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id_5500 | Spring Willow Farm Museum and Education Center Spring Willow Farm is a fully operating farm designed to educate the public about farm operation, farming history, and issues facing farmers today. Schedule We are open to the public year-round, with reduced hours during the winter months. Closed Mondays and holidays. Visiting the Farm Visitors are free to tour the farm on their own. Please note that children must be accompanied by an adult at all times. Maps are available at the information desk in the Main Building. Guided tours are included in the cost of admission. Tours leave from the Main Building front entrance at 10:00 a . m. and 2:00 p . m. daily. The ground floor of the Main Building is open to visitors. It contains exhibits explaining daily farm life in different periods of history, with displays showing farm implements, kitchen and other household utensils, photographs, and more. The information desk is also located here, as well as the Farm Museum Gift Shop. Classes The museum offers classes on various aspects of farming and farm history two evenings a week throughout the year. Ask at the information desk for a schedule of upcoming classes. In addition, classes on special subjects related to farming can be arranged for your club or group. Please contact the Education Office for further information. All classes take place in the classrooms located on the second floor of the Main Building. | Farmers are offered a special discount on classes. | neutral |
id_5501 | Spring Willow Farm Museum and Education Center Spring Willow Farm is a fully operating farm designed to educate the public about farm operation, farming history, and issues facing farmers today. Schedule We are open to the public year-round, with reduced hours during the winter months. Closed Mondays and holidays. Visiting the Farm Visitors are free to tour the farm on their own. Please note that children must be accompanied by an adult at all times. Maps are available at the information desk in the Main Building. Guided tours are included in the cost of admission. Tours leave from the Main Building front entrance at 10:00 a . m. and 2:00 p . m. daily. The ground floor of the Main Building is open to visitors. It contains exhibits explaining daily farm life in different periods of history, with displays showing farm implements, kitchen and other household utensils, photographs, and more. The information desk is also located here, as well as the Farm Museum Gift Shop. Classes The museum offers classes on various aspects of farming and farm history two evenings a week throughout the year. Ask at the information desk for a schedule of upcoming classes. In addition, classes on special subjects related to farming can be arranged for your club or group. Please contact the Education Office for further information. All classes take place in the classrooms located on the second floor of the Main Building. | The museum has gifts for sale. | entailment |
id_5502 | Spring Willow Farm Museum and Education Center Spring Willow Farm is a fully operating farm designed to educate the public about farm operation, farming history, and issues facing farmers today. Schedule We are open to the public year-round, with reduced hours during the winter months. Closed Mondays and holidays. Visiting the Farm Visitors are free to tour the farm on their own. Please note that children must be accompanied by an adult at all times. Maps are available at the information desk in the Main Building. Guided tours are included in the cost of admission. Tours leave from the Main Building front entrance at 10:00 a . m. and 2:00 p . m. daily. The ground floor of the Main Building is open to visitors. It contains exhibits explaining daily farm life in different periods of history, with displays showing farm implements, kitchen and other household utensils, photographs, and more. The information desk is also located here, as well as the Farm Museum Gift Shop. Classes The museum offers classes on various aspects of farming and farm history two evenings a week throughout the year. Ask at the information desk for a schedule of upcoming classes. In addition, classes on special subjects related to farming can be arranged for your club or group. Please contact the Education Office for further information. All classes take place in the classrooms located on the second floor of the Main Building. | Spring Willow Farm is closed during the winter months. | contradiction |
id_5503 | Spring Willow Farm Museum and Education Center Spring Willow Farm is a fully operating farm designed to educate the public about farm operation, farming history, and issues facing farmers today. Schedule We are open to the public year-round, with reduced hours during the winter months. Closed Mondays and holidays. Visiting the Farm Visitors are free to tour the farm on their own. Please note that children must be accompanied by an adult at all times. Maps are available at the information desk in the Main Building. Guided tours are included in the cost of admission. Tours leave from the Main Building front entrance at 10:00 a . m. and 2:00 p . m. daily. The ground floor of the Main Building is open to visitors. It contains exhibits explaining daily farm life in different periods of history, with displays showing farm implements, kitchen and other household utensils, photographs, and more. The information desk is also located here, as well as the Farm Museum Gift Shop. Classes The museum offers classes on various aspects of farming and farm history two evenings a week throughout the year. Ask at the information desk for a schedule of upcoming classes. In addition, classes on special subjects related to farming can be arranged for your club or group. Please contact the Education Office for further information. All classes take place in the classrooms located on the second floor of the Main Building. | The guided tours last two hours. | neutral |
id_5504 | Spring Willow Farm Museum and Education Center Spring Willow Farm is a fully operating farm designed to educate the public about farm operation, farming history, and issues facing farmers today. Schedule We are open to the public year-round, with reduced hours during the winter months. Closed Mondays and holidays. Visiting the Farm Visitors are free to tour the farm on their own. Please note that children must be accompanied by an adult at all times. Maps are available at the information desk in the Main Building. Guided tours are included in the cost of admission. Tours leave from the Main Building front entrance at 10:00 a . m. and 2:00 p . m. daily. The ground floor of the Main Building is open to visitors. It contains exhibits explaining daily farm life in different periods of history, with displays showing farm implements, kitchen and other household utensils, photographs, and more. The information desk is also located here, as well as the Farm Museum Gift Shop. Classes The museum offers classes on various aspects of farming and farm history two evenings a week throughout the year. Ask at the information desk for a schedule of upcoming classes. In addition, classes on special subjects related to farming can be arranged for your club or group. Please contact the Education Office for further information. All classes take place in the classrooms located on the second floor of the Main Building. | Spring Willow Farm charges visitors an admission fee. | entailment |
id_5505 | Spring Willow Farm Museum and Education Center Spring Willow Farm is a fully operating farm designed to educate the public about farm operation, farming history, and issues facing farmers today. Schedule We are open to the public year-round, with reduced hours during the winter months. Closed Mondays and holidays. Visiting the Farm Visitors are free to tour the farm on their own. Please note that children must be accompanied by an adult at all times. Maps are available at the information desk in the Main Building. Guided tours are included in the cost of admission. Tours leave from the Main Building front entrance at 10:00 a . m. and 2:00 p . m. daily. The ground floor of the Main Building is open to visitors. It contains exhibits explaining daily farm life in different periods of history, with displays showing farm implements, kitchen and other household utensils, photographs, and more. The information desk is also located here, as well as the Farm Museum Gift Shop. Classes The museum offers classes on various aspects of farming and farm history two evenings a week throughout the year. Ask at the information desk for a schedule of upcoming classes. In addition, classes on special subjects related to farming can be arranged for your club or group. Please contact the Education Office for further information. All classes take place in the classrooms located on the second floor of the Main Building. | Children are not allowed to visit the farm. | contradiction |
id_5506 | Stadium Australia You might ask, why be concerned about the architecture of a stadium? Surely, as Long as die action is entertaining and the building is safe and reasonably comfortable, why should the aesthetics matter This one question has dominated my professional life, and its answer is one 1 find myself continually rehearsing. If one accepts that sporting endeavour is as important an outlet for human expression as, say, the theatre or cinema, fine art or music, why shouldnt the buildings in which we celebrate this outlet he as grand and as inspirational as those we would expect, and demand, in those other areas of cultural life? Indeed, one could argue that because stadiums are, in many instances, far more popular than theatres or art galleries, we should actually devote more, and nor less, attention to their form. Stadiums have frequently been referred to as cathedrals. Football has often been dubbed the opera of the people. What better way, therefore, to raise the general publics awareness and appreciation of quality design than to offer them the very best buildings in the one area of life that seems to touch them most? Could it even be drat better stadiums might just make tor better citizens? But then maybe, as my detractors have labelled me in the past, 1 am a snob. Maybe I should just accept that sport, and its associated accoutrements and products, is an essentially tacky and ephemeral business, while stadium design is all too often driven by pragmatists and penny-pinchers. Certainly, when 1 first started writing about stadium architecture, one of the first and most uncomfortable truths 1 had to confront was that some of the mast popular stadiums in the world were also amongst the least attractive or innovative in architectural terms. Worthy and predictable has usually won more votes than daring and different. Old Trafford football ground in Manchester, the Yankee Stadium in New York, Ellis Park in Johannesburg. The list is long and is not intended to suggest that these are necessarily poor buildings. Rather, that each has derived its reputation more from the events that it has staged, from its associations, than from the actual form it takes. Equally, those stadiums whose forms have been revered such as the Maracana in Rio, oi the San Siro in Milan have turned out to be rather poorly designed in several respects, once one analyses them not as icons but as functioning public assembly facilities (to use the current jargon). Finding the balance between beauty and practicality has never been easy. Homebush Bay was the site of the main Olympic Games complex for the Sydney Olympics of 2000. To put it politely, 1 am no great admirer of the Olympics as an event, or, rather, of the insane pressures its past bidding procedures have placed upon candidate cities. Nor, as a spectator, do 1 much enjoy the bloated Games programme and the consequent demands this places upon the designers of stadiums. Yet in my calmer moments it would be churlish to deny that, if approached sensibly and imaginatively, the opportunity to stage the Games can yield enormous benefits in the long term (as well they should, considering the expenditure involved), if not (or sport then at least for the cause of urban regeneration. Following in Barcelonas footsteps, Sydney undoubtedly set about its urban regeneration in a wholly impressive way. To an outsider, the 760-hectare sire at Homebush Bay, once the home of an abattoir, a racecourse, a brickworks and light industrial units, seemed miles from anywhere it was actually fifteen kilometres from the centre of Sydney and pretty much in the heart of the citys extensive conurbation. Some 1.3 billion worth of construction and reclamation was commissioned, all of it, crucially, with an eye to post- Olympic usage- Strict guidelines, studiously monitored by Greenpeace, ensured that the 2000 Games would be the most environmentally friendly ever. Whats more, much of the work was good-looking, distinctive and lively. Thats a reflection of the Australian spirit, I was told. At the centre of Homebush lay the main venue for the Olympics, Stadium Australia. It was funded by means of a BOOT (Budd, Own, Operate and Transfer) contract, which meant that the Stadium Australia consortium, led by the contractors Multiplex and the financiers Hambros, bore i he bulk of the construction costs, in return for which it was allowed to operate the facility for thirty years, and thus, it hopes, recoup its outlay, before handing the whole building over to the New South Wales government in the year 2030. Stadium Australia was the most environmentally friendly Olympic stadium ever built. Every single product and material used had to meet strict guidelines, even if it turned our to he more expensive. All the timber was either recycled or derived from renewable sources. In order to reduce energy costs, the design allowed for natural lighting in as many public areas as possible, supplemented by solar-powered units. Rainwater collected from the roof ran off into storage- ranks, where it could be tapped for pitch irrigation. Stormwater run-off was collected for toilet flushing. Wherever possible, passive ventilation was used instead of mechanical air- conditioning. Even the steel and concrete from the two end stands due to be demolished at the end of the Olympics was to be recycled. Furthermore, no private cars were allowed on the Homebush site. Instead, every spectator was to arrive by public transport, and quite right too. If ever there was a stadium to persuade a sceptic like myself that the Olympic Games do, after all, have a useful function in at least setting design and planning trends, this was the one. 1 was, and still am, I freely confess, quite knocked out by Stadium Australia. | Designers of previous Olympic stadiums could easily have produced far better designs. | contradiction |
id_5507 | Stadium Australia You might ask, why be concerned about the architecture of a stadium? Surely, as Long as die action is entertaining and the building is safe and reasonably comfortable, why should the aesthetics matter This one question has dominated my professional life, and its answer is one 1 find myself continually rehearsing. If one accepts that sporting endeavour is as important an outlet for human expression as, say, the theatre or cinema, fine art or music, why shouldnt the buildings in which we celebrate this outlet he as grand and as inspirational as those we would expect, and demand, in those other areas of cultural life? Indeed, one could argue that because stadiums are, in many instances, far more popular than theatres or art galleries, we should actually devote more, and nor less, attention to their form. Stadiums have frequently been referred to as cathedrals. Football has often been dubbed the opera of the people. What better way, therefore, to raise the general publics awareness and appreciation of quality design than to offer them the very best buildings in the one area of life that seems to touch them most? Could it even be drat better stadiums might just make tor better citizens? But then maybe, as my detractors have labelled me in the past, 1 am a snob. Maybe I should just accept that sport, and its associated accoutrements and products, is an essentially tacky and ephemeral business, while stadium design is all too often driven by pragmatists and penny-pinchers. Certainly, when 1 first started writing about stadium architecture, one of the first and most uncomfortable truths 1 had to confront was that some of the mast popular stadiums in the world were also amongst the least attractive or innovative in architectural terms. Worthy and predictable has usually won more votes than daring and different. Old Trafford football ground in Manchester, the Yankee Stadium in New York, Ellis Park in Johannesburg. The list is long and is not intended to suggest that these are necessarily poor buildings. Rather, that each has derived its reputation more from the events that it has staged, from its associations, than from the actual form it takes. Equally, those stadiums whose forms have been revered such as the Maracana in Rio, oi the San Siro in Milan have turned out to be rather poorly designed in several respects, once one analyses them not as icons but as functioning public assembly facilities (to use the current jargon). Finding the balance between beauty and practicality has never been easy. Homebush Bay was the site of the main Olympic Games complex for the Sydney Olympics of 2000. To put it politely, 1 am no great admirer of the Olympics as an event, or, rather, of the insane pressures its past bidding procedures have placed upon candidate cities. Nor, as a spectator, do 1 much enjoy the bloated Games programme and the consequent demands this places upon the designers of stadiums. Yet in my calmer moments it would be churlish to deny that, if approached sensibly and imaginatively, the opportunity to stage the Games can yield enormous benefits in the long term (as well they should, considering the expenditure involved), if not (or sport then at least for the cause of urban regeneration. Following in Barcelonas footsteps, Sydney undoubtedly set about its urban regeneration in a wholly impressive way. To an outsider, the 760-hectare sire at Homebush Bay, once the home of an abattoir, a racecourse, a brickworks and light industrial units, seemed miles from anywhere it was actually fifteen kilometres from the centre of Sydney and pretty much in the heart of the citys extensive conurbation. Some 1.3 billion worth of construction and reclamation was commissioned, all of it, crucially, with an eye to post- Olympic usage- Strict guidelines, studiously monitored by Greenpeace, ensured that the 2000 Games would be the most environmentally friendly ever. Whats more, much of the work was good-looking, distinctive and lively. Thats a reflection of the Australian spirit, I was told. At the centre of Homebush lay the main venue for the Olympics, Stadium Australia. It was funded by means of a BOOT (Budd, Own, Operate and Transfer) contract, which meant that the Stadium Australia consortium, led by the contractors Multiplex and the financiers Hambros, bore i he bulk of the construction costs, in return for which it was allowed to operate the facility for thirty years, and thus, it hopes, recoup its outlay, before handing the whole building over to the New South Wales government in the year 2030. Stadium Australia was the most environmentally friendly Olympic stadium ever built. Every single product and material used had to meet strict guidelines, even if it turned our to he more expensive. All the timber was either recycled or derived from renewable sources. In order to reduce energy costs, the design allowed for natural lighting in as many public areas as possible, supplemented by solar-powered units. Rainwater collected from the roof ran off into storage- ranks, where it could be tapped for pitch irrigation. Stormwater run-off was collected for toilet flushing. Wherever possible, passive ventilation was used instead of mechanical air- conditioning. Even the steel and concrete from the two end stands due to be demolished at the end of the Olympics was to be recycled. Furthermore, no private cars were allowed on the Homebush site. Instead, every spectator was to arrive by public transport, and quite right too. If ever there was a stadium to persuade a sceptic like myself that the Olympic Games do, after all, have a useful function in at least setting design and planning trends, this was the one. 1 was, and still am, I freely confess, quite knocked out by Stadium Australia. | Some stadiums have come in for a lot more criticism than others. | neutral |
id_5508 | Stadium Australia You might ask, why be concerned about the architecture of a stadium? Surely, as Long as die action is entertaining and the building is safe and reasonably comfortable, why should the aesthetics matter This one question has dominated my professional life, and its answer is one 1 find myself continually rehearsing. If one accepts that sporting endeavour is as important an outlet for human expression as, say, the theatre or cinema, fine art or music, why shouldnt the buildings in which we celebrate this outlet he as grand and as inspirational as those we would expect, and demand, in those other areas of cultural life? Indeed, one could argue that because stadiums are, in many instances, far more popular than theatres or art galleries, we should actually devote more, and nor less, attention to their form. Stadiums have frequently been referred to as cathedrals. Football has often been dubbed the opera of the people. What better way, therefore, to raise the general publics awareness and appreciation of quality design than to offer them the very best buildings in the one area of life that seems to touch them most? Could it even be drat better stadiums might just make tor better citizens? But then maybe, as my detractors have labelled me in the past, 1 am a snob. Maybe I should just accept that sport, and its associated accoutrements and products, is an essentially tacky and ephemeral business, while stadium design is all too often driven by pragmatists and penny-pinchers. Certainly, when 1 first started writing about stadium architecture, one of the first and most uncomfortable truths 1 had to confront was that some of the mast popular stadiums in the world were also amongst the least attractive or innovative in architectural terms. Worthy and predictable has usually won more votes than daring and different. Old Trafford football ground in Manchester, the Yankee Stadium in New York, Ellis Park in Johannesburg. The list is long and is not intended to suggest that these are necessarily poor buildings. Rather, that each has derived its reputation more from the events that it has staged, from its associations, than from the actual form it takes. Equally, those stadiums whose forms have been revered such as the Maracana in Rio, oi the San Siro in Milan have turned out to be rather poorly designed in several respects, once one analyses them not as icons but as functioning public assembly facilities (to use the current jargon). Finding the balance between beauty and practicality has never been easy. Homebush Bay was the site of the main Olympic Games complex for the Sydney Olympics of 2000. To put it politely, 1 am no great admirer of the Olympics as an event, or, rather, of the insane pressures its past bidding procedures have placed upon candidate cities. Nor, as a spectator, do 1 much enjoy the bloated Games programme and the consequent demands this places upon the designers of stadiums. Yet in my calmer moments it would be churlish to deny that, if approached sensibly and imaginatively, the opportunity to stage the Games can yield enormous benefits in the long term (as well they should, considering the expenditure involved), if not (or sport then at least for the cause of urban regeneration. Following in Barcelonas footsteps, Sydney undoubtedly set about its urban regeneration in a wholly impressive way. To an outsider, the 760-hectare sire at Homebush Bay, once the home of an abattoir, a racecourse, a brickworks and light industrial units, seemed miles from anywhere it was actually fifteen kilometres from the centre of Sydney and pretty much in the heart of the citys extensive conurbation. Some 1.3 billion worth of construction and reclamation was commissioned, all of it, crucially, with an eye to post- Olympic usage- Strict guidelines, studiously monitored by Greenpeace, ensured that the 2000 Games would be the most environmentally friendly ever. Whats more, much of the work was good-looking, distinctive and lively. Thats a reflection of the Australian spirit, I was told. At the centre of Homebush lay the main venue for the Olympics, Stadium Australia. It was funded by means of a BOOT (Budd, Own, Operate and Transfer) contract, which meant that the Stadium Australia consortium, led by the contractors Multiplex and the financiers Hambros, bore i he bulk of the construction costs, in return for which it was allowed to operate the facility for thirty years, and thus, it hopes, recoup its outlay, before handing the whole building over to the New South Wales government in the year 2030. Stadium Australia was the most environmentally friendly Olympic stadium ever built. Every single product and material used had to meet strict guidelines, even if it turned our to he more expensive. All the timber was either recycled or derived from renewable sources. In order to reduce energy costs, the design allowed for natural lighting in as many public areas as possible, supplemented by solar-powered units. Rainwater collected from the roof ran off into storage- ranks, where it could be tapped for pitch irrigation. Stormwater run-off was collected for toilet flushing. Wherever possible, passive ventilation was used instead of mechanical air- conditioning. Even the steel and concrete from the two end stands due to be demolished at the end of the Olympics was to be recycled. Furthermore, no private cars were allowed on the Homebush site. Instead, every spectator was to arrive by public transport, and quite right too. If ever there was a stadium to persuade a sceptic like myself that the Olympic Games do, after all, have a useful function in at least setting design and planning trends, this was the one. 1 was, and still am, I freely confess, quite knocked out by Stadium Australia. | It is possible that stadium design has an effect on peoples behaviour in life in general. | entailment |
id_5509 | Stadium Australia You might ask, why be concerned about the architecture of a stadium? Surely, as Long as die action is entertaining and the building is safe and reasonably comfortable, why should the aesthetics matter This one question has dominated my professional life, and its answer is one 1 find myself continually rehearsing. If one accepts that sporting endeavour is as important an outlet for human expression as, say, the theatre or cinema, fine art or music, why shouldnt the buildings in which we celebrate this outlet he as grand and as inspirational as those we would expect, and demand, in those other areas of cultural life? Indeed, one could argue that because stadiums are, in many instances, far more popular than theatres or art galleries, we should actually devote more, and nor less, attention to their form. Stadiums have frequently been referred to as cathedrals. Football has often been dubbed the opera of the people. What better way, therefore, to raise the general publics awareness and appreciation of quality design than to offer them the very best buildings in the one area of life that seems to touch them most? Could it even be drat better stadiums might just make tor better citizens? But then maybe, as my detractors have labelled me in the past, 1 am a snob. Maybe I should just accept that sport, and its associated accoutrements and products, is an essentially tacky and ephemeral business, while stadium design is all too often driven by pragmatists and penny-pinchers. Certainly, when 1 first started writing about stadium architecture, one of the first and most uncomfortable truths 1 had to confront was that some of the mast popular stadiums in the world were also amongst the least attractive or innovative in architectural terms. Worthy and predictable has usually won more votes than daring and different. Old Trafford football ground in Manchester, the Yankee Stadium in New York, Ellis Park in Johannesburg. The list is long and is not intended to suggest that these are necessarily poor buildings. Rather, that each has derived its reputation more from the events that it has staged, from its associations, than from the actual form it takes. Equally, those stadiums whose forms have been revered such as the Maracana in Rio, oi the San Siro in Milan have turned out to be rather poorly designed in several respects, once one analyses them not as icons but as functioning public assembly facilities (to use the current jargon). Finding the balance between beauty and practicality has never been easy. Homebush Bay was the site of the main Olympic Games complex for the Sydney Olympics of 2000. To put it politely, 1 am no great admirer of the Olympics as an event, or, rather, of the insane pressures its past bidding procedures have placed upon candidate cities. Nor, as a spectator, do 1 much enjoy the bloated Games programme and the consequent demands this places upon the designers of stadiums. Yet in my calmer moments it would be churlish to deny that, if approached sensibly and imaginatively, the opportunity to stage the Games can yield enormous benefits in the long term (as well they should, considering the expenditure involved), if not (or sport then at least for the cause of urban regeneration. Following in Barcelonas footsteps, Sydney undoubtedly set about its urban regeneration in a wholly impressive way. To an outsider, the 760-hectare sire at Homebush Bay, once the home of an abattoir, a racecourse, a brickworks and light industrial units, seemed miles from anywhere it was actually fifteen kilometres from the centre of Sydney and pretty much in the heart of the citys extensive conurbation. Some 1.3 billion worth of construction and reclamation was commissioned, all of it, crucially, with an eye to post- Olympic usage- Strict guidelines, studiously monitored by Greenpeace, ensured that the 2000 Games would be the most environmentally friendly ever. Whats more, much of the work was good-looking, distinctive and lively. Thats a reflection of the Australian spirit, I was told. At the centre of Homebush lay the main venue for the Olympics, Stadium Australia. It was funded by means of a BOOT (Budd, Own, Operate and Transfer) contract, which meant that the Stadium Australia consortium, led by the contractors Multiplex and the financiers Hambros, bore i he bulk of the construction costs, in return for which it was allowed to operate the facility for thirty years, and thus, it hopes, recoup its outlay, before handing the whole building over to the New South Wales government in the year 2030. Stadium Australia was the most environmentally friendly Olympic stadium ever built. Every single product and material used had to meet strict guidelines, even if it turned our to he more expensive. All the timber was either recycled or derived from renewable sources. In order to reduce energy costs, the design allowed for natural lighting in as many public areas as possible, supplemented by solar-powered units. Rainwater collected from the roof ran off into storage- ranks, where it could be tapped for pitch irrigation. Stormwater run-off was collected for toilet flushing. Wherever possible, passive ventilation was used instead of mechanical air- conditioning. Even the steel and concrete from the two end stands due to be demolished at the end of the Olympics was to be recycled. Furthermore, no private cars were allowed on the Homebush site. Instead, every spectator was to arrive by public transport, and quite right too. If ever there was a stadium to persuade a sceptic like myself that the Olympic Games do, after all, have a useful function in at least setting design and planning trends, this was the one. 1 was, and still am, I freely confess, quite knocked out by Stadium Australia. | The public have been demanding a better quality of stadium design. | neutral |
id_5510 | Staff monitoring is a particularly issue for managers the only kind of staff monitoring not subject to regulation is where one individual watches another. Once any recording starts, even if it is manual, monitoring is subject to the Data Protection Act employees need to be told about monitoring takes place and why. The information gathered has to be kept secure, and affected staffs have the right to see information related to them. Whilst a persons consent is not required, he or she must be consulted about the processing of personal information (monitoring data is construed as personal), and monitoring practices must not cause unnecessary stress. However, covert monitoring without consultation may be used, but only in particularly serious circumstances, such as when a staff member is suspected of dishonest. In such a case, the covert surveillance (e. g. hidden cameras) must be in targeted areas and at times when the dishonest behavior is expected- any other information must be disregarded. | It is not possible to avoid the Data Protection Act when monitoring staff. | contradiction |
id_5511 | Staff monitoring is a particularly issue for managers the only kind of staff monitoring not subject to regulation is where one individual watches another. Once any recording starts, even if it is manual, monitoring is subject to the Data Protection Act employees need to be told about monitoring takes place and why. The information gathered has to be kept secure, and affected staffs have the right to see information related to them. Whilst a persons consent is not required, he or she must be consulted about the processing of personal information (monitoring data is construed as personal), and monitoring practices must not cause unnecessary stress. However, covert monitoring without consultation may be used, but only in particularly serious circumstances, such as when a staff member is suspected of dishonest. In such a case, the covert surveillance (e. g. hidden cameras) must be in targeted areas and at times when the dishonest behavior is expected- any other information must be disregarded. | Managers find it difficult to justify the use of covert monitoring procedures. | neutral |
id_5512 | Staff monitoring is a particularly issue for managers the only kind of staff monitoring not subject to regulation is where one individual watches another. Once any recording starts, even if it is manual, monitoring is subject to the Data Protection Act employees need to be told about monitoring takes place and why. The information gathered has to be kept secure, and affected staffs have the right to see information related to them. Whilst a persons consent is not required, he or she must be consulted about the processing of personal information (monitoring data is construed as personal), and monitoring practices must not cause unnecessary stress. However, covert monitoring without consultation may be used, but only in particularly serious circumstances, such as when a staff member is suspected of dishonest. In such a case, the covert surveillance (e. g. hidden cameras) must be in targeted areas and at times when the dishonest behavior is expected- any other information must be disregarded. | Any employee in a building where monitoring is taking place may see all of the information collected. | contradiction |
id_5513 | Staff monitoring is a particularly issue for managers the only kind of staff monitoring not subject to regulation is where one individual watches another. Once any recording starts, even if it is manual, monitoring is subject to the Data Protection Act employees need to be told about monitoring takes place and why. The information gathered has to be kept secure, and affected staffs have the right to see information related to them. Whilst a persons consent is not required, he or she must be consulted about the processing of personal information (monitoring data is construed as personal), and monitoring practices must not cause unnecessary stress. However, covert monitoring without consultation may be used, but only in particularly serious circumstances, such as when a staff member is suspected of dishonest. In such a case, the covert surveillance (e. g. hidden cameras) must be in targeted areas and at times when the dishonest behavior is expected; any other information must be disregarded. | It is not possible to avoid the Data Protection Act when monitoring staff. | contradiction |
id_5514 | Staff monitoring is a particularly issue for managers the only kind of staff monitoring not subject to regulation is where one individual watches another. Once any recording starts, even if it is manual, monitoring is subject to the Data Protection Act employees need to be told about monitoring takes place and why. The information gathered has to be kept secure, and affected staffs have the right to see information related to them. Whilst a persons consent is not required, he or she must be consulted about the processing of personal information (monitoring data is construed as personal), and monitoring practices must not cause unnecessary stress. However, covert monitoring without consultation may be used, but only in particularly serious circumstances, such as when a staff member is suspected of dishonest. In such a case, the covert surveillance (e. g. hidden cameras) must be in targeted areas and at times when the dishonest behavior is expected; any other information must be disregarded. | Managers find it difficult to justify the use of covert monitoring procedures. | neutral |
id_5515 | Staff monitoring is a particularly issue for managers the only kind of staff monitoring not subject to regulation is where one individual watches another. Once any recording starts, even if it is manual, monitoring is subject to the Data Protection Act employees need to be told about monitoring takes place and why. The information gathered has to be kept secure, and affected staffs have the right to see information related to them. Whilst a persons consent is not required, he or she must be consulted about the processing of personal information (monitoring data is construed as personal), and monitoring practices must not cause unnecessary stress. However, covert monitoring without consultation may be used, but only in particularly serious circumstances, such as when a staff member is suspected of dishonest. In such a case, the covert surveillance (e. g. hidden cameras) must be in targeted areas and at times when the dishonest behavior is expected; any other information must be disregarded. | Any employee in a building where monitoring is taking place may see all of the information collected. | contradiction |
id_5516 | Staff training can have a number of objectives. It can be educational, aiming to develop the knowledge, skills and abilities of the trainees; it can be a vehicle to promote company policy or values; or, finally, it can raise levels of staff satisfaction by ensuring employees are able to improve their existing skills. Lively debate usually accompanies the allocation of expenditure to the annual training budget. Critics argue that certain costs associated with such programmes could be scaled down, and those courses which are unproductive could be axed. | Knowledge-based training is the most effective form for staff. | neutral |
id_5517 | Staff training can have a number of objectives. It can be educational, aiming to develop the knowledge, skills and abilities of the trainees; it can be a vehicle to promote company policy or values; or, finally, it can raise levels of staff satisfaction by ensuring employees are able to improve their existing skills. Lively debate usually accompanies the allocation of expenditure to the annual training budget. Critics argue that certain costs associated with such programmes could be scaled down, and those courses which are unproductive could be axed. | The amount of money spent on training tends to be unpopular with some people. | entailment |
id_5518 | Staff training can have a number of objectives. It can be educational, aiming to develop the knowledge, skills and abilities of the trainees; it can be a vehicle to promote company policy or values; or, finally, it can raise levels of staff satisfaction by ensuring employees are able to improve their existing skills. Lively debate usually accompanies the allocation of expenditure to the annual training budget. Critics argue that certain costs associated with such programmes could be scaled down, and those courses which are unproductive could be axed. | Training sharpens an organisation's competitive edge. | neutral |
id_5519 | Staff training can have a number of objectives. It can be educational, aiming to develop the knowledge, skills and abilities of the trainees; it can be a vehicle to promote company policy or values; or, finally, it can raise levels of staff satisfaction by ensuring employees are able to improve their existing skills. Lively debate usually accompanies the allocation of expenditure to the annual training budget. Critics argue that certain costs associated with such programmes could be scaled down, and those courses which are unproductive could be axed. | Training programmes are usually only axed after modification has proved unsuccessful. | contradiction |
id_5520 | Statement : The Maharashtra government has announced that the sale of gutkha will be declared as a non-bailable offence. The ban will be applicable on all types of tobacoolaced chewing products. | People will pay higher charges for gutkha. | contradiction |
id_5521 | Statement : The Maharashtra government has announced that the sale of gutkha will be declared as a non-bailable offence. The ban will be applicable on all types of tobacoolaced chewing products. | Offenders will face rigorous imprisonment. | entailment |
id_5522 | Statement : The Maharashtra government has announced that the sale of gutkha will be declared as a non-bailable offence. The ban will be applicable on all types of tobacoolaced chewing products. | Other states will also ban gutkha. | contradiction |
id_5523 | Statement : The Maharashtra government has announced that the sale of gutkha will be declared as a non-bailable offence. The ban will be applicable on all types of tobacoolaced chewing products. | Shopkeepers will smuggle gutkha from neighbouring states. | contradiction |
id_5524 | Statement : The Maharashtra government has announced that the sale of gutkha will be declared as a non-bailable offence. The ban will be applicable on all types of tobacoolaced chewing products. | The government will cancel the licences of offenders. | contradiction |
id_5525 | Statement: In its first bi-monthly policy review, RBI has decided to cut the repo rate by 25 basis points and take measures to ease the liquidity constraints in the banking system. | Loans and EMI will become cheaper for retail loans. | contradiction |
id_5526 | Statement: In its first bi-monthly policy review, RBI has decided to cut the repo rate by 25 basis points and take measures to ease the liquidity constraints in the banking system. | Banks will pay higher interest rate of FD and RD. | entailment |
id_5527 | Statement: In its first bi-monthly policy review, RBI has decided to cut the repo rate by 25 basis points and take measures to ease the liquidity constraints in the banking system. | Banks will have to deposit more money with the RBI. | contradiction |
id_5528 | Statement: In its first bi-monthly policy review, RBI has decided to cut the repo rate by 25 basis points and take measures to ease the liquidity constraints in the banking system. | Rupee will strengthen against other currencies. | contradiction |
id_5529 | Statement: Solar power tariff in India touched a record low of Rs. 4.63 per unit, accelerating Indias $ 160-billion clean energy drive and casting a shadow on fossil fuel plants that pollute air and sometime charge a higher rate. | Lot of private companies are investing in solar power projects in India. | contradiction |
id_5530 | Statement: Solar power tariff in India touched a record low of Rs. 4.63 per unit, accelerating Indias $ 160-billion clean energy drive and casting a shadow on fossil fuel plants that pollute air and sometime charge a higher rate. | The government is focusing on clean energy. | entailment |
id_5531 | Statement: Solar power tariff in India touched a record low of Rs. 4.63 per unit, accelerating Indias $ 160-billion clean energy drive and casting a shadow on fossil fuel plants that pollute air and sometime charge a higher rate. | The government is providing for setting up solar power plants. | contradiction |
id_5532 | Statement: Solar power tariff in India touched a record low of Rs. 4.63 per unit, accelerating Indias $ 160-billion clean energy drive and casting a shadow on fossil fuel plants that pollute air and sometime charge a higher rate. | The level of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in India is rising. | contradiction |
id_5533 | Statement: Spitting on streets could cost people dear as the Maharashtra state cabinet approved an innovative anti-spitting law that combines monetary punishment with mandatory community service. | Maharashtras roads will look clean and tidy | contradiction |
id_5534 | Statement: Spitting on streets could cost people dear as the Maharashtra state cabinet approved an innovative anti-spitting law that combines monetary punishment with mandatory community service. | People will be restrained form spitting out tabacco in public places | entailment |
id_5535 | Statement: Spitting on streets could cost people dear as the Maharashtra state cabinet approved an innovative anti-spitting law that combines monetary punishment with mandatory community service. | Anti-spitting law would bring down transmission of all airborne diseases | contradiction |
id_5536 | Statement: Spitting on streets could cost people dear as the Maharashtra state cabinet approved an innovative anti-spitting law that combines monetary punishment with mandatory community service. | The law is likely to act as a precursor to banning chewing tobacco in public | contradiction |
id_5537 | Statement: The government is planning to put a cap on premature withdrawal of provident fund (PF) money. The employees Provident Fund organization (EPFO) has proposed that an employee be allowed to withdraw only 75% off the overall kitty, instead of 100% as permitted earlier. | Premature withdrawal of such savings should be discouraged to ensure secure future for the employees | contradiction |
id_5538 | Statement: The government is planning to put a cap on premature withdrawal of provident fund (PF) money. The employees Provident Fund organization (EPFO) has proposed that an employee be allowed to withdraw only 75% off the overall kitty, instead of 100% as permitted earlier. | People will be able to withdraw more money at the time of retirement | contradiction |
id_5539 | Statement: The government is planning to put a cap on premature withdrawal of provident fund (PF) money. The employees Provident Fund organization (EPFO) has proposed that an employee be allowed to withdraw only 75% off the overall kitty, instead of 100% as permitted earlier. | People will invest in other flexible schemes in the market | entailment |
id_5540 | Statement: The government is planning to put a cap on premature withdrawal of provident fund (PF) money. The employees Provident Fund organization (EPFO) has proposed that an employee be allowed to withdraw only 75% off the overall kitty, instead of 100% as permitted earlier. | People who tend to withdraw PF money between jobs or those planning to use it for either buying a house for paying medical bills will not be able to withdraw the money | contradiction |
id_5541 | Statement: The water situation is grim as the total storage in 91 main reservoirs across the country has gone below the last 10- year average, says the report of the Central Water Commission (CWC). | More use of water by the irrigation department | contradiction |
id_5542 | Statement: The water situation is grim as the total storage in 91 main reservoirs across the country has gone below the last 10- year average, says the report of the Central Water Commission (CWC). | Less rainfall across the country | entailment |
id_5543 | Statement: The water situation is grim as the total storage in 91 main reservoirs across the country has gone below the last 10- year average, says the report of the Central Water Commission (CWC). | Wastage of water by the people of the country | contradiction |
id_5544 | Statement: The water situation is grim as the total storage in 91 main reservoirs across the country has gone below the last 10- year average, says the report of the Central Water Commission (CWC). | Depletion of ground level in the country | contradiction |
id_5545 | Statement: The water situation is grim as the total storage in 91 main reservoirs across the country has gone below the last 10- year average, says the report of the Central Water Commission (CWC). | Less plantation of tree in the country | contradiction |
id_5546 | Statistics suggest that the city of London is the number one work destination in the United Kingdom. As one of the most popular cities in the world, London is renowned for its cosmopolitan atmosphere, fast-pace environment and non-stop social scene. As a result of this, London attracts many recent graduates and young-workers. In addition to this, London boasts strengths in areas such as law, commerce, arts and politics. It is the legal capital of England, the home of English politics and proudly welcomes a diverse population. The second most-popular work destination in the UK is Manchester, closely followed by Birmingham. Both of these cities boast continually rising rates of employment. | London boasts continually rising rates of employment. | neutral |
id_5547 | Statistics suggest that the city of London is the number one work destination in the United Kingdom. As one of the most popular cities in the world, London is renowned for its cosmopolitan atmosphere, fast-pace environment and non-stop social scene. As a result of this, London attracts many recent graduates and young-workers. In addition to this, London boasts strengths in areas such as law, commerce, arts and politics. It is the legal capital of England, the home of English politics and proudly welcomes a diverse population. The second most-popular work destination in the UK is Manchester, closely followed by Birmingham. Both of these cities boast continually rising rates of employment. | London is one of the most popular destinations in the UK for young workers. | entailment |
id_5548 | Statistics suggest that the city of London is the number one work destination in the United Kingdom. As one of the most popular cities in the world, London is renowned for its cosmopolitan atmosphere, fast-pace environment and non-stop social scene. As a result of this, London attracts many recent graduates and young-workers. In addition to this, London boasts strengths in areas such as law, commerce, arts and politics. It is the legal capital of England, the home of English politics and proudly welcomes a diverse population. The second most-popular work destination in the UK is Manchester, closely followed by Birmingham. Both of these cities boast continually rising rates of employment. | London is the legal capital of the UK. | entailment |
id_5549 | Statistics suggest that the city of London is the number one work destination in the United Kingdom. As one of the most popular cities in the world, London is renowned for its cosmopolitan atmosphere, fast-pace environment and non-stop social scene. As a result of this, London attracts many recent graduates and young-workers. In addition to this, London boasts strengths in areas such as law, commerce, arts and politics. It is the legal capital of England, the home of English politics and proudly welcomes a diverse population. The second most-popular work destination in the UK is Manchester, closely followed by Birmingham. Both of these cities boast continually rising rates of employment. | Birmingham is the third most popular work destination in the UK. | entailment |
id_5550 | Statistics suggest that the level of trust inspired by business leaders and companies is at an all-time low. This information can be seen in the results of recent opinion polls, with business leaders in the bottom third of those trusted to tell the truth, in the same category as politicians. This appears to be a global trend, with only 5 out of 21 countries naming business leaders as trustworthy. When individuals were asked why they had responded in this way, over 20% of respondents stated they thought business leaders were greedy. A further 38% blamed business leaders for the current state of the economy. However, the overwhelming response was that respondents expected business leaders to lie to benefit themselves | 30% of people blamed business leaders for the current state of the economy. | contradiction |
id_5551 | Statistics suggest that the level of trust inspired by business leaders and companies is at an all-time low. This information can be seen in the results of recent opinion polls, with business leaders in the bottom third of those trusted to tell the truth, in the same category as politicians. This appears to be a global trend, with only 5 out of 21 countries naming business leaders as trustworthy. When individuals were asked why they had responded in this way, over 20% of respondents stated they thought business leaders were greedy. A further 38% blamed business leaders for the current state of the economy. However, the overwhelming response was that respondents expected business leaders to lie to benefit themselves | The minority of people surveyed named business leaders as trustworthy. | entailment |
id_5552 | Statistics suggest that the level of trust inspired by business leaders and companies is at an all-time low. This information can be seen in the results of recent opinion polls, with business leaders in the bottom third of those trusted to tell the truth, in the same category as politicians. This appears to be a global trend, with only 5 out of 21 countries naming business leaders as trustworthy. When individuals were asked why they had responded in this way, over 20% of respondents stated they thought business leaders were greedy. A further 38% blamed business leaders for the current state of the economy. However, the overwhelming response was that respondents expected business leaders to lie to benefit themselves | 20% cent of people thought business leaders were greedy. | entailment |
id_5553 | Statistics suggest that the level of trust inspired by business leaders and companies is at an all-time low. This information can be seen in the results of recent opinion polls, with business leaders in the bottom third of those trusted to tell the truth, in the same category as politicians. This appears to be a global trend, with only 5 out of 21 countries naming business leaders as trustworthy. When individuals were asked why they had responded in this way, over 20% of respondents stated they thought business leaders were greedy. A further 38% blamed business leaders for the current state of the economy. However, the overwhelming response was that respondents expected business leaders to lie to benefit themselves | Business leaders are in the same category as politicians for truthfulness | entailment |
id_5554 | Stem cells are cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specialised cell types. Because of their potential to replace diseased or defective human tissue, stem cells are seen by scientists as key to developing new therapies for a wide range of conditions, including degenerative illnesses and genetic diseases. Treatments based on adult stem cells - from sources such as umbilical cord blood - have been successfully developed, but what makes stem cell research controversial is the use of embryonic stem cells. Not only do embryonic stem cells reproduce more quickly than adult stem cells, they also have wider differentiation potential. The main opponents to stem cell research are pro-life supporters, who believe that human life should not be destroyed for science. Advocates of stem cell research counter this crucial point by saying that an embryo cannot be viewed as a human life, and that medical advances justify the destruction of embryos. Furthermore, stem cell research utilises the thousands of surplus embryos created for in vitro fertilisation treatment. The issue is particularly divisive in the United States, where federal funding is not available for the creation of new embryonic stem cell lines, although recent legislation has opened up government funding to further research on embryonic stem cells created through private funding. Whereas many governments prohibit the production of embryonic stem cells, it is allowed in countries including the UK, Sweden and the Netherlands. | The bioethical debate over embryonic stem cell research centres on whether it involves the destruction of human life. | entailment |
id_5555 | Stem cells are cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specialised cell types. Because of their potential to replace diseased or defective human tissue, stem cells are seen by scientists as key to developing new therapies for a wide range of conditions, including degenerative illnesses and genetic diseases. Treatments based on adult stem cells - from sources such as umbilical cord blood - have been successfully developed, but what makes stem cell research controversial is the use of embryonic stem cells. Not only do embryonic stem cells reproduce more quickly than adult stem cells, they also have wider differentiation potential. The main opponents to stem cell research are pro-life supporters, who believe that human life should not be destroyed for science. Advocates of stem cell research counter this crucial point by saying that an embryo cannot be viewed as a human life, and that medical advances justify the destruction of embryos. Furthermore, stem cell research utilises the thousands of surplus embryos created for in vitro fertilisation treatment. The issue is particularly divisive in the United States, where federal funding is not available for the creation of new embryonic stem cell lines, although recent legislation has opened up government funding to further research on embryonic stem cells created through private funding. Whereas many governments prohibit the production of embryonic stem cells, it is allowed in countries including the UK, Sweden and the Netherlands. | The United States government does not supply funding for projects using embryonic stem cell lines. | contradiction |
id_5556 | Stem cells are cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specialised cell types. Because of their potential to replace diseased or defective human tissue, stem cells are seen by scientists as key to developing new therapies for a wide range of conditions, including degenerative illnesses and genetic diseases. Treatments based on adult stem cells - from sources such as umbilical cord blood - have been successfully developed, but what makes stem cell research controversial is the use of embryonic stem cells. Not only do embryonic stem cells reproduce more quickly than adult stem cells, they also have wider differentiation potential. The main opponents to stem cell research are pro-life supporters, who believe that human life should not be destroyed for science. Advocates of stem cell research counter this crucial point by saying that an embryo cannot be viewed as a human life, and that medical advances justify the destruction of embryos. Furthermore, stem cell research utilises the thousands of surplus embryos created for in vitro fertilisation treatment. The issue is particularly divisive in the United States, where federal funding is not available for the creation of new embryonic stem cell lines, although recent legislation has opened up government funding to further research on embryonic stem cells created through private funding. Whereas many governments prohibit the production of embryonic stem cells, it is allowed in countries including the UK, Sweden and the Netherlands. | One advantage of embryonic stem cells over adult stem cells is their greater ability to be converted into specialised cell types. | entailment |
id_5557 | Stem cells are cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specialised cell types. Because of their potential to replace diseased or defective human tissue, stem cells are seen by scientists as key to developing new therapies for a wide range of conditions, including degenerative illnesses and genetic diseases. Treatments based on adult stem cells - from sources such as umbilical cord blood - have been successfully developed, but what makes stem cell research controversial is the use of embryonic stem cells. Not only do embryonic stem cells reproduce more quickly than adult stem cells, they also have wider differentiation potential. The main opponents to stem cell research are pro-life supporters, who believe that human life should not be destroyed for science. Advocates of stem cell research counter this crucial point by saying that an embryo cannot be viewed as a human life, and that medical advances justify the destruction of embryos. Furthermore, stem cell research utilises the thousands of surplus embryos created for in vitro fertilisation treatment. The issue is particularly divisive in the United States, where federal funding is not available for the creation of new embryonic stem cell lines, although recent legislation has opened up government funding to further research on embryonic stem cells created through private funding. Whereas many governments prohibit the production of embryonic stem cells, it is allowed in countries including the UK, Sweden and the Netherlands. | Treatments based on embryonic stem cells provide therapies for a wide range of diseases. | neutral |
id_5558 | Stem cells are cells that can self-renew and differentiate into specialised cell types. Because of their potential to replace diseased or defective human tissue, stem cells are seen by scientists as key to developing new therapies for a wide range of conditions, including degenerative illnesses and genetic diseases. Treatments based on adult stem cells - from sources such as umbilical cord blood - have been successfully developed, but what makes stem cell research controversial is the use of embryonic stem cells. Not only do embryonic stem cells reproduce more quickly than adult stem cells, they also have wider differentiation potential. The main opponents to stem cell research are pro-life supporters, who believe that human life should not be destroyed for science. Advocates of stem cell research counter this crucial point by saying that an embryo cannot be viewed as a human life, and that medical advances justify the destruction of embryos. Furthermore, stem cell research utilises the thousands of surplus embryos created for in vitro fertilisation treatment. The issue is particularly divisive in the United States, where federal funding is not available for the creation of new embryonic stem cell lines, although recent legislation has opened up government funding to further research on embryonic stem cells created through private funding. Whereas many governments prohibit the production of embryonic stem cells, it is allowed in countries including the UK, Sweden and the Netherlands. | Stem cells are at the forefront of medical research because of their ability to grow indefinitely. | neutral |
id_5559 | Stepwells A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Although many have been neglected, recent restoration has returned them to their former glory. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era. During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in North-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention the stepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to the region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure, of relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest castes. Most stepwells are found dotted around the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are known as baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair and churning butter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state. In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today its in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 distinct sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument, depicting gods such as Vishnu and Parvati in various incarnations. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived a devastating earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. 48Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. Its actually a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is reknowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically, its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking geometric pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, covered verandas supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the JaipurDehli highway. Constructed in around 1700, its nine storeys deep, with the last two levels underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from 1,000 years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence | The few existing stepwells in Delhi are more attractive than those found elsewhere. | neutral |
id_5560 | Stepwells A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Although many have been neglected, recent restoration has returned them to their former glory. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era. During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in North-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention the stepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to the region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure, of relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest castes. Most stepwells are found dotted around the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are known as baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair and churning butter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state. In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today its in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 distinct sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument, depicting gods such as Vishnu and Parvati in various incarnations. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived a devastating earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. 48Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. Its actually a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is reknowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically, its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking geometric pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, covered verandas supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the JaipurDehli highway. Constructed in around 1700, its nine storeys deep, with the last two levels underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from 1,000 years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence | It took workers many years to build the stone steps characteristic of stepwells. | neutral |
id_5561 | Stepwells A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Although many have been neglected, recent restoration has returned them to their former glory. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era. During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in North-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention the stepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to the region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure, of relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest castes. Most stepwells are found dotted around the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are known as baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair and churning butter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state. In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today its in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 distinct sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument, depicting gods such as Vishnu and Parvati in various incarnations. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived a devastating earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. 48Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. Its actually a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is reknowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically, its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking geometric pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, covered verandas supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the JaipurDehli highway. Constructed in around 1700, its nine storeys deep, with the last two levels underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from 1,000 years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence | The number of steps above the water level in a stepwell altered during the course of a year. | entailment |
id_5562 | Stepwells A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Although many have been neglected, recent restoration has returned them to their former glory. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era. During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in North-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention the stepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to the region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure, of relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest castes. Most stepwells are found dotted around the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are known as baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair and churning butter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state. In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today its in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 distinct sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument, depicting gods such as Vishnu and Parvati in various incarnations. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived a devastating earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. 48Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. Its actually a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is reknowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically, its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking geometric pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, covered verandas supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the JaipurDehli highway. Constructed in around 1700, its nine storeys deep, with the last two levels underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from 1,000 years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence | Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to those related to water collection. | entailment |
id_5563 | Stepwells A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Although many have been neglected, recent restoration has returned them to their former glory. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era. During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in North-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention the stepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to the region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure, of relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest castes. Most stepwells are found dotted around the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are known as baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair and churning butter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout northwestern India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state. In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today its in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 distinct sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument, depicting gods such as Vishnu and Parvati in various incarnations. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived a devastating earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. 48Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. Its actually a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is reknowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically, its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking geometric pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, covered verandas supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the JaipurDehli highway. Constructed in around 1700, its nine storeys deep, with the last two levels underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of northwestern India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from 1,000 years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence | Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world. | contradiction |
id_5564 | Stepwells. A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention the stepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout north? western India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state. In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north? -western India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence. | The number of steps above the water level in a stepwell altered during the course of a year. | entailment |
id_5565 | Stepwells. A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention the stepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout north? western India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state. In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north? -western India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence. | The few existing stepwells in Delhi are more attractive than those found elsewhere. | neutral |
id_5566 | Stepwells. A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention the stepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout north? western India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state. In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north? -western India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence. | It took workers many years to build the stone steps characteristic of stepwells. | neutral |
id_5567 | Stepwells. A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention the stepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout north? western India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state. In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north? -western India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence. | Examples of ancient stepwells can be found all over the world. | contradiction |
id_5568 | Stepwells. A millennium ago, stepwells were fundamental to life in the driest parts of India. Richard Cox travelled to north-western India to document these spectacular monuments from a bygone era During the sixth and seventh centuries, the inhabitants of the modern-day states of Gujarat and Rajasthan in north-western India developed a method of gaining access to clean, fresh groundwater during the dry season for drinking, bathing, watering animals and irrigation. However, the significance of this invention the stepwell goes beyond its utilitarian application. Unique to this region, stepwells are often architecturally complex and vary widely in size and shape. During their heyday, they were places of gathering, of leisure and relaxation and of worship for villagers of all but the lowest classes. Most stepwells are found dotted round the desert areas of Gujarat (where they are called vav) and Rajasthan (where they are called baori), while a few also survive in Delhi. Some were located in or near villages as public spaces for the community; others were positioned beside roads as resting places for travellers. As their name suggests, stepwells comprise a series of stone steps descending from ground level to the water source (normally an underground aquifer) as it recedes following the rains. When the water level was high, the user needed only to descend a few steps to reach it; when it was low, several levels would have to be negotiated. Some wells are vast, open craters with hundreds of steps paving each sloping side, often in tiers. Others are more elaborate, with long stepped passages leading to the water via several storeys. Built from stone and supported by pillars, they also included pavilions that sheltered visitors from the relentless heat. But perhaps the most impressive features are the intricate decorative sculptures that embellish many stepwells, showing activities from fighting and dancing to everyday acts such as women combing their hair or churning butter. Down the centuries, thousands of wells were constructed throughout north? western India, but the majority have now fallen into disuse; many are derelict and dry, as groundwater has been diverted for industrial use and the wells no longer reach the water table. Their condition hasnt been helped by recent dry spells: southern Rajasthan suffered an eight-year drought between 1996 and 2004. However, some important sites in Gujarat have recently undergone major restoration, and the state government announced in June last year that it plans to restore the stepwells throughout the state. In Patan, the states ancient capital, the stepwell of Rani Ki Vav (Queens Stepwell) is perhaps the finest current example. It was built by Queen Udayamati during the late 11th century, but became silted up following a flood during the 13th century. But the Archaeological Survey of India began restoring it in the 1960s, and today it is in pristine condition. At 65 metres long, 20 metres wide and 27 metres deep, Rani Ki Vav features 500 sculptures carved into niches throughout the monument. Incredibly, in January 2001, this ancient structure survived an earthquake that measured 7.6 on the Richter scale. Another example is the Surya Kund in Modhera, northern Gujarat, next to the Sun Temple, built by King Bhima I in 1026 to honour the sun god Surya. It actually resembles a tank (kund means reservoir or pond) rather than a well, but displays the hallmarks of stepwell architecture, including four sides of steps that descend to the bottom in a stunning geometrical formation. The terraces house 108 small, intricately carved shrines between the sets of steps. Rajasthan also has a wealth of wells. The ancient city of Bundi, 200 kilometres south of Jaipur, is renowned for its architecture, including its stepwells. One of the larger examples is Raniji Ki Baori, which was built by the queen of the region, Nathavatji, in 1699. At 46 metres deep, 20 metres wide and 40 metres long, the intricately carved monument is one of 21 baoris commissioned in the Bundi area by Nathavatji. In the old ruined town of Abhaneri, about 95 kilometres east of Jaipur, is Chand Baori, one of Indias oldest and deepest wells; aesthetically its perhaps one of the most dramatic. Built in around 850 AD next to the temple of Harshat Mata, the baori comprises hundreds of zigzagging steps that run along three of its sides, steeply descending 11 storeys, resulting in a striking pattern when seen from afar. On the fourth side, verandas which are supported by ornate pillars overlook the steps. Still in public use is Neemrana Ki Baori, located just off the Jaipur-Delhi highway. Constructed in around 1700, it is nine storeys deep, with the last two being underwater. At ground level, there are 86 colonnaded openings from where the visitor descends 170 steps to the deepest water source. Today, following years of neglect, many of these monuments to medieval engineering have been saved by the Archaeological Survey of India, which has recognised the importance of preserving them as part of the countrys rich history. Tourists flock to wells in far-flung corners of north? -western India to gaze in wonder at these architectural marvels from hundreds of years ago, which serve as a reminder of both the ingenuity and artistry of ancient civilisations and of the value of water to human existence. | Stepwells had a range of functions, in addition to those related to water collection. | entailment |
id_5569 | Steve Pritchard is a plumber who works for Reliable Building Ltd. Reliable Building is a large company specializing in luxury flatVerbal logical reasoning tests development in the Greater London area. Steve was one of the plumbers completing a 10-storey block of flats in Richmond when an incident occurred. On returning to work after the weekend break it was found that because of a leak in the kitchen of the seventh floor flat, water had been running from the flat into the hallway and stairs and into the flats below. The total cost of the damage to carpets and other fittings was estimated at around 20,000. It is also known that: Steve is an experienced plumber. The last job that Steve had been asked to do before leaving the site for the weekend was to fit the bathroom of the flat in which the leak occurred. Steve had been keen to get away promptly at the end of the day because he was going away for the weekend. There had been an argument between Steve and the site foreman about the amount of overtime Steve had worked the week before. Steve had left his tools in the bathroom to finish the fitting after the weekend. | Steve was the only plumber working in the flat. | contradiction |
id_5570 | Steve Pritchard is a plumber who works for Reliable Building Ltd. Reliable Building is a large company specializing in luxury flatVerbal logical reasoning tests development in the Greater London area. Steve was one of the plumbers completing a 10-storey block of flats in Richmond when an incident occurred. On returning to work after the weekend break it was found that because of a leak in the kitchen of the seventh floor flat, water had been running from the flat into the hallway and stairs and into the flats below. The total cost of the damage to carpets and other fittings was estimated at around 20,000. It is also known that: Steve is an experienced plumber. The last job that Steve had been asked to do before leaving the site for the weekend was to fit the bathroom of the flat in which the leak occurred. Steve had been keen to get away promptly at the end of the day because he was going away for the weekend. There had been an argument between Steve and the site foreman about the amount of overtime Steve had worked the week before. Steve had left his tools in the bathroom to finish the fitting after the weekend. | Steve is one of several plumbers working on the site. | entailment |
id_5571 | Steve Pritchard is a plumber who works for Reliable Building Ltd. Reliable Building is a large company specializing in luxury flatVerbal logical reasoning tests development in the Greater London area. Steve was one of the plumbers completing a 10-storey block of flats in Richmond when an incident occurred. On returning to work after the weekend break it was found that because of a leak in the kitchen of the seventh floor flat, water had been running from the flat into the hallway and stairs and into the flats below. The total cost of the damage to carpets and other fittings was estimated at around 20,000. It is also known that: Steve is an experienced plumber. The last job that Steve had been asked to do before leaving the site for the weekend was to fit the bathroom of the flat in which the leak occurred. Steve had been keen to get away promptly at the end of the day because he was going away for the weekend. There had been an argument between Steve and the site foreman about the amount of overtime Steve had worked the week before. Steve had left his tools in the bathroom to finish the fitting after the weekend. | Reliable Builders build mainly affordable starter homes. | contradiction |
id_5572 | Steve Pritchard is a plumber who works for Reliable Building Ltd. Reliable Building is a large company specializing in luxury flatVerbal logical reasoning tests development in the Greater London area. Steve was one of the plumbers completing a 10-storey block of flats in Richmond when an incident occurred. On returning to work after the weekend break it was found that because of a leak in the kitchen of the seventh floor flat, water had been running from the flat into the hallway and stairs and into the flats below. The total cost of the damage to carpets and other fittings was estimated at around 20,000. It is also known that: Steve is an experienced plumber. The last job that Steve had been asked to do before leaving the site for the weekend was to fit the bathroom of the flat in which the leak occurred. Steve had been keen to get away promptly at the end of the day because he was going away for the weekend. There had been an argument between Steve and the site foreman about the amount of overtime Steve had worked the week before. Steve had left his tools in the bathroom to finish the fitting after the weekend. | Steve was not concentrating on his work because of the argument with the foreman. | neutral |
id_5573 | Steve Pritchard is a plumber who works for Reliable Building Ltd. Reliable Building is a large company specializing in luxury flatVerbal logical reasoning tests development in the Greater London area. Steve was one of the plumbers completing a 10-storey block of flats in Richmond when an incident occurred. On returning to work after the weekend break it was found that because of a leak in the kitchen of the seventh floor flat, water had been running from the flat into the hallway and stairs and into the flats below. The total cost of the damage to carpets and other fittings was estimated at around 20,000. It is also known that: Steve is an experienced plumber. The last job that Steve had been asked to do before leaving the site for the weekend was to fit the bathroom of the flat in which the leak occurred. Steve had been keen to get away promptly at the end of the day because he was going away for the weekend. There had been an argument between Steve and the site foreman about the amount of overtime Steve had worked the week before. Steve had left his tools in the bathroom to finish the fitting after the weekend. | Steve had finished fitting the bathroom. | contradiction |
id_5574 | Stevens' Supplies, one of the oldest established home shopping companies, is stepping up the capacity of its telephone order handling system and its customer service levels, having invested in a new telephone system. The company has reported a dramatic increase in the amount of business done, especially over the telephone, in the last six years. Telephone ordering now accounts for over 60% of all orders, and the company plans to continue investment in telephone technology in the future. Following the successful introduction of the "toll free" telephone service which was designed to encourage even more customers to make telephone orders, customers may soon be able to place orders directly from a personal computer connected to a telephone system. | Telephone ordering at Stevens' Supplies will continue to grow over the next few years. | neutral |
id_5575 | Stevens' Supplies, one of the oldest established home shopping companies, is stepping up the capacity of its telephone order handling system and its customer service levels, having invested in a new telephone system. The company has reported a dramatic increase in the amount of business done, especially over the telephone, in the last six years. Telephone ordering now accounts for over 60% of all orders, and the company plans to continue investment in telephone technology in the future. Following the successful introduction of the "toll free" telephone service which was designed to encourage even more customers to make telephone orders, customers may soon be able to place orders directly from a personal computer connected to a telephone system. | Most home shopping companies are investing in telephone technology. | neutral |
id_5576 | Stockholm syndrome is an interesting phenomenon that sometimes happens to people who have been kidnapped or held hostage. They may feel some loyalty or attraction towards the person that has kidnapped them. This phenomenon was named after a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden in 1973. Four bank workers were kept hostage by two criminals who wanted to rob the bank. After being held against their will for six days, they showed that they had formed a positive relationship with their captors. The hostages were seen to be hugging and kissing the men who had kidnapped them. It can be hard to explain why this might be the case as it involves the captor putting the hostage in a terrifying situation. In the mind of the hostage it is this person who can ultimately decide if the hostage is going to die. As a result of this fear of death, any small act of kindness prompts them to be thankful for the gift of life. This can ultimately lead to them developing Stockholm syndrome. It is important to understand the interaction between victims and captors in cases of Stockholm syndrome as this knowledge can improve the chances of hostage survival. As such, the FBI is willing to devote resources in order to improve crisis negotiation. | According to the passage, it is the victims that fear for their life that tend to develop Stockholm Syndrome. | entailment |
id_5577 | Stockholm syndrome is an interesting phenomenon that sometimes happens to people who have been kidnapped or held hostage. They may feel some loyalty or attraction towards the person that has kidnapped them. This phenomenon was named after a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden in 1973. Four bank workers were kept hostage by two criminals who wanted to rob the bank. After being held against their will for six days, they showed that they had formed a positive relationship with their captors. The hostages were seen to be hugging and kissing the men who had kidnapped them. It can be hard to explain why this might be the case as it involves the captor putting the hostage in a terrifying situation. In the mind of the hostage it is this person who can ultimately decide if the hostage is going to die. As a result of this fear of death, any small act of kindness prompts them to be thankful for the gift of life. This can ultimately lead to them developing Stockholm syndrome. It is important to understand the interaction between victims and captors in cases of Stockholm syndrome as this knowledge can improve the chances of hostage survival. As such, the FBI is willing to devote resources in order to improve crisis negotiation. | The bank workers hugged and kissed their kidnappers because the criminals forced them to.3. Stockholm syndrome is useful to understand for crisis negotiation. | contradiction |
id_5578 | Stockholm syndrome is an interesting phenomenon that sometimes happens to people who have been kidnapped or held hostage. They may feel some loyalty or attraction towards the person that has kidnapped them. This phenomenon was named after a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden in 1973. Four bank workers were kept hostage by two criminals who wanted to rob the bank. After being held against their will for six days, they showed that they had formed a positive relationship with their captors. The hostages were seen to be hugging and kissing the men who had kidnapped them. It can be hard to explain why this might be the case as it involves the captor putting the hostage in a terrifying situation. In the mind of the hostage it is this person who can ultimately decide if the hostage is going to die. As a result of this fear of death, any small act of kindness prompts them to be thankful for the gift of life. This can ultimately lead to them developing Stockholm syndrome. It is important to understand the interaction between victims and captors in cases of Stockholm syndrome as this knowledge can improve the chances of hostage survival. As such, the FBI is willing to devote resources in order to improve crisis negotiation. | The bank robbery in 1973 was the first recorded instance of a positive relationship developing between captors and hostages. | neutral |
id_5579 | Stockholm syndrome is an interesting phenomenon that sometimes happens to people who have been kidnapped or held hostage. They may feel some loyalty or attraction towards the person that has kidnapped them. This phenomenon was named after a bank robbery in Stockholm, Sweden in 1973. Four bank workers were kept hostage by two criminals who wanted to rob the bank. After being held against their will for six days, they showed that they had formed a positive relationship with their captors. The hostages were seen to be hugging and kissing the men who had kidnapped them. It can be hard to explain why this might be the case as it involves the captor putting the hostage in a terrifying situation. In the mind of the hostage it is this person who can ultimately decide if the hostage is going to die. As a result of this fear of death, any small act of kindness prompts them to be thankful for the gift of life. This can ultimately lead to them developing Stockholm syndrome. It is important to understand the interaction between victims and captors in cases of Stockholm syndrome as this knowledge can improve the chances of hostage survival. As such, the FBI is willing to devote resources in order to improve crisis negotiation. | People who get kidnapped will eventually develop positive emotions towards their kidnapper. | contradiction |
id_5580 | Stopping at the shop on the way to school, Cheryl and Tom are the only ones not to buy chocolate. Of the five children, four of them, including Laura, buy fudge. Unlike the others, Sally, Cheryl and Sandy do not buy any toffee. In fact, Cheryl only buys fruit gums as she does not like other kinds of sweets. | 10 sweets were taken by the group in total. | entailment |
id_5581 | Stopping at the shop on the way to school, Cheryl and Tom are the only ones not to buy chocolate. Of the five children, four of them, including Laura, buy fudge. Unlike the others, Sally, Cheryl and Sandy do not buy any toffee. In fact, Cheryl only buys fruit gums as she does not like other kinds of sweets. | Sandy and Sally are the two people who took the same number and type of sweets | entailment |
id_5582 | Stopping at the shop on the way to school, Cheryl and Tom are the only ones not to buy chocolate. Of the five children, four of them, including Laura, buy fudge. Unlike the others, Sally, Cheryl and Sandy do not buy any toffee. In fact, Cheryl only buys fruit gums as she does not like other kinds of sweets. | Laura had three sweets | entailment |
id_5583 | Stopping at the shop on the way to school, Cheryl and Tom are the only ones not to buy chocolate. Of the five children, four of them, including Laura, buy fudge. Unlike the others, Sally, Cheryl and Sandy do not buy any toffee. In fact, Cheryl only buys fruit gums as she does not like other kinds of sweets. | Tom only had a piece of toffee and a piece of fudge | entailment |
id_5584 | Stream Deposit A large, swift stream or river can carry all sizes of particles, from clay to boulders. When the current slows down, its competence (how much it can carry) decreases and the stream deposits the largest particles in the streambed. If current velocity continues to decreaseas a flood wanes, for examplefiner particles settle out on top of the large ones. Thus, a stream sorts its sediment according to size. A waning flood might deposit a layer of gravel, overlain by sand and finally topped by silt and clay. Streams also sort sediment in the downstream direction. Many mountain streams are choked with boulders and cobbles, but far downstream, their deltas are composed mainly of fine silt and clay. This downstream sorting is curious because stream velocity generally increases in the downstream direction. Competence increases with velocity, so a river should be able to transport larger particles than its tributaries carry. One explanation for downstream sorting is that abrasion wears away the boulders and cobbles to sand and silt as the sediment moves downstream over the years. Thus, only the fine sediment reaches the lower parts of most rivers. A stream deposits its sediment in three environments: Alluvial fans and deltas form where stream gradient (angle of incline) suddenly decreases as a stream enters a flat plain, a lake, or the sea; floodplain deposits accumulate on a floodplain adjacent to the stream channel; and channel deposits form in the stream channel itself. Bars, which are elongated mounds of sediment, are transient features that form in the stream channel and on the banks. They commonly form in one year and erode the next. Rivers used for commercial navigation must be recharged frequently because bars shift from year to year. Imagine a winding stream. The water on the outside of the curve moves faster than the water on the inside. The stream erodes its outside bank because the current's inertia drives it into the outside bank. At the same time, the slower water on the inside point of the bend deposits sediment, forming a point bar. A mid-channel bar is a sandy and gravelly deposit that forms in the middle of a stream channel. Most streams flow in a single channel. In contrast, a braided stream flows in many shallow, interconnecting channels. A braided stream forms where more sediments supplied to a stream than it can carry. The stream dumps the excess sediment, forming mid-channel bars. The bars gradually fill a channel, forcing the stream to overflow its banks and erode new channels. As a result, a braided stream flows simultaneously in several channels and shifts back and forth across its floodplain. Braided streams are common in both deserts and glacial environments because both produce abundant sediment. A desert yields large amounts of sediment because it has little or no vegetation to prevent erosion. Glaciers grind bedrock into fine sediment, which is carried by streams flowing from the melting ice. If a steep mountain stream flows onto a flat plain, its gradient and velocity decrease sharply. As a result, it deposits most of its sediment in a fan-shaped mound called an alluvial fan. Alluvial fans are common in many arid and semiarid mountainous regions. A stream also slows abruptly where it enters the still water of a lake or ocean. The sediment settles out to form a nearly flat landform called a delta. Part of the delta lies above water level, and the remainder lies slightly below water level. Deltas are commonly fan-shaped, resembling the Greek letter "delta" (). Both deltas and alluvial fans change rapidly. Sediment fills channels (waterways), which are then abandoned while new channels develop as in a braided stream. As a result, a stream feeding a delta or fan splits into many channels called distributaries. A large delta may spread out in this manner until it covers thousands of square kilometers. Most fans, however, are much smaller, covering a fraction of a square kilometer to a few square kilometers. The Mississippi River has flowed through seven different delta channels during the past 5,000 to 6,000 years. But in recent years, engineers have built great systems of levees (retaining walls) in attempts to stabilize the channels. | When particles of different sizes settle in a place, the smaller ones sit atop the larger ones. | entailment |
id_5585 | Stream Deposit A large, swift stream or river can carry all sizes of particles, from clay to boulders. When the current slows down, its competence (how much it can carry) decreases and the stream deposits the largest particles in the streambed. If current velocity continues to decreaseas a flood wanes, for examplefiner particles settle out on top of the large ones. Thus, a stream sorts its sediment according to size. A waning flood might deposit a layer of gravel, overlain by sand and finally topped by silt and clay. Streams also sort sediment in the downstream direction. Many mountain streams are choked with boulders and cobbles, but far downstream, their deltas are composed mainly of fine silt and clay. This downstream sorting is curious because stream velocity generally increases in the downstream direction. Competence increases with velocity, so a river should be able to transport larger particles than its tributaries carry. One explanation for downstream sorting is that abrasion wears away the boulders and cobbles to sand and silt as the sediment moves downstream over the years. Thus, only the fine sediment reaches the lower parts of most rivers. A stream deposits its sediment in three environments: Alluvial fans and deltas form where stream gradient (angle of incline) suddenly decreases as a stream enters a flat plain, a lake, or the sea; floodplain deposits accumulate on a floodplain adjacent to the stream channel; and channel deposits form in the stream channel itself. Bars, which are elongated mounds of sediment, are transient features that form in the stream channel and on the banks. They commonly form in one year and erode the next. Rivers used for commercial navigation must be recharged frequently because bars shift from year to year. Imagine a winding stream. The water on the outside of the curve moves faster than the water on the inside. The stream erodes its outside bank because the current's inertia drives it into the outside bank. At the same time, the slower water on the inside point of the bend deposits sediment, forming a point bar. A mid-channel bar is a sandy and gravelly deposit that forms in the middle of a stream channel. Most streams flow in a single channel. In contrast, a braided stream flows in many shallow, interconnecting channels. A braided stream forms where more sediments supplied to a stream than it can carry. The stream dumps the excess sediment, forming mid-channel bars. The bars gradually fill a channel, forcing the stream to overflow its banks and erode new channels. As a result, a braided stream flows simultaneously in several channels and shifts back and forth across its floodplain. Braided streams are common in both deserts and glacial environments because both produce abundant sediment. A desert yields large amounts of sediment because it has little or no vegetation to prevent erosion. Glaciers grind bedrock into fine sediment, which is carried by streams flowing from the melting ice. If a steep mountain stream flows onto a flat plain, its gradient and velocity decrease sharply. As a result, it deposits most of its sediment in a fan-shaped mound called an alluvial fan. Alluvial fans are common in many arid and semiarid mountainous regions. A stream also slows abruptly where it enters the still water of a lake or ocean. The sediment settles out to form a nearly flat landform called a delta. Part of the delta lies above water level, and the remainder lies slightly below water level. Deltas are commonly fan-shaped, resembling the Greek letter "delta" (). Both deltas and alluvial fans change rapidly. Sediment fills channels (waterways), which are then abandoned while new channels develop as in a braided stream. As a result, a stream feeding a delta or fan splits into many channels called distributaries. A large delta may spread out in this manner until it covers thousands of square kilometers. Most fans, however, are much smaller, covering a fraction of a square kilometer to a few square kilometers. The Mississippi River has flowed through seven different delta channels during the past 5,000 to 6,000 years. But in recent years, engineers have built great systems of levees (retaining walls) in attempts to stabilize the channels. | In some situations, downstream particles are created from rocks that eroded as they traveled downstream. | entailment |
id_5586 | Stream Deposit A large, swift stream or river can carry all sizes of particles, from clay to boulders. When the current slows down, its competence (how much it can carry) decreases and the stream deposits the largest particles in the streambed. If current velocity continues to decreaseas a flood wanes, for examplefiner particles settle out on top of the large ones. Thus, a stream sorts its sediment according to size. A waning flood might deposit a layer of gravel, overlain by sand and finally topped by silt and clay. Streams also sort sediment in the downstream direction. Many mountain streams are choked with boulders and cobbles, but far downstream, their deltas are composed mainly of fine silt and clay. This downstream sorting is curious because stream velocity generally increases in the downstream direction. Competence increases with velocity, so a river should be able to transport larger particles than its tributaries carry. One explanation for downstream sorting is that abrasion wears away the boulders and cobbles to sand and silt as the sediment moves downstream over the years. Thus, only the fine sediment reaches the lower parts of most rivers. A stream deposits its sediment in three environments: Alluvial fans and deltas form where stream gradient (angle of incline) suddenly decreases as a stream enters a flat plain, a lake, or the sea; floodplain deposits accumulate on a floodplain adjacent to the stream channel; and channel deposits form in the stream channel itself. Bars, which are elongated mounds of sediment, are transient features that form in the stream channel and on the banks. They commonly form in one year and erode the next. Rivers used for commercial navigation must be recharged frequently because bars shift from year to year. Imagine a winding stream. The water on the outside of the curve moves faster than the water on the inside. The stream erodes its outside bank because the current's inertia drives it into the outside bank. At the same time, the slower water on the inside point of the bend deposits sediment, forming a point bar. A mid-channel bar is a sandy and gravelly deposit that forms in the middle of a stream channel. Most streams flow in a single channel. In contrast, a braided stream flows in many shallow, interconnecting channels. A braided stream forms where more sediments supplied to a stream than it can carry. The stream dumps the excess sediment, forming mid-channel bars. The bars gradually fill a channel, forcing the stream to overflow its banks and erode new channels. As a result, a braided stream flows simultaneously in several channels and shifts back and forth across its floodplain. Braided streams are common in both deserts and glacial environments because both produce abundant sediment. A desert yields large amounts of sediment because it has little or no vegetation to prevent erosion. Glaciers grind bedrock into fine sediment, which is carried by streams flowing from the melting ice. If a steep mountain stream flows onto a flat plain, its gradient and velocity decrease sharply. As a result, it deposits most of its sediment in a fan-shaped mound called an alluvial fan. Alluvial fans are common in many arid and semiarid mountainous regions. A stream also slows abruptly where it enters the still water of a lake or ocean. The sediment settles out to form a nearly flat landform called a delta. Part of the delta lies above water level, and the remainder lies slightly below water level. Deltas are commonly fan-shaped, resembling the Greek letter "delta" (). Both deltas and alluvial fans change rapidly. Sediment fills channels (waterways), which are then abandoned while new channels develop as in a braided stream. As a result, a stream feeding a delta or fan splits into many channels called distributaries. A large delta may spread out in this manner until it covers thousands of square kilometers. Most fans, however, are much smaller, covering a fraction of a square kilometer to a few square kilometers. The Mississippi River has flowed through seven different delta channels during the past 5,000 to 6,000 years. But in recent years, engineers have built great systems of levees (retaining walls) in attempts to stabilize the channels. | Most of the particles in mountain streams pile up behind boulders and cobbles. | contradiction |
id_5587 | Stream Deposit A large, swift stream or river can carry all sizes of particles, from clay to boulders. When the current slows down, its competence (how much it can carry) decreases and the stream deposits the largest particles in the streambed. If current velocity continues to decreaseas a flood wanes, for examplefiner particles settle out on top of the large ones. Thus, a stream sorts its sediment according to size. A waning flood might deposit a layer of gravel, overlain by sand and finally topped by silt and clay. Streams also sort sediment in the downstream direction. Many mountain streams are choked with boulders and cobbles, but far downstream, their deltas are composed mainly of fine silt and clay. This downstream sorting is curious because stream velocity generally increases in the downstream direction. Competence increases with velocity, so a river should be able to transport larger particles than its tributaries carry. One explanation for downstream sorting is that abrasion wears away the boulders and cobbles to sand and silt as the sediment moves downstream over the years. Thus, only the fine sediment reaches the lower parts of most rivers. A stream deposits its sediment in three environments: Alluvial fans and deltas form where stream gradient (angle of incline) suddenly decreases as a stream enters a flat plain, a lake, or the sea; floodplain deposits accumulate on a floodplain adjacent to the stream channel; and channel deposits form in the stream channel itself. Bars, which are elongated mounds of sediment, are transient features that form in the stream channel and on the banks. They commonly form in one year and erode the next. Rivers used for commercial navigation must be recharged frequently because bars shift from year to year. Imagine a winding stream. The water on the outside of the curve moves faster than the water on the inside. The stream erodes its outside bank because the current's inertia drives it into the outside bank. At the same time, the slower water on the inside point of the bend deposits sediment, forming a point bar. A mid-channel bar is a sandy and gravelly deposit that forms in the middle of a stream channel. Most streams flow in a single channel. In contrast, a braided stream flows in many shallow, interconnecting channels. A braided stream forms where more sediments supplied to a stream than it can carry. The stream dumps the excess sediment, forming mid-channel bars. The bars gradually fill a channel, forcing the stream to overflow its banks and erode new channels. As a result, a braided stream flows simultaneously in several channels and shifts back and forth across its floodplain. Braided streams are common in both deserts and glacial environments because both produce abundant sediment. A desert yields large amounts of sediment because it has little or no vegetation to prevent erosion. Glaciers grind bedrock into fine sediment, which is carried by streams flowing from the melting ice. If a steep mountain stream flows onto a flat plain, its gradient and velocity decrease sharply. As a result, it deposits most of its sediment in a fan-shaped mound called an alluvial fan. Alluvial fans are common in many arid and semiarid mountainous regions. A stream also slows abruptly where it enters the still water of a lake or ocean. The sediment settles out to form a nearly flat landform called a delta. Part of the delta lies above water level, and the remainder lies slightly below water level. Deltas are commonly fan-shaped, resembling the Greek letter "delta" (). Both deltas and alluvial fans change rapidly. Sediment fills channels (waterways), which are then abandoned while new channels develop as in a braided stream. As a result, a stream feeding a delta or fan splits into many channels called distributaries. A large delta may spread out in this manner until it covers thousands of square kilometers. Most fans, however, are much smaller, covering a fraction of a square kilometer to a few square kilometers. The Mississippi River has flowed through seven different delta channels during the past 5,000 to 6,000 years. But in recent years, engineers have built great systems of levees (retaining walls) in attempts to stabilize the channels. | There are generally more large particles upstream than downstream in a river. | entailment |
id_5588 | Stress at work is costing business significant sums of money as well as devastating the health and happiness of those directly affected. Stress can result in financial loss through many guises it costs money through increased recruitment selection and training costs and reduced productivity as well as sickness absence. The escalating expense of compensation claims is an additional consideration. Many employers are being held responsible for employee stress due to the belief that they are doing little to reduce the stressful aspects of jobs. As a consequence, the number of stress audits and stress management programmes being conducted is on the increase employers who are seen to be doing something to alleviate stress will be able to put forward a better defence in court. | Stress only has a financial impact on businesses through the cost of sickness absence and compensation claims. | contradiction |
id_5589 | Stress at work is costing business significant sums of money as well as devastating the health and happiness of those directly affected. Stress can result in financial loss through many guises it costs money through increased recruitment selection and training costs and reduced productivity as well as sickness absence. The escalating expense of compensation claims is an additional consideration. Many employers are being held responsible for employee stress due to the belief that they are doing little to reduce the stressful aspects of jobs. As a consequence, the number of stress audits and stress management programmes being conducted is on the increase employers who are seen to be doing something to alleviate stress will be able to put forward a better defence in court. | The cost of stress to businesses is actually more significant than the cost to the individuals affected. | neutral |
id_5590 | Stress at work is costing business significant sums of money as well as devastating the health and happiness of those directly affected. Stress can result in financial loss through many guises it costs money through increased recruitment selection and training costs and reduced productivity as well as sickness absence. The escalating expense of compensation claims is an additional consideration. Many employers are being held responsible for employee stress due to the belief that they are doing little to reduce the stressful aspects of jobs. As a consequence, the number of stress audits and stress management programmes being conducted is on the increase employers who are seen to be doing something to alleviate stress will be able to put forward a better defence in court. | Employers are increasingly running stress audits and stress management programmes for fear of litigation. | entailment |
id_5591 | Stress at work is costing business significant sums of money as well as devastating the health and happiness of those directly affected. Stress can result in financial loss through many guises it costs money through increased recruitment selection and training costs and reduced productivity as well as sickness absence. The escalating expense of compensation claims is an additional consideration. Many employers are being held responsible for employee stress due to the belief that they are doing little to reduce the stressful aspects of jobs. As a consequence, the number of stress audits and stress management programmes being conducted is on the increase employers who are seen to be doing something to alleviate stress will be able to put forward a better defence in court. | Many employers are doing little to cut down the stressful elements of jobs. | neutral |
id_5592 | Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolts most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year. But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike. The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States power grid from lightning strikes. We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up. Bad behaviour But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, says Bernstein. Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasnt supposed to go. And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? What goes up must come down, points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely- and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory. The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds. A stumbling block However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: its a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer. Bernstein says that Dielss system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. T cannot say I have money yet, but Im working on it, says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and hes hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts an avalanche of interest and support if all goes well. He expects to see cloud- zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each. 68Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning switch at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of interactive meteorology - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, he says. And perhaps, says Diels, well be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back. | Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser. | contradiction |
id_5593 | Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolts most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year. But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike. The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States power grid from lightning strikes. We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up. Bad behaviour But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, says Bernstein. Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasnt supposed to go. And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? What goes up must come down, points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely- and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory. The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds. A stumbling block However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: its a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer. Bernstein says that Dielss system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. T cannot say I have money yet, but Im working on it, says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and hes hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts an avalanche of interest and support if all goes well. He expects to see cloud- zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each. 68Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning switch at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of interactive meteorology - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, he says. And perhaps, says Diels, well be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back. | Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms. | entailment |
id_5594 | Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolts most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year. But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike. The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States power grid from lightning strikes. We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up. Bad behaviour But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, says Bernstein. Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasnt supposed to go. And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? What goes up must come down, points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely- and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory. The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds. A stumbling block However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: its a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer. Bernstein says that Dielss system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. T cannot say I have money yet, but Im working on it, says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and hes hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts an avalanche of interest and support if all goes well. He expects to see cloud- zappers eventually costing $50,000 to $100,000 each. 68Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning switch at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of interactive meteorology - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, he says. And perhaps, says Diels, well be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back. | Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Dielss system. | neutral |
id_5595 | Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers. Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolts most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year. But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike. The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States power grid from lightning strikes. We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up. Bad behaviour But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, says Bernstein. Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasnt supposed to go. And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? What goes up must come down, points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory. The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds. A stumbling block However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: its a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer. Bernstein says that Dielss system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the 50,000 to $100,000 each. Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning switch at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of interactive meteorology not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, he says. And perhaps, says Diels, well be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back. | Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms. | entailment |
id_5596 | Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers. Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolts most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year. But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike. The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States power grid from lightning strikes. We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up. Bad behaviour But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, says Bernstein. Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasnt supposed to go. And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? What goes up must come down, points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory. The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds. A stumbling block However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: its a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer. Bernstein says that Dielss system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the 50,000 to $100,000 each. Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning switch at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of interactive meteorology not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, he says. And perhaps, says Diels, well be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back. | Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser. | contradiction |
id_5597 | Striking Back at Lightning With Lasers. Seldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolts most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year. But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike. The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States power grid from lightning strikes. We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up. Bad behaviour But while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1,200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, says Bernstein. Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasnt supposed to go. And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? What goes up must come down, points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500,000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory. The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun) would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds. A stumbling block However, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: its a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer. Bernstein says that Dielss system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the 50,000 to $100,000 each. Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning switch at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of interactive meteorology not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, he says. And perhaps, says Diels, well be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back. | Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Dielss system. | neutral |
id_5598 | Students in the United States face a difficult decision regarding their higher education. With the global amount of student debt approaching $1 trillion, ever increasing tuition fees are leaving graduates deeper and deeper in debt. This combined with a faltering economic and high inflation; salaries are not rising to meet this increase in tuition fees. The global amount of student debt per year has doubled in the past decade and students are beginning the question the utility and return on investment of higher education. When comparing the education system in Germany to the USA, fewer students attend university in favour of vocational training and apprenticeship, and we see lower levels of student debt and higher youth employment. As tuition fees continue to outstrip graduate starting salaries it is possible that demand for university degrees may decrease, and a subsequent increase in apprenticeships and opportunities for school leavers may increase. | The total amount of student debt each year has doubled in the past 10 years. | entailment |
id_5599 | Students in the United States face a difficult decision regarding their higher education. With the global amount of student debt approaching $1 trillion, ever increasing tuition fees are leaving graduates deeper and deeper in debt. This combined with a faltering economic and high inflation; salaries are not rising to meet this increase in tuition fees. The global amount of student debt per year has doubled in the past decade and students are beginning the question the utility and return on investment of higher education. When comparing the education system in Germany to the USA, fewer students attend university in favour of vocational training and apprenticeship, and we see lower levels of student debt and higher youth employment. As tuition fees continue to outstrip graduate starting salaries it is possible that demand for university degrees may decrease, and a subsequent increase in apprenticeships and opportunities for school leavers may increase. | Increasing the number of apprenticeships will decrease total student loan debt. | neutral |
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