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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | seeing Charlemagne as a German king, Napoleon viewed him as a Frankish conqueror who had extended French rule across Central Europe and Italy, something Napoleon aspired to accomplish as well. Despite his fixation on Charlemagne, there is no evidence that Napoleon aspired to become Holy Roman Emperor. Austria was slow to respond to the fast pace of events. Already on the 17 June, Francis had taken the decision to abdicate at the moment that seemed best for Austria. Klemens von Metternich was sent on a mission to Paris to discern Napoleon's intentions. On 22 July, Napoleon made them clear in | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | an ultimatum demanding that Francis abdicated by 10 August. Still, as late as 2 August, Joseph Haas, the head of the principal commission's secretariat, hoped that the end of the Holy Roman Empire might yet be averted. The general opinion among the Austrian high command was however that abdication was inevitable and that it should be combined with a dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire through relieving the vassals of the emperor of their duties and obligations. A formal dissolution of the empire was perceived as necessary, as it would prevent Napoleon from acquiring the imperial title. During an interregnum, | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | the two imperial vicars Saxony and Bavaria would be entitled to exercise imperial authority and since both were aligned with Napoleon, such an arrangement could cause an abdicated Francis (as only Emperor of Austria) to become a vassal of Napoleon (as Holy Roman Emperor). More crucially, the abdication was also intended to buy time for Austria to recover from its losses as it was assumed that France would meet it with some concessions. Although the Roman title and the tradition of a universal Christian monarchy were still considered prestigious and a worthy heritage, they were now also considered things of | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | the past. With the Holy Roman Empire dissolved, Francis II could focus his attention on the continued rise and prosperity of his new hereditary empire, as Emperor Francis I of Austria. On the morning of 6 August 1806, the imperial herald of the Holy Roman Empire rode from the Hofburg to the Jesuit Church of the Nine Choirs of Angels (both being located in Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Monarchy), where he delivered Francis II's official proclamation from a balcony overlooking a large square. Written copies of the proclamation were dispatched to the diplomats of the Habsburg monarchy on | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | a new emperor, Francis II's abdication simultaneously dissolved the empire itself so that there were no more electors. Aftermath Reactions The passing of the Holy Roman Empire, an institution which had lasted for just over a thousand years, did not pass unnoticed or unlamented. The dissolution of the empire sent shockwaves through Germany, with most of the reactions within the former imperial boundaries were reactions of rage, grief or shame. Even the signatories of the Confederation of the Rhine were outraged; the Bavarian emissary to the imperial diet, Rechberg, stated that he was "furious" due to having "put his signature | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | people within the former empire, its collapse made them uncertain and fearful of their future, and the future of Germany itself. Contemporary reports from Vienna describe the dissolution of the empire as "incomprehensible" and the general public's reaction as one of horror. In contrast to the fears of the general public, many contemporary intellectuals and artists saw Napoleon as a herald of a new age, rather than a destroyer of an old order. The popular idea forwarded by German nationalists was that the final collapse of the Holy Roman Empire freed Germany from the somewhat anachronistic ideas rooted in a | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | fading ideal of universal Christianity and paved the way for the country's unification as the German Empire, a nation state, 65 years later. German historian Helmut Rössler has argued that Francis II and the Austrians fought to save the largely ungrateful Germany from the forces of Napoleon, only withdrawing and abandoning the empire when most of Germany betrayed them and joined Napoleon. Indeed, the assumption of a separate Austrian imperial title in 1804 did not mean that Francis II had any intentions to abdicate his prestigious position as the Roman emperor, the idea only began to be considered as circumstances | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | beyond Habsburg control forced decisive actions to be taken. Compounded with fears of what now guaranteed the safety of many of the smaller German states, the poet Christoph Martin Wieland lamented that Germany had now fallen into an "apocalyptic time" and stating "Who can bear this disgrace, which weighs down upon a nation which was once so glorious?—may God improve things, if it is still possible to improve them!". To some, the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire was seen as the final end of the ancient Roman Empire. In the words of Christian Gottlob von Voigt, a minister in | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | Weimar, "if poetry can go hand in hand with politics, then the abdication of the imperial dignity offers a wealth of material. The Roman Empire now takes its place in the sequence of vanquished empires". In the words of the English historian James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce in his 1864 work on the Holy Roman Empire, the empire was the "oldest political institution in the world" and the same institution as the one founded by Augustus in 27 BC. Writing of the empire, Bryce stated that "nothing else so directly linked the old world to the new—nothing else displayed so | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | many strange contrasts of the present and the past, and summed up in those contrasts so much of European history". When confronted by the fall and collapse of their empire, many contemporaries employed the catastrophic fall of ancient Troy as a metaphor, due to its association with the notion of total destruction and the end of a culture. The image of the apocalypse was also frequently used, associating the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire with an impending end of the world (echoing medieval legends of a Last Roman Emperor, a figure prophesized to be active during the end times). | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | denizens of his German lands (Swedish Pomerania and Bremen-Verden) on 22 August 1806, stating that the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire "would not destroy the German nation" and expressed hopes that the empire might be revived. The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire was constituted by Francis II's own personal abdication of the title and the release of all vassals and imperial states from their obligations and duties to the emperor. The title of Holy Roman Emperor (theoretically the same title as Roman emperor) and the Holy Roman Empire itself as an idea and institution (the theoretically universally sovereign | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | imperium) were never technically abolished. The continued existence of an universal empire, though without defined territory and lacking an emperor, was sometimes referenced in the titles of other later monarchs. For instance, the Savoyard Kings of Italy continued to claim the title "Prince and Perpetual Vicar of the Holy Roman Empire (in Italy)" (a title originating from an 14th-century imperial grant from Emperor Charles IV to their ancestor Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy) until the abolition of the Italian monarchy in 1946. Successor empires In the Austrian Empire, the Habsburg dynasty continued to act as a substitute for nationality, the | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | Austrian imperial title was not (unlike for instance the French or Russian imperial titles) associated with any nationality in particular. Though the German vassals of the Holy Roman Empire had been released from their obligations, Francis II and his successors continued to rule a large German-speaking population and the Holy Roman imperial regalia continued to be kept within their domains (and are to this day stored and displayed at the Imperial Treasury at the Hofburg in Vienna). The dynasty retained its prominent status among the royal families of Europe and were in the eyes of many of their subjects still | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | the only true imperial family. Although the new Austrian Empire lacked many of the key elements of the Holy Roman Empire, it remained close in practice and ideals to the pre-1806 empire. In the aftermath of Francis II's abdication, the new Austrian Empire took steps to distance itself from the older empire. The symbols and formal titles of the Austrian monarchy were altered to stress Austria as a distinct entity. Because the term Kaiserthum Osterreich (Austrian Empire) had entered everyday speech, the monarchy soon dropped the original prefix "hereditary", which had been used from 1804 to 1806 to stress the | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | difference between Austria and the Holy Roman Empire. In addition to the Austrian Empire (and France under Napoleon), the most prominent potential claimant to the Holy Roman Empire's legacy (in the sense of ruling Germany) in the wake of its collapse and dissolution was the Kingdom of Prussia, ruled by the House of Hohenzollern. Alongside, the growing crown lands of the Habsburgs, Prussia represented the sole major power in Central Europe during the last century or so of Holy Roman imperial rule. It was frequently rumored that the Prussians had imperial ambitions and Frederick II of Prussia was a rumored | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | candidate to the position of Holy Roman Emperor in 1740. Frederick II, and other Prussian kings, dismissed these ideas while they remained under imperial rule, arguing that additional territory and power would be more beneficial than the imperial title. In 1795 and again in 1803 and 1804, French representatives suggested that Prussia might convert its northern German territories into an empire, but the Hohenzollerns were not interested in going through with such a plan. Though the Prussian rulers and their officials expressed sorrow at the collapsing state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1792 onwards, they were also critical to | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | nostalgia for Germany's history under imperial rule. The Prussians viewed the survival chances of the Holy Roman Empire as very low and saw the French as the true successors of the ancient Carolingians, an enemy which they believed could not be defeated by the normal military means. The reluctance of the Hohenzollerns to assume an imperial title shifted in 1806 as they feared that with the formation of the Confederation of the Rhine and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Napoleon might aspire to claim the hypothetical position of "Emperor of Germany". Though preparations were made to create a | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | "imperial union" in northern Germany, with an emperor of the Hohenzollern dynasty, these plans were dropped in September of 1806 after they found little support and Emperor Alexander I of Russia objected to the plans. Because the Hohenzollerns lacked imperial ancestry they did not see themselves as an imperial dynasty and even after Napoleon's ultimate defeats in 1813 and 1815, their position changed little. Although Germany was united into the German Empire in 1871, under the Hohenzollern emperor Wilhelm I, the proclamation of the new empire was ideologically problematic and the Hohenzollerns found themselves mostly ill-at-ease with its implications. Attempts | []
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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire | [
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| abdication of Emperor Francis II on 6 August 1806 | were made to associate the German Empire with the institutions of the Holy Roman Empire, but its emperors continued to enumerate themselves after the Kings of Prussia; Emperor Frederick III (1888) was enumerated after his predecessor as king, Frederick II, not after the previous imperial Frederick (Emperor Frederick III of the 15th century, the new Frederick would then have been Frederick IV). Despite the Holy Roman Empire ultimately failing in preventing war with France, the late empire's nominal role as working for peace and forming a loose sort of hegemony and partnership offered an alternative to both the universal monarchy | []
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Unix-like | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | A Unix-like (sometimes referred to as UN*X or *nix) operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell. There is no standard for defining the term, and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is "Unix-like". The term can include free and open-source operating systems inspired by Bell Labs' Unix or designed to emulate | [
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Unix-like | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | its features, commercial and proprietary work-alikes, and even versions based on the licensed UNIX source code (which may be sufficiently "Unix-like" to pass certification and bear the "UNIX" trademark). Definition The Open Group owns the UNIX trademark and administers the Single UNIX Specification, with the "UNIX" name being used as a certification mark. They do not approve of the construction "Unix-like", and consider it a misuse of their trademark. Their guidelines require "UNIX" to be presented in uppercase or otherwise distinguished from the surrounding text, strongly encourage using it as a branding adjective for a generic word such as "system", | [
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Unix-like | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | and discourage its use in hyphenated phrases. Other parties frequently treat "Unix" as a genericized trademark. Some add a wildcard character to the name to make an abbreviation like "Un*x" or "*nix", since Unix-like systems often have Unix-like names such as AIX, A/UX, HP-UX, IRIX, Linux, Minix, Ultrix, Xenix, Xinu, and XNU. These patterns do not literally match many system names, but are still generally recognized to refer to any UNIX system, descendant, or work-alike, even those with completely dissimilar names such as Darwin/macOS, illumos/Solaris or FreeBSD. In 2007, Wayne R. Gray sued to dispute the status of UNIX as | [
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Unix-like | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | a trademark, but lost his case, and lost again on appeal, with the court upholding the trademark and its ownership. History "Unix-like" systems started to appear in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Many proprietary versions, such as Idris (1978), UNOS (1982), Coherent (1983), and UniFlex (1985), aimed to provide businesses with the functionality available to academic users of UNIX. When AT&T allowed relatively inexpensive commercial binary sub-licensing of UNIX in 1979, a variety of proprietary systems were developed based on it, including AIX, HP-UX, IRIX, SunOS, Tru64, Ultrix, and Xenix. These largely displaced the proprietary clones. Growing incompatibility among | [
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Unix-like | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | these systems led to the creation of interoperability standards, including POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification. Various free, low-cost, and unrestricted substitutes for UNIX emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, including 4.4BSD, Linux, and Minix. Some of these have in turn been the basis for commercial "Unix-like" systems, such as BSD/OS and macOS. Several versions of (Mac) OS X/macOS running on Intel-based Mac computers have been certified under the Single UNIX Specification. The BSD variants are descendants of UNIX developed by the University of California at Berkeley with UNIX source code from Bell Labs. However, the BSD code base has | [
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Unix-like | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | evolved since then, replacing all of the AT&T code. Since the BSD variants are not certified as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification, they are referred to as "UNIX-like" rather than "UNIX". Categories Dennis Ritchie, one of the original creators of Unix, expressed his opinion that Unix-like systems such as Linux are de facto Unix systems. Eric S. Raymond and Rob Landley have suggested that there are three kinds of Unix-like systems: Genetic UNIX Those systems with a historical connection to the AT&T codebase. Most commercial UNIX systems fall into this category. So do the BSD systems, which are descendants | [
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Unix-like | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | of work done at the University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Some of these systems have no original AT&T code but can still trace their ancestry to AT&T designs. Trademark or branded UNIX These systemslargely commercial in naturehave been determined by the Open Group to meet the Single UNIX Specification and are allowed to carry the UNIX name. Most such systems are commercial derivatives of the System V code base in one form or another, although Apple macOS 10.5 and later is a BSD variant that has been certified, EulerOS and Inspur K-UX are Linux | [
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Unix-like | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | distributions that have been certified, and a few other systems (such as IBM z/OS) earned the trademark through a POSIX compatibility layer and are not otherwise inherently Unix systems. Many ancient UNIX systems no longer meet this definition. Functional UNIX Broadly, any Unix-like system that behaves in a manner roughly consistent with the UNIX specification, including having a "program which manages your login and command line sessions"; more specifically, this can refer to systems such as Linux or Minix that behave similarly to a UNIX system but have no genetic or trademark connection to the AT&T code base. Most free/open-source | [
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Unix-like | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | implementations of the UNIX design, whether genetic UNIX or not, fall into the restricted definition of this third category due to the expense of obtaining Open Group certification, which costs thousands of dollars for commercial closed source systems. Around 2001, Linux was given the opportunity to get a certification including free help from the POSIX chair Andrew Josey for the symbolic price of one dollar. There have been some activities to make Linux POSIX-compliant, with Josey having prepared a list of differences between the POSIX standard and the Linux Standard Base specification, but in August 2005, this project was shut | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | down because of missing interest at the LSB work group. Compatibility layers Some non-Unix-like operating systems provide a Unix-like compatibility layer, with varying degrees of Unix-like functionality. IBM z/OS's UNIX System Services is sufficiently complete as to be certified as trademark UNIX. Cygwin and MSYS both provide a GNU environment on top of the Microsoft Windows user API, sufficient for most common open source software to be compiled and run. The MKS Toolkit and UWIN are comprehensive interoperability tools which allow the porting of Unix programs to Windows. Windows NT-type systems have a POSIX environmental subsystem. Subsystem for Unix-based Applications | [
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| operating system that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system | (previously Interix) provides Unix-like functionality as a Windows NT subsystem (discontinued). Windows Subsystem for Linux provides a Linux-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft and containing no Linux code, with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it. Other means of Windows-Unix interoperability include: The above Windows packages can be used with various X servers for Windows Hummingbird Connectivity provides several ways for Windows machines to connect to Unix and Linux machines, from terminal emulators to X clients and servers, and others The Windows Resource Kits for versions of Windows NT include a Bourne Shell, some command-line tools, and a version | [
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Glossary of German military terms | [
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| Wikimedia list article | position on aircraft. Backbord (Bb) – Port side of a ship. Balkenkreuz – equal-armed black cross flanked in white, the emblem used on German Empire and Third Reich military aircraft and vehicles from March/April 1918 until V-E Day Banditen – bandits, partisans in occupied territories in World War II; bewaffnete Banden – armed gangs; Soldaten in Zivilkleidung – soldiers in civilian dress; (see Franktireure). Bandengebiet – territory controlled by partisan squads in occupied territories during World War II. Barbarossa (Red Beard) – code name for the massive Nazi attack against the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa) which began during June 1941 | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
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| Wikimedia list article | Porsche's unsuccessful prototypes for the Tiger tank, and mounting the 88mm L/71 PaK 43. Elektra – a German radio-navigational system. Endlösung or Endziel – the "Final Solution"; refers to the genocide planned against the Jewish people. Endsieg – final victory. Enigma – German message encryption equipment. Ententeich – duck pond, maritime manoeuvre to create an area of calm sea in order to lower boats into the water or land aircraft Entmenscht – bestial, inhuman, brutish. Entscheidender Sieg – decisive victory. Entwicklung series, more commonly known as the E-series, was a late-World War II attempt by Germany to produce a standardised | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
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| Wikimedia list article | operator (from funken [verb], to transmit by radio). Funkgerät (prefix: FuG) – generic term for radio and airborne IFF, RDF and airborne and some ground-based radar equipment. Funkmessbeobachtungsgerät (FuMB) – radar detector. Füsilier – historic term often used to refer to light infantry, originally named after the fusil, or musket, such troops once carried. During World War II, a name given to infantry formations with some reconnaissance abilities that replaced an infantry division's reconnaissance battalion mid-war when the Germans reduced the number of standard infantry battalions in their divisions from 9 to 6. Füsilierbataillon – in the Imperial army the | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
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| Wikimedia list article | the fuselage Balkenkreuz on most World War II Luftwaffe aircraft. It also included two letters to the right of the cross, the third letter designating the aircraft's individual identification, with the fourth letter designating the aircraft's assigned squadron (Staffel) within the unit. Gestapo – Geheime Staatspolizei – Secret State Police. Originally the Prussia secret state police and later (as part of the SiPo then merged into the RSHA) the official secret police force of Nazi Germany. Gestapo was derived as follows: Geheime Staatspolizei. Gewehr – rifle, such as the Gewehr 43. Gift – poison; giftig: poisonous, toxic. Gleichschaltung – "coordination", | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
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| Wikimedia list article | infantry, adopted during World War II from mid-war onward as a morale-building honorific often indicative of low-grade formations. Grenze – border. Grenzschutz – border patrol. Greuelerzählungen – atrocity stories. Gröfaz – German soldiers' derogatory acronym for Größter Feldherr aller Zeiten, a title initially publicized by Nazi propaganda to refer to Adolf Hitler during the early war years; literally, the "Greatest Field Commander of all Time". Grundausbildung (abbr. Grundi) – basic training Gruppe (Luftwaffe) – a gruppe usually consisted of three squadrons of nine to twelve aircraft, and a staff. An equivalent would be a US or French group. In the | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
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| Wikimedia list article | a sharp turn. "Hart Backbord" is "hard-a-port" and "Hart Steuerbord" is "hard-a-starboard". Härteübung – hardiness training. Haubitze – howitzer. Hauptamt Sicherheitspolizei (HA-SiPo) – Security Police headquarters. Hauptbahnhof – main or central station. Hauptfeldwebel – company sergeant-major or first sergeant. Hauptkampflinie (HKL) – literally main combat line, official term for "front" until the end of World War II. Hauptmann – army captain. Hauptquartiere (HQ) – headquarters. Hauptstadt – capital city. Hauptwachtmeister – company first sergeant in artillery and cavalry units. Heckenschütze – "hedge marksman" hidden, ambushing sniper. Heckschütze – tail gunner the man to handle the Heckstand. Heckstand – tail gun | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
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]
| Wikimedia list article | rolling stock manufacturer, and a firm responsible for many German World War II weapons systems for both the Wehrmacht Heer and the Luftwaffe, especially the heavy Tiger I and Tiger II tanks and the Henschel Hs 293 guided anti-ship missile. "Herr..." – In past and modern German military protocol, "Herr" ("mister") is said before ranks when someone is addressing a person of higher rank. For example, a lieutenant ("Leutnant") would address his captain as "Herr Hauptmann" ("Mr. Captain"). Superior officer address subordinates with "Herr" and their last name or simply their rank, but not adding "Herr" to the rank. This | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
]
]
| Wikimedia list article | might translate as "Yes, indeed!", "Aye, aye, sir!" or "Absolutely yes!" Widely used in World War II. Junkerschule – SS officer academy. K "Kaczmarek" – wingman Kadavergehorsam – "absolute duty and blind obedience till death."; lit.: "carcass obedience" Kaiserliche Marine (KM) – Imperial German Navy Kaiserlicher Yacht-Club (KYC) – Imperial Yacht Club Kameradschaft – small military unit, or phrase for "comrade support amongst soldiers" (see Volkgemeinschaft). Kampf – struggle, fight or conflict. Kampfeinsitzer Kommando (KEK), the first specialist, single-seat armed scout/fighter units of the Fliegertruppe predecessor of the Luftstreitkräfte, first formed by Inspektor-Major Friedrich Stempel in February 1916, and the | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
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| Wikimedia list article | field dressing station Kartenstelle – mapping detachment, normally part of staff company of a division or higher Kaserne – barracks, casern. Kavallerie (Kav.) – cavalry. KdE – abbreviation for the Kommandeur der Erprobungsstellen, the commander of all German military aviation test facilities in World War II, an office held by Colonel (Oberst) Edgar Petersen late in the war. Kesselschlacht – lit. "cauldron battle" encirclement often shortened to Kessel e.g. "Kessel von Stalingrad" Kette – chain, in the air force a sub-unit of 3—6 aircraft Ketten – chains, chain-drive, tracks (e.g. Panzerketten) Kettenantrieb – track, such as a tank track; tracked | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
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| Wikimedia list article | was hitched before a gun and usually transported munitions and crew. The term derives from the Italian "birazzo", a two-wheeled cart. Putsch – coup d'état; the sudden overthrow of a government by a small group, usually the military. Pyrrhussieg – Pyrrhic victory. Q Quartiermeister – quartermaster Quist – one of several manufacturers of German helmets both during and after World War II. R Radikale Niederwerfung – ruthless suppression. Räumboot (R-boot) – small motor minesweeper. Rasputitsa – semi-annual mud-season in Eastern Europe Regierung – government. Regimentsadjutant – regiment adjutant Regimentsarzt – Regimental Medical Officer Regimentschef – colonel of the regiment Regimentsführer | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
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]
]
| Wikimedia list article | front) occupied Denmark during World War II, a lot of food, minuscule fighting. Sanitäter ('Sani') – combat medic Sanitätsoffizier – Medical officer Sanitätsunteroffizier – Medical NCO Sanka – acronym for Sanitätskraftfahrtzeug, a term for German field ambulances. Saukopf – "pig's head", used to refer to the shape of a gun mantlet or mount, alternatively called Topfblende in German military documents. Schanzzeug – entrenching tool; slang term for fork and knife. Schachtellaufwerk – name for the system of overlapped and interleaved road wheels used on German military half-track and armored fighting vehicles before and during World War II. Scharfschütze – "sharpshooter"; | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
]
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| Wikimedia list article | "StuH" for Sturmhaubitze, when a howitzer was used instead on a tracked chassis. Stützpunkt – military base. Süden – south. Swastika – English term for the German Hakenkreuz. sWS – Schwere Wehrmachtschlepper, late World War II "replacement" half-track vehicle. T Tonne (t) – tonne (metric, 1000 kg) Tonne (ts) – long ton Tagesbefehl – order of the day tauchen – dive; submerge. Tauchpanzer – submersible tank. Teilkommando – a small, section-sized command group. Testflug – flight test, shakedown cruise Tiger – name given to the PzKW Panzer VI "Tiger I" and "Tiger II" series of tanks, as well as the | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
]
]
| Wikimedia list article | "death's head", skull and crossbones, also the nickname for the Kampfgeschwader 54 bomber wing of the World War II era Luftwaffe. Tornister – Back pack Totenkopfverbände – "Death's Head units", employed as guards in Nazi concentration camps, many later became the members of units of the Waffen-SS, such as the SS Division Totenkopf. Totaler Krieg – "Total war" – In a total war, there is less differentiation between combatants and civilians than in other conflicts, and sometimes no such differentiation at all, as nearly every human resource, civilians and soldiers alike, can be considered to be part of the belligerent | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
]
]
| Wikimedia list article | for any military aircraft prototype for the World War II era Luftwaffe. Originated by the Fokker Flugzeugbau in 1916, solely for its own experimental designs. Versuchskonstruktion – prototype. Verwendung – duty position Veterinäroffizier – veterinarian officer Vichy France – French regime set up in the city of Vichy under Marshal Philippe Petain in collaboration with the Germans following the fall of France in 1940. It governed the southern half of France until its dissolution in 1944. Vierling – German for "quadruple", referring to any weapons mount that used four machine guns or autocannon of the same make and model, in | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
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]
| Wikimedia list article | armed forces under the Third Reich consisting of three branches: the Heer (Army), the Luftwaffe (Air Force), and the Kriegsmarine (Navy). The Waffen-SS was a separate organization, although SS combat units were usually placed under the operational control of Army High Command (OKH) or Wehrmacht High Command (OKW). Wehrmachtbericht – a daily radio broadcast that described the military situation on all fronts during World War II. Wehrmachtführungsstab – Armed Forces Operations Staff. Wehrmachtsadler – the Wehrmacht's eagle insignia. Wehrmachtgefolge – Armed Forces Auxiliaries. These include those organizations that were not a part of the armed forces but that served such | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
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| Wikimedia list article | entrenchment" – Hitler's first World War II Eastern Front military headquarters, one of several Führer Headquarters or FHQs located in various parts of Europe. The complex, built for Operation Barbarossa (the 1941 German invasion of the Soviet Union) was located in the Masurian woods, about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Rastenburg, East Prussia (N/K/A Kętrzyn, Poland). Wotan – alternative name for the Y-Gerät radio navigation system. Würzburg radar – German air defense radar that went into service in 1940; over 3,000 of all variants were built. X X-Gerät – "X-device" or "X-equipment"; radio navigation equipment used on German aircraft. Y | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
]
]
| Wikimedia list article | 44 light cruisers, 68 destroyers and 249 U-boats by 1944 that was meant to challenge the naval power of the United Kingdom. The outbreak of World War II in September 1939 came far too early to implement the plan. Z3 – pioneering computer developed by Konrad Zuse in 1941, it was destroyed by bombardment in 1944. z.b.V. – see zur besonderen Verwendung. Zeit – time. Zeitplan – timetable, schedule. Zeltbahn – a triangular or square shelter quarter made of closely woven, water-repellent cotton duck. It could be used on its own as a poncho or put together with others to | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
]
]
| Wikimedia list article | armed forces during World War II (specifically created for Hermann Göring to distinguish him from the other field marshals). Equivalent to General of the Armies of the United States Generalfeldmarschall – General of the Army during World War II. Generaloberst – General, literally "highest" or "supreme general", usually translated "Colonel-general"; not used in the Bundeswehr General der Infanterie, Kavallerie, etc. – General (before 1956 equivalent to US Lieutenant General) Generalleutnant – Lieutenant-General (before 1956 equivalent to US Major General) Generalmajor – Major-General (before 1956 equivalent to US Brigadier General) Brigadegeneral – Brigadier General; not used prior to the Bundeswehr Oberst | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
]
]
| Wikimedia list article | considered in English the equivalent to a British Army Lance Corporal rank. Oberschütze – Senior Rifleman. Historical rank used up until 1945, not in use in the Bundeswehr. Gemeiner – Private (enlisted personnel). Historically, and up until 1918, the rank of Gemeiner was ordinarily used for an enlisted soldier of Private rank. Grenadier/Schütze/Soldat/Matrose/Flieger/Sanitäter – Private (enlisted personnel) For additional comparisons, see Comparative military ranks of World War II. List of military operations The German term for "Operation" is Unternehmen, literally "undertaking". Adlerangriffe (Eagle Attack) series of raids against Royal Air Force (RAF). Adlertag – Eagle Day; day one of intense | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
]
]
| Wikimedia list article | rising by the millions of forced laborers German factories. Was, in fact, a major part of the failed July 20 Plot to arrest SS and other Nazi officials and seize control of the German government. Weserübung – Weser Exercise (commonly, Water Exercise); invasion of Denmark and Norway, 9 April 1940 Wintergewitter – Winter Gale; unsuccessful attempt to relieve the 6th Army at Stalingrad in December 1942. Zitadelle – Citadel; attack on Soviet salient at Kursk, July 1943. See also Glossary of Nazi Germany Weimar paramilitary groups Ranks and Insignia of the German Army in World War II Ranks and insignia | []
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Glossary of German military terms | [
[
"Glossary of German military terms",
"conflict",
"World War II"
]
]
| Wikimedia list article | of the Schutzstaffel Comparative military ranks of World War II List of SS personnel Notes General references Andrew, Stephen; Thomas, Nigel; The German Army 1939-45: Blitzkrieg. Osprey Publishing Lt., 1999. Bidermann, Gottlob Herbert. In Deadly Combat: A German Soldier's Memoir of the Eastern Front. Kansas, University Press of Kansas. (2001): . Rottman, Gordon L. "FUBAR: Soldier Slang of World War II". London, Osprey Publishing. (2007): . (Contains German slang chapter.) Shirer, William; The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. Simon & Schuster. (1990): . Snyder, Louis L. Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. London: Robert Hale, 1976. Zentner, Christian and | []
|
Rikava Manor | [
[
"Rikava Manor",
"country",
"Latvia"
],
[
"Rikava Manor",
"located in the administrative territorial entity",
"Rēzekne Municipality"
]
]
| manor house in Latvia | Rikava Manor is a manor in Rikava Parish, Rēzekne Municipality in the historical region of Latgale, in Latvia. The complex includes a castle, park and three other buildings. History Rikava estate was property of Janovski noble family. In the second half of the 18th century Mihals von Rick bought estate. The red brick manor house in Neo Gothic style was built from 1870 to 1875. After Latvian agrarian reform of 1920s manor was property of the state and since 1926 manor house hosted Rikava Elementary School, which still operates today. Beautiful building interior and wooden stairs are well preserved. See | []
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
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"Composer"
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[
"Hugo Wolf",
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| Austrian composer | Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf (13 March 1860 – 22 February 1903) was an Austrian composer of Slovene origin, particularly noted for his art songs, or Lieder. He brought to this form a concentrated expressive intensity which was unique in late Romantic music, somewhat related to that of the Second Viennese School in concision but diverging greatly in technique. Though he had several bursts of extraordinary productivity, particularly in 1888 and 1889, depression frequently interrupted his creative periods, and his last composition was written in 1898, before he suffered a mental collapse caused by syphilis. Early life (1860–1887) Hugo Wolf was | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
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"Slovenj Gradec"
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"Hugo Wolf",
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"Vienna"
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"Hugo Wolf",
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"Austrian Empire"
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| Austrian composer | born in Windischgrätz in the Duchy of Styria (now Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia), then a part of the Austrian Empire. From his maternal side, he was related to Herbert von Karajan. He spent most of his life in Vienna, becoming a representative of "New German" trend in Lieder, a trend which followed from the expressive, chromatic and dramatic musical innovations of Richard Wagner. A child prodigy, Wolf was taught piano and violin by his father beginning at the age of four, and once in primary school studied piano and music theory with Sebastian Weixler. Subjects other than music failed to hold | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"place of death",
"Vienna"
]
]
| Austrian composer | his interest; he was dismissed from the first secondary school he attended as being "wholly inadequate," left another over his difficulties in the compulsory Latin studies, and after a falling-out with a professor who commented on his "damned music," quit the last. From there, he went to the Vienna Conservatory much to the disappointment of his father, who had hoped his son would not try to make his living from music. Once again, however, he was dismissed for "breach of discipline," although the oft-rebellious Wolf would claim he quit in frustration over the school's conservatism. After eight months with his | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
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"Vienna"
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"Hugo Wolf",
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"Composer"
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"Hugo Wolf",
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| Austrian composer | family, he returned to Vienna to teach music. Though his fiery temperament was not ideally suited to teaching, Wolf's musical gifts, as well as his personal charm, earned him attention and patronage. Support of benefactors allowed him to make a living as a composer, and a daughter of one of his greatest benefactors inspired him to write to Vally ("Valentine") Franck, his first love, with whom he was involved for three years. During their relationship, hints of his mature style would become evident in his Lieder. Wolf was prone to depression and wide mood swings, which would affect him all | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"place of death",
"Vienna"
]
]
| Austrian composer | through his life. When Franck left him just before his 21st birthday, he was despondent. He returned home, although his family relationships were also strained; his father was still convinced his son was a ne'er-do-well. His brief and undistinguished tenure as second Kapellmeister at Salzburg only reinforced this opinion: Wolf had neither the temperament, the conducting technique nor the affinity for the decidedly non-Wagnerian repertoire to be successful, and within a year had again returned to Vienna to teach in much the same circumstances as before. Wagner's death in February 1883 was another deeply moving event in the life of | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
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"Composer"
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"Hugo Wolf",
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| Austrian composer | the young composer. The song "Zur Ruh, zur Ruh" was composed shortly afterward and is considered to be the best of his early works; it is speculated that it was intended as an elegy for Wagner. Wolf often despaired of his own future in the ensuing years, in a world from which his idol had departed, leaving tremendous footsteps to follow and no guidance on how to do so. This left him often extremely temperamental, alienating friends and patrons, although his charm helped him retain them more than his actions merited. His songs had meanwhile caught the attention of Franz | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"place of death",
"Vienna"
]
]
| Austrian composer | enemies. He composed little during this time, and what he did write he couldn't get performed; the Rosé Quartet (led by Vienna Philharmonic concertmaster Arnold Rosé) would not even look at his D minor Quartet after it was picked apart in a column, and the premiere of Penthesilea was met by the Vienna Philharmonic, when they tried it out under their celebrated conservative conductor Hans Richter, with nothing but derision for 'the man who had dared to criticize "Meister Brahms,'" as Richter himself caustically put it. He abandoned his activities as a critic in 1887 and began composing once more; | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"place of death",
"Vienna"
]
]
| Austrian composer | career. After the publication of a dozen of his songs late the preceding year, Wolf once again desired to return to composing, and travelled to the vacation home of the Werners—family friends whom Wolf had known since childhood—in Perchtoldsdorf (a short train ride from Vienna), to escape and compose in solitude. Here he composed the Mörike-Lieder at a frenzied pace. A short break, and a change of house, this time to the vacation home of more longtime friends, the Ecksteins, and the Eichendorff-Lieder followed, then the 51 Goethe-Lieder, spilling into 1889. After a summer holiday, the Spanisches Liederbuch was begun | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"place of death",
"Vienna"
]
]
| Austrian composer | in October 1889; though Spanish-flavoured compositions were in fashion in the day, Wolf sought out poems that had been neglected by other composers. Wolf himself saw the merit of these compositions immediately, raving to friends that they were the best things he had yet composed (it was with the aid and urging of several of the more influential of them that the works were initially published). It was now that the world outside Vienna would recognize Wolf as well. Tenor Ferdinand Jäger, whom Wolf had heard in Parsifal during his brief summer break from composing, was present at one of | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
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"Composer"
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[
"Hugo Wolf",
"field of work",
"Composer"
]
]
| Austrian composer | the first concerts of the Mörike works and quickly became a champion of his music, performing a recital of only Wolf and Beethoven in December 1888. His works were praised in reviews, including one in the Münchener Allgemeine Zeitung, a widely read German newspaper. (The recognition was not always positive; Brahms's adherents, still smarting from Wolf's merciless reviews, returned the favor—when they would have anything to do with him at all. Brahms's biographer Max Kalbeck ridiculed Wolf for his immature writing and odd tonalities; another composer refused to share a program with him, while Amalie Materna, a Wagnerian singer, had | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"genre",
"Opera"
]
]
| Austrian composer | who had previously reviled Wolf gave favorable reviews. However, Wolf was consumed with depression, which stopped him from writing—which only left him more depressed. He completed orchestrations of previous works, but new compositions were not forthcoming, and certainly not the opera which he was now fixated on composing, still convinced that success in the larger forms was the mark of compositional greatness. Wolf had scornfully rejected the libretto to Der Corregidor when it was first presented to him in 1890, but his determination to compose an opera blinded him to its faults upon second glance. Based on The Three-Cornered Hat, | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"genre",
"Opera"
]
]
| Austrian composer | by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, the darkly humorous story about an adulterous love triangle is one that Wolf could identify with: he had been in love with Melanie Köchert, married to his friend Heinrich Köchert, for several years. (It is speculated that their romance began in earnest in 1884, when Wolf accompanied the Köcherts on holiday; though Heinrich discovered the affair in 1893 he remained Wolf's patron and Melanie's husband.) The opera was completed in nine months and was initially met with success, but Wolf's musical setting could not compensate for the weakness of the text, and it was doomed | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"genre",
"Opera"
]
]
| Austrian composer | to failure; it has not yet been successfully revived. A renewal of creative activity resulted in Wolf's completion of the Italienisches Liederbuch with two dozen songs written in March and April 1896, the composition of three Michelangelo Lieder in March, 1897 (a group of six had been projected) and preliminary work during that year on an opera, Manuel Venegas. Final years (1897–1903) Wolf's last concert appearance, which included his early champion Jäger, was in February 1897. Shortly thereafter Wolf slipped into syphilitic insanity, with only occasional spells of wellbeing. He left sixty pages of an unfinished opera, Manuel Venegas, in | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"place of death",
"Vienna"
]
]
| Austrian composer | 1897, in a desperate attempt to finish before he lost his mind completely; after mid-1899 he could make no music at all and once even tried to drown himself, after which he was placed in a Vienna asylum at his own insistence. Melanie visited him faithfully during his decline until his death on 22 February 1903, but her unfaithfulness to her husband tortured her and she killed herself in 1906. Wolf is buried in the Zentralfriedhof (Central Cemetery) in Vienna, along with many other notable composers. Music Wolf's greatest musical influence was Richard Wagner, who, in an encounter after Wolf | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
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"Vienna"
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[
"Hugo Wolf",
"occupation",
"Composer"
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[
"Hugo Wolf",
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"Composer"
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| Austrian composer | first came to the Vienna Conservatory, encouraged the young composer to persist in composing and to attempt larger-scale works, cementing Wolf's desire to emulate his musical idol. His antipathy to Johannes Brahms was fueled equally by his devotion to Wagner's musical radicalism and his loathing of Brahms' musical "conservatism". He is best known by his lieder, his temperament and inclination leading him to more intimate, subjective and terse musical utterances. Although he initially believed that mastering the larger forms was the hallmark of a great composer (a belief his early mentors reinforced), the smaller scale of the art song proved | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"genre",
"Opera"
]
]
| Austrian composer | intended by the poets he set and his conceptions of individual songs as dramatic works in miniature, mark him as a talented dramatist despite having written only one not particularly successful opera, Der Corregidor. Early in his career Wolf modelled his lieder after those of Franz Schubert and Robert Schumann, particularly in the period around his relationship with Vally Franck; in fact, they were good enough imitations to pass off as the real thing, which he once attempted, though his cover was blown too soon. It is speculated that his choice of lieder texts in the earlier years, largely dealing | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"genre",
"Opera"
]
]
| Austrian composer | often full of anguish and inability to find resolution, and thus so too was the tonality wandering, unable to return to the home key. Use of deceptive cadences, chromaticism, dissonance, and chromatic mediants obscure the harmonic destination for as long as the psychological tension is sustained. His formal structure as well reflected the texts being set, and he wrote almost none of the straightforward strophic songs favoured by his contemporaries, instead building the form around the nature of the work. Notable works Opera Der Corregidor (1895) Manuel Venegas (unfinished, 1897) Lieder Liederstrauß (1878), to seven texts by Heine Mörike-Lieder (1888), | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"occupation",
"Composer"
],
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"field of work",
"Composer"
]
]
| Austrian composer | von Scheffel, etc. The accompanying volumes include essays by Hans Jancik, texts of the poems, and translations by Lionel Salter (English) and Jacques Fournier and others (French). Oxford Lieder Festival edition The first project to record every song by Wolf was commenced in 2010, the 150th anniversary of the composer's birth, by Stone Records and the Oxford Lieder Festival. This series of live recordings, featuring a wide variety of singers and Oxford Lieder Festival's artistic director Sholto Kynoch at the piano, is expected to run to 11 or 12 discs: to date, 9 discs have been issued. Austrian Radio Anniversary | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Hugo Wolf | [
[
"Hugo Wolf",
"place of death",
"Vienna"
]
]
| Austrian composer | edition In 2010 Austrian Radio and the Departure Centre for Creative Design in Vienna marked Hugo Wolf’s anniversary with a recital series in which 188 of the songs were performed against visuals created by leading designers. The series was intended to bring Lieder to a new audience and was held at the initiative of baritone Wolfgang Holzmair, who was joined by a team of Austrian singers and pianists. The concerts were released on DVDs the following year, and in 2012 Bridge Records released the Spanish and Italian songbooks on CDs. Notes References Andreas Dorschel, Hugo Wolf. In Selbstzeugnissen und Bilddokumenten, | [
"Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf"
]
|
Lake Letas | [
[
"Lake Letas",
"instance of",
"Lake"
],
[
"Lake Letas",
"country",
"Vanuatu"
],
[
"Lake Letas",
"basin country",
"Vanuatu"
]
]
| lake | Lake Letas is the largest lake in Vanuatu, located in the center of the volcanic island of Gaua of the Banks Islands in northern Vanuatu. The place submitted an application to be considered an UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004. The volcanic Crater lake is U-shaped, surrounding Mount Gharat on all sides except southwest. It is about 9 km long (north to south) and about 6 km wide, with an area of 19 km². It is situated in the center of the 20 km diameter island; the lake rests 418 meters above sea level and it is 119 meters deep. | []
|
Lake Letas | [
[
"Lake Letas",
"instance of",
"Lake"
],
[
"Lake Letas",
"lake outflow",
"Siri Waterfall"
]
]
| lake | It is a fresh water lake with a temperature of 32° Celsius, where only eels and shrimps can survive. The water in the lake is not very clear, but has a greenish color. Water constantly flows out of the lake at a natural overflow located on the eastern side of the lake. The water flows about 3 km east to Siri Waterfall and then another 3 km through rivers Namang or Be Solomul before it reaches the sea. Local people say there is a canoe at the top of the lake which is used to cross the lake from the | []
|
Lake Letas | [
[
"Lake Letas",
"instance of",
"Lake"
]
]
| lake | eastern side to get to Mount Gharat. The canoe is sometimes located on the eastern edge of the lake (near the water overflow), or sometimes on the north-eastern edge of the lake (nearest Gaua Airport). A rough estimate of the water flow rate out of the lake (during the dry season month of August 2006) was approximately 3 cubic meters per second. In the 1980s it was suggested that the lake could be used as a resource for power generation to supply industrial developments but later the Tourism Council of the South Pacific has suggested that the lake should be | []
|
Chris Landman | [
[
"Chris Landman",
"given name",
"Chris"
],
[
"Chris Landman",
"sport",
"Darts"
]
]
| Dutch darts player | Chris Landman (born January 17, 1981) is a Dutch darts player, currently playing in British Darts Organisation events. Career In 2017, Landman won the Catalonian Open, reached the quarter-final of the WDF World Cup Singles, and reached the Last 16 of the World Masters. He qualified for the 2018 BDO World Darts Championship as one of the Regional Table Qualifiers, losing to Derk Telnekes 0-3 in the Preliminary Round. World Championship results BDO 2018: Preliminary round (lost to Derk Telnekes 0–3) 2019: First round (lost to Kyle McKinstry 2–3) 2020: Quarter-finals (lost to Wayne Warren 3–5) Performance timeline External links | []
|
Cock | [
[
"Cock",
"instance of",
"Surname"
]
]
| family name | Cock or cocks often refers to: Rooster or cock, a male of any bird species Cock, a vulgar nickname for the penis Cock or cocks may also refer to: Human names Cock (surname) Cocks (surname) Places The Cock, Broom, a Grade II listed public house in Broom, Bedfordshire The Cock, Fulham, a historic public house in London The Cock, St Albans, a public house in St Albans, Hertfordshire, England Cock Beck, a stream in Yorkshire, England Cock Bridge (Aberdeenshire), settlement in Aberdeenshire, Scotland Cock Bridge (Ljubljana), footbridge in Ljubljana, Slovenia Cock Lane, a street in London Cock Marsh, Berkshire, England | []
|
Future Film | [
[
"Future Film",
"headquarters location",
"Vaasa"
],
[
"Future Film",
"notable work",
"Love Hina"
],
[
"Future Film",
"notable work",
"School Rumble"
],
[
"Future Film",
"notable work",
"Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin"
],
[
"Future Film",
"notable work",
"Fruits Basket"
]
]
| Finnish-based home-video distribution company headquartered in Vaasa; from early to late 1990s best known for children's animation distribution, now for anime distribution | Future Film Ltd (Future Film Oy) is a Finnish-based home-video distribution company headquartered in Vaasa. From early to late 1990s they were best known as the distributors of children's animation. Future Film's releases were dubbed occasionally by Golden Voice OY (such as the wildly popular Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin) but most frequently they utilized the services of the infamous Agapio Racing Team. In recent years they have become prolific distributors of anime. Their releases include titles such as Love Hina and School Rumble, Fruits Basket, Berserk, Ginga Densetsu Weed and so on. This move was possibly motivated by the popularity of | []
|
Future Film | [
[
"Future Film",
"country",
"Finland"
],
[
"Future Film",
"headquarters location",
"Vaasa"
]
]
| Finnish-based home-video distribution company headquartered in Vaasa; from early to late 1990s best known for children's animation distribution, now for anime distribution | the uncut DVD version of Nagareboshi Gin. Also possibly due to this move, their current anime releases feature subtitles rather than dubbing, which is actually the preferred standard for most television programs and theatrical films in Finland. Additionally Future Film has been doing motion-picture home video releases since the early 1990s. Filmography 2015 : A Perfect Man of Corporate affairs The corporate headquarters and warehouse of Future Film are located in Vaasa. The firm has an office in Helsinki and a premiere movies warehouse in Vantaa. References External links Future Film website English pages: Company information Contact information TV Rights | []
|
Lee Shubert | [
[
"Lee Shubert",
"place of birth",
"Kudirkos Naumiestis"
],
[
"Lee Shubert",
"country of citizenship",
"United States"
],
[
"Lee Shubert",
"family name",
"Shubert"
]
]
| American theatre producer | Lee Shubert (born Levi Schubart; March 25, 1871– December 25, 1953) was a Lithuanian-born American theatre owner/operator and producer and the eldest of seven siblings of the theatrical Shubert family. Biography Born to a Jewish family, the son of Duvvid Schubart and Katrina Helwitz, in Vladislavov, in the Suwałki Governorate of Congress Poland, a part of the Russian Empire (present-day Kudirkos Naumiestis, Lithuania), Shubert was 11 years old when the family emigrated to the United States and settled in Syracuse, New York, where a number of Jewish families from their hometown already were living. His father's alcoholism kept the family | []
|
Lee Shubert | [
[
"Lee Shubert",
"place of death",
"New York City"
],
[
"Lee Shubert",
"family name",
"Shubert"
]
]
| American theatre producer | in difficult financial circumstances, and Lee Shubert went to work selling newspapers on a street corner. With borrowed money, he and younger brothers Sam and Jacob eventually embarked on a business venture that led to them to become the successful operators of several theaters in upstate New York. The Shubert brothers decided to expand to the huge market in New York City, and at the end of March 1900 they leased the Herald Square Theatre at the corner of Broadway and 35th Street in Manhattan. Leaving younger brother Jacob at home to manage their existing theatres, Lee and Sam Shubert | []
|
Lee Shubert | [
[
"Lee Shubert",
"place of death",
"New York City"
],
[
"Lee Shubert",
"family name",
"Shubert"
]
]
| American theatre producer | moved to New York City, where they laid the foundations for what was to become the largest theatre empire in the 20th century, including the Winter Garden and Shubert Theatres. The all-powerful Theatrical Syndicate essentially excluded competition. Since the Shuberts were not permitted to use Syndicate-controlled theaters, they put on shows in rented circus tents, holding "three times as many customers as the typical theater." In 1910, they formed the "Independent National Theatre Owner's Association", which brought about the defection of many theaters from all around the country that previously had been affiliated with the Syndicate. In 1922, it was | []
|
Lee Shubert | [
[
"Lee Shubert",
"family name",
"Shubert"
]
]
| American theatre producer | announced that "Lee Shubert and A. L. Erlanger ... rivals for twenty years" had reached a working understanding. Lee Shubert was a hard nosed businessman who has been criticized for being money and power oriented with little interest in culture. Nonetheless, he recognized the need to attract some of the top stage actors from the long-established European theatres (as Gaby Deslys) to perform at the new Broadway houses. After a disastrous production of Hamlet in 1901 at a competitor's theatre, French megastar Sarah Bernhardt vowed never to return to America until Lee Shubert convinced her to perform for his company | []
|
Lee Shubert | [
[
"Lee Shubert",
"family name",
"Shubert"
]
]
| American theatre producer | in 1905. At his death Lee Shubert's estate was worth $16 million. He boasted in 1924 of his family success: We began building theaters, and introduced practical commercial methods into a flagrantly impractical and precarious profession....This sordid commercialism has helped to make the American stage a legitimate, financial risk, stabilized its revenue, attracted real money to it, reduced the margin of chance, increased its facilities, and widened its opportunities. Personal life He was married to Marcella Swanson. They had previously been secretly married on July 29, 1936 in Germany and divorced in September 1948 in Reno, Nevada. They remarried in | []
|
Lee Shubert | [
[
"Lee Shubert",
"place of death",
"New York City"
],
[
"Lee Shubert",
"family name",
"Shubert"
]
]
| American theatre producer | Miami in March 1949 (Time Magazine reports the remarriage was in February). Lee Shubert died in New York City on December 25, 1953 at the age of 82 and was interred in the family plot at Salem Fields Cemetery in Brooklyn. Notes Further reading "Lee Shubert." Dictionary of American Biography (1977) online Hirsch, Foster. The Boys from Syracuse (1998). SIU Press. Jonas Westover (2017). The Shuberts and Their Passing Shows: The Untold Tale of Ziegfeld's Rivals, Oxford University Press Stagg, Jerry. The Brothers Schubert (1968) External links Lee Shubert at Musicals101.com Shubert Foundation biography Category:1871 births Category:1953 deaths Category:People from | []
|
Bo Pelini | [
[
"Bo Pelini",
"sport",
"American football"
],
[
"Bo Pelini",
"place of birth",
"Youngstown, Ohio"
]
]
| American college football player, college football coach | Mark Anthony "Bo" Pelini (born December 13, 1967) is the American football defensive coordinator for the Louisiana State University Tigers football team at Louisiana State University. He is the younger brother of former Florida Atlantic head coach Carl Pelini, who as frequently worked under Bo as an assistant coach. He served as head coach of the Nebraska Cornhuskers from December 2007 until November 2014. Prior to leading the football program at Nebraska, he was the defensive coordinator for the LSU Tigers, Oklahoma Sooners, and the Nebraska Cornhuskers. Playing career Pelini was raised in Youngstown, Ohio, a former center of steel | []
|
Bo Pelini | [
[
"Bo Pelini",
"educated at",
"Ohio State University"
]
]
| American college football player, college football coach | production with a strong athletic tradition. He was nicknamed "Bo" after former Cleveland Browns running back Bo Scott. After graduating from Youngstown Cardinal Mooney High School (the same high school as Bob Stoops, former head coach of the Oklahoma Sooners), he went on to play free safety for the Buckeyes at Ohio State University under College Football Hall of Fame head coaches Earle Bruce and John Cooper from 1987 to 1990. Pelini started in his last two years, and served as a team co-captain in his senior year, along with Vinnie Clark, Jeff Graham, and Greg Frey. He earned his | []
|
Harry M. Kuitert | [
[
"Harry M. Kuitert",
"occupation",
"Theologian"
],
[
"Harry M. Kuitert",
"place of birth",
"Drachten"
]
]
| Dutch theologian | Harry M. Kuitert (November 11, 1924 in Drachten – September 8, 2017 in Amstelveen) was a significant theologian of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (GKN). Harry Kuitert - baptised Harminus Martinus - was a rector at Scharendijk (Zeeland) and a student pastor at Amsterdam before he became a professor of theology. In Zeeland he witnessed the great flood of 1953 which inundated large parts of this Dutch province. In 1967 he succeeded the illustrious theologian G. C. Berkouwer as professor of systematic theology at the Free University (VU) in Amsterdam, and in 1989 he retired from this chair. Kuitert | []
|
Harry M. Kuitert | [
[
"Harry M. Kuitert",
"occupation",
"Theologian"
]
]
| Dutch theologian | theologian in the Netherlands, broke completely with Berkouwer and "Middle Orthodox" tradition (the theological mainstream of the reformed church) in his book, Jesus, the Inheritance of Christianity (1998). "Jesus supported the Jewish view of God, so he never saw himself as God on earth. He is not a Second God, nor the Second Person of the Holy Trinity," said the 80-year-old Kuitert, adopting publicly an informal unitarian stance on the key doctrine of Christian faith, much to the grief of those who continue to love and appreciate the work of Kuitert's mentor Berkouwer. Another widely read book, both by Protestants | []
|
Edith Heath | [
[
"Edith Heath",
"place of birth",
"Ida Grove, Iowa"
],
[
"Edith Heath",
"given name",
"Edith"
]
]
| American designer | Edith Kiertzner Heath (May 24, 1911 – December 27, 2005) was an American studio potter and founder of Heath Ceramics. The company, well known for its mid-century modern ceramic tableware, including "Heathware," and architectural tiles, is still operating in Sausalito, California, after being founded in 1948. Life and work Kierzner was born on May 24, 1911, in Ida Grove, Iowa, forty miles east of Sioux City, Iowa, to Danish immigrants Nils and Karoline Kierzner. In 1931, Kierzner enrolled at the Chicago Normal School, later renamed Chicago Teachers College, and graduated in 1934. She enrolled part-time at the Art Institute of | [
"Edith Kiertener Heath"
]
|
Edith Heath | [
[
"Edith Heath",
"given name",
"Edith"
]
]
| American designer | Chicago after graduation taking her first ceramic course. In 1938, Edith married Brian Heath. Relocating to San Francisco, Edith accepted a position as an art teacher at the Presidio Hill School and audited classes at the California School of Fine Arts. She developed a clay body in these classes which she adapted many times for her production work. Not being able to have as much access to the pottery equipment, Edith pursued her ceramic interests on her own converting a treadle sewing machine into a pottery wheel. In 1943, she studied eutectics with Willard Kahn through the University of California | [
"Edith Kiertener Heath"
]
|
Edith Heath | [
[
"Edith Heath",
"given name",
"Edith"
]
]
| American designer | extension courses. In 1944, her first major show was at the California Palace of the Legion of Honor. She also participated in the Syracuse Ceramic Nationals. A buyer from San Francisco retailer Gumps approached Edith to supply their store with her high quality hand-thrown pottery using the company's pottery studio. She accepted the opportunity, while continuing to work in her own studio. Major retailers began to order tableware, and in 1948, she opened Heath Ceramics in Sausalito, California. By 1949, Heath was producing 100,000 pieces a year. Heath Ceramics was purchased by Robin Petravic and Catherine Bailey in 2003. Edith | [
"Edith Kiertener Heath"
]
|
Edith Heath | [
[
"Edith Heath",
"place of death",
"Tiburon, California"
],
[
"Edith Heath",
"given name",
"Edith"
]
]
| American designer | Heath died on December 27, 2005 at her home in Tiburon, California. Tableware Edith Heath's "Coupe" line remains in demand and has been in constant production since 1948, with periodic changes to the texture and color of the glazes. Other Heath pottery lines include "Rim," designed in 1960, and "Plaza," designed in the 1980s. Architectural tile The Pasadena Art Museum, now the Norton Simon Museum, in Pasadena, California and designed by Pasadena architects Thornton Ladd and John Kelsey of the firm 'Ladd + Kelsey' used the architectural tiles. The distinctive and modern curvilinear exterior facade is faced in 115,000 glazed | [
"Edith Kiertener Heath"
]
|
Edith Heath | [
[
"Edith Heath",
"place of death",
"Tiburon, California"
],
[
"Edith Heath",
"given name",
"Edith"
]
]
| American designer | tiles, in varying brown tones with an undulating surface, made by Edith Heath. They are part of the backdrop many see when viewing the New Year's Rose Parade. References Further reading Klausner, Amos. Heath Ceramics, The Complexity of Simplicity. Chronicle Books LLC, San Francisco (2006) External links Heath Ceramics KCET.org video: Heath Ceramics - The Making of a California Classic Category:American ceramists Category:American potters Category:American industrial designers Category:Women potters Category:1911 births Category:2005 deaths Category:California people in design Category:American designers Category:American women ceramists Category:Dinnerware designers Category:Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area Category:People from Tiburon, California Category:People from Sausalito, California Category:Modernist | [
"Edith Kiertener Heath"
]
|
Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon | [
[
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon",
"place of birth",
"Paris"
],
[
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon",
"place of death",
"Paris"
],
[
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon",
"occupation",
"Novelist"
],
[
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon",
"father",
"Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon"
]
]
| French writer | Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon (February 13, 1707 – April 12, 1777), called "Crébillon fils" (to distinguish him from his father), was a French novelist. Born in Paris, he was the son of a famous tragedian, Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon. He received a Jesuit education at the elite Lycée Louis-le-Grand. Early on he composed various light works, including plays for the Italian Theatre in Paris, and published a short tale called Le Sylphe in 1730. From 1729 to 1739 he participated in a series of dinners called "Le Caveau" (named after the cabaret where they were held) with other artists, | [
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crebillon",
"Claude-Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon"
]
|
Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon | [
[
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon",
"place of birth",
"Paris"
],
[
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon",
"place of death",
"Paris"
]
]
| French writer | including Alexis Piron, Charles Collé, and Charles Duclos. The publication of Tanzaï et Neadarne, histoire japonaise (1734), which contained thinly veiled attacks on the Papal bull Unigenitus, the cardinal de Rohan and others, landed him briefly in the prison at Vincennes. His novel Les Égarements du cœur et de l'esprit was published between 1736 and 1738 and was, although he continued to edit it in 1738, never finished. Publication of Le Sopha, conte moral, an erotic political satire, in 1742 forced him into exile from Paris for several months. Around 1744 he entered into a romantic liaison with Lady Henrietta | [
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crebillon",
"Claude-Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon"
]
|
Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon | [
[
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon",
"place of birth",
"Paris"
],
[
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon",
"place of death",
"Paris"
]
]
| French writer | (1754) (full text in French on Gallica) Les Heureux Orphelins, histoire imitée de l'anglais (1754) La Nuit et le moment ou les matines de Cythère : dialogue (1755) (full text in French on Gallica) Le Hasard du coin du feu. Dialogue moral (1763) (full text in French on Gallica) Lettres de la Duchesse de *** au duc de *** (1768) (full text in French on Gallica) Lettres athéniennes. Extraites du porte-feuille d'Alcibiade (1771) (full text in French on Gallica) Recent editions Standard edition is Œuvres complètes, éd. Jean Sgard, 4 vols., Paris: Classiques Garnier, 1999-2002. Lettres de la marquise de | [
"Claude Prosper Jolyot de Crebillon",
"Claude-Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon"
]
|
Dzērbene Manor | [
[
"Dzērbene Manor",
"country",
"Latvia"
]
]
| Manor house in Latvia | Dzērbene Manor (; ) is a manor house in the historical region of Vidzeme, northern Latvia. Modern manor house is built on the place where old Dzērbene medieval castle once stood. Dzērbene manor is mentioned for the first time in 1555 when it was presented to chancellor of Archbishopric of Riga Christoph Sturz. In 1556 old castle was destroyed by army of Livonian Order and in 1577 also by Muscovites. During period of Swedish Livonia Dzērbene manor was owned by Svante Banner. After Great Northern War Dzērbene manor complex with more than 20 buildings became property of Russian Empire. In | []
|
Sagaai | [
[
"Sagaai",
"instance of",
"Film"
]
]
| 1966 Hindi film | Sagaai is a 1966 Bollywood film starring Rajshree and Biswajeet. Plot Sheel (Rajshree) and Kailash's (Prem Chopra) marriage is planned by Sheel's father. But fate takes her into the arms of Rajesh Biswajeet, and they celebrate their engagement on Sheel's birthday. Rajesh meets with a car accident, conspired by Kailash, and is paralyzed waist down. Rai Sahebh refuses to acknowledge their engagement but Sheel adamantly leaves her home to be with the ailing Rajesh and marries him by Vedic rituals. She nurses him back to health, but is rudely preyed upon by Kailash, who wants to see the end of | []
|
Sagaai | [
[
"Sagaai",
"instance of",
"Film"
]
]
| 1966 Hindi film | Rajesh. The film reflects upon the trails and travails of a woman whose husband is ill and paralyzed and she is desired by another man. A very beautiful dance number is performed by Sheel as Visha Kanya, very much before her life is thrown in such a turmoil. Cast Biswajit ... Rajesh Rajshree ... Sheel Prem Chopra ... Kailash Rehman ... Dr. Tandon Jayant ... Dwarkanath Raj Mehra ... Rai Sahib Raghu Prasad (Sheel's father) Durga Khote ... Sheel's mother Rajendra Nath ... Hariram 'Harry' Asit Sen ... Bansi Tun Tun ... Miss Anarkali Iftekhar ... Hospital Doctor Helen ... | []
|
CM-21 Armored Vehicle | [
[
"CM-21 Armored Vehicle",
"country of origin",
"Taiwan"
]
]
| type of weapon | The CM-21 is an armoured vehicle designed and manufactured by the Republic of China Armoured Vehicle Development Center, based on the United States' model M113 APC. The first prototype was manufactured in 1979, and the CM-21 officially entered service in 1982. The CM-21 is still in use today, with over 1,000 units manufactured and a number of different variants. History At the end of 1967, the United States and the Republic of China (Taiwan) signed the Third-Nation Overhaul Program and began to repair US military equipment in Vietnam until the end of the Vietnam War. This allowed the RoC to | []
|
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