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2contradiction
| While MMA fighters can be brutal at times. They do not have a propensity to brutality like drunken men do on a night out ! They don't seem to think inflicting harm on others is amusing. | This example is hate. | dynahate |
0entailment
| During the late 19th century the British also gained control of the north coast of Borneo, where Dutch rule had previously been established. Development on the Peninsula and Borneo were generally separate until the 19th century. The eastern part of this region (now Sabah) was under the nominal control of the Sultan of Sulu, who later became a vassal of the Spanish East Indies. The rest was the territory of the Sultanate of Brunei. In 1841, British adventurer James Brooke helped the Sultan of Brunei suppress a revolt, and in return received the title of raja and the right to govern the Sarawak River District. In 1846, his title was recognised as hereditary, and the "White Rajahs" began ruling Sarawak as a recognised independent state. The Brookes expanded Sarawak at the expense of Brunei.
Is English likely to be an official language in the northern parts of Borneo? | This example is YES. | CONDAQA |
2contradiction
| Hi there! Here's some context: my parents and I always had a strange relationship (we didn't communicate much) but since I started my relationship with my boyfriend they started to get angry at me and basically they were causing so much unnecessary drama. This boy that I'm with is everything I ever wished for, he really treats me like I'm his princess and never gave me a reason to question his love. All his relatives accepted me fron the beginning, they made him bring me at all the gatherings and I really feel good when I'm around them. My parents are not accepting my relationship with him and we would like to get married in the near future ( 2-3 years). To be honest, I don't want them there because they would find a way to ruin our day. So, WIBTA if I didn't invite them? | This example is WRONG. | scruples |
0entailment
| PersonX takes part in the discussions As a result, PersonX wants provide insight
PersonX wants to be kicked out of class into the hallway. | This example is weakener. | defeasible-nli/atomic |
2contradiction
| Several people, including a man in a green shirt and a woman wearing a scarf, are dancing at a party. People are dancing to a popular song.
The party is celebrating an unreleased album. | This example is strengthener. | defeasible-nli/snli |
2contradiction
| Some entrepreneur is not a historian.
Every historian beats every botanist.
Every director is a dancer.
No teacher is an artist.
Some potter is a historian.
Some teacher is not a researcher.
Every researcher is a potter.
Some politician humiliates no teacher.
Every researcher is an artist.
No historian is a dancer.
No politician is a librarian.
No singer beats any entrepreneur.
Every entrepreneur is an acrobat.
No botanist humiliates any artist.
No manager is a teacher.
Some dancer is not a botanist.
Some dancer is a singer.
No artist beats any manager.
No singer is a botanist.
Some director beats no acrobat.
Every artist beats every researcher.
Every teacher beats every teacher.
No librarian is a researcher.
Every entrepreneur defames every botanist.
| This example is inconsistent. | natural-language-satisfiability |
2contradiction
| I told my daughter she wasn't allowed to watch youtube and I caught her watching videos on her tablet
I was really mad when I found out that my daughter was still watching youtube videos on her tablet even though I explicitly told her not to | This example is Contradiction. | FLUTE |
2contradiction
| Was Florence Nightingale's death more painful than Saint Peter's? | This example is True. | strategy-qa |
0entailment
| All customers who are subscribed to AMC List are available to watch 3 movies every week without any additional fees. Some customers go to cinemas every week Customers either subscribe to AMC service or HBO service. Customers who prefer TV series more and will not watch TV series in cinemas. All customers who subscribe to HBO services prefer TV series to movies. James watches TV series in cinemas.
James does not go to cinemas every week. | This example is Unknown. | folio |
0entailment
| In protestant reformation, criticizing the catholic was ended.
She ended to criticize and went to the church. | This example is no. | avicenna |
2contradiction
| Snipers provide the country's security by patrolling the country's waters in submarines. | This example is true. | CREAK |
0entailment
| There are three blocks. We call them A, B and C. Block A contains one big blue square. Block B is to the left of block A. It has a medium black circle and one small blue circle. Touching, above and to the right of the small blue circle there is the medium black circle. To the left of block B there is block C which contains a big yellow square and one big black square. The big yellow square is below, to the left of and near to the big black square. This block also has a medium blue circle. The big black square is touching the right edge of this block.
Is there any big squares that are to the left of a blue square , to the left of the small shape? | This example is Yes. | spartqa-yn |
2contradiction
| Zachary has visited only fifteen places
Zachary has visited Guyana | This example is contradiction. | clcd-english |
2contradiction
| does it have two arms
correspondent | This example is False. | twentyquestions |
0entailment
| An unconventional historical drama, with some mediocre battle scenes. Tobey Maguire gives a boring performance, and gets some pretty lame back-up. The script is barely literate and far from original, and the film is kept unfortunately free of heroes. That said, it does drag a lot, and the last reel is too much like a TV mini-series. Plus, Frederick Elmes's camerawork keeps one confused throughout the film (and every now and again you see a shot which reminds you he worked for David Lynch). Not worth seeing. | This example is Negative. | counterfactually-augmented-imdb |
0entailment
| is confectionary sugar the same as powdered meat? | This example is False. | boolq-natural-perturbations |
0entailment
| four jewish media moguls drove us into ww 2 : | This example is implicit_hate. | implicit-hate-stg1 |
2contradiction
| Bob is huge. Bob is big. Bob is strong. Dave is thin. Dave is short. Anne is clever. Anne is smart. Anne is wealthy. Fiona is dull. Fiona is rough. Fiona is poor. Huge people are clever. If someone is thin and short then they are little. If someone is dull and rough then they are imperfect. If someone is clever and smart then they are kind. If someone is little then they are small. If someone is small then they are tiny. All tiny people are poor. If someone is clever then they are smart. If someone is smart then they are wealthy. All wealthy people are high. If someone is kind then they are quiet. If someone is quiet then they are nice. All nice people are big. If someone is imperfect then they are bad. If someone is bad then they are sad. All sad people are short.
Dave is not poor. | This example is True. | PARARULE-Plus |
2contradiction
| The cashier told me that I didn't have enough money to buy that.
I didn't have enough money to buy that. | This example is False. | ambient |
2contradiction
| Before you take pie out of the box, you'll want to preheat your oven to 350 degrees F. | This example is True. | I2D2 |
2contradiction
| "The world is for the survival of the fittest." By encouraging their children to study hard the parents are only preparing them for the real world where the competition is very high. So the suicide rates aren't not be because of the pressure the students are getting from their parents but because of the competition they are forced to face. According to the wikipedia article on suicide rates, "Of the 29,501 suicides in South Korea between 2009 and 2010, the causes were: psychological despair 28.8% (8,489 cases), physical pain 22.6% (6,672), economic difficulties 15.9% (4,690), and family problems 11.4% (3,363)." If a person has internal issues of psychological despair no matter what external factors surround the person, he will still eventually suicide. The problem is not the stress, studies and students or parents. It's the competition, personal internal psychological challenges the person has, and the way he percieves the work he is given that affects him.
Korean parents should stop giving stress to Korean students about studying | This example is PRO. | args_me |
2contradiction
| We should legalize the organ trade because currently people are punished for obeying the law and not purchasing organs, in the form of longer wait times.
We should legalize organ trade | This example is against. | Touche23-ValueEval |
2contradiction
| Vouchers drain talent from public schools, undermining competitiveness.
Education vouchers | This example is PRO. | starcon |
2contradiction
| I requested a refund from a merchant a while ago, and upon repeatedly checking my statement, the merchant has yet to refund me my money. I don't know what's going on, or why the money is getting into my account--could you please help? | This example is lost_or_stolen_card. | banking77 |
2contradiction
| I took the water bottle out of the backpack so that it would be handy. The it is more likely to refer to The water bottle than The backpack because lighter is more likely to the backpack
In "I took the water bottle out of the backpack so that it would be handy. ", The it is more likely to refer to The water bottle than The backpack because lighter is more likely to the backpack | This example is True. | winowhy |
0entailment
| The permission to engage was given before the word RPG was ever used | This example is not cognitive-bias. | mbib-base/cognitive-bias |
0entailment
| Says New Jerseys job growth in May represents 25 percent of all the jobs created in the country | This example is fake-news. | mbib-base/fake-news |
2contradiction
| theres a difference if you say islam is bad or if you say all muslims are murderers and we should kill them first | This example is gender-bias. | mbib-base/gender-bias |
0entailment
| I don t hate my leftist non friend And i don t shoot kill stab or wound in the name of Jesus Allah Mohammed Buddha or any other man made deity My words might hurt but the truth sometimes does Go back to sucking on the public teet Darcy it s at least something you are good at | This example is hate-speech. | mbib-base/hate-speech |
2contradiction
| despite the attempts by student unity to gain the votes of liberal students in favour of unity candidate camden gilchrist with and what is generally considered the most generous offer made to liberal students at an nus conference liberal students delivered their votes to to mathew chuk a member of the independents faction thus ensuring his victory | This example is linguistic-bias. | mbib-base/linguistic-bias |
0entailment
| The multiyear plan includes ensuring staff calendars include Muslim holidays reviewing library materials on Muslim culture providing resources to teachers and engaging in partnerships with the Council on American Islamic Relations | This example is not political-bias. | mbib-base/political-bias |
2contradiction
| that guy spends his day talking about how muslims are criminals and rapists you associate with people like that you think theyre good people | This example is racial-bias. | mbib-base/racial-bias |
0entailment
| That dude needs to calm down | This example is not text-level-bias. | mbib-base/text-level-bias |
0entailment
| [Joshua] went to the park with his sister [Cindy], [Cindy]'s brother, [Hugh], and [Hugh]'s son, [Michael].
('Joshua', 'Michael') | This example is nephew. | v1/gen_train234_test2to10 |
2contradiction
| If Joe eats greasy food, he will feel sick.
Joe feels sick.
Therefore, Joe ate greasy food. | This example is equivocation. | logical-fallacy |
0entailment
| the sale and lease of goods, the sale of services, and the licensing software over the internet
the sale of goods and services or the licensing of intellectual property by computer over the internet. | This example is not-paraphrase. | parade |
2contradiction
| The overall probability of zuph is 4%. For those who are not zuph, the probability of uvzi is 18%. For those who are zuph, the probability of uvzi is 40%.
Is uvzi more likely than not uvzi overall? | This example is yes. | cladder |
0entailment
| As recent events revealed, a strike of even just some of a relatively small number (115,000) of rail workers could completely upend the economy and provoke a political crisis.
| This example is OBJ. | subjectivity |
2contradiction
| She radiates happiness
radiates | This example is literal. | MOH |
0entailment
| He stayed in, and the recession worsened.
worsened | This example is literal. | VUAC |
0entailment
| But tropical storm warnings and watches were posted today for Haiti , western portions of the Dominican Republic , the southeastern Bahamas and the Turk and Caicos islands .
Tropical storm warnings were in place Thursday for Jamaica and Haiti and watches for the western Dominican Republic , the southeastern Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos islands . | This example is equivalent. | glue/mrpc |
0entailment
| Which is the best Android smartphone in 10000 INR?
Smartphones: What is the best phone to buy below 10k rupees? | This example is not_duplicate. | glue/qqp |
0entailment
| science begins with the premise that knowledge should first be acquired through observation | This example is True. | super_glue/boolq |
0entailment
| He repeatedly calls on his followers to embrace martyrdom since "The walls of oppression and humiliation cannot be demolished except in a rain of bullets." For those yearning for a lost sense of order in an older, more tranquil world, he offers his "Caliphate" as an imagined alternative to today's uncertainty. For others, he offers simplistic conspiracies to explain their world. Bin Laden also relies heavily on the Egyptian writer Sayyid Qutb. A member of the Muslim Brotherhood executed in 1966 on charges of attempting to overthrow the government, Qutb mixed Islamic scholarship with a very superficial acquaintance with Western history and thought. Sent by the Egyptian government to study in the United States in the late 1940s, Qutb returned with an enormous loathing of Western society and history. He dismissed Western achievements as entirely material, arguing that Western society possesses "nothing that will satisfy its own conscience and justify its existence." Three basic themes emerge from Qutb's writings. First, he claimed that the world was beset with barbarism, licentiousness, and unbelief (a condition he called jahiliyya, the religious term for the period of ignorance prior to the revelations given to the Prophet Mohammed). Qutb argued that humans can choose only between Islam and jahiliyya. Second, he warned that more people, including Muslims, were attracted to jahiliyya and its material comforts than to his view of Islam; jahiliyya could therefore triumph over Islam. Third, no middle ground exists in what Qutb conceived as a struggle between God and Satan. All Muslims-as he defined them-therefore must take up arms in this fight. Any Muslim who rejects his ideas is just one more nonbeliever worthy of destruction. Bin Laden shares Qutb's stark view, permitting him and his followers to rationalize even unprovoked mass murder as righteous defense of an embattled faith. Many Americans have wondered, "Why do 'they' hate us?" Some also ask, "What can we do to stop these attacks?" Bin Laden and al Qaeda have given answers to both these questions. Who warned that more people, including Muslims, were attracted to jahiliyya and its material comforts than to his view of Islam
Jahiliyya | This example is False. | super_glue/multirc |
0entailment
| hold : He can hold his liquor. :
hold : The auditorium can't hold more than 500 people. : | This example is False. | super_glue/wic |
0entailment
| A fat man is refueling his Chevy SUV outside of a store that has a sign that says Terrible 's Beer .
There is a better than even chance that a fat man is refueling his Chevy SUV at the liquor store . | This example is invalid. | probability_words_nli/usnli |
0entailment
| It is highly unlikely that Mary went to the bedroom. Chances are about even that Gertrude is a mouse. There is a better than even chance that Bernhard is a rhino.
We believe that mary went to the bedroom, and Gertrude is a mouse. | This example is valid. | probability_words_nli/reasoning_1hop |
2contradiction
| It is impossible that Brian is a swan. There is almost no chance that Daniel left the apple. It is highly likely that Mary went to the garden. There is almost no chance that if Daniel left the apple, or Brian is a swan, then Bernhard is a frog. It is unlikely that if Daniel left the apple, and Brian is a swan, then John put down the milk. We believe that if Brian is a swan, or Daniel left the apple, then Greg is a rhino.
There is almost no chance that either Greg is a rhino, or Brian is a swan. | This example is valid. | probability_words_nli/reasoning_2hop |
0entailment
| Going to Germany made it easy to get a better understanding of German language .
When I first began to study German it took a while to learn that Gift was not something one wanted for Christmas , and that Mist was not cool and dewy , but warm and smelly . | This example is non-contradiction. | robust_nli_li_ts |
2contradiction
| Hundreds feared dead as Brazil dam collapse releases mud tide
Brazil President Bolsonaro scheduled for surgery, two days' rest | This example is different_event. | hlgd |
2contradiction
| He joined the Canadian Fencibles in Quebec in 1803 , and joined them in 1805 to Scotland .
In 1803 , he joined the Canadian Fencibles in Scotland and joined them in 1805 to Quebec . | This example is paraphrase. | paws/labeled_final |
0entailment
| There is a drooping , but straight-lined shoulder above , and the whorl is somewhat contracted below it , so that it has considerable prominence .
There is a drooping , but somewhat-lined shoulder straight , and the whorl is above contracted below it , so that it has considerable prominence . | This example is not_paraphrase. | paws/labeled_swap |
2contradiction
| How much should I take the biotin 500mg?
May I know, what are the benifits of taking biotin 500mg? | This example is True. | medical_questions_pairs |
2contradiction
| The professor talked us. | This example is acceptable. | glue/cola |
0entailment
| longer to heal : the welt on johnny knoxville 's stomach | This example is negative. | glue/sst2 |
2contradiction
| What are some useful tips for someone who is starting work at Ladder Capital? | This example is insincere question. | insincere-questions |
2contradiction
| been doing some great stuff with the t-mobile one, which is now in hands of verizon fios customers. if you haven't following along, we've working hard to make sure that everything as planned. this not something we can say now, but are get things rolling out, for our customers.we've offer a number service updates and upgrades works great, best possible speed customers.to see what one doing, watch video below. it gives good idea happening inside outside fios, there chance have how will be using service.if any concerns or questions, contact us at always, would love hear from always happy answer questions may have.thanks stopping by, stay tuned more! pdate: on tuesday, january 20, 2015, sent message verizon's customer support works, hope soon. very excited about looking forward your feedback.thanks again,t-mobile supportp.s. email updated post more information reflect latest efforts. pdate #2: much thorough description. #3: an update address issues having one. update, addressing #4: available no news when customers, moving out who probably wait until next year. #5: second | This example is gpt1. | TuringBench |
0entailment
| What is the date of Boxing Day ? | This example is NUM:date. | trec |
2contradiction
| Cher is a bat .
Sometimes referred to as the Goddess of Pop , she has been described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry . | This example is SUPPORTS. | vitaminc/tals--vitaminc |
2contradiction
| This is just wrong. This is your perceived notion of what white people think. Your average everyday white person isn't out to demean and diminish minorities. It's what the news media has told you they do but it's simply not true. | This example is Hope_speech. | hope_edi/english |
0entailment
| BREAKING: At least 10 killed in shooting at French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, Paris prosecutor's office says. http://t.co/mnAeA7j7fY
@cnni the headlesschookìmpersonatingghekowithnotail gotaway oh unlesthecatateit anyway im stil last withonly 5beetles | This example is comment. | rumoureval_2019/RumourEval2019 |
2contradiction
| men and women are not equal. irrational contrary belief and policy only result in mounting failure. | This example is hate_speech. | ethos/binary |
2contradiction
| Love is when all your happiness and all your sadness and all your feelings are dependent on another person. | This example is anger. | tweet_eval/emotion |
2contradiction
| Glad your having another nice vacation. How's the illegal border crossings, illegal oportunistic migrant entries, tax payer funded hotel rooms for same without a strategic plan going? @user @user @user @user @user @user | This example is non-hate. | tweet_eval/hate |
2contradiction
| Need to get back in to college.. #feeling #this | This example is irony. | tweet_eval/irony |
2contradiction
| @user is the brainchild of @user - He is playing dirty against @user and Jen is using her ill gotten money against @user Mailer linking Nixon to anti-Semitism was approved by top Cuomo aides | This example is non-offensive. | tweet_eval/offensive |
2contradiction
| RT @user The @user take on Canada tonight @ 9pm EST in a warm-up before the Rugby World Cup - If you have Direct TV... ht ... | This example is negative. | tweet_eval/sentiment |
2contradiction
| @user He's not concerned about women's health, it's all about control. Stay outta my lady parts, Mr. Patrick! #SemST | This example is none. | tweet_eval/stance_abortion |
2contradiction
| its gonna be worth it. its gonna work out. #SemST | This example is favor. | tweet_eval/stance_atheism |
0entailment
| @user @user @user @user @user I think we found something more dangerous to America than #SemST | This example is none. | tweet_eval/stance_climate |
2contradiction
| Staying well informed on sexual violence in the news is important yet often leaves me ranting at screen. #rapeculture #SemST | This example is none. | tweet_eval/stance_feminist |
0entailment
| The most revealing part about Hillary's released emails is that they're pretty much as boring as mine. #nofriends #SemST | This example is against. | tweet_eval/stance_hillary |
0entailment
| A lot to look at in this photo. Happy birthday @user @ The Brickyard Pub | This example is 🎄. | tweet_eval/emoji |
2contradiction
| Until yesterday Labour party rules permitted trade unions to pay the membership fees for union members who had been paying the union's Labour party levy for over one year.
Many of Deans' new recruits were legitimate in this respect. | This example is because_of_this. | discovery/discovery |
0entailment
| he works for t i. | This example is Summarize/Reformulate. | pragmeval/switchboard |
0entailment
| you mean just a a z square? | This example is Understanding Check. | pragmeval/mrda |
0entailment
| this is just wrong. | This example is unverifiable. | pragmeval/verifiability |
2contradiction
| three missing afghan soldiers were found trying to enter canada
team 5 source: missing afghan soldiers found at canadian border | This example is against. | pragmeval/emergent |
2contradiction
| in some fields , yearly data on faculty numbers and composition are available in aggregate .
in computer science , the computing research association ( cra ) documents trends in the employment of phd recipients through the annual taulbee survey of computing departments in north america ( cra.org/resources/taulbee-survey ) . | This example is evidence. | pragmeval/gum |
2contradiction
| they want it back
mr. peterson declines to comment on specific allegations in the two suits | This example is Condition. | pragmeval/pdtb |
2contradiction
| anybody with clay now?
neeeeeeeed | This example is Result. | pragmeval/stac |
2contradiction
| this from the guy who let's cheney run the government. i truly wonder what will happen if his ticker gives out. he can't even stand for any length of time - always needs a stool.
how do you know bush let's cheney run the government..oh yeah, that's right, cnn/cbs told you. so you will knock one of the greatest minds this country has because he has a bad heart and can't stand for long periods of time? what a goober, so i guess stephen hawking should die too, huh? | This example is notsarc. | pragmeval/sarcasm |
2contradiction
| what are the things that tend to distract you ? | This example is Positive. | silicone/sem |
2contradiction
| i've only just gone round to get the messages um | This example is accept. | silicone/oasis |
0entailment
| Yeah , sure ! | This example is neutral. | silicone/meld_s |
0entailment
| Yeah , sure ! | This example is neutral. | silicone/meld_e |
0entailment
| right | This example is align. | silicone/maptask |
0entailment
| oh , no , are they back ? i'll give you another room immediately , sir , and a refund for tonight . | This example is no emotion. | silicone/dyda_e |
0entailment
| oh , no , are they back ? i'll give you another room immediately , sir , and a refund for tonight . | This example is directive. | silicone/dyda_da |
2contradiction
| I'm cold. | This example is fea. | silicone/iemocap |
2contradiction
| 329 U.S. 324
67 S.Ct. 324
91 L.Ed. 322
NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARDv.A. J. TOWER CO.
No. 60.
Argued Nov. 21, 1946.
Decided Dec. 23, 1946.
Mr.Gerhard P. Van Arkel, of Washington, D.C., for petitioner.
Mr. John T. Noonan, of Boston, Mass., for respondent.
Mr. Justice MURPHY delivered the opinion of the Court.
1
The issue here concerns the procedure used in elections under the National Labor Relations Act1 in which employees choose a statutory representative for purposes of collective bargaining. Specifically, we must determine the propriety of the National Labor Relations Board's refusal to accept an employer's post-election challenge to the eligibility of a voter who participated in a consent election.
2
The respondent and a union entered into an agreement to conduct an election by secret ballot on May 5, 1944, under the supervision of the Board's regional director, to determine whether the employees at respondent's Roxbury plant in the unit defined in the agreement desired to be represented by the union. The agreement was approved by the regional director and provided that the election was to be held 'in accordance with the National Labor Relations Act, the Board's Rules and Regulations, and the customary procedures and policies of the Board.'
3
The agreement set forth the qualifications for participation in the election. Only those who appeared on the pay-roll on April 21, 1944, were eligible; included were those employees who did not work at the time because they were ill, or on vacation, or temporarily laid off, or in the armed forces. The respondent had the duty of furnishing the regional director with an accurate list of the eligible voters, together with a list of the ineligible employees.2 The list of eligible voters was duly submitted on May 1, 1944.
4
The agreement further provided that both the union and the respondent could have observers at the polling places to assist in the handling of the election, to challenge the eligibility of voters and to verify the tally. If challenges were made and if they were determinative of the results of the election, the regional director was to investigate the challenges and issue a report thereon. All objections 'to the conduct of the ballot' or 'to a determination of representatives based on the results thereof' were to be filed with the regional director within five days after issuance of the 'Tally of Ballots.' If the regional director sustained the objections, he had the power to void the results and order a new election. The determination of the regional director was to be final and binding upon any question, 'including questions as to the eligibility of voters, raised by any party hereto relating in any manner to the election.' Cf. Article III, §§ 10 and 12, of the Board's Rules and Regulations (Series 3, effective Nov. 26, 1943).
5
The balloting took place on May 5 in accordance with this agreement. After the ballots were counted, the union and the respondent signed a 'Tally of Ballots,' in which the regional director certified that, of the 230 valid votes counted, 116 were cast for the union and 114 against it, with one other ballot being challenged by the union.3 Four days later, on May 9, respondent's counsel wrote the regional director that subsequent to the election 'it came to the attention of the management of the Company that Mrs. Jennie A. Kane, one of the persons who voted at the election, was not at the time an employee of the Company.'4 The letter explained that Mrs. Kane was employed by respondent from March 16, 1943, through March 24, 1944, but that after the latter date she had nev r reported again for work and had never appeared at the plant except for purpose of voting on May 5. It was admitted that the respondent, 'not being advised by Mrs. Kane of any intention on her part to leave their employ, assumed that she was ill, and continued her among their list of employees and, therefore, did not exclude her from the list of employees they believed eligible to vote.' The letter accordingly challenged Mrs. Kane's right to vote, as well as the ballot cast by her. A hearing was requested for the purpose of passing upon the one ballot challenged by the union. If that challenge were not sustained and the ballot proved to be a vote against the union, Mrs. Kane's ballot would become material to the result of the election; on that condition, the respondent requested a hearing on its challenge to Mrs. Kane's vote.
6
A hearing on the matters raised by this letter was held before the regional director. He subsequently made a report in which he found that respondent included Mrs. Kane's name on the list of eligible voters submitted on May 1 on the assumption that she was ill and had not quit her job; that reaspondent made no attempt between May 1 and May 5 to remove Mrs. Kane's name from the list, although prior to the election respondent received by mail a notice of Mrs. Kane's claim for unemployment compensation; that respondent's observers at the polls had not challenged Mrs. Kane when she voted in their presence; and that these observers certified before the ballots were counted that the election had been properly conducted. The regional director also found that the evidence was conflicting as to Mrs. Kane's actual status.5 But he concluded that under the circumstances the respondent had waived its right to challenge her vote or to object to the election on this ground. This determination made it unnecessary for him to rule on the ballot previously challenged by the union, since it could not affect the result. He thus found that the union had received a majority of the valid votes cast and was the exclusive representative of the employees in the appropriate unit.
7
The respondent thereafter refused to bargain with the union in question. Upon a complaint issued by the Board, the respondent admitted its refusal but denied that the union had ever been designated by a majority of the employees in the appropriate unit. It asserted that the election of May 5 was inconclusive on the subject because if Mrs. Kane's ballot were subtracted from the union's total and if the ballot challenged by the union were opened upon overruling the challenge and proved to be against the union, the outcome of the election would be a tie vote. The Board, after the usual proceedings, held that it would not disturb the rulings of a regional director on questions arising out of a consent election 'unless such rulings appear to be unsupported by substantial evidence or are arbitrary or capricious' and that no such grounds for disturbing the ruling were present in the instant case. As an alternative ground for its action, the Board held that the regional director's refusal under the Circumstances to permit an attack on Mrs. Kane's status as a voter after the results of the election had been announced 'is in complete accord with the extablished principles and policy of the Board'—which excluded post-election challenges 'because of our belief that otherwise an election could be converted from a definitive resolution of preference into a protracted resolution of objections disregarded or suppressed against the contingency of an adverse result.' See also Matter of Norris, Inc., 63 N.L.R.B. 502, 512. The Board accordingly ordered respondent to cease and desist from its unfair labor practice and to take the affirmative action of bargaining collectively with the union. 60 N.L.R.B. 1414.
8
The First Circuit Court of Appeals, however, set aside the Board's order. 152 F.2d 275. It construed the Act as making it a jurisdictional prerequisite to a determination that an employer has committed the unfair labor practice of refusing to bargain collectively that the union with which he has refused to deal should have been chosen by a majority of those voting who were in fact employees. It held that since the vote challenged by the union may have been cast against it and since Mrs. Kane was not found to have been an employee on the crucial date, there may have been a tie vote and the Board was without jurisdiction to find the respondent guilty of a violation of § 8(5). We granted certiorari, 328 U.S. 827, 66 S.Ct. 1011, because of the importance of the matter in the administration of the Act and because of a conflict between the result below and that reached by the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals in N.L.R.B. v. Capital Greyhound Lines, 140 F.2d 754.
9
As we have noted before, Congress has entrusted the Board with a wide degree of discretion in establishing the procedure and safeguards necessary to insure the fair and free choice of bargaining representatives by employees. Southern S.S. Co. v. National Labor Board, 316 U.S. 31, 37, 62 S.Ct. 886, 890, 86 L.Ed. 1246; National Labor Board v. Waterman S.S. Co., 309 U.S. 206, 226, 60 S.Ct. 493, 503, 84 L.Ed. 704; National Labor Board v. Falk Corporation, 308 U.S. 453, 458, 60 S.Ct. 307, 310, 84 L.Ed. 396. Section 9(c) of the Act authorizes the Board to 'Take a secret ballot of employees, or utilize any other suitable method to ascertain such representatives.' In carrying out this task, of course, the Board must act so as to give effect to the principle of majority rule set forth in § 9(a), a rule that 'is sanctioned by our governmental practices, by business procedure, and by the whole philosophy of democratic institutions.' S.Rep. No. 573, 74th Cong., 1st Sess., p. 13. It is within this democratic framework that the Board must adopt policies and promulgate rules and regulations in order that employees' votes may be recorded accurately, efficiently and speedily.
10
The principle of majority rule, however, does not foreclose practical adjustments designed to protect the election machinery from t e ever-present dangers of abuse and fraud. Indeed, unless such adjustments are made, the democratic process may be perverted and the election may fail to reflect the will of the majority of the electorate. One of the commonest protective devices is to require that challenges to the eligibility of voters be made prior to the actual casting of ballots, so that all uncontested votes are given absolute finality. In political elections, this device often involves registration lists which are closed some time prior to election day; all challenges as to registrants must be made during the intervening period or at the polls. Thereafter it is too late. The fact that cutting off the right to challenge conceivably may result in the counting of some ineligible votes is thought to be far outweighed by the dangers attendant upon the allowance of indiscriminate challenges after the election. To permit such challenges, it is said, would invade the secrecy of the ballot, destroy the finality of the election result, invite unwarranted and dilatory claims by defeated candidates and 'keep perpetually before the courts the same excitements, strifes, and animosities which characterize the hustings, and which ought, for the peace of the community, and the safety and stability of our institutions, to terminate with the close of the polls.' Cooley, Constitutional Limitations (8th Ed., 1927), p. 1416.
11
Long experience has demonstrated the fairness and efficaciousness of the general rule that once a ballot has been cast without challenge and its identity has been lost, its validity cannot later be challenged. This rule is universally recognized as consistent with the democratic process. And it is generally followed in corporate elections. The Board's adoption of the rule in elections under the National Labor Relations Act is therefore in accord with the principles which Congress indicated should be used in securing the fair and free choice of collective bargaining representatives.
12
Moreover, the rule in question is one that is peculiarly appropriate to the situations confronting the Board in these elections. In an atmosphere that may be charged with animosity, post-election challenges would tempt a losing union or an employer to make undue attacks on the elegibility of voters so as to delay the finality and statutory effect of the election results. Such challenges would also extend an opportunity for the inclusion of ineligible pro-union or anti-union men on the pay-roll list in the hope that they might escape challenge before voting, thereafter giving rise to a charge that the election was void because of their ineligibility and the possibility that they had voted with the majority and were a decisive factor. The privacy of the voting process, which is of great importance in the industrial world, would frequently be destroyed by post-election challenges. And voters would often incur union or employer disfavor through their reaction to the inquiries.
13
We are unable to say, therefore, that the Board's prohibition of post-election challenges is without justification in law or in reason. It gives a desirable and necessary finality to elections, yet affords all interested parties a reasonable period in which to challenge the eligibility of any voter. And an exception to the rule is recognized where the Board's agents or the parties benefiting from the Board's refusal to entertain the issue know of the voter's ineligibility and suppress the facts.6 The Board thus appears to apply the prohibition fairly and equitably in light of the realities involved.
14
The reliance of the court below upon the asserted jurisdictional requirement was misplaced. It is true that it is an unfair labor practice for an employer to refuse to bargain with a union only if that union was chosen by a majority of the voting employees. But the determination of whether a majority in fact voted for the un on must be made in accordance with such formal rules of procedure as the Board may find necessary to adopt in the sound exercise of its discretion. The rule prohibiting post-election challenges is one of those rules. When it is applied properly, it cannot deprive the Board of jurisdiction to find an unlawful failure to bargain collectivly. That is true even where it subsequently is ascertainable that some of the votes cast were in fact ineligible and that the result of the election might have been different had the truth previously been known. The rule does not pretend to be an absolute guarantee that only those votes will be counted which are in fact eligible. It is simply a justifiable and reasonable adjustment of the democratic process.
15
There is no basis in the instant case for disregarding the Board's policy in this respect. The fact that the respondent may have been honestly mistaken as to the status of Mrs. Kane has no relevance whatever to the justification for the use of the policy. And nothing in the consent agreement constituted a waiver of the policy by the Board. On the contrary, the agreement expressly stated that the election was to be held in accordance with 'the customary procedures and policies of the Board,' which would include the policy prohibiting post-election challenges. The provision as to the filing of objections 'to the conduct of the ballot' and 'to a determination of representatives based on the results thereof' within five days after issuance of the 'Tally of Ballots,' a provision which was quite separate from that relating to challenges, obviously has no application here. Objections and challenges are two different things in electoral parlance. Objections relate to the working of the election mechanism and to the process of counting the ballots accurately and fairly. Challenges, on the other hand, concern the eligibility of prospective voters. The Board uses this clear distinction as a matter of policy and we are not free to disregard it.7
16
Neither the record in this case nor the past history of the policy against post-election challenges justifies an assumption that the interests of the anti-union employees in this election were inadequately protected. Due notice of the manner and conduct of the election was given to all employees; and, despite the lack of any affirmative provisions in the consent agreement, there was no indication that any of the employees were prohibited from examining the eligibility list or from challenging any prospective voter. Nor was there competent evidence that any anti-union employee made any objection, either before or after the election, to the procedure adopted or to the casting of any ballots.8 Moreover, the representatives of the Board, as well as those of the respondent, were bound to perform their electoral functions on behalf of all employees, including those with anti-union sentiments. In the absence of any evidence that such representatives discriminated against the anti-union employees in preparing the eligibility list or in raising timely eligibility issues, we cannot say that the interests of those employees were inadequately represented.
17
Since we rest our decision solely on the propriety of the Board's policy against post-election challenges, it is unnecessary to discuss the effect to be given by the Board to the regional director's ruling that the respondent waived its right to challenge Mrs. Kane's vote or the effect to be given to the terms of the consent election agreement apart from the general policy.
18
It follows that the court below erred in refusing to enforce the Board's order in full.
19
Reversed.
20
Mr. Justice FRANKFURTER concurs in the result.
21
Mr. Justice JACKSON, dissenting.
22
If the only interests affected were the complaining employer and the victorious union, I should agree with the Court's decision. But there is a third and, as usual, a forgotten interest here—those employees who did not want to be represented by the union.
23
The election was held by agreement between the employer and the union which was seeking to organize the plant. The Company was to furnish a list of eligible voters. The Company and the union were each to have observers attend, with the right to challenge the voters. The agreement did not give anit-organization employees either observers or the right to challenge. The certified result of 116 union against 114 anti-union votes was reached by not counting a ballot which the union challenged and by counting the ballot which the Company now points out was probably invalid. Mrs. Kane's vote, no matter whether valid or invalid, is thus allowed to decide the election.
24
It is in evidence and undisputed that after the election, an employee—presumably anti-union, from the circumstance that he was objecting—raised the question that Mrs. Kane, who was carried on the Company's eligible list because the Company believed she was absent for illness, had, in fact, left the employ of the Company with no intention to return. If that is true, she was not a qualified voter.
25
But because there was no challenge at the time her ballot was cast, the Court holds there can be no inquiry into its validity. Comparison with the practice at general public elections is specious, for in those elections every citizen has a right of challenge and registration lists usually are made up and available in advance. No comparable safeguards for the employees opposed to the union appear to exist here, though both the employer and the union were protected.
26
The Court takes the position that although every other interest has affirmative protection, there is no necessity for similar affirmative protection to the anti-union employees. Despite the fact that both of the contracting parties were careful to provide such protection for themselves, the Court assumes it is unnecessary for the third interest. The Court says that in the absence of evidence it will assume that such interests were adequately represented, at the same time closing the door to hearing evidence as to whether those interests were prejudiced unless those who are denied affirmative representation or challenge rights should have made affirmative objection before the wrong was consummated by casting the illegal ballot. And, of course, the members of such a minority have no standing to bring their problems either to the Board or to the Court. We hear of their grievance, if at all, only through its being identical with some complaint which the employer raises.
27
The Court fears that to permit inquiry into the validity of Mrs. Kane's vote would 'extend an opportunity for the inclusion of ineligible pro-union or anti-union men on the payroll list' who would be challenged after the election in the hope of voiding an unwanted result. Of course, there are opportunities for manipulation of such a list, for collusion between employer and favored groups, for fraud, and for honest mistakes.
28
But if the Court i concerned to keep the elections pure, why close the door to proof of such corruption or mistake when it operates against an anti-union group, because it has not been challenged by one of the parties to it: to wit, the employer? In the usual election, it may be desirable to put an end to challenges at the time when the ballots become intermingled and indistinguishable. But to justify cutting off inquiry, it should appear that all persons interested in the election have had adequate opportunity to question the ballots cast. As long as no such provision is made for employees who are opposed to organization, I would protect their rights by allowing post-election challenges on such grounds as are urged here.
29
Of course the protection this gives is far from satisfactory. The challenge must be initiated by the parties the Board recognizes, the employer or the union. But there will be some instances in which their interest coincides with that of the anti-union employees. On the other hand, I can scarcely think of a more perfect device for encouraging unscrupulousness, than to invest it with finality against all inquiry either by the Board or the courts. Here half the employees are forced to accept union representation as the result of an election in which they were not allowed to protect the ballot, and those who were, failed to do so. If I really wanted to discourage fraud, collusion, and mistakes, and protect the integrity of elections and the rights of both minority and majority, I should hold that such elections can be looked into whenever irregularity appears to have affected the result.
1
49 Stat. 449, 29 U.S.C. § 151 et seq., 29 U.S.C.A. § 151 et seq.
2
Among the ineligible persons were those who had quit or been discharged for cause and had not been rehired or reinstated prior to the date of the election.
3
It was unnecessary to rule on the challenged ballot since it could not affect the result of the election, even though the ballot proved to be agaifnst the union
4
The letter recited that 'it has nov come to their attention, however that or April 28, 1944, Mrs. Kane filed with the Division of Employment Security of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts a claim for unemployment benefits stating, in connection with that claim, that she had left the employ of the A. J. Tower Company in March, 1944, and that her reason for leaving was that she 'could not continue to do heavy work of carrying bundles which was part of her job'. The Company has also learned that on the same day, April 28, 1944, Mrs. Kane visited the United States Employment Office and was placed on its list of persons available for employment.'
5
An agent of the Board interviewed Mrs. Kane and was told by her that: 'On April 28, 1944, I applied for Unemployment Compensation benefits, thinking I was entitled to such because of my illness. At no time, prior or since, have I considered myself not an employee of the A. J. Tower Co. I have never requested my release of the A. J. Tower Co. and in fact I intend to return to the Company when I have regained my strength. I did not think my application for unemployment benefits would be considered a termination from the Company. * * * On May 5, 1944, when I presented myself at the election polls at the A. J. Tower Co., I considered myself as an employee of the Company and therefore entitled to cast a ballot. I still consider myself an employee of the A. J. Tower Co.'
But the regional director pointed out that, despite this statement, subsequent investigation confirmed the fact that Mrs. Kane advised the Division of Employment Security on April 28, 1944, that she had left her employment with the respondent in March because of the heavy work in carrying bundles. See note 4, supra.
6
See Matter of Wayne Hale, 62 N.L.R.B. 1393; Matter of Beggs & Cobb, Inc., 62 N.L.R.B. 193.
7
'The Board follows a policy of differentiating between objections to the conduct of an election and challenges (to) the eligibility of voters and it does not ordinarily permit challenges under the guise of objections after the election.' Matter of Norris, Inc., 63 N.L.R.B. 502, 512. Cf. Matter of Great Lakes Steel Corporation, 15 N.L.R.B. 510.
8
The respondent's factory superintendent testified that an unidentified employee came to him and 'objected to the vote of this Jennie Kane' several days after the election and even longer after the receipt by respondent of the notice of Mrs. Kane's unemployment compensation claim, which had been mailed to respondent before the election. This testimony was admitted merely to show 'how the company became interested in the question' of Mrs. Kane's eligibility. The Board, of course, was not compelled to accept this testimony as proof of an objection to Mrs. Kane's vote by an anti-union employee or as an indication that the interests of anti-union employees may have been inadequately represented.
| This example is 9. | lex_glue/scotus |
2contradiction
| Except as prohibited by law, the Company shall be excused from any obligation to provide any part of the Payments or benefits to you in the event that (i) the release set forth in this Agreement is determined to be void or unenforceable, in whole or in part; or (ii) you are found to have made a material misstatement in any term, condition, representation or acknowledgment in this Agreement, or you commit a breach of any term, condition or covenant in this Agreement, except otherwise stated therein, in either of which event you shall also be liable for any damages and costs suffered or incurred by the Company by reason of such misstatement or breach. | This example is Representations. | lex_glue/ledgar |
2contradiction
| Bakaly يقول لا الى العديد من اسئلة الثلج , كل الذي اساسا هل قررت متى لتقديم تقرير الى الكونجرس ? | This example is el. | language-identification |
0entailment
| There's no way to confront 'Zabriskie Point' from a rational standpoint or attempt to describe it using words and conventions you'd use for other movies. This is because it isn't a movie. It's an idea and a feeling that the filmmakers have that somehow got turned into an object as mundane as a film. What we see are not the unfoldings of a plot, but rather a sequence of events that we don't see in films every day but only imagine happening as the background we ourselves will supply when we hear about some tragic event in the news of or from friends. We we see is our imagination of people that are abstractions to us- no one we know, but we've doubtless heard of them in a book or on TV or somewhere. So what do we see? Events. We see people arguing, driving, and inevitably, escaping. Only the escape is from something intangible- it is the collective situation and cruelty that the mass of a civilization has allowed to exist though laziness, or...human nature. Set in late 1960s Los Angeles, our players act against and in response to the self-inflicted miseries of modern existence. These creatures are effectively blank slates that can display any trait we can imagine if we desire. Although the actions taken might be seen as criminal or irresponsible, , the characters are not themselves criminals. They are human beings seeking a return to a familiar, non-manufactured existence that is beyond the normalcy they experience everyday. Not that they are ever happy or sad, but they achieve a type of self actualization when they move beyond and away from the suicide of modern living. They only achieve true life in the natural world, even though that is the next victim of modern existence. At the end, 'Zabriski Point' is a eulogy of humanities attachment to the natural world. As even the most desolate pieces of the earth succumb to our notions of progress, we lose our souls on the path to death of the human spirit. | This example is pos. | imdb |
0entailment
| a thoughtful , provocative , insistently humanizing film . | This example is pos. | rotten_tomatoes |
2contradiction
| UK confirms Briton killed in Saudi capital The British Foreign Office confirmed on Thursday that a British man had been shot dead in the Saudi capital Riyadh. His relatives had not yet been informed as further information was being sought, the Foreign Office said. | This example is Business. | ag_news |
0entailment
| Came in for drinks after a conference and could not get service. Finally went searching for someone, who only came back with our order after we had nearly given up. And refills on water, coffee or soda? Forget about it. | This example is 2 star. | yelp_review_full/yelp_review_full |
2contradiction
| As part of the reorganization , Kauko-Telko Ltd will be divided into Telko Ltd , Leipurin Ltd , Hamina Terminal Services Ltd and Kaukomarkkinat Ltd. . | This example is negative. | financial_phrasebank/sentences_allagree |
2contradiction
| brightly expressive as the twins of leda, | This example is no_impact. | poem_sentiment |
2contradiction
| The Willing Flesh (German: Das Geduldige Fleisch 1955) (English translation released 1956) is a novel by Willi Heinrich chronicling the Eastern Front combat experiences of a depleted infantry platoon during the 1943 German retreat from the Taman Peninsula in the Caucasian coast of Russia.The war film Cross of Iron (1977) directed by Sam Peckinpah is based upon this novel. Later editions of The Willing Flesh have been re-titled Cross of Iron to link book and film. | This example is Plant. | dbpedia_14/dbpedia_14 |
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