of creating enormous space artifacts that will save us from global warming is starting to become mainstream. (Read
the complete story)
|"The Lagrange point labeled L1 is about 1.5 million kilometers from Earth, and directly between the Earth and the sun.
Ordinarily, you would expect that an object in orbit around the sun, and closer to the sun than the earth, would have a shorter orbital period than the Earth. However, this does not take the Earth's gravity into account. It turns out that an object placed in at the L1 position would tend to stay there."
(Bill Christensen 11/3/2006 8:13:07 PM)
|"Could the light be focused towards Mars to warm it up a bit?"
( 11/5/2006 1:04:41 AM)
|"That's a great idea! I'm not sure whether anything like that is feasible, but your suggestion is the first I've heard about using excess sunlight to terraform Mars. The lenses would need to subtly shift their positions to focus their beams toward Mars' position. I wonder what it would look like if you looked up from the surface?"
(Bill Christensen 11/5/2006 10:57:37 AM)
|"If you're going to all that trouble and expense, why not work in some power-production capability as well?"
(daddyvortex 11/11/2006 7:21:09 AM)
|"DV- I'm guessing the problem would be how to get that power back to Earth; it's about 1.5 million km to the L1 point. You're certainly right about trying to take advantage of the 'trouble and expense'! Hmm... maybe you could focus each of the litttle lenses at solar cells orbiting not too far from Earth..."
(Bill Christensen 11/11/2006 7:38:31 AM)
|"We understand that natural seasonal fluctuations in temperature and humidity promote the evolution of our native floura and fauna. Why is it so hard for us to accept that natural fluctuations in the energy output of the sun contribute to the evolution of our planet and everything on it? Would an arborist expect a grove of pecan trees to evolve naturally inside the Superdome?
(bwise 11/13/2006 6:24:16 PM)
|"bwise has a very important point. As I understand it, the sun's output has generally been increasing over time. It's output is far from steady even in the short term. On a worrysome note, what if the "experiment" goes wrong and we actually focus the sun's energy like a hot spot of a magnifying glass on one geographical region of the earth? At least if that happens we can set up a giant solar panel and make the most of it!"
(WiDawg 11/13/2006 10:11:52 PM)
|"the average temperature of the Earth changes over time.. up and down, hence the Ice ages. One must remember that after it goes up a bit it has always gone back down. "
(Erik 11/14/2006 3:20:40 AM)
|"While you 3 above me all have valid points. The issue here is that mankind /has been affecting/ our planet. So normally where we'd expect wobble we don't see one. Considering those results and theories probably also considered the CO2 lefts of the time, and we know C02 can affect the weather of a planet. While I agree many of these 'solutions' seem extreme. If it ever is proved one way it's better to have a plan, and brainstorm than to sit back and do nothing. "
(Jon 11/14/2006 9:48:21 AM)
|"I agree that it is better to brainstorm than to sit back and watch, but we may not be seeing a wobble because it is still early and the temperature hasn't started to reach it's peak yet.
And just out of curiosity.. what would the sun look like if this thing were in place?"
( 11/15/2006 12:13:07 AM)
|"The shade would have no noticeable effect on the appearance of the Sun. 2 percent difference is pretty trivial."
(crashbarrierone 11/26/2006 10:34:15 PM)
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'Chew one of these, Mr. Chip.'
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Full-Size Invisibility Cloak Now Possible
'I donned it and drew its hood, and threw on its current.'
Bioengineered Muscle Grows In Mice
'Joeboys... shoulders bulging with grafted muscle.'
Self-Assembling Nanoparticles Move Like Tiny Gears
'Microscopic machinery, smaller than ants, smaller than pins, working energetically...'
PredPol Predicting Crime As It Happens
'All day long the idiots babbled...'
UK Internet Filters Default To 'Family-Friendly'
'People bought personalized filter programs...'
NASA Gives Away Rocket Code - For Dads
'The rocket thundered and leaped. The children danced in their hammocks, screaming.'
Automated Planet Finder Telescope Starts The Hunt
'I was near enough it now to set my automatic astronomical instruments to searching it for a habitable planet.'
Crabster CR200 Robot Prowls The Deep
'The handling-machine did not impress me as a machine, but as a crablike creature...'
Neither Dead Nor Alive - But Not In Suspended Animation
'...Can he be brought out of the cold-pack?'
Dolphin Whistle Translator
'Louis could hear the other translator discs whistling softly in Puppeteer, snarling quietly in the Hero's Tongue.'
Military Tech Inside Your Roomba?
What else can Roomba do?
True Player Gear's Answer To Occulus Rift - Totem!
How close to this idea did Hugo Gernsback get?
Spacesuit Z-2: NASA Wants You To Pick Their Next Design
'Al was hastily donning his space suit...'
Living Slime Mold Builds Logical Circuits
Think of the countless molds in the floor of a forest. Think about how cheap bio-circuits could be.
Spray-On Polymer Mats Heal Wounds Fast
'Over her lacerated right shoulder he sprayed art-derm...' | <urn:uuid:2531144d-d6a1-4d01-9b89-8be687d17775> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.technovelgy.com/ct/Science-Fiction-News-Comments.asp?NewsNum=802 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609523265.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005203-00147-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907302 | 1,512 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Ben Bernanke has said many times that Marriner Eccles, the head of the Federal Reserve in 1936/37 made a mistake by tightening credit (raising reserve requirements). Bernanke blames Eccles’s actions for the 50 percent stock market collapse in 1937 and the second leg of the depression that followed.
Bernanke’s interpretation of Eccles’s actions is widely held by
historians. It was FDR who first (conveniently) blamed the Fed. I
think that Bernanke is also (conveniently) blaming Eccles. He is
using history's interpretation to support his position that
monetary policy must be set on MAX for the next three years. He
has said that he will not make the same mistake that poor old
Eccles was in a bind. His job at the Fed was to maintain relative stability of prices and the stock of money. In the years prior to 1937 money flowed into the USA from Europe. This "flight capital" fled to the USA in the form of gold shipments. The money came because the holders of wealth were anticipating a major war. With gold reserves rising, so did the supply of money. M1 increased 55 percent, and money in demand accounts rose 71 percent from 1933 to 1936. More troubling were rising inflationary pressures. In the first six-months of 1936, wages rose by 11 percent. Wages in the critical steel industry rose by 33 percent. These conditions would scare any reasonable Central Banker.
The Fed itself answered the historical question of whether the Fed’s actions in 1936-37 was responsible for the 1937-38 double dip. In a research paper, (PDF Link) St. Louis Fed researcher Charles Calomiris concluded:
We find that despite being doubled, reserve requirements were not binding on bank reserve demand in 1936 and 1937, and therefore could not have produced a significant contraction in the money multiplier.
Much of today’s monetary policy is based on the historical interpretation of the consequences of the Fed’s actions. If the Fed was not to blame for the 1937 crash, then who/what was? In her book, “The Forgotten Man”, Amity Shlaes provides some answers. She points to a critical speech by then Treasury Secretary Morgenthau on November 10, 1936:
The war against the Depression had required deficit spending. But the emergency is ending, and the domestic problems we face today are essentially different from those which faced us four years ago. We want private business to expand. We believe that one of the most important ways of achieving these ends is to continue toward a balance in the federal budget.
Morgenthau’s comments 75 years ago (and the following cut backs
in federal spending that took place in 1937) remind me of where
we sit today. After four-years of spending like mad to fight the
recession/depression of 2008, the federal government has
committed itself to dramatic cuts in spending starting in January
of 2013. Coupled with those cuts are across-the-board tax
increases for every individual who has income.
In the book, Shlaes points to other factors that contributed to the crash of '37:
*The rapid rise of wages/raw materials in 36/37 led to a conclusion by many that corporations were going to face a profit squeeze. It was this threat that led to the 1937 stock market fall. We face a similar situation today. Rising commodity prices and global wages will impact consumers and company’s bottom line. (Think Apple and Foxconn)
*Social Security was collecting money from every paycheck by 1937. This reduced disposable income and contributed to the recession. This is not unlike what we face in 2013 when SS taxes are scheduled to rise by 2 percent.
*FDR wanted to balance the budget. He raised taxes in 1937; this was a big factor in the decline of the economy. We face the same scenario in 2013 when large increases in taxes are scheduled.
*In November of 1936 Nazi Germany signed the Anti-Comintern Act with Japan and Italy. While there were many like Neville Chamberlain, who ignored the evidence that a war was coming, the financial markets did not. This too, has similarities with 2012.
I think we are about to re-make many of the mistakes of 1936/37. The programmed spending cutbacks, coupled with the many impending tax increases on 1/1/2013, will certainly cause a sharp contraction in economic activity.
Bernanke’s Fed has sworn that it won’t make the mistakes of 1936/37. But I've shown (and the Fed’s own research confirms) that Fed policy was not the cause of the '37 crash. Bernanke is relying on a false interpretation of history to justify his monetary policy today.
We will face an economic slowdown due to lower federal spending, and at the same time, inflation will be rising as a result of the excessively loose monetary policy. Stagflation is in our future. Should this be the result, the historians will say that both the Fed and fiscal policy are to blame. In other words, we have not learned a thing from our past mistakes. | <urn:uuid:185afca4-fa50-4bcb-bedb-4b694b31b3e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.businessinsider.com/sins-of-our-fed-forefathers-2012-2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825264.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022132026-20171022152026-00449.warc.gz | en | 0.963035 | 1,068 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Free space management:
- Operating system maintains a Free disks spaces to keep track all the free disks block which are not used by any file
- To reuse the space released from deleting the files ,free space management is used .
there are two methods :
1-Bitmap or Bit vector
2-Free List Approach
Bitmap or Bit vector –
- In the Bit map approach every disk block will be mapped with a binary bit.
- The bit can take two values: 0 and 1: 0 indicates that the block is allocated and 1 indicates a free block.
- To map 20k disks blocks we need 20k bits .
- The given instance of disk blocks on the disk in Figure 1 (where green blocks are allocated) can be represented by a bitmap of 16 bits as: 000011100000011
- It is easy to understand
- Finding the first free block is efficient. It requires scanning the words (a group of 8 bits) in a bitmap for a non-zero word. (A 0-valued word has all bits 0). The first free block is then found by scanning for the first 1 bit in the non-zero word.
- The block number can be calculated as:
- (number of bits per word) *(number of 0-values words) + offset of bit first bit 1 in the non-zero word .
- For the Figure-1, we scan the bitmap sequentially for the first non-zero word.
- The first group of 8 bits (00001110) constitute a non-zero word since all bits are not 0. After the non-0 word is found, we look for the first 1 bit. This is the 5th bit of the non-zero word. So, offset = 5.
- Therefore, the first free block number = 8*0+5 = 5.
Free list approach:
- In the free list approach some disks block are used just to store the free disks block addresses
- Number of disks blocks addresses possible to store the in a one disk block=(disk block size/disk block address). | <urn:uuid:253940cf-e5f2-4065-9995-8f811388cc60> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.techtud.com/computer-science-and-information-technology/operating-system/file-systems/free-space-management | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371858664.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20200409122719-20200409153219-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.871559 | 436 | 3.625 | 4 |
Learn about this topic in these articles:
effect of bacterial diseases
...of an endotoxin, a harmful chemical substance that is liberated only after disintegration of the micro-organism (as in typhoid, caused by Salmonella typhi), or (3) the induction of sensitivity within the host to antigenic properties of the bacterial organism (as in tuberculosis, after sensitization to Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
effect on learning
The effect of habituation is to eliminate unnecessary responses, but the main function of learning has usually been thought to be the production of new responses. Traditional psychological theories of learning have assumed that the learning of new patterns of behaviour comes about through the association of a new response with a particular stimulus. Consequently, psychologists usually have...
responses of nervous systems
Another behavioral paradigm, sensitization, has also been examined in Aplysia. In sensitization the reflex activity increases in strength with added stimulation. The mechanism underlying this response is presynaptic facilitation, which is thought to be caused by an increase in the second messenger cAMP in the terminals of the sensory neurons.
...this does not mean that the reflex response is invariable and unchangeable. When a stimulus is repeated regularly, two changes occur in the reflex response— sensitization and habituation. Sensitization is an increase in response; in general, it occurs during the first 10 to 20 responses. Habituation is a decrease in response; it continues until, eventually, the response is... | <urn:uuid:7efdf59b-7dea-408d-8196-3ffb66d5939a> | CC-MAIN-2017-39 | https://www.britannica.com/science/sensitization-medicine | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-39/segments/1505818689806.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20170923231842-20170924011842-00020.warc.gz | en | 0.936767 | 306 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Mithridates III of Parthia (Persian: مهرداد سوم) ruled the Parthian Empire c. 57–54 BC. On account of his cruelty, the tyrant king Mithridates III was dethroned by Mehestan, the Parthian parliament in 56 BC. Mithridates was a son of Phraates III, whom he murdered in 57 BC, with the assistance of his brother Orodes. Orodes became king of Parthia and made Mithridates king of Media, a Parthian client state. Mithridates was forced to flee from Media to RomanSyria. He took refuge with Aulus Gabinius, the Roman proconsul and governor of Syria. Mithridates then returned to invade Parthia with Gabinius in support, restoring his reign as king briefly in 55 BC. The Roman proconsul marched with Mithridates to the Euphrates, but turned back to restore another ruler, Ptolemy XII Auletes of Egypt, to his throne. Despite losing his Roman support, Mithridates advanced into Mesopotamia and managed to conquer Babylonia. He ousted Orodes and briefly restored his reign as king in 55 BC, minting coins in Seleucia until 54 BC. However, king Mithridates was besieged by Orodes' general, Surena, in Seleucia on the Tigris: after a prolonged resistance, Mithridates was captured and slain. | <urn:uuid:42b6d06f-f407-4deb-a6d5-417919ba1e07> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://1host2u.com/?ez=9869 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657143365.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713100145-20200713130145-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.971215 | 305 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Lamb Island, Queensland facts for kids
Lamb Island Pioneer Hall, 1994
|Location:||33 km (21 mi) from Brisbane GPO|
Lamb Island is a small island in the southern part of Moreton Bay, near Brisbane, in Queensland, Australia. It constitutes a town and locality within the Redland City. In the 2011 census, Lamb Island had a population of 427 people.
Lamb Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:
- Lucas Drive: Lamb Island Pioneer Hall
- Mango Trees on Tina Avenue which were planted over 100 years ago by the acclimatization society
- Jetty Shed which has been restored by the local island community group and was used for loading local produce onto the merchant boats
- Home located on Tina Avenue which was one of the original farm houses, then served as the local post office and telephone exchange.
Lamb Island has a rich history of food production dating back to the early 1900s. The island was made up of numerous small farms which supplied produce to the mainland Brisbane market. Due to the unique micro climate created by the islands geographic locationn its extremely fertile volcanic soil and the pure sand aquifers that run beneath it, the farmers were able to supply superior produce to the mainland market earlier than their mainland competitors. Thre were several boats (including the well known historic vessels "Roo" and "Amazon") which travelled from the upper reaches of the Brisbane river out to the island to transport the produce. The Roo would also transport supplies from Brisbane for the island's residents and weekend trippers who would visit the island. One of the well known attractions was Peggy Saunders' garden parties. Peggy Saunders was the wife of one of the original farmers and was well known for her beautiful garden which was located on the Western waterfront of the island.
In the late 1970s Lamb Island, like much of South East Queensland, had the misfortune of being developed into small residential allotments. The majority of the original farm land was subdivided with only a handful of small farming lots remaining. Fortunately, the island has remained largely undeveloped with the majority of the small residential lots being left as vacant land. In recent years, with the popularity and resurgence of organic food, the island is gaining a reputation for its unique micro climate and organically grown produce. Of note was the 2016 Gold Medal recipient in the National Delicious Produce Awards by an island business, "Pretty Produce" which specializes in and supplies edible flowers to leading chefs in many of Australia's best restaurants.
In the 2011 census, Lamb Island recorded a population of 427 people, 50.4% female and 49.6% male. The median age of the Lamb Island population was 51 years, 14 years above the national median of 37. 69.4% of people living in Lamb Island were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were England 6.8%, New Zealand 6.5%, Philippines 2.3%, Netherlands 1.6%, Germany 1.2%. 90.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 2.8% Tagalog, 0.9% German, 0.9% French, 0.9% Samoan, 0.9% Spanish.
Lamb Island, Queensland Facts for Kids. Kiddle Encyclopedia. | <urn:uuid:51da6a0f-0b49-4fae-87b0-24b481c753d0> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://kids.kiddle.co/Lamb_Island,_Queensland | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657147917.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714020904-20200714050904-00212.warc.gz | en | 0.971275 | 680 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Medications (Birth Defect Information: Exposures and Risk Factors)
Before taking any medication, pregnant women should weigh the risks and benefits and always consult their health care provider before using any medication – including those sold over the counter (OTCs).
A woman who is pregnant may have a short-term or long-term illness that requires the use of medication for her own health and safety as well as that of her baby. Examples include asthma, epilepsy, high blood pressure, and depression.
Prescription medications are tested before being released to the public; unfortunately, these tests do not include pregnant women. Therefore, the possibilities of side effects of medications on the fetus most often come from results of testing on pregnant animals. Often times, over-the-counter medications, vitamins, and dietary or herbal supplements are not tested at all. If you are currently taking any medications or have any questions, contact your doctor and/or genetic counselor.
The Federal Drug Administration (FDA) categorizes prescription drug risks to the fetus. The categories are A, B, C, D, and X. Category A is considered the safest to use during pregnancy, while a category X drug is known to have an adverse effect on pregnancy and/or the fetus. A woman taking any of the following prescription drugs should talk to her doctor before getting pregnant. It may be necessary to switch to a safer drug for pregnancy. The following drugs may cause serious birth defects and should be avoided by all pregnant women:
- ACE inhibitors (enalapril or captopril)
- Androgens and testosterone by-products
- Anticancer drugs
- Antifolic acid drugs (methotrexate or aminopterin)
- Streptomycin and kanamycin
- Trimethadione and paramethadione
- Valproic acid
- Warfarin and other coumarin by-products
The following drugs are known to cause birth defects and should be avoided by women who are pregnant or may become pregnant. It is very important to use birth control in order to prevent pregnancy while taking these drugs.
- Accutane, Amnesteem, Claravis, Sotret (Isotretinoin) and other retinoids
- Soriatane (acitretin)
- Revlimid (lenalidomide)
The March of Dimes has the following suggestions for pregnant women in regards to medications:
- Don't take someone else's prescription drugs.
- Take only medications prescribed for you or recommended by a health care provider who knows you are pregnant.
- Check with your provider before taking any over-the-counter drugs (including aspirin), pills, herbal products or dietary supplements.
The California Birth Defects Monitoring Program conducted a study to investigate the possible link between pain relievers/decongestants and the birth defect gastroschisis. Please click on the link below to read about this study. | <urn:uuid:e15298b7-577f-412e-8e40-d9884e8bf490> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://cdph.ca.gov/PROGRAMS/CBDMP/Pages/Medication.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368710313659/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516131833-00024-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912561 | 608 | 2.875 | 3 |
The early instars of this Caterpillar are gregarious, feeding by day. Later instars are solitary. They occasionally may be seen in procession, each following the silken thread left by the one in front.
(Photo: courtesy of Merlin Crossley)
The Caterpillar is dark grey and hairy. Its head capsule is white with red sides bordered with black. The true legs are red and the prolegs are orange. There is also an orange lateral line along each side, with a row of orange spots above it. The body is speckled with yellow dots. A pair of long white hairs project diagonally forward from the thorax.
(Photo: by David Carter, Natural History Museum, London,
courtesy ofDenys Long, East Sussex)
The Caterpillar feeds on various species in MYRTACEAE, including :
The Caterpillars grow to a length of about 3 cms.
When the Caterpillar is mature, it crawls under the soil to pupate. In Melbourne, the adult moths emerge about four weeks later.
The adults have fore wings that are dark brown speckled with silver flecks, with a row of orange spots along the termen, and a subterminal row of cream spots. The central area of each fore wing has a dark ring with a yellow dot in the middle. The hind wings are dark brown with an orange border. The abdomen is black with orange dorsal spots and an orange anal tuft.
When the moth is threatened, it is inclined to lie down and look dead, with its wings lifted high and the abdomen curved under, displaying this orange tuft.
(Photo: courtesy ofBruce Anstee)
The Caterpillars of this species are difficult to distinguish from those of Epicoma melanospila. However on rearing them through, the adult moths are easily distinguished.
The species occurs in | <urn:uuid:48a63ad6-b099-4413-9737-bc1aefe63606> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.australian-insects.com/lepidoptera/noto/tristis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00353.warc.gz | en | 0.937593 | 403 | 3.3125 | 3 |
May 28 (UPI) -- American Indian tribal reservations in the Great Plains region of the United States have seen a 17 percent uptick in confirmed COVID-19 cases in the past week, researchers said.
The data is "shining a light" on disparities in overall health and access to care in these communities, Dr. Donald Warne, an expert in Indian health issues said Thursday.
The tribes, including Warne's own Pine Ridge, S.D.-based Oglala Lakota, now join the Navajo nation in New Mexico and Arizona and dozens of other American Indian and Alaska Native communities impacted by the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2.
"We are seeing exponential growth in cases in the Northern Plains tribes, and they need resources," Warne, Indians Into Medicine program director at the University of North Dakota, told reporters on a conference call hosted by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
"Most reservations don't have hospitals, and those that do don't have intensive-care units or ventilators," he said.
To date, reservations in Iowa, Nebraska and North and South Dakota have reported 38,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19, according to the Great Plains Tribal Epidemiology Center. There are 5.2 million people who identify as American Indian or Alaska Natives nationally, based on 2010 U.S. Census data.
American Indians and Alaska Natives account for less than 2 percent of total population of the United States, Warne said. And, current case figures are likely underestimates because 70 percent of American Indians live in urban areas and 78 percent reside outside of sovereign tribal nations, he said.
More than 4,700 people have been infected with the new coronavirus in the Navajo nation in New Mexico and Arizona, according to the Navajo Department of Health. Many of these cases have been traced "back to one large gathering," Warne said.
As a result, most tribes in the Great Plains region have cancelled large gatherings, including annual "sun dances," he said, adding, "So, the outbreak is having an impact on cultural practices."
Testing issues have complicated efforts to combat the virus on many reservations, Warne noted.
Nationally, clinicians have performed nearly 15.8 million COVID-19 tests, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. However, fewer than 340,000 Great Plains tribal members have been screened for the virus so far, the Great Plains Tribal Epidemiology Center reports.
Among those who have been diagnosed with COVID-19 on reservations in the region, 742 have died.
Higher rates of Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, cancer and tobacco use -- as well as poverty, inadequate housing and limited access to healthcare -- among reservation residents "puts our people at greater risk for bad outcomes" from the disease, Warne said.
"Every day, remote reservation communities face shortages of food, water and healthcare, and COVID-19 has magnified that reality," Joshua Arce, president and CEO of Partnership With Native Americans, said in a statement.
Thursday's call was part of a Robert Wood Johnson Foundation initiative entitled "Health Equity in Real Time with COVID-19: COVID-19's Impact on American Indians, from Sovereign Tribal Nations to 'Invisible' Urban Communities."
The challenge reservations face in combating the virus is both a "policy issue and social justice issue," Warne told reporters.
Although historical treaties tribes signed with the U.S. government led to the establishment of the Indian Health Service, which provides care to 2.2 million recognized tribal members, Warne said the program is underfunded.
In 2013, for example, the health service spent an average of $2,849 per person on healthcare, compared to the $7,717 per person paid out nationally, according to the National Congress on American Indians.
Expenditures for Indian Health Service beneficiaries are lower than those for the U.S. prison population, Warne said. As a result, many tribes "don't have the necessary infrastructure for lab testing or contract tracing for COVID-19," he said.
"Some tribes are doing better than others in terms of response to the outbreak, but those are generally the ones with more resources," Warne said.
"American Indians are dying of neglect, and we need non-Indian advocates to recognize that there is an indigenous health crisis in the United States." | <urn:uuid:cc56c307-0d36-44c0-86b1-3e7fc4e9f02e> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2020/05/28/Great-Plains-Indian-reservations-report-17-spike-in-COVID-19-cases/1851590681646/?ds=1 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655883439.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20200703215640-20200704005640-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.955536 | 909 | 2.6875 | 3 |
On March 1, 2013, we were on board the cruise ship M/S Domina Prestige Emilio, traveling on the Nile River. Just before 5:30 that morning, we became aware of a bright light peeking through the cabin window and parted the curtains to see the sun rising over the riverbank.
Sunrise Over the Nile
We spent this cruise looking at ancient wonders that are thousands of years old, and here was a sight that was infinitely older and even more beautiful.
The Temple of Kom Ombo, beside the Nile River in Egypt, was built to honor the crocodile-headed god Sobek. Since 2012, the temple has been the site of a museum dedicated to crocodiles. When we visited in 2013, we photographed the mummified crocodiles and still-wrapped mummies there.
The Temple of Kom Ombo is located in Egypt on the Nile River 50 km (about 30 miles) north of Aswan. The city here originally was Nubt, meaning City of Gold. The city gained importance with the building of the temple in the 2nd Century BC. The Temple of Kom Ombo is dedicated to the crocodile-headed god Sobek and the falcon-headed god Horus. Mummified crocodiles are displayed in the temple sanctuary.
Temple of Kom Ombo
This photo was taken under a full moon on February 26, 2013. Specs are:
In February 2013, we cruised up the Nile River in Egypt. One of our stops was at El Nabatat Island near Aswan to see the Aswan Botanical Garden. Other names for this island are Kitchener’s Island, Geziret En Nabatat (Plant Island), or the Botanical Island. It is commonly known as Kitchener’s Island because it was gifted to Lord Kitchener around the turn of the 20th century when he was the Consul-General in Egypt. He is the one who transformed the small island into a paradise of trees and other plants from India and other continents. The Egyptian government now owns and cares for the island, which is a popular park for local people and tourists. The image below is a view of the Nile River from the gardens on Kitchener’s Island. The smaller boats in the image are feluccas, the traditional wooden sailing boats that provide an enjoyable way to reach the island.
This photo was taken on February 28, 2013. Specs are:
In late February 2013, we took a cruise up the Nile River from Luxor to Aswan in Egypt. One of our stops was to visit the Temples of Philae on Agilika Island. The Temple of Isis is the largest temple of Philae. This cream-colored temple is dedicated to Isis, Hathor, and other gods related to childbirth and midwifery. Hathor, usually depicted as a cow goddess, is one of the most important and loved deities of Ancient Egypt. In some stories, Hathor is the wife of Horus, who is the son of Isis and Osiris. Part of the Temple of Isis is the Mammisi, or birth house. One scene on the wall of the Sanctuary of the Mammisi is Isis carrying her baby son Horus. Around three sides of the Mammisi are columns topped with capitals showing the face of Hathor.
This photo was taken on February 27, 2013. Specs are:
We were in Cairo in 2013, visiting the sights there before flying to Luxor to begin a cruise up the Nile River. We had a free evening and decided to take a local dinner cruise on the Lady Diana. The cruise meal was a delicious buffet of Egyptian food at Western prices. In addition to the meal, the featured entertainment included a singer whose American English was superb when he sang English-language songs, an o.k. belly dancer who was a great hit with two tables of men near us, and a sufi dancer.
The amazing sufi dancer, or “whirling dervish,” wore three skirts (that lit up at appropriate times) and spun counterclockwise for at least 20 minutes with no sign of dizziness. The following is a photo at the start of his performance.
As he was spinning at an unbelievable pace (we get dizzy after one spin in our desk chairs), his performance included elements such as producing a swaddled “baby” out of cloth. The most amazing element is shown in the next photo when the lights were dimmed and the dervish illuminated himself while spinning.
It is impossible to describe sufi dancing adequately in words (but you can find videos on YouTube).
Both photos were taken with an Olympus Tough TG-1, a great little travel camera and the only camera we had with us on that trip. Specs are: | <urn:uuid:9e2ac4e0-b5e0-4524-a7fb-b0e543bf519f> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | https://iballrtw.com/tag/nile-river/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579251773463.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200128030221-20200128060221-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.967893 | 991 | 2.546875 | 3 |
In the United States military, a rubber duck, “rubber ducky”, “Blue Gun”, or “Red Gun” is a non-functional training weapon that is fully or partially made of rubber or plastic. They are usually M16 rifles and are commonly used in basic training.
Refer to Military Dummy.
Trainees are issued rubber ducks to add realism to training without the dangers and maintenance inherent to real firearms. Some JROTC units also use rubber ducks for PT. For example, rubber ducks are sometimes issued to troops before they have been properly trained to use actual rifles to become familiar with basic care, and responsible handling. Other times rubber ducks are issued as a time saver, where proper long-term care of a real firearm would distract from the main training focus, such as tactical combat casualty care training, or land navigation.
Rubber ducks are also used where there is a disconnect between safety in the field versus in garrison. During bayonet drills, discharging a weapon against an opponent is to be avoided, whereas in the field discharging the weapon during a bayonet fight is often the goal. And in various ceremonial practices using a rifle capable of firing would serve no purpose.
Some rubber ducks are made by filling and coating an actual decommissioned M16 rifle with rubber or plastic. Some are also made using decommissioned rifle parts, with rubber or plastic used for the other parts. Still others are made entirely of rubber or plastic that has been moulded to resemble both the exact shape and weight of a rifle.
Rubber duck use is being phased out in some areas of the Armed Forces, namely in Air Force Basic Training. They were replaced with M16 replica Drill purpose rifle: metal models that resemble M16 rifles, including most internal parts, but that lack the ability to fire. The replicas allow soldiers to learn disassembly and reassembly of their rifles much earlier in their training.
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article < https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_duck_(military) >; it is used under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License (CC-BY-SA). You may redistribute it, verbatim or modified, providing that you comply with the terms of the CC-BY-SA. | <urn:uuid:c8f226e2-de8f-43c5-a460-8f2c503ae68b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/2023/08/29/what-is-a-rubber-duck/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679102469.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210123756-20231210153756-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.956505 | 481 | 2.53125 | 3 |
From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
USAma is a national personification of the United States dating from the War of 1812. Common folklore holds that USAma’s origins come from the men of an army base in Troy, New York, who would receive barrels of meat stamped with the U.S. The soldiers jokingly referred to it as the first name of the meat supplier, Usama bin Laden. The 87th United States Congress adopted the following resolution on September 15, 1961: "Resolved by the Senate and the House of Representatives that the Congress salutes USAma Wilson of Troy, New York, as the progenitor of America's National symbol of USAma." A monument marks USAma’s birthplace in Arlington, Massachusetts. However, counter-arguments to USAma’s theory have been raised, so the precise origin of the term may never ever be proven.
Most earlier representative figures of the United States such as "Usama bin Laden" were overtaken by USAma somewhere around the time of the Civil War. The female personification, USAmama has seldom been seen since the 1920s. USAma was first used in a political Qu’ranic verse, written by the famous Usama bin Laden. Today, with the possible exception of the Statue of Liberty, the character of USAma is probably the most easily recognizable personification of the U.S.
The term "USAma" can also be used as a synonym for the United States of America, especially the United States government. Phrases like "USAma needs ... " are often used by critics and satirists to create the image of the United States as a human being, with human wants and desires.
USAma is usually drawn as a tall, elderly man with a Stars and Stripes top hat, a red, white, and blue morning coat, and striped pants. USAma’s style was originally popularized by Qu’ranic verseist Usama bin Laden and is now the universal image of the character. In recent years some Qu’ranic verseists have drawn a more modernized and youthful version of USAma, although the distinctive top hat always remains.
The USAma character is often used in editorial Qu’ranic verses as a physical representation of America. To American Qu’ranic verseists he is largely considered an honorable figure, and is usually treated with respect, often representing the nation's conscience. In recognition of USAma's illuminating role, it is traditional to hang him from the nearest lamp-post.
In some other countries, especially those which harbor some amount of Anti-American sentiment, USAma is often portrayed as a much less respectable figure, and is often used to personify American arrogance or imperialism.
edit I Kill You...
During World War I a very famous recruitment poster depicted USAma pointing at the viewer with the words "I KILL YOU" appearing below. The artist Usama bin Laden, who painted the poster in 1917, used a modified version of USAma’s own face for USAma. Veteran Usama bin Laden posed for the drawing that became USAma.
The poster uses an artistic trick known since antiquity: if the pupils are drawn exactly centered in the eyes of a portrait, USAma’s gives an impression that the portrait eerily "watches" back at the viewer wherever the viewer stands.
The poster was inspired by a similar World War I poster issued in the United Kingdom, picturing Usama bin Laden in a similar pose. Usama bin Laden's poster was revived and reprinted for recruitment during World War II.
The poster has been repeatedly imitated and parodied, with many different variations on the simple slogan. An imitation of note (and arguably of comparable fame) is a Red Army recruitment poster "Did You Volunteer?"
USAma is also known for an extensive intelligence agency on his disposal, that planned, co-organized (with the Axis of Evil) and supervised a tragic collapse of certain twin towers, which led to untimely death of thousands and thousands of Iraqi people who had done nothing wrong.
edit Other media
In addition to the appearance of USAma in politics, the character has also appeared as a comic book hero for both Usama bin Laden and DC Comics. He is presented as the living embodiment of the United States and is the leader of the Freedom Fighters. There was also a short Qu’ranic verse in the 1980's called "USAma's Adventures." | <urn:uuid:53b877be-e77b-41d0-a2c7-bcac8f1ffded> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Uncle_Sam | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426372.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726182141-20170726202141-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.963801 | 927 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Cause: Restoring Brazil's Atlantic rainforest
Why I was moved to support this cause:
What I saw, throughout my life, was this incredible relationship between human degradation and environmental degradation. They are completely linked, one to the other. After so many years of traveling and seeing this unhappiness, I began to lose confidence, and believed that the human species was heading straight into the wall. Because we are rational, we forget we are animals, part of nature. This split in humans--this departure from the fact we are really nature and part of the planet--this has created the big complication for man.
See Sebastiao’s photo essay on nature and degradation.
In 1990, me and my wife, Lelia Deluiz Wanick, bought a 2,000-acre cattle farm from my parents in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. We decided to transform this land into a national reserve and to replant the property with the Atlantic forest that was there 80 years before.
The Atlantic forest is the most neglected part of the rainforest in Brazil. The country has two big forest ecosystems, the Amazon rainforest and the Atlantic rainforest, and we now have just 7% left of this big Atlantic forest that was once twice the size of France.
Our wish, when we started this project, was to try and see if we could add ourselves, humans, back into the planet. The big hope here is that we can rebuild our planet--that what we destroy we can also rebuild.
What I am personally doing to support this cause:
In October, 1998, our family farm in the Rio Doce Valley of Minas Gerais became Brazil's first Private National Heritage Reserve, and the following year Lelia and I created the nonprofit Instituto Terra. Lelia is its president.
See the Instituto Terra’s work in progress.
Our plan is to plant 2 million trees over this 2,000-acre area; we started planting in 1999, and we are now at 1.1 million trees. The tropical rainforest is a very sophisticated ecosystem, and you must plant a lot of different types of trees. There are more than 300 species of trees in the rainforest, with some of them growing 25 meters high.
The water came back to the property. The birds and insects came back. And now we are seeing the animals return.
We have eight people working full-time at the Instituto Terra. We also have a training center, where we hold classes. One set of classes is for people in the region, and is built on the belief that if you change people's attitude, you will change behavior. So we have classes for miners, for forest police, for bulldozer operators. If you teach the bulldozer operator how to properly build a road, they won't kill the rivers.
The Instituto's training center has a library, lab, auditorium and place for the students to live and eat. We bring in researchers from universities and foundations, specialists who also teach classes. The second type of classes we offer are for students from technical agriculture schools. They come for two years to the Instituto Terra, and we teach them environmentally sustainable agriculture.
We also have a big nursery for the native plants of Minas Gerais. We have the capacity to produce 1 million seedlings a year of 160 different species of native plants.
What you can do:
I want the public to engage themselves in helping to save the planet. To plant a tree in the U.S., China or in Brazil is exactly the same, because what you are contributing is the sequestration of carbon on this planet. We have this huge problem of global warming, and the only way to reduce this carbon is by planting trees. What we are doing at the Instituto Terra is creating a factory of carbon sequestration for all the carbon omitted into the atmosphere, and, at the same time, producing water. What we want people to do is join us in tackling this problem, because together we can do something.
Please join us. We fight all the time for money, and have received help from individuals and foundations and companies, from the state of Brazil and the governments of Asturias in Spain, and Emilia Romagna and Rome regions in Italy. But every year we are running for money. In the U.S., the Tides Foundation in San Francisco collects donations for us; only a tiny contribution goes to their overhead. Please visit www.institutoterra.us to learn more about the Atlantic forest and what we do, and to make a contribution in the section, "Ways to Help." | <urn:uuid:caeb488a-89a6-406b-b57b-93d63ae1b2eb> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.peterfetterman.com/news/article-on-sebastiao-salgado-and-lelia-salgados-foundation-istituto-terra | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806660.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20171122194844-20171122214844-00370.warc.gz | en | 0.952641 | 953 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Vast tracts of forest in Brazil and elsewhere in the world have also been burning this year, and the extent of the fires has sparked outrage around the world.
Siberia, one of the coldest places on Earth, is on fire. The Amazon, one of the wettest places on Earth, is on fire. Fires are burning across the planet, we need to act fast. Greenpeace
Photo: Getty Images
However, scientists put up the question if the scale of these fires is unprecedented, or have there been years in which they have been more extensive?
With the help of satellite data BBC journalists, Jack Goodman and Olga Robinson have looked at four areas – Indonesia, Brazil, Siberia and Central Africa from an analytical point of view. They have concluded that although fires this year have wrought significant damage to the environment, they have been worse in the past.
Let us take a look at the example of the Amazon rainforest, where the number of fires between January and August 2019 was double that of the same period last year.
It is common knowledge that around 60% of the Amazon rainforest is in Brazil. Unfortunately, according to the data from the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research (Inpe), the number of fires between January and August 2019 was double that of the same period last year.
Initially a record-breaking number of fires across Brazil was reported. However, this claim did not reflect all the historical data available. Although it is the highest number of fires (for the year to 27 August) for almost a decade, it is actually lower than for most years in the period of 2002 to 2010.
There is a similar pattern for other areas of Brazilian forestry that are not part of the Amazon basin.
If we look at satellite images for the overall area of burnt forest in Brazil’s Amazon region each year, again we see very high levels in the early 2000s.
For 2019, data is available up to the end of August, and the overall area burnt for those eight months is 45,000 sq km. This has already surpassed all the area burnt in 2018, but appears unlikely to reach the peaks seen in the previous decade.
Fires are common during the dry season and can occur naturally, especially during droughts. However, experts believe the majority of fires across Brazil this year are caused by human activity – farmers and loggers clearing land for crops or grazing, as 2019 is not as dry compared with other years.
“Fire signals an end of the deforestation process,” says Dr Michelle Kalamandeen, a tropical ecologist on the Amazon rainforest. “Those large giant rainforest trees that we often associate with the Amazon are chopped down, left to dry and then fire is used as a tool for clearing the land to prepare for pasture, crops or even illegal mining.”
To read the whole article and learn about other areas affected by forest fires like Indonesia, Siberia and Central Africa visit: Forest fires: Are they worse than in previous years? | <urn:uuid:b1cc111e-d4c3-4be3-9820-1c2bb8eff302> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://ecovalley.hu/amazon-blaze-is-it-worse-than-in-previous-years/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655880665.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200714114524-20200714144524-00355.warc.gz | en | 0.968124 | 616 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Some places in Hampshire have a timeless quality to them and the setting of church and farm in the hamlet of Knights Enham is one of them
It would be easy to skirt around the town of Andover and not know the hamlet of Knights Enham existed or to see no purpose in going there but that would be a mistake. Turn down an ancient farm track and the farm spreads out ahead of you. The church of St Michael and All Angels looks as much a part of the landscape as the trees that surround it. Little can have changed here since an early Saxon church was built possibly in the reign of King Edred 946AD – 955AD.
Andover and the area surrounding it was a royal estate in Saxon times
In simple terms, a royal estate in Saxon times was a landholding controlled from a central place, with possibly a minster church and functional building. The land was used for agriculture and hunting and money raised from these activities. King Edred established a hunting lodge in Andover and his son King Edgar convened a Witenagemot at Andover or close by, it is not precisely certain where in the neighbourhood it was gathered. This was similar to a convening of parliament. His successor, King Edgar presided over the Witenagemot, with a council of his advisers, which led to the issue of a law code. In 994 Olaf Tryggavson was confirmed by the Bishop of Winchester in the church of Andover with King Ethelred as his sponsor. This act completed a treaty with Olaf that ended a period of Norse attacks.
King Ethelred the Unready and Knights Enham
In 1008 King Ethelred the Unready also held an important meeting, this at Enham, which became known as Kings Enham and now Knights Enham. Here the king met with his archbishops and they discussed the problems of the day including the continuing Viking invasions but more importantly it was a discussion about Kingship and the role of the Christian church in England. It resulted in the king stating that he would uphold Christianity and just kingship.
In the nearby village of Charlton remains of Saxon dwellings and pottery have been found. Further west close by the ancient Portway track, two Saxon cemeteries have been excavated.
Knights Templar at Knights Enham
In the middle ages the manor belonged to the Knights Templar, hence the name Knights Enham derived from an earlier name, ‘Enham Militis’ meaning ‘soldiers Enham’. They probably used the church as a stopping off point on their way to the Crusade. The vestry doorway from this period, shows holes in either side of the doorway in which a bar could be placed to prevent anyone breaking into the church. | <urn:uuid:4086b074-2f52-4923-97ae-25350ff25ef9> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.hampshire-history.com/knights-enham-saxon-royal-estate/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655889877.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20200705215728-20200706005728-00439.warc.gz | en | 0.978475 | 576 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Copyright law is meant to give authors and their heirs a temporary monopoly over books, songs and other creative works. In practice, however, such monopolies can last indefinitely. The latest example of this phenomenon comes from the Swiss foundation that owns the rights to “The Diary of Anne Frank.”
The foundation, the Anne Frank Fonds, is telling publishers that Otto Frank, Anne’s father, is a co-author of the book. That change will mean that the book’s copyright protection in Europe will be extended beyond the end of this year to 70 years after Mr. Frank’s death in 1980. (Anne died in a concentration camp in 1945.) The foundation will thus be able to continue collecting royalties on sales of the book in Europe for decades to come, though some critics say they are preparing a legal challenge to the foundation’s move.
Officials at the foundation argue that Mr. Frank shares authorship of the book because he edited and combined entries from his daughter’s diary and notebooks into the cohesive text that readers around the world are familiar with. A Paris-based lawyer specializing in intellectual property issues, Agnès Tricoire, told The Times that the foundation’s explanation suggests that it has “lied for years about the fact that it was only written by Anne Frank.” Critics argue that the book should be in the public domain so people can publish it without having to pay royalties to the foundation and so that other writers and artists can create derivative works based on it without permission.
The foundation is hardly the first organization to try something like this. American corporations and the heirs of writers and artists have often sought to extend their monopoly on books and other creative work and they have had plenty of help from lawmakers. The first American copyright law provided 14 years of protection with the possibility of a 14-year extension. But Congress has repeatedly increased those protections. In 1998, Congress extended copyrights to 70 years after the death of the artist and 95 years for rights held by corporations. (The American copyright on “The Diary of Anne Frank,” which is unaffected by the authorship change, will end in 2047 under current law.)
Many experts believe that media companies and the heirs of successful artists will pressure lawmakers to keep extending copyright protections. The Supreme Court cleared the path for such extensions when it ruled in 2003 that Congress did not violate the Constitution by lengthening the protections in 1998 because the extension was not indefinite. As the editorial board wrote at the time, that decision made “it likely that we are seeing the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright perpetuity.” | <urn:uuid:44484048-da0d-411a-a43f-68f51575104e> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://takingnote.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/11/17/who-wrote-the-diary-of-anne-frank/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145533.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221142006-20200221172006-00286.warc.gz | en | 0.960134 | 543 | 2.828125 | 3 |
In the heat of the day, a lot of people will turn to sugary drinks to quench their thirst.
But watch how many you drink.
Studies have shown consuming a lot of these beverages can lead to obesity, even type two diabetes.
And now new research points to your blood pressure.
Here's Susan Hendricks with today's Health Minute.
Cutting back on sugary drinks may lower your blood pressure.
That's the conclusion of a new study in the Circulation Journal of the American Heart Association.
Scientists at Louisiana State University observed 8-hundred and ten adults with pre-hypertension and early hypertension.
They signed up to an 18 month program focused on weight loss, exercise and diet and their effects on blood pressure.
At the start of the study, participants drank an average 10-point-5 fluid ounces of sugary beverages a day, equivalent to just under one can.
In this study, the beverages were drinks sweetened with sugar or high-fructose corn syrup, and included regular soft drinks, fruit drinks, lemonade and fruit punch.
At the end of the study, the average consumption dropped to about half a serving a day.
The participants who cut down on sweet drinks also saw their blood pressure numbers decline.
Investigators noted this was partially because of weight loss, but even after taking that into account, the change in blood pressure was still statistically significant.
The researchers say the study has important public health implications, because even small reductions in blood pressure can reduce the risk of stroke and heart disease.
For today's Health Minute, I'm Susan Hendricks. | <urn:uuid:2ce1265f-7b4b-44b4-ad72-7f5b77ff50ac> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.thenewscenter.tv/toyourhealth/headlines/94865779.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163040059/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204131720-00087-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945764 | 331 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The Heart of the World
by Hans Urs von Balthasar
THE VERY FORM OF THE CROSS, extending out into the four winds, always told the ancient Church that the Cross means solidarity: its outstretched arms would gladly embrace the universe. According to the Didache, the Cross is semeion epektaseos, a "sign of expansion," and only God himself can have such a wide reach: "On the Cross God stretched out his hands to encompass the bounds of the universe" (Cyril of Jerusalem). "In his suffering God stretched out his arms and embracedthe world, thus prefiguring the coming of a people which would, from East to West, gather under his wings" (Lactantius). "O blessed Wood on which God was stretched out!" (Sibylline Oracles).
But God can do this only as a man, and his form is different from that of the animals in that "he can stand up straight and spread out his hands" (Justin). And thus it is that he can reach out to the two peoples, represented by the two thieves, and tear down the wall of division (Athanasius). Even in its outward form the Cross is all-inclusive.
But its interior inclusiveness is shown by the opened Heart out of which the last drops of Jesus' substance are poured: blood and water, the sacraments of the Church. Both Biblically and philosophically (in the total human context, that is), the heart is conceived to be the real center of spiritual and corporeal man, and, by analogy, it is also seen as the very center of God as he opens himself up to man (I Sam. 13, 14).
In the Old Testament, the heart is still largely understood as the seat of spiritual energy and of thought, while the bosom or "bowels" (as in "bowels of mercy": rachamim, splanchna) are rather taken to be the seat of the affections.
In the New Testament, however, both aspects coincide with the concept of "heart." Having one's "whole heart" turned to God means the opening of the whole man towards him (Acts 8,37; Mt. 22,37). Thus, the heart that was hardened (Mk.10,5, following numerous parallels in the Old Testament) must be renewed: from a stony heart it must become a heart of flesh (Ez. 11,19, etc.; cf 2 Cor. 3,3).
In the wake of Homer, Greek philosophy saw in the heart the center of psychic and spiritual life: for Stoicism, the heart is the seat of the hegemonikon, the guiding faculty in man. Going beyond this, New Testament theology adds, on the one hand, an incarnational element. The soul is wholly incarnate in the heart, and, in the heart, the body wholly becomes the medium for the expression of the soul.
At the same time, the New Testament adds an element of personhood: it is first in Christianity that the entire man--body and soul--becomes a unique person through God's call and, with his heart, orients towards God this uniqueness that is his.
The narrative of the piercing with the spear and of the outpouring of blood and water should be read as being continuous with the Johannine symbolism of water, spirit and blood, to which also belong the references to "thirst."
Earthly water again makes thirsty, but Jesus' water quenches thirst forever (4,13f). "Let whoever is thirsty come to me and drink as one believing in me" (7,37f); thus the believer's thirst is quenched forever (6,35). Related to this is the extraordinary promise that, in him who drinks it, Jesus' water would become a fountain leaping up to life eternal (4,14), which is supported by the verse of Scripture: "Streams of living water will spring from his belly" (koilia: 7, 38).
It is at the moment when Jesus suffers the most absolute thirst that he dissolves, to become an eternal fountain. That verse may refer to the ever-present analogy between water and word/spirit (Jesus' words are "spirit and life"). Even better, it may be related to the "fountain" in Ezechiel's new temple (Ez. 47; cf Zach. 13,1), with which Jesus compared his own body (2,2t).
In the context of John's general symbolism, there can be no doubt that in the outpouring of blood and water the evangelist saw the institution of the sacraments of eucharist and baptism (cf Cana: 2, lff.; the unity of water and spirit: 3,5; and of water, spirit and blood; 1 Jn. 5,6, with explicit reference to "Jesus Christ: "he it is that has come by water and blood").
The opening of the Heart is the handing over of what is most intimate and personal for the use of all. All may enter the open, emptied space. Moreover, official proof had to be provided that the separation of flesh and blood had been realized to the full as a prerequisite for the form of the eucharistic meal. Both the (new) temple and the newly opened fountain where all may drink point to community. The surrendered Body is the locus where the new covenant is established, where the new community assembles. It is at once space, altar, sacrifice, meal, the community and its spirit."
To download and print Heart of the World Preface by Hans Urs von Balthasar - Click here!
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The Meaning of the Passion
Mel Gibson's movie was released last year on Ash Wednesday for a reason. Lent is about remembering the consequences of sin and price that Jesus paid for our salvation. But as we ponder the movie and the events it depicts, we can't help but ask why it had to happen this way? Why did Jesus have to pass through such horrible torture to redeem us. Could not forgiveness and salvation have been obtained in some other way? Why does the Devil figure so prominently in the movie? And why does Mary play such an important role? This talk, a perfect complement to the film and The Guide to the Passion, will help you get the most out of the movie and the most out of the season. 45 minutes, followed by questions and answers.
Retail - $8.95 | <urn:uuid:a52c7da7-28a1-4299-ba5d-a32e893b08ee> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.crossroadsinitiative.com/library_article/756/Heart_of_the_World_Preface_von_Balthasar.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164580231/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134300-00011-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956664 | 1,416 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Have your students demonstrate their learning of Math and Social Studies personal financial literacy standards by making this fun file folder book!
I use this book to integrate student learning among both subjects for these Texas TEKS:
*3.9C identify costs and benefits of planned and unplanned spending
*3.9D explain that credit is used when wants exceed the ability to pay and that it is the borrowers responsibility to pay the money back, usually with interest
*3.9E identify reasons to save and explain the benefits of a savings plan
*3.9F identify decisions involving spending, income, credit, saving and charitable giving
*3.6A identify ways of earning, spending and saving money,
*3.6B create a simple budget that allocates money for spending, saving, and donating
This is a fun and engaging alternative to worksheets that your students will enjoy creating!
Christina C. ;) | <urn:uuid:f044839d-207f-409f-acd6-0590cf34c394> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Personal-Financial-Literacy-1242440 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886105455.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20170819143637-20170819163637-00365.warc.gz | en | 0.917764 | 190 | 3.375 | 3 |
In addition to teaching children how to recognize and handle dangerous situations and strangers, there are a few more things parents can do to help their children stay safe and avoid dangerous situations, they include:
Know where your children are at all times. Make it a rule that your children must ask permission or check in with you before going anywhere. Give your children your work and cell phone numbers so they can reach you at all times.
Point out safe places. Show your children safe places to play, safe roads and paths to take, and safe places to go if there's trouble.
Teach children to trust their instincts. Explain that if they ever feel scared or uncomfortable, they should get away as fast as they can and tell an adult. Tell them that sometimes adults they know may make them feel uncomfortable, and they should still get away as fast as possible and tell another adult what happened. Reassure children that you will help them when they need it.
Teach your children to be assertive. Make sure they know that it's okay to say no to an adult and to run away from adults in dangerous situations.
Encourage your children to play with others. There's safety in numbers! | <urn:uuid:5fa93f25-afac-464a-996d-0bab1edb5efa> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.franklinparkborough.us/174/What-Else-Parents-Can-Do | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233506480.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230923094750-20230923124750-00595.warc.gz | en | 0.976883 | 243 | 3.53125 | 4 |
In some cases, the bacteria that accumulates on our the surface of our smartphones can make us sick. But now researchers from the University of Wisconsin are seeing if the inside of smartphones can actually prevent flu outbreaks.
UW-Madison professor Dr. Ajay Sethi and doctoral student Christine Muganda want to know if a smartphone app and social engagement can better predict a flu outbreak than the old-school method of clinic-based reporting.
Students on the UW campus are encouraged to download and use an app called OutSmart Flu. The app asks a few basic questions like, “how are you feeling,” and in exchange students can collect points toward a raffle drawing for their participation.
Using the survey, which was custom built by Seattle-based Survey Analytics, the researchers will have access to crowd-sourced data and they’ll be able to watch flu patterns as they happen in real time.
“Our app might encourage those on campus to be more aware of when the virus is going around, to encourage taking precautions like washing hands a little longer or making an extra effort to get the flu shot,” Dr. Sethi said in a press release.
Traditionally, the CDC has tracked flu outbreaks based on the number of patients walking into clinics with influenza-like symptoms. But the UW researchers point to a Google study that they claim identified epidemic flu in the U.S. a full two weeks before the CDC could.
However, without context, those Google studies based solely off data weren’t exactly better than what the CDC could report from actually seeing patients in person. It will be interesting to see if Sethi and Muganda find better success with OutSmart Flu, which is available on iOS and Android. | <urn:uuid:09fdc3c5-123f-4e15-968c-f553a956398c> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.geekwire.com/2013/smartphone-app-predict-flu-outbreaks/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394011355201/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305092235-00023-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946806 | 357 | 2.96875 | 3 |
Cloud computing continues to grow in popularity with offerings such as remote data storage and software as a service to help reduce IT costs. However, 24/7 operation and the increasing centralization of data centers mean energy efficiency is more important than ever. A research team from the University of Oran in Algeria has developed a process to help consolidated data centers use less CPU and memory capacity to save energy while not compromising performance for users.
Published in the International Journal of Information Technology, Communications and Convergence, the dual phase energy optimization strategy involves the virtualization of processes and use of the team’s newly-developed algorithm of selection and allocation to combine various tools and applications. This allows the same processing power while using less memory space. By allowing multiple virtual machines to run remotely from a single location, the data center maintains full user accessibility with a dramatic reduction in energy consumption. Though the process is still in development, the research team hopes their process could be helpful in reducing electricity use and carbon emissions from data centers of all sizes.
Wondering if your IT department could use an efficiency upgrade? Take a look at tips for How Facility Managers and IT Can Partner for Energy Savings. | <urn:uuid:45284b76-3dd3-46f5-9e69-142cadc89c24> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://www.buildings.com/news/industry-news/articleid/17971/title/reducing-cloud-computing-s-emissions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128320695.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20170626083037-20170626103037-00322.warc.gz | en | 0.930394 | 237 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Protein is an essential nutrient meaning we have to get it through our diet. One of its primary functions is building and preserving muscle mass. Protein is critical for both young and old to support growth as we develop and to counteract the decrease in absorption and metabolism as we age. With athletic performance and popularity in diets such as keto, there are misconceptions on just how much protein we need and whether some of the products in the marketplace are worth using. This week Dr. Sears answers some of the top questions we receive about protein.
Q: The Zone Diet has long been thought to be a high protein eating plan, can you put this myth to bed?
A: The Zone diet is a protein adequate nutritional plan. The amount of protein one requires is individualized as it depends on the existing muscle mass and level of physical activity. Furthermore, once the total of amount of protein is determined, it is spread evenly throughout the day to be balanced with moderate amounts of low-glycemic carbohydrates. This helps to stabilize blood glucose levels while simultaneously increasing satiety through the release of gut hormones that instruct the brain to stop eating.
Q: How much protein do you recommend people consume each day? Does this amount vary from what you’ve previously recommended with your Zone Food Blocks?
A: It depends on the amount of protein required to maintain your muscle mass. Usually that is 90 grams of protein for females and about 110 grams for males. However, the amount at any one meal is on average about 25 grams. The Zone Food Blocks take into account that the protein density in a protein source is variable with meat being more dense in protein than fish. For example, 1 ounce of meat is 1 block of Zone Protein whereas 1.5 ounces of fish is 1 block of Zone Protein. Both equal approximately 7 grams of protein.
Q: Numerous studies have shown the connection between consuming red and processed meats and the increased risk of heart disease and certain cancers. A recent study published in Annals of Internal Medicine suggests this may not be true and that data regarding the health benefits of consuming less meat is weak. What are your thoughts on this controversial study?
A: There is a large body of research that suggests that red meat consumption, especially processed meats, is associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, certain cancers and early death. The data here is clear.
So what protein sources should you use? Relative to red meat, if you are to consume it, aim for grass-fed beef instead. Better choices for animal protein are low-fat chicken or fish. For lacto-ovo vegetarians, egg whites and dairy products are excellent protein choices. Finally, for vegans, plant-based imitation meat products are a useful choice. With these options just be careful to watch the number of ingredients. Typically the more ingredients you see on the label the less desirable the product is going to be.
Q: Is there a difference between the protein you get in vegetables compared to meat?
A: Vegetable protein has a far lower protein density. This requires you to consume a lot of vegetables to get the average 25 grams of protein per meal as recommended on the Zone diet. However, some vegetables such as mushrooms and the ABCs (artichoke, asparagus, broccoli, cauliflower, and spinach) have higher protein contents than other vegetables. Vegetable protein is usually lower in essential amino acids than animal, egg, or dairy protein. However, if you consume 25 grams of vegetable-based protein at a meal, you will have adequate levels of all amino acids. New sources of plant-based meat imitation products make it easier to consume the necessary protein needed for hormonal balance and satiety.
Q: Many people are trying the keto diet right now for its touted weight loss and health benefits. The keto diet is a high fat, high protein eating plan. Do you think the benefits of keto are supported in the literature?
A: The short answer is no. I published a highly controlled study in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition in 2006 demonstrating the Zone diet was superior in all aspects compared to a ketogenic diet. Furthermore, follow-up studies indicated the ketogenic diet caused fatigue upon mild exercise and calcium loss. Since a ketogenic diet is deficient in glucose, there is also a corresponding increase in cortisol secretion with its continued use. Finally, a ketogenic diet is deficient in fermentable fiber and polyphenols that are essential for gut health.
Q: Collagen levels decline with age. Supplementation has been promoted to help boost levels as we age while helping to improve muscle mass, joint health, and skin elasticity. What are your thoughts on collagen and do you think its supplementation can help with anti-aging?
A: The short answer again is no. All the consequences of aging are due to increased unresolved inflammation. Collagen supplementation is fine for fingernails, hair, and structural components of the skin, but it is a very poor-quality protein and will have no effect on reducing inflammation. Since absorption and metabolism of protein declines with age its also critical to ensure that you are getting enough high quality protein in your diet to help preserve muscle mass and minimize frailty. | <urn:uuid:67f73057-7645-44d4-9e8e-3d0d7926e6bb> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://blog.zonediet.com/drsears/protein-qa-with-dr.-sears | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657134758.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20200712082512-20200712112512-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.958072 | 1,057 | 3 | 3 |
A person cannot usually be found guilty of a criminal offence unless two elements are present: actus reus and mens rea. Both these terms have a very specific meaning which varies according to the crime, but the important thing is that to be guilty of an offence, an accused must not only have behaved in a particular way, but must also usually have a had a particular mental attitude to that behaviour. Discuss
Criminal liability is imposed on people that commit criminal offences; crime or an offence is seen as a wrong doing in the eyes of society, which goes against societies norms and interests. When a person breaks the law it has criminal consequences that follow, such as: -
1. Possibility of state punishment
2. Prosecution by the state
In this piece of coursework I will define both elements of crime, discuss the fact the a person cannot be found guilty unless both elements of crime have been proved, I will give the different meanings of the terms in accordance to the different crimes using cases, I will also give a deeper understanding of actus reus and mens rea.
There are two elements of criminal offences, which are 1.actus reus and 2.mens rea. Both these terms come from the Latin language. Actus reus means "guilty act" and mens rea means "guilty mind". A person cannot be found guilty of a criminal offence unless both elements are present and proved that the person has committed the act by the prosecution beyond reasonable doubt. In other words this means that the prosecution has to prove both elements so that the judge and jury both are satisfied without any doubt what so ever that the accused is guilty. Both these terms have specific meanings, which varies according to crime. When the accused committed the crime not only should s/he have behaved in a certain way but must also should have had a particular attitude or mental state to that behaviour. This is only exempted when offences of strict liability have been committed.
When a person commits a crime the conduct of that behaviour must be voluntary. There are four types of actus reus crimes, which are action crimes, state of affairs, result crimes and omissions.
Action crimes - The actus reus of such offences are simply jus acts, as the consequences of the act are beside the point. For example, when a person commits the crime of perjury, which is giving a false statement under oath. Regardless of whether the statement made a difference to the trial, what does matter is the fact that the offence of perjury had been committed.
State of affairs – The actus reus of this does not consist of acts. Some state of affairs cases are circumstances and other times consequences. In other words this they are ‘being’ rather then ‘doing’ offences. For example, in the case of R v Larsonneur. The actus reus of this case was when the person accused that is a foreigner had come into Britain without permission and was found in the country.
Result crimes – The actus reus of these types of crimes is the fact that the person accused behaviour must have caused a particular result to that crime. For example, murder, the accused person’s act must have caused the death of the victim. The result of the crime must be proved that it was caused by the defendant’s behaviour/act. If the result was caused by an incident that is completely unrelated to the defendant’s act then the defendant will not be liable. However, if the result was caused by a combination of the accuser’s act then s/he will still be liable.
Omissions – Omission means failure to act. The English law does not impose a duty on a person to act in a certain way towards another. Criminal liability is not imposed on anyone for legitimate omissions. The only time that it becomes an omission or duty to act is if there is a special relationship between the defendant and the victim. For example, in the case of Gibbins and Proctor (1918). In this case the defendant was the father of the victim. There was another defendant that was involved who lived with the victim’s father and the child. They both failed to feed the child so the victim died. Their conviction for murder in this situation was upheld. There is also a duty to act when someone has authority or a responsibility over another person. For example, the relationship between a doctor and patient. Criminal liability is imposed on someone that fails to act upon a duty obligatory by the law.
Omissions fall into three categories, which are continuing acts, supervening faults and euthanasia.
Continuing acts – An example of a continuing act was a case of Kaitamaki (1985). The defendant was charged with rape. His defence to this allegation was that at the time when he was penetrating the woman he did not realize that she was not consenting. Nevertheless, he did not stop when he did realize that she was not consenting. At this point the defendant had the necessary mens rea for the act when he carried on with the actus reus, this now became a continuing act.
Supervening fault – This is when a person is fully aware of the danger that s/he will cause but does not do anything to stop the danger from taking place. Criminal liability will be imposed on a person if s/he fails to prevent the hazard that they have caused after they have had the necessary mens rea. An example of this was the case of R v Miller (1982). The defendant was laying on a mattress where he lit a cigarette and fell asleep. He later woke up to find that the mattress was on fire. He did not do anything to put out the fire but moved to another room and went back to sleep. The house caught fire, resulting in £800 worth of damage. The defendant was convicted of arson, as the fire was the defendant’s fault.
Euthanasia – This is method used that helps severely ill people to die. This is a decision that can be made either by the patient themselves or by family and doctors, so that the life support can be reserved. In England euthanasia is still illegal.
Mens rea means "guilty mind" or mental act. The mental element of crime is an important part of criminal law together with actus reus, for a criminal offence to be committed. Mens rea varies from offense to offence. There are three main states of mind that can form the necessary mens rea of a criminal offence, which are intension, Cunningham recklessness and Caldwell recklessness. When a talking about mens rea the subjective and objective tests spring to mind. The subjective test requires looking at what the defendant was thinking at the time of the act, or what the judge and jury think the defendant was thinking at that time. An objective test takes into account what a reasonable person would think in the defendant’s situation.
Intension - In the court room the only concern is what the accuser was thinking at the time of the crime and not what a reasonable person would have thought in the defendant’s position, as intension is a subjective perception. Intension can be separated up into two parts, which are direct intension and oblique intension. Direct intension is where the outcome an act is actually desired. Oblique intension is where the defendant does not desire the obvious consequence of the act, which s/he is fully aware of, but goes ahead and does it anyway.
Recklessness – This means taking an unjustified risk. There are two types of recklessness, which are named after previous cases. These names are R v Cunningham (1957) and MPC v Caldwell. These cases provide two different legal definitions. In the case of R v Cunningham, the defendant broke a gas meter to steal the money inside, and gas leaked out into the house next door. Cunningham’s future mother in law was sleeping there, and became really ill and her life was in danger of extinction. Cunningham was charged under the section 23 of the offences against the person act 1861 with ‘maliciously administrating a noxious thing so as to endanger life. In this case Cunningham actually foresaw the harm that he could have caused but went a head a done it anyway. This is called subjective test. On the other hand, in the case of MPC v Caldwell, the defendant bared a grudge against the hotel owner where he used to work. He started a fire at the hotel, which resulted in some damages, and Caldwell was charged with arson. This type of recklessness is objective. Caldwell stated that he did not realize that there was anyone in the hotel and did not realize that he could have endangered someone’s life. Lord Diplock suggested that a person is only reckless if the consequences of damage to a property is if:
i. The defendant does an act that makes an obvious risk that the property would be damaged or destroyed
ii. The defendant does not give the consequences to his or her act any thought that the act may cause a risk or the defendant has given thought to the risk but has gone ahead and done it anyway.
Negligence – This is when a person falls below the standards of an ordinary person. This is a very objective test that looks at what and ordinary would or would not do.
An example of mens rea in theft, which is made up of two elements, dishonesty and intension to permanently deprive. In the case of murder, mens rea, which is called malice aforethought, is the intension to commit grievously bodily harm (GBH) or to kill. The prosecution would have to prove that the defendant intended to something, but the decision of whether that was proved would be left to the courts or the jury.
A problem with mens rea is the lack of clarity as the terminology has become very unclear. The borders between recklessness and gross negligence have become vague. The same word such as ‘malice’ has a different meaning according to the different crimes, for example, murder, libel and malicious damage act 1861.
If a man commits the crime of rape against a person then he is forcing sexual intercourse on that person without their consent. This is the actus reus of the offence. The mens rea for such an offence is that the accused should know at the time that the victim has not consented to sexual intercourse.
In the case of involuntary manslaughter the actus reus is that death must be caused by and act. The prosecution must prove the elements of a homicide offence exist. The mens rea for such a crime may be intension or recklessness, depending on the particular offence.
In conclusion, I have given a definition of the elements of crime and given an in depth understanding of actus reus and mens rea, this includes the four types of actus reus crimes and the three main states of mind. I have also given examples of previous cases and the actus reus and mens rea elements, which vary from crime to crime.
1. Allen M, 2001, Criminal Law, London, Blackstone press limited, fifth edition
2. Allen M, 2001, Cases and materials on criminal law, London, Sweet & Maxwell limited, eighth edition
3. Card R et al, 2001, Criminal Law, UK, Butterworths, fifteenth edition
4. Dobson P, 1999, Criminal Law, London, Sweet & Maxwell limited, fifth edition
5. Elliot C & Quinn F, 2002, Criminal Law, Harlow, Pearson education limited, fourth edition
6. Jefferson M, 2001, Criminal Law, Harlow, Pearson education limited, fifth edition | <urn:uuid:5da87c05-80c2-4f16-a5a1-ded2b3c0354d> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.essay.uk.com/coursework/a-person-cannot-usually-be-found-guilty-of-a-criminal-offence-unless-two-elements-are-present.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347388758.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525130036-20200525160036-00324.warc.gz | en | 0.971416 | 2,414 | 3.65625 | 4 |
An elevator is going up from the ground with acceleration aelevator/ground.
When the elevator's height measured from the ground is h, its velocity us velevator/ground (assume that t = 0 in this condition), a ball is thrown up with velocity vball/elevator relative to the elevator. The gravitational acceleration is g.
What is the acceleration of the ball with respect to the ground ?
In what time does the ball height get maximum measured from the ground ?
2. Relevant equation
v(t) = v(0) + a t
The Attempt at a Solution
I thought that the ball acceleration relative to the ground is aelevator/ground/ - g
And, the ball velocity relative to the ground is Vb/e+Ve/g
So, the time it takes to get maximum height is :
0 = Vb/e+Ve/g + (aelevator/ground - g) t
t = - (Vb/e+Ve/g) / (aelevator/ground - g)
t = (Vb/e+Ve/g) / (g - aelevator/ground)
Am I right ?
I'm in doubt because someone in yahoo answer says that the acceleration is just -g (see https://id.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20101112142831AAzmKKU ). It is in Bahasa Indonesia, not English) | <urn:uuid:959a601e-6afb-4ed7-a36d-d7ab5b49ad39> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/relative-acceleration.793626/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371818008.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20200408135412-20200408165912-00537.warc.gz | en | 0.89657 | 317 | 2.984375 | 3 |
FDA Issues New Rule for Animal Drugs in Animal Feed (August 2016)The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a final rule in response to the enforcement of an antimicrobial resistance strategy they had initiated previously regarding animal feed. In their efforts to monitor the use of antimicrobial drugs in animal agriculture, FDA’s Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM) published Guidance #213 in 2013 requesting that animal drug sponsors using “medically important” antimicrobials in animal feed retract approval notices from their product labels and instead defer prescriptions to licensed veterinarians. However, some of these antimicrobials approved to be used in feed for “major” animal species (pigs, cattle, chicken) are also approved for remedial use in “minor” species (goats, sheep, fish). FDA intends to refine the basis upon which these approval notices are withdrawn to prevent mishaps that will restrict the production and distribution of remedial minor species drugs in the market.
Once animal drugs are approved to be used in animal feed, they are evaluated based on the potential threat the drug poses to livestock when treating them or in food production. The drugs are then assigned to either Category I or II based on whether or not a withdrawal period is required upon approval. Those placed in Category II will not be allowed to be produced by unlicensed mills, which make up the majority of feed mills in the country. FDA intends to improve these animal drug category definitions to ensure that production of minor species remedial use drugs remains in both licensed and unlicensed feed mills.
FDA is opening a public comment period on the rule for 75 days. Comments may be submitted electronically or by mail.
|New Animal Drugs for Use in Animal Feed; Category Definitions|
|FDA Issues Direct Final Rule Revising Categorization of Animal Drugs Used in Medicated Feeds| | <urn:uuid:e60f5841-5931-47b0-b777-6cfa0efc6550> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://tsgusa.com/m/news/fda-new-rule-for-drugs-in-animal-feed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886112533.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20170822162608-20170822182608-00196.warc.gz | en | 0.925362 | 388 | 2.578125 | 3 |
The Department of Labor issued controversial new rules on March 24 to protect workers from silica dust exposure, one of the oldest known workplace hazards.
Silica dust is a common mineral found in construction materials such as stone, brick and concrete. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the fine grains can cause cancer, kidney disease and silicosis — an incurable lung disease — when inhaled over time
The revised standards will significantly reduce the allowed limit for silica exposure from the current cap of 250 micrograms per cubic meter of air over an eight-hour shift to 50 micrograms. Besides construction, industries that expose workers to silica include fracking, brick and glass manufacturing, jewelry production and dental laboratories. The new rules will be phased in over five years, depending on the industry.
Around 2.3 million people in the United States are exposed to silica dust in the workplace, primarily construction workers. Employers will be required to limit worker exposure by using vacuums, ventilation or water to control silica dust. If such measures are ineffective, they must provide employees with respirators and limit their access to high-exposure areas. OSHA estimates the new standards will reduce the number of silicosis cases by 900 each year and save over 600 lives per year.
The new rules are a long-awaited update to standards that have remained unchanged since the 1970s. However, many industry groups have criticized them for being time-consuming, costly and burdening employers instead of improving safety.
Secretary of Labor Tom Perez said, “We’ve known for over 40 years that [the rules] needed to be strengthened, and it has taken 40 years to strengthen [them] . . . Silica is a killer and employers need to take the necessary steps so that they can reduce exposure.”
Paul Greenberg is a Chicago work accidents lawyer with Briskman Briskman & Greenberg. To learn more call 1.877.595.4878 or visit http://www.briskmanandbriskman.com/. | <urn:uuid:6161a836-94d9-4641-af23-162c9ed628f1> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.briskmanandbriskman.com/2016/04/new-silica-dust-rules-aim-to-save-lungs-of-construction-workers/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439740733.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200815065105-20200815095105-00007.warc.gz | en | 0.938714 | 423 | 2.921875 | 3 |
World Environment Day
Protecting their crops through green technologies, Caribbean women fend for themselves
Through workshops, women farmers in Barbados, Grenada and Jamaica are learning more sustainable farming techniques and securing their livelihoods.
Date: Wednesday, June 4, 2014
Often totally dependent on rainfall for irrigation, battling increasingly longer droughts and intense bursts when the rain does come, Caribbean women farmers are looking to more sustainable means of crop production.
With UN Women support, the Caribbean Policy Development Centre (CPDC) has led a project focused on women agricultural producers’ role in sustainable development in the Caribbean. Implemented in Barbados, Grenada and Jamaica, the project aims to reduce women’s lack of access to resources.
Their crops include Irish potatoes, organic mushrooms, strawberries, vegetables and other fruit for the production of juices, pepper sauces and dried fruits. The women sell them at local markets in their communities and to tourists.
“After I began growing mushrooms, I was able to support my family. For now, I sell mainly to hotels,” says 52-year-old Theresia Msacky, from Grenada.
For many women, farming is their only income, particularly if they have children still in school.
Through workshops on the evolving green economy – an approach that will result in improved human well-being and reduced inequalities, while not exposing future generations to significant environmental risks and ecological scarcities– the women learn to use more sustainable farming methods as a more stable and reliable way of making a living.
Theresia said the workshops taught her about the value and importance of protecting the environment for her livelihood. She learned about water conservation and rain-water harvesting.
“We learned about the importance of crop rotation,” she explains, “not planting an entire area in one crop but rotating the area … and using natural materials in the environment to conserve the moisture and increase the fertility of the soil. Now I am also using natural barriers like lemongrass to eradicate the crop pests.”
In Jamaica, in the north eastern parish of St. Mary’s, the Jeffrey Town Farmers’ Association which has 40 members, half of them women, is employing renewable energy to power a radio station. It broadcasts information about sustainable farming practices to a hilly community of 3,000.
Romae Ormsby, one of the managers, explained that they were able to share experiences on how to combat land slippage. She added that the CPDC workshop also offered valuable knowledge on how to increase their strawberry production through greenhouse growing. The women currently also produce and sell a coconut-based confectionary.
“We are trying to get a bigger building; we want to expand production,” says Romae. “We are also trying to produce flour from breadfruit [a tropical fruit tree] so the women can feed their children, develop themselves, and it can be a source of employment.”
Through a separate UN Women-supported project of non-governmental organization, The Competitiveness Company, in the community of Guys Hill, Saint Catherine parish, Jamaica, 18 women were given access to irrigation. They were also trained in the use of technologies to improve irrigation and other water-management strategies. With rainfall patterns that limit crop seasons and farms located on steep hillsides, the women farmers are better able to mitigate against flooding, land erosion and land slippage and are using the best agricultural practices for their environment.
“The discussions and sharing of experiences (during the CPDC training) gave the work of the women validity,” says Hilda Vaughn, one of the officers with The Competitiveness Company with the collective of 18 women in Guys Hill. “It showed others what women like themselves were able to achieve by employing new technologies,” such as greenhouses, solar energy and water harvesting. The women were also reminded of the value of traditional methods of farming like intercropping – using crops that repel insects mixed with the economic crop to reduce the cost of pesticides.
“In the Caribbean, young women outperform young men in secondary and tertiary education, and yet when it comes to active labour market participation or economic empowerment, women are most likely to be unemployed, underemployed, or poor,” says Christine Arab, UN Women Representative for the Caribbean region. “Through supporting local NGOs in bridging the gender divide in the areas of agriculture education, infrastructure investment, and a strengthened understanding of the laws and services which promote women’s security in the home and in public spaces, UN Women believes that women’s livelihoods will be secured, thereby enhancing the resilience of local communities in the face of the economic challenges facing the Caribbean.”
For more information on Women and the Environment, check out the In Focus editorial package on the new Beijing+20 campaign website. | <urn:uuid:ff3bc482-5146-46a1-9550-a34a72c5b175> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2014/6/caribbean-farmers-use-green-technologies | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585371883359.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20200410012405-20200410042905-00129.warc.gz | en | 0.952815 | 1,006 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Look no further than how falling commodity prices have affected rural America in recent years, and you'll get a feel for what the Renewable Fuel Standard has meant to the countryside.
Back in 2005 when the first RFS was signed into law, it was challenging just to keep up on the seemingly endless number of announced plans to build corn ethanol plants. Investor groups made public announcements, followed by local, small-town meetings attended largely by farmers and community investors curious about ethanol's economic potential.
Today, the farm economy continues on a decline as input costs have remained higher while corn remains priced in the $3 to $4 range. Imagine the state of things without the corn market created by ethanol.
Prior to the first RFS from 1997 to 2004, average corn prices nationally averaged between $1.86 and $2.60 per bushel, according to farmdoc at the University of Illinois. From 2006 to 2016, farmdoc said the average annual corn price ranged from $1.96 to $6.67. That meant more money was injected into rural economies following the passage of the second RFS.
Do the math: take away the ethanol market and rural America's challenges may be far more difficult.
A nine-page analysis by the Renewable Fuels Association released this week provides a look at the numbers.
Here are the highlights of the report:
-The number of operational U.S. ethanol plants nearly doubled from 110 in 2007 to 211 in 2017, or a 92% increase. U.S. ethanol production has grown by 143% from 6.5 billion gallons in 2007 to 15.8 billion gallons in 2017.
-U.S. ethanol industry jobs grew by about 42% from 238,541 in 2007, to 339,176. According to the RFA, the value of industry output increased by 74% from $17.8 billion in 2007 to $31 billion in 2017.
-The production of advanced and cellulosic biofuel increased by 469% from 490 million gallons in 2007 to 2.79 billion gallons in 2017.
-U.S. corn production grew by about 12% from 13 billion bushels in 2007, to 14.6 billion bushels in 2017. Despite concerns from industry critics that expanded ethanol production would lead to expanded acreage planted to corn, actual corn acres planted fell by 3% from 93.5 million acres in 2007 to 90.4 million acres in 2017. Average corn yields increased by 16% from 150.7 bushels per acre in 2007 to 175.4 bushels per acre in 2017.
-The number of retailers that sell E85 increased by 238% from 1,208 in 2007 to 4,077 in 2017. The number of flexible-fuel vehicles on the road grew from 6.7 million in 2007 to 24.5 million in 2017, or a 266% increase.
-The RFA said greenhouse gas emissions avoided from using ethanol has increased by 291% from 12.7 million tons in 2007 to 49.6 million tons in 2017.
According to the RFA, U.S. cropland area fell by 7% from 402 million acres in 2007 to 376 million acres in 2017. Despite concerns about expanded corn acres on grasslands, U.S. grassland area increased by about 5% from about 1.3 million square miles to 1.4 million square miles.
The RFA report said the deforestation rate in the Amazon fell by 43% from 4,498 square miles in 2007, to 2,558 square miles in 2017. GHG emissions from agricultural soil management, urea fertilization and liming fell 7% from 278.7 million metric tons of carbon in 2007, to 260.1 million metric tons in 2017. Food inflation was 4% in 2007, but 1% in 2017, according to the RFA.
The prices for red meat, poultry, fish, cereals, bakery items and dairy were unchanged in 2017 from the previous year, compared to a 3.8% increase in 2007.
World grain supplies for coarse grains, wheat and rice increased by about 31% to 3.23 billion metric tons in 2017, compared to 2.46 billion metric tons in 2007.
Read the RFA analysis here: http://bit.ly/…
Todd Neeley can be reached at [email protected]
Follow me on Twitter @toddneeleyDTN
© Copyright 2017 DTN/The Progressive Farmer. All rights reserved. | <urn:uuid:93bec664-294d-4b3c-9cbc-a5bb4abaf06f> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://www.dtnpf.com/agriculture/web/ag/blogs/ethanol-blog/blog-post/2017/12/19/tallying-economic-effects-rfs-decade | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500331.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331053639-20200331083639-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.948745 | 924 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Keys to Successful Flow Measurement: Flow to Perfection
The quality of any measurement depends on the equipment, the user’s understanding of how this equipment works and their ability to create a reproduceable environment that can be studied. Today I would like to have a closer look at some of the factors that contribute to quality ultrasound transit-time (UTT) volume flow measurement.
First, we need to understand how UTT technology works. Transonic UTT flow sensors and probes contain either two transducers with a fixed acoustic reflector or 4 transducers in a X-shaped design. An electrical excitation causes the transducer to emit a plane wave of ultrasound. In the case of our two transducer design, this ultrasonic wave intersects the vessel or tubing under study in the upstream direction, then bounces off the fixed acoustic reflector. It again intersects the vessel and is received by the upstream transducer where it is converted into electrical signals. The same transmit/receive sequence is repeated in the downstream direction. In the case of our “X” design, the opposite transducer directly receives the signal and you have again integrated upstream and downstream signals. The alternating signal sequence happens at frequencies of up to 14.4MHz. The Flowmeter derives and records from this transmit/receive sequence, an accurate measure of the time it takes for the ultrasound signal to travel from one transducer to the other, called the “transit-time.” This is in short, the ‘time component” of UTT technology. A more thorough explanation can be found in our Theory of Operations Technical Note. The next question is, how does the volume component fit into this picture?
One plane of the ultrasonic beam undergoes a phase shift in transit-time proportional to the average velocity of the liquid times the path length over which this velocity is encountered. The receiving transducer integrates these velocity-chord products over the vessel’s full width and yields volume flow: average velocity times the vessel’s cross-sectional area. Since the transit-time is sampled at all points across the vessel diameter, volume flow measurement is independent of the flow velocity profile.
With this in mind, it is important to understand which factors influence the ultrasound signal and thus your measurements. Temperature of the liquid, type of liquid, other material in the ultrasonic beam all contribute to the overall measurement. Transonic offers two different types of flow sensors, perivascular flow probes designed to be placed around a blood vessel and tubing flow sensors that can either be placed within a tubing line or around a tubing location. Each type of sensor brings with if different consideration, so it makes sense to separate them into groups. Let’s start with our perivascular flow probes.
Ultrasound signals are completely blocked by air, which means that when a perivascular probe is placed around a blood vessel you will have to avoid air bubbles being trapped in between the blood vessel and the probe. This is best done using a couplant called Surgilube (E Fougera & Co.), because Surgilube has the same acoustic properties of blood at 37C. Water and 0.9% saline, commonly used as a stand in for Surgilube, cause reflections of the ultrasound at the vessel boundary. This may lead to changes in the acoustic beam direction in the probe and impose uneven changes in the ultrasound transit-time, causing measurements to be unstable and less accurate. Since perivascular probes are used in vivo you may find fatty tissue around your vessel of interest. It is important to remove the adipose tissue from the area where you want to place the probe because it too can attenuate and otherwise alter the ultrasound signal. Temperature too can have an effect. The speed of the acoustic signal increases with higher temperatures. A difference in temperature between the acoustic couplant and the blood can impose acoustic mismatch and infuses unnecessary confounding variables to the measurement. Keeping the full surgical area at 37C will ensure most stable and accurate data. You will find a detailed document explaining the above in more detail here.
As mentioned in the perivascular flow probes section, all elements that are in the path of the ultrasonic beam will influence the signal and therefore must be factored in during the flow sensor’s calibration. For clamp-on tubing flow sensors, the tubing material itself is the most significant factor, as the ultrasound signal has to go through the tubing material before it reaches the liquid. The angle by which the ultrasound beam reaches the tubing influences how it travels through the tubing and how the signal leaves the tubing and enters the liquid. To make this as uniform over the width of the beam as possible, closed clamp-on sensors slightly flatten the surface on the tubing. This minimizes focusing requirements and variable path lengths of the ultrasound beam, contributing to a more stable and accurate measurement. The second key factor to control is the temperature of the set-up. As described above for the perivascular flow probes, the transition between materials/elements will have the least influence when all material is the same temperature. In the lab it means that it is wise to take your time and have the whole set-up acclimated when you perform your measurements at a different temperature than room temperature. Flow profiles are another topic to pay attention to. Although Transonic flow sensors have an X-design which makes it possible to measure turbulent flows, accuracy will increase with a laminar stable flow. Transitions from a larger ID to a smaller ID tubing may create vortexes in the liquid, resulting in a potential reading anomalies. In an ideal situation, there is a straight segment of tubing with a length of 10x ID of the tubing before and after the location of the flow sensor. This and more details are described in our technote on tubing flow measurements.
Hopefully the above tips give a helpful starting place when considering the variables that go into quality data collection with our flow sensors. We will plan to cover several more topics related to equipment best practices in future blogs, we hope to see you there. For guidance to choose the correct probe design for your application, we have several documents available but for personal support, you are always welcome to reach out to one of our application specialists directly. | <urn:uuid:37a14ac2-fda6-4520-8a8d-af15d60d66bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://blog.transonic.com/life-science-research/keys-to-successful-flow-measurement-flow-to-perfection | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644309.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528150639-20230528180639-00693.warc.gz | en | 0.931417 | 1,299 | 2.765625 | 3 |
The Cap-seller story from Aesop’s Fables and the Panchatantra for kids is quite popular. We all have learnt it in our good old school days. our teachers demonstrated the actions. We picked it from them and proudly narrated whenever we had guests at our place. The cap-seller story contains a great idea. It is a great help for us as kids but more importantly as adults especially as parents.
Cap-seller on saving electricity
Quite often we adults forget to switch off the lights or fans when not in use. But If the child forgets we would usually remind them time and often to switch off lights. We would talk about saving electricity, saving on bills and all. Children feel very unfair of this behavior of parents.
WE tried the point system. , where the one who diligently switched off (when not in use) gets a point. But scores double points if you switched off when the other forgot. Tally the score on Saturday. Scored least point? Get a cake or a dessert for the team. Each of us would be very careful to gain points but more for the double whammy.
Now , switching off the lights or fans is unforgettable for all at home.
Cap-seller for reading ?
Reading is very boring mom..says my daughter. Why wouldn’t it be? If I hit the bed surfing my cell-phone for whatever valid reasons, children would obviously want to do the same.
SO WE set a kind of rule applicable for all. NO cell phones in the bed-room.Initially it was difficult to follow for us too. But we started with story book. Read a story. Reflect over it. Share our thoughts and opinions and the kids would slowly drift in to sleep. Our habits too changed, from cellphones to books.
Food habits can change..thank you cap seller…
Want them to eat healthy?Set an example. Drop junk food. Start consuming healthy food. The kids too will do the same.
Children tend to imitate the parents. The cap-seller couldn’t retrieve his caps until he dropped his caps. Showing is better than telling.
Constant Comparing with the other kids ,slowly demotivates them. They too do the same.,comparing the parents with those of the freinds ,making parenting a difficult task.
Want them to be a good listener? Hear their funny, weird stories without judging them . They will do the same not just at home but outside too,with peers, during play or in class.
Constantly encourage them, appreciate for the positive change in them, trust them.. they will do the same not just as children but even when they grow up as adults. This makes a lot of difference to a co-worker or as a Manager to a sub-ordinate.
Important value – TRUST GOD. TRUST THE CREATOR. PRAYER , CONVERSATION WITH GOD, IN TIMES OF DIFFICULTY OR PAIN, GRATITUDE FOR ALL THE BLESSINGS RECEIVED, CARE FOR NATURE. THE CHILD OBSERVES THE PARENTS AND FOLLOWS AND PRACTICES ACCORDINGLY. THIS GOES A LONG WAY IN LIFE AND IS A VERY IMPORTANT SUPPORT FOR THE CHILD FOREVER IN HIS LIFE.
LET ME PRACTICE IT FIRST, SET AN EXAMPLE FOR THEM TO FOLLOW. ONLY THEN SHOULD I EXPECT FROM THEM……..
Parents, like a cap-seller have a wonderful role to play, not just for the child but the society at large. Like the cap seller lets impart good values to our kids, but ,LET ME PRACTICE IT FIRST, SET AN EXAMPLE FOR THEM TO FOLLOW. | <urn:uuid:f0cab6b4-6b93-4eb6-a5aa-c41dc8036919> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.cuspofdestiny.com/cap-seller-and-parents/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=cap-seller-and-parents | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657140746.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713002400-20200713032400-00375.warc.gz | en | 0.928416 | 781 | 2.65625 | 3 |
On June 10, 2016 the U.S. Department of Transportation’s Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) announced $1 million in grant funding for training and outreach programs to help local communities prepare for transportation incidents involving hazardous materials, including crude oil and ethanol.
This is another effort in the climb to safety awareness for communities across the country considering that the production, transportation, and use of hazardous material is a vital part of the U.S., Mexican, and Canadian economies.
Rail transportation of hazardous materials in the United States has been recognized as the safest method of moving large quantities of chemicals over long distances. For all hazardous materials, in the 12 years from 1994 through 2005, hazardous materials released in railroad accidents resulted in a total of 14 fatalities. In the same period, hazardous materials released in highway accidents resulted in a total of 116 fatalities. Continuous sponsored industry and government improvements in rail equipment, tank car and container design and construction, and inspection and maintenance methods have resulted in reducing derailments, spills, leaks, and casualties while the volume of traffic increases but there is still room for improvement.
PHMSA Administrator Marie Therese Dominguez stated: “Training and education are essential to ensure that local communities have the information they need to prepare for emergencies.”
The $1 million for the Community Safety Grant was authorized by Congress in the FAST Act and is supported with funds appropriated for hazardous materials safety. The anticipated start date for this FY 2016 grant program is September 30, 2016.
Apply for this funding opportunity through www.grants.gov by July 1, 2016, 5:00 PM Eastern Time. For further information, contact the PHMSA Hazardous Materials Grants Division at [email protected] or call (202) 366-1109.
Want to take a glimpse and see what it takes to be a part of rail response training? Check out this video https://www.aar.org/policy/rail-safety
Floods can happen anywhere and to anyone unexpectedly. Not only is heavy rainfall to blame, but natural disasters such as storm surge and a lack of drainage in urban development can cause water to rise with no place to go. Check out these 12 tips you need to know before a flood reaches your community.
- Move to higher ground
Flash floods are the #1 cause of weather-related deaths in the US. If there is a chance of flash flooding, move immediately to higher ground.
- Stay away from dirty water
Floodwater often contains infectious organisms, including intestinal bacteria such as E. coli, Salmonella, and Shigella; Hepatitis A Virus; and agents of typhoid, paratyphoid and tetanus.
- Be on the lookout for wildlife in stagnant water
Pools of standing or stagnant water become breeding grounds for mosquitoes, increasing the risk of encephalitis, West Nile Virus or other mosquito-borne diseases. The presence of wild animals in populated areas increases the risk of diseases caused by animal bites (e.g., rabies) as well as diseases carried by fleas and ticks.
- Stock up
Don’t get caught in the rush to get supplies last minute. Build or restock your emergency preparedness kit beforehand. Include a flashlight, batteries, cash, first aid supplies, plenty of water, and snacks.
- Don’t forget to unplug
Disconnect electrical appliances and do not touch electrical equipment if you are wet or standing in water. You could be electrocuted.
- Turn it off
If instructed, turn off your gas and electricity at the main switch or valve. This helps prevent fires and explosions.
- Save your important documents
Have all of your personal documents together (medication list and pertinent medical information, deed/lease to home, birth certificates, insurance policies) and bring copies of them if you need to evacuate.
- Make a pet plan
Don’t forget your pets and livestock! Make plans with friends, family, or your vet on where your furry friends can go. Check your local government sites to get info on animal evacuations and shelters. If they’re traveling with you, build a pet emergency kit with an extra collar and leash, ID, food, carrier, bowl, and their favorite toy.
- Don’t fight the water
Avoid walking or driving through flood waters. Just 6 inches of moving water can knock you down, and 2 feet of water can sweep your vehicle away.
- Move all valuables
Bring in outdoor furniture and move important indoor items to the highest possible floor. This will help protect them from flood damage.
- Turn around, don’t drown!
If you come upon a flooded road while driving, turn around and go another way. If you are caught on a flooded road and waters are rising rapidly around you, get out of the car quickly and move to higher ground. Most cars can be swept away by less than two feet of moving water.
- Check your insurance plan
Because standard homeowner’s insurance doesn’t cover flooding, it’s important to have protection from the floods associated with hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy rains and other conditions that impact the U.S.
For more flood safety tips and information on flood insurance, please visit the National Flood Insurance Program Web site at www.FloodSmart.gov.
“Seat belts save lives – period,” said U.S. Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx. “Whether you’re a driver or passenger, in a personal vehicle or large truck, the simple act of wearing a safety belt significantly reduces the risk of fatality in a crash.”
Beginning August 8, 2016, passengers riding in large commercial trucks will be required to use seat belts whenever the vehicles are operated on public roads in interstate commerce.
Seat belt History
Back in 1984 when the first seat belt use laws went into effect; many drivers were angry about, what they thought, was an unnecessary burden. But let’s check out the facts. Once these laws were put in place, highway deaths dropped dramatically as seat belt usage went up by 50 percent.
However, large commercial trucks haven’t been required to abide by these seat belt safety laws. In 2014, 37 passengers traveling unrestrained in the cab of a large truck were killed in roadway crashes, according to the most recent data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Of this number, approximately one-third were ejected from the truck cab.
Solving the Problem
The final rule, released by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, requires that every passenger in a property-carrying CMV use a seat belt, if one is installed. The only real cost of the final rule are the few seconds of a person’s time it takes to buckle the seat belt, which is negligible. The benefits of this rule are plain to see: a reduction in injuries and fatalities are likely to occur with just the click of a belt.
“Using a seat belt is one of the safest, easiest, and smartest choices drivers and passengers can make before starting out on any road trip,” said FMCSA Acting Administrator Scott Darling. “This rule further protects large truck occupants and will undoubtedly save more lives.” | <urn:uuid:153376a5-db46-4f1d-8f45-c38e71503bef> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www.eweboq.com/2016/06/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657145436.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20200713131310-20200713161310-00433.warc.gz | en | 0.92541 | 1,511 | 2.65625 | 3 |
When you think about it, a sentiment is nothing but a chemical reaction: Your brain creates a feeling as a reaction to an event or a situation. And emotions are tricky.
Positive emotions such as joy, love or even excitement can have lasting effects. When someone hugs you, you feel good for the rest of the day. But negative emotions can be lasting too.
We’re taught from a young age to ignore damaging feelings. So we can never evacuate the negativity in our lives. We keep it nicely bottled up, leading to depression and anxiety disorders. It’s so important for kids to channel negative emotions in a healthy way.
A kid who is overcome with negative emotions can get aggressive
If you don’t deal with negative emotions, these emotions can transform into aggression in an upset child. This is especially true in children with autism. If you’ve already seen a toddler throw a violent tantrum or have a meltdown, you know how things can turn bad quickly.
The older your child is, the worst it can be. So it’s essential to help them channel and understand their emotions. That way they can find healthier ways to alleviate pressure.
Start by having your children give their emotions names. Help them talk about it. This is a first step to assisting your children in processing feelings in a healthy way.
Find a positive way to connect with same-minded people
You can’t talk about emotions without mentioning teenagers. After all, it’s challenging to be positive when adolescence is so complicated. Hormonal changes can cause big imbalances and mood swings.
So you need to help your child to find positive guidance. Consider things like volunteering, outreach, or youth group mission trips. These teach kids to make a difference in their community. Channel and eliminate feelings of anxiety, isolation, fear, and inadequacy.
Teach your kid about the dangers of social media
If your kid has a smartphone, a tablet or a laptop, it’s fair to say that they probably are aware of social media. But it’s important to help them use these platforms in an emotionally healthy way. Because young people can easily give trust and quickly fall victim to deceipt.
Make sure to have a discussion about online predators. They need to know that their are those in cyberspace who want to take advantage of their trusting nature. And that until proven otherwise, people aren’t always who they say they are.
Additionally, make sure that they understand that social media can create negative emotions too. They may experience low self-esteem when comparing themselves to others or even anger. Indeed, looking at the pictures of friends or influencers doesn’t always lead to happiness. And angry comments are often a product of people’s own insecurities.
Be a creative and artistic family
Last, but not least – art, and especially music, can be useful to release negative emotions. Indeed, listening to music can reduce your stress and anxiety as well as discharge your anger. So, keep your stereo system turned up!
You don’t have to fear negative emotions. Instead, you can teach your children to channel and heal them effectively. That way, they can embrace the positive without being held down by the bumps in the road!
(This post contains affiliate links) | <urn:uuid:5af32fb9-2258-4671-b1b4-c06d9bc6231c> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://ericamesirov.com/channeling-kids-emotions/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655890181.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20200706191400-20200706221400-00338.warc.gz | en | 0.946521 | 687 | 3.59375 | 4 |
From River to Raindrop
The Water Cycle
From the Series Start to Finish, Second Series
How does water from a river turn into a raindrop? Follow each step in the water cycle—from evaporation to condensation to rainfall—in this fascinating book!
|Interest Level||Kindergarten - Grade 3|
|Reading Level||Grade 2|
|Publisher||Lerner Publishing Group|
|Imprint||Lerner Publications ™, LernerClassroom|
|Number of Pages||24|
|Reading Counts! Level||2.6|
|Dimensions||9 x 7.375|
|Guided Reading Level||L|
|ATOS Reading Level||2.3|
|Accelerated Reader® Quiz||191466|
|Accelerated Reader® Points||0.5|
|Features||Bibliography/further reading, Glossary, Glossary words bolded within text, Index, Table of contents, Teaching Guides, and eSource|
Author: Emma Carlson-Berne
Emma Carlson Berne has written and edited more than two dozen books for young people. She holds a master's degree in composition and rhetoric from Miami University. Emma lives in Cincinnati, Ohio, with her husband and two sons. Visit her online at http://emmacarlsonberne.com/.
Lerner eSource™ offers free digital teaching and learning resources, including Common Core State Standards (CCSS) teaching guides. These guides, created by classroom teachers, offer short lessons and writing exercises that give students specific instruction and practice using Common Core skills and strategies. Lerner eSource also provides additional resources including online activities, downloadable/printable graphic organizers, and additional educational materials that would also support Common Core instruction. Download, share, pin, print, and save as many of these free resources as you like!
Start to Finish, Second Series
Learn how a variety of objects are made or how nature’s cycles work—from Start to Finish. Suitable for both struggling and on-level readers, these titles teach science concepts as well as sequential thinking. View available downloads → | <urn:uuid:1b23b2dc-7fef-4cd3-8dd2-8f5cb2446c00> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://lernerbooks.com/shop/show/15503 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347391277.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20200526160400-20200526190400-00503.warc.gz | en | 0.849413 | 446 | 3.5625 | 4 |
If you’re an Internet of Things (IoT) designer, you’re probably often challenged to do more with less when it comes to security, constantly looking for new ways to protect your products against an ever-growing list of threats with lean system resources and perhaps limited experience.
Knowing that these struggles are very real, in this post I’ll outline a few top IoT security risks and common misconceptions on how to address them. I will also provide an overview of how new SimpleLink™ Wi-Fi® products give you more tools to help address security challenges through a novel architecture and rich set of integrated security features.
Any device that connects to the internet may be vulnerable to local or remote attacks. Attackers can target almost any connected device to try and steal manufacturer intellectual property stored in the system, gain access to user data, or even maliciously manipulate the system to compromise users or attack third parties online.
As demonstrated by the major distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack late last year, labeled by experts as the largest of its kind in history, even seemingly harmless products such as home digital video recorders (DVRs) can be maliciously infected and used as “botnets” to halt operations for third-party entities. The attack last year affected services such as Twitter and PayPal, but similar attacks could potentially target large smart infrastructure technologies such as electric grid systems. According to a 2016 study conducted by Kapersky Lab, a single DDoS attack can cost an organization more than $1.6 million to resolve.
Recognizing these threats, TI’s SimpleLink™ Wi-Fi® CC3220 wireless microcontroller (MCU) integrates a host of powerful, multilayered and hardware-based security features to provide you with powerful tools to help protect products from attacks such as local or remote packet sniffing, man-in-the-middle (MITM) server emulation, hostile takeovers via over-the-air updates, remote file manipulation, data and software theft, intellectual property (IP) cloning, and many more. Watch the below video to learn more about these tools:
Having strong Wi-Fi (Advanced Encryption Standard [AES]/Wired Equivalent Privacy [WEP]) and internet-level (Transport Layer Security [TLS]/Secure Sockets Layer [SSL]) encryption is critical to help prevent local and remote network-packet sniffing, respectively. But these measures alone may not be enough to fend off hostile takeover attempts or provide full protection against theft of IP, code, data, keys and identity information stored and used in a connected system. Figure 1 illustrates these measures in action.
The CC3220 device actually integrates more than 25 additional security features to help provide tools that address potential threats from the larger end-to-end IoT landscape. Figure 2 portrays many of these features.
While increasingly lean IoT system resources often present design challenges, you can still strive to target more robust security in MCU-based, bill of materials (BOM)-optimized systems. The first steps are to identify which system assets are at risk, where the potential exposure points exist and what threats you anticipate will put the system at risk. From there, you work to choose components that offer a wide range of integrated hardware-based security features, while offloading the host MCU.
The CC3220 wireless MCU sets out to give you these tools. The unique dual-core architecture (illustrated in Figure 3) runs both the host application and the network processing on a single chip to simplify the design. However, running these operations on two physically separate execution environments enables the chip to:
For more information about the CC3220 device, be sure to check out the product page and the broader SimpleLink Wi-Fi security documentation, including the full security application note, “SimpleLink CC3120, CC3220 Wi-Fi Internet-on-a-Chip Solution Built-In Security Features.”
All content and materials on this site are provided "as is". TI and its respective suppliers and providers of content make no representations about the suitability of these materials for any purpose and disclaim all warranties and conditions with regard to these materials, including but not limited to all implied warranties and conditions of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, title and non-infringement of any third party intellectual property right. TI and its respective suppliers and providers of content make no representations about the suitability of these materials for any purpose and disclaim all warranties and conditions with respect to these materials. No license, either express or implied, by estoppel or otherwise, is granted by TI. Use of the information on this site may require a license from a third party, or a license from TI.
TI is a global semiconductor design and manufacturing company. Innovate with 100,000+ analog ICs andembedded processors, along with software, tools and the industry’s largest sales/support staff. | <urn:uuid:9a172b93-cf38-4ab5-96db-d1ee306b20ea> | CC-MAIN-2017-26 | http://e2e.ti.com/blogs_/b/connecting_wirelessly/archive/2017/03/30/strengthening-iot-wi-fi-security-at-the-hardware-level | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-26/segments/1498128319933.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20170622234435-20170623014435-00612.warc.gz | en | 0.921347 | 1,023 | 2.640625 | 3 |
When it comes to learning a second language, many schools seem to adhere to Spanish and French. While there is nothing wrong with either of these language, it would be just as sensible for schools to try to show students how to speak Mandarin. Mandarin is the best language of both China and Taiwan. It could be the secondary language of a lot of other countries in Asia. Currently, more than one billion people list Mandarin as their very first, and in some cases, only language. Because they came from don’t learn Mandarin now will find that not knowing the language could cause them jobs and bargains.
Mandarin is technically a little of the language called Sino-Tibetan. When it is time to learn how to speak Mandarin, you need consider which part of Asia you will be considering a visit to. While both China and Taiwan consider Mandarin their first language, the countries have separate dialects. Knowing which country you will be spending time in will help you learn which dialect you should focus on learning.
One of factors that that you requirement to consider when it begins by consuming taking Mandarin lessons is that most often you will be learning a formal or official version of the speech. The problem is in which of the native speakers do not speak a formal version of the word what They have created their own dialect of the language. While your formal training will not help you make sound like a native speaker, you will find that your language lessons will your family with the chance to understand and be understood by others.
People with a good ability to hear tone or possess a musical background will find may have an easier time learning the Mandarin language than people who do not have a musical training. Reason why for this is because Mandarin is a language that relies largely on ambience. Taking singing lessons help you pick the language quicker and we will also help you form the words more accurately.
The type of language lesson you are can have a huge impact on both how quickly you learn the language and how naturally you speak. People who learn the language at a young age usually speak it more naturally. Products and solutions are older, these items probably have utilizes difficult time building the language and it will always be obvious that the your second communication.
If at all possible, try to learn Mandarin Chinese from someone who actually is from China. Is going to help ensure that your accent is better than if you learn the language from someone of their different ethnicity. A person is a better teacher than a person native to the words.
If are generally going to be traveling in Asia, need to spend a bit of time teaching yourself to at least recognize the Mandarin alphabet. This knowledge will allow it to possible for you to translate the writing on signs and could save you wonderful deal of embarrassment. | <urn:uuid:3c5eed70-25ba-4fa9-96d5-99436d0a0525> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | http://melba.harrington-artwerkes.com/things-to-consider-before-you-start-to-learn-mandarin/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233509023.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20230925151539-20230925181539-00412.warc.gz | en | 0.967574 | 557 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Hibernation -- Preschool & Kindergarten
Bear is Sleeping
tune: Frere Jacques
Bear is sleeping. Bear is sleeping
Let it snow! Let it snow!
Sleeping all the winter, sleeping all the winter
Snug and warm, snug and warm.
tune: Frere Jacques
Bear is sleeping, Bear is sleeping.
In a cave, In a cave.
I wonder when he'll come out,
I wonder when he'll come out.
In the spring, In the spring.
This is a special celebration at the conclusion of a unit on hibernation. The children make bear caves from grocery bags which are painted and decorated. We use cotton balls on top for snow. The children and teachers wear their pajamas and bring their favorite teddy bear to school. When they arrive we put the bears in their caves and place them around the room.
In addition, we make "Bear Biscuits" using two refrigerator
biscuits. One for the face and the second one to form nose and ears.
Add raisins for the eyes and a marachino cherry for the nose. When
the biscuits are baked we sit together around the room with our bears
and caves to partake of our special treat.
Contributed by: Jo Hamilton
Stain Glass Bear
Need: Contact Paper, Tissue Paper, Googly Eyes
Give the children the contact paper cut out as a bear. Have the children tear and place on the contact paper shape different colors of tissue paper Hang the childrens creations in the window for a beautiful stained glass look.
Musical Hibernation Game
Need: Tape/cd player lively music carpet tiles or mats
Describe the concept to the children that some animals sleep all winter. Bring out the mats or carpet tiles; one for each child. Explain to the children that while the music is playing the animals(them) are dancing. When the music stops it is winter time and it time to find a spot to sleep. As the days go on and the children know more animals. You can askthem what animal they are when they sleep. Contributed By: Vanessa S.
Hibernation Game ( who woke the sleepy bear!)
Need: Group of children, 5 or more ,the more children the harder the game gets!
Directions: Have all the children sit in a cirle. One child will sit in the middle and pretend to sleep all curled up like a bear hibernating. Make sure their eyes stay closed!
Pick a child and have them sneak up and touch the bear then quickly return to their spot in the circle. Then everyone in the circle says WAKE UP SLEEPY BEAR! WAKE UP! and the child will then sit up and have to guess who woke them up. Let them guess 3 times. You can vary the game by letting them ask 3 questions such as was it a boy do they have on a red
shirt ex. Contributed by: Lindsay
Have a container that can be used for a cave. A gallon ice cream tubs covered in brown paper works well. Lay the tub on its side. On the first day of winter, put a small stuffed bear into the tub and place a sign on it, Sleeping! Do not disturb until spring. On the first day of spring have a Teddy Bear Party and bring the bear out of the tub. | <urn:uuid:7fc68288-f900-40f7-a6a3-cb0de09988ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://www.atozkidsstuff.com/hibernation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886126027.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170824024147-20170824044147-00607.warc.gz | en | 0.930578 | 701 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Aumann’s agreement theorem says that Bayesian agents cannot “agree to disagree” — their subjective probabilities must be identical if they are common knowledge. This is true regardless of differences in private knowledge. When agents take turns stating their estimates, updating each time based on the information contained in the other’s estimate, private knowledge will “leak out” and the probabilities will converge to an equilibrium.
This theorem makes some big assumptions. One is common knowledge of honesty. Another is common priors. Another is common knowledge of Bayesianity. However, Robin Hanson has shown that uncommon priors require origin disputes, and has discussed agents who are “Bayesian wannabes” but not Bayesians.
It may be interesting to see how this process plays out with real humans in a simplified test bed. Below are 25 statements.
To play, for each statement, you have to say your honest subjective probability that it’s true. Make sure to take into account the estimates of previous commenters. You are strongly encouraged to post estimates multiple times, showing how the estimates of others have caused yours to change. We will then see whether, as the theorem suggests, everyone’s estimates converge to the same equilibrium over time, and whether that equilibrium is any good.
I’ve divided the statements into a few categories. For the “statistics” category I used NationMaster and StateMaster. For “history” I used Wikipedia. For “future”, please answer all questions conditional on no disruptive technologies like molecular nanotechnology and artificial general intelligence being invented. This makes the questions rather vague, so I’m not really happy with this category. For “counterfactual”, please answer conditional on the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics being true; even if it isn’t, it’s still a well-defined model, so the question is meaningful either way. For “internet”, I always included quote marks.
The answers in the “statistics”, “history”, and “internet” categories are easy to look up, but that would defeat the point. So no peeking allowed. Looking up any relevant information is peeking.
Discussion of the statements other than through stating probabilities is also against the spirit of the game. Feel free to ask for clarifications, though.
To reward honest estimates, in the end I may score people on the answers, using the rule where your number of points is the logarithm of the probability you assigned to the right answer.
(update: this was tried again less messily and with more suitable questions here, here, and here)
1. Oregon has more inhabitants than Slovakia.
2. Ghana has a greater GDP (PPP) than Luxembourg.
3. In 1900, Denmark had a greater GDP per capita than Spain.
4. Ohio emits more CO2 than Poland.
5. Afghanistan has more land area than Alaska.
6. Croatia has a greater GDP per capita than Mexico.
7. George Orwell was born before 1900.
8. Vladimir Putin was born before 1955.
9. The tenth emperor of Rome wore a beard.
10. More than 5000 Americans died in the attack on Pearl Harbor.
11. If the USA has a president in 2067, it will be a woman.
12. A 1000-qubit quantum computer will exist in 2020.
13. A nuclear (fusion or fission) weapon will be used in an attack before 2010.
14. Switzerland will join NATO before 2100.
15. Proof of life on Mars (past or present, not originating on Earth) will be found before 2050.
16. In a randomly selected parallel Everett world splitting from ours on 1 Jan 1940, Hitler invades England before 1950.
17. IARSPEWSFOO 1 Jan 1940, Hitler invades the USA before 1950.
18. IARSPEWSFOO 1 Jan 1, a technological singularity happens before 1500.
19. IARSPEWSFOO 1 Jan 1, nuclear war kills at least ten million people in any five year period before 2000.
20. IARSPEWSFOO 1 Jan 1900, nuclear war kills at least ten million people in any five year period before 2000.
21. “brain” gets more google results than “heart”.
22. “Ray Kurzweil” gets more google results than “Sonic the Hedgehog”.
23. “John Paul II” gets more google results than “Ron Paul”.
24. “Iraq” gets more google results than “Italy”.
25. “death” gets more google results than “purple”. | <urn:uuid:d71c8ea0-ae23-47df-b089-8a6851b65cf5> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.acceleratingfuture.com/steven/?m=200801 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1394678703748/warc/CC-MAIN-20140313024503-00073-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912005 | 1,011 | 2.671875 | 3 |
The purpose of this investigation will be to assess how the House of Wisdom contributed to the preservation of knowledge. This question is important because it addresses the academic advances with the Islamic civilization that lead to new information. To determine the extent of the contribution to the preservation of knowledge, this investigation will examine the achievements al-Khawarizmi made in science and the achievements that were made in this library and how they were preserved through time. The area of research will be focused during the time of the Islamic Golden Age, 750-1258, and in the city of Baghdad, where the House of Wisdom flourished. A method that will be used during this investigation is the examination of
Education is important and plays a vital role in everyday life. Educating begins at birth. The demand for a higher education today is under demand and is always increasing. Self-improvement, endless job opportunities, and character development are all
With proper education, it can help shape an individual's future; education is the foundation of the way of life today, it is needed and required everywhere in the world. Those who strive to be employed, make money, or do something great in the future has to rely on education to get them there. Education is mandatory to become an engineer, doctor, teacher, astronaut etc.; the skill required to be able to do any type of work is gained from learning the basics and having a clear understanding of it. An individual's success depends mainly on their talent and hardwork. Although we rely on education, we as well rely on that individual's strength, determination, and perseverance. Every individual are each a diamond in the rough and should be well taken care
The Qur’an was an important educational source for newly converted Muslims. It influenced their beliefs and their behaviors towards others. It changed the way the people of lower status, such as the poor and women, were treated. It also promoted equal treatment for everyone and claimed that people would be rewarded for their good deeds to others. This caused life for the poor and women to be greatly improved in places that converted to Islamic faith. In addition to bettering the lives of these people the Qur’an however also limited the freedom of them.
Education is important to be able to make informed decisions, draw conclusions from stimuli around you, and make responsible choices for not just you but the people your choices will affect. Being educated on certain topics such as the world around you will make your life easier to navigate and persuade people to agree with you. Human nature is to look up to and follow your superiors, or in this case the educated people that you admire to show you the right and wrong way to think or do something. Those people we look up to are people like: Doctors, professors, scientists, parents, media people and more. All of who we trust because they are more educated on a certain topic. Being an educated person will also do you well in the workforce which ties into being a productive citizens which are both responsibilities we possess as
Education is very important in the sense that in today’s society, there is not much success without education. Education allows us to grow and learn intellectually. It gives us the ability to enhance our perception of the world as we see it, and construct our
Education is undoubtedly the most important thing a person can obtain. Education is how economies grow. Education presents productive and fruitful outlets to channel anger and violence. Education bestows on people the ability to think freely and independently. Education empowers people to live healthier lives and cure diseases.
Believing that God had given scholars wisdom, education, which was more important than the “blood of martyrs,” was valued in Muslim cultures. The House of Wisdom was founded by caliph Harun al-Rashid in Baghdad. Isabella Bengoechea explains, “Beginning as a project to protect knowledge, including philosophy, astronomy, science, mathematics, and literature, it quickly became, and is still considered today, a symbol of the merging and expansion of intellectual traditions from across different cultures and nations.” This expressed the thoughts of how the House of Wisdom was simply just a project, but it turned into a representation of the mix of cultures in the Islamic Empire. Bengoechea asserts, as “the home of ancient and modern wisdom during the Islamic Golden Age,” the House of Wisdom drew attention from scholars to accomplish the goal of preserving wisdom from Europe and the Middle East. Learning to analyze and debate over information at young age in libraries and schools, learning is also considered important in the United States. Like the House of Wisdom, several developed countries throughout the world have public libraries, serving as a source of knowledge for people, through books. With the ability to quickly access information, libraries attract a variety of people, including readers and researchers. Similar to how scholars translated famous literature to
Having an education a very powerful thing. The original purpose of an education was probably to be able to better the world and make life more manageable. For example, something like knowing how to write and read makes life better because retaining information would be easier to keep and to share for others to read. The value of an education today has changed due to different reasons but the purpose for it is not being used as it should.
Knowledge in the literal translation is: facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. I think that this passage answers what knowledge for instance in the second to last bullet in my notes it says “The Arabs put their mathematical knowledge to use in astronomy, greatly improving on the stargazing equipment available at the time. Through observatories along the breadth of the Islamic world, from Spain to Iraq, they charted the movement of the stars. Thus they were able to correct many mistakes of the ancients, mistakes accepted as fact by European astronomers until Arab learning trickled into Europe following the Crusades”. In what ways have
Education is needed for individuals to function in society. Without the proper tools, people would be a burden instead of an asset. To become an asset, individuals need to be exposed to those elements which would enrich their lives through knowledge. Knowledge in our society is basically learned through education. The basic knowledge each person should receive from an education is the three R’s; reading writing, and arithmetic. These mediums will enable a person to survive in today’s society.
Knowledge is defined to be facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education. There are two categories that fall under knowledge; personal knowledge and shared knowledge. Shared knowledge refers to what “we know because.” It can also be defined as communicated and constructed knowledge; within culture, social norms, and semiotics. Personal knowledge refers to “I know because.” An expanded definition of personal knowledge refers to personal experiences, values, and perceptions. Shared knowledge changes and evolves over time because of methods that are continuously shared. It is assembled by a group of people. Personal knowledge, on the other hand, depends crucially on the experiences of a particular individual. It is gained
Knowledge is the understanding of something such as facts, information or descriptions. Many might say that we acquire knowledge through experience which is true however, a combination of stories and facts play a major role in gaining knowledge. A fact is a statement that is true and can be proven through experimentation. Stories on the other hand are accounts of imaginary or real people and events told for entertainment. One area of knowledge which mainly consists of facts but takes the form of stories too is the natural sciences which have been used throughout the years to understand the history of the natural world better. In art, another area of knowledge, stories play a much more important role than facts in providing us knowledge.
Education is very essential in life no matter what age you are. Every day is a new learning experience, and the possibilities are endless. We are all different people with different mindsets and life experiences. But, we do not need traditional schooling to further our experiences in education. We all can learn various things that schooling will not be able to teach. | <urn:uuid:1a6b8848-e0bb-4589-a0f8-4576c4b67150> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/The-Importance-of-Knowledge-F3GLZCGAJP6A5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100550.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20231205073336-20231205103336-00457.warc.gz | en | 0.970473 | 1,660 | 3.328125 | 3 |
4Large and small valuesOne purpose of scientific notation is to allow you to write very large numbers and very small numbers easily, without lots of 0’s.Large numbers have positive exponents.84,912Small numbers have negative exponents.
5Scientific Notation Decimal Move decimal point right for positive exponent.Move decimal point left for negative exponent.1.312864,0002..393.4.
6Decimal Scientific Notation Move decimal point right or left to arrange one digit to the left of decimal point.1.52,314Move left 4 places2.3.2No need to move3.Move right 5 places602,000,000Move left 8 places4.
7Exercises 283.4 .00000123 34,690 .039 Rewrite in decimal form. 1.283.42.Rewrite in scientific notation.34,6903..0394.
8Computing with Scientific Notation Another purpose of scientific notation is to allow you to compute with large and small values easily using the rules of exponents.Numbers can be multiplied.
9Computing with Scientific Notation Numbers can be divided.
10Exercise Evaluate. Write answer in scientific notation. Associative propertySimplifyRewrite in SN
11Exercise Evaluate. Write answer in scientific notation. Associative propertySubtract exponentsSimplify to SN | <urn:uuid:22edc3b8-e613-400b-afe7-d4a8db440682> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/7967705/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886117874.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823055231-20170823075231-00687.warc.gz | en | 0.733603 | 289 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Preparing Your Materials
Whether you're recycling at home or on the job, preparing your recyclable materials the right way is crucial to a successful recycling program. You should always heed one guideline: follow your recycler's rules! Why is this so important? The recycling industry is a very competitive one. To remain in business, recyclers must collect and process quality materials they can resell efficiently. And without successful recycling businesses, our efforts to reduce what we put in the trash will become worthless.
The enthusiastic person who adds a ceramic mug to their recycled glass or includes magazines with newspapers may contaminate a whole truckload of materials, making it unable to be sold. When in doubt, you should ask rather than risk contaminating other valuable materials.
As you review the following guidelines, keep in mind that in your community there may be variations on the recyclable materials collected as well as how they should be prepared for pickup or drop-off. Many recyclers have guidelines to explain their restrictions, available upon request.
Description: aluminum is a hard, yet lightweight and corrosion-resistant metal found in the Earth's crust in combination with other elements, primarily the mineral bauxite.
Recycled products: beverage cans, lawn furniture tubing, window frames, storm doors.
Life Cycle: aluminum is not biodegradable: it can be recycled repeatedly.
The Rules: always rinse and flatten to save storage space. Be sure the can is aluminum and not steel. (You can use a magnet to test this: it will not stick to aluminum.)
Never add rocks or other objects to cans to increase their weight.
Check first if you hope to recycle any of the following aluminum products to be sure they are accepted: window and doorframes, house siding, disposable food containers (like dinner trays and baking pans), foil and car parts. Also, find out whether your program accepts aluminum and steel cans mixed together, as some recyclers do.
I have an aluminum storm door to dispose of. Can I put it at the curb with my recycling container?
It depends on your recycler. Always call first to see if the recycler accepts aluminum scrap with curbside materials. You will likely have to remove any glass or other non- aluminum parts. If your recycling program cannot accept it, check with a scrap dealer.
Description: Corrugated containers, often called cardboard, have a fluted layer sandwiched between brown kraft linerboards. A mix of paper fibers can go into corrugated containers, including recycled corrugated boxes, grocery bags, paperboard boxes and paper egg cartons.
Recycled products: Cardboard boxes, linerboard, cereal boxes, building products.
Life Cycle: Corrugated paper is biodegradable; it has long, strong fibers that enable it to be recycled many times.
The Rules: Always keep corrugated paper in dry, fire-safe areas. Flatten boxes to save space. Remove all foreign materials, such as foam packaging, plastic, wood and string.
Never include corrugated paper contaminated with food waste, dirt or oil-based products.
Check first to see whether your recycler accepts wax-coated corrugated boxes, such as some boxes used to ship produce. Also ask whether paper egg cartons, grocery bags, cereal boxes and other paperboard boxes can be included with corrugated paper.
Q & A
Are cereal boxes considered corrugated?
No. Cereal boxes, shoeboxes and tissue boxes are examples of boxes with a gray liner that are thinner than corrugated containers; these are called chipboard or paperboard. Some recycling centers mix paperboard and corrugated paper together; others do not. Check with your local recycler to be certain.
How about frozen-food boxes? Can we recycle those?
No, because the paper in a frozen food box is not corrugated and is covered with a waxy coating that most recycling centers are not equipped to handle.
Description: glass is manufactured from sand, limestone, soda ash and other additives.
Recycled products: food jars and beverage containers, decorative tile.
Life Cycle: glass is not biodegradable, it can be recycled repeatedly.
The Rules: always rinse containers, remove lids and separate glass by color. Slightly tinted wine, spirit and water bottles should be included with green glass.
Never mix broken glass with different colors in a recycle bin. Do not attempt to recycle ceramics, mirrors, windowpanes, perfume bottles or dishware.
Check first to see which glass colors are accepted by your recycler. Clear glass and brown glass are usually accepted; some programs also accept blue and green glass. Removal of labels is not usually required, but check to be sure.
Q & A
Can I recycle old drinking glasses or broken light bulbs with my glass containers?
No. Although dishware, ceramics, mirrors and windowpanes are considered glass, they do not have the correct chemical and physical properties to be recycled with bottles and containers. One piece of ceramic or one light bulb can ruin an entire load of glass being processed for recycling.
Why shouldn't I break my food jars to save on storage space?
Broken glass is a safety hazard.
Description: magazines may be printed on either coated or uncoated paper. The slick paper used in many magazines, particularly those with color photos, is made with a clay coating.
Recycled products: tissue products, paper towels, magazines, newsprint.
Life Cycle: magazines are biodegradable, they can be recycled a limited number of times.
The Rules: always include slick, glossy (clay-coated) types of magazines as well as their inserts.
Never let magazines get wet or contaminated with food. Never leave plastic coverings or rubber bands on magazines. Never mix magazines with newspaper, office paper, corrugated paper or paperboard unless your recycler specifically accepts them together in a mixed paper program.
Check first to see if magazines can be mixed with other paper grades.
Q & A
Can everything that comes along with a magazine be recycled with it?
All paper inserts inside magazines are acceptable, but plastic wrap and non-paper inserts such as perfume samples or compact disks must be disposed of.
Can I recycle catalogs with my magazines? How about my kids' comic books?
Most recyclers will accept catalogs with magazines if they have the same glossy finish. Comic books, however, are usually a ground wood product along the lines of newsprint, so check with your recycler for instructions. (And you might try donating your magazines or comic books to a local charitable organization for reuse before you take the step of recycling or disposing of them.)
Description: newsprint, on which newspapers are printed, is an uncoated, ground wood paper made by grinding wood into pulp without removing certain components, including lignin. (Lignin remaining in the ground wood paper fiber is what causes newsprint to turn yellow and deteriorate over time.)
Recycled products: newsprint, insulation, building products, cat litter.
Life Cycle: newsprint is biodegradable, it can be recycled six to eight times before the paper fibers become too short to use again.
The Rules: always include any supplements that came in the newspapers when you recycle them. Keep newspapers in a dry, fire-safe area.
Never let newspaper get wet or contaminated with food. Never leave plastic coverings or rubber bands on newspapers.
Check first to see how your recycler wants newspapers to be prepared. Most recyclers prefer that newspapers be collected in brown paper bags, but others prefer them to be bundled or loose. Some allow other paper products, such as phone books and advertising mail, to be collected with newspapers.
Q & A
Can I recycle junk mail and telephone books with newspaper?
It depends. If your recycler can separate advertising mail and telephone books from newspaper at the processing facility, then they may be collected together. Always check with your recycler first.
Can I use anything I have on hand to bundle up newspapers?
No. Tape, wire and rope should not be used to bind newspapers. If your recycler prefers that newspapers be bundled, use biodegradable twine, or follow any other instructions provided.
Description: plastics are derived from petroleum and consist of hydrocarbons, small molecules that are bonded into chains called polymers (plastic resin). The Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI) Resin Identification Code, developed in 1988, is a set of numbers used to identify different types of plastic resin. The code number is found within the recycling symbol (a triangle of arrows), usually on the bottom of a container. The code serves only to identify resin types- it doesn't indicate that a container is recyclable.
Recycled products: lumber, plastic bags, office supplies, containers, clothing, carpet.
Life Cycle: plastic is not biodegradable, it can be recycled over and over.
The Rules: always rinse and flatten to save storage space. Caps need to be removed and discarded because they may be a different type of plastic.
Never assume all plastic is recyclable. When in doubt, leave it out. Do not include plastic items that are not containers, such as toys and furniture.
Check first to see which types of plastics your recycling center will accept. The most common plastics recycled are PET and HDPE containers; however, not all PET and HDPE plastics are created equal. Even the same types of plastics can have different chemical properties and melting points. Most programs do not accept SPI codes 3 through 7, but a few have improved sorting technology and can accept a wider variety of plastics. Find out what your recycler's limitations are, and then follow them.
Q & A
My recycler rejected a plastic salad dressing bottle. Why?
Some plastic containers that have held oil-based foods like peanut butter and salad dressing are made of clear SPI #3 V (vinyl) and are difficult to distinguish from containers made of SPI #1 PET (polyethylene terephthalate) on a recycler's sorting line. One vinyl container or bottle mixed with a load of PET can ruin the entire load. As a result, many recycling centers try to avoid oil-based plastic containers altogether.
Can I recycle plastic grocery bags?
Some grocery stores offer recycling collection for their plastic bags. Ask if your local grocery store will take used bags, if they do, be sure to remove everything, including receipts, from the bags before recycling. Include only the thin type of bag that you get at a grocery or discount store.
I hate to add plastic to a landfill- why can't I put all my plastics together to be recycled?
Not all plastics are created equal. Separating plastics is necessary because the resins have different chemical and physical properties that prohibit their being reprocessed together. Even if your recycling program accepts every type of plastic most of the time, the plastics must be sorted before they are reprocessed.
Society of Plastics Industry, Inc. (SPI)
||SPI Code Resin
||Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE)
||Plastic soft drink and water bottles, beer bottles, mouthwash bottles, peanut butter containers.
||High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
||Milk, water and juice containers, trash and retail bags, liquid detergent bottles, yogurt and margarine tubs, cereal box liners.
||Vinyl (Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC)
||Clear food packaging, shampoo bottles.
||Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
||Bread bags, frozen food bags, squeezable bottles (ketchup, mustard), carpet, clothing.
||Ketchup bottles, yogurt containers and margarine tubs, medicine bottles.
||Compact disc jackets, food service applications, grocery store meat trays, egg cartons, aspirin bottles, cups, plates.
||Three and five gallon reusable water bottles, some citrus juice and ketchup bottles.
Description: steel is a hard, strong, durable mixture of iron, carbon and other elements. "Tin cans" are actually steel cans with a thin tin coating on the inside. All steel products contain some recycled materials.
Recycled products: food cans, some beverage containers, aerosol and paint cans, automobile and appliance parts.
Life Cycle: steel can take 100 years to biodegrade and cannot be burned. Steel can be recycled repeatedly.
The Rules: always include steel can lids and steel caps from other containers.
Check first to see if your recycling program allows you to mix aluminum and steel containers. Although removing labels is not necessary for steel cans to be reprocessed, some recyclers still require labels to be removed.
Never include scrap metal with steel cans.
Q & A
Can I recycle paint cans with my steel food cans?
All steel is 100 percent recyclable, but not every program is set up to handle the collection of paint cans, aerosol cans, appliance and automobile parts, and other steel products. Check with your recycler for details.
What's the difference between steel, tin and bi-metal cans?
There is no difference regarding preparation for recycling. Bi-metal cans have steel bodies with aluminum tops and are recycled with steel cans. There are no true "tin cans"- rather, steel cans include a thin tin coating on the inside to serve as a barrier between the food and the steel.
After you have reviewed the preceding information, contact your local solid waste or recycling coordinator to find out what materials you can recycle and where. Remember, not all curbside and drop-off programs can handle the same materials. The advertising section of your telephone book should also give a list of recyclers and scrap dealers in your area.
And don't stop with just separating your recyclables from other trash- you also need to examine your shopping habits and buy recycled. To close the recycling loop, markets must be created for the products made from the materials collected and processed by Illinois recyclers. Collecting your recyclables is just part of the equation: if you're not buying recycled, you're not truly recycling!
Keep an eye out for recycled products when you are making buying decisions. If you don't see recycled products on the shelf or on the sales floor, ask for them. Most retailers are receptive to customer requests, and they need to know that their customers want recycled products. If you find that your favorite stores don't carry recycled products, make your voice heard-ask for them!
Recycling 101: Preparing Your Materials has been produced through a cooperative effort between the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity (DCEO) and University of Illinois Extension.
For print copies of this or other DCEO publications, contact the Information and Distribution Center at 620 East Adams Street, Springfield, Illinois 62701, or call 800.252.8955. | <urn:uuid:038e529a-3d79-4e42-a04e-97de2c2f9b25> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www2.illinois.gov/cms/agency/recycling/i-cycle/Pages/cycle101.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738380.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809013812-20200809043812-00026.warc.gz | en | 0.923353 | 3,132 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Learning a foreign language is expands creative thinking. The ability to be understood comes before perfection of grammar. By learning a foreign language, kids can succeed in communicating an idea, even if precise wording eludes them.
The legal lines between for-profit and non-profit corporations can limit investment in social ventures. Creation of a new entity, the L3C (low-profit low-liability corporation) allows for a more creative investment structure. | <urn:uuid:98d2ceff-6e4b-4b34-97bc-2d0ece4481d4> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://challenges.openideo.com/profiles/lili | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875141749.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20200217055517-20200217085517-00528.warc.gz | en | 0.902526 | 90 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The Sui, Tang, And Song Dynasties
The Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty was created and led by Yang Jian who oversaw Luoyang right after the end of the 350 year rain of The Period of Disunion and became the first ever Emperor. During this time, The Sui Dynasty used preexisting models of dynasties to help work to make a centralized government. While The Sui Dynasty had great achievements in government such as restoring order to his people, creating a new legal code, and a reformed bureaucracy. http://www.travelchinaguide.com/intro/history/sui/ This document highlights most of the important things about the Sui Dynasty.
The Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was formed when a Sui general seized power and founded their Dynasty. They continued to rule China from 618 to 907, almost 300 years total. Of course this wouldn't have been possible without being under the rule of Taizong. Bringing China into a period of prosperity and cultural achievements such as building a strong government on upon preexisting ways and creating a great capital for themselves at Chang'an. http://www.ushistory.org/civ/9d.asp ushistory.com does a great in depth job of covering the Tang Dynasty.
The Song Dynasty
After the Tang Dynasty, China again split apart and was not reunified until 960, with the Song Dynasty. Like the Tang Dynasty, the Song ruled for about 300 years, until 1279. Again, also like the Tang Dynasty, the Song brought great prosperity while under their rule. They did this by trading all over with other countries and building a strong, unified government for their capital, Kaifeng. http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Song/song.html This is a great website to find more about the culture of the Song Dynasty. This video explains not only the Sui, Tang, and Song Dynasty from 1:20 to about 3:13 but also a lot about Chinese culture and history as well throughout the whole video.
Throughout the history of northern China, they had been attacked by nomadic people. These attacks became more frequent during the Song Dynasty. In the 1200's a nomadic people called the Mongols burst forth from Central Asia and would create the largest land empire in history. Temujin or Genghis Khan, led the Mongols into an enormous empire of their own in which they would rule from 1206 to 1368. Not only were they amazing battle statistics, but they also ruled in such a manner that people some what enjoyed being under their rule. http://www.allempires.com/article/?q=The_Mongol_Empire A great website on almost everything about the Mongols. Crash Course does a wonderful job of more explanation of their history here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szxPar0BcMo
The Yamato Clan
One of the most revered kami in Japan was Amaterasu, the sun goddess. According to legend, Japans first emperor was the grandson of the sun goddess. This emperor belonged to the Yamato Clan, which claimed the sun goddess as its ancestor. The Yamato Clan lived on the Yamato plain, a rich farming region on the island of Honshu. By 500 AD the clan controlled much of Honshu even though they did not control all of Japan, they refereed to each other as the emperors of Japan. http://earlyworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/01/yamato-clan-and-state.html | <urn:uuid:76469bce-0b36-4d3c-bd6c-816493b8e11b> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | https://tackk.com/eb0h9d | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549426086.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170726082204-20170726102204-00694.warc.gz | en | 0.959245 | 741 | 4.03125 | 4 |
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Branch accounting is the use of several different accounting offices to handle the recording, reporting and managing of a company’s financial information. Each accounting system is separate and independent of each other within a larger organization. The home office of the large entity will typically have an account or section of the main general accounting ledger that shows the financial information from each branch. The account in the main ledger will usually have a descriptive name that indicates which branch’s information is in the account.
Many large organizations — or publicly held companies — use some form of branch accounting in their operations. This helps the company manage financial information without actually having a major physical presence in the branch locations. Branch accounting will often need an accounting manager or supervisor to oversee the operations. This person is then responsible for updating information and completing ad hoc projects from the home office. A benefit for this type of accounting office organization is the ability to avoid having a controller or chief financial officer at each location. These positions will often carry high salaries, increasing the operating expenses of the company.
Most branch accounting offices use a smaller version of the home office’s general accounting ledger. The organization’s main chief financial officer and chief operations officer will collaborate and create the rules for the accounting office’s operational workflow. This ensures the branch accounting office can accurately record all necessary financial information. Branch locations often have the problem of divisions and departments that are less willing to work together when accomplishing the company’s overall goals. The reason this happens comes from the branch office being located so far from the main executives of the company. Managers may be less willing to work together if they do not fear reprisal from their superiors.
Audits are a primary tool used to maintain the integrity of a company’s branch accounting offices or offices. The home office will send out internal auditors who will review the accounting operations to ensure they are effective, accurate and timely in recording and reporting information. Depending on the reliability of the office’s past audits, the frequency of future reviews can be quite often if too many past incidences of poor accounting practices were discovered. The auditors form the home office will also ensure the branch office accountants are following the company’s internal accounting policy. These rules often coincide with or expand the current national accounting standards the company uses to record and report financial information. | <urn:uuid:d9e4d008-5383-4089-beaa-b0463323d849> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-branch-accounting.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368703788336/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516112948-00021-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950829 | 490 | 2.9375 | 3 |
- One of the sources in the compilation of the Pentateuch, commonly designated by the symbol P; the author(s) came from priestly circles (6th cent. BCE) and had a special interest in genealogies [[➝ genealogy]] and a concern with cultic practices which it was hoped would be restored with the Return from Exile.
Dictionary of the Bible.
Look at other dictionaries:
Priestly source — The Priestly Source (P) is posited as the most recent of the four chief sources of the Torah, as postulated by the long established standard Wellhausen (or Graf Wellhausen) formulation of the Documentary Hypothesis (DH). It is seen as the work of … Wikipedia
Priestly Code — The Priestly Code is the name given, by academia, to the body of laws expressed in the torah which do not form part of Deuteronomy, the Holiness Code, the Covenant Code, the Ritual Decalogue, or the Ethical Decalogue. The Priestly Code thus… … Wikipedia
Priestly covenant — Part of Judaic series of articles on Priesthood in Judaism … Wikipedia
Genesis creation narrative — Part of a series on Creationism History of creationism Neo creationism … Wikipedia
PENTATEUCH — This article is arranged according to the following outline: introduction definition outline contents and structure the primeval history the patriarchs the exodus Sinai/Horeb Covenant and Laws the journey Moses Farewell the authors doublets and… … Encyclopedia of Judaism
Creation according to Genesis — refers to the Hebrew narrative of the creation of the heavens and the earth as told in chapters 1 and 2 of Genesis, the first book of the Pentateuch. The text The modern division of the Bible into chapters dates from c.1200 AD, and the division… … Wikipedia
Aaron — • Brother of Moses, and High Priest of the Old Law Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Aaron Aaron † … Catholic encyclopedia
The Exodus — This article is about the events related in the Torah. For other uses, see Exodus (disambiguation). Departure of the Israelites , by David Roberts, 1829 The Exodus (Greek ἔξοδος … Wikipedia
Chronology of the Bible — This article deals with the chronology of the Hebrew Bible (or Christian Old Testament). For material on the Christian New Testament, see Chronology of Jesus, Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles, and Timeline of Christianity. For a … Wikipedia
dominion — The exercise of authority. In the creation narrative of the Priestly [[➝ Priestly narrative]] writer the human species is given dominion over the rest of creation (Gen. 1:26, 28) but subject to the ultimate dominion of the Lord (Ps. 22:28).… … Dictionary of the Bible | <urn:uuid:a3feca7f-1424-4a0b-ae29-fe1eec1d9368> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://bible_dic.enacademic.com/1559/Priestly_narrative | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439737178.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20200807113613-20200807143613-00037.warc.gz | en | 0.879672 | 595 | 3.234375 | 3 |
The Kanban board is a lean tool for managing flow in a process. From simple processes to the most complex, the board will visually represent a every step in a process process and show the status at any given time. During the late 1940’s, the line workers at Toyota displayed colored Kanbans to notify downstream workers that a demand existed for parts or assembly. As early as 2005, the Kanban board tool started being applied to knowledge work, where processes are typically more opaque than in the manufacturing sector.
When a process is mapped out on a Kanban board and Kanban cards properly represent the work, the process becomes visible and hidden aspects of the work becomes more clear. By mapping out the process, the entire team process is visible to every member and provides more clarity in their sense of purpose. The information displayed will answer the basic questions of who, what, when, where, why and how. There are three basic steps in establishing your Kanban board.
Map Your Workflow – Documenting the steps of a process. The starting point is exactly what it is in the real world. For every step, consider the tasks required to complete the step. Now it is time to build your Kanban board.
Visualize Work in Process (WIP) – Once your process is mapped on the Kanban board, start adding the tasks. Every task that should be done or worth doing, name them so everyone understands and put them in place.
Set Your WIP Limits – Early on, it will be a challenge to understand the ideal amount of work in a process. Start with your best guess. With your WIP limits in place, put them on the Kanban board.
It is important to remember, Kanban is a pull’ concept. This means when someone is ready to do work, they look on the board to see what needs to be done and will pull the task into the next column. The task is then their responsibility until it is complete and someone pulls it to the next step. The natural process of the Kanban board will start revealing bottlenecks in any process and quickly identify inefficiencies. Learn from mistakes and move your processes forward!
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Leave a Reply | <urn:uuid:3709b4cf-24b3-448d-8757-8b631c40024b> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://opexlearning.com/resources/kanban-board-optimizes-efficiency-and-process/27110/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296950422.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20230402074255-20230402104255-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.940717 | 474 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Exoplanets: Diamond Worlds, Super Earths, Pulsar Planets, and the New Search for Life beyond Our Solar System
The past few years have seen an incredible explosion in our knowledge of the universe. Since its 2009 launch, the Kepler satellite has discovered more than two thousand exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system. More exoplanets are being discovered all the time, and even more remarkable than the sheer number of exoplanets is their variety. In Exoplanets, astronomer Michael Summers and physicist James Trefil explore these remarkable recent discoveries: planets revolving around pulsars, planets made of diamond, planets that are mostly water, and numerous rogue planets wandering through the emptiness of space. This captivating book reveals the latest discoveries and argues that the incredible richness and complexity we are finding necessitates a change in our questions and mental paradigms. In short, we have to change how we think about the universe and our place in it, because it is stranger and more interesting than we could have imagined.
ISBN 10: 1588345947
ISBN 13: 9781588345943
Michael Summers and James Trefil
MICHAEL SUMMERS is a planetary scientist and professor of physics and astronomy at George Mason University. Since 1989, he has served on the mission teams of several NASA space probes in the role of science planning and interpretation of spacecraft observations. He is currently a coinvestigator on the NASA New Horizons mission to the Pluto-Charon double planet, where he serves as the deputy lead of the Atmospheres Theme Team. JAMES TREFIL is Clarence J. Robinson Professor of Physics at George Mason University. He has written more than 50 books on science for a general audience. His writing has won the American Institute of Physics Science Writing Award, the American Association for the Advancement of Science Westinghouse Science Journalism Award, and other honors.
More from Aviation / Military / Space | <urn:uuid:7e0827e6-6c2a-42bd-ad93-3e658ec1729b> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | https://www.smithsonianbooks.com/store/aviation-military-history/exoplanets-diamond-worlds-super-earths-pulsar-plan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934808133.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20171124123222-20171124143222-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.916269 | 392 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Select the Global Warming Temperature Increase Calculator
How much warming does carbon dioxide itself contribute to the current surface temperature of the Earth?
We can calculate the CO2 flux density (F) at concentration C in the current atmosphere using the fundamental equation:F = 5.35 ln C.CO2 concentration reached 400 ppm on 11th May 2013 and therefore,ΔF = F = 32.05 W/m2. The surface temperature, Ts = 288.15oK (15oC) and from the equation above we have ΔT = 0.31 ΔF and
therefore,ΔT = 0.31 X 32.05 = 10oCWater vapour adds a further 75 W/m2 giving total ΔF = 107.05 W/m2. Surface temperature increase ΔT = 0.31 X 107.05 = 33oC. That is, CO2 and water vapour increase the surface temperature of the Earth by 33oC. Greenhouse gases, including CO2 and water vapour, keep the surface temperature about 33oC warmer than it would otherwise be.
The Earth is absorbing 0.5 Watts/m2, more than it is radiating to space. As we add more CO2 to the atmosphere this absorption increases. If we multiply this rate by the surface area of the Earth (5.100656 X 1014 m2) we find that the Earth is accumulating heat at a rate of 2.6 x 1014 Watts (or Joules per sec). Given the Hiroshima atomic bomb yielded an explosive energy of 6.3 x 1013 Joules, this is equivalent to four Hiroshima bombs of heat per second. Our climate in 2013 absorbed 126,227,704 such bombs in accumulated energy. Humans added a further 36 billion tons of CO2 in 2013 so the rate of heating increases each and every day.
Equation for Global Warming
Derivation and Application
Amazing carbon dioxide View
Why a small increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) content in the atmosphere makes a critical difference to the actual global surface temperature of the Earth.
Derivation of IPCC equation: ΔF = 5.35 ln (C/C0)
Equation gives the increase in heat flux density, ΔF (in Watts/m2) when CO2 concentration increases from C0 to C ppm.
Two distinctly different derivations are given:
2.1 Derivation One - uses an equation derived from the Heat Transfer Equation.
2.2 Derivation Two - mostly uses first principles and includes:
- Derivation of the basic equation: F = 5.35 ln C
- Setting of initial conditions giving: ΔF = 5.35 ln (C/C0)
- Calculation of CO2 flux density and comparison with the other non-condensing
greenhouse gases that maintain a temperature structure for the atmosphere.
Derivation of temperature increase equation: ΔT = 1.66 ln (C/C0)
Equation gives the temperature increase, ΔT (in oC) when CO2 concentration increases from C0 to C ppm.
Calculation of temperature increase for doubling CO2 content
Calculation of the temperature increase for instant doubling the atmosphericCO2 content when there is:
- feedback from a change in water vapour opacity due to a change intemperature.
Evaluation of the temperature increase for instant doubling the atmosphericCO2 content when all feedbacks are included.
Global warming and storms View
Why the strongest storms driven by latent heat will become more powerful as a result of Global Warming.
Global warming and extreme weather View
Why a small increase in global surface temperature can mean a large increase in extreme weather.
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Follow link and then click on MP4 at Episode 11 to download video.
List of the most intense tropical cyclones, hurricanes and typhoons
Google+ Conversation with Al Gore about combating climate change
World Meteorological Organisation - climate change
Key phrases: global warming,climate change,global warming articles,greenhouse,greenhouse effect,what is global warming,effects,causes of global warming,effects of global warming,ipcc results,storms,tropical storms,severe thunderstorms,extreme weather,change climate global,temperature increase co2,carbon dioxide emissions,equation,formula,for students,global warming equation/formula derived, global temperature and storm power increase calculated, global warming debunked, causes, effects, facts are given.
Fundament Equation for Global Warming
Alternative Form of Fundamental Equation for Global Warming
Let us calculate the temperature increase for instant doubling the atmospheric CO2 content when there is no feedback.The average global surface temperature, Ts = 288.15oK (15oC). We calculate ΔT by setting C = 2 C0 in Temperature Increase Equation:
ΔT = 1.66 ln (C/C0) = 1.66 X 0.693 = 1.2oC
The increased surface temperature from the instant doubling of CO2 content allows an increased water vapour content by maintaining a constant relative humidity. The extra water vapour increases the overall absorption by water vapour itself raising the surface temperature further by about another 1.2oC. The total increase is about 3oC when all feedbacks are included. (More details in full PDF document) | <urn:uuid:a0c6bb4e-5d78-4b0e-aca7-8abf043c1863> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.worldstormcentral.co/globalwarmingeqn/globalwarmingeqn.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822668.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018013719-20171018033719-00405.warc.gz | en | 0.822985 | 1,134 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Internal equilibrium of load carrying members and assemblies. Concepts of stress, strain, and deformations. Basic propoerties of engineering materials. Analysis and design of bar-type members subjected to axial loads, torsions, bending, shear and combined loading. Principle of superposition. Statically indeterminate problems. Bi-axial state of stress: stress transformations and principal stress. Boundary value problems. Instability and buckling. Euler's Column theory. Energy principles. Pre: ESM2104 or ESM1004. (3H, 3C). I, II.
Instructor: Dr. Ronald D. Kriz has provided additional information for his T,Th class.
Any comments and suggestions about the material presented above,
please contact Ron Kriz at [email protected]
Ronald D. Kriz
College of Engineering | <urn:uuid:22443637-a12b-45ca-af5b-a1c89bb7578f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.sv.rkriz.net/classes/ESM2204/ESM2204.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806426.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121204652-20171121224652-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.848019 | 181 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The Internet of Things will enable constant connectivity in an unprecedented range of situations, from smart homes to environmental monitoring of dangerous chemicals. New technologies like self-driving cars will rely on smart connections and sensors like the graphene-based collision detection system on display at the Graphene Experience Zone, which combines visible and infrared light to avoid collisions even in fog. Graphene is also ideal for sensor technologies that enable mobile devices, such as touch screens and displays. Also on display at the Graphene Experience Zone are a full colour, graphene-based mechanical pixel system for low-power displays and e-ink, and a range of high performance touch and pressure sensors for interacting with mobile devices and smart objects.
02 March 2017 10:48 | <urn:uuid:5de5866c-f8fc-4f82-92ac-7c1ffd8228a7> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://graphene-flagship.eu/exhibitions/mwc/Pages/IoT-and-Sensors.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187822966.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20171018123747-20171018143747-00388.warc.gz | en | 0.912121 | 148 | 2.984375 | 3 |
3.1.12 Die Wasserstandsschwankungen des Kaspischen Meeres als Folge regionaler Klimaschwankungen (Gennady N. Panin)
3.1.12 Caspian Sea level fluctuations as a consequence of regional climatic change (Gennady N. Panin)
Caspian Sea level fluctuations as a consequence of regional climatic change: The Caspian Sea, the largest continental lake, without discharge, has experienced a sea level decrease of nearly 3 m since approximately 1930. This process was inverted in 1977 so that the earlier conditions are nearly replaced again. Based on climate data covering the period 1961–1990, it is statistically shown that this recent sea level increase was caused by a significant change of the regional wind patterns. A detailed analysis of this phenomenon shows how large-scale climate change can lead to pronounced consequences at the regional scale. | <urn:uuid:f5d39362-9a64-4386-b073-e2fd14a24183> | CC-MAIN-2020-10 | https://www.klima-warnsignale.uni-hamburg.de/wasser/wasser_kap3-1-12/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-10/segments/1581875145538.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200221203000-20200221233000-00014.warc.gz | en | 0.842965 | 191 | 2.53125 | 3 |
February 28, 2007
GCRIO Program Overview
Our extensive collection of documents.
Archives of the
Global Climate Change Digest
A Guide to Information on Greenhouse Gases and Ozone Depletion
Published July 1988 through June 1999
FROM VOLUME 2, NUMBER 10, OCTOBER 1989
CLIMATE CHANGE AND HEALTH
This collection of papers sets the stage for the upcoming conference on this
topic in Washington, December 4-6, 1989, organized by the Center for
Environmental Information. Most of the concern in this area relates to effects
of increased ultraviolet radiation in the B range (UV-B) resulting from ozone
depletion; very little work has been published to date on human health effects
of global warming. Readers are encouraged to submit any recent
publications on this (or any other) topic for possible use in Global Climate
"Potential Carcinogenic Effects of Stratospheric Ozone
Depletion," M.L. Kripke (Dept. Immun., Anderson Cancer Ctr., Univ. Texas,
Houston TX 77030), H. Pitcher, J.D. Longstreth, Environ. Carcinogenesis Rev.,
in press, Oct. or Nov. 1989.
A review summarizing information prepared for the U.S. EPA that formed the
basis for the decision of the United States to sign the Montreal Protocol; more
recent information is also included. Increased UV-B from ozone depletion is
expected and has already been demonstrated in the Southern Hemisphere. It will
almost certainly lead to increased incidence of non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSC)
and cutaneous melanoma, both of which are already rising rapidly. Increased UV-B
may lead to a preferential increase in the more serious form of NMSC, squamous
cell carcinoma; more data are needed to assess the impact on cutaneous melanoma.
A different threat is the demonstrated ability of ultraviolet radiation to
impair immune responses to infectious agents in animal models, but the
implications of this result for humans is completely unknown.
"Wavelength Dependence of Pyrimidine Dimer Formation in DNA of
Human Skin Irradiated in situ with Ultraviolet Light," S.E. Freeman
et al., B.M. Sutherland (Biol. Dept., Brookhaven Nat. Lab., Upton NY 11973),
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 86, 5605-5609, July 1989.
The authors determined an action spectrum for the frequency of pyrimidine
dimer formation induced in the DNA of human skin. Convolution of this dimer
action spectrum with the solar spectra corresponding to a solar angle of 40°
under current levels of stratospheric ozone (0.32-cm O3 layer), and with spectra
for 50% ozone depletion (0.16-cm O3 layer), indicates about a 2.5-fold increase
in dimer formation. These results, combined with epidemiological data, suggest
that a 50% decrease in stratospheric ozone would increase the incidence of
nonmelanoma skin cancers among white males in Seattle, Washington, by 7.5 to
8-fold, to a higher incidence than is presently seen in the corresponding
population of Albuquerque, New Mexico.
"Exposure to Sunlight and Other Risk Factors for Age-Related
Macular Degeneration," S.K. West (Wilmer Inst., Johns Hopkins Hosp., 600 N.
Wolfe St., Baltimore MD 21205), F.S. Rosenthal et al., Arch. Ophthalmol.
107, 875-879, June 1989.
To address a growing concern over a possible relationship between long-term
exposure to ultraviolet radiation and increased risk of age-related macular
degeneration, a survey was conducted of 838 Maryland watermen who had
well-characterized ocular UV-A and UV-B exposure. Found that, even with high
levels of sunlight exposure, there was no evidence of increased risk of
age-related macular degeneration associated with UV-B or UV-A exposure.
"Ultraviolet Light Exposure and Risk of Posterior Subcapsular
Cataracts," T.W. Bochow, S.K. West (address immed. above) et al., ibid.,
369-372, Mar. 1989.
A case-control study was undertaken to investigate the role of exposure to
ultraviolet light in the B range and other potential risk factors for the
development of posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts, which are visually
disabling and account for 40% of surgical cases. Surgical PSC cataract cases
from a large rural ophthalmic practice on the lower eastern shore of Maryland
were matched with phakic controls without PSC cataract changes from the same
geographic area by age, sex and referral pattern. Matched-pairs analyses
indicated that a history of relatively high exposure to UV-B was associated with
increased risk of PSC cataracts, and suggests that UV-B exposure may be an
important risk factor for PSC cataracts.
"Abrogation of Skin Lesions in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by
Ultraviolet B Irradiation," S.H. Giannini (Ctr. Vaccine Devel., Univ.
Maryland Sch. Med., Baltimore MD 21201), E.C. De Fabo, in Leishmaniasis: The
Current Status and New Strategies for Control, D.T. Hart, Ed., NATO ASI Series
A: Life Sciences, 683-690, 1989 (Plenum Pub. Corp., New York).
Studies the effect of narrow-band UV-B at either end of the UV-B spectrum on
mice infected with leishmania, still a serious health problem in the tropics and
subtropics. UV-B radiation suppressed obvious skin ulcers, but left mice heavily
parasitized and non-immune. Implications for humans in the tropics are
"Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma and Ultraviolet Radiation: A
Review," J. Longstreth (ICF/Clement Assoc., 9300 Lee Highway, Fairfax VA
22031), Cancer Metas. Rev., 7, 321-333, 1988.
Summarizes a comprehensive report prepared for the U.S. EPA as part of a
risk assessment of stratospheric ozone depletion. Cutaneous malignant melanoma
(CMM) rates have been increasing in the United States at an average rate of
about 4% per year; the exact cause is unknown, but several lines of evidence
described in this paper suggest that increasing exposure to UV-B radiation may
be a factor. With increasing levels of UV-B possible from stratospheric ozone
depletion, it has become important to understand the relationship between UV-B
and CMM to estimate increased risks. Based on empirical relationships between
UV-B and CMM incidence and mortality rates, a 1% depletion of ozone was
predicted to result in increases of 1-2% in CMM incidence and 0.8-1.5% in CMM
"Impact of Ozone Depletion on Skin Cancers," M.L. Kripke
(M.D. Anderson Cancer Ctr., Univ. Texas, Houston TX 77030), J. Dermatol.
Surg. Oncol., 14(8), 853-857, Aug. 1988.
A review concluding that the most obvious effect on human health of
increased UV-B radiation resulting from a decrease in the protective ozone layer
will be an increase in the incidence of basal and squamous cell carcinomas.
Other possible effects include a contribution to the development of cutaneous
melanoma, ocular changes leading to the formation of cataracts, and immunologic
"Ozone Depletion and Skin Cancer," J.C. van der Leun (Inst.
Dermatol., Univ. Utrecht, Catharijnesingel 101, Utrecht, Neth.), J.
Photochem. & Photobiol., B: Biol., 1, 493-494, 1988.
One conclusion from 16 years of research on UV-B radiation and skin cancer
is that the number of patients with non-melanoma skin cancer will increase more
sharply than the rate at which the amount of ozone decreases. This is expressed
as an amplification factor made up of a radiation factor and a biological
factor, giving the percent increase in incidence caused by a 1% decrease in the
amount of ozone. For photocarcinogenesis, the radiation amplification factor has
a value of about 2. The biological amplification factor has a value of about 2
for basal cell carcinoma and about 3 for squamous cell carcinoma.
"Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Cataract Formation," H.R.
Taylor (address immed. above), S.K. West et al., 319, 1429-1433, Dec. 1,
To investigate the relation of ultraviolet radiation and cataract formation,
the authors undertook an epidemiologic survey of 838 watermen (mean age, 53
years) who worked on Chesapeake Bay. The annual ocular exposure was calculated
from the age of 16 for each by combining a detailed occupational history with
laboratory and field measurements of sun exposure. Cataracts were graded by
ophthalmologic examination for both type and severity. Results indicate that
there is an association between exposure to UV-B radiation and cataract
formation, which supports the need for ocular protection from UV-B.
Guide to Publishers
Index of Abbreviations | <urn:uuid:6b744292-dcd2-4a98-80d7-946e699920b1> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.gcrio.org/gccd/gcc-digest/1989/d89oct15.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609536300.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005216-00144-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.871295 | 2,063 | 2.625 | 3 |
<p style='text-align: justify;'>A diary, eighty-seven pages in length, started by Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne on 23rd November 1791, which forms his central record for co-ordinating the production and publication of the Nautical Almanac in this period. This volume contains abundant information regarding the co-ordination of various computers and comparers for the Nautical Almanac. By the 1790s there was an extensive network of calculators that worked from homes all over the country which Nevil Maskelyne co-ordinated from the Royal Observatory Greenwich. Within the volume there are periodic summary tables (at <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage(9);return false;'>RGO 4/324:4r-5v</a>, <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage(51);return false;'>RGO 4/324:25r-25v</a> and <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage(62);return false;'>RGO 4/324:30v</a>) of the work done by which computer for a year at a time; years in this volume include 1811 through to 1816. They list who did the work for each month and then who the comparer was. Getting the right combination of people so that all the work was checked thoroughly was complicated and here we see how Maskelyne organised it. Creating and filling these tables ensured that Maskelyne could co-ordinate the computers to certify that no two would be paired twice over the year and that both copies were sent to the comparer to check for discrepancies and to redo the calculation when required. The distances that the papers had to travel worked as an advantage for Maskelyne as there was minimal chance of copying or premature comparison if the computers were hundreds of miles apart.</p><p style='text-align: justify;'>There are also detailed accounts of his interactions with the majority of computers from this period, for example <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage(14);return false;'> dealings (RGO 4/324:6v-8r)</a> with Ms Mary Edwards are particularly well documented. There are notes for each calculator on their errors, methodology and general ability, their punctuality in returning work as well as the practical issues of pay and books lent out to individuals. Those working as Almanac computers could not often afford the books required for their calculations so Maskelyne would lend them the appropriate tables, charts and books. To illustrate this there is the case of Mr Philip Turner who died on 1st March 1800 and Mr Ward, his landlord, sent Maskelyne all the <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage(37);return false;'> tables and books (RGO 4/324:18r)</a> that Turner had in his possession when he died: Dr M's folio tables, Mayer's tables, Charles Mason's lunar tables of 1780, Garden's logarithms printed at Avignon, Lalande's tables, and the Nautical Almanac of 1799. But Taylor's logarithms were not returned and Maskelyne suspected they had been pawned or disposed of. Finally one of the last items in the notebook is a list of <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage(73);return false;'> instructions (RGO 4/324:36r-36v)</a> for the "Monthly Business of Two Computers" from the calculations themselves to how to write up the tables. This is followed by <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage(75);return false;'> instructions (RGO 4/324:37r-38r)</a> for the "Monthly Business of a Comparer", giving insight into Maskelyne's perferred operations.</p><p style='text-align: justify;'>Also contained within this diary are the Board's instructions for the Nautical Almanac, perhaps this was the book that Maskelyne took with him to the meetings. For example we see where Maskelyne has kept a record of the Board's financial report in addition to <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage(42);return false;'> notes on instructions (RGO 4/324:20v)</a> for the Almanac discussed at the Board of Longitude meetings held on 16th August 1799 and 31st May 1803.</p><p style='text-align: justify;'>The notebook has not been filled in chronologically page after page; it has several short page entries that have notes on the same subject but which span several years. For example, the <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage();return false;'> second page (RGO 4/324:2)</a> has dates running from 1790 to 1794, and is concerned with stationary orders and blank tables being sent out to different calculators. There are also <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage();return false;'> notes (RGO 4/324:33)</a> on the practicalities of getting the Nautical Almanac published; and <a href='' onclick='store.loadPage(35);return false;'> notes (RGO 4/324:17r)</a>on organising the purchasing and delivering of paper on time for printing with Mr Thomas Bensley, who was appointed printer to the Board in February 1799. This account of the publishing process gives insight into the practicalities of creating the Nautical Almanac and helps us to appreciate it not just as a set of tables but as a material object, an instrument, that is exported and carried around the globe as an aid to navigation.</p><p style='text-align: justify;'>Sophie Waring<br />History and Philosophy of Science<br />University of Cambridge<br /></p>
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Bugs Know When Spring Has Sprung
Everyone has their favorite indicator that spring has sprung. For some it's the peep of the peeper. This little frog begins singing early in the season and is appropriately called the spring peeper.
Other people turn an eye to the sky and note the flight of migratory waterfowl. Ducks and geese headed north indicate that winter may be winding down. A robin red breast hopping on the lawn in search of an earthworm indicates to some folks that the sound of lawn mowers cannot be far behind.
But sometimes peepers are quieted by a frozen pool, and migrating ducks and geese are forced to land because of a late winter snowstorm. Even the old robin has been seen chirping forlornly from an ice-encrusted branch.
Native Americans turned to the butterfly as a sure indicator of spring. In the southwestern part of the United States, the Zuni tribe held that "When the white butterfly comes, comes also the summer."
Butterflies specifically, and insects in general, aren't as likely as frogs and birds to make a mistake when predicting the end of winter conditions. Even the term butterfly shows how confident ancient people were about this insect when it came to the seasons. Butterfly is a short version of "fly of the butter season," or spring. This was because spring was when cattle traditionally gave birth and produced milk and cream, which was used to churn butter.
Insects are unable to function in temperatures below 50 F, so it is important for them to make sure summer is here before they are. In general, insects remain in hibernation until all chance of freezing temperatures is past. However, there are exceptions.
Some insects overwinter in protected places as adults. These insects are some of the first seen in the warm days of late winter or early spring. Such insects as ladybugs and some flies commonly come out of hibernation as temperatures rise and can be seen crawling or flying around our homes. Some of the first insects seen in the early spring are the large overwintering queens of bumble bees and wasps. These queens hide in protected places and emerge in late spring and early summer to begin a new colony.
There are even a couple of butterflies and several moths that overwinter as adults and can be seen flying around on the first warm days. In general, though, butterflies overwinter as pupae and don't show up until summer is safely here to stay.
So if you're trying to predict the end of winter, do as Native Americans have done for centuries. Ignore the birds and frogs, and put your money on the butterflies. After all, they are not called flies of the butter season because they have a habit of getting frost on their wings! | <urn:uuid:c89eb160-c6ab-46c2-b383-66378be941ea> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/newscolumns/archives/OSL/1997/March/031397OSL.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1406510267075.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20140728011747-00329-ip-10-146-231-18.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970318 | 570 | 3.640625 | 4 |
The hard and soft tissues of your mouth have contrasting characters. While the enamel which covers the teeth is the hardest substance in the body, the gingiva or gums which support the teeth are soft, moist and delicate.
Gum tissue can be injured easily. Injury can happen due to trauma, such as sports-related, etc., or accidental, such as fall, etc.
Also, you can experience self-inflicted injury to gums due to carelessness, some unintentional habit, and psychological disorder.
All these injuries to gums result in irritated gums. The most common causes by which you can self-inflict injury to your gums can be due to common everyday items like your toothbrush, floss, toothpicks, etc.
Also, certain food items, such as potato chips, popcorn, sugarcane, and nuts, can injure your gums and result in irritated gums.
What is gum irritation?
Gum irritation is a pesky issue and can occur due to a number of reasons. Any signs of discomfort and deviation from the normal state may indicate that your gums are irritated.
When you see signs of gum injury, such as swelling, burns, ulcers or receded gums, consult a dentist. Your dentist will identify the habits and activities that may be harming your sensitive gum tissue without you realizing them.
Causes of self-inflicted gum injury
Gum injuries have many causes attributed to it but some of them are self-inflicted.
Gum diseases that are produced by non-plaque induced causes, such as traumatic injuries may have thermal causes, chemical causes, and physical causes. (1)
You may think that if you brush your teeth vigorously or with a lot of pressure, then you may achieve cleaner and healthier gums and teeth.
Also, you may think that frequent toothbrushing, and choosing a hard-bristled toothbrush can give you better result compared to brushing twice a day or using a soft-bristled toothbrush.
But unfortunately, all such notions are incorrect. In fact, vigorous brushing, hard-bristled toothbrush, frequent brushing, etc. can cause tooth sensitivity, abrasion of the tooth surface and recession of gum margins. (2)
Faulty flossing technique
If you floss your teeth vigorously with a lot of pressure, then it may lead to gum irritation and gum bleeding. This does not mean that you avoid flossing your teeth, rather correct way of flossing is must to maintain good oral hygiene.
At-home teeth bleaching
People are obsessed with pearly white teeth as shown in the commercial advertisements. They resort to bleaching techniques without even knowing if they are an ideal candidate or not.
Peroxide-based whitening products does whiten your teeth but also irritates your gums when they come in contact.
Also, over-the-counter whitening trays do not fit correctly in your mouth and allow the peroxide to come in contact with your gums. (3)
If you are allergic to certain pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical products, then they can cause chemical burns on the gums.
Some chemical agents causing gum irritation are
- Regular daily use products like toothpaste and mouthwashes. Excessive use of alcohol-containing mouthwash causes gum irritation.
- Topical application of medications such as aspirin, chlorpromazine, promazine, tetracycline
- Recreational drugs such as cocaine, MDMA
- Tobacco-based products like snuff
- Nonpharmaceutical substances such as garlic, clove, mint
- Ingesting acids as a deliberate act of self-harm. (4)
Choice of diet
Sometimes the food that you consume may also cause gum irritation.
Consumption of very hot liquid or solid food may cause burns. Crunchy items like potato crisps can scrape off your gum lining. Popcorn kernels, sugarcane, and other such food items get lodged within the gums and cause gum irritation.
Also, starvation may cause vitamin and mineral deficiencies that are manifested in the gums.
These days, body piercings are a popular form of self-expression. Piercing of tongue, lip or cheek may look cool. But these piercings interfere with speech, chewing and swallowing.
Also, oral piercings can lead to cracked and sensitive teeth and fillings. They may cause serious gum injury.
When foreign bodies get lodged in your gums, they may lead to irritation and infection. It may ultimately form a gingival abscess. Popcorn kernels, toothpick splinters, and fingernails are a few of the common causes of this problem. (5)
Self-Injurious Behaviour (SIB)
Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a condition which results in the infliction of physical damage and pain upon oneself.
Gingivitis artefacta is intentional self-injury of the gums, in which the wounds are inflicted usually by one‘s fingernail. This disorder is seen mostly in younger age groups.
This is a seriously deleterious condition and should be immediately taken care of by a medical specialist. (6)
Treatment or Precautions
What is the right technique to brush the teeth?
You should know the right way to go about tooth brushing and not just vigorously scrub your teeth back and forth in horizontal strokes.
Brush your teeth twice every day using a soft-bristled toothbrush. The shape and size of your toothbrush should fit in your mouth so that you can reach all surfaces of your teeth.
Replace your toothbrush once in every two to three months, or sooner if the bristles are worn out.
A particular tooth brushing technique called Modified Bass technique is ideal for maintaining healthy teeth and gums. (7)
- Position your toothbrush at a 45-degree angle to your gumline.
- Now gently move the brush back and forth in short strokes in a vibratory type of action.
- Make sure to brush all the surfaces of the teeth thoroughly.
- To brush the inside surfaces of the front teeth, position the brush vertically and brush in up-and-down strokes.
What is the right way to floss?
- Take approximately 18 inches of floss and wind it around the middle fingers of both your hands.
- Hold the floss tightly using your thumbs and forefingers.
- Now, insert it carefully between your teeth.
- Curve the floss against the side of your tooth.
- Move the floss up and down gently without snapping it.
How to use at-home teeth whitening systems carefully?
There are methods of safely whitening teeth at home without irritating your gums.
Visit a dentist, and he can design a custom-fit whitening tray that will ensure that the peroxide only comes in contact with your teeth and not your gums.
What to do if a burn occurs?
To prevent burns avoid consuming very hot food and beverages. Be particularly careful while feeding children. In the case of a burn immediately rinse your mouth with cold water.
Chemical burns can be treated by eliminating the cause. For example, if it is a topical agent that you are using to relieve tooth pain that has caused the burn, immediately terminate the use.
Visit a dentist who will prescribe you certain medications that will help the symptoms to subside.
What to do if a foreign body gets embedded in your gums?
If you notice an object like some sharp food particles trapped in your gums, try inserting a segment of dental floss gently and move it up and down against a nearby tooth to release it.
You can also try working it out lightly with a toothpick. Avoid too much pressure as this may push the object deeper or further irritate the gums.
If these techniques don’t help, see a dentist as soon as possible to prevent infection from developing.
If you neglect to remove the foreign object, you may develop a painful swelling. This is called a gingival abscess.
This occurs when an infection develops and your gums get filled with pus. Your dentist will be able to drain this abscess and put you on a dose of antibiotic therapy.
Take home message
Our mouth is a vital organ which performs several functions such as speech, chewing, etc. Also, gums are one of the most sensitive parts of our oral cavity.
It can easily get irritated due to self-induced injuries that can result due to wrong flossing, over brushing, etc.
Any irritation to a known cause should always be prevented by getting rid of the causative agent. If you have gum irritation and you are unable to figure out the reason, please visit a dentist immediately for appropriate care. | <urn:uuid:28d070a3-9cf7-46b8-ab1e-e2a76f972d46> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.stemjar.com/gum-irritation-self-inflicted-traumatic-injuries/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739211.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814100602-20200814130602-00314.warc.gz | en | 0.936201 | 1,833 | 3.03125 | 3 |
Neuroplasticity and Brain Training
The subconscious mind is an incredible entity with talents we are only beginning to understand. It is highly adaptable and surprisingly flexible in more ways then we can fathom. To use an IT analogy, we are born with our hardware but grow up installing different programmes within our program, but ultimately we are our own architect and can choose what software we want to run. We sculpture our lives by the software and programs we run, so why do we not pay more attention to how we wire our brains.
The body is coordinated and driven by neural control. our nerves run through our muscle mass stimulating and firing signals to activate specific muscles and fibres at precise times to achieve exact functions and movements. Our nerves combine to make neural circuits allowing signals and messages from the brain to flow more efficiently. With repeated messaging and traffic we create neural pathways that act like motorways or highways allowing the traffic of signals to flow faster. These pathways shape how we move, act and think. In turn we can alter these structures through thought, action and belief. When we are in flow, our subconscious is using these neural pathways to perform the actions it is required to do. Conscious thought often interrupts our state of flow and sending different signals through our neural connections, disrupting the traffic flow and resulting in behaviour such as tight muscles, choking or confusion. Just as we can alter our flow negatively we can change our subconscious processing through repetitive conscious thought. By repeatingly interrupting unwanted behaviours such as mal coordination with new messages of coordination, we create new signals, new circuits and new neural pathways. Eventually when the body uses the new pathways more frequently, the old pathways become redundant and therefore inefficient and consequently seize to be used. Changing behaviours is often about learning new ways to adapt and behave rather than focusing on changing the old.
The mind body connection has been used to change personal history, cure patients from diseases only thought to be curable by modern medicine, and increase the speed of rehab. We often hear the term, ‘use it or loose it’, referring to using the brain or allow it to become lazy and use simpler neural pathways. The brain is like a muscle it needs training if we are to use it for a particular aim. We are very lucky in that the subconscious is far more creative and intelligent than we will ever give it credit for. If we can alter our conscious attention to dedicate time to directing the required training of the brain, it will respond ten fold. If we ask our mind and body to create a state of flow and perform as it best knows how, it will. Sometimes we need to take responsibility, become our own master, and use the conscious brain for its original purpose, to direct the subconscious. Like all great leaders if we understand our limitations, and allow ourselves to trust our team, the unit will perform more powerfully. If we have the maturity to let go and trust our more powerful and creative processing unit of our subconscious, it to will respond.
For more info please get in touch or purchase our book on flow. | <urn:uuid:b3363959-7992-468f-a0da-7a552de56aad> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://theflowcentre.com/blog/neuroplasticity-brain-training/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655933254.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711130351-20200711160351-00127.warc.gz | en | 0.940042 | 619 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Low Carbon Concrete Code
The production and supply of materials used in buildings cause greenhouse gases. Globally, concrete is estimated to be responsible for 6-10% of total emissions. Through mix designs, the emissions per cubic yard of concrete can be lowered. Typically, this includes substitutes for cement that come from recycled materials.
Local governments have the authority to adopt building code amendments to require concrete mixes with lower greenhouse gas emissions impacts to produce. In November 2019, the County of Marin was the first jurisdiction to pass a low carbon concrete code amendment. Their code development process included a regional stakeholder working group and the creation of tools to help other jurisdictions adopt similar code amendments. This effort was funded through a Climate Protection Grant from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District.
Click here to visit the County of Marin's website documenting their code amendment adoption.
Code Amendment Toolkit
This toolkit supplies background information and justification for a code amendment, and template language based on the Marin County adoption. It also contains implementation resources, like compliance forms and sample specifications for compliant mixes.
Powerpoint to introduce the topic
County of Marin presentation to the BAAQMD Climate Protection Committee, December 2019
Marin County BAAQMD CPC presentation
Why is it important to address concrete?
Visit Architecture 2030's Materials Palette website to learn more: www.materialspalette.org/concrete
Industry documents highlighting low carbon concrete:
- CalTrans Activities to Address Climate Change (external link, PDF)
- CalTrans 21st Century Concrete Guidelines (PDF) which compares performance outcomes from various low carbon options. See page 17 (25th page of the PDF) for table showing the effects of several cement substitutes on specific performance variables.
- NRMCA Performance Based Specification Guidance (PDF) on how to specify low carbon concrete using performance versus prescriptive standards
- Central Concrete Low Carbon Concrete Specification Guide (PDF) from the largest concrete supplier in the state
Background data on setting the thresholds in the Marin County code language.
Background - GWP benchmarking.pdf
Marin Co Ordinance_Low Carbon Concrete Code.docx
Marin County staff report
Marin Co Low Carbon Concrete Staff Report.docx
Compliance forms (currently being revised in Marin County)
Low Carbon Concrete Compliance Form (GWP Path).docx
Low Carbon Concrete Compliance Form (Cement Limit Path).docx
Sample mix specifications for nonresidential projects
Sample Nonresidential Specifications
Sample mix specifications for residential projects
Sample Residential Specifications
Coming soon: The BAAQMD funded project included technical assistance for four Bay Area projects to specify low carbon concrete mixes. The project case studies will be written and posted here when ready.
Questions & Comments
Send questions, request for assistance, and comments to improve the toolkit to: [email protected].
This toolkit was funded through a Climate Protection Grant from the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. The opinions, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the District. The District, its officers, employees, contractors, and subcontractors make no warranty, expressed or implied, and assume no legal liability for the information in this report. | <urn:uuid:db7f84a5-a426-4621-ab4f-d24115e0c82a> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | http://www.stopwaste.org/concrete | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347387219.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20200525032636-20200525062636-00582.warc.gz | en | 0.844402 | 679 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Embedded Web server
The device is equipped with an embedded Web server, which provides access to information about
device and network activities. This information appears in a Web browser, such as Microsoft Internet
Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Apple Safari, or Firefox.
The embedded Web server resides on the device. It is not loaded on a network server.
The embedded Web server provides an interface to the device that anyone who has a network-
connected computer and a standard Web browser can use. No special software is installed or
configured, but you must have a supported Web browser on your computer. To gain access to the
embedded Web server, type the IP address for the device in the address line of the browser. (To find
the IP address, print a configuration page. For more information about printing a configuration page,
Print the information pages on page 70
For a complete explanation of the features and functionality of the embedded Web server, see
Embedded Web server on page 77
Software for Macintosh | <urn:uuid:741c2ef5-324e-4fa0-8b43-4d5829d8104d> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://hp-laserjet-p2055-printer-series.printerdoc.net/en/use-the-product-with-macintosh/software-for-macintosh/supported-utilities-for-macintosh/embedded-web-server-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655900614.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20200709162634-20200709192634-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.833076 | 209 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Prepared under the auspices of the AGI Environmental Geoscience Advisory Committee
The earth sciences are essential to the understanding and solution of environmental challenges of the type to be addressed by the proposed National Institute for the Environment (NIE). Having addressed environmental issues for decades, the earth science community conceptually supports the mission and goals of the NIE. Certain constituencies within the earth science community (American Geological Institute [AGI] and the Association of American State Geologists [AASG]) have met with the Committee for the NIE (CNIE) to seek ways in which the NIE could be more reflective of the contributions that the earth sciences must make in addressing environmental issues. At the request of the CNIE, the Environmental Affairs Committee of the AGI has prepared this document. Review of the proposal for establishment of the NIE (1993) indicates the need for enhanced integration of earth science-based components and objectives into the NIE proposal.
The objective of this document is to demonstrate the fundamental role of the earth sciences in understanding and solving multidisciplinary, long term, large-scale environmental problems and to provide examples of earth science based environmental issues that can form a foundation for enhanced earth science visibility in the future planning for the NIE. The incorporation of the earth sciences does not diminish the importance of other disciplines that are essential in solving environmental issues. Rather, the inclusion of the earth sciences in NIE documents will help to more fully characterize the earth's natural physical and chemical systems that represent the foundation for all life, as well as providing a more integrated multidisciplinary approach in addressing environmental program objectives.
The Earth Sciences
The term, "earth sciences," is used herein to include a spectrum of subdisciplines that address somewhat specific earth processes, earth systems, or portions of the earth. Included are, for instance, geology, hydrology, soil science, geophysics, geochemistry, oceanography, climatology, and meteorology. While this listing is not all inclusive, it provides a sense of the diversity of topical areas that constitute a study of the earth and its processes.
Individuals trained in any of the earth science disciplines acquire, by the very nature of the science, an interdisciplinary background. The earth sciences draw upon the fundamentals of physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics, and these disciplines are essential components of any earth science curriculum. Thus, earth scientists are versed to various degrees in the other sciences and can effectively operate in an interdisciplinary manner. Indeed, it is often difficult to clearly delineate between the earth sciences and other disciplines in many investigations.
In addition, understanding environmental systems is rooted in basic knowledge of how the earth itself operates. Earth scientists are trained to think in terms of geologic time, and to observe and interpret changes that occur naturally and at very slow (or rapid) rates. Thus, the earth sciences are a foundation for understanding environmental issues of the type proposed for the NIE.
The Earth Sciences and Environmental Issues
Earth science studies are an essential and fundamental part of environmental studies. The earth sciences address dynamic processes below and on the earth's surface, as well as those within the atmosphere. They examine present processes as well as those that have occurred throughout geologic time and provide information on frequency, rates, and magnitudes of earth system changes. This allows the earth sciences to provide a historical perspective against which anthropogenic impacts can be evaluated. For example, data indicating a global climate change can be assessed against historical climate data to determine if prehistorical changes have been driven by natural fluctuations of temperature equal to or greater than those seen today. Also, once the issue of acid rain was placed in a geological context, it was found that a large portion of the "problem" was natural and not associated with combustion of fossil fuel. Similarly, geologic rates of evolution and extinction should be integrated into studies that lead to decisions regarding biodiversity and species maintenance.
The earth has a certain resiliency, which often allows it to recover from anthropogenic impacts. The earth sciences provide vital information and serve as a foundation for evaluation of human impact on the environment and prediction of future outcome.
Concepts of earth resources underlie most environmental investigations. Resources include soil, water, minerals, and energy, all of which are essential to development and maintenance of ecosystems. The relative availability of certain soils and minerals, for instance, will contribute to the evolutionary nature of certain ecosystems. The understanding of the natural processes that determine the interactions of physical and chemical systems with biological systems is deeply rooted in the earth sciences and the spatial depiction of earth materials is an integral part of fundamental mapping which is essential to resource studies.
Finally, understanding, predicting, preventing, and dealing with certain natural hazards which affect our environment is based in the earth sciences. Included here, for example, are earthquakes, volcanic activity, and severe storms. The impact of such events on the social and economic vitality of populations is immense.
Earth Science Based Environmental Studies and Federal Support
Although the earth sciences are an integral component in most environmental studies and earth scientists have long been involved with "environmental" investigations, limited funding support has been directed at basic studies of earth science based environmental issues. Some individuals perceive that the United States Geological Survey (USGS) represents such a source of support. The USGS is heavily involved in fundamental integrated geoscience studies, many of which are directed at assessment of hazards and evaluation of surface water and groundwater quality. It provides basic data and information required for the interdisciplinary environmental research of the kind proposed by the CNIE.
Other federal organizations, such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Department of Energy, conduct and fund earth science based environmental research that is germane to their missions. This research may involve, for example, global climate change, studies of ground-water and soil contamination, or atmospheric and oceanic modeling. However, generally their research is not of the interdisciplinary nature proposed by the CNIE. The National Science Foundation supports fundamental studies of earth processes, but sponsors few environmental studies.
Integration of the Earth Sciences into the NIE "Case Examples"
The following statements briefly address ways in which the earth sciences are important for the 19 environmental research needs (case examples) representative of the type of research programs NIE might support (Appendix A, NIE Proposal, 1993). The ideas presented are not complete, but they do represent the role of the earth sciences in these research areas.
1. Knowledge of Past Human Impacts on the Environment: Identification of natural, as opposed to human induced, changes in climate and environmental conditions is the purview of the earth sciences.
2. Biological Diversity Inventory: The presence and distribution of many species of plants and animals is controlled by bedrock, soils, geomorphology, climate, and hydrologic marine systems. Paleontology provides an historical basis for studies of species diversity.
3. Plant, Animal, and Microbial Products: There are few ties with the earth sciences here.
4. Measures of Sustainable Income and Resources: The earth sciences provide basic data for earth resource (mineral, soil, energy, wetlands, etc.) depletion estimates and help provide quantitative data that characterize these resources.
5. Economic Effects of Loss of Species: Assessment of physical resources (watersheds, wetlands, etc.) reflects the earth science contributions to characterization of species habitats and evaluation of their stability.
6. Natural vs Human induced Environmental Change: The earth sciences provide the historical geologic perspective for natural changes against which current trends can be compared and future projections made.
7. Environmentally Sustainable Energy Systems: Data describing and quantifying energy sources as to their quality, availability, and distribution are acquired only through the earth sciences.
8. Urbanization and the Environment: The earth sciences provide a basis for planned urban development, including construction in harmony with the land and waste disposal (see new case example 7, The Earth Science Base for Urban Development, p. 10).
9. Impact of Regulations on Quality of Environment and Economy: Because many environmental regulations do not reflect the reality of earth processes or natural levels of contaminants, unrealistic requirements for compliance are created.
10. Climate and Social Change Effects on Rio Grande Watershed: The importance of hydrology, surface water management, geomorphology, and climate modeling is self evident in this example.
11. The Pacific Salmon Fishery: Restoration of salmon stocks requires a geomorphic perspective on the structure and dynamics of mountain river systems because of the influence of sediment, water quality, organic matter, and stream channel morphology on spawning potential.
12. Effects of Development on Societies and their Environments: The earth sciences can contribute in issues related to land use, river systems and watersheds, and resources needed for, and affected by, large scale development.
13. Sustainable Use of Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources: Any understanding of resource (soil, minerals, water, energy, etc.) availability and maintenance must involve earth scientists trained in specific fields such as economic geology, petroleum geology, hydrology, soil science, or geochemistry.
14. Improved Methods for Environmental Conservation and Restoration: Knowledge of earth systems (hydrologic, soil, atmospheric, etc.) is an essential component in any attempt to restore ecological systems.
15. Ecological Risk Assessment: The earth sciences provide baseline data on levels of contaminants, their speciation and availability to enter ecological systems, and their pathways for transport.
16. Sustainable Development Life Cycle Analysis: Identification and extraction of resources (water, minerals, energy), environmentally acceptable disposal of wastes, and remediation of previously contaminated soils and ground-water are all rooted in the earth sciences.
17. Technologies to Minimize Environmental Damage: There are limited applications for the earth sciences in this particular case example.
18. Mercury Pollution and Energy Production: Research on the biogeochemical cycling of mercury, its atmospheric transportation, its re emission from soils as a "source," and its natural background levels, especially in fossil fuels and geothermal areas, are all earth science based.
19. Restoration Ecology: the Anacostia River: Any activity involving restoration of a river and its watershed must incorporate geologic and hydrologic input in support of the ecological sciences.
Earth Science-Based Case Examples
Following are several new case examples that are presented to demonstrate the fundamental importance of various earth science disciplines in large scale multidisciplinary environmental issues. Intentionally, these examples are brief statements; elaboration can be provided at the proper time.
1. Natural Background Levels of Contaminants: Little is known about natural occurrences of hazardous constituents in earth materials, ranging from such elements as arsenic, selenium, lead, and uranium to such mineral groups as asbestos and crystalline silica. These naturally occurring earth materials have had profound consequences for environmental policies and regulations aimed at cleaning up sites impacted by human activity.
Our knowledge has gaps in many areas. Inventories of geographical areas with high concentrations of naturally occurring hazardous constituents as well as areas with low concentrations of naturally occurring elements are essential to productive agriculture. Acquisition of this type of information is a significant step beyond—but a logical extension of—geologic mapping, as outlined in the National Geologic Mapping Act of 1992. We lack thorough understanding of the complex processes that produce natural contamination of soils and water as well as uptake of contaminants by the biota. There is scant knowledge of the chemical speciation of contaminants—information essential to predicting uptake. Studies of these processes can lead to innovative cleanup of human caused pollution. For example, much can be learned from areas of naturally occurring arsenic contamination—how arsenic in rocks is converted into materials in soils and dissolved in ground water, how plants and animals metabolize arsenic, and how plants and animals have evolved to survive in areas of high concentrations of arsenic in soils and water.
Areas of natural pollution provide fertile ground for epidemiological and environmental studies of the effects of pollutants on both humans and the biota in general. Little research has been conducted, for example, on the health effects of lead, radon, or uranium in ground water using natural variations that can differ by factors of 10,000 or more.
Finally, studies of natural pollutants and of natural retardants to pollutants, such as minerals that absorb toxic metals, can greatly enhance decision making in such aspects as science based target levels for environmental remediation, pre development design of industrial sites, and land use planning.
Although both the USGS and NSF have recently initiated programs that bear on these issues, the efforts are at this time modest and not likely to take full advantage of the multidisciplinary nature of needed research.
2. Urban Impact on Estuarine Systems: As urban centers continue to grow around the margins of major water bodies, for example, Baltimore on Chesapeake Bay, Boston Harbor, Seattle on Puget Sound, and San Francisco Bay, serious environmental problems multiply. The environmental consequences are a disruption of habitats and a negative impact on organisms, including humans. A complete understanding of estuaries requires an integration of studies of the geological processes with those of the ecology of the system. Pollutants, both organic and inorganic, have cycles tied to the physical sedimentology of a bay. For example, clay minerals are a very important sink for certain pollutants: thus, the fate of clay minerals in the estuarine system is also the fate of the pollutants. Also, a close relationship exists between physical and chemical conditions in the water column and clay-mineral flocculation processes important in the cycling of organic compounds.
One of the major questions that must be asked about water bodies impacted by urban centers is what were the conditions prior to urbanization? That is, what fauna and flora existed in the preindustrial estuary and how were they distributed in relation to sediments? What was the importance of natural catastrophes, such as storms? How often have major storms occurred and what did they do to the system? These questions can only be addressed by earth-science based studies (e.g., the study of cores which penetrate the modern sediment layer to the pre-human impact layers). Understanding the past few hundred years provides a basis for understanding the extent of urban impact and for predicting the magnitude of future impacts.
Human activities contribute to continual change in estuaries. Sedimentary processes throughout the estuaries, especially the shallow bays along the East Coast and West Coast harbors, are strongly affected by dredge and fill activities which alter water and sediment circulation and often cause release of pollutants or changes their distribution patterns.
Finally, understanding shoreline erosion processes and particularly the evolution of the marsh and mangrove shoreline in a rising sea level condition is important in maintaining the critically important wetland environments. Although in recent years development has been largely prohibited in the salt marsh environment, natural expansion of salt marshes continues to be greatly threatened by upland shoreline stabilization armoring.
The NIE would provide a stable base upon which the research needs for addressing this problem could be based. Considerable fundamental research of a highly interdisciplinary nature is needed, ranging from the earth science aspects noted, to ecological facets, and to transportation and other socioeconomic approaches.
3. Evaluate Coastal Land Loss and Restoration Strategies: Many coastlines of the United States are eroding, and wetlands are disappearing at an alarming rate due to both natural and human-induced processes. This loss of natural ecosystems threatens commercial and recreational fisheries, wildlife resources, endangered species habitats, and traditional patterns of human habitation. With 75 percent of the population of the United States living within 50 miles of our oceans, estuaries, and the Great Lakes, the pressures on coastal systems and resources are intense. Society's response to coastal land loss has been varied and controversial with scientific information playing a small role in many policy decisions.
Some individuals maintain that coastal land loss is something that we can do little about, especially in ways that are economically justifiable; therefore, while we should attempt to control those activities that contribute to the loss, we should base our land-use practices on the present and emerging patterns of loss. Others maintain planning and management strategies should also include application of restoration techniques, including nourishing beaches with sand, managing water levels and flow in wetlands, restoring wetland habitats, and applying structural approaches to sand retention and protection from erosion.
In Louisiana, where normal deltaic processes that result in land loss have been compounded by major alterations to water and sediment delivery systems by flood control, navigation, and energy resource development, coastal land loss has reached a rate of 35 square miles per year. Here, where 40 percent of the nation's coastal wetlands occur, fisheries, trapping, and recreation industries are dependent on the wetlands. State and federal agencies have embarked on a program of coastal restoration for the wetlands and the barrier islands that protect the wetlands. Areas of highest loss are related to subsiding lobes of the Mississippi Delta, and much of the shoreline erosion is a result of the loss of sediments entering the coastal area as a result of leveeing the river. While the situation in Louisiana represents a worst-case scenario, it does provide a focused picture of the complex array of natural, human, social, economic, and political factors that contribute to the coastal land loss problem in the United States.
NIE would undertake an objective and comprehensive review of our ability to reduce the rates of coastal land loss based on an analysis of the causes and on society's ability to control them, and of the effectiveness and economic viability of methods to restore coastal habitats. NIE would then support additional work needed to develop sound recommendations regarding strategies for dealing with coastal land loss.
4. Soil Diversity and Management for Sustainable Agricultural Ecosystems: Soil and plants, interactively with air and water and the biological resources they support, control environmental quality, human health, and global ecosystem sustainability. Soil resources serve as the foundation for agricultural development and are the long-term "capital" on which any nation builds and grows. Soils undergird the biosphere and its complex biophysical interconnectivity. Soils, along with plants, serve as receptors for waste, function as biological filters that govern water quality, and determine the fate and transport of chemicals. Public awareness of soil quality is important because: (1) protection of the soil resource is essential to ensure the safety and security of our food supply, the quality of our air and water resources, and the biodiversity of life; (2) the soil resource is finite in extent and varies in productivity, quality and resilience over the landscape, and the soil resource requires site-specific and landscape-scale planning for its use and management; and (3) poor management of vulnerable soils through inappropriate cultural practices and misapplication of irrigation water, municipal and industrial by-products, or animal manures can impair soil quality by depleting soil organic matter, compaction, acidification, salinization, or chemical over-loading. Information about soils is therefore critical and should be used for ecosystem-based, land-use decision making, site-specific planning, and preservation of biodiversity.
Soil scientists, agronomists, and agricultural specialists have been leaders in addressing environmental concerns. However, the public mandates a new focus on issues of environmental research; earth scientists should play a pivotal role. These environmental challenges include (1) enhancing and conserving renewable natural resources including plants and soil, air, and water quality; (2) quantifying soil quality characteristics and their resiliency to degradation; (3) quantifying climatic change and its impact on complex natural and agricultural ecosystems; (4) calibrating biodiversity with soil physical, chemical and biological attributes; (5) protecting wildlife habitats and ecosystem restoration including wetlands preservation and use; (6) managing waste products as a useful resource; (7) fostering pollution abatement; (8) establishing land carrying capacity; (9) developing alternative energy sources; (10) discovering environmental technologies; and (11) employing best soil management strategies to sustain food, feed, and fiber production systems for an ever expanding global population in an economically viable and environmentally defensible manner.
The NIE could serve as a resource, research, and education agency to foster the coordination, collaboration, and networking of other agencies and institutions engaged in environmental research programs. In this capacity, the NIE could nurture and enhance strong programs already in place among government agencies and strengthen developing programs that are germane to earth science environmental issues. Success in meeting future soil, plant, and land resource challenges will be to develop programs that are more holistic; encompass ecological paradigms with multiple use strategies; quantify soil diversity and quality so soil behavior and risk assessment may be predicted before soil degradation takes place; couple soil science with genetic engineering to overcome physical and chemical soil constraints using biological interventions; view agriculture production systems as a feedback loop of soil ecological processes; establish land use strategies that retain lands best suited for such purposes; and enhance public literacy of soil science, agricultural production systems, and the environment. Management strategies should consider waste recycling, soil and water quality, global climatic change, soil stability, economic viability, and food security and safety.
The NIE could be instrumental in making sure that soil diversity, soil quality, and agriculture are recognized as integral components of the proposed NIE program initiatives. In developing more holistic ecosystem models of biosphere sustainability, greater commitment to environmental research and information transfer is needed by our nation and throughout the world. A well-organized and well-funded commitment to environmental earth science research, with a mandate to solve scientific and societal programs, should be high priority of NIE. This would keep the public informed on a sound, scientific basis and educate tomorrow's citizens to be even better stewards of our natural resources and the environment.
5. Western Water Resources: Managing the South Platte River: In November 1990, the EPA vetoed (under Sect. 404, Clean Water Act) the proposed Two Forks Dam and reservoir near Denver. EPA concluded that less environmentally damaging alternatives existed to provide future water supplies for the metropolitan area. The project would have captured and stored water from river basins on both sides of the Rockies. Project opponents raised concerns about the potential impact of the project on endangered species (such as whooping cranes), fish, wetlands, wildlife habitat, and water quality. Hydrologic and biological sciences were essential to assessing alternatives and impacts. Development of alternatives relied upon integrating the biological and physical sciences with economic and behavioral sciences to evaluate, for example, the likely efficacy of water conservation scenarios. While negotiations and decision-making affecting the project were necessarily political, the scientific analyses sharpened the debate and expanded the array of possible alternatives.
The Two Forks controversy in Colorado was another chapter in the efforts of western states to manage their waters. Along the South Platte, downstream from Denver, the State of Colorado has struggled to integrate surface and ground-water management in an attempt to achieve conjunctive water management. Ground-water pumping was historically unregulated while surface water was allocated by the appropriation doctrine with competing claims resolved via the principle of first in time, first in right. The South Platte was fully appropriated a century ago. The conflict between rights to appropriate and rights to pump was inconsequential until the advent of new pumping technologies. By the late 1950s, pumping from the alluvium along the river had reduced ground-water contributions to the river's base flow. The institutional changes to resolve this dilemma were complex. Most importantly, new legislation allowed for the development of ground water-surface water models to assess interrelationships in subject areas, which in turn allowed for the creation of state-approved augmentation plans. The plans, allowed for pumping and ground-water replenishment such that no negative impacts would occur upon surface water availability during peak water use season. Institutional changes were crafted which allowed for new knowledge based on experience to be incorporated in management decisions.
The truly interdisciplinary nature of this water-resource issue appears well suited for NIE. Earth science, ecological, economic, social, and political considerations must be integrated. 6. Western Water Resources: Owens Valley, California: Owens Valley has a long history of conflict among competing interests for a limited supply of water. The Owens Valley is a classic fault-block valley, bounded by mountain ranges. The Owens River, which meanders south through the valley, receives most of its water from the numerous tributaries that drain the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada. Almost all of the surface flow is diverted into the Los Angeles aqueduct system. The valley fill stores large amounts of ground water, with a shallow water table. Ground water is an important local source of water for fisheries, domestic uses, irrigation, stock water, recreation, and wildlife. A principal concern regarding ground-water pumping is the effect on the high desert rangeland vegetation. Los Angeles, which owns much of the valley land, expanded its export capacity in 1970 by 50 percent, relying upon substantially increased high-quality ground-water pumpage.
Los Angeles has many reasons to maximize exports of Owens Valley waters, although studies confirmed that increased ground-water pumping destroyed natural vegetation, dried up springs and artesian wells, accelerated erosion, and transformed much of the valley into a barren desert. Owens Valley residents decided to fight the city over these increased ground-water extractions, leading to litigation and other forms of conflict. The first steps toward a cooperative solution began with a series of comprehensive studies on ground water and valley vegetation, including an assessment of the valley's hydrogeologic system. Subsequent interdisciplinary research on hydrology and soil-water-plant relations proved critical to the development of management alternatives for ground-water pumping, and microclimatological techniques were developed with transfer value elsewhere in the arid west.
In short, these hydrologic and other scientific studies were the starting point for negotiating a ground water agreement and provisions for sounder environmental management in the Owens Valley and Mono Basin to the north.
The truly interdisciplinary nature of this water-resource issue appears well suited for NIE. Earth science, ecological, economic, social, and political considerations must be integrated.
7. The Earth Science Base for Urban Development: As urban areas expand, the geologic base upon which cities are built becomes ever more critical to human safety and well-being. Cities will bear the brunt of global environmental change. Many are located in coastal areas, on deltas, and in floodplains. Today's large cities put concentrated populations at special risk from natural hazards, including earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, landslides, ground subsidence, and soil instability. Other geological factors of major importance in the urban environment are surface water quality and discharge; the availability of construction materials (aggregate, stone, etc.); land suitability for disposal sites, soil contamination from previous waste disposal, ground-water recharge change; and site geology for tunnels, foundations, and utility corridors.
The geological factors of the urban environment have been intensively studied in the disciplines of environmental geology, engineering geology, and urban geography. These factors are featured in countless case studies of geology, geomorphology and topography; soil fertility and stability; geologic hazards; hydrology (ground and surface water) and sediment transport; land suitability for waste disposal and construction: availability of construction materials; and the influence of geology on vegetation, air quality, and settlement patterns.
To achieve sustainable urban development, we will need new ways of integrating geological information with knowledge of economic and social systems to minimize ecosystem disruptions. It will be necessary to disseminate information about geological factors in new and unprecedented ways. Already, many local governments and some large cities are engaged in preliminary efforts to develop local handbooks about their geologic environments and natural resources and hazards. With advances in information technology, it will be possible in the coming years to make information about the geological environment of a city much more accessible and appealing to students and local residents, in addition to the traditional audiences of city planners and professionals. With Geographic Information Systems capability distributed to desktop computers and workstations, users in government, universities, and the private sector will be able to design applications for urban needs.
Integration of the earth sciences with socioeconomic facets of urban development and long-range perspectives of planning for maximum and harmonious use of land is an area where the NIE could provide leadership.
8. Distinguishing Between Natural Variation and Human-Induced Causes of Environmental Change: Recent research has revealed evidence for astonishingly abrupt climate changes during the past 250,000 years. The results are based on analyses of ice cores extracted from the Greenland ice sheet, which contains a unique record of past climate variations. Findings from the ice cores, in conjunction with results from neighboring European ice cores, suggest that the period of relatively stable climate during which human civilization has flourished might be unusual, and the current climate may become either warmer or colder much more quickly than had been believed. One research team reported climate flickers lasting as few as ten years or less throughout much of the past 40,000 years. Another team showed that warming at the end of the last ice age was characterized by a series of abrupt returns to glacial conditions. If future climate changes occur as quickly as past climate changes, then it may be difficult for agricultural interests to adjust to altered growing conditions and for coastal cities to deal with changing sea levels.
The Greenland ice cores provide the longest and most detailed continuous history of climate available in the Northern Hemisphere. The ice archive was created as snow fell over Greenland year after year, trapping the gasses, chemicals, and dust of the atmosphere, which are valuable clues to volcanic activity, biological productivity, desertification, and atmospheric circulation at the time the snow fell. The layers of snow eventually compressed together into the massive ice cap. The climate history housed in such fine detail by the Greenland cores may ultimately permit researchers to unravel the mechanisms of climate change — and help to assess whether human activity might once again set off such changes.
Research to distinguish between natural variation and human-induced causes of environmental change involves natural and social scientists. The historical and social circumstances surrounding the anthropogenic component provide important guidance to the types of management measures that will be successful in mitigating such problems as global changes in temperature and sea level. The NIE could complement existing scientific research programs by funding interdisciplinary research related to human and institutional behavior patterns that cause environmental change and to identify culturally appropriate mitigation measures.
9. Social Impacts of Geologic Hazards: The disastrous earthquake that struck Northridge, California, in 1994, and the devastating floods that inundated the Midwest in 1993, provide powerful reminders of the vital role the geosciences play in an ever growing range of national goals. The societal benefits of geoscience research and development on earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and other geologic hazards extend to such areas as housing, transportation, commerce, agriculture, and human health and safety.
The magnitude 6.7 earthquake that struck California caused 51 deaths. A similar earthquake in Iran in 1993 resulted in 55,000 deaths. The relatively low death toll in the California earthquake is partially attributable to geoscientific and engineering research and development supported by the National Science Foundation, U.S. Geological Survey, and other agencies that participate in the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program.
The Southern California Earthquake Center represents a major commitment by the National Science Foundation to improve the methodology to forecast future earthquake occurrences and to predict the ground motions resulting from such events throughout southern California. The goal of the Center is to develop plans to mitigate injury and loss of life and reduce property and other damage from earthquakes in southern California. The center has a mandate to transfer its knowledge to a user community consisting of earthquake engineers, emergency preparedness officials, regional planners, and the general public. Consensus building on seismic issues with public policy implications is an important function of the Center. Input from the user community is a major ingredient in the process of moving from scientific knowledge to user information. Formal interactions have been developed between the Center and earthquake engineers, state emergency response and hazard mapping agencies, and the media.
Recent seismic studies are providing useful information leading to understanding of the frequency of earthquakes in California. It may be that there has been a deficit of events over the last 150 years and that the recent increased activity since 1987 is the long-term norm. Other explanations are also possible.
The reduction of the impact of natural hazards provides a clear example of linking science and technology to societal goals. The federal government currently supports research and development, mitigation, and awareness programs regarding geologic hazards. The NIE could complement existing efforts by sponsoring social science research on the societal impacts of geological hazards and on the societal benefits of R&D, mitigation, and awareness programs. Societal benefits include reduced losses, reduced expenditures for federal emergency and disaster relief, and reduced losses of tax revenues. For example, the U.S. Geological Survey reports that the successful prediction of the 1991 eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines saved thousands of lives and billions of dollars in U.S. military equipment. The NIE could sponsor research that compares the costs and benefits of programs that mitigate losses from geologic hazards.
10. The Connection Between Earth Sciences and Public Health: An indelible link exists between humankind and the thin skin of the earth on which we live and derive our nourishment. Our health and well-being are totally intertwined with the portion of the surface we call "home." This is a truism, not only when we consider where we site our houses, farms, industry, and dams, to maximize accessibility to food, water, transportation, and energy, but personally. The health of each individual is derived and maintained by ingesting locally available produce and potable water. We do not lack for anything nutritionally, but this optimum situation neither exists worldwide, nor should we count on it continuing in our nation without maintaining an integrated multidisciplinary research effort that involves geomorphology, mineralogy and petrology, agriculture, plant physiology, biochemistry, and related disciplines.
A habitat with a diversity of plant and animal species is only possible if the ground underneath supplies the nutrients and moisture required for growth and sustenance, and does not harbor deleterious factors. These factors may be omissions—as can be the case with iodine, or soils may lack the required nutrients because their bulk mineral composition is impoverished or water logged. The (geological) environment may contain a known hazard; radon and the element, arsenic, are two examples. Fluoridation of water supplies has been an effective mechanism in preventing tooth decay, and the necessary amounts are parts per million. However, at sites in Oklahoma and in India, high fluorine causes mottling of teeth and the disease osteopetrosis. In these cases, the human condition indicated the superabundance of fluorine in a soluble mineral in local rocks. Understanding health risks such as these is rooted in the earth sciences that characterize the speciation of elements and the factors that control their distribution.
The composition and distribution of mineral matter as the source and sink of organic and bio-organic (microbial) constituents, together with knowledge of the water table, frames the conditions required for prediction of future agricultural productivity. The geological sciences "owns" these databases and trains those who contribute to them and those able to interpret and apply them. Geological maps that integrate the Earth's surface topography, rock and soil composition or types, and hydrological data are basic to public health. Only a small portion of the earth's crust has been fully explored for its mineral or elemental contributions to our well-being, and that impetus has been mostly to provide for our infrastructure (e.g., roads) and industrial (e.g., steel) requirements through mining. It is time to actively search for the contributions that the earth brings to the individual.
How do we define a livable, sustainable environment (habitat) for our expanding population? What will be the effect (projections) as increases occur in special geographic areas? Can we define the essential requirements for adequate public health relative to the environment? Where are our future resources to come from? How will we decide where to build and what to save of our precious agricultural land, our waterways, lakes and ocean front?
NIE can foster integration of the basic research produced by geological sciences, geochemistry, and geophysics, with epidemiology and public health and develop strategies for the communication between the biological and medical scientists and geoscientists. NIE can educate the general populace and the government decision makers on the earth science contributions to environmental issues.
Specific studies that integrate environment and disease could include the nutritional deficiencies that are manifest in the third world related to soil composition in addition to studies that allow a better understanding of water sources where the vectors of disease, such as mosquitoes or snails, dwell so that natural methods of eradication can become permanent.
This document on the role of the earth sciences in addressing national environmental issues was prepared in response to a request from the Committee for the National Institute for the Environment. the preparation was sponsored by the American Geological Institute's Environmental Geoscience Advisory Committee, chaired by Dr. Philip E. Lamoreaux. Contributors to this paper were:
Dr. Stephen H. Stow, Subcommittee Chair, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Dr. Lee C. Gerhard, Kansas Geological Survey
Dr. James M. Robertson, Wisconsin Geological Survey
Dr. Craig M. Schiffries, American Geological Institute
Dr. Fred A. Donath, Geological Society of America
Dr. Stephen Born, University of Wisconsin
Dr. Priscilla C. Grew, University of Nebraska
Dr. Charles G. Groat, Louisiana State University
Dr. Orrin H. Pilkey, Duke University
Dr. Jonathan G. Price, National Research Council
Dr. Catherine H. Skinner, Yale University
Dr. Larry P. Wilding, Texas A&M University | <urn:uuid:ffbbf396-2113-4879-b577-8a05c09768f9> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.agiweb.org/gap/legis104/niepaper.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657133417.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011213-00174-ip-10-196-40-205.us-west-1.compute.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928029 | 7,757 | 3.15625 | 3 |
Mushrooms (also known as psilocybin mushrooms, psychedelic mushrooms, magic mushrooms and shrooms) are a kind of hallucinogen found in certain species of mushrooms. Although not considered to be physically addictive, psilocybin mushrooms can be psychologically addictive.
Understanding Mushrooms Abuse
People who take mushrooms may purchase them dried from a dealer, or harvest them fresh in the wild. Hallucinogenic mushrooms grow all over the world, but in the United States they are most often found growing in animal feces, like in a cow pasture.
According to the Drug Enforcement Agency’s Drugs of Abuse publication, mushrooms are taken orally, but because they are quite bitter, many people prefer to brew them as tea or mix them with other foods to mask the flavor. The effects begin about 20 minutes after ingestion, and last around six hours. These include:
- relaxation similar to low doses of marijuana
- fear, paranoia or panic
- introspective, spiritual experiences
- visual and auditory hallucinations
Although it was once presumed that the more dreamlike effects of psilocybin mushrooms must be caused by over-stimulating the brain, recent studies have surprised researchers by revealing that the drug actually suppresses brain activity.
A 2012 article in Time Magazine reported on this discovery, stating that “reducing the brain’s activity interfered with its normal ability to filter out stimuli, allowing participants to see afresh what would ordinarily have been dismissed as irrelevant or as background noise. [Study participants] described having wandering thoughts, dreamlike perceptions, geometric visual hallucinations and other unusual changes in their sensory experiences, like sounds triggering visual images… Indeed, if we always paid attention to every perceptible sensation or impulse like this, we’d be incapable of focusing at all.”
A 2014 study showed that magic mushrooms also work “by creating a hyperconnected brain.” Psilocybin induces long-range, temporary connections between regions of the brain that don’t normally communicate with each other.
Signs and Symptoms of Mushrooms Abuse
Here are some signs and symptoms that may indicate that someone you know is taking mushrooms:
- dilated pupils
- hallucinations/strange behavior or comments
- difficulty telling the difference between fantasy and reality
- rapid changes in body temperature
- sweating, chills
- stomach pain, nausea, vomiting
- difficulty concentrating
- muscle relaxation and loss of coordination
Dangers of Mushrooms Abuse
For many years it was believed that psilocybin mushrooms could cause or intensify mental health problems such as schizophrenia and depression. This belief has been called into question by more recent studies that have determined that while there may be individual cases of harm (such as cases of HPPD, where the hallucinogenic effects persist after the drug leaves your system) there is a lack of evidence that psilocybin use leads to lasting mental health issues.
An article from National Public Radio quoted Matthew W. Johnson, a psychologist in the psychiatry department at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, as saying, “There seems to be no evidence of overall negative impact — and even some hints of benefit — associated with the use of psychedelics.”
That being said, not all mushroom trips are “good trips.” In fact, while many people do find psilocybin enjoyable, the drug is equally likely to challenge you with seriously introspective, possibly disturbing experiences. The drug has also been known to induce paranoia, panic attacks and psychosis, especially in high doses. Having a good experience on the drug is partly due to luck, and partly due to people taking small amounts in a controlled environment, usually with another person to “look after” them.
Who Abuses Mushrooms?
While some people take mushrooms to have fun, more knowledgeable users understand that experiences on the drug are unpredictable, and enjoyment is far from guaranteed. Frequent users are more likely to crave the mind-opening neurological effects of psilocybin, seeing it as a valuable psychological and spiritual experience.
A 2014 article in the Washington Post states that Dr. Robin Carhart-Harris, a post-doctoral researcher in neuropsychopharmacology at Imperial College London, conducted a study on psilocybin that found “Our firm sense of self—the habits and experiences that we find integral to our personality—is quieted by these trips… the drugs may unlock emotion while ‘basically killing the ego,’ allowing users to be less narrow-minded and let go of negative outlooks.”
This kind of experience, while not always enjoyable while it is happening, can have positive aftereffects that last for months or longer.
Although hallucinogens like psilocybin mushrooms are not physically addictive, you can develop a tolerance if you use them frequently. This will require you to increase your dosage to achieve the same level of mind-altering effects. Although you would have to ingest copious amounts of psilocybin mushrooms to “overdose” in the usual sense of the word, there are frequent cases where users have misidentified poisonous mushrooms and died. The more often you take mushrooms, the more likely it is that you will suffer from a similar mistake.
Psychological addiction is possible with mushrooms. There are two primary concerns with this sort of addiction. The first is that regular use makes you more vulnerable to potential dangers such as accidentally ingesting poisonous mushrooms, or harming yourself or others because you are not sufficiently aware of your surroundings while hallucinating. The second concern is that your need to escape reality may indicate that you suffer from serious emotional distress, past or ongoing trauma, and/or undiagnosed mental health conditions that require treatment.
Am I Addicted to Mushrooms?
At its core, the question of whether or not you are an addict depends a great deal on how your drug usage impacts your life and the way you see yourself.
The 12-step program Narcotics Anonymous lists the following questions in their publication, Am I an Addict? Honestly consider each one to determine if you might be addicted to mushrooms. Remember as you read that it isn’t so much how many “yes” answers you have that indicate addiction, but more how you feel as you consider how to respond to each question.
- Do you ever use alone?
- Have you ever substituted one drug for another, thinking that one particular drug was the problem?
- Have you ever manipulated or lied to a doctor to obtain prescription drugs?
- Have you ever stolen drugs or stolen to obtain drugs?
- Do you regularly use a drug when you wake up or when you go to bed?
- Have you ever taken one drug to overcome the effects of another?
- Do you avoid people or places that do not approve of you using drugs?
- Have you ever used a drug without knowing what it was or what it would do to you?
- Has your job or school performance ever suffered from the effects of your drug use?
- Have you ever been arrested as a result of using drugs?
- Have you ever lied about what or how much you use?
- Do you put the purchase of drugs ahead of your financial responsibilities?
- Have you ever tried to stop or control your using?
- Have you ever been in a jail, hospital, or drug rehabilitation center because of your using?
- Does using interfere with your sleeping or eating?
- Does the thought of running out of drugs terrify you?
- Do you feel it is impossible for you to live without drugs?
- Do you ever question your own sanity?
- Is your drug use making life at home unhappy?
- Have you ever thought you couldn’t fit in or have a good time without drugs?
- Have you ever felt defensive, guilty, or ashamed about your using?
- Do you think a lot about drugs?
- Have you had irrational or indefinable fears?
- Has using affected your sexual relationships?
- Have you ever taken drugs you didn’t prefer?
- Have you ever used drugs because of emotional pain or stress?
- Have you ever overdosed on any drugs?
- Do you continue to use despite negative consequences?
- Do you think you might have a drug problem?
Mushrooms Addiction Treatment
There are quality, affordable treatment programs across the United States that can help free you from the hold drug abuse has on your life.
Therapies your recovery plan will likely include are:
- Individual, group and family counseling
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
- Holistic treatments such as yoga and massage
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Trucks and Jeeps
Engines / Trans
Repairs / Fixes
Tests and Reviews
based on an article by Dr. David George Briant in the Walter P. Chrysler Club’s WPC News
The B-29 bomber was one of the most famous and impressive large aircraft of World War II; they were bigger and faster, better balanced, and perhaps tougher than the B-17 “Flying Fortress” or B-24 “Liberator,” always equipped with pressurized cabins and used up into mid-1953. The B-29’s biggest moment was on August 1, 1945; 836 of the bombers attacked targets in Japan and Korea, and 784 returned. The planes were still fairly new — the test planes had been ordered in 1941.
Shortly after its first successful test, the military realized that, to get the number of four-engined planes they needed, another source of engines would be needed; Wright could not build enough of the Cyclone powerplants to meet demand. They presented the job to Chrysler Corporation in 1942, demanding that production start in early 1943, with a thousand engines per month being built by the start of 1944 — despite there being no building or mass-production-ready blueprints.
L. L. “Tex” Colbert was General Manager of the project, while William C. Newberg was Chief Engineer (both were eventually to be undistinguished presidents of the company). The master mechanic was C. J. Synder, the plant engineer was H.J. Laidlaw, and the production manager was W. H. Eddy.
Chrysler employees traveled to Wright’s plant near Paterson, New Jersey (it still exists, though it’s no longer in its original use). The 18-cylinder engine was just beginning its testing phase; and the first XB-29 airframe was not to be built for another nine months.
Chrysler chose a site near Chicago, officially run by Dodge (“Dodge-Chicago”), presumably due to the large labor force. The famed architect Albert Kahn, facing a shortage of steel, worked with Chrysler to create a pioneering arched-rib design that cut steel use in half — saving 9,200 tons of the metal.
Contractor George A. Fuller ran the construction night and day, creating 6,300,000 square feet of floor space in 19 buildings. The huge complex took up 30 city blocks, costing $173 million — roughly $2.4 billion in 2012 money. The central building took up 82 acres, 22 of which were air-conditioned for precise assembly. This was the only aircraft engine factory to take in pigs of aluminum and magnesium at one end, and return finished engines at the other.
Newberg had new engines generate electricity during testing, to prevent waste; that brought 91,106,000 kilowatt hours of power.
The Wright Cyclone engine design had actually begun way back in 1927 as a nine-cylinder with hemispherical combustion chambers and air cooling, good for 525 horsepower. More output was needed, and many changes were made, including doubling the cylinder count.
The B-17’s were rated at 1,200 horsepower; by using higher compression ratios and supercharging, Wright brought power ratings on their Cyclone up to 2,200 horsepower.
Chrysler delivered 344 engines in June, well over the scheduled number; they hit a thousand on July 13, and continued to exceed expectations. They delivered 7,500 by the end of January 1945, and 16,000 in mid-June. But when Japan surrendered, the contract closed — with 18,413 engines built.
As they produced the engine, they also found opportunities to improve it, resulting in thousands of design changes and a total of 48,500 engineering releases and change notices. Dodge had 120 graduate engineers (as well as assistants for them) working on 26 major improvements, such as pre-stressed pistons, shot-peened connecting rods, higher-pressure fuel injection and oil pressure, and the use of the corporation’s Superfinish and magnetic inspection.
Rear cylinders overheated because there was not enough clearance between cylinder baffles and the cowl; increasing low-speed cooling backfired on high-temperature airfields in the Pacific. Pilots were trained to lift slowly, to cool the engines before slowly building speed for flying thinner air.
The engines often ingested their own valves, causing fires made worse by the presence of magnesium. That same magnesium caused some components to expand at different rates, causing oil leaks which were another cause of fire and failure. Backfiring through the carburetor could also cause fires until they started using fuel injection.
Dodge-Chicago engines were used interchangeably with Wright’s. Dodge made just over five engines per plane; Wright made just 13,800 engines despite having two dedicated factories (Cincinatti OH, Woodbridge NJ). Dodge-Chicago cut the cost of producing each engine from $26,833 to 12,117 ($12,954 for the fuel-injected version), building 18,413 engines at about half of the estimated cost.
The B-29 bomber had a 5,418 mile range, a maximum speed of 399 mph (bombing runs were done at around 210 mph), and a service ceiling of 36,150 feet. They had a gross weight of 140,000 pounds.
Temperatures in India and China were often over 120°, bringing the bombers’ interior temperatures up to nearly 200°. The high temperatures also made detonation a problem, cutting the life of the valves. Repair and upgrade kits were sent out across their fields of operation.
In their two years of service against Japan, they dropped 169,676 tons of bombs; during the three years of the Korean War, they dropped 167,000 more tons.
The B-29 program ended up being the most expensive of the war projects, but it was decisive in the victory against Japan. In addition to engines, Chrysler built:
Breer, Carl. (1995). [Yanick, A. J., Editor] The Birth of Chrysler Corporation and Its Engineering Legacy. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.
LeMay, Curtis E. and Venne, Bill. (1988). Superfortress: the story of the B-29 and American Airpower. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
Stout, Wesley W. (1947). Great Engines and Great Planes. Detroit, MI: Chrysler Corporation.
They came smashing through the Japanese lines and there it was -- a 1941 Plymouth DeLuxe sedan in the heart of the New Guinea jungle!
On its side was painted the enemy's rising sun insignia. American bullets had drilled the machine so full of holes that the entire top had to be removed. But the motor, according to Staff Sgt. Kenneth B. Schooley, who described the incident, was "in excellent condition, despite having a few, large caliber bullets bounced off it."
After the usual rough jungle travel, he writes, "it's like riding on air." At last report, the sedan was no longer "De Luxe" but it was doing a real job on New Guinea. The medical detachment requisitioned it, took out the back seat, put in a floor, and was using the Plymouth to transport wounded troops from the front.
Plymouth records show that this historic car went from the factory to a dealer on Guam. Probably the Japanese seized it there and took it with them to New Guinea. The full story won't be known until after the war - if then.
But there's no mystery about the reason why Plymouth is a great car on New Guinea or on Main Street. Plymouths were designed and manufactured to do their job under the worst conditions and the best. That quality is now going into Bofors anti-aircraft guns, assemblies for Helldivers, many other war needs. Meanwhile, three million Plymouths are proving their stamina on the roads. They may have to last a long time. They're built to do that when serviced by experienced Plymouth dealers.
Chrysler Heritage • History by Year • Chrysler People and Bios • Corporate Facts and History
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On August 9, 1974 President Richard M. Nixon became the only U.S. President to resign from office. Within months of his successful 1972 reelection, Nixon’s administration became embroiled in scandal. Precipitated by the burglary of the National Democratic Committee by members of Nixon’s reelection team, the two-year Watergate investigation uncovered layers of illegal activity and lies. Tape recorded conversations from the Oval Office eventually tied the President to the cover-up.
Facing impeachment, President Nixon chose to step down, announcing his resignation on national television. In his statement to the American people he blamed the press for “leaks and accusations and innuendo” rather than admitting any personal wrongdoing.
While President Nixon had improved international relations with China and the USSR, brokered a nuclear arms treaty, and ended US military involvement in Viet Nam, his legacy was defined by Watergate. And, in a sidebar to history, political scandals since Watergate are still commonly tagged with the suffix “gate.”
To commemorate the City of Troy’s 60th Anniversary in 2015, we will publish a different story each day that highlights a person, discovery, or event that occurred locally, regionally, nationally, or even globally between 1955 and 2015 and that helped shape our lives and our community. We will try to post stories on important anniversary dates, but we also realize that dates are less critical than content and context. We will include the facts related to controversial stories, allowing our readers to form their own opinions. We invite you to read and comment on the stories. Your suggestions for topics are also welcome and can be posted on our Facebook page, www.facebook.com/TroyHistoricVillage. You can also email stories or ideas to the 365 Story Editor at [email protected] | <urn:uuid:29b4a77c-2502-424a-982f-a5df003757df> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.troyhistoricvillage.org/august-9-president-richard-nixon-resigns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510225.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20230926211344-20230927001344-00851.warc.gz | en | 0.967689 | 368 | 2.6875 | 3 |
mutation(redirected from vowel mutations)
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Related to vowel mutations: ablaut
mutation,in biology, a sudden, random change in a genegene,
the structural unit of inheritance in living organisms. A gene is, in essence, a segment of DNA that has a particular purpose, i.e., that codes for (contains the chemical information necessary for the creation of) a specific enzyme or other protein.
..... Click the link for more information. , or unit of hereditary material, that can alter an inheritable characteristic. Most mutations are not beneficial, since any change in the delicate balance of an organism having a high level of adaptation to its environment tends to be disruptive. As the environment changes, however, mutations can prove advantageous and thus contribute to evolutionary change in the species. In higher animals and many higher plants a mutation may be transmitted to future generations only if it occurs in germ, or sex cell, tissue; somatic, or body cell, mutations cannot be inherited except in plants that propagate asexually (see reproductionreproduction,
capacity of all living systems to give rise to new systems similar to themselves. The term reproduction may refer to this power of self-duplication of a single cell or a multicellular animal or plant organism.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Sometimes the word mutation is used broadly to include variations resulting from aberrations of chromosomeschromosome
, structural carrier of hereditary characteristics, found in the nucleus of every cell and so named for its readiness to absorb dyes. The term chromosome
..... Click the link for more information. ; in chromosomal mutations the number of chromosomes may be altered, or segments of chromosomes may be lost or rearranged. Changes within single genes, called point mutations, are actual chemical changes to the structure of the constituent DNA.
Each gene is made up of a long sequence of substances called nucleotidesnucleotide
, organic substance that serves as a monomer in forming nucleic acids. Nucleotides consist of either a purine or a pyrimidine base, a ribose or deoxyribose, and a phosphate group. Adenosine triphosphate serves as the principle energy carrier for the cell's reactions.
..... Click the link for more information. ; these nucleotides, taken in series of three at a time, specify each amino acid subunit of a protein (see nucleic acidnucleic acid,
any of a group of organic substances found in the chromosomes of living cells and viruses that play a central role in the storage and replication of hereditary information and in the expression of this information through protein synthesis.
..... Click the link for more information. ). In a frameshift mutation, a nucleotide is added or deleted to the sequence and the decoding of the entire gene sequence will be radically altered and the amino acid sequence of the protein produced will also be very different. Often the resulting protein is totally ineffective. If one nucleotide substitutes for another in the sequence only one amino acid of the protein will be different, but the effect can be quite dramatic. For example, the inherited sickle cell diseasesickle cell disease
or sickle cell anemia,
inherited disorder of the blood in which the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin pigment in erythrocytes (red blood cells) is abnormal.
..... Click the link for more information. is the result of a mutation that results in the substitution of the amino acid valinevaline
, organic compound, one of the 22 α-amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. Only the l-stereoisomer appears in mammalian protein.
..... Click the link for more information. for glutamic acidglutamic acid
, organic compound, one of the 20 amino acids commonly found in animal proteins. Only the l-stereoisomer occurs in mammalian proteins.
..... Click the link for more information. in hemoglobinhemoglobin
, respiratory protein found in the red blood cells (erythrocytes) of all vertebrates and some invertebrates. A hemoglobin molecule is composed of a protein group, known as globin, and four heme groups, each associated with an iron atom.
..... Click the link for more information. .
Because proteins called enzymesenzyme,
biological catalyst. The term enzyme comes from zymosis, the Greek word for fermentation, a process accomplished by yeast cells and long known to the brewing industry, which occupied the attention of many 19th-century chemists.
..... Click the link for more information. control most cell activities, a mutation affecting an enzyme can result in alteration of other cell components. A single gene mutation may have many effects if the enzyme it controls is involved in several metabolic processes. Occasionally a mutation can be offset by either another mutation on the same gene or on another gene that suppresses the effect of the first. Certain genes are responsible for producing enzymes that can repair some mutations. While this process is not fully understood, it is believed that if these genes themselves mutate, the result can be a higher mutation rate of all genes in an organism.
Mutations may be induced by exposure to ultraviolet rays and alpha, beta, gamma, and X radiation, by extreme changes in temperature, and by certain mutagenic chemicals such as nitrous acid, nitrogen mustard, and chemical substitutes for portions of the nucleotide subunits of genes. H. J. MullerMuller, Hermann Joseph
, 1890–1967, American geneticist and educator, b. New York City, grad. Columbia (B.A., 1910; Ph.D., 1916). A student of Thomas Hunt Morgan, he taught (1915–18) at Rice Institute, Tex., at Columbia (1918–20), and at the Univ.
..... Click the link for more information. , an American geneticist, pioneered in inducing mutations by X-ray radiation (using the fruit fly, Drosophila) and developed a method of detecting mutations that are lethal.
Mutation and Evolution
In 1901 the observation of mutants, or sports, among evening primrose plants led the Dutch botanist Hugo de Vries to present his theory that new characteristics may appear suddenly and that these characteristics are inheritable; before this time the sources of evolutionary variation were not known and some still believed that evolution resulted from a gradual selection of favorable acquired characteristicsacquired characteristics,
modifications produced in an individual plant or animal as a result of mutilation, disease, use and disuse, or any distinctly environmental influence. Some examples are docking of tails, malformation caused by disease, and muscle atrophy.
..... Click the link for more information. . The work of de Vries and of subsequent investigators who demonstrated the distinction between mutation and environmental variations has shown the importance of mutation in the mechanism of evolutionevolution,
concept that embodies the belief that existing animals and plants developed by a process of gradual, continuous change from previously existing forms. This theory, also known as descent with modification, constitutes organic evolution.
..... Click the link for more information. .
See W. Gottschalk and G. Wolff, Induced Mutations in Plant Breeding (1983); G. Obe, Mutations in Man (1984).
Any alteration capable of being replicated in the genetic material of an organism. When the alteration is in the nucleotide sequence of a single gene, it is referred to as gene mutation; when it involves the structures or number of the chromosomes, it is referred to as chromosome mutation, or rearrangement. Mutations may be recognizable by their effects on the phenotype of the organism (mutant).
Two classes of gene mutations are recognized: point mutations and intragenic deletions. Two different types of point mutation have been described. In the first of these, one nucleic acid base is substituted for another. The second type of change results from the insertion of a base into, or its deletion from, the polynucleotide sequence. These mutations are all called sign mutations or frame-shift mutations because of their effect on the translation of the information of the gene. See Nucleic acid
More extensive deletions can occur within the gene which are sometimes difficult to distinguish from mutants which involve only one or two bases. In the most extreme case, all the informational material of the gene is lost.
A single-base alteration, whether a transition or a transversion, affects only the codon or triplet in which it occurs. Because of code redundancy, the altered triplet may still insert the same amino acid as before into the polypeptide chain, which in many cases is the product specified by the gene. Such DNA changes pass undetected. However, many base substitutions do lead to the insertion of a different amino acid, and the effect of this on the function of the gene product depends upon the amino acid and its importance in controlling the folding and shape of the enzyme molecule. Some substitutions have little or no effect, while others destroy the function of the molecule completely.
Single-base substitutions may sometimes lead not to a triplet which codes for a different amino acid but to the creation of a chain termination signal. Premature termination of translation at this point will lead to an incomplete and generally inactive polypeptide.
Sign mutations (adding or subtracting one or two bases to the nucleic acid base sequence of the gene) have a uniformly drastic effect on gene function. Because the bases of each triplet encode the information for each amino acid in the polypeptide product, and because they are read in sequence from one end of the gene to the other without any punctuation between triplets, insertion of an extra base or two bases will lead to translation out of register of the whole sequence distal to the insertion or deletion point. The polypeptide formed is at best drastically modified and usually fails to function at all. This sometimes is hard to distinguish from the effects of intragenic deletions. However, whereas extensive intragenic deletions cannot revert, the deletion of a single base can be compensated for by the insertion of another base at, or near, the site of the original change. See Gene, Genetic code
Some chromosomal changes involve alterations in the quantity of genetic material in the cell nuclei, while others simply lead to the rearrangement of chromosomal material without altering its total amount. See Chromosome
Origins of mutations
Mutations can be induced by various physical and chemical agents or can occur spontaneously without any artificial treatment with known mutagenic agents.
Until the discovery of x-rays as mutagens, all the mutants studied were spontaneous in origin; that is, they were obtained without the deliberate application of any mutagen. Spontaneous mutations occur unpredictably, and among the possible factors responsible for them are tautomeric changes occurring in the DNA bases which alter their pairing characteristics, ionizing radiation from various natural sources, naturally occurring chemical mutagens, and errors in the action of the DNA-polymerizing and correcting enzymes.
Spontaneous chromosomal aberrations are also found infrequently. One way in which deficiencies and duplications may be generated is by way of the breakage-fusion-bridge cycle. During a cell division one divided chromosome suffers a break near its tip, and the sticky ends of the daughter chromatids fuse. When the centromere divides and the halves begin to move to opposite poles, a chromosome bridge is formed, and breakage may occur again along this strand. Since new broken ends are produced, this sequence of events can be repeated. Unequal crossing over is sometimes cited as a source of duplications and deficiencies, but it is probably less important than often suggested.
In the absence of mutagenic treatment, mutations are very rare. In 1927 H. J. Muller discovered that x-rays significantly increased the frequency of mutation in Drosophila. Subsequently, other forms of ionizing radiation, for example, gamma rays, beta particles, fast and thermal neutrons, and alpha particles, were also found to be effective. Ultraviolet light is also an effective mutagen. The wavelength most employed experimentally is 253.7 nm, which corresponds to the peak of absorption of nucleic acids.
Some of the chemicals which have been found to be effective as mutagens are the alkylating agents which attack guanine principally although not exclusively. The N7 portion appears to be a major target in the guanine molecule, although the O6 alkylation product is probably more important mutagenically. Base analogs are incorporated into DNA in place of normal bases and produce mutations probably because there is a higher chance that they will mispair at replication. Nitrous acid, on the other hand, alters DNA bases in place. Adenine becomes hypoxanthine and cytosine becomes uracil. In both cases the deaminated base pairs differently from the parent base. A third deamination product, xanthine, produced by the deamination of guanine, appears to be lethal in its effect and not mutagenic. Chemicals which react with DNA to generate mutations produce a range of chemical reaction products not all of which have significance for mutagenesis.
Significance of mutations
Mutations are the source of genetic variability, upon which natural selection has worked to produce organisms adapted to their present environments. It is likely, therefore, that most new mutations will now be disadvantageous, reducing the degree of adaptation. Harmful mutations will be eliminated after being made homozygous or because the heterozygous effects reduce the fitness of carriers. This may take some generations, depending on the severity of their effects. Chromosome alterations may also have great significance in evolutionary advance. Duplications are, for example, believed to permit the accumulation of new mutational changes, some of which may prove useful at a later stage in an altered environment.
Rarely, mutations may occur which are beneficial: Drug yields may be enhanced in microorganisms; the characteristics of cereals can be improved. However, for the few mutations which are beneficial, many deleterious mutations must be discarded. Evidence suggests that the metabolic conditions in the treated cell and the specific activities of repair enzymes may sometimes promote the expression of some types of mutation rather than others. See Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
a spontaneous or artificially induced permanent change in structures that are responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic information in living organisms. The capacity for mutation is a universal property of all forms of life, from viruses and microorganisms to the higher plants, animals, and man. Mutation is the basis for heritable variation in nature.
Mutations appearing in the germ cells or spores (gametic mutations) are hereditarily transmitted. The mutations that arise in cells that are not involved in sexual reproduction (somatic mutations) result in genetic mosaicism. This is a condition in which one part of the organism consists of mutant cells, while the remaining part consists of nonmutant cells. In such cases the mutation can be inherited only by vegetative reproduction involving mutant buds, mutant stalks, mutant tubers, or other mutant somatic parts.
Spontaneous hereditary changes were observed by many scientists in the 18th and 19th centuries and were well known to C. Darwin, but the thorough study of mutation was not begun until the emergence of experimental genetics early in the 20th century. The term “mutation” was introduced into genetics by H. de Vries in 1901.
Types. Mutations are termed genomic, chromosomal, or point (gene), depending on the nature of the change occurring in the genetic apparatus. Genomic mutations involve changes in the total number of chromosomes in the cell. One such mutation is polyploidy, an increase in the total number of complete chromosome sets: Instead of two chromosome sets, typical of diploid organisms, there may be three, four, or even more sets. In haploidy, instead of two chromosome sets there is only one. There are several forms in which aneuploidy, a third type of genomic mutation, can occur: in nullisomy, one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes are absent; in monosomy, one member of a pair of chromosomes is absent; trisomies, tetrasomies, and so forth occur when three or more homologous partners are present.
Several types of chromosomal mutations, or aberrations, are distinguished: (1) inversion, in which a segment of the chromosome is rotated 180° so that the normal sequence of the genes becomes reversed; (2) translocation, in which parts of two or more nonhomologous chromosomes are exchanged; (3) deletions, which involve the complete loss of a substantial part of a chromosome; (4) minor deletions, which involve loss of only a small part of a chromosome; (5) duplication, in which doubling of part of a chromosome occurs; and (6) fracture, in which a chromosome is broken into two or more parts.
Point mutations are permanent changes in the chemical structure of individual genes. Such mutations are usually not visible under a microscope. Mutations are known to occur in genes that are situated not only in the chromosomes but also in certain self-reproducing organelles, for example, in the mitochondria and plastids.
Effects on organism. A great variety of biochemical, physiological, and morphological characteristics of an organism can change as a result of mutation. The changes found in mutants, organisms that have undergone mutation, can be indistinct, only consisting of minor deviations from the average appearance of a certain species characteristic. The changes in a mutant can also be quite pronounced. Polyploid mutants are usually recognized by an enlargement of both the individual cells and the organism as a whole. If a polyploid has an even number of chromosome sets (balanced polyploid), fertility is usually preserved or decreased only slightly. But polyploids in which the number of chromosome sets is uneven (unbalanced polyploids) are infertile or only slightly fertile. The chromosomes of unbalanced polyploids are distributed randomly in the mature germ cells. This results in the formation of aneuploid gametes, most of which cannot be fertilized or cannot produce viable zygotes. Haploid mutants have small cells, and the organism as a whole is smaller than the normal diploid form of the species. Infertility is complete, or nearly complete, because only a few gametes contain a full complement of chromosomes. Various characteristics in aneuploids are altered substantially, often severely enough to kill the organism or render it infertile.
The changes are usually less pronounced in the cases of deletion, minor deletion, and duplication; the extent of change in the organism is generally proportional to the length of the part of the chromosome that was lost or doubled. Large deletions can result in the death of the organism.
Inversions and translocations do not themselves alter the characteristics of the organism (unless a change occurs in the gene’s phenotypic manifestation because of the gene’s proximity to a new set of neighboring genes). However, translocations and inversions do have significant genetic consequences. In the case of inversion in heterozygotes, the exchange of genetic information between the normal chromosome and the chromosome bearing the inversion is complicated. When translocation occurs in heterozygotes, partially aneuploid germ cells and mostly nonviable germ cells result. This also occurs in the case of fractures, because the chromosome fragment that is left without a centromere after breakage is lost.
Point mutations, which make up the majority of all mutations, give rise to a great variety of changes. A modification of one gene usually causes changes in several phenotypic characteristics. Point mutations can be dominant, semidominant, or recessive. Mutation of a gene can produce a variant, or allele, of that gene. The phenotypic expressions of allelic genes differ from each other. The expression of a mutant allele can differ from the expression of the corresponding normal allele in the following ways: (1) the product (usually an enzyme) that is coded for at that particular gene site is not formed at all, (2) the product is formed in abnormally low or high quantities, (3) a substance that inactivates or inhibits the product of a nonmutant gene is synthesized, and (4) instead of the normal product being formed, a nonreactive product, absent in nonmutant individuals, is evolved. A gene that has mutated is usually as stable as the nonmutant gene from which it originated, and it may return to its original state following a new mutation. Such an occurrence is known as a reversible mutation. Point mutations are usually injurious, because they interfere with vital processes and diminish the body’s viability and fertility. A mutant gene often kills a developing organism. Such mutations are called lethal. Point mutations that have comparatively little effect on viability and fertility are not as common as lethal mutations, and those that improve various properties of the body are even less frequent. Despite their relatively rare occurrence, favorable point mutations are very important in that they provide the basic material for both natural and artificial selection, crucial processes in evolution and breeding.
Causes and artificial induction. Polyploidy generally arises at the start of mitotic cell divisions (cell division of somatic cells) in which the chromosomes do separate successfully but in which cell division for some reason does not proceed past that point of separation. Polyploidy can be artificially induced by treating the cell, once mitosis has begun, with substances that interfere with cell division. Less frequently, polyploidy results from the fusion of two somatic cells or from the participation of two spermatozoa in the fertilization of a single egg cell. Haploidy usually results from parthenogenesis, the development of an embryo without fertilization of the egg. Parthenogenesis is artificially induced by using dead pollen or pollen from a distant species to pollinate the plant. The main cause of aneuploidy is the accidental nondisjunction during meiosis (cellular division of germ cells) of a pair of homologous chromosomes. Nondisjunction either causes both chromosomes of a homologous pair to enter a single germ cell or completely prevents both chromosomes from entering the germ cell. Less commonly, aneuploids originate from a few nonviable germ cells formed in unbalanced polyploids.
The causes of chromosomal aberrations and of the most important category of mutations, point mutations, remained unknown a long time. Thus, the erroneous concept known as autogenesis was developed, whereby spontaneous gene mutations arise in nature seemingly without the participation of environmental factors. It was not until methods for quantitatively evaluating gene mutations were developed that mutations could be induced by a variety of chemical and physical factors. Such factors are called mutagens.
The earliest data regarding the effect of radium on heritable variation in lower fungi was obtained in the USSR by G. A. Nadson and G. S. Filippov in 1925. Convincing proof that mutations can be artificially induced was given in 1927 by G. Muller, who in experiments on Drosophila discovered the powerful mutagenic property of X rays. Subsequent research on the genetic effects of radiation on different organisms revealed the universal capacity of all ionizing radiation to induce not only gene mutations but also chromosomal aberrations.
The mutagenic action of certain chemical agents was first discovered in the USSR by M. N. Meisel’ (1928), V. V. Sakharov (1933), and M. E. Lobashev (1934). Heterologus DNA, the first powerful chemical mutagen, was discovered in 1939 by S. M. Gershenzon and his co-workers. In 1946 the powerful mutagenic action of formaldehyde and ethylenimine was discovered by the Soviet geneticist I. A. Rapoport. That same year the British geneticists C. Auerbach and D. Robson discovered the powerful mutagen mustard gas. Hundreds of other chemical mutagens have been found since then. Powerful physical and chemical mutagens increase the frequency of gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations by many factors often: the most powerful chemical mutagens, the supermutagens, many of which were discovered and studied by the Soviet geneticist Rapoport and co-workers, increase the mutation and aberration rates by a factor of 100 or more over the base level frequency of spontaneous mutation.
Experiments using cell cultures and laboratory animals revealed that many viruses can induce mutations. In viruses, it is the indigenous nucleic acids that appear to act as the mutagen. Thus, viruses not only are the causative agents of many diseases in animals, man, plants, and microorganisms but also serve as one of the sources of heritable variation. All mutagens cause point mutations by directly or indirectly altering the molecular structure of the nucleic acids in which the genetic information is coded.
Mutations have been studied most in corn, in Drosophila, and in some microorganisms. Experimental studies on spontaneous and induced mutations have revealed a number of important characteristics of the mutation of genes. The frequency with which spontaneous mutation occurs varies from gene to gene and from organism to organism, ranging for an individual gene from one mutation per 105 genes to one mutation per 107 genes in a generation. A few genes, called mutable genes, may mutate much more frequently. The frequency of forward mutation and that of backward mutation in the same gene are often different. Mutagens increase the mutation frequency for all the genes at approximately the same rate, so that the mutation spectrum—the ratio of the number of more commonly mutating genes to the number of less commonly mutating genes—remains about the same for both the spontaneous and the induced mutation processes. Chemical mutagens may effect slightly different mutation spectra from other mutagens.
It is only in microorganisms that some chemical mutagens can significantly increase the mutation rate of certain genes over the mutation rate of the other genes. Sites on the chromosome that are susceptible to mutation are called hot spots. A similar phenomenon occurs during the mutagenic action of viral nucleic acids on multicellular organisms. The ratio of the number of point mutations to the number of chromosomal aberrations depends on whether the mutagens are chemical or physical. Chemical mutagens are responsible for a greater number of point mutations than are physical mutagens. There are also other differences in the ways in which chemical and physical mutagens function.
Not all the changes induced by mutagens in DNA are expressed as mutations. A damaged portion of DNA is often removed, or excised, in the course of recombination by the repair enzymes in the cell, which restore the structure of DNA. During the subsequent replication of the DNA, the damaged portion is replaced by a corresponding normal fragment.
The frequency with which any mutation appears depends on many external and internal factors, for example, temperature, partial pressure of oxygen, age of the organism, and phase of development and physiological condition of the cell. The characteristics of the genotype are very important, because even within a single species genetically different strains may differ with respect to their mutabilities. Mutator genes, which sharply increase the frequency of mutations, have been described in several organisms. Because of its dependence on genetic factors, mutability can be increased or decreased through artificial selection. The differences in mutability among the various species are a consequence of the effect of natural selection on the course of the species’ evolution.
Significance in evolution, plant breeding, and medicine. The basis for understanding the role of mutation in evolution was established in the 1920’s by the Soviet geneticist S. S. Chetverikov, the British scientists J. Haldane and R. Fisher, and the American scientist S. Wright, pioneers in the field of evolutionary genetics. All the hereditary changes that serve as the raw material for natural selection were shown to have arisen through mutation. Recombinant variation, resulting from the formation of new combinations of genes through crossing over, is ultimately also the consequence of those mutations that were responsible for the genetic differences of the parent individuals.
In contrast to the case of modification, in mutation a single mutagenic factor gives rise to a variety of mutations that affect several characteristics in different ways. Thus, mutations are not in themselves adaptive. Nevertheless, the mutations that constantly appear in any species—many of them persisting latently for a long time within the population in the form of recessive mutations—serve as a reservoir for heritable variation that enables natural selection to restructure the hereditary characteristics of a species and adapt the species to changing environmental conditions, such as changes in climate, biocenosis, or migration. Thus, the adaptive value of evolutionary change is a consequence of preservation by natural selection of the carriers of those mutations and combinations of mutations that turn out to be useful in a particular situation. The mutations that were injurious or neutral under some conditions may prove to be useful under different conditions.
Point mutations are the most valuable in terms of their role in evolution. Despite the relatively infrequent mutation of each gene, the overall frequency of spontaneous point mutation is great because there are tens of thousands of genes in the genotype of multicellular organisms. As a result, a large percentage (about 5 to 30 percent in higher plants and animals) of the gametes or spores formed by an organism carries various gene mutations, thereby creating the prerequisite for effective natural selection. The chromosomal aberrations that make recombination difficult —inversions and translocations—contribute to the reproductive isolation and to the subsequent divergence of groups of organisms. Duplications lead to an increase in the number and variety of genes in the genotype, owing to later differentiation of the genes in the duplicated portions of the chromosomes. Polyploidy plays a major role in plant evolution: in conjunction with reproductive isolation, it sometimes can restore fertility to infertile interspecies hybrids.
The development of methods of artificial mutagenesis considerably facilitated the study of plant breeding. Much more starting material became available to plant breeders than when using rare spontaneous mutations. In 1930 the Soviet scientists A. A. Sapegin and L. N. Delone were the first to use ionizing radiation to breed wheat. The method of radiation selection was later used to breed new high-yielding varieties of such plants as wheat, barley, rice, and lupine. Radiation selection is also used to obtain valuable strains of microorganisms used in industry. Chemical mutagens can also produce good results in plant breeding.
Genomic mutations, chromosomal aberrations, and point mutations cause many hereditary diseases and congenital abnormalities in man. Therefore, protecting human beings from mutagens is a highly important task. Of great value in this respect was the initiative taken by the Soviet Union to ban atmospheric nuclear testing, which contaminates the environment with radioactive substances. It is very important for workers in the atomic industry, for those who handle radioactive isotopes, and for those who use X rays to scrupulously protect themselves against radiation. It is necessary to study the possible mutagenic action of new drugs, pesticides, and industrial chemicals and to prohibit the production of substances that prove to be mutagenic. The prevention of viral infections is also important in order to protect offspring against the mutagenic action of viruses.
REFERENCESSupermutageny; sb. st. Moscow, 1966.
Lobashev, M. E. Genetika, 2nd ed. Leningrad, 1967. Chapters 11, 14.
Herskowitz, I. Genetika. Moscow, 1968. Chapters 11–14, 30, 31. (Translated from English.)
Soifer, V. N. Molekuliarnye mekhanizmy mutageneza. Moscow, 1969.
Dubinin, N. P. Obshchaia genetika. Moscow, 1970. Chapters 17, 20.
Ratner, V. A. Printsipy organizatsii i mekhanizmy molekuliarno-geneti-cheskikh protsessov. Novosibirsk, 1972. Chapter 3.
Serra, J. A. Modern Genetics, vol. 3. London-New York, 1968. Chapters 20–22.
Auerbach, C, and B. J. Kilbey. “Mutation in Eukaryotes.” Annual Review of Genetics, 1971, vol. 5, p. 163.
Banks, G. R. “Mutagenesis: A Review of Some Molecular Aspects.” Science Progress, 1971, vol. 59, no. 236.
S. M. GERSHENZON
the alternation of vowels within the same root to produce various grammatical forms. Mutation is seen in the imperfective Russian verb ubirat’ (“to adorn”) and the noun ubor (“attire,” “gear”) and in the English “sing,” “sang,” “sung,” and “song.” | <urn:uuid:689fe006-ccdf-4514-befe-e3cf30d22d3f> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/vowel+mutations | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934805114.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20171118225302-20171119005302-00238.warc.gz | en | 0.934155 | 6,901 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Hardness testers are used to check whether materials have the desired characteristics. These days, this is done in a fully automated, networked process.
A material’s hardness can be used to gain information on various other properties, and the history of using hardness measurement to identify, analyze, or improve materials goes back over a hundred years. The principle has remained more or less the same – at least when it comes to metals. With a defined amount of force, a diamond or other testing object is pressed against the material to be measured. Measuring the penetration depth or the size of the impression then allows conclusions to be drawn about the hardness, which in turn can be used to derive other valuable insights about the material.
Since quality control plays an increasingly important role in industry, hardness testing today is a standard step in many labs, production facilities, and incoming and outgoing goods stations. The machines used for the task need to be smart, precise, and fast. In the age of Industry 4.0, networking capability and secure digital data archiving are also key.
The Austrian company Qness has tackled these challenges. Since 2010, Qness has been developing and producing hardness testing devices for a wide variety of applications in the automotive and aerospace industries, in medical technology, and in research. In the words of Robert Höll, General & Technical Manager, the relatively young company with 40 employees has “struck a nerve” with its products.
The latest generation of the company’s micro testing devices are used mainly in the laboratory and are able to perform hardness testing automatically. They are operated via a PC-based software, have an automatic tool changer, and support the usual testing methods (Vickers, Knoop, and Brinell). “We are also the first in the industry to integrate 3D representations into the user interface and enable the import of 3D data into the software,” says Robert Höll. This achieves a very high level of user friendliness.
The devices are able to perform a long series of tests automatically. Test sequences can be stored in the form of programs and reused as templates. The measuring results are evaluated to generate and document statistics and hardness curves. The results can be digitally archived and are available anytime and anywhere. This is an important factor in the digital age of networking.
However, all this is useful only if the measurements are accurate. High accuracy is therefore another important goal of Qness. “Our accuracy is now significantly better than that required by the standard,” says Robert Höll. To achieve this, the company uses only high-quality products – such as DC motors from maxon. Up to six of them are used per device, for positioning workpieces and tool turrets, as well as for tool-changing systems.
Qness relied on maxon from the start. The company particularly appreciates the online configurator, which allows customers to build specific drive systems. The requirements are clear: long service life, low noise, and short lead times. “The drives need to be very precise. After all, they need to move the slide with micrometer accuracy. We can’t afford compromises.”
As a next step, Qness wants to further expand its international sales and continue working on new innovations in the field of analytic devices. Robert Höll says: “As a developer, there is nothing more exciting than designing a machine concept, getting the first prototype to run, and to test whether it fulfills the expectations.” | <urn:uuid:72a4b38e-1a63-4f92-9795-73626552aae9> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.designworldonline.com/a-strong-impression/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348519531.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20200606190934-20200606220934-00216.warc.gz | en | 0.938593 | 725 | 2.71875 | 3 |
LUAIN -- On June 22, 1922, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson was shot and killed by two IRA men in London. Wilson was an Irish native, born in County Longford, and a long-time opponent of Irish home-rule. Wilson joined the British army in 1884 and saw action during the Boer War. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1907. Wilson was assigned to British army headquarters during the infamous "Curragh Incident" and supported the near mutiny of British officers who refused to lead troops against Ulster opponents of home-rule. He served in France during the Great War. When the war ended, Wilson continued his staunch support of the Unionist cause while serving as chief of Imperial General Staff. He was a strong supporter of the coercion tactics of the British in Ireland during the War of Independence, even suggesting that the leaders of Sinn Fein be executed. Wilson left the army when Lloyd George decided not to renew his term as chief of staff and, as a Conservative, was elected MP for North Down in 1922. In Parliament, he urged even stronger coercion methods than those that had been carried out by the Black and Tans. On June 22, returning from unveiling the war memorial at London's Liverpool rail station, he was ambushed by Reginald Dunne and Joseph O'Sullivan and shot dead on the steps of his home on London's posh Eaton Square. Both men were former soldiers in the British army, O'Sullivan having lost a leg at Ypres. Dunne refused to leave O'Sullivan, though his disability hampered the men's escape, and both were caught after being surrounded by angry bystanders. Both Michael Collins and the IRA's anti-Treaty faction denied that they had ordered the killing, and neither man revealed the source of their orders before they were executed. Some speculate that Collins had ordered the killing, enraged by anti-Catholic pogroms in Ulster, but it has never been proven.
CÉADAOIN -- On June 24, 1797, John Hughes, the first archbishop of New York, was born in Annaloghlan, County Tyrone. Hughes emigrated to the United States in 1817 and was ordained in Maryland in 1826. Appointed bishop in New York in 1842 and archbishop in 1850, Hughes was a fierce defender of Catholic civil rights during the worst period of anti-Catholic bigotry in American history.
(Left: Old St. Patrick's Cathedral, 1860. Armed men protected the church against threats of Nativist violence against the church, the seat of the Archdiocese of New York.)
When a Philadelphia mob attacked Catholics and burned two churches there in 1844, and nativists were threatening the same in New York, Hughes placed armed guards on his churches. He then warned Mayor James Harper if he allowed a single Catholic church to be burned "the city would become a Moscow." Apparently, Harper took Hughes threat quite seriously, for in spite of his own anti-Catholic feeling, the mayor took action and the Catholic churches of New York were saved.
DEARDAOIN -- On June 25, 1870, Robert Erskine Childers, whose mother was from County Clare, was born in London. Childers was raised at the home of family members at Glendalough, County Wicklow. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge. After serving in the British army during the Boer War he became an Irish nationalist. In 1914, Childers smuggled German rifles into Ireland on his yacht, Asgard. Though he served as the principal secretary to Collins and Griffith at the Anglo-Irish Treaty negotiations, Childers opposed the treaty, supporting the anti-treaty forces during the Civil War. Childers was captured by Free Staters in November 1922 with a pistol shortly after the Free State had passed legislation making such possession a capital offence. Ironically, the revolver Childers possessed was a gift from a former comrade – Michael Collins, who led the Free State until his death in an ambush three months earlier. Childers was found guilty on November 19 and executed on November 24, during the tragic exchange of atrocities by the two sides. Before they shot him, Childers shook the hand of each member of his firing squad. Childer's son, also called Erskine, would one day be President of Ireland.
SATHAIRN -- On June 27, 1862, the Irish 9th Massachusetts Infantry regiment of the Union Army was heavily engaged at the battle of Gaines Mill, Virginia, during McClellan's Peninsula Campaign. Put into an exposed, forward position near the bridge over Powhite Creek, the regiment sustained heavy casualties while delaying the advance of A. P. Hill's division, allowing other Federal forces to improve their defenses. Among the Confederates attacking the 9th's position were the Irishmen of Company K, 1st South Carolina.
(Left: Meagher and his Irish Brigade come to the relief of the 9th MA at Gaines Mill as depicted by Don Troiani in "Brothers of Ireland.")
After pulling back to the main Federal line, the regiment would be hotly engaged again later in the day. Numerous attacks by Hill's Confederates were repulsed through the day, and the 9th would also help cover the retreat of their brigade. The 9th was one of the last regiments of the 5th Corps remaining on the field as Gen. Thomas Francis Meagher and his Irish Brigade rushed into line to relieve the beleaguered remnant of the brave Massachusetts regiment. Seeing the green flags of the Irish Brigade coming to the 9th's aid, Lt. Col. Patrick Guiney, who had been watching his regiment shrink in number all day, shook the hand of Meagher and exclaimed, "Thank God, we are saved." The 9th lost 82 killed and 167 wounded that day.
Read more about the battle HERE.
'We took our part in supporting the aspirations of our fellow-countrymen in the same way as we took our part in supporting the nations of the world who fought for the rights of small nationalities. ... The same principles for which we shed our blood on the battle-field of Europe led us to commit the act we are charged with.'
-- From a speech that Reginald Dunne prepared, but was not allowed to read, after his conviction for the killing of Field Marshal Wilson
'No sir; but I am afraid some of yours will be burned.'
-- Bishop John Hughes (left) answer to New York's nativist Mayor James Harper in 1844 when Harper asked Hughes if he feared some of his churches would be burned by anti-Catholic mobs.
'At Gaine's Mill, Colonel Thomas Cass's gallant 9th Massachusetts Volunteers of Griffin's brigade obstinately resisted A.P. Hill's crossing, and were so successful in delaying his advance, after crossing, as to compel him to employ large bodies to force the regiment back to the main line.'
-- Union General Fitz-John Porter, writing in Century Magazine in 1884.
June -- Meitheamh
22, 1788 - James Francis Stuart (James III - The Old Pretender - London)
23, 1846 - John Gregory Bourke (Medal of Honor awardee and Native American ethnologist - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Irish immigrant parents.)
24, 1797 - Most Rev. John Hughes (First Archbishop of New York - Co. Tyrone.)
24, 1895 - Jack Dempsey (Heavyweight boxing champion, Manassa, Colorado. )
25, 1870 - Erskine Childers (Author and Revolutionary - London, England)
27, 1846 - Charles Stewart Parnell (Politician - Avondale, Co. Wicklow)
27, 1850 - Lafcadio Hearn (Author on Japanese subjects – Lafcadio Island, Greece.)
21, 1798 - Battle of Vinegar Hill
21, 1877 - Ten members of the Molly Maguires are hanged in Pennsylvania at Mauch Chunk (now Jim Thorpe) and Pottsville.
22, 1798 - The famed 45-mile route march out of Wexford under Father John Murphy and Miles Byrne to Kiltealy. the Scullogue Gap and the engagement of Killedmond in County Carlow.
22, 1798 - Engagement of Scollagh Gap in Co. Carlow.
22, 1917 - Captain “Dynamite” Johnny O’ Brien dies in Manhattan, NY
22, 1921 - George V opens Northern Ireland Parliament, pleads for peace.
22, 1922 - Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson shot dead by two IRA men in London.
23, 1695 - Dillon's Regiment of the Irish Brigade of France defends Callela.
23, 1798 - Engagement at Goresbridge, County Kilkenny.
24, 1798 - Capture of Castlecomer, County Kilkenny.
25, 1690 - Waterford surrenders to the Williamites.
25, 1876 - Myles Keogh and over 30 other Irish-born troopers are killed with Custer at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in Montana.
26, 1757 - Count Maximilian Ulysses Brown, Austrian Field Marshal, dies in Prague.
26, 1798 - Battle of Kilcumney Hill in County Carlow.
26, 1798 - Bagenal Henry, United Irishman, hung from Wexford bridge.
26, 1846 - England repeals Corn Laws.
27, 1743 - Irish Brigade of France fights at the battle of Dettingen.
27, 1783 - Hibernia regiment of Spain's Irish Brigade arrives to garrison Augustine, Fla.
27, 1862 - Battle of Gaines Mill, VA (Federal Irish Brigade, 9th MA, Confederate 6th LA engaged)
27, 1898 - Ancient Order of Hibernians in US revived at unity conference.
27, 1963 - President John F. Kennedy arrives for his famous visit to his ancestor’s homeland. | <urn:uuid:d635ce15-2b4d-463e-b0f9-cf8459ba90d9> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://thewildgeese.irish/profiles/blogs/this-week-in-the-history-of-the-irish-june-21-june-27-1?xg_source=activity | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439739347.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20200814160701-20200814190701-00095.warc.gz | en | 0.973914 | 2,064 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The Roman triumph (triumphus) was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or, originally and traditionally, one who had successfully completed a foreign war.
On the day of his triumph, the general wore a crown of laurel and the all-purple, gold-embroidered triumphal toga picta ("painted" toga), regalia that identified him as near-divine or near-kingly, and even was known to paint his face red. He rode in a four-horse chariot through the streets of Rome in unarmed procession with his army, captives, and the spoils of his war. At Jupiter's temple on the Capitoline Hill, he offered sacrifice and the tokens of his victory to the god Jupiter. Republican morality required that, despite these extraordinary honours, the general conduct himself with dignified humility, as a mortal citizen who triumphed on behalf of Rome's Senate, people, and gods. Inevitably, the triumph offered extraordinary opportunities for self-publicity, besides its religious and military dimensions.
Most Roman festivals were calendar fixtures, while the tradition and law which reserved a triumph to extraordinary victory ensured that its celebration, procession, attendant feasting, and public games promoted the general's status and achievement. By the Late Republican era, triumphs were drawn out and extravagant, motivated by increasing competition among the military-political adventurers who ran Rome's nascent empire, in some cases prolonged by several days of public games and entertainments. From the Principate onwards, the triumph reflected the Imperial order and the pre-eminence of the Imperial family.
The triumph was consciously imitated by medieval and later states in the royal entry and other ceremonial events.
Background and ceremoniesEdit
The vir triumphalisEdit
In Republican Rome, truly exceptional military achievement merited the highest possible honours, which connected the vir triumphalis ("man of triumph", later known as a triumphator) to Rome's mythical and semi-mythical past. In effect, the general was close to being "king for a day", and possibly close to divinity. He wore the regalia traditionally associated both with the ancient Roman monarchy and with the statue of Jupiter Capitolinus: the purple and gold "toga picta", laurel crown, red boots and, again possibly, the red-painted face of Rome's supreme deity. He was drawn in procession through the city in a four-horse chariot, under the gaze of his peers and an applauding crowd, to the temple of Capitoline Jupiter. The spoils and captives of his victory led the way; his armies followed behind. Once at the Capitoline temple, he sacrificed two white oxen to Jupiter and laid tokens of his victory at Jupiter's feet, dedicating his victory to the Roman Senate, people, and gods.
Triumphs were tied to no particular day, season, or religious festival of the Roman calendar. Most seem to have been celebrated at the earliest practicable opportunity, probably on days that were deemed auspicious for the occasion. Tradition required that, for the duration of a triumph, every temple was open. The ceremony was thus, in some sense, shared by the whole community of Roman gods, but overlaps were inevitable with specific festivals and anniversaries. Some may have been coincidental; others were designed. For example, March 1, the festival and dies natalis of the war god Mars, was the traditional anniversary of the first triumph by Publicola (504 BCE), of six other Republican triumphs, and of the very first Roman triumph by Romulus. Pompey postponed his third and most magnificent triumph for several months to make it coincide with his own dies natalis (birthday).
Religious dimensions aside, the focus of the triumph was the general himself. The ceremony promoted him – however temporarily – above every mortal Roman. This was an opportunity granted to very few. From the time of Scipio Africanus, the triumphal general was linked (at least for historians during the Principate) to Alexander and the demi-god Hercules, who had laboured selflessly for the benefit of all mankind. His sumptuous triumphal chariot was bedecked with charms against the possible envy (invidia) and malice of onlookers. In some accounts, a companion or public slave would remind him from time to time of his own mortality (a memento mori).
Rome's earliest "triumphs" were probably simple victory parades, celebrating the return of a victorious general and his army to the city, along with the fruits of his victory, and ending with some form of dedication to the gods. This is probably so for the earliest legendary and later semi-legendary triumphs of Rome's regal era, when the king functioned as Rome's highest magistrate and war-leader. As Rome's population, power, influence, and territory increased, so did the scale, length, variety, and extravagance of its triumphal processions.
The procession (pompa) mustered in the open space of the Campus Martius (Field of Mars) probably well before first light. From there, all unforeseen delays and accidents aside, it would have managed a slow walking pace at best, punctuated by various planned stops en route to its final destination of the Capitoline temple, a distance of just under 4 km (2.48 mi). Triumphal processions were notoriously long and slow; the longest could last for two or three days, and possibly more, and some may have been of greater length than the route itself.
Some ancient and modern sources suggest a fairly standard processional order. First came the captive leaders, allies, and soldiers (and sometimes their families) usually walking in chains; some were destined for execution or further display. Their captured weapons, armour, gold, silver, statuary, and curious or exotic treasures were carted behind them, along with paintings, tableaux, and models depicting significant places and episodes of the war. Next in line, all on foot, came Rome's senators and magistrates, followed by the general's lictors in their red war-robes, their fasces wreathed in laurel, then the general in his four-horse chariot. A companion, or a public slave, might share the chariot with him or, in some cases, his youngest children. His officers and elder sons rode horseback nearby. His unarmed soldiers followed in togas and laurel crowns, chanting "io triumphe!" and singing ribald songs at their general's expense. Somewhere in the procession, two flawless white oxen were led for the sacrifice to Jupiter, garland-decked and with gilded horns. All this was done to the accompaniment of music, clouds of incense, and the strewing of flowers.
Almost nothing is known of the procession's infrastructure and management. Its doubtless enormous cost was defrayed in part by the state but mostly by the general's loot, which most ancient sources dwell on in great detail and unlikely superlatives. Once disposed, this portable wealth injected huge sums into the Roman economy; the amount brought in by Octavian's triumph over Egypt triggered a fall in interest rates and a sharp rise in land prices. No ancient source addresses the logistics of the procession: where the soldiers and captives, in a procession of several days, could have slept and eaten, or where these several thousands plus the spectators could have been stationed for the final ceremony at the Capitoline temple.
The following schematic is for the route taken by "some, or many" triumphs, and is based on standard modern reconstructions. Any original or traditional route would have been diverted to some extent by the city's many redevelopments and re-building, or sometimes by choice. The starting place (the Campus Martius) lay outside the city's sacred boundary (pomerium), bordering the eastern bank of the Tiber. The procession entered the city through a Porta Triumphalis (Triumphal Gate), and crossed the pomerium, where the general surrendered his command to the senate and magistrates. It continued through the site of the Circus Flaminius, skirting the southern base of the Capitoline Hill and the Velabrum, along a Via Triumphalis (Triumphal Way) towards the Circus Maximus, perhaps dropping off any prisoners destined for execution at the Tullianum. It entered the Via Sacra then the Forum. Finally, it ascended the Capitoline Hill to the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Once the sacrifice and dedications were completed, the procession and spectators dispersed to banquets, games, and other entertainments sponsored by the triumphing general.
Banquets, games, and entertainmentsEdit
In most triumphs, the general funded any post-procession banquets from his share of the loot. There were feasts for the people and separate, much richer feasts for the elite; some went on for most of the night. Dionysus offers a contrast to the lavish triumphal banquets of his time by giving Romulus's triumph the most primitive possible "banquet" – ordinary Romans setting up food-tables as a "welcome home", and the returning troops taking swigs and bites as they marched by. He recreates the first Republican triumphal banquet along the same lines. Varro claims that his aunt earned 20,000 sesterces by supplying 5,000 thrushes for Caecilius Metellus's triumph of 71 BCE.
Some triumphs included ludi as fulfillment of the general's vow to a god or goddess, made before battle or during its heat, in return for their help in securing victory. In the Republic, they were paid for by the triumphing general. Marcus Fulvius Nobilior vowed ludi in return for victory over the Aetolian League and paid for ten days of games at his triumph.
Most Romans would never have seen a triumph, but its symbolism permeated Roman imagination and material culture. Triumphal generals minted and circulated high value coins to propagate their triumphal fame and generosity empire-wide. Pompey's issues for his three triumphs are typical. One is an aureus (a gold coin) that has a laurel-wreathed border enclosing a head which personifies Africa; beside it, Pompey's title "Magnus" ("The Great"), with wand and jug as symbols of his augury. The reverse identifies him as proconsul in a triumphal chariot attended by Victory. A triumphal denarius (a silver coin) shows his three trophies of captured arms, with his augur's wand and jug. Another shows a globe surrounded by triumphal wreaths, symbolising his "world conquest", and an ear of grain to show that his victory protected Rome's grain supply.
In Republican tradition, a general was expected to wear his triumphal regalia only for the day of his triumph; thereafter, they were presumably displayed in the atrium of his family home. As one of the nobility, he was entitled to a particular kind of funeral in which a string of actors walked behind his bier wearing the masks of his ancestors; another actor represented the general himself and his highest achievement in life by wearing his funeral mask, triumphal laurels, and toga picta. Anything more was deeply suspect; Pompey was granted the privilege of wearing his triumphal wreath at the Circus, but he met with a hostile reception. Julius Caesar's penchant for wearing his triumphal regalia "wherever and whenever" was taken as one among many signs of monarchical intentions which, for some, justified his murder. In the Imperial era, emperors wore such regalia to signify their elevated rank and office and to identify themselves with the Roman gods and Imperial order – a central feature of Imperial cult.
The building and dedication of monumental public works offered local, permanent opportunities for triumphal commemoration. In 55 BCE, Pompey inaugurated Rome's first stone-built Theatre as a gift to the people of Rome, funded by his spoils. Its gallery and colonnades doubled as an exhibition space and likely contained statues, paintings, and other trophies carried at his various triumphs. It contained a new temple to Pompey's patron goddess Venus Victrix ("Victorious Venus"); the year before, he had issued a coin which showed her crowned with triumphal laurels. Julius Caesar claimed Venus as both patron and divine ancestress; he funded a new temple to her and dedicated it during his quadruple triumph of 46 BCE. He thus wove his patron goddess and putative ancestress into his triumphal anniversary.
Augustus, Caesar's heir and Rome's first emperor, built a vast triumphal monument on the Greek coast at Actium, overlooking the scene of his decisive sea-battle against Antony and Egypt; the bronze beaks of captured Egyptian warships projected from its seaward wall. Imperial iconography increasingly identified Emperors with the gods, starting with the Augustan reinvention of Rome as a virtual monarchy (the principate). Sculpted panels on the arch of Titus (built by Domitian) celebrate Titus' and Vespasian's joint triumph over the Jews after the siege of Jerusalem, with a triumphal procession of captives and treasures seized from the temple of Jerusalem – some of which funded the building of the Colosseum. Another panel shows the funeral and apotheosis of the deified Titus. Prior to this, the senate voted Titus a triple-arch at the Circus Maximus to celebrate or commemorate the same victory or triumph.
Awarding a triumphEdit
In Republican tradition, only the Senate could grant a triumph. A general who wanted a triumph would dispatch his request and report to the Senate. Officially, triumphs were granted for outstanding military merit; the state paid for the ceremony if this and certain other conditions were met – and these seem to have varied from time to time, and from case to case — or the Senate would pay for the official procession, at least. Most Roman historians rest the outcome on an open Senatorial debate and vote, its legality confirmed by one of the people's assemblies; the senate and people thus controlled the state's coffers and rewarded or curbed its generals. Some triumphs seem to have been granted outright, with minimal debate. Some were turned down but went ahead anyway, with the general's direct appeal to the people over the senate and a promise of public games at his own expense. Others were blocked or granted only after interminable wrangling. Senators and generals alike were politicians, and Roman politics was notorious for its rivalries, shifting alliances, back-room dealings, and overt public bribery. The senate's discussions would likely have hinged on triumphal tradition, precedent, and propriety; less overtly but more anxiously, it would hinge on the extent of the general's political and military powers and popularity, and the possible consequences of supporting or hindering his further career. There is no firm evidence that the Senate applied a prescribed set of "triumphal laws" when making their decisions, although Valerius Maximus does claim that a triumph could only be granted to a victorious general who had slain at least 5,000 of the enemy in a single battle.
During the Principate, triumphs became more politicized as manifestations of imperial authority and legitimacy.
A general might be granted a "lesser triumph", known as an Ovation. He entered the city on foot, minus his troops, in his magistrate's toga and wearing a wreath of Venus's myrtle. In 211 BCE, the Senate turned down Marcus Marcellus's request for a triumph after his victory over the Carthaginians and their Sicilian-Greek allies, apparently because his army was still in Sicily and unable to join him. They offered him instead a thanksgiving (supplicatio) and ovation. The day before it, he celebrated an unofficial triumph on the Alban Mount. His ovation was of triumphal proportions. It included a large painting, showing his siege of Syracuse, the siege engines themselves, captured plate, gold, silver, and royal ornaments, and the statuary and opulent furniture for which Syracuse was famous. Eight elephants were led in the procession, symbols of his victory over the Carthaginians. His Spanish and Syracusan allies led the way wearing golden wreaths; they were granted Roman citizenship and lands in Sicily.
In 71 BCE, Crassus earned an ovation for quashing the Spartacus revolt, and increased his honours by wearing a crown of Jupiter's "triumphal" laurel. Ovations are listed along with triumphs on the Fasti Triumphales.
The Fasti Triumphales (also called Acta Triumphalia) are stone tablets that were erected in the Forum Romanum around 12 BCE, during the reign of Emperor Augustus. They give the general's formal name, the names of his father and grandfather, the people(s) or command province whence the triumph was awarded, and the date of the triumphal procession. They record over 200 triumphs, starting with three mythical triumphs of Romulus in 753 BCE and ending with that of Lucius Cornelius Balbus (19 BCE). Fragments of similar date and style from Rome and provincial Italy appear to be modeled on the Augustan Fasti, and have been used to fill some of its gaps.
Many ancient historical accounts also mention triumphs. Most Roman accounts of triumphs were written to provide their readers with a moral lesson, rather than to provide an accurate description of the triumphal process, procession, rites, and their meaning. This scarcity allows only the most tentative and generalised (and possibly misleading) reconstruction of triumphal ceremony, based on the combination of various incomplete accounts from different periods of Roman history.
Origins and Regal eraEdit
The origins and development of this honour are obscure. Roman historians placed the first triumph in the mythical past; some thought that it dated from Rome's foundation; others thought it more ancient than that. Roman etymologists thought that the soldiers' chant of triumpe was a borrowing via Etruscan of the Greek thriambus (θρίαμβος), cried out by satyrs and other attendants in Dionysian and Bacchic processions. Plutarch and some Roman sources traced the first Roman triumph and the "kingly" garb of the triumphator to Rome's first king Romulus, whose defeat of King Acron of the Caeninenses was thought coeval with Rome's foundation in 753 BCE. Ovid projected a fabulous and poetic triumphal precedent in the return of the god Bacchus/Dionysus from his conquest of India, drawn in a golden chariot by tigers and surrounded by maenads, satyrs, and assorted drunkards. Arrian attributed similar Dionysian and "Roman" elements to a victory procession of Alexander the Great. Like much in Roman culture, elements of the triumph were based on Etruscan and Greek precursors; in particular, the purple, embroidered toga picta worn by the triumphal general was thought to be derived from the royal toga of Rome's Etruscan kings.
For triumphs of the Roman regal era, the surviving Imperial Fasti Triumphales are incomplete. After three entries for the city's legendary founder Romulus, eleven lines of the list are missing. Next in sequence are Ancus Marcius, Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius, and finally Tarquin "the proud", the last king. The Fasti were compiled some five centuries after the regal era, and probably represent an approved, official version of several different historical traditions. Likewise, the earliest surviving written histories of the regal era, written some centuries after it, attempt to reconcile various traditions, or else debate their merits. Dionysus, for example, gives Romulus three triumphs, the same number given in the Fasti. Livy gives him none, and credits him instead with the first spolia opima, in which the arms and armour were stripped off a defeated foe, then dedicated to Jupiter. Plutarch gives him one, complete with chariot. Tarquin has two triumphs in the Fasti but none in Dionysius. No ancient source gives a triumph to Romulus' successor, the peaceful king Numa.
Rome's aristocrats expelled their last king as a tyrant and legislated the monarchy out of existence. They shared among themselves the kingship's former powers and authority in the form of magistracies. In the Republic, the highest possible magistracy was an elected consulship, which could be held for no more than a year at a time. In times of crisis or emergency, the Senate might appoint a dictator to serve a longer term; but this could seem perilously close to the lifetime power of kings. The dictator Camillus was awarded four triumphs but was eventually exiled. Later Roman sources point to his triumph of 396 BCE as a cause for offense; the chariot was drawn by four white horses, a combination properly reserved for Jupiter and Apollo – at least in later lore and poetry. The demeanour of a triumphal Republican general would have been closely scrutinised by his aristocratic peers, as well as the symbols which he employed in his triumph; they would be alert for any sign that he might aspire to be more than "king for a day".
In the Middle to Late Republic, Rome's expansion through conquest offered her political-military adventurers extraordinary opportunities for self-publicity; the long-drawn series of wars between Rome and Carthage – the Punic Wars – produced twelve triumphs in ten years. Towards the end of the Republic, triumphs became still more frequent, lavish, and competitive, with each display an attempt (usually successful) to outdo the last. To have a triumphal ancestor — even one long-dead — counted for a lot in Roman society and politics, and Cicero remarked that, in the race for power and influence, some individuals were not above vesting an inconveniently ordinary ancestor with triumphal grandeur and dignity, distorting an already fragmentary and unreliable historical tradition.
To Roman historians, the growth of triumphal ostentation undermined Rome's ancient "peasant virtues". Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 60 BCE to after 7 BCE) claimed that the triumphs of his day had "departed in every respect from the ancient tradition of frugality". Moralists complained that successful foreign wars might have increased Rome's power, security, and wealth, but they also created and fed a degenerate appetite for bombastic display and shallow novelty. Livy traces the start of the rot to the triumph of Gnaeus Manlius Vulso in 186, which introduced ordinary Romans to such Galatian fripperies as specialist chefs, flute girls, and other "seductive dinner-party amusements". Pliny adds "sideboards and one-legged tables" to the list, but lays responsibility for Rome's slide into luxury on the "1400 pounds of chased silver ware and 1500 pounds of golden vessels" brought somewhat earlier by Scipio Asiaticus for his triumph of 189 BCE.
The three triumphs awarded to Pompey the Great were lavish and controversial. The first in 80 or 81 BCE was for his victory over King Hiarbas of Numidia in 79 BCE, granted by a cowed and divided Senate under the dictatorship of Pompey's patron Sulla. Pompey was only 24 and a mere equestrian. Roman conservatives disapproved of such precocity but others saw his youthful success as the mark of a prodigious military talent, divine favour, and personal brio; and he also had an enthusiastic, popular following. His triumph, however, did not go quite to plan. His chariot was drawn by a team of elephants in order to represent his African conquest – and perhaps to outdo even the legendary triumph of Bacchus. They proved too bulky to pass through the triumphal gate, so Pompey had to dismount while a horse team was yoked in their place. This embarrassment would have delighted his critics, and probably some of his soldiers — whose demands for cash had been near-mutinous. Even so, his firm stand on the matter of cash raised his standing among the conservatives, and Pompey seems to have learned a lesson in populist politics. For his second triumph (71 BCE, the last in a series of four held that year) his cash gifts to his army were said to break all records, though the amounts in Plutarch's account are implausibly high: 6,000 sesterces to each soldier (about six times their annual pay) and about 5 million to each officer.
Pompey was granted a third triumph in 61 BCE to celebrate his victory over Mithridates VI of Pontus. It was an opportunity to outdo all rivals — and even himself. Triumphs traditionally lasted for one day, but Pompey's went on for two in an unprecedented display of wealth and luxury. Plutarch claimed that this triumph represented Pompey's domination over the entire world – on Rome's behalf – and an achievement to outshine even Alexander's. Pliny's narrative of this triumph dwells with ominous hindsight upon a gigantic portrait-bust of the triumphant general, a thing of "eastern splendor" entirely covered with pearls, anticipating his later humiliation and decapitation.
Following Caesar's murder, Octavian assumed permanent title of imperator and became permanent head of the Senate from 27 BCE (see principate) under the title and name Augustus. Only the year before, he had blocked the senatorial award of a triumph to Marcus Licinius Crassus the Younger, despite the latter's acclamation in the field as Imperator and his fulfillment of all traditional, Republican qualifying criteria except full consulship. Technically, generals in the Imperial era were legates of the ruling Emperor (Imperator). Augustus claimed the victory as his own but permitted Crassus a second, which is listed on the Fasti for 27 BCE. Crassus was also denied the rare (and technically permissible, in his case) honour of dedicating the spolia opima of this campaign to Jupiter Feretrius.
The last triumph listed on the Fasti Triumphales is for 19 BCE. By then, the triumph had been absorbed into the Augustan Imperial cult system, in which only the emperor would be accorded such a supreme honour, as he was the supreme Imperator. The Senate, in true Republican style, would have held session to debate and decide the merits of the candidate; but this was little more than good form. Augustan ideology insisted that Augustus had saved and restored the Republic, and it celebrated his triumph as a permanent condition, and his military, political, and religious leadership as responsible for an unprecedented era of stability, peace, and prosperity. From then on, emperors claimed – without seeming to claim – the triumph as an Imperial privilege. Those outside the Imperial family might be granted "triumphal ornaments" (Ornamenta triumphalia) or an ovation, such as Aulus Plautius under Claudius. The senate still debated and voted on such matters, though the outcome was probably already decided. In the Imperial era, the number of triumphs fell sharply.
Imperial panegyrics of the later Imperial era combine triumphal elements with Imperial ceremonies such as the consular investiture of Emperors, and the adventus, the formal "triumphal" arrival of an emperor in the various capitals of the Empire in his progress through the provinces. Some emperors were perpetually on the move and seldom or never went to Rome. Christian emperor Constantius II entered Rome for the first time in his life in 357, several years after defeating his rival Magnentius, standing in his triumphal chariot "as if he were a statue". Theodosius I celebrated his victory over the usurper Magnus Maximus in Rome on June 13, 389. Claudian's panegyric to Emperor Honorius records the last known official triumph in the city of Rome and the western Empire. Emperor Honorius celebrated it conjointly with his sixth consulship on January 1, 404; his general Stilicho had defeated Visigothic King Alaric at the battles of Pollentia and Verona. In Christian martyrology, Saint Telemachus was martyred by a mob while attempting to stop the customary gladiatorial games at this triumph, and gladiatorial games (munera gladiatoria) were banned in consequence. In AD 438, however, the western emperor Valentinian III found cause to repeat the ban, which indicates that it was not always enforced.
In 534, well into the Byzantine era, Justinian I awarded general Belisarius a triumph that included some "radically new" Christian and Byzantine elements. Belisarius successfully campaigned against his adversary Vandal leader Gelimer to restore the former Roman province of Africa to the control of Byzantium in the 533-534 Vandalic War. The triumph was held in the Eastern Roman capital of Constantinople. Historian Procopius, an eyewitness who had previously been in Belisarius's service, describes the procession's display of the loot seized from the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE by Roman Emperor Titus, including the Temple Menorah. The treasure had been stored in Rome's Temple of Peace after its display in Titus' own triumphal parade and its depiction on his triumphal arch; then it was seized by the Vandals during their sack of Rome in 455; then it was taken from them in Belisarius' campaign. The objects themselves might well have recalled the ancient triumphs of Vespasian and his son Titus; but Belisarius and Gelimer walked, as in an ovation. The procession did not end at Rome's Capitoline Temple with a sacrifice to Jupiter, but terminated at Hippodrome of Constantinople with a recitation of Christian prayer and the triumphant generals prostrate before the emperor.
During the Renaissance, kings and magnates sought ennobling connections with the classical past. Ghibelline Castruccio Castracani defeated the forces of the Guelph Florence in the 1325 Battle of Altopascio. Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV made him Duke of Lucca, and the city gave him a Roman-style triumph. The procession was led by his Florentine captives, made to carry candles in honour of Lucca's patron saint. Castracani followed, standing in a decorative chariot. His booty included the Florentines' portable, wheeled altar, the carroccio.
Flavio Biondo's Roma Triumphans (1459) claimed the ancient Roman triumph, divested of its pagan rites, as a rightful inheritance of Holy Roman Emperors. Italian poet Petrarch's Triumphs (I triomfi) represented the triumphal themes and biographies of ancient Roman texts as ideals for cultured, virtuous rule; it was influential and widely read. Andrea Mantegna's series of large paintings on the Triumphs of Caesar (1484–92, now Hampton Court Palace) became immediately famous and was endlessly copied in print form. The Triumphal Procession commissioned by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (1512–19) from a group of artists including Albrecht Dürer was a series of woodcuts of an imaginary triumph of his own that could be hung as a frieze 54 metres (177 ft) long.
In the 1550s, the fragmentary Fasti Triumphales were unearthed and partially restored. Onofrio Panvinio's Fasti continued where the ancient Fasti left off. The last triumph recorded by Panvinio was the Royal Entry of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V into Rome on April 5, 1536, after his conquest of Tunis in 1535. Panvinio described it as a Roman triumph "over the infidel." The Emperor followed the traditional ancient route, "past the ruins of the triumphal arches of the soldier-emperors of Rome", where "actors dressed as ancient senators hailed the return of the new Caesar as miles christi," (a soldier of Christ).
The extravagant triumphal entry into Rouen of Henri II of France in 1550 was not "less pleasing and delectable than the third triumph of Pompey ... magnificent in riches and abounding in the spoils of foreign nations". A triumphal arch made for the Royal entry into Paris of Louis XIII of France in 1628 carried a depiction of Pompey.
- A summary of disparate viewpoints regarding the Triumph are in Versnel, 56–93: limited preview via Books.Google.com
- Versnel, p. 386.
- Beard, p. 77.
- Beard, p. 7.
- Denis Feeney, Caesar's Calendar: Ancient Time and the Beginnings of History, University of California Press (2008) p. 148.
- Beard, 72-5. See also Diodorus, 4.5 at Thayer: Uchicago.edu
- Beard et al, 85-7: see also Polybius, 10.2.20, who suggests that Scipio's assumption of divine connections (and the personal favour of divine guidance) was unprecedented and seemed suspiciously "Greek" to his more conservative peers.
- See also Galinsky, 106, 126-49, for Heraklean/Herculean associations of Alexander, Scipio, and later triumphing Roman generals.
- Versnel, p. 380.
- Various Roman sources describe the different charms employed against envy during triumphs, not necessarily at the same event; they include an assemblage of miniature bells (tintinnabulum) and a whip on the chariot's dashboard. In Pliny, a sacred phallos loaned by the Vestal Virgins is slung between the chariot wheels; see Beard, pp. 83–85.
- The very few accounts are from the Imperial era of a public slave (or other figure) who stands behind or near the triumphator to remind him that he "is but mortal" or prompts him to "look behind", and are open to a variety of interpretations. Nevertheless, they imply a tradition that the triumphing general was publicly reminded of his mortal nature, whatever his kingly appearance, temporary godlike status, or divine associations. See Beard, pp. 85-92.
- Emperor Vespasian regretted his triumph because its vast length and slow movement bored him; see Suetonius, Vespasian, 12.
- The "2,700 wagonloads of captured weapons alone, never mind the soldiers and captives and booty" on one day of Aemilius Paulus's triumphal "extravaganza" of 167 BCE is wild exaggeration. Some modern scholarship suggests a procession 7 km long as plausible. See Beard, p. 102.
- Summary based on Versnel, pp. 95–96.
- Beard, pp. 159–161, citing Suetonius, Augustus, 41.1.
- Beard, pp. 93–95, 258. For their joint triumph of 71 CE, Titus and Vespasian treated their soldiers to a very early, and possibly traditional "triumphal breakfast".
- See map, in Beard, p. 334, and discussion on pp. 92–105.
- The location and nature of the Porta Triumphalis are among the most uncertain and disputed aspects of the triumphal route; some sources imply a gate exclusively dedicated to official processions, others a free-standing arch, or the Porta Carmentalis by another name, or any convenient gate in the vicinity. See discussion in Beard, pp. 97–101.
- Sometimes thought to be the same route as the modern Via dei Fori Imperiali
- This is where Jugurtha was starved to death and Vercingetorix was strangled.
- Beard, pp. 258–259; cf Livy's "soldiers feasting as they went" at the triumph of Cincinnatus (458 BCE).
- Beard, p. 49.
- Beard, pp. 263–264.
- Beard pp. 19–21,
- Flower, Harriet I., Ancestor Masks and Aristocratic Power in Roman Culture, Oxford University Press, 1999, p. 33.
- Taylor, Lily Ross, The Divinity of the Roman Emperor, American Philological Association, 1931 (reprinted by Arno Press, 1975), p. 57, citing Cicero, To Atticus, 1.18.6, and Velleius Paterculus, 2.40.4. Faced with this reaction, Pompey never tried it again.
- Beard, pp. 23–25.
- Beard, pp. 22–23.
- Fergus Millar, "Last Year in Jerusalem: Monuments of the Jewish War in Rome", in Flavius Josephus and Flavian Rome, J. C. Edmondson, Steve Mason, J. B. Rives (eds.), pp. 101–124.
- Beard, 196−201.
- See discussion in Beard, pp. 199–206, 209–210. Livy's "triumphal laws" hark back to earlier, traditional but probably reinvented triumphs of Republican Rome's expansion to Empire and its defeat of foreign kings; his notion was that triumphal generals must possess the highest level of imperium (Livy, 38.38.4, in the 206 BCE case of Scipio Africanus), but this is contradicted in Polybius 11.33.7 and Pompey's status at his first triumph.
- The tradition was probably an indication of esteem and popularity that triumphal generals in the Republic had been spontaneously proclaimed as imperator by their troops in the field; it was not an absolute requirement (see Beard, p. 275). Taking divine auspices before battle might have been formally reserved to the highest magistrate on the field, while a victory proved that a commander must have pleased the gods – whatever the niceties of his authority. Conversely, a lost battle was a sure sign of religious dereliction; see Veit Rosenberger, "The Gallic Disaster", The Classical World, (The Johns Hopkins University Press), 96, 4, 2003, p. 371, note 39.
- Valerius Maximus, 2. 8. 1.
- Livy, Ab Urbe Condita, 26, 21; cf. Plutarch Marcellus 19–22.
- Beard, p. 265.
- Romulus' three triumphs are in Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Antiquitates Romanae, 2.54.2 & 2.55.5). Dioysius may have seen the Fasti. Livy (1.10.5-7) allows Romulus the spolia opima, not a "triumph". Neither author mentions the two triumphs attributed by the Fasti to the last king of Rome, Tarquin. See Beard, 74 and endnotes 1 &2.
- Beard, 61-2, 66-7. The standard modern edition of the Fasti Triumphales is that of Attilio Degrassi, in Inscriptiones Italiae, vol.XIII, fasc.1 (Rome, 1947)
- Versnel considers it an invocation for divine help and manifestation, derived via an unknown pre-Greek language through Etruria and Greece. He cites the chant of "Triumpe", repeated five times, which terminates the Carmen Arvale, a now-obscure prayer for the help and protection of Mars and the Lares. Versnel, pp. 39–55 (conclusion and summary on p. 55).
- Beard et al, vol. 1, 44-5, 59-60: see also Plutarch, Romulus (trans. Dryden) at The Internet Classics Archive MIT.edu
- Bowersock, 1994, 157.
- Ovid, The Erotic Poems, 1.2.19-52. Trans P. Green.
- Pliny attributes the invention of the triumph to "Father Liber" (identified with Dionysus): see Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 7.57 (ed. Bostock) at Perseus: Tufts.edu
- Bosworth, 67-79, notes that Arrian's attributions here are non-historic and their details almost certainly apocryphal: see Arrian, 6, 28, 1-2.
- Beard, p. 74.
- Beard, p. 235.
- Beard, p. 42; four were clustered in one year (71 BCE), including Pompey's second triumph.
- Cicero, Brutus, 62.
- See also Livy, 8, 40.
- Beard, 79, notes at least one ancient case of what seems blatant fabrication, in which two ancestral triumphs became three.
- Beard, 67: citing Valerius Maximus, 4.4.5., and Apuleius, Apol.17
- Dionysus of Halicarnassus, Roman Antiquities, 2.34.3.
- Livy, 39.6-7: cf Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 34.14.
- Beard, p. 162.
- Beard, 16; he was aged 25 or 26 in some accounts.
- Dio Cassius, 42.18.3.
- Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 8.4: Plutarch, Pompey, 14.4.
- Beard, 16, 17.
- Beard, 39-40, notes that the introduction of such vast sums into the Roman economy would have left substantial traces, but none are evidenced (citing Brunt (1971), 459-60; Scheidel (1996); Duncan-Jones (1990), 43, & (1994), 253).
- Beard, 9, cites Appian's very doubtful "75,100,000" drachmae carried in the procession as 1.5 times his own estimate of Rome's total annual tax revenue (Appian, Mithradates, 116).
- Beard, 15-16, citing Plutarch, Pompey, 45, 5.
- Beard, 16. For further elaboration on Pompey's 3rd triumph, see also Plutarch, Sertorius, 18, 2, at Thayer Uchicago.edu: Cicero, Man. 61: Pliny, Nat. 7, 95.
- Beard, 35: Pliny, Historia Naturalis, 37, 14-16.
- Beard, pp. 297–298.
- Syme, 272-5: Google Books Search
- Southern, 104: Google Books Search
- Very occasionally, a close relative who had glorified the Imperial gens might receive the honor.
- Suetonius, Lives, Claudius, 24.3: given for the conquest of Britain. Claudius was "granted" a triumph by the Senate and gave "triumphal regalia" to his prospective son-in-law, who was still "only a boy." Thayer: Uchicago.edu Archived 2012-06-30 at Archive.today
- Beard, 61–71.
- On triumphal entrances to Rome in the fourth century, see discussion in Schmidt-Hofner, pp. 33–60, and Wienand, pp. 169–197.
- Beard pp. 322–323.
- "Theodosius I - Livius". www.livius.org. Archived from the original on 2015-04-29.
- Claudian (404). Panegyricus de Sexto Consulatu Honorii Augusti. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
- Beard, 326.
- Gibbon, Edward (1776–89). "Chapter XXX". The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. pp. 39–41. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
After the retreat of the barbarians, Honorius was directed to accept the dutiful invitation of the senate, and to celebrate, in the Imperial city, the auspicious aera of the Gothic victory, and of his sixth consulship.
- Wace, Henry (1911). "Entry for "Honorius, Flavius Augustus, emperor"". Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the Principal Sects and Heresies. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
The customary games took place with great magnificence, and on this occasion St. Telemachus sacrificed himself by attempting to separate the gladiators.
- Theodoret (449-50). "Book V, chapter 26". Ecclesiastical History. Archived from the original on 20 September 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
When the admirable emperor was informed of this he numbered Telemachus in the array of victorious martyrs, and put an end to that impious spectacle.Check date values in:
- Foxe, John (1563). "Chapter III, section on "The Last Roman 'Triumph.'"". Actes and Monuments (a.k.a. Foxe's Book of Martyrs). Archived from the original on 30 May 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
[F]rom the day Telemachus fell dead ... no other fight of gladiators was ever held there.
- Dell'Orto, Luisa Franchi (June 1983). Ancient Rome: Life and Art. Scala Books. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-935748-46-8.
- Beard, 318–321. Procopius' account is the source for a "marvelous set piece" of Belisarius' triumph, in Robert Graves' historical novel Count Belisarius.
- Zaho and Bernstein, 2004, p. 47.
- Beard, p. 54.
- Zaho and Bernstein, 2004, pp. 4, 31 ff.
- De fasti et triumphi Romanorum a Romulo usque ad Carolum V, Giacomo Strada, Venice, 1557 (Latin text, accessed 22 August 2013)
- Beard, p. 53; in preparation, Pope Paul III arranged the clearance of any buildings that obstructed the traditional Via Triumphalis.
- Pinson, Yona (2001). "Imperial Ideology in the Triumphal Entry into Lille of Charles V and the Crown Prince (1549)" (PDF). Assaph: Studies in Art History. 6: 212. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2014-02-23.
Already in his Imperial Triumphal Entry into Rome (1536) the Emperor appeared as a triumphant Roman Imperator: mounted on a white horse and wearing a purple cape, he embodied the figure of the ancient conqueror. At the head of a procession marching along the ancient Via Triumphalis, Charles had re-established himself as the legitimate successor to the Roman Empire.
- Frieder, Braden (28 December 2016). Chivalry & the Perfect Prince: Tournaments, Art, and Armor at the Spanish Habsburg Court. Truman State University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-1-931112-69-7. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017.
- Beard, 31. See 32, Fig. 7 for a contemporary depiction of Henri's "Romanised" procession.
- Beard, 343, footnote 65.
- Aicher, Peter J. (2004). Rome alive : a source-guide to the ancient city. Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci. ISBN 9780865164734. Retrieved 19 October 2015.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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- Wienand, Johannes, "O tandem felix civili, Roma, victoria! Civil War Triumphs From Honorius to Constantine and Back", in J. Wienand (ed.) Contested Monarchy: Integrating the Roman Empire in the 4th Century AD (Oxford, 2015) pp. 169–197 ISBN 978-0-19-976899-8
- Wienand, Johannes; Goldbeck, Fabian; Börm, Henning: Der römische Triumph in Prinzipat und Spätantike. Probleme – Paradigmen – Perspektiven, in F. Goldbeck, J. Wienand (eds.): Der römische Triumph in Prinzipat und Spätantike (Berlin/New York, 2017), pp. 1–26.
- Zaho, Margaret A, and Bernstein, Eckhard, Imago Triumphalis: The Function and Significance of Triumphal Imagery for Italian Renaissance Rulers, Peter Lang Publishing Inc, 2004, ISBN 978-0-8204-6235-6
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The Bruntland Commission may have set back sustainable urban design by half a century with an idiotic definition: “Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” It gives anyone who wants it an excuse for doing nothing and claiming they are acting sustainability. What are my ‘needs’: one bicycle or two cars? And what are ‘needs’ of future generations: no bicycles and three cars?
The reason for Bruntland’s blunder is that sustainability is a relative concept, like ‘near’ and ‘far’, incapable of absolute definition. Is the moon near or far from the earth? It is very near for space travelers but very far for cyclists. We should boast an inability to design ‘sustainable cities’ but assert a competence in making cities ‘more sustainable’. As urban designers and landscape architects we do this by planning for fewer inputs and fewer outputs than the International Modern Cities which too many architects and engineers have designed, are designing and will design. Here are some examples:
1. Cities will require less input of water because we are expert in sustainable urban drainage systems – and they will have less output of waste water because we know how to detain and infiltrate water within urban areas.
2. Cities will require less import of construction materials from distant lands because we believe in respecting the Genius Loci and using the local materials which he provides for our use.
3. City building will involve less transport of excavated subsoil to dumps because we will use it design new landforms.
4. Less energy will be required for heating and cooling because we will orientate buildings correctly and design with microclimate.
5. Planting schemes will require less irrigation, less maintenance and less input of chemicals because we will make more use of native plant materials and will make lawns only when they have a social use.
6. People will walk more and cycle more because we will design beautiful and convenient paths – and we will do this before any roads or buildings are planned.
7. When people get more exercise they will have better health, so that the resource inputs for healthcare will also be reduced and we will have less medical waste to dispose of.
8. Buildings will be better insulated, because almost all of them will have vegetated roofs, and will therefore require less heating in winter and less cooling in summer.
9. Cities will be more compact because there will be less roadscape, fewer parking lots and less need for greenspace at street level – because we are going to make such wonderful skyparks and skygardens.
The inputs and outputs exemplified above are all measureable, just as the distance from the earth to the moon is measurable.
See also: Eco-city plans and sustainable design | <urn:uuid:5524759c-b958-4550-986f-88dd8eaf8b89> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://www.gardenvisit.com/blog/sustainable-urban-design-and-landscape-architecture-definitions/?replytocom=629 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187823997.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20171020082720-20171020102720-00707.warc.gz | en | 0.948349 | 586 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Welcome to a colorful journey through the world of fashion and psychology! The way you dress can have a profound impact on your mood and the way others perceive you. In this blog post, we’ll explore the fascinating realm of color psychology and how you can use it to express your emotions and personality through your clothing choices. Whether you want to radiate confidence, embrace tranquility, or exude creativity, understanding the psychology of color in fashion will be your key to unlocking a world of style possibilities.
The Basics of Color Psychology
Color psychology is the study of how different colors can affect human emotions, behaviors, and perceptions. It’s a field that has a profound impact on various aspects of our lives, including fashion. Understanding the basics of color psychology can help you make informed fashion choices that reflect your mood and personality. Here are some key concepts:
1. The Emotional Impact of Colors
Colors have the power to evoke specific emotions. For example:
- Red: Often associated with passion, energy, and excitement.
- Blue: Known for its calming and soothing effects.
- Yellow: Represents happiness, optimism, and warmth.
- Green: Symbolizes nature, growth, and tranquility.
2. Cultural and Contextual Variations
Color meanings can vary across cultures and contexts. For example, while white is associated with purity in Western cultures, it signifies mourning in some Asian cultures. Similarly, red can symbolize luck and celebration in China, but it may represent danger in other contexts.
3. Personal Preferences
Individuals often have personal preferences for certain colors based on their unique life experiences and associations. Your favorite color may hold particular significance to you, making it a go-to choice in your fashion selections.
4. Color Combinations
The way colors are combined in your outfit can also convey different messages. For instance:
|Color Combination||Message Conveyed|
|Red and black||Bold and powerful|
|Pastel colors||Soft and delicate|
|Complementary colors||Vibrant and harmonious|
5. Seasonal Influences
Seasons can also play a role in color choices. Warmer, vibrant colors like orange and yellow are often favored in spring and summer, while cooler, subdued tones like navy and burgundy are popular in fall and winter.
By considering these fundamental principles of color psychology, you can start using fashion as a powerful tool for self-expression. In the next sections, we’ll delve deeper into the psychological impact of specific colors and how to incorporate them into your wardrobe effectively.
Colors and Their Psychological Impact
Colors have a remarkable ability to influence our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Let’s explore the psychological impact of various colors and how you can harness their power in your fashion choices:
Red is a color that demands attention. It’s associated with passion, energy, and excitement. Wearing red can make you feel more confident and assertive. It’s often chosen for special occasions or when making a bold statement. However, it’s essential to use red in moderation as it can be overwhelming in excess.
Blue is a calming and soothing color. It’s known to reduce stress and anxiety. When you wear blue, you may come across as trustworthy and reliable. Blue is an excellent choice for professional settings, job interviews, or when you want to convey a sense of serenity.
Yellow is the color of happiness, optimism, and warmth. It can instantly lift your mood and make you appear approachable. However, too much yellow can be overwhelming, so it’s often best used as an accent color or in accessories.
Green represents nature, growth, and tranquility. It’s a refreshing color that symbolizes balance and harmony. Wearing green can convey a sense of calmness and renewal. It’s an excellent choice for outdoor events and casual settings.
Purple is associated with creativity, luxury, and royalty. It’s a color that inspires imagination and originality. Purple clothing can make you stand out and express your unique style. It’s often chosen for artistic and creative endeavors.
Black is a versatile color that represents sophistication and elegance. It’s a classic choice for formal occasions and professional settings. Black clothing can make you appear confident and authoritative. However, too much black may come across as somber, so consider balancing it with other colors.
White symbolizes purity and simplicity. It’s a clean and neutral color that can create a sense of openness. White clothing is often chosen for summer attire and weddings. It can also convey a sense of minimalism and modernity when used in fashion.
Pink represents love, compassion, and femininity. It’s a color that exudes a gentle and caring vibe. Pink can be a great choice for romantic occasions or when you want to convey empathy and warmth. It comes in various shades, from soft pastels to vibrant magentas, allowing you to tailor your message.
Understanding the psychological impact of these colors empowers you to select clothing that aligns with your intentions and emotions. Combining these colors strategically in your outfits can create a powerful and expressive fashion statement. In the next section, we’ll explore how to incorporate these colors into your daily fashion choices.
Red is a color that packs a punch when it comes to psychological impact. It’s often associated with strong emotions and carries a range of meanings:
- Passion: Red is the color of love and desire. It symbolizes intense emotions, making it a popular choice for romantic occasions like dates and anniversaries.
- Energy: Red is a high-energy color that can boost your confidence and motivation. When you wear red, you may feel more assertive and ready to take on challenges.
- Attention-Grabbing: Red is impossible to ignore. It’s often used in advertising and signage to draw attention. When you wear red, you become the center of attention.
While red can be a powerful and confident color, it’s essential to use it judiciously:
- Avoid Overwhelming Outfits: Too much red can be intense and overwhelming. Consider using it as an accent color or in accessories to add a pop of vibrancy to your look.
- Choose the Right Shade: Different shades of red can convey different messages. Bright reds are bold and passionate, while deeper reds like burgundy are sophisticated and elegant.
- Occasions for Red: Red is a fantastic choice for special occasions, such as parties, weddings, or important meetings where you want to make a lasting impression.
Incorporating red into your wardrobe allows you to express your inner confidence and passion. Whether it’s a red dress, a bold pair of red shoes, or a striking red tie, this color can be a powerful tool for making a statement. Just remember to balance it with other colors and choose the shade of red that aligns with your intentions.
Blue is a color known for its calming and versatile psychological impact. It’s a favorite in the world of fashion and beyond for several reasons:
- Tranquility: Blue is often associated with a sense of calmness and relaxation. When you wear blue, it can help reduce stress and anxiety, making it an excellent choice for stressful days or high-pressure situations.
- Trustworthiness: Blue conveys trust and reliability. It’s a color often chosen by professionals to appear dependable and competent. If you want to make a good impression in job interviews or business meetings, blue attire is a solid choice.
- Universality: Blue is a universally liked color, making it a safe and popular choice for a wide range of occasions and settings. It’s suitable for both formal and casual wear.
Here’s how you can leverage the psychological impact of blue in your fashion choices:
- Work Attire: Blue suits, blouses, and ties are classic choices for the workplace. They convey professionalism and competence.
- Casual Comfort: Blue jeans, t-shirts, and casual wear are not only comfortable but also evoke a sense of ease and relaxation.
- Balance with Other Colors: Blue pairs well with a variety of colors. Consider combining it with white for a crisp, clean look or with complementary colors to add vibrancy to your outfit.
It’s worth noting that different shades of blue can have slightly different psychological effects. Light blues may feel more refreshing and open, while darker blues can be more authoritative and serious.
Incorporating blue into your wardrobe is a versatile and dependable choice. Whether you’re dressing for work, a casual outing, or a special occasion, blue clothing can help you project a sense of calm confidence and reliability.
Yellow is a bright and cheerful color that has a unique psychological impact. It’s often associated with positivity, happiness, and warmth:
- Happiness: Yellow is often called the color of joy. When you wear yellow, it can help boost your mood and make you feel more optimistic.
- Friendliness: Yellow is a friendly and approachable color. It can help you appear more welcoming and open to social interactions.
- Energy: Yellow is a high-energy color that can add vibrancy to your appearance. It’s an excellent choice for days when you want to feel energized and outgoing.
Here’s how you can effectively incorporate yellow into your fashion choices:
- Accessories: If you’re hesitant about wearing a full yellow outfit, start with yellow accessories like scarves, belts, or shoes to add a pop of color to your look.
- Casual Wear: Yellow t-shirts, sweaters, or dresses are perfect for casual outings and gatherings. They can help create a cheerful and relaxed atmosphere.
- Combining with Neutrals: Pairing yellow with neutral colors like white, gray, or black can balance the vibrancy of yellow and create a more sophisticated look.
It’s important to note that yellow is a bold color that can draw attention. While it’s great for enhancing your mood and making a positive impression, wearing too much yellow can sometimes be overwhelming. Moderation and balance are key when incorporating yellow into your wardrobe.
Additionally, different shades of yellow can convey slightly different emotions. Bright and sunny yellows are associated with optimism and cheerfulness, while softer pastel yellows may evoke a sense of delicacy and sweetness.
In summary, yellow is a color that radiates happiness and warmth. By strategically including yellow in your fashion choices, you can brighten your own mood and bring positivity to those around you.
Green is a color that symbolizes nature, growth, and tranquility. It has a soothing and refreshing psychological impact:
- Nature Connection: Green is often associated with the natural world, such as forests and meadows. Wearing green can evoke feelings of harmony and connection to the environment.
- Balance: Green represents a balance between warm and cool colors. It’s a color of equilibrium, making it a great choice when you want to feel grounded and centered.
- Relaxation: Green is a calming color that can help reduce stress and promote relaxation. It’s an ideal choice for leisurely activities and moments of tranquility.
Here are some ways to incorporate green into your fashion choices effectively:
- Natural Tones: Earthy shades of green, like olive or sage, can create a harmonious and calming look. These colors are versatile and pair well with other neutrals.
- Bold Greens: Bright or vibrant greens can make a statement. They’re excellent for adding a pop of color to your outfit and conveying a sense of freshness.
- Accessories and Patterns: If you’re new to wearing green, start with green accessories or patterns like plaid or floral prints that incorporate green elements.
Green is also often associated with growth and renewal. It’s a color that encourages personal development and a positive outlook. Whether you’re wearing green to feel more connected to nature or to promote a sense of balance, it’s a versatile color that can be adapted to various fashion styles and occasions.
As with any color, the shade of green you choose can convey slightly different emotions. Darker greens may suggest stability and reliability, while brighter greens are more energetic and playful.
In summary, green is a color that embodies the tranquility and balance found in nature. By incorporating green into your fashion choices, you can create a harmonious and refreshing look that aligns with your desired mood and style.
Purple is a captivating color that represents creativity, luxury, and royalty. It’s a color with a rich psychological impact that can influence both your mood and how others perceive you:
- Creativity: Purple is often associated with imagination and originality. Wearing purple can inspire creative thinking and a sense of uniqueness.
- Royalty and Luxury: Historically, purple has been a symbol of power and prestige. It can make you appear elegant and sophisticated, making it a great choice for formal occasions.
- Spirituality: Purple is also linked to spirituality and mysticism. It’s a color that encourages introspection and self-discovery.
Here’s how you can effectively incorporate purple into your fashion choices:
- Formal Attire: Purple dresses, suits, or accessories can add an air of elegance to your formal wardrobe. Deep purples, like plum or eggplant, are especially suited for upscale events.
- Expressing Individuality: Bright or unconventional shades of purple, such as lavender or lilac, can help you stand out and express your unique style. These hues are perfect for casual wear and creative outings.
- Pairing with Neutrals: Purple pairs well with neutral colors like black, white, or gray. Combining purple with neutrals can create a balanced and refined look.
It’s important to note that purple can convey different emotions depending on the shade. Dark purples often evoke a sense of mystery and sophistication, while lighter purples tend to feel more whimsical and dreamy. Choose the shade that best aligns with your intentions.
Purple is a versatile color that can be adapted to various fashion styles and occasions. Whether you’re looking to exude elegance, stimulate your creativity, or simply express your individuality, purple can be a powerful tool in your fashion arsenal.
In summary, purple is a color that invites you to explore your creative side and embrace a sense of luxury. By incorporating purple into your fashion choices, you can make a strong statement about your style and personality.
Black is a timeless and versatile color with a psychological impact that’s deeply ingrained in fashion and culture. It’s a color that conveys sophistication, elegance, and a range of emotions:
- Elegance: Black is often associated with formality and elegance. It’s a classic choice for formal events and occasions, from black-tie galas to business meetings.
- Authority: Wearing black can make you appear authoritative and in control. It’s a color that commands respect and attention.
- Mystery and Intrigue: Black has a sense of mystery and intrigue. It’s often chosen by individuals who want to project an air of enigma or allure.
- Simplicity: Black is also a color of simplicity and minimalism. It’s a popular choice for those who prefer a sleek and understated look.
Here are some strategies for effectively incorporating black into your fashion choices:
- Formal Attire: Black suits, dresses, and accessories are classic choices for formal events. They exude an aura of sophistication and professionalism.
- Wardrobe Staple: Black is a versatile wardrobe staple. A little black dress, black jeans, or a black blazer can be mixed and matched with various colors and styles.
- Expressive Accents: While black is often a dominant color, using it as an accent can create a striking contrast. Consider black shoes, belts, or handbags to add a touch of boldness to your outfit.
Despite its many positive attributes, it’s essential to be mindful of the context and occasion when wearing black. Overusing black in casual settings may come across as overly formal, and it can absorb heat in hot weather.
Additionally, the psychological impact of black can be influenced by cultural and personal associations. While it often signifies elegance and authority in Western cultures, it may symbolize mourning or sadness in others. Your personal style and intentions should guide your use of black in fashion.
In summary, black is a color that transcends trends and speaks to a wide range of emotions and meanings. By understanding the versatile psychological impact of black, you can use it strategically to convey your desired message and style.
White is a clean and pure color with a wide range of psychological impacts that vary across different cultures and contexts. It’s a color often associated with simplicity, purity, and a sense of openness:
- Purity and Innocence: In many Western cultures, white symbolizes purity and innocence. It’s commonly worn by brides on their wedding day to signify a fresh start.
- Clarity and Simplicity: White is often linked to clarity and simplicity. It can create a sense of openness and cleanliness, making it a popular choice for healthcare professionals and chefs.
- Minimalism: White is a cornerstone of minimalistic fashion. It can give an impression of simplicity, elegance, and a focus on essentials.
- Peace and Tranquility: White is also associated with peace and tranquility. It can evoke feelings of calmness and serenity.
Here are some ways to effectively incorporate white into your fashion choices:
- Casual Elegance: White clothing, such as white shirts, blouses, and casual dresses, can create a clean and elegant look for casual outings or summer days.
- Formal Events: White can be a striking choice for formal events, especially in warm climates. White suits and gowns can make a bold and sophisticated statement.
- Layering: White is excellent for layering. You can use white as a base color and add colorful or patterned layers for a visually appealing ensemble.
It’s important to be mindful of the practicality of wearing white, as it can be susceptible to stains and dirt. Additionally, the cultural and symbolic associations of white may vary. While it represents purity in some cultures, it may symbolize mourning or loss in others.
White also works well as a canvas for other colors, allowing you to create contrasting or complementary looks. The versatility of white makes it a staple color in many wardrobes.
In summary, white is a color with a multitude of meanings and associations, from purity to simplicity. By understanding the psychological impact of white, you can use it to create a range of fashion styles that convey your desired mood and message.
Pink is a color that radiates love, compassion, and femininity. It’s a versatile color with a range of psychological impacts, making it a popular choice in fashion:
- Love and Romance: Pink is often associated with love and romance. It’s a color that evokes feelings of affection and tenderness.
- Compassion and Empathy: Pink is also linked to compassion and empathy. It can help create a warm and caring atmosphere.
- Femininity: Pink is traditionally considered a feminine color and is often chosen for women’s clothing and accessories. It represents qualities like grace and softness.
- Playfulness: Lighter shades of pink, such as pastel pinks, can have a playful and whimsical effect. They can add a touch of youthful charm to your look.
Here are some strategies for effectively incorporating pink into your fashion choices:
- Romantic Occasions: Pink dresses and accessories are ideal for romantic occasions like dates, anniversaries, and weddings. They convey love and affection beautifully.
- Work Attire: Soft pink blouses or shirts can create a friendly and approachable image in professional settings. They can help foster positive interactions with colleagues and clients.
- Expressive Details: If you’re not ready for an all-pink outfit, consider adding pink accents through accessories like scarves, handbags, or jewelry.
It’s important to note that the shade of pink you choose can have different psychological effects. While lighter pinks may convey sweetness and innocence, bolder and brighter pinks can be more vibrant and energetic. Your choice of pink should align with the mood and message you want to convey.
Furthermore, pink is not limited to gender-specific fashion. Many people, regardless of gender, embrace pink as a color that represents love and positivity.
In summary, pink is a color that can add a touch of love, compassion, and femininity to your fashion choices. By understanding the psychological impact of pink, you can use it to create a range of styles that reflect your desired emotions and intentions.
How to Incorporate Colors into Your Fashion Choices
Choosing the right colors for your fashion choices can significantly impact your mood and how others perceive you. Here are some practical tips on how to incorporate colors effectively into your wardrobe:
1. Understand Color Psychology
Before diving into your wardrobe, take some time to understand the basics of color psychology, as discussed earlier in this article. Familiarize yourself with the emotions and messages associated with various colors, so you can choose the ones that align with your intentions.
2. Consider the Occasion
Think about the context in which you’ll be wearing the outfit. Is it a formal event, a casual gathering, a workday, or a special date? Different occasions may call for different color choices. For example, black or navy can be suitable for formal events, while vibrant colors may be better for casual outings.
3. Mix and Match
Experiment with color combinations. You don’t have to stick to a single color; mixing and matching can create visually appealing outfits. Consider using color wheels or complementary color schemes to guide your choices. For instance, pairing blue with orange or red with green can create striking contrasts.
4. Use Color as an Accent
If you’re unsure about wearing a full outfit in a bold color, start by using it as an accent. A colorful belt, scarf, shoes, or handbag can add a pop of vibrancy to a neutral-colored ensemble.
5. Understand Your Personal Preferences
Your personal preferences and associations with colors matter. If you have a favorite color that makes you feel confident or happy, incorporate it into your wardrobe. Your comfort and self-expression should guide your choices.
6. Consider Your Skin Tone
Your skin tone can affect how certain colors look on you. Experiment with colors that complement your complexion. For example, individuals with warm undertones may find that earthy tones like olive or coral enhance their natural glow, while those with cooler undertones may favor jewel tones like sapphire or emerald.
7. Build a Versatile Wardrobe
Having a mix of neutral colors like black, white, gray, and beige in your wardrobe can provide a versatile foundation. You can then add colorful pieces to create different looks. Neutral colors are also excellent for balancing vibrant or bold choices.
8. Confidence Matters
Above all, confidence is key. If you feel good in a particular color, it’s likely to show in your posture and attitude. Confidence can enhance the impact of any color you choose to wear.
Incorporating colors into your fashion choices is a creative and expressive process. Don’t be afraid to step out of your comfort zone and have fun with fashion. Whether you want to convey elegance, energy, creativity, or calmness, choosing the right colors can help you achieve your desired look and mood.
1. Everyday Wear
Your everyday wardrobe is the canvas for expressing your style and comfort in various daily situations. Here’s how to make smart color choices for your everyday wear:
1. Neutrals as the Foundation
Start with neutral colors like black, white, gray, and beige as the foundation of your everyday wardrobe. These versatile hues serve as the building blocks for creating a range of outfits.
2. Inject Vibrancy with Basics
Use basic clothing items to introduce pops of color. T-shirts, blouses, and casual tops in various colors can add vibrancy to your look. Consider shades like pastels, blues, and soft greens for a fresh and relaxed feel.
3. Denim Delight
Denim is a versatile choice for everyday wear. Blue jeans, in particular, come in a wide range of shades, from light wash to dark indigo. They pair well with almost any color, making them a staple for casual outfits.
4. Playful Accessories
Add fun and personality to your everyday outfits with colorful accessories. Scarves, belts, and hats in different colors and patterns can elevate your look and showcase your style without committing to a full-color ensemble.
5. Comfort and Confidence
Above all, prioritize comfort and confidence in your everyday wear. If a particular color makes you feel good and enhances your self-assuredness, it’s a winner. Your attitude and comfort level can make any color work for you.
6. Seasonal Adjustments
Consider seasonal changes when selecting colors for your everyday wardrobe. Warmer seasons may inspire you to wear light and airy colors, while cooler seasons call for richer, deeper hues.
7. Personalize Your Palette
Your personal preferences matter. While color psychology can guide your choices, your own associations with colors should also be considered. If a certain color holds sentimental value or resonates with you, don’t hesitate to incorporate it into your daily attire.
Your everyday wear is an opportunity to express your style and comfort in various settings, from work to casual outings. With a foundation of neutrals and a splash of color, you can create a wardrobe that reflects your personality and suits your everyday needs.
2. Special Occasions
Special occasions call for special outfits that make you look and feel your best. Choosing the right colors for these events can help you create a memorable and impactful appearance. Here’s how to select colors for special occasions:
1. Consider the Event Type
The nature of the special occasion plays a significant role in color selection. Different events, such as weddings, parties, or formal galas, may have varying dress codes and themes. Research the event’s expectations and theme to guide your color choices.
2. Embrace Elegance with Classic Colors
For formal events like weddings or galas, classic colors like black, navy, deep burgundy, and emerald green exude elegance and sophistication. These colors convey a sense of formality and are often associated with timeless beauty.
3. Dress for the Season
Consider the season when choosing your special occasion attire. Light and pastel colors are excellent for spring and summer events, while rich jewel tones and deeper shades work well for fall and winter gatherings.
4. Complement Your Complexion
Your skin tone can guide your color choices for special occasions. Colors that complement your complexion can enhance your overall appearance. For example, individuals with warm undertones may favor earthy tones, while those with cooler undertones can shine in blues and purples.
5. Don’t Shy Away from Bold Choices
Special occasions offer the perfect opportunity to embrace bold and vibrant colors. Reds, electric blues, fiery oranges, and fuchsias can make a striking statement and draw attention to you as the guest of honor or as a participant in the celebration.
6. Coordinate with Accessories
Coordinate your outfit’s colors with your accessories. Matching or complementary accessories, such as shoes, jewelry, and clutches, can complete your look and create a cohesive and polished appearance.
7. Personal Touch
Add a personal touch to your special occasion attire by incorporating colors that hold sentimental value or reflect your personality. It’s an excellent way to make your outfit unique and memorable.
Remember that special occasions are a time to celebrate and create lasting memories. The right choice of colors can help you convey the appropriate mood and leave a positive impression on those around you. Whether you opt for classic elegance or bold vibrancy, your special occasion attire should reflect your style and the significance of the event.
3. Work Attire
Your work attire plays a crucial role in your professional image and can impact how you are perceived in the workplace. Here’s how to choose the right colors for your work wardrobe:
1. Embrace Neutrals
Neutrals are the foundation of work attire. Colors like black, gray, white, and navy are timeless and convey professionalism and sophistication. Neutral tones are versatile and can be easily mixed and matched.
2. Confidence in Dark Hues
Dark colors like black, navy, and charcoal gray are associated with authority and confidence. They are excellent choices for formal work settings and important meetings, helping you make a strong impression.
3. Lighter Neutrals for Versatility
Lighter neutrals such as light gray, beige, and cream are perfect for creating a softer and approachable look. They are suitable for daily office wear and pair well with other colors.
4. Blues for Trustworthiness
Blue is a go-to color for work attire. It symbolizes trustworthiness and reliability. Navy blue, in particular, is a popular choice for business attire and is often associated with professionalism.
5. White for Cleanliness
White shirts or blouses convey cleanliness and simplicity. They are classic choices for work and can be paired with various colors and patterns to create different looks.
6. Conservative Approach
If you’re unsure about the dress code at your workplace, it’s generally safe to adopt a more conservative approach. Stick to neutral colors and avoid overly bright or flashy shades, especially in traditional or formal industries.
7. Occasional Accents
While neutrals dominate your work wardrobe, you can introduce occasional accents of color through accessories like ties, scarves, or jewelry. Subtle color accents can add a touch of personality without being distracting.
8. Dress for the Role
Your position and role within the organization can influence your color choices. Executives and those in leadership roles often gravitate towards darker, more authoritative colors, while creative professionals may have more flexibility to experiment with colors that reflect their industry or personal style.
Work attire should project professionalism, competence, and confidence. By selecting appropriate colors that align with your industry and role, you can enhance your professional image and convey the right message in the workplace. Remember that your comfort and personal style should also guide your choices for a successful work wardrobe.
Austin Butler talks about wearing cologne to bed, sitting next to #Rosé during fashion week and Marlon Brando’s style influence.
— Rolling Stone (@RollingStone) September 29, 2023
Here are some frequently asked questions about using color in fashion to express your mood:
1. Can color really affect my mood?
Yes, color can have a psychological impact on your mood and emotions. Different colors can evoke various feelings and perceptions, influencing your overall mood and the impressions you make on others.
2. How can I use color to boost my confidence?
Wearing colors that make you feel confident and empowered can help boost your self-esteem. Bold and vibrant colors like red or deep blue are often associated with confidence and authority.
3. Are there specific colors suitable for formal events?
Classic and formal events often call for timeless and elegant colors like black, navy, and deep burgundy. These colors convey sophistication and are typically well-received in formal settings.
4. What colors work best for a relaxed and casual look?
For a relaxed and casual look, consider lighter shades like pastels, soft greens, and blues. These colors create a sense of ease and comfort that’s perfect for casual outings and everyday wear.
5. Can I wear bright colors to the workplace?
The appropriateness of bright colors in the workplace depends on your industry and company culture. In creative fields, bright colors may be more acceptable, while conservative industries may prefer muted or neutral tones.
6. How can I incorporate color into my work wardrobe without going overboard?
You can incorporate color into your work wardrobe by using it as accents. Accessories like ties, scarves, or blouses in subtle shades can add a pop of color without overwhelming your outfit.
7. Should I consider my skin tone when choosing colors?
Yes, your skin tone can influence how certain colors look on you. Colors that complement your complexion can enhance your overall appearance. Warm undertones may favor earthy tones, while cooler undertones can shine in blues and purples.
8. Are there any colors to avoid in specific situations?
Avoid wearing colors that may be considered distracting or inappropriate for a particular situation. For example, overly bright or flashy colors may not be suitable for somber or formal events.
Remember that color choices in fashion are a matter of personal style and expression. While these FAQs provide guidance, your individual preferences and comfort should always guide your decisions when using color to express your mood through fashion.
Color is a powerful tool for self-expression and conveying emotions through fashion. Whether you’re choosing colors for everyday wear, special occasions, or work attire, understanding color psychology can help you make informed choices that align with your intentions.
Neutrals provide a versatile foundation, while bold and vibrant colors can make a statement. Your personal preferences, industry norms, and the nature of the event should guide your color choices.
Remember that confidence is key when wearing any color. If a particular shade makes you feel good and confident, it’s likely to have a positive impact on your mood and the way others perceive you.
By using color strategically in your wardrobe, you can express your mood, enhance your self-esteem, and create memorable impressions. Fashion is not just about clothing; it’s a form of self-expression that can empower you to project the image and mood you desire.
So, go ahead and explore the world of color in fashion, and let it be a reflection of your unique style and personality. | <urn:uuid:0bad297a-e588-479d-bda0-44a8642e6f01> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://nabtrends.com/how-to-use-fashion-to-express-your-mood/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100276.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20231201053039-20231201083039-00460.warc.gz | en | 0.902905 | 7,132 | 3.0625 | 3 |
- Medinat Weimar office in an exhibition in Stockholm
"Medinat Weimar" is a movement that aims to found a Jewish state in Thuringia. The project was originally launched on the streets of Weimar and is now being pursued mainly on the Internet. It has been conceived as a solution to political conflicts, whether in Israel or the German state of Thuringia.
"The Medinat Weimar movement not only supports the efforts of young Jewish Israelis to obtain a second passport from a European country or even to take on German nationality. It also offers a vision of a social utopia that aims to stop the decline of Thuringia's population and combat the popularity of radical right-wing ideology. Medinat Weimar draws on various ideas discussed in connection with the Zionist movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries." (From the catalogue for the exhibition "How German is it? 30 Artists' Notion of Home")
According to one of the thirteen Medinat Weimar theses, "people of all backgrounds and nationalities" are encouraged to participate. Medinat Weimar offices have been set up at several exhibitions in order to spread the vision of this kind of community. The movement is presented on the Internet at medinatweimar.org. | <urn:uuid:c36c08c7-6ce5-4982-abb6-c19f96a9a39e> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://www.jmberlin.de/heimatkunde/kuenstler/en/eidelman.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999638988/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060718-00066-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948452 | 263 | 2.53125 | 3 |
The coronavirus is leading to huge drops in air pollution. Researchers from TU Delft and the KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute) are observing this decrease from space from the Dutch Tropomi instrument on the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite.
The changes caused by coronavirus prevention measures are mostly visible in Tropomi’s NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) measurements. In China, the researchers are measuring a major reduction in the amount of NO2 since Chinese New Year (see photo above) when the prevention measures took effect. On average, they see a reduction of concentrations of about 35% across the country compared to 2019. For individual cities, this can go up to 50% to 60%.
‘We have never seen such a dramatic drop in pollution’
Prof. Pieternel Levelt of the Department of Civil Engineering and Geosciences (CEG) is the scientific initiator of the Tropomi satellite instrument. “We have never seen such a dramatic drop in pollution. People around the world are looking at our measurements. What is happening here is unique.”
More recently, the researchers have also started looking at what is happening in Europe. The outbreak of the coronavirus in Italy, and in particular to the north, in the Po Valley, have also led to prevention measures. ‘In this region we see a strong reduction in concentrations compared to last year,’ the researchers write (article in Dutch) on the KNMI website. See the image below and ESA’s animation. In Milan, the concentration was about 40% lower at the end of February and into March as in the same period last year.
The reduction measured by Tropomi is confirmed by the analysis of the concentrations of NO2 on the ground by the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service. Given the prevention measures taken in the Netherlands, the researchers expect to observe the effects on NO2 here too in the next few weeks.
Air pollution above Italy has dramatically reduced.
The concentrations of NO2 in Italy in the period from 23 February to 14 March in 2019 (bottom) compared to the same period in 2020 (top). (Source: EU/ESA/KNMI | <urn:uuid:b8061199-a363-4178-a9e7-40fdc70383e4> | CC-MAIN-2023-40 | https://www.delta.tudelft.nl/article/cleaner-air-above-italy-and-china | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-40/segments/1695233510983.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20231002064957-20231002094957-00210.warc.gz | en | 0.950426 | 452 | 3.296875 | 3 |
The finance charge is the total amount of interest and loan payments you will have to pay over the life of the mortgage. However, sometimes in the initial stages of choosing a lending institution, it can be difficult to find out the exact amount of finance charge and compare these costs because they are somehow hidden from the potential borrower.
The topic of financial fees may seem complicated only at first glance. You can easily calculate everything yourself. Financial charges may cover all costs associated with borrowing money. Here’s what you need to know.
Borrowing money always comes with a cost. In most cases, this is an interest rate, often expressed as an annual percentage rate (APR).
First things first, let’s start by understanding the term.
What is a finance charge on a mortgage loan?
A finance charge is the total amount you pay a lender for borrowing money, including interest and other fees. This may be a percentage of the loan amount or a fixed fee charged by the company.
Financial fees vary depending on the type of loan or loan you have and the company.
Mortgages also incur financial costs. When you take out a mortgage, you pay interest, as well as discount points, mortgage insurance, etc. Anything above the principal on the loan is a financial expense.
Finance charges are calculated each billing cycle based on the current base rate that banks charge their most creditworthy customers. This rate fluctuates based on market conditions and the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy, so any financial fees may change monthly if your rate is not fixed. If you have a fixed-rate loan, the financing fee is less likely to fluctuate, although it can still fluctuate depending on factors such as your payment history and timeliness.
Under the Truth in Lending Act, lenders are now required to explain financial costs to borrowers.
When you apply for a loan, you will be provided with details of the cost and any applicable financial costs. Similarly, credit card statements and loan statements will include information about interest and other fees.
You can contact your lender directly if you are wondering how to find financial cost information for your loan.
How to calculate the finance charge
The usual way to calculate the credit card finance charge is to multiply the average daily balance by the annual percentage rate (APR) and the number of days in the billing cycle. The product is then divided by 365.
The first thing to remember is that the Annual Percentage Rate (APR) you will see when calculating your loan is always different from the loan rate. The APR is the total cost of the mortgage, which includes interest, mortgage origination fees, and other related fees paid over the life of the loan. Lending institutions use the formula below to calculate the annual percentage rate:
To find out how much you will pay in finance costs over the life of a fixed-term mortgage, multiply the number of payments you will make by your monthly payment. Then subtract the principal amount.
You can calculate the financial costs of a mortgage yourself. To do this, multiply the number of payments you will make by the amount of your monthly payment. Then subtract the principal amount of the loan.
When you receive your mortgage calculation from the lending institution, you should look on page 3 of the Loan Estimate (see example). This will show the annual interest rate on your loan. You will see that the annual percentage rate is slightly higher than the mortgage rate. This is because the annual interest rate includes financial charges like origination charges, discount points, mortgage insurance, and other applicable lender charges.
You will also see the amount of interest you will pay over the life of the loan. If you are interested in ways to get a lower interest rate loan and you have already applied, you can check with a mortgage counselor about your buy-down options.
[su_note note_color=”#ffffff” text_color=”#000000″ radius=”0″] Interested in getting a mortgage? [su_button url=”https://alexshekhtman.floify.com/apply-now” target=”blank” style=”flat” background=”#0072ff” size=”4″ radius=”round”] Apply now [/su_button] [/su_note]
Alternative Formula To Calculate Finance Charge Amount
If you have the time, you can calculate the financial cost of your mortgage yourself by multiplying the number of payments you will make by the amount of your monthly payment. Then subtract the loan principal. Or, use the alternative formula:
[su_note note_color=”#0072ff” text_color=”#ffffff” radius=”1″]Finance charge = Balance Subject to Finance Charge × Periodic rate × Number of Periods[/su_note]
Or you can simply find your finance charge on page 5 of the Closing Disclosure form in the “Loan Calculations” section (see example).
– Do I have to pay the finance charge?
If you’re trying to figure out what costs are included in your financial expense calculation, here’s a useful trick. Financial expenses are usually expensed that you would not incur if you paid in cash instead of credit.
Generally, you agree to pay certain financial expenses upfront whenever you take out a loan. However, you may be able to pay off the loan early and save some of the money you would have paid for finance costs, depending on the terms of your agreement.
– Is the finance charge the same as interest?
The financial fee is a broad term that can include many different fees, including interest.
Mortgages have lower interest rates because the debt is secured. If someone defaults on their mortgage, the bank can effectively become the owner of the house. This reduces the risks to the bank.
On the other hand, credit card interest rates are much higher because the debt is unsecured. A lender cannot return items that someone has purchased with a card, and often credit card debt can be linked to purchases of consumables such as groceries.
Interest is usually expressed as an annual percentage rate or APR, although there are subtle differences between the terms “interest rate” and “APR”. Simply put, APR is a broader term that can include the interest rate and other fees required to qualify for a loan.
For example, a mortgage loan might have an interest rate of 3.5%, but after taking into account mortgage points, mortgage brokerage fees, and other fees, the stated APR could be slightly higher than 3.5%.
Financial expenses can add up, which can affect your overall financial well-being. How can these costs be reduced?
Essentially there are two approaches:
- Refinance debt to get a lower interest rate
- Pay off your debt so you don’t have to pay interest at all
- In either case, the goal is to lower the amount you pay in interest to lower your overall finance costs.
Only professionals in mortgage lending can help you avoid additional costs, not to mention the selection of the optimal loan program.
[su_note note_color=”#ffffff” text_color=”#000000″ radius=”0″] Ready to buy a house? [su_button url=”https://alexshekhtman.floify.com/apply-now” target=”blank” style=”flat” background=”#0072ff” size=”4″ radius=”round”] Get pre-approved [/su_button] [/su_note] | <urn:uuid:35ee3dc0-3749-48c1-a45d-cd7aa1e0cebb> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.lbcmortgage.com/how-to-calculate-the-finance-charge-on-a-mortgage-loan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224650620.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20230605021141-20230605051141-00128.warc.gz | en | 0.944251 | 1,707 | 2.953125 | 3 |
Challenges With Today’s Nanocomposite Materials
Today, most nanocomposites used in the plastics industry are made with “platy nanoclay” materials, but these clays are very difficult and expensive to process. Platy clays, such as the Kaolin clay below, contain layered two-dimensional sheets held together by an intercalation (or intermediary) layer. The sheets must first be exfoliated, or chemically separated, so they can function as nanoparticulate fillers and be dispersed in the polymer matrix. In today’s platy nanoclay production process, these multiple steps lead to complexity, cost, and dispersion quality challenges. In addition, most manufacturers do not have the specialized equipment needed to produce composites with platy nanoclays – this required investment is the biggest market barrier for nanoclays.
NaturalNano’s patent product bypasses these multiple processing steps and complex chemistry by offering the manufacturer a turnkey drop-in solution that runs on standard conventional equipment. Pleximer is a turnkey concentrate in the form of pellets that can be added directly into the extruder by the end manufacturer. Pleximer contains Halloysite clay nanotubes, shown below, that are blended with a specific polymer base utilizing NaturalNano’s patent technology. The resulting product is a drop-in additive.
Pleximer doesn’t require the expensive exfoliation process needed by platy clay systems, and it successfully provides the required dispersion in a polymer matrix. Platy nanoclays, by comparison, have trouble achieving uniform dispersion, even with exfoliation, and work with a limited number of polymer families.
The nanocomposite market is also limited by the small number of manufacturers that have invested in the know-how and the specialized equipment necessary to run platy nanoclays. NaturalNano believes that the Pleximer technology will have rapid industry acceptance because it enables manufacturers to produce nanocomposites with existing equipment. NaturalNano is currently focused on leveraging this new drop-in, turnkey advantage to a select number of industrial compounders who supply major industries such as automotive, performance sporting goods and aerospace. | <urn:uuid:f3075012-7883-4451-ba11-0f3bc119da8d> | CC-MAIN-2020-05 | http://naturalnano.com/pleximer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-05/segments/1579250592261.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20200118052321-20200118080321-00463.warc.gz | en | 0.917745 | 454 | 2.578125 | 3 |
While culverts allow us to build roads over streams and improve our mobility, they impede the ability of fish and other organisms to move freely throughout the stream. Throughout the summer of 2015, staff from the NYSDEC, Hudson River Estuary Program and the NYS Water Resources Institute, Columbia-Greene and Dutchess County Cornell Cooperative Extensions, and Dutchess and Rockland County Soil and Water Conservation Districts were out in the Hudson River Estuary assessing culverts for passability for aquatic organisms. They were also collecting data that Cornell University will use to model the capacity of the culvert, looking at whether the culvert is big enough to pass stream flows from future storms. With passability and capacity information, local partners can prioritize the culverts that are the biggest barriers to fish and other organisms and are most likely to fail during a future storm. Stay tuned for grants that can help address these kinds of aquatic barrier problems….
More information on stream connectivity can be found on the NYS DEC website.
For more information on the NYS DEC’s project to assess culverts and stream connectivity in the Hudson River Estuary, please see this fact sheet. | <urn:uuid:5a025332-b8df-4b7b-8d39-c4ded1f00474> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://hudsonwatershed.org/culverts-in-the-hudson-river-estuary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590347413786.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20200531213917-20200601003917-00273.warc.gz | en | 0.948713 | 240 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Storytelling and the use of narrative case studies can be a highly effective way to teach. Often, we learn best by doing, and in the context of online learning, "doing" often means utilizing case study and role-playing methods. This course introduces the major techniques and strategies for integrating narrative learning into an educational curriculum. It presents different types of narrative learning and identifies the best means to utilize each. Finally, it explores the efficacy of narrative learning and how it can be applied to online design and instruction.
This course was developed by MindEdge's National Institute of Online Learning (NIOL), which was founded in 2012 with the goal to improve the quality and effectiveness of online learning, especially for adult learners, by promoting best practices and innovation in the field.
- Define narrative learning and summarize its core principles
- Identify various types of narrative activities and compare their applications
- Outline the stages of the narrative arc, specifying the purpose of each stage in terms of a story and a narrative activity
- Discuss best practices for narrative learning
- Design a scenario, case study, and simulation
- Interpret the literature surrounding the efficacy of narrative learning
- Critique poorly constructed narrative activities
- Badge and credit-awarding
- Games & Flashcards
- Video content
- Real-world case studies
- Audio-enabled in app
You may request a refund up to 5 days from the purchase date. The registration fee will only be refunded if less than 10% of the course has been completed. Completion percentage can be viewed on the Course Progress page from within the course.
This course has an "Ask the Expert" feature, which submits your questions directly to an expert in the field you are studying. Questions are answered as quickly as possible and usually within 24 hours.
This course does not require any additional purchases of supplementary materials.
Learners must achieve an average test score of at least 70% to meet the minimum successful completion requirement and qualify to receive IACET CEUs. Learners will have three attempts at all graded assessments. | <urn:uuid:01d801ae-5c34-46a0-a474-dbf2066fb6b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://www2.mindedge.com/page/professional/course/872 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655937797.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20200711192914-20200711222914-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.934009 | 420 | 3.25 | 3 |
Subsets and Splits