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Anopina soltera Anopina soltera is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico. References Category:Moths described in 2000 Category:Anopina Category:Moths of Mexico	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fenton Morley William Fenton Morley was the Dean of Salisbury in the Church of England from 1971 until his retirement in 1977. Born on 5 May 1912 and educated at Oriel College, Oxford he was ordained into the priesthood in 1936. His first posts were curacies in Ely, Cardiff and Porthcawl. He then held incumbencies at Penrhiwceiber and Haseley. Following this he was Director of Music and Lecturer in Hebrew at Ripon College Cuddesdon. From 1956 to 1961 he was Precentor of Southwark Cathedral and then Vicar of Leeds Parish Church until his appointment as dean. He died on 9 July 1995. References Category:1912 births Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford Category:Deans of Salisbury Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire Category:1995 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Valayapatti Valayapatti is a village in Virudhunagar district, Tamil Nadu, India. Its pincode is 626127. Population : around 1500. Famous temples in Valayapatti: Kaaliyamman Temple Senthatti Ayyanar Temple Sellimariyamman Temple Oorani Pillaiyar Venkatesha Perumal Temple Schools: Valayapatti has a primary school called Hindu Primary School. References Category:Villages in Virudhunagar district	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ogdoconta Ogdoconta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae. Species Ogdoconta altura Barnes, 1904 Ogdoconta cinereola (Guenée, 1852) Ogdoconta cymographa Hampson, 1910 Ogdoconta fergusoni Metzler & Lafontaine, 2013 Ogdoconta gamura Schaus, 1921 Ogdoconta justitia Dyar, 1919 Ogdoconta lilacina (Druce, 1890) Ogdoconta margareta Crabo, 2015 Ogdoconta moreno Barnes, 1907 Ogdoconta muscula (Schaus, 1898) Ogdoconta plumbea Dyar, 1912 Ogdoconta pulverulenta Schaus, 1911 Ogdoconta pulvilinea Schaus, 1911 Ogdoconta rufipenna Metzler, Knudson & Poole, 2013 Ogdoconta satana Meztler, Knudson & Poole, 2013 Ogdoconta sexta Barnes & McDunnough, 1913 Ogdoconta tacna (Barnes, 1904) References , 2013: A review of the genus Ogdoconta Butler (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Condicinae, Condicini) from North America north of Mexico with descriptions of three new species. Zookeys 264: 165-191. Abstract and full article: . External links Category:Condicinae	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Essays in London and Elsewhere Essays in London and Elsewhere is a book of literary criticism by Henry James published in 1893. The book collected essays that James had written over the preceding several years on a wide range of writers including James Russell Lowell, Gustave Flaubert, Robert Browning and Henrik Ibsen. The book also included an interesting general essay on the role of the critic in literature and a piece of travel writing about London. Summary and themes James wrote many of these essays while he was busy with his ultimately disastrous effort to become a successful playwright. So it's not surprising that two of the essays deal with the theater. One of them is a graceful eulogy for his friend, the great actress Frances Anne Kemble, with "her fine, anxious humanity, the generosity of her sympathies, and the grand line and mass of her personality." The other is a surprisingly emphatic defense of Henrik Ibsen, whose work caused London audiences to "sweep the whole keyboard of emotion, from frantic enjoyment to ineffable disgust." James shows his usual interest in French writers with three essays including a perceptive appreciation of Pierre Loti, who "speaks better than anything else of the ocean, the thing in the world that, after the human race, has most intensity and variety of life." James also writes generously of his old friend James Russell Lowell: "He had his trammels and his sorrows, but he drank deep of the tonic draught, and he will long count as an erect fighting figure on the side of optimism and beauty." The book closes with an amusing dialogue called An Animated Conversation. The characters talk long and wittily of the literary relationship between Britain and America. The wisest speaker finally concludes: "A body of English people crossed the Atlantic and sat down in a new climate on a new soil, amid new circumstances. It was a new heaven and a new earth. They invented new institutions, they encountered different needs. They developed a particular physique, as people do in a particular medium, and they began to speak in a new voice. They went in for democracy, and that alone would affect--it has affected--the tone immensely. C'est bien le moins (do you follow?) that that tone should have had its range and that the language they brought over with them should have become different to express different things. A language is a very sensitive organism. It must be convenient--it must be handy. It serves, it obeys, it accommodates itself." Table of contents Critical evaluation James' ability to understand and appreciate writers very different from himself shines through this book's essays on Ibsen and Loti. He brings to each a deep appreciation of their outlook on life and their harsh but effective techniques for presenting it. James is never afraid to point out what he considers faults or omissions in the writers he discusses. But his criticism is never captious, never a wish that a writer was somebody he is not. The essay on Ibsen has biographical relevance and even poignance for James, who would experience a very public failure in the theater just a few years after this book was published. The respect James pays to the renowned playwright betrays how much he wanted to succeed in the theater himself, and how bitter his eventual defeat would be. References Henry James Literary Criticism - Essays on Literature, American Writers, English Writers edited by Leon Edel and Mark Wilson (New York: Library of America 1984) Henry James Literary Criticism - French Writers, Other European Writers, The Prefaces to the New York Edition edited by Leon Edel and Mark Wilson (New York: Library of America 1984) External links Original magazine publication of the essay London (1888) Original magazine publication of the essay James Russell Lowell (1892) Original magazine publication of the essay An Animated Conversation (1889) Note on the text of Essays in London and Elsewhere at the Library of America web site Category:1893 non-fiction books Category:Books by Henry James Category:Essay collections Category:Books about London	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Adams family (disambiguation) The Adams family was a prominent political family in the United States. Adams family may also refer to: The Adams family, London-based criminal family that established the Clerkenwell crime syndicate The Adams family abuse controversy, political controversy in Northern Ireland surrounding allegations of child abuse in the family of Sinn Féin leader Gerry Adams See also Adams (surname) The Addams Family, group of fictional characters created by American cartoonist Charles Addams The Addams Family (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Michael Vono The Right Reverend Michael Louis Vono (born September 15, 1948) was the ninth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Rio Grande. He was succeeded by the Right Reverend Michael Buerkel Hunn on November 3, 2018. He was ordained to the diaconate on June 26, 1976, and to the priesthood on February 12, 1977. He was consecrated on October 24, 2010. See also List of Episcopal bishops of the United States Historical list of the Episcopal bishops of the United States External links diocesan website Michael Vono becomes diocese's ninth bishop Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:American Episcopalians Category:Bishops of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Josef-Maria Jauch Josef Maria Jauch (September 20, 1914 in Lucerne – August 30, 1974 in Geneva) was a Swiss/American theoretical physicist. Biography He studied mathematics and physics at ETH Zürich, earning his diploma in 1938. He then received his doctorate in 1940 from the University of Minnesota under Edward Lee Hill, for a dissertation entitled On Contact Transformations and Group Theory in Quantum Mechanical Problems. In the summer semester of 1940, he became an assistant to Wolfgang Pauli in Zurich. After Pauli’s departure for Princeton, Jauch continued working at the ETH in Zurich until 1942, when he also departed for the U.S. From 1942 to 1946 he was an assistant professor at Princeton University. From 1946 to 1958 he was associate professor, and then full professor, at the University of Iowa. During that time he spent one year as a visiting scholar with the Fulbright Program at Trinity College, Cambridge (from 1950 to 1951). In 1958 Jauch returned to Europe, where he spent one year working at CERN (The European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Geneva (from 1958 to 1959) , followed by one year stationed in London as a scientific liaison officer for the U.S. Office of Naval Research (from 1959 to 1960). In 1960 he accepted a professorship at the University of Geneva, where he became the director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics. He remained in that position until his death in 1974. His work focused on quantum scattering theory, the process of measurement in quantum mechanics, causality, irreversible phenomena, and gauge theories. His contribution to the axiomatization of quantum field theory is a mathematical model of rigor. While in the U.S., he became interested in the theory of symmetry groups and their applications in the field of particle physics, a subject whose importance was not appreciated until the 1960s with the introduction of the SU(3) group by Murray Gell-Mann and Yuval Ne'eman. Jauch was a founding member of the European Physical Society. Among his doctoral students were Gérard Emch, Constantin Piron and Kenneth Watson. He was the author of several books and numerous scientific papers. He was married twice and had three children from his first marriage. Partial bibliography The Theory of Photons and Electrons. The Relativistic Quantum Field Theory of Charged Particles with Spin One-half (with Fritz Rohrlich) (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1955) Foundations of Quantum Mechanics (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1968) Are Quanta Real? A Galilean Dialogue (Indiana University Press, 1973) References Further reading Obituary written by Fritz Rohrlich, Jauch's co-author and colleague. Category:1914 births Category:1974 deaths Category:Quantum physicists Category:Swiss physicists Category:Princeton University faculty Category:People from Lucerne Category:ETH Zurich alumni Category:University of Minnesota alumni Category:People associated with CERN	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Thomas Bilson Thomas Bilson (1547 – 18 June 1616) was an Anglican Bishop of Worcester and Bishop of Winchester. With Miles Smith, he oversaw the final edit and printing of the King James Bible. He is buried in Westminster Abbey in plot 232 between the tombs of Richard the Second and Edward the Third. On top of his gravestone there is a small rectangular blank brass plate – the original plate was removed to preserve it and is on display on the floor against the wall between the tombs of Richard ll and Edward lll and says the following:— MEORIAE SACRVM / HIC IACET THOMAS BILSON WINTONIENSIS NVPER EPISCOPVS / ET SERENISSIMO PRINCIPI IACOBO MAGNAE BRITTANIAE REGI /POTENTISSIMO A SANCTIORIBVS CONSILIJS QVI QVVM DEO ET / ECCLESIAE AD ANNOS VNDE VIGINTI FIDELITER IN EPISCO / PATV DESERVISSET MORTALITATE SUB CERTA SPE RESVRRECTI: /ONIS EXVIT DECIMO OCTAVO DIE MENSIS IVNIJ ANO DOMINI /M.DC XVI. AETATIS SVAE LXIX. Translation:— Here lies Thomas Bilson formerly bishop of Winchester and counsellor in sacred matters of his serene highness King James of Great Britain who when he had served God and the church for nineteen years in the bishopric laid aside mortality in certain hope of resurrection 18 June 1616 aged 69. Life Years under the Tudors (1547–1603) According to the original 'Dictionary of the National Biography' (founded in 1882 by George Smith and edited by both Sir Leslie Stephen who was Virginia Woolf's father, and Sir Sidney Lee) Thomas Bilson was the eldest son of Herman Bilson, grandson of Arnold Bilson, whose wife is said to have been a daughter of the Duke of Bavaria. Later editions highlight that William Twisse was a nephew. Bilson was educated at the twin foundations of William de Wykeham, Winchester College and New College, Oxford. He began to distinguish himself as a poet until, on receiving ordination, he gave himself wholly to theological studies. He was soon made Prebendary of Winchester, and headmaster of the College there until 1579 and Warden from 1581 to 1596. His pupils there included John Owen, and Thomas James, whom he influenced in the direction of patristics. In 1596, he was made Bishop of Worcester, where he found Warwick uncomfortably full of recusant Roman Catholics. For appointment in 1597 to the wealthy see of Winchester, he paid a £400 annuity to Elizabeth I. As the Bishop of Winchester, Thomas Bilson would have resided at Winchester Palace, where today in Clink Street, Southwark, London SE1 – there is only one remaining wall of the palace – with a magnificent rose window measuring thirteen feet across. However, back in the sixteenth century, Winchester Palace was a splendorous site and would have looked very similar to the waterfront house of 'Sir Robert De Lesseps' depicted in the film Shakespeare in Love. The 700 acre Bishoprick 'see' and jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester included an area known as – 'The Liberty of Clink' Southwark, Bankside – which in addition to having a prison ('The Clink') also provided the site of many of the major theatres of the day, namely: — ‘The Rose’ built in 1587 in Rose Lane where Philip Henslowe was the lessee; — ‘The Swan’ built in 1596 by Francis Langley in Paris Garden; — ‘The Globe’ re-built in 1598 by James Burbage and William Shakespeare; (a year after Thomas Bilson became the Bishop of Winchester) and — ‘The Hope’ built in 1613 by Philip Henslowe in Bear Garden. Southwark on the south bank of the river Thames in London was very much a cash generator in those days. (Back in the sixteenth century, Southwark was in many ways like a prototype Las Vegas.) In addition to the theatres, Southwark, Bankside was also a ‘red light’ district renowned for its brothels and contained an unconsecrated graveyard for the corpses of women who had worked in them. Far from condemning the brothels, the respective bishops of Winchester, Thomas Bilson included, drew up a set of rules for their regulation and opening hours. In addition to prostitution and pick pockets, the area was also renowned for its gambling dens, skittle alleys and bear/bull baiting, most of which were run by Philip Henslowe (1550–1616) who married a wealthy widow by the name of Agnes Woodward in 1579 and it is thought that with her money Henslowe had managed to acquire interests in numerous brothels, inns, lodging houses and was also involved in dyeing, starch making and wood selling as well as pawnbroking, money lending and theatrical enterprises. With regard to his relationship with actors and playwrights Henslowe wrote in his diary:—“Should these fellowes come out of my debt I should have no rule over them.” Although Philip Henslowe was undoubtedly the main operational manager and entrepreneur behind many of Southwark’s and the ‘see of Winchester’s’ cash generating entertainment enterprises — all taxes from these activities had to be paid to Thomas Bilson the Bishop of Winchester. Indeed, in the London Public Record Office is an entry relating to William Shakespeare's unpaid tax, and carrying the annotation 'Ep (iscop)o Winton (ensi)' (to the Bishop of Winchester) – (*The Public Record Office, Exchequer, Lord Treasurers Remembrancer, Pipe Rolls, E.372/444, m. Dated 6 October 1600.) – which has led historians such as Ian Wilson in his 1993 book 'Shakespeare the Evidence' to surmise that perhaps William Shakespeare was living within the bishopric 'see' of Thomas Bilson the Bishop of Winchester at this time. However somewhat curiously, William Shakespeare's name does not appear in the church wardens' annual lists of those residents registered as having attended compulsory Easter Communion. The church wardens annual lists of residents and the compulsory attendance of Easter Communion – in effect the commencement of the new year within the Julian Calendar – provided the paranoid bureaucratic authorities – fearful of Jesuit and Catholic uprisings with a detailed census as to the political status of its citizens and as a means to assess their military and tax obligations. William Shakespeare's omission from this list and the reference to Thomas Bilson the Bishop of Winchester implies 'a relationship' between these two men which has hitherto been unexplained. – Indeed, the commonality of both men being to a large extent historical enigmas is curious in itself. Thomas engaged in most of the polemical contests of his day, as a stiff partisan of the Church of England. In 1585, he published his The True Difference Betweene Christian Subjection and Unchristian Rebellion. This work took aim at the Jesuits and replied to Cardinal William Allen's Defence of the English Catholics (Ingoldstadt, 1584). It was also a theoretical work on the "Christian commonwealth" and it enjoyed publishing success. Some historians have stated that the immediate purpose of True Difference was as much to justify Dutch Protestants resisting Philip II of Spain, as to counter the Jesuits' attacks on Elizabeth I. Glenn Burgess considers that in True Difference Bilson shows a sense of the diversity of "legitimate" political systems. He conceded nothing to popular sovereignty, but said that there were occasions when a king might forfeit his powers. According to James Shapiro, he "does his best to walk a fine line", in discussing 'political icons', i.e. pictures of the monarch. Theological controversy A theological argument over the Harrowing of Hell led to several attacks on Bilson personally in what is now called the Descensus controversy. Bilson's literal views on the descent of Christ into Hell were orthodox for "conformist" Anglicans of the time, while the Puritan wing of the church preferred a metaphorical or spiritual reading. He maintained that Christ went to hell, not to suffer, but to wrest the keys of hell out of the Devil’s hands. For this doctrine he was severely handled by Henry Jacob and also by other Puritans. Hugh Broughton, a noted Hebraist, was excluded from the translators of the King James Bible, and became a vehement early critic. The origin of Broughton's published attack on Bilson as a scholar and theologian, from 1604, is thought to lie in a sermon Bilson gave in 1597, which Broughton, at first and wrongly, thought supported his own view that hell and paradise coincided in place. From another direction the Roman Catholic controversialist Richard Broughton also attacked Anglican conformists through Bilson's views, writing in 1607. Much feeling was excited by the controversy, and Queen Elizabeth, in her ire, commanded Bilson, "neither to desert the doctrine, nor let the calling which he bore in the Church of God, be trampled under foot, by such unquiet refusers of truth and authority." Bilson's most famous work was entitled The Perpetual Government of Christ's Church and was published in 1593. It was a systematic attack on Presbyterian polity and an able defence of Episcopal polity. Following on from John Bridges, the work is still regarded as one of the strongest books ever written in behalf of episcopacy. Courtier to James I (1603–1616) Bilson gave the sermon at the coronation on 25 July 1603 of James VI of Scotland as James I of England. While the wording conceded something to the divine right of kings, it also included a caveat about lawful resistance to a monarch. This theme was from Bilson's 1585 book, and already sounded somewhat obsolescent. At the Hampton Court Conference of 1604, he and Richard Bancroft implored King James to change nothing in the Church of England. He had in fact advised James in 1603 not to hold the Conference, and to leave religious matters to the professionals. The advice might have prevailed, had it not been for Patrick Galloway, Moderator of the Scottish Assembly. Later, in charge of the Authorized Version, he composed the front matter with Miles Smith, his share being the dedication. He bought the manor of West Mapledurham, near Petersfield, Hampshire, in 1605. Later, in 1613, he acquired the site of Durford Abbey, Rogate, Sussex. He was ex officio Visitor of St John's College, Oxford, and so was called to intervene when in 1611 the election as President of William Laud was disputed, with a background tension of Calvinist versus Arminian. The other candidate was John Rawlinson. Bilson, taken to be on the Calvinist side, found that the election of the high-church Laud had failed to follow the college statutes. He in the end ruled in favour of Laud, but only after some intrigue: Bilson had difficulty in having his jurisdiction recognised by the group of Laud's activists, led unscrupulously by William Juxon. Laud's party had complained, to the King, who eventually decided the matter himself, leaving the status quo, and instructed Bilson. Final years He was appointed a judge in the 1613 annulment case of Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex and his wife Frances née Howard; with John Buckridge, bishop of Rochester, he was one of two extra judges added by the King to the original 10, who were deadlocked. This caused bitterness on the part of George Abbot, the archbishop of Canterbury, who was presiding over the nullity commission. Abbot felt that neither man was impartial, and that Bilson bore him an old grudge. Bilson played a key role in the outcome, turning away the Earl of Essex's appeal to appear a second time before the commission, and sending away Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton who was asking on behalf of Essex with a half-truth about the position (which was that the King had intervened against Essex). The outcome of the case was a divorce, and Bilson was then in favour with Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset, a favourite in the court who proceeded to marry Frances. Bilson's son Sir Thomas Bilson was nicknamed "Sir Nullity Bilson", because his knighthood followed on the outcome of the Essex annulment case. In August 1615 Bilson was made a member of the Privy Council. In fact, though this was the high point of Bilson's career as courtier, and secured by Somerset's influence, he had been led to expect more earlier that summer. Somerset had been importunate to the point of pushiness on behalf of Bilson, hoping to secure him a higher office, and had left Bilson in a false position and James very annoyed. This misjudgement was a major step in Somerset's replacement in favour by George Villiers, said to have happened in physical terms under Bilson's roof at Farnham Castle that same August. Bilson died in 1616 and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Legacy It was said of him, that he "carried prelature in his very aspect." Anthony Wood proclaimed him so "complete in divinity, so well skilled in languages, so read in the Fathers and Schoolmen, so judicious is making use of his readings, that at length he was found to be no longer a soldier, but a commander in chief in the spiritual warfare, especially when he became a bishop!" Bilson is also remembered for being hawkish against recusant Roman Catholics. Henry Parker drew on both Bilson and Richard Hooker in his pamphlet writing around the time of English Civil War. Bilson had argued for resistance to a Roman Catholic prince. A century later, Richard Baxter drew on Bilson in proposing and justifying the deposition of James II. What Bilson had envisaged in 1585 was a "wild" scenario or counterfactual, a Roman Catholic monarch of England: its relevance to practical politics came much later. Writings His writings took a nuanced and middle way in ecclesiastical polity, and avoided Erastian views and divine right, while requiring passive obedience to authority depending on the context. His efforts to avoid condemning Huguenot and Dutch Protestant resisters have been described as "contortions". His works included: The True Difference Betweene Christian Subjection and Unchristian Rebellion (1585) The Perpetual Government Of Christ's Church (1593) Survey of Christ's Sufferings for Man's Redemption and of His Descent to Hades Or Hell for Our Deliverance (1604) against the Brownist Henry Jacob References Further reading William M. Lamont, The Rise and Fall of Bishop Bilson, The Journal of British Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2 (May 1966), pp. 22–32 External links Category:1547 births Category:1616 deaths Category:Bishops of Worcester Category:Bishops of Winchester Category:Translators of the King James Version Category:People of the Elizabethan era Category:People of the Stuart period Category:People from Winchester Category:People educated at Winchester College Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford Category:English Calvinist and Reformed theologians Category:16th-century Calvinist and Reformed theologians Category:16th-century English clergy Category:17th-century English clergy Category:Wardens of Winchester College	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Herberts Kušķis Herberts Kušķis (5 March 1913 – 29 December 1994) was a Latvian ice hockey goaltender. He played for Unions Rīga and HK ASK Rīga during his career. He won the Latvian league championship six times, twice with Unions (1932 and 1933) and four with ASK (1935, 1936, 1938, 1939). Kušķis also played for the Latvian national team at the 1936 Winter Olympics and four World Championships. References External links Category:1913 births Category:1994 deaths Category:Ice hockey players at the 1936 Winter Olympics Category:Latvian ice hockey goaltenders Category:Olympic ice hockey players of Latvia Category:Sportspeople from Riga Category:People from the Governorate of Livonia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tubbs Fire The Tubbs Fire was a wildfire in Northern California during October 2017. At the time, the Tubbs Fire was the most destructive wildfire in California history, burning parts of Napa, Sonoma, and Lake counties, inflicting its greatest losses in the city of Santa Rosa. Its destructiveness was surpassed only a year later by the Camp Fire of 2018. The Tubbs Fire was one of more than a dozen large fires that broke out in early October 2017, which were simultaneously burning in eight Northern California counties, in what was called the "Northern California firestorm." By the time of its containment on October 31, the fire was estimated to have burned ; at least 22 people were believed to have been killed in Sonoma County by the fire. The fire started near Tubbs Lane in the rural northern part of Calistoga, in Napa County. It destroyed more than 5,643 structures, half of which were homes in Santa Rosa. Santa Rosa's economic loss from the Tubbs Fire was estimated at $1.2 billion (2017 USD), with five percent of the city's housing stock destroyed. The Tubbs Fire also incurred an additional $100 million in fire suppression costs. After an investigation lasting over a year, the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire) determined that the Tubbs Fire was "caused by a private electrical system adjacent to a residential structure" and that there had been no violations of the state's Public Resources Code. Timeline October 8 The Tubbs Fire started near Tubbs Lane in Calistoga, around 9:43 p.m. on Sunday, October 8. As it and other North Bay fires began to spread, Sonoma County emergency dispatchers sent fire crews to at least 10 reports of downed power lines and exploding transformers. In northern Santa Rosa, the peak wind gusts at 9:29 p.m. hit 30 mph; an hour later, they were 41 mph. Pushed by strong winds from the northeast, the front of the fire moved more than twelve miles in its first three hours. The Mark West Springs area, north of Santa Rosa in unincorporated Sonoma County, was directly in the path of the fire. Notably, over a thousand animals at the renowned Safari West Wildlife Preserve remained unharmed, saved by owner Peter Lang, who, at age of 76, single-handedly fought back the flames for more than 10 hours, using only garden hoses. Sonoma County officials could have sent out an emergency alert to every cellphone in the region on Sunday night as the fire grew, but chose not to, saying such a widespread alarm would have hampered emergency efforts. Instead, location based SMS and email alerts were broadcast — the first of these text messages going out at 10:51 p.m., using a system called SoCo Alerts to notify people via cellphone; both are limited to those who sign up for these services. Officials also used a reverse 911 system that called landlines in certain areas. At 11:58 p.m., firefighters called for an evacuation order encompassing the area between the cities of Calistoga and Santa Rosa. October 9 By 1 a.m. on Monday, the fire, spreading quickly to the south and west, had reached the Santa Rosa city limits. The advancing flames entered the city from the north, moving into the Fountaingrove area, then moving down ravines between Mark West Springs Road and Fountaingrove Parkway. At about 1:30 a.m., Sonoma County officials began to evacuate neighborhoods in and around Santa Rosa. In all, tens of thousands of people were evacuated with very little notice. By about 2 a.m., the fire, carried by near hurricane-level winds, had spread further to the west, crossing Highway 101. By 4:30 a.m., the winds had reached their peak speed of more than 60 miles per hour. The fire devastated the Coffey Park neighborhood, where an estimated 1,300 structures, mostly detached homes, were leveled. Meanwhile, east of the highway, the Fountaingrove Inn, the historic Fountaingrove Round Barn nearby, and a large Hilton hotel were destroyed; 116 of the 160 units at the Journey's End Mobile Home Park burned to the ground, while the remainder of the park was later red-tagged due to heavy damage. Other damage along several streets bordering Highway 101 included a Kmart store and numerous restaurants that burned to the ground. By noon on Monday, two medical centers in Santa Rosa, Kaiser Permanente and Sutter Health, had been evacuated. Some Kaiser employees reportedly used their personal vehicles to evacuate some of the 130 patients at that hospital. The destruction on Monday also included the complete loss of a senior living complex, Oakmont of Villa Capri; Hidden Valley Satellite, a primary school; and the Santa Rosa portion of Paradise Ridge Winery. The Cardinal Newman High School campus was badly damaged, as was one end of the Luther Burbank Center for the Performing Arts. Redwood Adventist Academy was also destroyed in the fire. Another large concentration of burned homes was in the Larkfield-Wikiup area, about a mile north of the city, where about 500 buildings were destroyed. Of the 2,900 homes destroyed in Santa Rosa, over 200 of them belonged to doctors associated with the area's hospitals, including Kaiser Permanente, Sutter Hospital's Santa Rosa Center, and Santa Rosa Memorial Hospital. Additionally, the fire destroyed Santa Rosa Community Health's Vista Campus, the largest in its system, which served 24,000 people annually. Pacific Gas and Electric Company cut off natural gas to 31,000 customers in the Santa Rosa and Windsor areas as a precaution. October 10 Wind direction turned clockwise from northeasterly to southerly (compare MODIS satellite images). At a town hall meeting on the evening of October 10 in Santa Rosa, Cal Fire representatives reported that there could be as many as 3,000 structures lost to the Tubbs and Atlas fires. October 11 On Wednesday, October 11, the entire town of Calistoga was evacuated; about 2,000 people were asked to leave. The escape for some was along roads walled by flames. The Lake County Sheriff's Office issued an advisory evacuation notice for residents in the Middletown area, to the north of Calistoga. One active part of the fire was east of the town of Windsor, with the fire burning from Shiloh ridge to Chalk Hill Road and Knights Valley. October 12 As of 7 a.m. on Thursday, the Tubbs Fire had burned 34,270 acres, and was 10 percent contained. In the city of Santa Rosa, officials said that the fire had destroyed an estimated 2,834 homes, along with about 400,000 square feet of commercial space. As of Thursday morning, efforts continued to be focused on two areas: Near the northwest corner of Napa County, firefighters were battling the fire around Mount St. Helena, but they started pulling back before noon; the fire had hopped Highway 29, which runs adjacent to the mountain north of the evacuated town of Calistoga. There was no fire activity in the town itself, with the blaze spreading north and east of Calistoga through rugged terrain into Lake County, south of Middletown. By Thursday afternoon, only a few dozen people had refused to evacuate from Calistoga. In northern Sonoma County, the fire was being monitored in the area to the east of Healdsburg and Windsor. Sonoma County ordered Rio Lindo Adventist Academy, a boarding school on the outskirts of Healdsburg near the edge of the Tubbs fire, to prepare to evacuate if necessary. Among the losses reported on Thursday was the destruction of the Santa Rosa hillside home of late Peanuts creator Charles Schulz; his widow, Jean Schulz, escaped unhurt. By Thursday evening, 28,000 customers in the Santa Rosa and Windsor areas still had not had their gas service restored. October 13–31 On Friday morning, October 13, the fire was 25 percent contained. It remained about two miles outside of Calistoga's city limits. A fire erupted in the hills east of Oakmont late Friday night, prompting the mandatory evacuation of neighborhoods early Saturday morning from Calistoga Road to Adobe Canyon Road, along Highway 12. The zone included several schools and the Oakmont Village retirement neighborhood. Evacuations for the area were lifted by late the following Wednesday. By Saturday morning, October 14, the fire was 44 percent contained. A "small army of firefighters and police" was positioned between where the fire was most active, north of Calistoga, and the city itself. In the Fountaingrove area of Santa Rosa, firefighters and utility crews combed through the ruins left by the fire. Fire officials searched for dangerous hot spots that could re-ignite the blaze, and utility workers began cleaning up the demolished neighborhoods. Containment progress Comparison to the Hanly Fire In 1964, the Hanly Fire, the 2nd largest fire in Sonoma County history, burned 52,700 acres, with striking similarities to the Tubbs Fire. The damage caused by the two fires differed dramatically, however: since 1964, hundreds of expensive homes, a golf course and clubhouse restaurant, office and medical buildings, light industry, lakeside retirement homes, a long row of nursing facilities, and two hotels were built in the Fountaingrove area, which had been almost entirely open land in 1964. The path the Hanly Fire took in 1964, as well as the areas it burned, were very similar to the Tubbs Fire: from Calistoga, along Porter Creek and Mark West Springs roads into Sonoma County, burning homes along Mark West Springs and Riebli roads, through Wikiup, and to Mendocino Avenue, where it stopped, across the street from Journey's End Mobile Home Park. The fire was propelled by 70 mph winds, close to hurricane strength; it initially went east from Calistoga, but on the third day its direction switched, going south-west from Calistoga to Santa Rosa in only about half a day. The Hanly Fire only destroyed a few dozen homes, as the area it burned was so sparsely settled in 1964. Sonoma County has four "historic wildfire corridors," including the Hanly Fire area. New homes in the fire zones are required to meet building code requirements for fire-resistant materials for siding, roofing and decks, with protected eaves to keep out windblown embers. Those measures made little difference in the Tubbs Fire. For example, despite a 100-foot fire break that ringed much of the Fountaingrove II subdivision, which consisted of 600 upscale homes in the same path as the Hanly Fire, virtually the entire subdivision was destroyed by the Tubbs Fire. News and social media coverage The fire was covered extensively and in depth by news outlets from around the San Francisco Bay Area and beyond. In addition to local coverage, CNN and Fox News were on scene in Sonoma County, focusing primarily on northern Santa Rosa. The majority of communication regarding the fire came from social media websites such as Twitter, Facebook, Snapchat and Nixle. From October 9 through 13, Snapchat ran a geolocation tagging filter to isolate material about the fire, and these posts were featured on the Discover page. By October 11, over 12,000 videos and images had been uploaded to Snapchat. Donald Laird, an instructor at Santa Rosa Junior College, and Richard Dunn, a local photographer, submitted featured posts. Twitter analytics revealed that the majority of tweets about the Tubbs Fire were posted on October 11. The Press Democrat staff also won the 2018 Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Reporting for "[f]or lucid and tenacious coverage of historic wildfires that ravaged the city of Santa Rosa and Sonoma County". Cause of the fire Suspicion for the cause of the fire fell on energy company Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E), but the company seemed to be cleared of responsibility in this incident after Cal Fire released the results of its investigation on 24 January 2019, upon which news the company's stock price jumped dramatically. On August 14, 2019, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Dennis Montali, the federal judge for the PG&E bankruptcy proceedings, presided over a hearing for victims of the Tubbs Fire, and they presented their case for a fast-track state civil trial by jury to resolve if PG&E is at fault for the Tubbs Fire, rather than customer equipment causing the fire as determined by Cal Fire. The judge's ruling on this trial has important ramifications for how Tubbs Fire victims are compensated and the schedule for the bankruptcy. On August 16, 2019, the judge ruled that the trial can proceed "on a parallel track" because "it advances the goals of this bankruptcy." A fast-track jury trial in state court could reach a verdict in January or early February. PG&E needs to exit bankruptcy by June 30, 2020 to be included in the fund for fire costs created by the new state law AB1054. After the judge's ruling, the company's stock price sank by 25%. On December 7, 2019, PG&E proposed to settle all the claims for a total of $13.5 billion, which would cover liabiity for its responsibility originating from the Camp Fire, Tubbs Fire, Butte Fire and Ghost Ship warehouse fire, combined. The offer was tendered as a method of avoiding bankruptcy. See also 2017 California wildfires Joe Rodota Trail homeless encampment following the Tubbs Fire Atlas Fire Cedar Fire (2003) Thomas Fire Witch Fire List of California wildfires Notes References External links CAL FIRE Incident Information NASA Worldview, moderate-resolution satellite image interface USGS Earth Explorer, Landsat image interface Category:2017 California wildfires Category:History of Santa Rosa, California Category:Wildfires in Napa County, California Category:Wildfires in Sonoma County, California Category:October 2017 events in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Red spurfowl The red spurfowl (Galloperdix spadicea) is a member of the pheasant family and is endemic to India. It is a bird of forests, and is quite secretive despite its size. It has a distinctive call and is often hard to see except for a few seconds when it flushes from the undergrowth. It appears reddish and like a long-tailed partridge. The bare skin around the eye is reddish. The legs of both males and females have one or two spurs, which give them their name. Description Overall reddish-brown, this large partridge-like bird has a somewhat long tail. The upper parts are brown with dark barring while the face and neck are more grey in the male. The underside is rufous with dark markings and both sexes have a red facial skin patch and red legs with one or two spurs (rarely three or four while females may have none). Downy chicks have an unmarked cinnamon brown head, a dark brown band along the back bordered by creamy stripes edged with thin lines of dark brown. The male of the distinctive Kerala race, G. s. stewarti has all-chestnut plumage, including the head feathers. Both sexes have long feathers on the crown that can be erected into a crest. Taxonomy and systematics This spurfowl is the type species and one of three species in the genus Galloperdix. Gmelin used the name of Tetrao spadiceus and the genus position was changed by Edward Blyth in 1844. The tail has 14 feathers and are slightly graduated. The wing is short and rounded and the red skin around the eye is brighter in the breeding season. The populations in three distribution ranges have been designated as subspecies; caurina for the populations in the Aravalli range, the south Kerala population stewarti and the nominate population of the rest of India. In colouration, the females show clinal variation becoming darker towards the south of their range. The species was introduced in the early late 18th century into Madagascar from where it was first described by the French traveller Pierre Sonnerat. The name used in Marathi was recorded as Kokee-tree and is probably onomatopoeic. The genus Galloperdix is a sister of the genera Polyplectron and Haematortyx. Distribution and habitat The species is found in scrub, dry and moist-deciduous forests often in hilly country. They are found south of the Ganges across India. They prefer areas with good undergrowth including those formed by the invasive Lantana. Behaviour and ecology Red spurfowl usually forage in small parties of three to five. When walking around, the tail is sometimes held vertical as in domestic fowl. They are quite silent in the day but call in the mornings and evenings. They feed on fallen seeds, berries, mollusks and insects apart from swallowing grit to aid digestion. When flushed, the usually fly a short distance and stay in well-defined territories throughout the year. They roost in trees. The calls include a distinct ker-wick...kerwick... and harsh karr...karrr... notes. The Marathi name Kokatri is echoic in origin. The breeding season is January to June, mainly before the rains. A ground nesting bird, it lays 3-5 eggs in a scrape. Males are monogynous which usually indicates greater male investment in parental duties but they do not incubate. Males have been observed to distract the attention of predators when females with chicks are nearby. The widespread nematode Heterakis gallinae has been recorded in the species in captivity while Ixodid ticks have been noted in the wild. A species of helminth Lerouxinema lerouxi has been described with the red spurfowl as type host. Keratinophilic fungi such as Ctenomyces serratus have been noted from the species. References red spurfowl Category:Birds of India Category:Endemic birds of India red spurfowl External links	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
David L. Wolper David Lloyd Wolper (January 11, 1928 – August 10, 2010) was an American television and film producer, responsible for shows such as Roots, The Thorn Birds, North & South, L.A. Confidential, and the blockbuster Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (1971). He also produced numerous documentaries and documentary series including Biography (1961–63), The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich (TV), Appointment with Destiny (TV series), This is Elvis, Four Days in November, Imagine: John Lennon, Visions of Eight (1973), and others. Wolper directed the 1959 documentary The Race for Space, which was nominated for an Academy Award. His 1971 film (as executive producer) about the study of insects, The Hellstrom Chronicle, won an Academy Award. Life and career Wolper was born in New York City, the son of Anna (née Fass) and Irving S. Wolper. For his work on television, he had received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The pre-1968 library is owned by Cube Entertainment (formerly International Creative Exchange), while the post-1970 library (along with Wolper's production company, Wolper Productions, now known as The Wolper Organization) is owned by Warner Bros. On March 13, 1974, one of his crews filming a National Geographic history of Australopithecus at Mammoth Mountain Ski Area was killed when their Sierra Pacific Airlines Corvair 440 slammed into the White Mountains shortly after takeoff from Eastern Sierra Regional Airport in Bishop, California, killing all 35 on board, including 31 Wolper crew members. The filmed segment was recovered in the wreckage and was broadcast in the television series Primal Man. The cause of the crash remains unsolved. In 1988, Wolper was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame. Wolper died on August 10, 2010, of congestive heart disease and complications of Parkinson's disease at his Beverly Hills home. Productions His company was involved in the following productions. He was a distributor of the early shows, and became an executive producer with The Race for Space in 1958. See also Norman Lear Aaron Spelling Alan Landsburg References External links Category:American documentary film directors Category:American television producers Category:1928 births Category:2010 deaths Category:Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award winners Category:International Emmy Founders Award winners Category:Deaths from Parkinson's disease Category:Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) Category:University of Southern California alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
JQuery UI jQuery UI is a collection of GUI widgets, animated visual effects, and themes implemented with jQuery (a JavaScript library), Cascading Style Sheets, and HTML. According to JavaScript analytics service, Libscore, jQuery UI is used on over 197,000 of the top one million websites, making it the second most popular JavaScript library. Notable users include Pinterest, PayPal, IMDb, The Huffington Post, and Netflix. Both jQuery and jQuery UI are free and open-source software distributed by the jQuery Foundation under the MIT License; jQuery UI was first published in September 2007. Features As of the 1.11.4 release: Interactions Draggable, Droppable, Resizable, Selectable, Sortable Widgets All of jQuery UI's widgets are fully themeable using a consolidated, coordinated theme mechanism. Accordion – Accordion containers Autocomplete – Auto-complete boxes based on what the user types Button – Enhanced button appearance, turn radio buttons and checkboxes into pushbuttons Datepicker – Advanced date-picker Dialog – Show dialog boxes on top of other content, easily and robustly Menu – Show a Menu Progressbar – Progress bars, both animated and not Selectmenu – Duplicates and extends the functionality of a native HTML select element to overcome the limitations of the native control Slider – Fully customizable sliders Spinner – Show a Number Spinner Tabs – Tabbed user interface handling, with both inline and demand-loaded content Tooltip – Show a Tooltip Effects Color Animation – Animate the transition from one color to another Toggle Class, Add Class, Remove Class, Switch Class – Animate the transition from one set of styles to another Effect – A variety of effects (appear, slide-down, explode, fade-in, etc.) Toggle – Toggle an effect on and off Hide, Show - Using the effects above Utilities Position – Set an element's position relative to another element's position (alignment) Widget Factory – Create stateful jQuery plugins using the same abstraction as all jQuery UI widgets Example // Make the element with id "draggable" draggable $(function () { $("#draggable").draggable(); }); <div id="draggable"> <p>Drag me around</p> </div> This makes the div with the ID "draggable" draggable by the user's mouse. Release history jQuery UI was launched on September 17, 2007. References Further reading External links Category:JavaScript libraries Category:2006 software Category:Software using the MIT license Category:CSS frameworks Category:Drupal	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kagawa Station (Kanagawa) is a train station in the city of Chigasaki, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is 3.4 rail kilometers from the terminal station of the Sagami Line, . History Kagawa Station was opened on September 28, 1921, as a station the Sagami Railway. On June 1, 1944, the Sagami Railway was nationalized and merged with the Japan National Railways. On April 1, 1987, with the dissolution and privatization of the Japan National Railways, the station came under the operation of JR East. Automated turnstiles using the Suica IC card system came into operation from November 2001. The station is manned. Line Kagawa Station is served by the following line: East Japan Railway Company Sagami Line Station layout The station consists of a single side platform. Adjacent stations External links JR East HP for Kagawa Station Category:Railway stations opened in 1921 Category:Railway stations in Kanagawa Prefecture Category:Sagami Line	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Driss el-Yazami Driss el-Yazami (born 1952 in Fez, Morocco) is a Moroccan human rights activist. He was President of the National Council of Human Rights (CNDH) in Morocco between March 2011 and December 2018. Career and activism In the mid-seventies, the young Driss El Yazami spent three months in the prisons of Hassan II after he was expelled from France after he led a radical left strike. His younger brother was imprisoned in Kenitra. He has held senior positions in several institutions and bodies in Morocco as well as international associations and organizations. Formerly Driss El Yazami was a member of the Equity and Reconciliation Commission of the Advisory Council on Human Rights and member of the Board of Directors of the Three Cultures Foundation (Spain). Decorated Decorated by King Mohammed VI of Wissam Al Moukafaa Al Wataniya of the Order of Grand Officer and Wissam Al Arch of the Order of Commander. Driss El Yazami is an Officer of the Legion of Honor of the French Republic, under foreign personalities, and Officer of the Order of Leopold, he highest division of Belgium. References Category:French human rights activists Category:Moroccan activists Category:Human rights in Morocco Category:1952 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Carl Parker Carl Wayne Parker (born February 5, 1965) is a former American football wide receiver in the National Football League, Canadian Football League, World League of American Football and Arena Football League for the Cincinnati Bengals, Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Sacramento Surge, Sacramento Gold Miners and the Albany Firebirds. Parker now coaches at Appling County High School in Baxley, Georgia. College career Carl Parker played college football at Vanderbilt University. Where he totaled 118 catches and 1712 yards, including 42 passes for a 19.2 YPC and 12 touchdowns as a Senior for the Commodores. NFL career Parker was selected in the 12th round of the 1988 NFL Draft with the 307th overall pick by the Cincinnati Bengals. Parker spent 2 seasons with Cincinnati with 1 reception for 45 yards. From 1990 to 1992 Parker spent time in camp with the New York Jets, Pittsburgh Steelers and the Minnesota Vikings. CFL, WLAF and AFL career Parker signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League in 1990. Playing in two games Parker caught 5 passes for 55 yards and 1 touchdown. In 1991 the Sacramento Surge of the World League of American Football drafted him in the 4th round. Parker was Sacramento's leading receiver and Second in the League with 8 Touchdown receptions. Parker earned All-WLAF Second team as the league’s 3rd leading receiver in both receptions (52) and in yards receiving (801). Including three 100+ yard receiving games. Parker finished the 1992 Surge season with 42 receptions, for 657 yards, 6 touchdowns and the World Bowl '92 title over the Orlando Thunder. Parker remained with Sacramento for the 1993 season in the Canadian Football League as the Gold Miners after the WLAF ceased operations. Finishing 1993 with 46 receptions, 684 yards and 5 touchdowns. Parker spent his last season with the Albany Firebirds of the Arena Football League. References The Times Union (June 10, 2005). "Difference Maker: Carl Parker". The Florida Times Union. Retrieved May 25, 2015. Lee (August 11, 2012). "Lee's Autograph Hall of Fame Carl Parker". Lee's Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 25, 2015. The Associated Press (April 5, 1992). "Surge Remains Unbeaten". Tuscalooza News. Retrieved May 25, 2015. cflvideo1964 (April 27, 1991). "Carl Parker Leaps for it! 29 Yards." WLAF 1991 Season. 'Retrieved May 25, 2015. External links Statistics at Just Sports Stats Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:American football wide receivers Category:Albany Firebirds players Category:Cincinnati Bengals players Category:Hamilton Tiger-Cats players Category:Minnesota Vikings players Category:New York Jets players Category:Pittsburgh Steelers players Category:Sacramento Surge players Category:Vanderbilt Commodores football players Category:High school football coaches in Georgia (U.S. state) Category:Sportspeople from Columbus, Georgia Category:Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fanny Bendixen Fanny Bendixen (1820May 2, 1899) was a hotelier and saloon–keeper during the gold–rush period in British Columbia. Fanny was an important figure in the service industry surrounding the Cariboo gold rush. Her hotels at Barkerville, Lightning Creek and Stanley were examples of her skills in the business world and her pioneering of opportunities for frontier women. References External links British Columbia reconsidered: essays on women Canadian History: Beginnings to Confederation Category:1820 births Category:1899 deaths Category:Businesspeople from British Columbia Category:Canadian hoteliers Category:Cariboo people Category:Canadian women in business Category:Saloonkeepers Category:19th-century Canadian businesspeople	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Democratic United National Front The Democratic United National Front (, pronounced Prajathanthrvadi Eksath Jathika Peramuna, ) is a political party in Sri Lanka. DUNF was founded in 1990 by a group of United National Party dissidents. The party was led by Lalith Athulathmudali, Gamini Dissanayake who shared a joint presidency and G. M. Premachandra . On April 23, 1993, Lalith Athulathmudali was shot dead during an election campaign rally. The DUNF then split and Lalith's widow, Srimani Anoma Athulathmudali, launched the Democratic United National Lalith Front as a separate political party. At the legislative elections, held on 2 April 2004, the party was part of the United People's Freedom Alliance that won 45.6% of the popular vote and 105 out of 225 seats. In December 2009 the DUNF joined the United National Front led by the UNP. However, in February 2010 they left the UNF in order to join the Democratic National Alliance. Category:Political parties in Sri Lanka	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Varsan, Markazi Varsan (, also Romanized as Varsān) is a village in Mazraeh Now Rural District, in the Central District of Ashtian County, Markazi Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 128, in 51 families. References Category:Populated places in Ashtian County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Malaal (film) Malaal () is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language romance film written and directed by Mangesh Hadawale in his Hindi directorial debut. It is produced by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Bhushan Kumar, Mahaveer Jain and Krishan Kumar. A remake of the 2004 Tamil-language film 7G Rainbow Colony, it follows a contemporary love story between Astha Tripathi and Shiva More, played by debutants Sharmin Segal and Meezaan Jaffrey, who are from contrasting backgrounds and live in a Mumbai chawl. The background music of Malaal was influenced by local Marathi music. It was theatrically released in India on 5 July 2019. Plot Shiva More ( Meezaan Jaffery ) is an unemployed Marathi youth who is unable to get a job and is a final year B.A. student living in a chawl in Mumbai. During a local cricket match, Sawant (Sameer Dharmadhikari) the Marathi fanatic politician in town, notices Shiva and recruits him into his party, so he and his friends are given the task of prohibiting migration from North India in order to protect Maharashtrian interests. Some days later, Astha Tripathi (Sharmin Segal), a young woman who has relocated from her palatial bungalow to the chawl with her family, comprising her mother Rajni (Sonal Jha) and father Umashankar (Sanjay Gurbaxani) and brother Deepu. Umashankar lost a lot of money in faulty investments and hence the families fortunes fell. Shiva and his friends have constant altercations with Astha and her family in the initial days, but one night when Astha confronts him alone and advises him to prove his worth, Shiva responds with a subtle agreement to her words, and they start talking to each other. Even as she is set to marry her childhood friend Aditya (Ishwak Singh), who hates him, Astha is drawn to Shiva and befriends him after Shiva fights off some goons in Aditya's employ. All this while, Shiva has constantly been earning the ire of his parents, who want him to do something. Astha begins tutoring Shiva's sister, and the radically opposite duo get attracted to each other, more so during the Ganesh Chaturthi celebrations. Later on, Shiva leaves Sawant's side and spends an entire day with Astha, taking her to the Siddhivinayak Temple when Rajni and Umashankar are out of town, but the two return earlier, only to find Astha with Shiva. Angered, they try to separate Shiva from Astha, but he remains firm in his decision to wait for Astha, who promises to him that she will try talking to her parents if he tops his exams. However, on the day of the exam, he is framed for cheating, and ends up unwittingly slapping the invigilator trying to prove his innocence. The action gets him arrested and his father and Astha bail him out, but Astha then finds him a proper job as a stock broker. He quickly gets his way through, and settles well in his job, reconciling with his parents after giving them his first pay check. Astha expects Shiva to open his bank account, but when he finds out that she is now engaged to Aditya, Shiva storms out in anger, while Astha moves out of the chawl. Several days later, he is able to track down Astha to her house, and convinces her. When they next meet, Astha takes Shiva to her friend's house, where they end up making love, and Astha tells him about her impending marriage, to which Shiva reacts by breaking down and promising to her that he will always be there for her, and she could have prevented all this fiasco in the first place. While they are walking away, Astha realizes she forgot the keys to her friend's house, and starts walking back as she tells Shiva to wait, when she is suddenly hit by a truck. He tries to save her, but is hit by a car. News reaches both families, and Shiva survives, but upon recovery, he is shocked beyond words to find Astha dead, and his guilt of not having to spend the last moments peacefully with her gets the better of him and makes him mentally unstable. Meanwhile, Rajni visits Shiva's house and leaves him Astha's diary, in which she wrote about the love she had for him. Emotionally shattered, Shiva closes the diary, and the scene shifts to present day, where he has just finished reading the diary again, having become a successful trader, and imagines Astha standing by his side, even as he imagines talking to her, being mentally unstable till date. Cast Meezaan Jaffery as Shiva More Sharmin Segal as Astha Tripathi Sameer Dharmadhikari as Sawant Sonal Jha as Rajni Tripathi, Astha's mother Sanjay Gurbaxani as Umashankar Tripathi, Astha's father Anil Gawas as Prabhakar More, Shiva's father Chinmayee Surve as Vijaya More, Shiva's mother Badri Chavan as Nandu, Shiva's best friend Chetan Chitnis as Babban, Shiva's crony Sunil Tawde as Mr. Bhonsle, Astha's landlord Production The principal photography began in September 2018 in Mumbai. The second schedule of the filming was planned in foreign locations. The film was wrapped in mid March 2019. Marketing and release The first look official poster and the trailer of the film were launched on 18 May 2019 by T-Series. Another poster of the film with fresh look of the lead pair was released on 25 May, it also mentioned new release date. The film was scheduled for release on 28 June, but it was pushed back and released theatrically on 5 July 2019. Reception Critical response Sreeparna Sengupta of The Times of India gave the film 3.5/5 stars, praising the performance of debutants Meezaan and Sharmin Segal and their onscreen chemistry, termed it as a 'simmering love story' with 'romantic and intense moments'. Sengupta feels the background music 'addictive' and cinematography 'top notch'. Concluding, Sengupta wrote, "Malaal is reminiscent of sweet romances when handwritten notes were actually a thing and it’s tender moments like these that sets the film apart. This one is for those who want to soak themselves into a full-blown love story." Priyanka Sinha Jha of CNN-News18, terms the debut duo of Meezaan and Sharmin Segal 'charming in parts', but 'rough around the edges' and rates the film with 2.5/5 stars. Agreeing with Sengupta, she praises the music but feels that Mangesh Hadawale’s direction 'lacks the finesse'. Concluding, she writes, "Malaal lacks the pathos it needed to soar to greater heights than the Tamil original (which is the source material for the film) to make Hindi cinema audiences sit up and take notice." Writing for NDTV, Saibal Chatterjee praised cinematographer Ragul Dharuman for 'depth of view', production designer Akriti Piplani for carving out spaces, Meezaan for screen presence and Sharmin Segal for meeting the 'demands of the character'. He opined that the debut duo cannot be 'just dismissed as two more beneficiaries of a nepotistic movie industry'. He felt that the retro soundscape put the life in the film whenever it languished, and it would have been better if the film had the courage to stress upon the 'power of love to surmount divisive forces'. He concluded the review as, "[Malaal] abandons the topical concern and settles for a construct that drifts towards a tame, sanitized finish." He rated it with 2.5/5 stars. Devesh Sharma reviewing for Filmfare rates the film with 3.5/5 stars. He praises Meezaan and Sharmin and opines that the industry has found two performers in them. Agreeing with Sengupta, he feels that it is a simmering love story, not like the stories commonly seen these days. He recommends, "Watch the film for its old-fashioned love story and realistic performances..." Box office Malaal had a total worldwide revenue of . It was declared a Disaster by Box Office India. Soundtrack The music of the film is composed by Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Shreyas Puranik and Shail Hada and lyrics written by Prashant Ingole, Vimal Kashyap and A. M. Turaz. Home media The film became available as VOD on Netflix in September 2019. References External links Malaal on Bollywood Hungama Category:Indian films Category:2010s Hindi-language films Category:2019 films Category:Films set in Mumbai Category:Hindi remakes of Tamil films Category:Films shot in Mumbai Category:Films featuring an item number Category:Indian romantic drama films Category:T-Series films Category:Films about depression Category:2010s romantic drama films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kajiji Airport Kajiji Airport is an airport serving Kijiji in Bandundu Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The airport and village are on a mesa with dropoffs to the west and south. See also Transport in the Democratic Republic of the Congo List of airports in the Democratic Republic of the Congo References External links FallingRain - Kajiji Airport HERE Maps - Kajiji OpenStreetMaps - Kajiji OurAirports - Kajiji Airport Category:Airports in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Category:Bandundu Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
WRZI WRZI (107.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Classic rock format. Licensed to Hodgenville, Kentucky, United States. The station is currently owned by Elizabethtown Cbc, Inc. Previous logo (WRZI logo under previous 101.5 frequency) References On Air: Wendy Campbell - Middays, Ayo - Afternoons and Marconi - Night Ninja External links RZI Category:Classic rock radio stations in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport (), (formerly Subang International Airport/Kuala Lumpur International Airport), often called Subang Airport or Subang Skypark, is an airport located in Subang, Petaling District, Selangor, Malaysia. Subang International Airport served as Kuala Lumpur's main airport from 1965 to 1998, before the Kuala Lumpur International Airport in Sepang was opened. Although plans existed to convert the airport into a low-cost carrier hub, the change was opposed by Subang Jaya residents. The airport was repurposed to serve general aviation as well as turboprop domestic and international flights. In 1996, the airport was renamed after Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Al-Haj (Salahuddin of Selangor), the eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia and eighth Sultan of Selangor. Subang Airport is currently the hub for Firefly and Malindo Air commercial turboprop services. Transmile Air Services is the only other non-passenger non-turbo prop aircraft landing and utilising Subang Airport Terminal 2. While heavily opposed by Ara Damansara residents of the noise of the jet engines, Raya Airways still operates out of SZB servicing DHL and other local hubs. History Work on the Subang International Airport started in 1961 and finished in 1965 at a cost of $64 million. Its deceptively simple design consisted of a roof composed of floating concrete shells that was held aloft by mushroom-shaped columns. Partners in the Booty Edwards Architectural practice Kington Loo and C.H.R Bailey are typically attributed with the design. The open structure also featured a massive circular ramp, reminiscent of Berthold Lubetkin's penguin pavilion in London. Most of the structure was removed during a major reconstruction in 1983. The airport was officially opened to traffic on 30 August 1965, and had the longest runway (3.7 km long, 45m wide – runway 15 – 33) in Southeast Asia, replacing Sungai Besi Airport. By the 1990s, the airport had three terminals – Terminal 1 for international flights, Terminal 2 for Singapore – Kuala Lumpur shuttle flights by Singapore Airlines and Malaysia Airlines, and Terminal 3 for domestic flights. Toward the end of service, the airport suffered at least two major fires that forced traffic to be diverted to other airports. By the end of 1997, Subang Airport had handled 15.8 million passengers. In 2003 terminal 1 was demolished. In July 2002, AirAsia began flying from KLIA, and in 2004, AirAsia considered utilising the airport as a primary hub in Malaysia. However, the plan was rejected and the Malaysian government now plans to turn the airport into an international conference centre. Since Firefly started operations in the airport, AirAsia has been lobbying the government to allow AirAsia to use Subang Airport. As of December 2007, the government still maintains its policy of only allowing general aviation and turbo-prop flights out of Subang Airport. The airport underwent renovation works at Terminal 3 from February 2008 and was finished in October 2009. Terminal 3 was renamed to Subang Skypark. Present Raya Airways, a national cargo carrier, chose Subang Airport as its main cargo operation center. Several companies offer chartered flights and helicopter services from the airport. One of the largest FBO (Fixed-Base Operator) in the region (with covered hangar space of more than 100,000 sqft), Dnest Aviation Services is also based in this airport. Their newest hangar boast a "first of its kind" infrastructure capable of taking in either a 737 BBJ or A319 ACJ and 2 basement floors directly underneath it with ample of office space, lecture rooms, carpark and a cafeteria. A number of flying clubs are also located at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah airport, the most famous of these being Subang Flying Club, Elite Flying Club, Eurocopter (An EADS Company), ESB Flying Club(Eurodynamic Sdn Bhd). With Eurocopter, the airport servers as a maintenance and support facility for Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency helicopters. Berjaya Air's head office is in the Berjaya Hangar in the SkyPark Terminal Building. Previously the head office was in Terminal 3. Transmile Air Services has its head office in the Transmile Centre in the Cargo Complex. The main headquarters of Malaysia Airlines was previously in Subang, consisting of administrative departments & its maintenance, repair and overhaul subsidiary, MAS Aerospace. In addition Another MAS subsidiary, Firefly also operates a fleet of ATR 72 out of Subang. Apart from that, Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport was to be a hub for Global Flying Hospitals, but the humanitarian medical charity made the decision to close down Malaysian Operations, stating that the elements to make the correct formula for the GFH model were not present. Skypark Terminal 3 transformation plan On 4 December 2007, Subang SkyPark Sdn Bhd announce a RM 300 million plan to transform the Terminal 3 building into an ultra-modern general and corporate aviation hub. The plan includes upgrading the terminal, creation of regional aviation center and finally the establishment of a commercial nexus. Under an agreement with Malaysia Airports, Subang Skypark will serve private aviation while Malaysia Airports will serve Berjaya Air and Firefly Airlines. Subang Skypark recently signed a lease agreement with Malaysia Airports for the land in the Airport in Langkawi. On the next day, VistaJet, a business jet service provider, has announced that it will use the airport as a base of operations in Malaysia. It has chosen Terminal 3, which is being operated by Subang Skypark to be the hub in Asia. The operator announce that construction works for a , five-star executive lounge begins in February 2008. The construction works was awarded to ArcRadius Sdn Bhd. It is expected that the lounge works will be done by end of March 2008. The transformation plans also calls for a construction of two 42 meters by 47 meters maintenance, repair and overhaul hangars and ten 36-meter by 36-meter parking hangars. The construction of the MRO hangars will complete by end of 2008 while two of the ten parking hangars will complete by end of 2009. On 8 August 2008, VistaJet Holding SA started operations from the airport. It provides private jet travel from Malaysia to anywhere in the world. Subang Airport underwent a RM40 million facelift on the check-in terminals. The facelift did nothing much to address the lack of parking spots, although a valet service is provided. Parking cost RM25 on daily basis. A rail link is being constructed to connect to the airport to Kuala Lumpur via KTM Komuter but in the meantime, travellers can catch a local bus out of Central Market bus hub. The airport was officiated by Prime Minister Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak on 28 October 2009. The Prime Minister has expressed confidence that the airport will reach 2 million annual passenger and emerge as a regional hub of ASEAN. Terminal 2 at Skypark Subang The next phase of development will entail the refurbishment of the former Terminal 2 (T2) of the SAAS airport into an extension of the SkyPark Terminal 3. Works are scheduled to commence end of 2017 with an estimated construction period of 24 months. The combined capacity of T2 and T3 will be 5 million passengers. With a retail extension of 320,000 sq ft, the project will include airport facilities and services and a multilevel car park of 350,000 sq ft with 1,155 bays. The extension will also include an entertainment / event deck that overlooks the runway, a first of its kind, open to public, in Malaysia. Commercial Nexus Skypark Commercial Nexus is a mixed development commercial project sited on a 5.13 hectare plot adjoined to the main terminal. Among the proposed highlights of the Nexus would be a hotel, entertainment outlets, aviation museum and an aviation theme park (subject to approval from authority). A multi-storey car park is also included. Construction work is expected to commence in early 2014. The upcoming railway line is planned to connect SkyPark Nexus to Subang Jaya KTMB station. Airlines and destinations Passenger Cargo Traffic and statistics Ground transportation Airport taxi There is a taxi booth inside the terminal building, so arriving passengers can directly go to the booth and get on a taxi. Bus Transit Bus Buses from Subang Skypark towards Pasar Seni (Central Market) in Kuala Lumpur city center are Rapid KL bus No. 772 (also stops at Asia Jaya LRT station and KL Sentral). The bus ticket costs RM2.50 (Asia Jaya) & RM3.00 (Pasar Seni), and the route operates from 6:00 am till midnight. Feeder Bus To serve the newly opened Kelana Jaya extension line and MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line, there is a Rapid KL feeder bus No. T773 route between Ara Damansara LRT Station and Subang Skypark and MRT feeder bus No. T804 route between Kwasa Sentral station and Subang Airport. Fares are fixed at RM1.00. Airport Shuttle Bus There is also a bus shuttle service between Subang Skypark and Kuala Lumpur International Airport KLIA & KLIA2. The service departs from Subang Skypark from 5am until 7pm. The one-way journey takes around one hour (subject to traffic) and costs RM10 per passenger. Airport Train A KTM Komuter shuttle service connecting KL Sentral through Subang Jaya to the terminal has been in operation since 1 May 2018. This extension is a branch line of the Port Klang Line and provides rail connectivity to the airport that is currently only served by other kinds of road transportation. The line is 26 km long and has three stations: KL Sentral, Subang Jaya, and with two planned stations - Glenmarie, Sri Subang. Accidents and incidents 11 May 1976 – British Airways Flight 888, a Boeing 747-100 from London to Melbourne via Bahrain, Bangkok and Kuala Lumpur, was on approach to Runway 15 when it flew below the normal flight path, hitting trees 2.2 nautical miles before the runway threshold. On landing, inspection of the aircraft revealed damage on the main landing gear; strike marks on the fuselage and engine intakes; and evidence of debris ingestion on the two left-side engines. 27 September 1977 – Japan Airlines Flight 715, a Douglas DC-8, crashed into a hill in bad weather while attempting to land on Runway 15. 34 people, including 8 of the 10 crew members and 26 of the 69 passengers, were killed when the aircraft broke on impact. 18 December 1983 – Malaysian Airline System Flight 684, an Airbus A300 from Singapore crashed 2 km short of the runway while approaching Runway 15 in bad weather. There were no fatalities, but the aircraft was written off. Ironically, the aircraft was operating its last scheduled flight for Malaysian Airline System, before being returned to its original operator, Scandinavian Airlines System. 19 February 1989 – Flying Tiger Line Flight 66, a Boeing 747-200F from Singapore crashed 12 kilometres from the airport while on approach to Runway 33. The pilots misinterpreted the controller's instructions to descend, causing the aircraft to fly below minimum altitude and crash into a hillside on the outskirts of Puchong. All four flight crew were killed. References External links Skypark Terminal Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport at Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad Category:Airports in Selangor Category:Airports established in 1965 Category:1965 establishments in Malaysia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Flexicoelotes Flexicoelotes is a genus of spiders in the Agelenidae family. It was first described in 2015 by Chen, Li & Zhao. it contains 5 species, all found in China. References Category:Agelenidae Category:Araneomorphae genera Category:Spiders of China	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Muhammad ibn Ra'iq Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ra'iq (died 13 February 942), usually simply known as Ibn Ra'iq, was a senior official of the Abbasid Caliphate, who exploited the caliphal government's weakness to become the first amir al-umara ("commander of commanders", generalissimo and de facto regent) of the Caliphate in 936. Deposed by rival Turkish military leaders in 938, he regained the post in 941 and kept it until his assassination in February 942. Biography Early career Muhammad ibn Ra'iq's father was of Khazar origin and served as a military officer under Caliph al-Mu'tadid (). Together with his brother Ibrahim, Muhammad ibn Ra'iq was a protege of the commander-in-chief Mu'nis al-Muzaffar. Thanks to his favour, the two brothers were appointed to the post of chief of the police (sahib al-shurta) after the failed coup against Caliph al-Muqtadir () in March 929, in which the previous incumbent, Nazuk, had been involved. They were replaced by Muhammad ibn Yaqut a year later. Defection from Mu'nis and the death of al-Muqtadir When Mu'nis assumed full control of the government in 931, dismissing the Caliph's favourites, he appointed Muhammad and Ibrahim, again jointly, as the caliph's chamberlains (hajib). They used this position to acquire considerable influence over al-Muqtadir, thus reducing their dependency, and loyalty, to their patron Mu'nis: when the caliphal faction gained ascendancy over Mu'nis with the appointment of al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim as vizier, the two brothers quickly shifted their allegiance after being told of a rumour that Mu'nis was considering dismissing them. Following Mu'nis' departure from Baghdad, the two brothers joined the faction of Muhammad ibn Yaqut, who opposed a rapprochement with him, and urged al-Muqtadir to oppose a return of the general to Baghdad by force. Al-Muqtadir vacillated long between them and the faction around the vizier al-Fadl ibn Ja'far ibn al-Furat and the caliph's influential cousin, Harun ibn Gharib, who were in favour of a reconciliation. When Mu'nis marched on Baghdad, the Caliph rode out to confront him and was killed in the ensuing battle. Mu'nis thus emerged as the undisputed king-maker and dictator of the Caliphate. Return to office With the triumph of Mu'nis and the accession of al-Qahir (), Muhammad and his brother abandoned Baghdad, as did the other members of the court who had opposed Mu'nis. The two sons of Ra'iq were soon enticed back, however, as Muhammad was offered the governorship of Basra. Returning to favour, he obtained the governorship of Wasit on the accession of al-Radi (). The frequent coups and violent struggle for control of the Caliphate had by this time greatly enfeebled the central government. Effective control over the Maghreb and Khurasan had long been lost, but now autonomous local dynasties emerged in the provinces closer to Iraq: Egypt and Syria were ruled by the Ikhshidids, the Hamdanids had secured control over the Jazira—the "island" plain between the Tigris and Euphrates in upper Mesopotamia—while most of Iran was ruled by Daylamite warlords, among whom the Buyids became prominent. Even in Iraq itself, the authority of the caliphal government was challenged. Thus in the south, around Basra, the Baridi family under Abu Abdallah al-Baridi established its own domain, often refusing to send tax revenues to Baghdad and establishing contacts with the Buyids of Fars. First emirate and downfall In this atmosphere of disintegration, Ibn Ra'iq likewise refused to send his province's revenue to Baghdad. The Caliph's vizier, Ibn Muqla, tried to restore central control, but his expedition against the Hamdanids in 935 failed to achieve any lasting results and his attempt to campaign against Ibn Ra'iq in the next spring failed to even get off the ground, and he was himself arrested. Al-Radi was now forced to turn to Ibn Ra'iq for support, even though he had dismissed such a proposal in 935. Thus, in 936 Ibn Ra'iq came to Baghdad and assumed de facto control over the caliphal government with the title of amir al-umara ("commander of the commanders"). The post entailed overall command over the army, as well as the supervision of the civil administration, hitherto the province of the vizier. The caliph was deprived of any say in affairs of state, and sidelined to a purely symbolic role. The main pillars of Ibn Ra'iq's regime were the Turkish troops under Bajkam and Tuzun, former subordinates of Mardavij. To secure his own position, Ibn Ra'iq even massacred the old caliphal bodyguard, the Hujariyya, destroying the last body of troops still loyal to the Abbasid dynasty. Ibn Ra'iq's authority was soon weakened, however, when he fell out with the Baridis of Ahwaz, who had initially supported his rise to power. When he tried to deprive them of their province, they resumed their contacts with the Buyids. Finally, it was discontent among the Turkish military that led to his downfall: the Turks under Bajkam rose up against him, and after a brief struggle, Bajkam became the new amir al-umara in September 938, while Ibn Ra'iq was sent to govern Diyar Mudar. The struggle between Bajkam and Ibn Ra'iq had one long-term and disastrous consequence: trying to impede Bajkam's advance towards Baghdad, Ibn Ra'iq ordered the blocking of the Nahrawan Canal to flood the countryside. This action did not avail Ibn Ra'iq, but it heavily impaired the local agriculture for centuries to come, since the canal played a central role in the ancient irrigation system of the Sawad. As Hugh N. Kennedy writes, "the breach of the Nahrawan canal was simply the most dramatic example of a widespread phenomenon of the time; and it was symbolic of the end of ‘Abbasid power just as the breach of the Marib Dam was of the end of the prosperity of pre-Islamic south Arabia". Second emirate and death Bajkam remained amir al-umara until his death in April 941. Bajkam's unexpected death created a power vacuum in Baghdad, with disagreements between Daylamite and Turkish forces prompting the former to join the defeated al-Baridi, while many of the latter fled north to Mosul and thence came to join Ibn Ra'iq in Damascus. The Baridis briefly captured Baghdad, but a revolt of their soldiery drove them out, and the Daylamite chief named Kurankij became amir al-umara. Al-Muttaqi appealed to Ibn Ra'iq for assistance against Kurankij. Ibn Ra'iq marched on Baghdad and managed to sideline nd imprison Kuranki. The Daylamites who had been his mainstay were massacred, and Ibn Ra'iq was re-appointed as amir al-umara on 23 September. He did not long enjoy it, however, as in early 942 he was assassinated at the orders of the Hamdanid prince Nasir al-Dawla, who soon succeeded him as amir al-umara. Family Ibn Ra'iq was married to a sister of Ja'far ibn al-Furat, scion of an Iraqi bureaucratic dynasty and the longtime vizier of the Ikhshidid dynasty of Egypt. Their son Muzahim was originally held as a hostage in the Ikhshidid court, but later rose to become a senior commander in the Ikhshidid army and marry an Ikhshidid princess. References Sources Category:9th-century births Category:942 deaths Category:Iraq under the Abbasid Caliphate Category:Assassinated people Category:Year of birth missing Category:10th-century rulers in Asia Category:10th-century Turkic people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
K38 K38 may refer to: K-38 (Kansas highway), a highway in the U.S. state of Kansas decommissioned in 1997 K-38 Masterpiece, a popular series of revolvers manufactured by Smith & Wesson, specifically the Smith & Wesson Model 14 and Smith & Wesson Model 15 K-38 trailer, a trailer used by the United States Army Signal Corps during World War II K38 Water Safety, a personal water craft training organization Apollo et Hyacinthus, K. 38, an opera by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart , a Hunt-class destroyer of the Israeli navy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Said Housni Said Housni (born 1949) is a Moroccan alpine ski racer who competed in the technical events of giant slalom and slalom at the 1968 Winter Olympics in France. He was over a minute behind in the GS and finished in 83rd place, and did not advance out of the slalom qualifying round. Earlier at those Olympics, eighteen-year-old American Karen Budge was testing her wax on a practice course an hour before the women's downhill at Chamrousse, and narrowly avoided a full collision with Housni, who had been warned once before to stay off the hill. She fell, suffered a dislocated shoulder, and did not start. References Category:1949 births Category:Living people Category:Moroccan male alpine skiers Category:Olympic alpine skiers of Morocco Category:Alpine skiers at the 1968 Winter Olympics Category:People from Azrou	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ivan Necevski Ivan Necevski (, Ivan Nečevski), (born 25 February 1980) is an Australian professional goalkeeper who plays for Newcastle Jets in the A-League. Club career He has previously played for the Blacktown, Illawarra Lions, Canterbury-Marrickville, Bonnyrigg White Eagles, Sydney United, Rockdale City Suns, and A-League clubs New Zealand Knights and Newcastle Jets. Sydney FC Necevski signed for Sydney in 2007 as a reserve behind Clint Bolton, and a hamstring injury suffered in training kept him away from duties for the first three months of the season. He made his debut for Sydney on 27 November 2007 in an exhibition match against Los Angeles Galaxy, playing the second half. A hip injury to Bolton in December, gave Necevski his first A-League game with Sydney against Central Coast Mariners. Necevski was the first choice keeper for Sydney at the Pan-Pacific Championship 2008, due to main keeper Clint Bolton resting a small injury sustained against Queensland Roar the week before. He played both of Sydney's matches, first against Houston Dynamo where Sydney went down in a crushing 3–0 loss, and against Los Angeles Galaxy where a simple cross from David Beckham led to Galaxy's second goal in a 2–1 loss. Despite not playing one game during the 2009-10 A-League season, Necevski signed a 1-year extension with the club, which will see him battle out the #1 Jersey, between himself and expected signing Liam Reddy. He kept a full game in the high-profile friendly against English Premier League team Everton FC at ANZ Stadium during the Sydney FC season 2010-11 pre-season. Sydney lost the match 1–0. He made his first starting appearance for Sydney FC in well over a year when he was called up to the starting squad in the 2010–11 season against Perth Glory, replacing out of form, and seemingly out of favour Liam Reddy. The move proved a success, with Sydney FC running out winners 3–0 – their first win of the 2010–11 season, as well as their first clean sheet. He was rewarded soon after by manager Vitezslav Lavicka for his patience and loyalty to the club after playing second-fiddle for most of his career, with a 2-year contract. It was announced that Necevski would play his final game for Sydney FC in the post 2014-15 season friendly against Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur. Necevski played 88 minutes before being substituted for young keeper Anthony Bouzanis in Sydney's 1-0 loss. Necevski made 45 A-League appearances for Sydney FC throughout his 8-year stint at the club, mostly used in a backup role. Rockdale City Suns FC Necevski signed for National Premier Leagues NSW club Rockdale City Suns for the remainder of the 2015 National Premier Leagues NSW season, and for the clubs 2015 FFA Cup campaign as an injury replacement for Tomislav Arcaba. Return to Sydney FC Necevski re-signed with Sydney FC on a 1-year contract following the 2015 NSW National Premier Leagues season, and Rockdale City's 2015 FFA Cup campaign. After not making a single appearance for Sydney FC the whole season, with Vedran Janjetović starting every match, Necevski was not offered a new contract. Central Coast Mariners In June 2016, Necevski signed with A-League club Central Coast Mariners. APIA Leichhardt Tigers Necevski joined APIA Leichhardt Tigers for the 2017 National Premier Leagues season in May 2017. Return to Newcastle Jets In October 2017, Newcastle Jets signed Necevski on a replacement contract at the age of 37 to cover the absence of substitute goalkeeper Glen Moss while he was on international duty with New Zealand. A-League career statistics CS = Clean Sheets 1 - AFC Champions League statistics are included in season commencing during group stages (i.e. ACL 2011 and A-League season 2010–11 etc.) Honours Club Sydney FC: A-League Premiership: 2009–10 A-League Championship: 2009–10 References External links Sydney FC profile Oz Football profile Category:1980 births Category:Living people Category:Australian people of Macedonian descent Category:Bonnyrigg White Eagles FC players Category:Newcastle Jets FC players Category:Blacktown City FC players Category:Sydney FC players Category:Central Coast Mariners FC players Category:APIA Leichhardt Tigers FC players Category:A-League players Category:National Premier Leagues players Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:Soccer players from Sydney	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Oswald Curtis Oswald Curtis (1821–1902) was a 19th-century New Zealand politician born in London, England, on 20 January 1821. He was the son of Stephen Curtis and Eleanora Llewellyn. He migrated to Nelson in 1853, arriving on 18 June. Mahomed Shah Curtis had been a passenger on the barque Mahomed Shah. The ship sailed from England for New Zealand on 15 January 1853. On 18 April, about 400 miles south of Cape Leeuwin, the ship caught fire. All on board were rescued two days later by the brig The Ellen under Captain Pardon. The Ellen was sailing from Mauritius to Hobart. The ship's position was given as . Those rescued were taken to Hobart, arriving there on 6 May 1853. Political career He was a member of the Nelson Provincial Council from 1857 to 1867, becoming its Superintendent in March 1867 when Alfred Saunders resigned. He remained Superintendent until 1876 when the Provinces were abolished. Curtis was also a member of parliament for the City of Nelson from to 1879, when he was defeated. During his term as a member of Parliament, for one month between 10 September and 11 October 1872 Curtis was Commissioner of Stamps and Customs, Post-Master General and Telegraphs Commissioner under the short lived third Stafford Ministry. As Superintendent, Curtis opened the Nelson Waterworks on 16 April 1868 and turned the first sod at Stoke for the cutting of the Nelson-Foxhill Railway on 6 May 1873. Community service Curtis had been, at various times, Magistrate, Warden, Coroner, College Governor at Nelson. He was also Fellow of the New Zealand University and held a seat on its senate from 1870 to 1888. Curtis was also the second President of the Nelson Chamber of Commerce, succeeding Alfred Fell (father of Charles Fell). He died at his residence 'Highbury' in Nelson on 1 March 1902 aged 81. Notes References \|- \|- \|- Category:1821 births Category:1902 deaths Category:Superintendents of New Zealand provincial councils Category:Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives Category:Members of the Nelson Provincial Council Category:Unsuccessful candidates in the 1879 New Zealand general election Category:New Zealand MPs for South Island electorates Category:People from London Category:English emigrants to New Zealand Category:19th-century New Zealand politicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Battle of In-Delimane The Battle of In-Delimane was a series of armed clashes in the area of In-Delimane in the Gao Region of Mali. Timeline On 12 January 2018, a suicide bomber blew himself up near a patrol of French soldiers in In-Delimane, wounding three soldiers. No group claimed responsibility, but ISIL was suspected. About a month later on 21 February 2018, two French soldiers were killed, and a third wounded, after an IED exploded during their patrol. The Al-Qaeda affiliate JNIM claimed responsibility afterwards. Two days later on 23 February 2018, the Imghad Tuareg Self-Defense Group and Allies (GATIA) and the Movement for the Salvation of Azawad (MSA), in collaboration with France, launched an operation to capture or kill Abu Walid al-Sahrawi, the ISIL commander in Mali. Six jihadists were killed or captured while one vehicle originally belonging to the Nigerien military was recovered; however Sahrawi managed to evade capture. On 6 March 2018, a combined group of GATIA and MSA fighters fought ISIL forces in the Tinzouragan area, close to Delimane, resulting in the deaths of five jihadists, including one high level commander named Djibo Hamma. Ten other militants and vehicles were captured. On the same day, French forces fought with an unspecified group of jihadists, killing three of them. References Category:Conflicts in 2018 In-Delimane Category:Gao Region Category:Mali War	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1958 Men's South American Volleyball Championship The 1958 Men's South American Volleyball Championship, the 3rd tournament, took place in 1958 in Porto Alegre (). Final positions Mens South American Volleyball Championship, 1958 Category:Men's South American Volleyball Championships Category:1958 in South American sport Category:1958 in Brazilian sport Category:International volleyball competitions hosted by Brazil	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Westover Hills, Texas Westover Hills is a town in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. The population was 682 at the 2010 census. Westover Hills, as of 2000, is the wealthiest location in Texas by per capita income and the 12th highest-income place in the United States. However, since then, it has been surpassed in Texas by both Piney Point Village and Barton Creek. It is still the wealthiest suburb of Ft. Worth, Texas. Geography Westover Hills is located at (32.745630, -97.415131). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.7 square miles (1.8 km²), all of it land. Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 658 people, 258 households, and 211 families residing in the town. The population density was 920.9 people per square mile (357.8/km²). There were 273 housing units at an average density of 382.1 per square mile (148.5/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.33% White, 0.76% Asian, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.52% of the population. There were 258 households out of which 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 79.1% were married couples living together, 1.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.2% were non-families. 15.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.86. In the town, the population was spread out with 24.0% under the age of 18, 2.0% from 18 to 24, 17.0% from 25 to 44, 35.4% from 45 to 64, and 21.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was in excess $200,000, as is the median income for a family. Males had a median income of over $100,000 versus $45,417 for females. The per capita income for the town was $133,558. About 1.0% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.8% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over. Education Westover Hills is in the Fort Worth Independent School District. Westover Hills is served by: Mary Louise Phillips Elementary School Phillips was built in 1949. It was named after Mary Louise Phillips, the first female board member of FWISD. Monnig Middle School Arlington Heights High School However, most families choose to send their children to private schools, typically Fort Worth Country Day School, but also All Saints' Episcopal SchoolTrinity Valley School, all three of which participate in the Southwestern Preparatory Conference. References External links Town of Westover Hills official website Category:Towns in Tarrant County, Texas Category:Towns in Texas Category:Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex Category:Enclaves in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dragonheart (disambiguation) Dragonheart is a 1996 fantasy adventure film, starring Dennis Quaid and featuring the voice of Sean Connery. Dragonheart may also refer to: titles related to the 1996 film: DragonHeart: Fire & Steel, a 1996 video game based on the movie Dragonheart: A New Beginning, the 2000 sequel to the 1996 film Dragonheart 3: The Sorcerer's Curse, the 2015 prequel to the 1996 film Dragonheart: Battle for the Heartfire, the 2017 prequel to the 1996 film Dragonheart: Vengeance, the 2020 prequel to the 1996 film Dragonheart (novel), a 2008 Dragonriders of Pern novel written by Todd McCaffrey DragonForce, an English power metal band formerly known as DragonHeart Dragon Heart Saga, a fantasy book trilogy by Jak Koke, based on the role playing game Shadowrun "Dragonheart", a song by Dream Evil from their EP Children of the Night Dragon Heart (novel), a 2015 fantasy novel by Cecelia Holland. Dragonheart (band), a Brazilian power metal band created in 1997	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Juliette Adam Juliette Adam (; née Lambert; 4 October 1836 – 23 August 1936) was a French author and feminist. Life and career Juliette Adam was born in Verberie (Oise). She gave an account of her childhood, rendered unhappy by the dissensions of her parents, in Le roman de mon enfance et de ma jeunesse (Eng. trans., London and New York, 1902). Her father is described in Paradoxes d'un docteur allemand (published 1860), which shows him to have been sympathetic to feminism. In 1852, she married a doctor named La Messine, and published in 1858 her Idées antiproudhoniennes sur l'amour, la femme et le mariage, in defense of Daniel Stern (pen name of Marie d'Agoult) and George Sand. After her first husband's death in 1867, Juliette married Antoine Edmond Adam (1816–1877), prefect of police in 1870, who subsequently became life-senator. She established a salon which was frequented by Gambetta and the other republican leaders against the conservative reaction of the 1870s. In the same interest, she founded the Nouvelle Revue in 1879, which she edited for eight years, and retained influence its administration until 1899. She published writings by Paul Bourget, Pierre Loti, and Guy de Maupassant as well as Octave Mirbeau's novel Le Calvaire. She became involved in the Avant-Courrière (Forerunner) association founded in 1893 by Jeanne Schmahl, which called for the right of women to be witnesses in public and private acts, and for the right of married women to take the product of their labor and dispose of it freely. Adam became close friends with Yuliana Glinka, who was devoted to theosophy and the occult. Adam wrote the notes on foreign politics, and was unremitting in her attacks on Bismarck and in her advocacy of a policy of Revanchism. She is generally credited with the authorship of papers on various European capitals signed "Paul Vasili," which were, in reality, the work of various writers. The most famous of her numerous novels is Païenne (1883). Her reminiscences, Mes premières armes littéraires et politiques (1904) and Mes sentiments et nos idées avant 1870 (1905), contain much interesting gossip about her distinguished contemporaries. In 1882, she purchased the estate of an abbey in Gif-sur-Yvette (Essonne) where she lived from 1904 until her death in Callian (Var) in 1936. Selected works Idées antiproudhoniennes sur l’amour, la femme et le mariage, 1858 Les provinciaux à Paris, in Paris Guide 1868; English translation Paris for Outsiders 2016 Laide, 1878 Grecque, 1879 Païenne, 1883 Mes angoisses et nos luttes, Paris, A. Lemerre, 1907 L'Angleterre en Egypte, Paris, 1922 References Attribution Further reading External links Biography of Juliette Adam in French Juliette Adam The Lilly Library, Bloomington, IN Category:1836 births Category:1936 deaths Category:People from Oise Category:French memoirists Category:19th-century French novelists Category:Writers from Hauts-de-France Category:French women novelists Category:French salon-holders Category:French feminists Category:20th-century French novelists Category:Women memoirists Category:20th-century French women writers Category:19th-century French women writers Category:Members of the Ligue de la patrie française Category:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
José María Silvero José María Silvero (September 21, 1931 – August 2, 2010) was an Argentine professional football defence player and coach. He played with Estudiantes de La Plata (198 matches) and with Boca Juniors (103 matches). He played in the NPSL for the Chicago Spurs in 1967. Upon retirement he managed several teams, most notably Boca Juniors, which he guided to the Nacional 1970 first division title. Silvero managed other clubs in Argentina: Defensores de Cambaceres (before Boca), Rosario Central, Estudiantes de la Plata, Atlanta, Colón, and Lanús. Outside Argentina he managed Club Sport Emelec in Ecuador, and Unión Española in Chile. After quitting management, he was the general coordinator of the "Osvaldo Zubeldía" management school in La Plata. Titles As player Second Division 1954 (Estudiantes) Primera División 1962 (Boca Juniors) Primera División 1964 (Boca Juniors) Primera División 1965 (Boca Juniors) As coach Nacional 1970 (Boca Juniors) Second Division 1976 (Lanús) References External links Category:1931 births Category:2010 deaths Category:People from Corrientes Province Category:Argentine footballers Category:Boca Juniors footballers Category:Estudiantes de La Plata footballers Category:National Professional Soccer League (1967) players Category:Chicago Spurs players Category:Argentine football managers Category:Boca Juniors managers Category:Expatriate football managers in Chile Category:Expatriate football managers in Ecuador Category:Argentine Primera División players Category:Estudiantes de La Plata managers Category:Association footballers not categorized by position	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fredrik Wandrup Fredrik Wandrup (born 1 March 1955) is a Norwegian journalist and writer. He has been affiliated with Dagbladet since 1976, and won the Riksmål Society Literature Prize in 1995. References Om Wandrup ved Gyldendal Norsk Forlag Category:Norwegian male writers Category:Norwegian journalists Category:Norwegian literary critics Category:Norwegian biographers Category:1955 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
On Grace and Dignity On Grace and Dignity (Über Anmut und Würde) is an influential philosophical essay published by Friedrich Schiller in the journal Neue Thalia in mid June 1793. It is his first major support for the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, critically assessing the treatments of ethics and aesthetics in Kant's Critique of Judgment. In it, in view of man's dual nature as a rational and emotional being, Schiller explained human beauty in terms of Grace (Anmut) and Dignity (Würde). His emphatic answer to this was a Kantian dualism reconciling the physical and spiritual-rational nature in man, in a synthesis seen in 'beautiful souls' (Schöne Seelen) in which duty and nature harmonised. It thus paved the way for Schiller's philosophical and aesthetic masterwork On the Aesthetic Education of Man. References Category:Philosophy essays Category:Works by Friedrich Schiller Category:Works originally published in German magazines Category:Works originally published in literary magazines Category:1793 documents	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cerithium ophioderma Cerithium ophioderma is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cerithiidae. Distribution The distribution of Cerithium ophioderma includes the Western Central Pacific. Philippines References Category:Cerithiidae Category:Gastropods described in 1968	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of listed buildings in Cove And Kilcreggan, Argyll and Bute This is a list of listed buildings in the parish of Cove and Kilcreggan in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. List \|} Key See also List of listed buildings in Argyll and Bute Notes References All entries, addresses and coordinates are based on data from Historic Scotland. This data falls under the Open Government Licence Cove And Kilcreggan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sablatnig Sablatnig was a German aircraft manufacturer and airline. After the conclusion of World War I, in August 1919 Sablatnig offered government subsidised services between Berlin and Bremen using its Sablatnig P.III commercial biplanes in conjunction with Norddeutscher Lloyd. Aircraft References Category:Sablatnig aircraft Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Germany	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Saurkundi Pass Trek The Saurkundi Pass Trek is a hiking trail in the Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, a state of northern India. The trek is an 11-day program and participants hike every day during the period. The groups range from 40 to 50 persons (children below the age of 15 years are not allowed). The trail starts at Babeli, the base camp, and passes through scenic spots in the Kullu valley. Base Camp Babeli (4000 feet) along Kullu- Manali highway, about 7 kilometres from Kullu, is the Base Camp. It is connected by road from Kullu, which in turn is connected with Delhi, Chandigarh and other cities of Punjab. Base camp is situated along the Beas river, with tall and old pine trees alongside the road. Two days are kept for orientation and acclimatization at base camp, which includes rappelling and rock climbing on one day and trekking in the forests for a few kilometers with weight in the rucksack. Trek Segli Segli is the next camp at 7,100 feet after trekking up for about 8 kilometres from a point a few kilometers from Manali on Kullu- Manali Highway by Bus). The camp is in an apple orchard and is surrounded by forests. Haura Thatch The trekkers reach the next camp Haura Thatch (9,000 feet) after trekking for about 10 kilometres. The camp is in a dense forest where little light penetrates. Maylee Thatch After 6 km of a difficult and tiring trek, the camp at Maylee Thatch (10,500 feet) is reached. Morning has magnificent views. Doura Thatch After trekking for about 10 kilometres through the clouds and trekking on snow for the first time, trekkers reach the next camp at Doura Thatch (11,300 feet). The day’s trek is a journey through the clouds. Saurkundi Pass The next day’s trek is through the snow or alongside snow. Trekkers next reach Saurkundi Pass (12,900 feet). Longa Thatch Longa Thatch (10,800 feet) is reached after a trek of 12 kilometres via Saurkundi Pass. Lekhni After trekking another 10 kilometres mainly down-hill, the last camp site is at Lekhni (8,100 feet). It is situated alongside an apple orchard. The final trek is downhill from Lekhni to Aalloo ground along the Manali-Kullu highway and from there by bus back to Babeli. Here, the group breaks up after morning breakfast. External links on Saurkundi Pass Trek of Youth Hostels Association of India. on National Himalayan Trekking Expedition of Youth Hostels Association of India. on Youth Hostels Association of India. Butterflies, Landscapes etc. of Saurkundi Pass Trek Birds of Sar Pass Trek & Saurkundi Pass Trek Butterflies of Sar Pass Trek & Saurkundi Pass Trek Landscapes of Saurkundi Pass Trek References Category:Tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh Category:Hiking trails in India	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jamilah Nasheed Jamilah Nasheed (born Jenise Williams; October 17, 1972) is an American politician from the state of Missouri. Nasheed represents the fifth district in the Missouri Senate, and formerly served in the Missouri House of Representatives. She is a member of the Democratic Party. Early life and education Born Jenise Williams, she was raised with her three brothers by their grandmother in a St. Louis housing project. Her father was killed in a drive-by shooting several months before she was born. She attended Roosevelt High School in St. Louis. She later took classes at Florissant Valley Community College in 2012. As an adolescent, Nasheed began visiting a mosque on Grand Boulevard. After two years of studying Islam, she converted to the religion. Political career Nasheed served as a member of the Missouri House of Representatives from the 60th district from January 2007 until January 2013. She was the first Muslim woman to serve in a state legislature. Nasheed ran for the Missouri Senate in the 2012 elections. A St. Louis Circuit Court judge ordered she be removed from the ballot because she did not live in the boundaries of the district at the time of the election, although district boundaries were to change through redistricting. She appealed the decision to the Missouri Supreme Court, which allowed her to remain on the ballot. She defeated incumbent Robin Wright-Jones and fellow State Representative Jeanette Mott Oxford in the Democratic primary, and won the general election. In December, she was chosen to chair the Missouri Black Legislative Caucus. During the Ferguson unrest, Nasheed was taken into police custody on October 20, 2014, in front of the Ferguson, Missouri police station. News reports indicated she was in possession of a firearm at the time of her arrest. Another protester said Nasheed refused to get off the street even after police gave instructions to the protesters to do so. In September 2016, Nasheed sat while her colleagues recited the Pledge of Allegiance in the Missouri Capitol. She said she acted in solidarity with San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick in protest of police brutality and racial oppression, although many of her colleagues saw this as unpatriotic. Nasheed was a declared candidate for Mayor of St. Louis in the 2017 election, but she dropped out of the race in January 2017. She ran in the March 2019 election to be the president of the St. Louis Board of Aldermen. Personal life On November 22, 2014, Nasheed was the victim of a carjacking attempt. References External links Jamilah Nasheed at Missouri State Senate Category:Living people Category:Members of the Missouri House of Representatives Category:Missouri state senators Category:Missouri Democrats Category:African-American state legislators in Missouri Category:African-American women in politics Category:1972 births Category:Converts to Islam Category:21st-century American politicians Category:21st-century American women politicians Category:African-American Muslims	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Full Throttle (drink) Full Throttle is an energy drink brand produced by Monster Energy. It debuted in late 2004 in the United States and Canada under its former owner The Coca-Cola Company. It is known for its sponsorship of National Hot Rod Association competitions from 2008 to 2012. On June 12, 2015, Monster Beverage closed on the deal to acquire The Coca-Cola Company's energy drinks line. Coca-Cola transferred ownership of all of its worldwide energy businesses including NOS, Full Throttle and nine smaller brands to Monster. Monster transferred all of its non-energy drink businesses to Coca-Cola, including Hansen's natural sodas, Peace Tea, Hubert's Lemonade, and Hansen's juice products. Full Throttle Coffee Full Throttle released three coffee energy drinks of its own in the flavors Caramel, Vanilla, and Mocha in Southeast and Pacific Northwest markets. Coca-Cola claims it is made with "100% premium Arabica coffee", and it was available in 15oz cans, just like Monster's Java line and Rockstar's Roasted line. The drink's tagline was "Coffee. Fully Charged" prior to it being discontinued. Current Full Throttle Drinks Full Throttle Original Citrus Full Throttle Twisted (only available in fountain machines) Full Throttle Blue Agave/Blue Demon Discontinued Full Throttle drinks Full Throttle Orange Full Throttle Red Berry Full Throttle Original Citrus Sugar Free Full Throttle Night Full Throttle Fury Berry Full Throttle Fury Orange Full Throttle Fury Blue Full Throttle Fury Berry Sugar Free Full Throttle Mother Full Throttle Unleaded Full Throttle Hydration Full Throttle Coffee Vanilla Full Throttle Coffee Mocha Full Throttle Coffee Caramel References External links Category:Coca-Cola brands Category:Energy drinks Category:Products introduced in 2004 it:Burn (energy drink)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Pritzker Estate The Pritzker Estate is a private residence located at 1261 Angelo Drive in the city of Los Angeles, in which the structure ranks as the second largest private residence. This is also the third largest home in the entire Los Angeles metropolitan area. The enormous mansion was built between 2005 and 2011 for billionaire Anthony Pritzker, one of several heirs to the Hyatt Hotel fortune. Located in the exclusive Beverly Crest neighborhood, the gargantuan home has been dubbed the "Grand Hyatt Bel Air" by disapproving neighbors, in reference to its extraordinary size. History The previous home occupying a 3-acre tract at 1261 Angelo Drive was known as Ridgetop for its elevated location, situated on tract 6774, lot 24. The house was designed by architect David Lyle Fowler for his mother Carolyn Fowler Davis, completed in early 1963 in the Mid-century modern style embodying the utmost 1960s sophistication. The uniquely circular-shaped residence enclosed an inner courtyard with a swimming pool traversed by a footbridge, a home with an elliptical-themed motif including matching elliptical furniture. The one-story house contained 22 rooms and of living space including four bedrooms and six bathrooms. The structure was perched atop a promontory measuring roughly with sweeping views of Los Angeles and fronted by a single-space carport. The Hollywood film industry utilized the new home in the 1966 romantic comedy The Glass Bottom Boat starring Doris Day and Rod Taylor, appearing as the private residence of Taylor's character Bruce Templeton. Prior to the movie's release but unrelated in nature, the residence was featured in Architectural Digest magazine during the spring of 1966 (Volume 22, Issue 4, pages 102-105), captured by famed photographer Julius Shulman. The home was sold for US $2.8 million on September 17, 1999. Soon after, it appeared in two additional movies including the 2000 comedy titled Hanging Up starring Diane Keaton, Meg Ryan, and Lisa Kudrow. In that film, the home served as the private residence of Walter Matthau's character Lou Mozell in what would be the final appearance of the actor's 50-year Hollywood career. The following year, the house was featured in the 2001 film The Fast and the Furious appearing as the undercover headquarters of the LAPD and FBI. The movie script incorrectly states that singer Eddie Fisher built the house for his actress wife Elizabeth Taylor during the 1950s. The home was listed for sale on September 13, 2000 but delisted on March 13, 2001. The corporation known as 1261 Angelo Drive, LLC was created on June 3, 2002, a common tactic for high-profile individuals to anonymously purchase real estate. Later that year the Pritzker family acquired the home at 1261 Angelo Drive and the house was quickly demolished, despite efforts by the Los Angeles Conservancy to prevent its destruction. The lot was appealing because of its location near Beverly Hills and the high vantage point that offered 180-degree unobstructed views of Los Angeles. Construction Additional land was purchased on April 14, 2005, for US $14.7 million. The Pritzker family was granted permission to erect a 60-car parking lot on the site, an unusual request for an upscale residential area. Once approved, construction began in 2005. Over the next 3–5 years, a concrete platform was built into the side of the hill measuring approximately and lines for parking spaces were painted. Retaining walls stood tall. Permits were gradually secured over time to add a home, a basement, an additional basement, and finally a security house. The mansion was designed by Paris based architecture firm Designrealization, led by Ed Tuttle and built by Peter McCoy Construction. The mansion was finally completed in November 2011. With construction finished, the Pritzkers sold their Bel Air home of , where they had lived for a decade, for US $21,990,000. Description The main house at 1261 Angelo Drive features of living space and at least in additional structures. Ancillary buildings include a guest house of , a pool house of , and living quarters of for the caretakers and full-time professional staff. The home has two underground levels including a game room, a two-lane bowling alley, an entertainment foyer with a bar, and his and hers offices. The two levels above ground include a library, a fitness room, a gymnasium with an attached locker room, a spa, a beauty salon, and a restaurant-sized kitchen. The property features geothermal heating and cooling, energy-efficient lighting, climate control, and roof-mounted solar panels. The house has a plaza-sized central courtyard, a subterranean parking structure and a tennis court. The property hosted a political party for Mitt Romney in 2012 and a Cirque de Soleil performance in 2014. Controversy Typically notified about large construction projects, local residents were never alerted as the property was developed in small increments. Concerns were expressed regarding overloading the aging sewage line, the destruction of wildlife dens and native plant life, and an access road built outside the boundary of the property. See also List of largest houses in the Los Angeles Metropolitan Area List of largest houses in the United States References External links Photograph of the Priztker Estate. Photographs of Ridgetop, the former house. Category:Houses in Los Angeles	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Conor McAnally Conor McAnally (born 24 March 1952) is an Irish television writer, producer and director. He worked in Ireland up to 1989, moved to London and worked in the United Kingdom until 2004 when he moved to the United States. He is based in Austin, Texas. His productions have won more than 20 awards including 5 British Academy Awards and 3 from the Royal Television Society. He is best known for music and entertainment programs and is an expert in live broadcasts. Early life McAnally was born in Dublin, Ireland to actors Ray McAnally and Ronnie Masterson. He is the eldest of four children. His brother Aonghus is a radio and television presenter/producer at RTÉ in Ireland. He was educated at St. Josephs's Primary and Secondary Schools in Fairview, Dublin and then attended Rathmines College of Commerce Dublin Institute of Technology where he graduated in Journalism. Career McAnally joined Independent Newspapers in Dublin in 1970 as a junior reporter and worked for the daily Irish Independent, Evening Herald and the weekly Sunday Independent. During a 5-year newspaper career he was an investigative reporter, crime reporter, health and social welfare correspondent, deputy motoring correspondent and a columnist. He won the Journalist of the Year award in 1972 for breaking a story on how the Irish Republican Army was training volunteers to fight in Northern Ireland. He met his first wife Roisin Finnigan at the Independent where she worked as a copy taker. In 1975 McAnally joined the Irish Broadcast service RTÉ as a radio and television reporter. He worked in the Newsroom for two years before moving into program presenting on The Politics Program and Youngline. As the host of Youngline he was the first person to introduce the fledgling U2 to a TV audience. In 1980 McAnally became RTÉ's youngest Producer/Director. He produced Ireland's Eye, Non Stop Pop, Moving Hearts in Concert, Stockton's Wing in Concert, Christmas at the Castle, and directed a number of other shows. In 1982 he left to form Spearhead Productions and directed 152 shows in his first year. In 1984 McAnally joined forces with radio DJ Vincent Hanley (aka. Fab Vinny) to form Green Apple Productions where they created MT USA, Europe's first terrestrial music video TV series and Hanley became Ireland's first VJ. The show was broadcast on Sunday afternoons and repeated on Friday nights, and continued until 1987 when Hanley died of an AIDS-related illness. McAnally and the other Green Apple partner Bill Hughes decided to end the program series rather than continue without Hanley. Shows at Green Apple included Rapid Roulette, Finding Fax Future, The Write Stuff. In 1987/1988 he made a trilogy of documentaries on AIDS. He would later describe them as a tribute to his friend and partner Vincent Hanley. In 1987 Green Apple Productions merged with Strongbow Film and Television Productions, a producer of documentaries, feature films and TV dramas. McAnally left Strongbow in 1989 and moved to London where he freelanced as a producer and director. He worked with The Children's Channel directing 12 shows a week for their British Satellite Broadcasting channel. He joined Buena Vista Productions (Disney) in London and produced The Disney Club for ITV for 3 seasons. After Disney he developed, wrote, produced and directed Over The Wall at Brian Waddell Productions for the BBC. The executive producer of Over The Wall Peter Murphy introduced him to British Pop duo Ant & Dec and he became their producer for The Ant & Dec Show at the BBC, Ant & Dec Unzipped at Channel 4, SM:TV Live and CD:UK at ITV. He headed up Blaze Television at Zenith Entertainment Ltd. In 2004 McAnally moved his home to Texas and commuted to London. In 2005 DIRECTV in Los Angeles commissioned CD:USA a music show based on the CD:UK format. McAnally moved to Los Angeles to run the show and a year later Blaze was sold to US media company Shout! Factory at which point McAnally became managing director and ran the company until the end of 2009. McAnally created ConorMac Productions in 2010. The company is based in Bastrop, Texas, just outside Austin and specialises in multi-camera directing and producing music, entertainment and other genres. References Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:People from Dublin (city) Category:Irish emigrants to the United States Category:Irish television writers Category:Irish television directors Category:Irish television producers Category:People from Austin, Texas	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Algiers, Vermont Algiers is an unincorporated community in the town of Guilford, Vermont, United States. History Algiers was first known as East Guilford. The first known buildings built were the Tracy House in 1789, the Broad Brook Grange in 1791, the Broad Brook House in 1816, and the Christ Church in 1817. The village was named by Brattleboro residents who played a group of people from East Guilford in cribbage every Wednesday. They named them Algerian Pirates and the name stayed. In 1823, the Tontine Building was built with apartments and retail space. Sometime in the 1790s, the first grist mill in town was built in Algiers. The Christ Church was the first Episcopal church in Vermont. The Guilford Congregational Church was built in Algiers in 1854. The first schoolhouse in Algiers, built in the 1790s, was converted into a barn, and later burned down. The second schoolhouse, built in the 1820s, burned down from an over-heated woodstove in 1853. In 1854, the third schoolhouse was built, and was abandoned in 1955 when the Guilford Central School was built, and has since been used as commercial space for local businesses. In 1949, the Congregational Church suffered a fire; this, along with several other fires in the preceding fifteen years, one of which was fatal, spurred the formation of the Broad Brook Fire Control in Algiers later that year. Two weeks later, it became the Guilford Volunteer Fire Department. The fire station was in the Broad Brook Garage in 1950, then on Guilford Center Road, near Buck Hill Drive, from 1951 until 1954. The next was built where the present one stands and was torn down in 2005 to make way for the new station. Algiers was incorporated by the State of Vermont as a village in 2005. Algiers is now undergoing a large rehabilitation project that will build a new apartment complex, a new mixed-use building, and refurbish two apartment buildings, including the Tontine Building, now to be called the Tontine-Canal Housing Complex. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Vermont Category:Unincorporated communities in Windham County, Vermont	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Joshua Hill (Pitcairn Island leader) Joshua W. Hill (15 April 1773 – 1844?) was an American adventurer. In 1832 he arrived on Pitcairn Island which was first inhabited in the 1790s by British mutineers from and some Tahitians who joined them. The descendants of the mutineers had chosen to migrate back to Tahiti following the death of the last mutineer, John Adams, but had recently returned. Hill, taking advantage of the instability, was able to be elected President of the island. He served in that position until 1838. His rule became increasingly tyrannical, and he began imprisoning many of the island's inhabitants. He was deposed and driven off the island in 1838, and the descendants of the original inhabitants took control of the island again. Hill was probably the basis for the character Butterworth Stavely in Mark Twain's short story "The Great Revolution in Pitcairn." References "Joshua Hill, the Self-Instituted King of Pitcairn: Separating the Truth from the Lies" 2012 lecture by Tillman Nechtman, PhD Category:Pitcairn Islands politicians Category:1773 births Category:1840s deaths Category:19th-century politicians Category:19th-century national presidents Category:American emigrants to the Pitcairn Islands Category:Heads of state of former countries	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jane Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby Nancy Jane Marie Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby (; born 1 December 1934) is an English peer. She is a holder of the office of Lord Great Chamberlain, which is majority controlled by the 7th Marquess of Cholmondeley. Family She is the daughter of James Heathcote-Drummond-Willoughby, 3rd Earl of Ancaster, and the Hon. Nancy Phyllis Louise Astor (daughter of Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor). Her brother Timothy Gilbert (born 19 March 1936), heir apparent of the Earldom of Ancaster, was lost at sea in 1963. She was one of the six Maids of Honour at the 1953 coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Adult life She succeeded according to the modern doctrine as 28th Baroness Willoughby de Eresby and as the sixth female holder of the barony (which is distinguished by its suffix from Baron Willoughby de Broke) on her father's death in 1983 (the third and last Earl of Ancaster). She inherited divided between Lincolnshire and Perthshire and was ranked 1572nd in a list of richest people in 2008 forming the annual report of the Sunday Times, citing her wealth as £48,000,000. The report includes domiciled and non-domiciled visitors believed to be in the UK at the start of each year. Her father left net assets subjected to tax to his heirs on his death attested as £1,486,694 (). She is a joint hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain and may sit in one in four reigns in the House of Lords as a crossbencher; her relevant noble family tree back to 1789 features in that article as the office was split by decision of the House of Lords between General Peregrine Bertie, 3rd Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven (who was also Lord Willoughby de Eresby and Marquess of Lindsey). She has not been elected as one of the 90 hereditary peers to occupy a lifetime seat. In 1987, she became a patron of King Edward VI School in Spilsby (now King Edward VI Academy). Baroness Willoughby de Eresby is unmarried and without issue. This leaves co-heirs presumptive of the peerage Sebastian St Maur Miller (b. 1965), her older aunt's grandson, and Sir John Aird, 4th Baronet (b. 1940), her younger aunt's son. They will share in the Lord Great Chamberlain's quarter-interest, leaving them one eighth of the role each, ranking them second behind the Marquess of Cholmondeley, who takes the role in every alternate reign. See also Drummond Castle Grimsthorpe Castle References Bibliography *28 Category:Hereditary women peers Category:British maids of honour Category:1934 births Category:Astor family Category:Heathcote family Category:Livingston family Category:Living people Category:English people of German descent Category:English people of Irish descent Category:English people of Scottish descent Category:20th-century English people Category:20th-century English women Category:21st-century English people Category:21st-century English women	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mission Covenant Church of Norway The Mission Covenant Church of Norway (Norwegian: Det Norske Misjonsforbund, DNM ), is an assembly of dissident or liberated Christian churches founded in 1884 after being instigated to do so by the Swedish-American evangelist Fredrik Franson. Gustav Adolph Lammers, the role model of Ibsen's Brand is perceived as the spiritual father of the Mission Covenant Church of Norway. Today it comprises ninety-nine independent churches scattered all over Norway. The Mission Covenant Church of Norway is registered as a separate denomination, but each individual with the association has the freedom to practice the beliefs of their respective Norwegian Church groups. Each member is also free to practice their own forms of Holy communion and baptism (infant baptism vs. adult baptism). Among the work being done in churches are: Church services, child labor, scout, and youth associations. The Mission Covenant Church of Norway predominantly emphasizes on evangelism and missionary work. The Mission Covenant Church of Norway has about eight-thousand two hundred registered members - in addition to those who have chosen to remain as members of the Norwegian Church. Stagedive is a camp that the Mission Covenant Church of Norway organizes each year and is held all over Norway for youths between twelve and sixteen years. Henrik Ibsen's Brand The first dissident congregation in Norway was established in effect of the priest in Skien Gustav Adolph Lammers resigning his post. Gustav Adolph Lammers is perceived as a role model for the character Brand in the play by the same name. Henrik Ibsen's mother and especially his sister, Hedvig, was ardent follower of Lammers. The Mission Covenant Church in Skien is seen as the direct offspring of this dissident congregation. Overseas missions In Hong Kong and Macau, the church is known by its Chinese name: Jīdūjiào Shèngyuē Jàohuì (基督教聖約教會). References External links The Mission Covenant Church of Norway - Mainpage The Mission Covenant Church of Norway - Hong Kong field website - Macau field website Category:Churches in Norway Category:Christian missionary societies Category:Protestantism in Norway	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Buffalo Common Council The Buffalo Common Council is the legislative branch of the city of Buffalo, New York government. It is a representative assembly, with one elected member from each of nine districts: Niagara, Delaware, Masten, Ellicott, Lovejoy, Fillmore, North, University, and South. In the past, the Common Council also had as many as five at-large members and a Council President who were elected citywide. Each council seat is elected for a four-year term, with elections occurring during off-years, between mid-term elections and presidential elections. History From Buffalo's incorporation in 1832 the common council existed under New York State charters. In the early years of the common council the Buffalo Mayor, the head of the executive branch of the Buffalo government was also the President of the common council, head of the legislative branch. From 1832-1854 all Mayors were also Common Council President. Eli Cook was the first mayor who did not serve as Common Council President for his whole term as mayor. From 1832-1913, no mayor served as Common Council President. In 1914, New York State charters established a Council that consisted of five members – a Mayor and four Council Members. From 1913-1927, the Council was composed of the Mayor, Commissioner of Finance and Accounts, Commissioner of Public Works, Commissioner of Parks and Public Buildings, Commissioner of Public Affairs and the Mayor was the Chairman of the Board. In 1926, the Kenefick Commission was appointed to form a new city charter after New York State authorized its cities to write their own charters in 1924. Since 1927, no Mayor has presided over the common council. A 1983 downsizing eliminated two at-large members. A 2002 downsizing eliminated the remaining three at-large members and the elected Common Council President. The size of the council's membership has been shrinking roughly in tandem with the decrease in population. Members The Democratic Party is the dominant party in Buffalo politics; no Republican or other party member has won a seat on the council in several decades, and all nine seats are currently held by Democrats. As of January 1st, 2020 the current membership is as follows: Rev. Darius G. Pridgen - Common Council President - Ellicott District Bryan J. Bollman - Lovejoy District Mitchell P. Nowakowski - Fillmore District Joseph Golombek, Jr. - North District Christopher P. Scanlon - President Pro Tempore, South District Joel Feroleto - Delaware District David A. Rivera - Majority Leader, Niagara District Rasheed Wyatt - University District Ulysees O. Wingo, Sr. - Masten District According to the web site of the City of Buffalo, there is a Majority Leader and a Minority Leader if there are members from more than one political party. In practice, there is a majority leader even when all members of the council are from the same political party; a local law was passed in November 2002 to allow this. Mr. Scanlon was appointed by a majority of the Council on May 16, 2012, to fill the vacancy created when Michael P. Kearns won a seat on the New York State Assembly in a special election to fill a vacancy there. Mr. Scanlon secured his seat by winning in a subsequent general election. The term of all Common Council members expires in January 2024. Committees and Organizations Budget Committee Buffalo Urban Renewal Agency (BURA) Civil Service Committee Claims Committee Community Development Committee Education Committee Finance Committee Joint Schools Construction Board Legislative Committee Minority Business Enterprise (MBE) Committee Police Oversight Rules Committee Transportation Committee Water Front Committee References 9. https://www.wgrz.com/article/news/politics/bollman-nowakowski-take-oaths-join-buffalo-common-council/71-2ecd2f02-6cd3-4e35-a89b-88e0b6e6ccdb External links Legislative Branch - The Common Council City of Buffalo website - leadership History of the Common Council The Buffalo Common Council- Through the Years Buffalo Common Council Proceedings: Online Editions Digitized versions of Council Proceedings Category:Government of Buffalo, New York Category:New York (state) city councils	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Social vulnerability In its broadest sense, social vulnerability is one dimension of vulnerability to multiple stressors and shocks, including abuse, social exclusion and natural hazards. Social vulnerability refers to the inability of people, organizations, and societies to withstand adverse impacts from multiple stressors to which they are exposed. These impacts are due in part to characteristics inherent in social interactions, institutions, and systems of cultural values. Because it is most apparent when calamity occurs, many studies of social vulnerability are found in risk management literature. Definitions "Vulnerability" derives from the Latin word vulnerare (to be wounded) and describes the potential to be harmed physically and/or psychologically. Vulnerability is often understood as the counterpart of resilience, and is increasingly studied in linked social-ecological systems. The Yogyakarta Principles, one of the international human rights instruments use the term "vulnerability" as such potential to abuse or social exclusion. The concept of social vulnerability emerged most recently within the discourse on natural hazards and disasters. To date no one definition has been agreed upon. Similarly, multiple theories of social vulnerability exist. Most work conducted so far focuses on empirical observation and conceptual models. Thus, current social vulnerability research is a middle range theory and represents an attempt to understand the social conditions that transform a natural hazard (e.g. flood, earthquake, mass movements etc.) into a social disaster. The concept emphasizes two central themes: Both the causes and the phenomenon of disasters are defined by social processes and structures. Thus it is not only a geo- or biophysical hazard, but rather the social context that is taken into account to understand “natural” disasters (Hewitt 1983). Although different groups of a society may share a similar exposure to a natural hazard, the hazard has varying consequences for these groups, since they have diverging capacities and abilities to handle the impact of a hazard. Taking a structuralist view, Hewitt (1997, p143) defines vulnerability as being: ...essentially about the human ecology of endangerment...and is embedded in the social geography of settlements and lands uses, and the space of distribution of influence in communities and political organisation. this is in contrast to the more socially focused view of Blaikie et al. (1994, p9) who define vulnerability as the:...set of characteristics of a group or individual in terms of their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural hazard. It involves a combination of factors that determine the degree to which someone's life and livelihood is at risk by a discrete and identifiable event in nature or society. History of the concept In the 1970s the concept of vulnerability was introduced within the discourse on natural hazards and disaster by O´Keefe, Westgate and Wisner (O´Keefe, Westgate et al. 1976). In “taking the naturalness out of natural disasters” these authors insisted that socio-economic conditions are the causes for natural disasters. The work illustrated by means of empirical data that the occurrence of disasters increased over the last 50 years, paralleled by an increasing loss of life. The work also showed that the greatest losses of life concentrate in underdeveloped countries, where the authors concluded that vulnerability is increasing. Chambers put these empirical findings on a conceptual level and argued that vulnerability has an external and internal side: People are exposed to specific natural and social risk. At the same time people possess different capacities to deal with their exposure by means of various strategies of action (Chambers 1989). This argument was again refined by Blaikie, Cannon, Davis and Wisner, who went on to develop the Pressure and Release Model (PAR) (see below). Watts and Bohle argued similarly by formalizing the “social space of vulnerability”, which is constituted by exposure, capacity and potentiality (Watts and Bohle 1993). Susan Cutter developed an integrative approach (hazard of place), which tries to consider both multiple geo- and biophysical hazards on the one hand as well as social vulnerabilities on the other hand (Cutter, Mitchell et al. 2000). Recently, Oliver-Smith grasped the nature-culture dichotomy by focusing both on the cultural construction of the people-environment-relationship and on the material production of conditions that define the social vulnerability of people (Oliver-Smith and Hoffman 2002). Research on social vulnerability to date has stemmed from a variety of fields in the natural and social sciences. Each field has defined the concept differently, manifest in a host of definitions and approaches (Blaikie, Cannon et al. 1994; Henninger 1998; Frankenberger, Drinkwater et al. 2000; Alwang, Siegel et al. 2001; Oliver-Smith 2003; Cannon, Twigg et al. 2005). Yet some common threads run through most of the available work. Within society Although considerable research attention has examined components of biophysical vulnerability and the vulnerability of the built environment (Mileti, 1999), we currently know the least about the social aspects of vulnerability (Cutter et al., 2003). Socially created vulnerabilities are largely ignored, mainly due to the difficulty in quantifying them. Social vulnerability is created through the interaction of social forces and multiple stressors, and resolved through social (as opposed to individual) means. While individuals within a socially vulnerable context may break through the “vicious cycle,” social vulnerability itself can persist because of structural—i.e. social and political—influences that reinforce vulnerability. Social vulnerability is partially the product of social inequalities—those social factors that influence or shape the susceptibility of various groups to harm and that also govern their ability to respond (Cutter et al., 2003). It is, however, important to note that social vulnerability is not registered by exposure to hazards alone, but also resides in the sensitivity and resilience of the system to prepare, cope and recover from such hazards (Turner et al., 2003). However, it is also important to note, that a focus limited to the stresses associated with a particular vulnerability analysis is also insufficient for understanding the impact on and responses of the affected system or its components (Mileti, 1999; Kaperson et al., 2003; White & Haas, 1974). These issues are often underlined in attempts to model the concept (see Models of Social Vulnerability). Models Two of the principal archetypal reduced-form models of social vulnerability are presented, that have informed vulnerability analysis: the Risk-Hazard (RH) model and the Pressure and Release model. Risk-Hazard (RH) Model Initial RH models sought to understand the impact of a hazard as a function of exposure to the hazardous event and the sensitivity of the entity exposed (Turner et al., 2003). Applications of this model in environmental and climate impact assessments generally emphasised exposure and sensitivity to perturbations and stressors (Kates, 1985; Burton et al., 1978) and worked from the hazard to the impacts (Turner et al., 2003). However, several inadequacies became apparent. Principally, it does not treat the ways in which the systems in question amplify or attenuate the impacts of the hazard (Martine & Guzman, 2002). Neither does the model address the distinction among exposed subsystems and components that lead to significant variations in the consequences of the hazards, or the role of political economy in shaping differential exposure and consequences (Blaikie et al., 1994, Hewitt, 1997). This led to the development of the PAR model. Pressure and Release (PAR) Model The PAR model understands a disaster as the intersection between socio-economic pressure and physical exposure. Risk is explicitly defined as a function of the perturbation, stressor, or stress and the vulnerability of the exposed unit (Blaikie et al, 1994). In this way, it directs attention to the conditions that make exposure unsafe, leading to vulnerability and to the causes creating these conditions. Used primarily to address social groups facing disaster events, the model emphasises distinctions in vulnerability by different exposure units such as social class and ethnicity. The model distinguishes between three components on the social side: root causes, dynamic pressures and unsafe conditions, and one component on the natural side, the natural hazards itself. Principal root causes include “economic, demographic and political processes”, which affect the allocation and distribution of resources between different groups of people. Dynamic Pressures translate economic and political processes in local circumstances (e.g. migration patterns). Unsafe conditions are the specific forms in which vulnerability is expressed in time and space, such as those induced by the physical environment, local economy or social relations (Blaikie, Cannon et al. 1994). Although explicitly highlighting vulnerability, the PAR model appears insufficiently comprehensive for the broader concerns of sustainability science (Turner et al., 2003). Primarily, it does not address the coupled human environment system in the sense of considering the vulnerability of biophysical subsystems (Kasperson et al, 2003) and it provides little detail on the structure of the hazard's causal sequence. The model also tends to underplay feedback beyond the system of analysis that the integrative RH models included (Kates, 1985). Criticism Some authors criticise the conceptualisation of social vulnerability for overemphasising the social, political and economical processes and structures that lead to vulnerable conditions. Inherent in such a view is the tendency to understand people as passive victims (Hewitt 1997) and to neglect the subjective and intersubjective interpretation and perception of disastrous events. Bankoff criticises the very basis of the concept, since in his view it is shaped by a knowledge system that was developed and formed within the academic environment of western countries and therefore inevitably represents values and principles of that culture. According to Bankoff the ultimate aim underlying this concept is to depict large parts of the world as dangerous and hostile to provide further justification for interference and intervention (Bankoff 2003). Current and future research Social vulnerability research has become a deeply interdisciplinary science, rooted in the modern realization that humans are the causal agents of disasters – i.e., disasters are never natural, but a consequence of human behavior. The desire to understand geographic, historic, and socio-economic characteristics of social vulnerability motivates much of the research being conducted around the world today. Two principal goals are currently driving the field of social vulnerability research: The design of models which explain vulnerability and the root causes which create it, and The development of indicators and indexes which attempt to map vulnerability over time and space (Villágran de León 2006). The temporal and spatial aspects of vulnerability science are pervasive, particularly in research that attempts to demonstrate the impact of development on social vulnerability. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are increasingly being used to map vulnerability, and to better understand how various phenomena (hydrological, meteorological, geophysical, social, political and economic) effect human populations. Researchers have yet to develop reliable models capable of predicting future outcomes based upon existing theories and data. Designing and testing the validity of such models, particularly at the sub-national scale at which vulnerability reduction takes place, is expected to become a major component of social vulnerability research in the future. An even greater aspiration in social vulnerability research is the search for one, broadly applicable theory, which can be applied systematically at a variety of scales, all over the world. Climate change scientists, building engineers, public health specialists, and many other related professions have already achieved major strides in reaching common approaches. Some social vulnerability scientists argue that it is time for them to do the same, and they are creating a variety of new forums in order to seek a consensus on common frameworks, standards, tools, and research priorities. Many academic, policy, and public/NGO organizations promote a globally applicable approach in social vulnerability science and policy (see section 5 for links to some of these institutions). Disasters often expose pre-existing societal inequalities that lead to disproportionate loss of property, injury, and death (Wisner, Blaikie, Cannon, & Davis, 2004). Some disaster researchers argue that particular groups of people are placed disproportionately at-risk to hazards. Minorities, immigrants, women, children, the poor, as well as people with disabilities are among those have been identified as particularly vulnerable to the impacts of disaster (Cutter et al., 2003; Peek, 2008; Stough, Sharp, Decker & Wilker, 2010). Since 2005, the Spanish Red Cross has developed a set of indicators to measure the multi-dimensional aspects of social vulnerability. These indicators are generated through the statistical analysis of more than 500 thousand people who are suffering of economic strain and social vulnerability, and who have a personal record containing 220 variables at the Red Cross database. An Index on Social Vulnerability in Spain is produced annually, both for adults and for children. Collective vulnerability Collective vulnerability is a state in which the integrity and social fabric of a community is or was threatened through traumatic events or repeated collective violence. In addition, according to the collective vulnerability hypothesis, shared experience of vulnerability and the loss of shared normative references can lead to collective reactions aimed to reestablish the lost norms and trigger forms of collective resilience. This theory has been developed by social psychologists to study the support for human rights. It is rooted in the consideration that devastating collective events are sometimes followed by claims for measures that may prevent that similar event will happen again. For instance, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was a direct consequence of World War II horrors. Psychological research by Willem Doise and colleagues shows indeed that after people have experienced a collective injustice, they are more likely to support the reinforcement of human rights. Populations who collectively endured systematic human rights violations are more critical of national authorities and less tolerant of rights violations. Some analyses performed by Dario Spini, Guy Elcheroth and Rachel Fasel on the Red Cross' “People on War” survey shows that when individuals have direct experience with the armed conflict are less keen to support humanitarian norms. However, in countries in which most of the social groups in conflict share a similar level of victimization, people express more the need for reestablishing protective social norms as the human rights, no matter the magnitude of the conflict. Research opportunities and challenges Research on social vulnerability is expanding rapidly to fill the research and action gaps in this field. This work can be characterized in three major groupings, including research, public awareness, and policy. The following issues have been identified as requiring further attention to understand and reduce social vulnerability (Warner and Loster 2006): Research 1. Foster a common understanding of social vulnerability – its definition(s), theories, and measurement approaches. 2. Aim for science that produces tangible and applied outcomes. 3. Advance tools and methodologies to reliably measure social vulnerability. Public awareness 4. Strive for better understanding of nonlinear relationships and interacting systems (environment, social and economic, hazards), and present this understanding coherently to maximize public understanding. 5. Disseminate and present results in a coherent manner for the use of lay audiences. Develop straight forward information and practical education tools. 6. Recognize the potential of the media as a bridging device between science and society. Policy 7. Involve local communities and stakeholders considered in vulnerability studies. 8. Strengthen people's ability to help themselves, including an (audible) voice in resource allocation decisions. 9. Create partnerships that allow stakeholders from local, national, and international levels to contribute their knowledge. 10. Generate individual and local trust and ownership of vulnerability reduction efforts. Debate and ongoing discussion surround the causes and possible solutions to social vulnerability. In cooperation with scientists and policy experts worldwide, momentum is gathering around practice-oriented research on social vulnerability. In the future, links will be strengthened between ongoing policy and academic work to solidify the science, consolidate the research agenda, and fill knowledge gaps about causes of and solutions for social vulnerability. See also Disadvantaged Vulnerability index Vulnerability assessment References Notes Sources Bankoff, G. (2003). Cultures of Disaster: Society and natural hazards in the Philippines. London, RoutledgeCurzon. Blaikie, P., T. Cannon, I. Davis & B. Wisner. (1994). At Risk: Natural hazards, People's vulnerability, and disasters. London, Routledge. Cannon, T., J. Twigg, et al. (2005). Social Vulnerability, Sustainable Livelihoods and Disasters, Report to DFID Conflict and Humanitarian Assistance Department (CHAD) and Sustainable Livelihoods Support Office. London, DFID: 63. Chambers, R. (1989). "Editorial Introduction: Vulnerability, Coping and Policy." IDS Bulletin 20(2): 7. Chavez-Alvarado, R.; Sanchez-Gonzalez, D. (2016). "Vulnerable aging in flooded households and adaptation to climate change in cities in Latin America: the case of Monterrey", Papeles de Poblacion 22(90), 9-42. Cutter, S. L., Boruff, B. J., & Shirley, W. L. (2003). Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly, 84, 242–261. Cutter, S. L., J. T. Mitchell, et al. (2000). "Revealing the Vulnerability of People and Places: A Case Study of Georgetown County, South Carolina." Annals of American Geographers 90(4): 713-737. Frankenberger, T. R., M. Drinkwater, et al. (2000). Operationalizing household livelihood security: a holistic approach for addressing poverty and vulnerability. Forum on Operationalising Sustainable Livelihoods Approaches. Pontignano (Siena), FAO. Henninger, N. (1998). Mapping and Geographic Analysis of Human Welfare and Poverty: Review and Assessment. Washington DC, World Resources Institute. Hewitt, K., Ed. (1983). Interpretation of Calamity: From the Viewpoint of Human Ecology. Boston, Allen. Hewitt, K. (1997). Regions of Risk: A Geographical Introduction to Disasters. Essex, Longman. O´Keefe, K. Westgate, et al. (1976). "Taking the naturalness out of natural disasters." Nature 260. Oliver-Smith, A. (2003). Theorizing Vulnerability in a Globalized World: A Political Ecological Perspective. Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People. Bankoff, Frerk and Hilhorst. London, Earthscan: 10-24. Oliver-Smith, A. and S. M. Hoffman (2002). Theorizing Disasters: Nature, Power and Culture. Theorizing Disasters: Nature, Power and Culture (Catastrophe and Culture: The Anthropology of Disaster). A. Oliver-Smith. Santa Fe, School of American Research Press. Peek, L. (2008). Children and disasters: Understanding vulnerability, developing capacities, and promoting resilience. Children, Youth and Environments, 18(1), 1-29. Prowse, M. (2003) ‘Towards a Clearer Understanding of ‘Vulnerability’ in Relation to Chronic Poverty’ CPRC Working Paper No. 24, Chronic Poverty Research Centre, Institute for Development Policy and Management, University of Manchester. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08d11e5274a31e000160c/24Prowse.pdf Sánchez-González, D.; Egea-Jiménez, C. (2011). «Social Vulnerability approach to investigate the social and environmental disadvantages. Its application in the study of elderly people». Papeles de Población 17(69), 151-185. http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/pp/v17n69/v17n69a6.pdf Stough, L. M., Sharp, A. N., Decker, C., & Wilker, N. (2010). Disaster case management and individuals with disabilities. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55(3), 211-220. Villágran de León, J. C. (2006). "Vulnerability Assessment in the Context of Disaster-Risk, a Conceptual and Methodological Review." SOURCE SOURCE No. 4/20. Warner, K. and T. Loster (2006). A research and action agenda for social vulnerability. Bonn, United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security. Watts, M. and H. G. Bohle (1993). "The space of vulnerability: the causal structure of hunger and famine." Progress in Human Geography 17(1). Wisner, B, Blaikie, P., T. Cannon, Davis, I. (2004). At Risk: Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. 2nd edition, London, Routledge. Further reading Overview Adger, W. Neil. 2006. Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change 16 (3):268-281. Cutter, Susan L., Bryan J. Boruff, and W. Lynn Shirley. 2003. Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly 84 (2):242-261. Gallopín, Gilberto C. 2006. Linkages between vulnerability, resilience, and adaptive capacity. Global Environmental Change 16 (3):293-303. Oliver-Smith, Anthony. 2004. Theorizing vulnerability in a globalized world: a political ecological perspective. In Mapping vulnerability: disasters, development & people, edited by G. Bankoff, G. Frerks and D. Hilhorst. Sterling, VA: Earthscan, 10-24. Natural hazards paradigm Burton, Ian, Robert W. Kates, and Gilbert F. White. 1993. The environment as hazard. 2nd ed. New York: Guildford Press. Kates, Robert W. 1971. Natural hazard in human ecological perspectives: hypotheses and models. Economic Geography 47 (3):438-451. Mitchell, James K. 2001. What's in a name?: issues of terminology and language in hazards research (Editorial). Environmental Hazards 2:87-88. Political-ecological tradition Blaikie, Piers, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis and Ben Wisner. 1994. At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability, and disasters. ist ed. London: Routledge. (see below under Wisner for 2nd edition) Bohle, H. G., T. E. Downing, and M. J. Watts. 1994. Climate change and social vulnerability: the sociology and geography of food insecurity. Global Environmental Change 4:37-48. Curtis, Daniel R. 2012. Pre-industrial societies and strategies for the exploitation of resources. A theoretical framework for understanding why some settlements are resilient and some settlements are vulnerable to crisis. Utrecht. See https://www.academia.edu/1932627/Pre-industrial_societies_and_strategies_for_the_exploitation_of_resources._A_theoretical_framework_for_understanding_why_some_settlements_are_resilient_and_some_settlements_are_vulnerable_to_crisis Langridge, R.; J. Christian-Smith; and K.A. Lohse. "Access and Resilience: Analyzing the Construction of Social Resilience to the Threat of Water Scarcity" Ecology and Society 11(2): insight section. O'Brien, P., and Robin Leichenko. 2000. Double exposure: assessing the impacts of climate change within the context of economic globalization. Global Environmental Change 10 (3):221-232. Quarantelli, E. L. 1989. Conceptualizing disasters from a sociological perspective. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 7 (3):243-251. Sarewitz, Daniel, Roger Pielke, Jr., and Mojdeh Keykhah. 2003. Vulnerability and risk: some thoughts from a political and policy perspective. Risk Analysis 23 (4):805-810. Tierney, Kathleen J. 1999. Toward a critical sociology of risk. Sociological Forum 14 (2):215-242. Wisner, B., Blaikie, Piers, Terry Cannon, Ian Davis. 2004. At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability, and disasters. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. Human-ecological tradition Brooks, Nick, W. Neil Adger, and P. Mick Kelly. 2005. The determinants of vulnerability and adaptive capacity at the national level and the implications for adaptation. Global Environmental Change 15 (2):151-163. Comfort, L., Ben Wisner, Susan L. Cutter, R. Pulwarty, Kenneth Hewitt, Anthony Oliver-Smith, J. Wiener, M. Fordham, W. Peacock, and F. Krimgold. 1999. Reframing disaster policy: the global evolution of vulnerable communities. Environmental Hazards 1 (1):39-44. Cutter, Susan L. 1996. Vulnerability to environmental hazards. Progress in Human Geography 20 (4):529-539. Dow, Kirsten. 1992. Exploring differences in our common future(s): the meaning of vulnerability to global environmental change. Geoforum 23:417-436. Liverman, Diana. 1990. Vulnerability to global environmental change. In Understanding global environmental change: the contributions of risk analysis and management, edited by R. E. Kasperson, K. Dow, D. Golding and J. X. Kasperson. Worcester, MA: Clark University, 27-44. Peek, L., & Stough, L. M. (2010). Children with disabilities in the context of disaster: A social vulnerability perspective. Child Development, 81(4), 1260-1270. Turner, B. L. II, Roger E. Kasperson, Pamela A. Matson, James J. McCarthy, Robert W. Corell, Lindsey Christensen, Noelle Eckley, Jeanne X. Kasperson, Amy Luers, Marybeth L. Martello, Colin Polsky, Alexander Pulsipher, and Andrew Schiller. 2003. A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. PNAS (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America) 100 (14):8074-8079. Research Needs Cutter, Susan L. 2001. A research agenda for vulnerability science and environmental hazards [Internet]. International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change [cited August 18, 2006]. Available from https://web.archive.org/web/20070213050141/http://www.ihdp.uni-bonn.de/html/publications/publications.html. Young, Oran R., Frans Berkhout, Gilberto C. Gallopin, Marco A. Janssen, Elinor Ostrom, and Sander van der Leeuw. 2006. "The globalization of socio-ecological systems: an agenda for scientific research." Global Environmental Change 16 (3):304-316. External links Social Vulnerability in Spain (applied research based on a set of indicators which cover the muldimensional aspects of social vulnerability, by means of a database specifically designed by the Spanish Red Cross- information in Spanish, executive summaries available also in English language) Hazard Reduction and Recovery Center, Texas A&M University Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute, University of South Carolina Livelihoods and Institutions Group, Natural Resources Institute Munich Re Foundation National University of Colombia, Working Group on Disaster Management Radical Interpretations of Disaster (RADIX) Social protection, International Labour Organization Social protection, World Bank Nations University’s Institute for Environment & Human Security Understanding Katrina: Perspectives from the Social Sciences Vulnerability Net Centers For Disease Control and Prevention - Social Vulnerability Index: Ranking all U.S tracts using 15 Census and American Community Survey indicators Category:Vulnerability Category:Sociological terminology	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Demographic history of Macedonia The region of Macedonia is known to have been inhabited since Paleolithic times. Еarliest historical inhabitants However, the earliest historical inhabitants of the region were the Bryges, Paionians, Thracians and Illyrians. The Bryges occupied northern Epirus, as well as Macedonia, mainly west of the Axios river and parts of Mygdonia. Thracians in early times occupied mainly the eastern parts of Macedonia (Mygdonia, Crestonia, Bisaltia) but were also present in Eordaea and Pieria. Illyrians once occupied many parts of west Macedonia. At one time all Emathia, Pieria and Pelagonia were subject to the Paionians. They occupied the entire valley of the Axios. The Ancient Macedonians are missing from early historical accounts because they had been living in the southern extremities of the region – the Orestian highlands – since before the Dark Ages. The Macedonian tribes subsequently moved down from Orestis in the upper Haliacmon due to pressure from the Orestae. Ancient Macedonians The name of the region of Macedonia (, Makedonia) derives from the tribal name of the ancient Macedonians (, Makedónes). According to the Greek historian Herodotus, the Makednoi () were a Dorian tribe that stayed behind during the great southward migration of the Dorian Greeks (Histories 1.56.1). The word "Makednos" is cognate with the Doric Greek word "Μάκος" Μakos (Attic form Μήκος – "mékos"), which is Greek for "length". The ancient Macedonians took this name either because they were physically tall, or because they settled in the mountains. The latter definition would translate "Macedonian" as "Highlander". Most academics take the view that the ancient Macedonians probably spoke either a language that was a member of the North-Western Greek dialect group (related to Doric and Aeolic), or a language very closely related to Greek which would form a Graeco-Macedonian or Hellenic branch; others such as Eugene Borza reach the conclusion that there is insufficient evidence on which to base a conclusion as to whether the original language of the Macedonians was a form of Greek or not, but that the Macedonians were most likely of proto-Greek stock. The controversy over whether the Macedonians were originally Greek or not is caused mainly by contradictory ancient accounts, but also due to the peculiar features of a few Macedonian words, though most words are consistent with Greek (see Ancient Macedonian language). Some scholars view the Pella katadesmos, written in a form of Doric Greek, as the first discovered Macedonian text. The vast majority of Macedonian names on inscriptions and coinage are Greek and conform to the Doric Greek dialect morphology. In any case, the Macedonians are universally considered as Hellenes after the reign of Alexander the Great. Before the reign of Alexander I, father of Perdiccas II, the ancient Macedonians lived mostly on lands adjacent to the Haliakmon, in the far south of the modern Greek province of Macedonia. Alexander is credited with having added to Macedonia many of the lands that would become part of the core Macedonian territory: Pieria, Bottiaia, Mygdonia, and Eordaia (Thuc. 2.99). Anthemus, Crestonia, and Bisaltia also seem to have been added during his reign (Thuc. 2.99). Most of these lands were previously inhabited by Thracian tribes, and Thucydides records how the Thracians were pushed to the mountains when the Macedonians acquired their lands. Generations after Alexander, Philip II of Macedon would add new lands to Macedonia, and also reduce neighboring powers such as the Illyrians and Paeonians, who had attacked him when he became king, to semi-autonomous peoples. In Philip's time, Macedonians expanded and settled in many of the new adjoining territories, and Thrace up to the Nestus was colonized by Macedonian settlers. Strabo however testifies that the bulk of the population inhabiting in Upper Macedonia remained of Thraco-Illyrian stock. Philip's son, Alexander the Great, extended Macedonian power over key Greek city-states, and his campaigns, both local and abroad, would make the Macedonian power supreme from Greece, to Persia, Egypt, and the edge of India. Following this period there were repeated barbaric invasions of the Balkans by Celts. Roman Macedonia After the defeat of Andriscus in 148 BC, Macedonia officially became a province of the Roman Republic in 146 BC. Hellenization of the non-Greek population was not yet complete in 146 BC, and many of the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had preserved their languages. It is also possible that the ancient Macedonian tongue was still spoken, alongside Koine, the common Greek language of the Hellenistic era. From an early period, the Roman province of Macedonia included Epirus, Thessaly, parts of Thrace and Illyria, thus making the region of Macedonia permanently lose any connection with its ancient borders, and now be the home of a greater variety of inhabitants. Byzantine Macedonia As the Greek state of Byzantium gradually emerged as a successor state to the Roman Empire, Macedonia became one of its most important provinces as it was close to the Empire's capital (Constantinople) and included its second largest city (Thessaloniki). According to Byzantine maps that were recorded by Ernest Honigmann, by the 6th century AD there were two provinces carrying the name "Macedonia" in the Empire's borders: Macedonia A which corresponded to the geographical borders of ancient Macedon (approximately equivalent to today's Greek Macedonia); Macedonia B which corresponded to former barbaric regions that were included in Macedonia during Hellenistic and Roman times (approximately equivalent to parts of today's Southern North Macedonia, Eastern Albania and Western Bulgaria). Macedonia was ravaged several times in the 4th and the 5th century by desolating onslaughts of Visigoths, Huns and Vandals. These did little to change its ethnic composition (the region being almost completely populated by Greeks or Hellenized people by that time) but left much of the region depopulated. Later in about 800 AD, a new province of the Byzantine Empire – Macedonia, was organised by Empress Irene out of the Theme of Thrace. It had no relation with the historical or geographical region of Macedonia, but instead it was centered in Thrace, including the area from Adrianople (the theme's capital) and the Evros valley eastward along the Sea of Marmara. It did not include any part of ancient Macedon, which (insofar as the Byzantines controlled it) was in the Theme of Thessalonica. Middle Ages The Slavs took advantage of the desolation left by the nomadic tribes and in the 6th century settled the Balkan Peninsula (See also: South Slavs). Aided by the Avars and the Bulgars, the Slavic tribes started in the 6th century a gradual invasion into the lands of Byzantium. They invaded Macedonia and reached as far south as Thessaly and the Peloponnese, settling in isolated regions that were called by the Byzantines Sclavinias, until they were gradually pacified. Many Slavs came to serve as soldiers in Byzantine armies and settled in other parts of the empire. Many among the Romanised and Hellenised Paeonian, Illyrian and Thracian population of Macedonia were assimilated by the Slavs, but pockets of tribes that fled to the mountains remained independent. A number of scholars today consider that present-day Aromanians (Vlachs), Sarakatsani and Albanians originate from these mountainous populations. The interaction between Romanised and non-Romanised indigenous peoples and the Slavs resulted in linguistic similarities which are reflected in modern Bulgarian, Albanian, Romanian and Macedonian, all of them members of the Balkan language area. The Slavs also occupied the hinterland of Thessaloniki launching consecutive attacks on the city in 584, 586, 609, 620, and 622 AD, however never taking it. The Slavs were often joined in their onslaughts by detachments of Avars, but the Avars did not form any lasting settlements in the region. A branch of the Bulgars led by khan Kuber, however, settled western Macedonia and eastern Albania around 680 AD and also engaged in attacks on Byzantium together with the Slavs. By this time, the whole Macedonia region was inhabited by several different ethnicities, with South Slavs being the overall majority in the northern fringes of Macedonia while Greeks dominated the highlands of western Macedonia, the central plains, and the coastline. At the beginning of the 9th century, Bulgaria conquered Northern Byzantine lands, including Macedonia B and part of Macedonia A. Those regions remained under Bulgarian rule for two centuries, until the destruction of Bulgaria by the Byzantine Emperor Basil II (nicknamed the Bulgar-slayer) in 1018. In the 11th and the 12th century, the first mention is made of two ethnic groups just off the borders of Macedonia: the Arvanites in modern Albania and the Vlachs (Aromanians) in Thessaly and Pindus. Modern historians are divided as to whether the Albanians came to the area then (from Dacia or Moesia) or originated from the native non-Romanized Thracian or Illyrian populations. Also in the 11th century Byzantium settled several tens of thousand Turkic Christians from Asia Minor, referred to as Vardariotes, along the lower course of the Vardar. Colonies of other Turkic tribes such as Uzes, Petchenegs, and Cumans were also introduced at various periods from the 11th to the 13th century. All these were eventually Hellenized or Bulgarized. Romani, migrating from north India reached the Balkans, including Macedonia, around the 14th century with some of them settling there. There were successive waves of Romani immigration in the 15th and the 16th century, too. (See also: Roma in the Republic of Macedonia) In the 13th and the 14th century, Macedonia was contested by the Byzantine Empire, the Despotate of Epirus, the rulers of Thessaly, and the Bulgarian Empire, but the frequent shift of borders did not result in any major population changes. In 1338, it was conquered by the Serbian Empire, but after the Battle of Maritsa in 1371 most of the Serbian lords of Macedonia acknowledged Ottoman suzerainty. After the conquest of Skopje by the Ottoman Turks in 1392, most of Macedonia was formally incorporated into the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman rule Muslims and Christians The initial period of Ottoman rule led a depopulation of the plains and river valleys of Macedonia. The Christian population there fled to the mountains. Ottomans were largely brought from Asia Minor and settled parts of the region. Towns destroyed in Vardar Macedonia during the conquest were renewed, this time populated exclusively by Muslims. The Ottoman element in Macedonia was especially strong in the 17th and the 18th century with travellers defining the majority of the population, especially the urban one, as Muslim. The Ottoman population, however, sharply declined at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century on account of the incessant wars led by the Ottoman Empire, the low birth rate and the higher death toll of the frequent plague epidemics among Muslims than among Christians. The Ottoman–Habsburg War (1683–1699), the subsequent flight of a substantial part of the Serbian population in Kosovo to Austria and the reprisals and looting during the Ottoman counteroffensive led to an influx of Albanian Muslims into Kosovo, northern and northwestern Macedonia. Being in the position of power, the Albanian Muslims managed to push out their Christian neighbours and conquered additional territories in the 18th and the 19th centuries. Pressures from central government following the first Russo-Turkish war that ended in 1774 and in which Ottoman Greeks were implicated as a "fifth column" led to the a superficial islamization of several thousand Greek-speakers in western Macedonia. These Greek Muslims retained their Greek language and identity, remained Crypto-Christians, and were subsequently called Vallahades by local Greek Orthodox Christians because apparently the only Turkish-Arabic they ever bothered to learn was how to say "wa-llahi" or "by Allah". The destruction and abandoning of the Christian Aromanian city of Moscopole and other important Aromanian settlements in the southern Albania (Epirus-Macedonia) region in the second half of the 18th century caused a large-scale migration of thousands of Aromanians to the cities and villages of Western Macedonia, most notably to Bitola, Krushevo and surrounding regions. Thessaloniki also became the home of a large Jewish population following Spain's expulsions of Jews after 1492. The Jews later formed small colonies in other Macedonian cities, most notably Bitola and Serres. Hellenic idea The rise of European nationalism in the 18th century led to the expansion of the Hellenic idea in Macedonia. Its main pillar throughout the centuries of Ottoman rule had been the indigenous Greek population of historical Macedonia. Under the influence of the Greek schools and the Patriarchate of Constantinople, however, it started to spread among the other orthodox subjects of the Empire as the urban Christian population of Slavic and Albanian origin started to view itself increasingly as Greek. The Greek language became a symbol of civilization and a basic means of communication between non-Muslims. The process of Hellenization was additionally reinforced after the abolition of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid in 1767. Though with a predominantly Greek clergy, the Archbishopric did not yield to the direct order of Constantinople and had autonomy in many vital domains. However, the poverty of the Christian peasantry and the lack of proper schooling in villages preserved the linguistic diversity of the Macedonian countryside. The Hellenic idea reached its peak during the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) which received the active support of the Greek Macedonian population as part of their struggle for the resurrection of Greek statehood. According to the Istituto Geografiko de Agostini of Rome, in 1903 in the vilayets of Selanik and Monastir Greek was the dominant language of instruction in the region: The independence of the Greek kingdom, however, dealt a nearly fatal blow to the Hellenic idea in Macedonia. The flight of the Macedonian intelligentsia to independent Greece and the mass closures of Greek schools by the Ottoman authorities weakened the Hellenic presence in the region for a century ahead, until the incorporation of historical Macedonia into Greece following the Balkan Wars in 1913. Bulgarian idea Most of the population of Macedonia was described as Bulgarians during 16th and 17th centuries by Ottoman historians and travellers such as Hoca Sadeddin Efendi, Mustafa Selaniki, Hadji Khalfa and Evliya Celebi. The name meant, however, rather little in view of the political oppression by the Ottomans and the religious and cultural one by the Greek clergy. The Bulgarian language was preserved as a cultural medium only in a handful of monasteries, and to rise in terms of social status for the ordinary Bulgarian usually meant undergoing a process of Hellenisation. The Slavonic liturgy was, however, preserved at the lower levels of the Bulgarian Archbishopric of Ohrid for several centuries until its abolition in 1767. The creator of modern Bulgarian historiography, Petar Bogdan Bakshev in his first work "Description of the Bulgarian Kingdom" in 1640, mentioned the geographical and ethnic borders of Bulgaria and Bulgarian people including also "the greather part of Macedonia ... as far as Ohrid, up to the boundaries of Albania and Greece ...". Hristofor Zhefarovich, a Macedonia-born 18th-century painter, had a crucial influence on the Bulgarian National Revival and significantly affected the entire Bulgarian heraldry of the 19th century, when it became most influential among all generations of Bulgarian enlighteners and revolutionaries and shaped the idea for a modern Bulgarian national symbol. In his testament, he explicitly noted that his relatives were "of Bulgarian nationality" and from Dojran. Although the first literary work in Modern Bulgarian, History of Slav-Bulgarians was written by a Macedonia born Bulgarian monk, Paisius of Hilendar as early as 1762, it took almost a century for the Bulgarian idea to regain ascendancy in the region. The Bulgarian advance in Macedonia in the 19th century was aided by the numerical superiority of the Bulgarians after the decrease in the Turkish population, as well as by their improved economic status. The Bulgarians of Macedonia took active part in the struggle for independent Bulgarian Patriarchate and Bulgarian schools. The representatives of the intelligentsia wrote in a language which they called Bulgarian and strove for a more even representation of the local Bulgarian dialects spoken in Macedonia in formal Bulgarian. The autonomous Bulgarian Exarchate established in 1870 included northwestern Macedonia. After the overwhelming vote of the districts of Ohrid and Skopje, it grew to include the whole of present-day Vardar and Pirin Macedonia in 1874. This process of Bulgarian national revival in Macedonia, however, was much less successful in historical Macedonia, which beside Slavs had compact Greek and Aromanian populations. The Hellenic idea and the Patriarchate of Constantinople preserved much of their earlier influence among local Bulgarians and the arrival of the Bulgarian idea turned the region into a battlefield between those owing allegiance to the Patriarchate and tose to Exarchate with division lines often separating family and kin. European ethnographs and linguists until the Congress of Berlin usually regarded the language of the Slavic population of Macedonia as Bulgarian. French scholars Ami Boué in 1840 and Guillaume Lejean in 1861, Germans August Grisebach in 1841, J. Hahn in 1858 and 1863, August Heinrich Petermann in 1869 and Heinrich Kiepert in 1876, Slovak Pavel Jozef Safarik in 1842 and the Czechs Karel Jaromír Erben in 1868 and F. Brodaska in 1869, Englishmen James Wyld in 1877 and Georgina Muir Mackenzie and Adeline Paulina Irby in 1863, Serbians Davidovitch in 1848, Constant Desjardins in 1853 and Stefan I. Verković in 1860, Russians Viktor I. Grigorovič in 1848 Vinkenty Makushev and M.F. Mirkovitch in 1867, as well as Austrian Karl Sax in 1878 published ethnography or linguistic books, or travel notes, which defined the Slavic population of Macedonia as Bulgarian. Austrian doctor Josef Müller published travel notes in 1844 where he regarded the Slavic population of Macedonia as Serbian. The region was further identified as predominantly Greek by French F. Bianconi in 1877 and by Englishman Edward Stanford in 1877. He maintained that the urban population of Macedonia was entirely Greek, whereas the peasantry was of mixed, Bulgarian-Greek origin and had Greek consciousness but had not yet mastered the Greek language. Macedonian Question In Europe, the classic non-national states were the multi-ethnic empires such as the Ottoman Empire, ruled by a Sultan and the population belonged to many ethnic groups, which spoke many languages. The idea of nation state was an increasing emphasis during the 19th century, on the ethnic and racial origins of the nations. The most noticeable characteristic was the degree to which nation states use the state as an instrument of national unity, in economic, social and cultural life. By the 19th century, the Ottomans had fallen well behind the rest of Europe in science, technology, and industry. By that time Bulgarians had initiated a purposeful struggle against the Greek clerics. Bulgarian religious leaders had realised that any further struggle for the rights of the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire could not succeed unless they managed to obtain at least some degree of autonomy from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The foundation of the Bulgarian Exarchate in 1870, which included most of Macedonia by a firman of Sultan Abdülaziz was the direct result of the struggle of the Bulgarian Orthodox against the domination of the Greek Patriarchate of Constantinople in the 1850s and 1860s. Afterwards in 1876 the Bulgarians revolted in the April uprising. The emergence of Bulgarian national sentiments was closely related to the re-establishment of the independent Bulgarian church. This rise of national awareness became known as the Bulgarian National Revival. However the uprising was crushed by the Ottomans. As result on the Constantinople Conference in 1876 the predominant Bulgarian character of the Slavs in Macedonia reflected in the borders of future autonomous Bulgaria as it was drawn there. The Great Powers eventually gave their consent to variant, which excluded historical Macedonia and Thrace, and denied Bulgaria access to the Aegean sea, but otherwise incorporated all other regions in the Ottoman Empire inhabited by Bulgarians. At the last minute, however, the Ottomans rejected the plan with the secret support of Britain. Having its reputation at stake, Russia had no other choice but to declare war on the Ottomans in April 1877. The Treaty of San Stefano from 1878, which reflected the maximum desired by Russian expansionist policy, gave Bulgaria the whole of Macedonia except Thessaloniki, the Chalcidice peninsula and the valley of the Aliakmon. The Congress of Berlin in the same year redistributed most Bulgarian territories that the previous treaty had given to the Principality of Bulgaria back to the Ottoman Empire. This included the whole of Macedonia. As result in late 1878, the Kresna-Razlog Uprising – an unsuccessful Bulgarian revolt against the Ottoman rule in the region of Macedonia – broke out. However the decision taken at the Congress of Berlin soon turned the Macedonian Question into "the apple of constant discord" between Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria. The Bulgarian national revival in Macedonia was not unopposed. The Greeks and Serbs, too, had national ambitions in the region, and believed that these could be furthered by a policy of cultural and linguistic dissimilation of the Macedonian Slavs, to be achieved through educational and church propaganda. Nonetheless, by the 1870s the Bulgarians were clearly the dominant national party in Macedonia. It was widely anticipated that the Macedonian Slavs would continue to evolve as an integral part of the Bulgarian nation, and that, in the event of the Ottoman Empire's demise, Macedonia would be included in a Bulgarian successor-state. That these anticipations proved false was due not to any intrinsic peculiarities of the Macedonian Slavs, setting them apart from the Bulgarians, but to a series of catastrophic events, which, over a period of seventy years, diverted the course of Macedonian history away from its presumed trend. Serbian propaganda 19th century Serbian nationalism viewed Serbs as the people chosen to lead and unite all southern Slavs into one country, Yugoslavia (the country of the southern Slavs). The conscience of the peripheral parts of Serbian nation grew, therefore the officials and the wide circles of population considered the slavs of Macedonia as "Southern Serbs", Moslems as "Islamized Serbs", and Shtokavian speaking part of today's Croatian population as "Catholic Serbs". But, the basic interests of Serbian state policy was directed to the liberation of the Ottoman regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo; whilst Macedonia and Vojvodina should be "liberated later". The Congress of Berlin of 1878, which granted Bosnia and Herzegovina to Austro-Hungarian occupation and administration whilst nominally Ottoman, redirected Serbia's ambitions to Macedonia and a propaganda campaign was launched at home and abroad to prove the Serbian character of the region. A great contribution to the Serbian cause was made by an astronomer and historian from Trieste, Spiridon Gopčević (also known as Leo Brenner). Gopčević published in 1889 the ethnographic research Macedonia and Old Serbia, which defined more than three-quarters of the Macedonian population as Serbian. The population of Kosovo and northern Albania was identified as Serbian or Albanian of Serbian origin (Albanized Serbs, called "Arnauts") and the Greeks along the Aliákmon as Greeks of Serbian origin (Hellenized Serbs). The work of Gopčević was further developed by two Serbian scholars, geographer Jovan Cvijić and linguist Aleksandar Belić. Less extreme than Gopčević, Cvijić and Belić claimed only the Slavs of northern Macedonia were Serbian whereas those of southern Macedonia were identified as "Macedonian Slavs", an amorphous Slavic mass that was neither Bulgarian, nor Serbian but could turn out either Bulgarian or Serbian if the respective people were to rule the region. Greek propaganda It was established by the end of the 19th century that the majority of the population of central and Southern Macedonia (vilaets of Monastiri and Thessaloniki) were predominantly an ethnic Greek population, while the Northern parts of the region (vilaet of Skopje) were predominantly Slavic. Jews and Ottoman communities were scattered all over. Because of Macedonia's such polyethnic nature, the arguments which Greece used to promote its claim to the whole region were usually of historical and religious character. The Greeks consistently linked nationality to the allegiance to the Patriarchate of Constantinople. "Bulgarophone", "Albanophone" and "Vlachophone" Greeks were coined to describe the population who were Slavic, Albanian or Vlach (Aromanian)-speaking. There was also pressure on Aromanians to become linguistically dissimilated from the 18th century, when dissimilation efforts were encouraged by the Greek missionary Cosmas of Aetolia (1714–1779) who taught that Aromanians should speak Greek because as he said "it's the language of our Church" and established over 100 Greek schools in northern and western Greece. The offensive of the clergy against the use of Aromanian was by no means limited to religious issues but was a tool devised in order to convince the non-Greek speakers to abandon what they regarded as a "worthless" idiom and adopt the superior Greek speech: "There we are Metsovian brothers, together with those who are fooling themselves with this sordid and vile Aromanian language... forgive me for calling it a language", "repulsive speech with a disgusting diction". As with the Serbian and Bulgarian propaganda efforts, the Greek one initially also concentrated on education. Greek schools in Macedonia at the turn of the 20th century totalled 927 with 1,397 teachers and 57,607 pupils. As from the 1890s, Greece also started sending armed guerrilla groups to Macedonia (see Greek Struggle for Macedonia) especially after the death of Pavlos Melas, which fought the detachments of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO). The Greek cause predominated in historical Macedonia where it was supported by the native Greeks and by a substantial part of the Slavic and Aromanian populations. Support for the Greeks was much less pronounced in central Macedonia, coming only from a fraction of the local Aromanians and Slavs; in the northern parts of the region it was almost non-existent. Bulgarian propaganda The Bulgarian propaganda made a comeback in the 1890s with regard to both education and arms. At the turn of the 20th century there were 785 Bulgarian schools in Macedonia with 1,250 teachers and 39,892 pupils. The Bulgarian Exarchate held jurisdiction over seven dioceses (Skopje, Debar, Ohrid, Bitola, Nevrokop, Veles and Strumica), i.e., the whole of Vardar and Pirin Macedonia and some of southern Macedonia. The Bulgarian Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Committee (BMARC), which was founded in 1893 as the only guerilla organization established by locals, quickly developed a wide network of committees and agents turning into a "state within the state" in much of Macedonia. The organization changed its name on several occasions, settling to IMRO in 1920. IMRO fought not only against the Ottoman authorities, but also against the pro-Serbian and pro-Greek parties in Macedonia, terrorising the population supporting them. The failure of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising in 1903 signified a second weakening of the Bulgarian cause resulting in closure of schools and a new wave of emigration to Bulgaria. IMRO was also weakened and the number of Serbian and Greek guerilla groups in Macedonia substantially increased. The Exarchate lost the dioceses of Skopje and Debar to the Serbian Patriarchate in 1902 and 1910, respectively. Despite this, the Bulgarian cause preserved its dominant position in central and northern Macedonia and was also strong in southern Macedonia. The independence of Bulgaria in 1908 had the same effect on the Bulgarian idea in Macedonia as the independence of Greece to the Hellenic a century earlier. The consequences were closure of schools, expelling of priests of the Bulgarian Exarchate and emigration of the majority of the young Macedonian intelligentsia. This first emigration triggered a constant trickle of Macedonian-born refugees and emigrants to Bulgaria. Their number stood at ca. 100,000 by 1912. Ethnic Macedonian propaganda The ethnic Macedonian ideology during the second half of the 19th century was at its inception. One of the first preserved accounts is an article The Macedonian Question by Petko Slaveykov, published on 18 January 1871 in the "Macedonia" newspaper in Constantinople. In this article Petko Slaveykov writes: "We have many times heard from the Macedonists that they are not Bulgarians, but they are rather Macedonians, descendants of the Ancient Macedonians". In a letter written to the Bulgarian Exarch in February 1874 Petko Slaveykov reports that discontentment with the current situation “has given birth among local patriots to the disastrous idea of working independently on the advancement of their own local dialect and what’s more, of their own, separate Macedonian church leadership.” In 1880, Georgi Pulevski published Slognica Rechovska in Sofia as an attempt at a grammar of the language of the Slavs who lived in Macedonia. Although he had no formal education, Pulevski published several other books, including three dictionaries and a collection of songs from Macedonia, customs, and holidays. The first significant manifestation of ethnic Macedonian nationalism was the book За Македонските Работи (Za Makedonskite Raboti – On Macedonian Matters, Sofia, 1903) by Krste Misirkov. In the book Misirkov advocated that the Slavs of Macedonia should take a separate way from the Bulgarians and the Bulgarian language. Misirkov considered that the term "Macedonian" should be used to define the whole Slavic population of Macedonia, obliterating the existing division between Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbians. The adoption of a separate "Macedonian language" was also advocated as a means of unification of the Ethnic Macedonians with Serbian, Bulgarian and Greek consciousness. On Macedonian Matters was written in the South Slavic dialect spoken in central Bitola-Prilep. This dialect was proposed by Misirkov as the basis for the future language, and, as Misirkov says, a dialect which is most different from all other neighboring languages (as the eastern dialect was too close to Bulgarian and the northern one too close to Serbian). Misirkov calls this language Macedonian. While Misirkov talked about the Macedonian consciousness and the Macedonian language as a future goal, he described the wider region of Macedonia in the early 20th century as inhabited by Bulgarians, Greeks, Serbs, Turks, Albanians, Aromanians, and Jews. As regards to the Ethnic Macedonians themselves, Misirkov maintained that they had called themselves Bulgarians until the publication of the book and were always called Bulgarians by independent observers until 1878 when the Serbian views also started to get recognition. Misirkov rejected the ideas in On Macedonian Matters later and turned into a staunch advocate of the Bulgarian cause – only to return to the ethnic Macedonian idea again in the 1920s. Another prominent activist for the ethnic Macedonian national revival was Dimitrija Čupovski, who was one of the founders and the president of the Macedonian Literary Society established in Saint Petersburg in 1902. During the 1913–18 period, Čupovski published the newspaper Makedonski Golos''' (Македонскi Голосъ) (meaning Macedonian voice) in which he and fellow members of the Petersburg Macedonian Colony propagandized the existence of a separate Macedonian people different from Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbs, and were struggling for popularizing the idea for an independent Macedonian state. Following the Second Balkan War in 1913, the partition of Macedonia among three entities who had taken part in the battle (Serbia, Greece and Bulgaria) placed today's territory within the Kingdom of Serbia. Serbian rule ensured that all ethnic Macedonian symbolism and identity were henceforth proscribed, and only standard Serbian was permitted to be spoken by the locals of Macedonia. In addition, Serbia did not refer to its southern land as Macedonia, a legacy which remains in place today among Serbian nationalists (e.g. the Serbian Radical Party). The ideas of Misirkov, Pulevski and other ethnic Macedonians would remain largely unnoticed until the 1940s when they were adopted by the Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia influencing the codification of the Macedonian language. Claims of present-day historians from North Macedonia that the "Autonomists" in IMRO who defended a Macedonian position are largely ungrounded. IMRO regarded itself – and was regarded by the Ottoman authorities, the Greek guerilla groups, the contemporary press in Europe and even by Misirkov -as an exclusively Bulgarian organization . The present-day historians from North Macedonia claim that IMRO was split into two factions: the first aimed an ethnic Macedonian state, and the second believed in a Macedonia as a part of wider Bulgarian entity. Romanian propaganda Attempts at Romanian propaganda among the Aromanian population of Macedonia began in the early 19th century and were based mainly on linguistic criteria, as well as the claim of a common Thraco-Roman origin of Romanians (Daco-Romanians) and Aromanians (Macedo-Romanians), the two most numerous Vlach populations. The first Romanian Vlach school was, however, established in 1864 in Macedonia. The total number of schools grew to 93 at the beginning of the 20th century. Though the Romanian propaganda made some success in Bitola, Kruševo, and in the Aromanian villages in the districts of Bitola and Ohrid. Macedonian Aromanians regarded themselves as a separate ethnic group, and Romanians view such nations as subgroups of a wider Vlach ethnicity. During the Second Balkan War, when Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia, Romania took advantage of the situation to occupy the region of South Dobrudja, where the majority of the population was Bulgarian and Turkish. This was considered a "repayment" for the lands in Macedonia, occupied by Aromanians but included in Bulgaria after the First Balkan War. Independent point of view Independent sources in Europe between 1878 and 1918 generally tended to view the Slavic population of Macedonia in two ways: as Bulgarians and as Macedonian Slavs. German scholar Gustav Weigand was one of the most prominent representatives of the first trend with the books Ethnography of Macedonia (1924, written 1919) and partially with The Aromanians (1905). The author described all ethnic groups living in Macedonia, showed empirically the close connection between the western Bulgarian dialects and the Macedonian dialects and defined the latter as Bulgarian. The International Commission constituted by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1913 to inquire into causes and conduct of the Balkan Wars also talked about the Slavs of Macedonia as about Bulgarians in its report published in 1914. The Commission had eight members from Great Britain, France, Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia and the United States. The term "Macedonian Slavs" was used by scholars and publicists in three general meanings: as a politically convenient term to define the Slavs of Macedonia without offending Serbian and Bulgarian nationalism; as a distinct group of Slavs different from both Serbs and Bulgarians, yet closer to the Bulgarians and having predominantly Bulgarian ethnical and political affinities; as a distinct group of Slavs different from both Serbs and Bulgarians having no developed national consciousness and no fast ethnical and political affinities (the definition of Cvijic). An instance of the use of the first meaning of the term was, for example, the ethnographic map of the Slavic peoples published in (1890) by Russian scholar Zarjanko, which identified the Slavs of Macedonia as Bulgarians. Following an official protest from Serbia the map was later reprinted identifying them under the politically correct name "Macedonian Slavs". The term was used in a completely different sense by British journalist Henry Brailsford in Macedonia, its races and their future (1906). The book contains Brailford's impressions from a five-month stay in Macedonia shortly after the suppression of the Ilinden Uprising and represents an ethnographic report. Brailford defines the dialect of Macedonia as neither Serbian, nor Bulgarian, yet closer to the second one. An opinion is delivered that any Slavic nation could "win" Macedonia if it is to use the needed tact and resources, yet it is claimed that the Bulgarians have already done that. Brailsford uses synonymously the terms "Macedonian Slavs" and "Bulgarians", the "Slavic language" and the "Bulgarian language". The chapter on the Macedonians Slavs/the Bulgarians is titled the "Bulgarian movement", the IMRO activists are called "Bulgarophile Macedonians". The third use of the term can be noted among scholars from the allied countries (above all France and the United Kingdom) after 1915 and is roughly equal to the definition given by Cvijic (see above). According to Edmund Spencer: The inhabitants are for the most part composed of Rayahs, a mixed race of Greeks, Bulgarians and Serbians, who, it cannot be doubted, would join to the man their brethren in faith of Serbia and Upper Moesia. It must therefore be evident that the great danger to be apprehended to the rule of the Osmanli in these provinces, is the successful inroad of the Serbian nationality into Macedonia; with this people they have the tradition of right, and their former greatness, aided by the powerful ties of race and creed Development of the name "Macedonian Slavs" The name "Macedonian Slavs" started to appear in publications at the end of the 1880s and the beginning of the 1890s. Though the successes of the Serbian propaganda effort had proved that the Slavic population of Macedonia was not only Bulgarian, they still failed to convince that this population was, in fact, Serbian. Rarely used until the end of the 19th century compared to 'Bulgarians', the term 'Macedonian Slavs' served more to conceal rather than define the national character of the population of Macedonia. Scholars resorted to it usually as a result of Serbian pressure or used it as a general term for the Slavs inhabiting Macedonia regardless of their ethnic affinities. The Serbian politician Stojan Novaković proposed in 1887 employing the Macedonistic ideas as they means to counteract the Bulgarian influence in Macedonia, thereby promoting Serbian interests in the region. However, by the beginning of the 20th century, the continued Serbian propaganda effort and especially the work of Cvijic had managed to firmly entrench the concept of the Macedonian Slavs in European public opinion, and the name was used almost as frequently as 'Bulgarians'. Even pro-Bulgarian researchers such as H. Henry Brailsford and N. Forbes argued that the Macedonian Slavs differed from both Bulgarians and Serbs. Practically all scholars before 1915, however, including strongly pro-Serbian ones such as Robert William Seton-Watson, admitted that the affinities of the majority of them lay with the Bulgarian cause and the Bulgarians and classified them as such. Even in 1914 the Carnegie Commission report states that the Serbs and Greeks classified the Slavs of Macedonia as a distinct group "Slav-Macedonians" for political purposes and this term is "political euphemism designed to conceal the existence of Bulgarians in Macedonia". Bulgaria's entry into World War I on the side of the Central Powers signified a dramatic shift in the way European public opinion viewed the Slavic population of Macedonia. For the Central Powers the Slavs of Macedonia became nothing but Bulgarians, whereas for the Allies they turned into anything other than Bulgarians. The ultimate victory of the Allies in 1918 led to the victory of the vision of the Slavic population of Macedonia as Macedonian Slavs, an amorphous Slavic mass without a developed national consciousness. During the 1920s the Comintern developed a new policy for the Balkans, about collaboration between the communists and the Macedonian movement, and the creation of a united Macedonian movement. The idea for a new unified organization was supported by the Soviet Union, which saw a chance of using this well developed revolutionary movement to spread revolution in the Balkans and destabilize the Balkan monarchies. In the so-called May Manifesto of 6 May 1924, for the first time the objectives of the unified Slav Macedonian liberation movement were presented: independence and unification of partitioned Macedonia, fighting all the neighbouring Balkan monarchies, forming a Balkan Communist Federation and cooperation with the Soviet Union. Later the Comintern published a resolution about the recognition of Macedonian ethnicity. The text of this document was prepared in the period December 20, 1933 – January 7, 1934, by the Balkan Secretariat of the Comintern. It was accepted by the Political Secretariat in Moscow on January 11, 1934, and approved by the Executive Committee of the Comintern. The Resolution was published for the first time in the April issue of Makedonsko Delo under the title ‘The Situation in Macedonia and the Tasks of IMRO (United)’. Absent national consciousness What stood behind the difficulties to properly define the nationality of the Slavic population of Macedonia was the apparent levity with which this population regarded it. The existence of a separate Macedonian national consciousness prior to the 1940s is disputed.Stephen Palmer, Robert King, Yugoslav Communism and the Macedonian question, Hamden, CT Archon Books, 1971, pp. 199-200 This confusion is illustrated by Robert Newman in 1935, who recounts discovering in a village in Vardar Macedonia two brothers, one who considered himself a Serb, and the other considered himself a Bulgarian. In another village he met a man who had been, "a Macedonian peasant all his life", but who had varyingly been called a Turk, a Serb and a Bulgarian. However anti-Serb and pro-Bulgarian feelings among the local population at this period prevailed. Nationality in early-20th-century Macedonia was a matter of political convictions and financial benefits, of what was considered politically correct at the specific time and of which armed guerrilla group happened to visit the respondent's home last. The process of Hellenization at the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century affected only a limited stratum of the population, the Bulgarian Revival in the middle of the 19th century was too short to form a solid Bulgarian consciousness, the financial benefits given by the Serbian propaganda were too tempting to be declined. It was not a rare occurrence for whole villages to switch their nationality from Greek to Bulgarian and then to Serbian within a few years or to be Bulgarian in the presence of a Bulgarian commercial agent and Serbian in the presence of a Serbian consul. On several occasions peasants were reported to have answered in the affirmative when asked if they were Bulgarians and again in the affirmative when asked if they were Serbs. Though this certainly cannot be valid for the whole population, many Russian and Western diplomats and travelers defined Macedonians as lacking a "proper" national consciousness. Statistical data Ottoman statistics The basis of the Ottoman censuses was the millet system. People were assigned to ethnic categories according to religious affiliation. So all Sunni Muslims were categorised as Turks, all members of Greek Orthodox church as Greeks, while rest being divided between Bulgarian and Serb Orthodox churches. All censuses concluded that the province is of Christian majority, among whom the Bulgarians prevail. 1882 Ottoman census in Macedonia: 1895 census: Special survey in 1904 of Hilmi Pasha (648 thousand followes of the Ecumenical Patriarchate and 557 thousand faithful of the Bulgarian Exarchate, but an additional 250 thousand of the former) had identified as Bulgarian speakers. Census 1906: Rival statistical data Encyclopædia Britannica The 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica gave the following statistical estimates about the population of Macedonia: Slavs (described in the encyclopaedia as a "Slavonic population, the bulk of which is regarded by almost all independent sources as Bulgarians"): approximately 1,150,000, whereof, 1,000,000 Orthodox and 150,000 Muslims (called Pomaks) Turks: ca. 500,000 (Muslims) Greeks: ca. 250,000, whereof ca. 240,000 Orthodox and 14,000 Muslims Albanians: ca. 120,000, whereof 10,000 Orthodox and 110,000 Muslims Vlachs: ca. 90,000 Orthodox and 3,000 Muslims Jews: ca. 75,000 Roma: ca. 50,000, whereof 35,000 Orthodox and 15,000 Muslims In total 1,300,000 Christians (almost exclusively Orthodox), 800,000 Muslims, 75,000 Jews, a total population of ca. 2,200,000 for the whole of Macedonia. It needs to be taken into account that part of the Slavic-speaking population in southern Macedonia regarded itself as ethnically Greek and a smaller percentage, mostly in northern Macedonia, as Serbian. All Muslims (except the Albanians) tended to view themselves and were viewed as Turks, irrespective of their mother tongue. Sample statistical data from neutral sources The following data reflects the population of the wider region of Macedonia as it was defined by Serbs and Bulgarians (Aegean, Vardar and Pirin), roughly corresponding to Manastir Vilayet, Salonica Vilayet and Kosovo Vilayet of Ottoman Macedonia which was significantly larger than the traditional region known to the Greeks. After the great population exchanges of the 1920s, 380,000 Turks left Greece and 538,253 Greeks came to Macedonia from Asia Minor. After the signing of the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine in 1919, Greece and Bulgaria agreed on a population exchange on the remaining Bulgarian minority in Macedonia. In the same year some 66,000 Bulgarians and other Slavophones left to Bulgaria and Serbia, while 58,709 Greeks entered Greece from Bulgaria Statistical data of Greek Macedonia According to A. Angelopoulos, published in the Journal of Balkan Studies, Greek Macedonia's national makeup in 1913 was 44.2% Greek, 38.9% Muslim, 8.7% Bulgarian and 8.2% others.Angelopoulos A., Population distribution of Greece Today according to Language, National Consciousness and Religion, Balkan Studies, 20, p.123-132, 1979 According to a Carnegie survey based on the ethnographic map of Southern Macedonia, representing the ethnic distribution on the eve of the 1912 Balkan war, published in 1913 by Mr. J. Ivanov, lecturer at the University of Sofia. The total numbers belonging to the various nationalities in a territory a little larger than the portion in the same region ceded to the Greeks by the Turks was 1,042,029 inhabitants, of whom 329,371 Bulgarians, 314,854 Turks, 236,755 Greeks, 68,206 Jews, 44,414 Wallachians, 25,302 Gypsies, 15,108 Albanians, 8,019 Miscellaneous. According to the League of Nations and at the 1928 census the population consisted of 1,341,00 Greeks (88.8%), 77,000 Bulgarians (5%), 2,000 Turks and 91,000 others, but according to Greek archival sources the total number of the Slavic speakers was 200,000. 20th century The Balkan Wars (1912–1913) and World War I (1914–1918) left the region of Macedonia divided among Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Albania and resulted in significant changes in its ethnic composition. 51% of the region's territory went to Greece, 38% to Serbia and 10% to Bulgaria. At least several hundred thousand, left their homes, the remaining were also subjected to assimilation as all "liberators" after the Balkan War wanted to assimilate as many inhabitants as possible and colonize with settlers form their respective nation. The Greeks become the largest population in the region. The formerly leading Muslim and Bulgarian communities were reduced either by extermination or change of identity. Greece The Slavic population was viewed as Slavophone Greeks and prepared to be reeducated in Greek. Any vestiges of Bulgarian and Slavic Macedonia in Greece have been eliminated from the Balkan Wars, continuing to the present. The Greeks detested the Bulgarians (Slavs of Macedonia), considering them less than human "bears, practising systematic and inhumane methods of extermination and assimilation. The use of Bulgarian language had been prohibited, for which the persecution by the police peaked, while during the regime of Metaxas a vigorous assimilation campaign was launched. The civilians have been persecuted solely for identifying as Bulgarian with the slogans "If you want to be free, be Greek" "We shall cut your tongues to teach you to speak Greek." "become Greeks again, that being the condition of a peaceful life.""Are you Christians or Bulgarians?" "The voice of Alexander the Great calls to you from the tomb; do you not hear it?You sleep on and go on calling yourselves Bulgarians!""Wast thou born at Sofia; there are no Bulgarians in Macedonia; the whole population is Greek." T" "He who goes to live in Bulgaria," was the reply to the protests, "is Bulgarian. No more Bulgarians in Greek Macedonia." The remaining Bulgarians threatened by use of force were made to become Greeks and to sign a declaration stating that they had been Greek since ancient times, but by the influence of komitadji they became Bulgarians only fifteen years ago, but nevertheless there was no real change in consciousness.Carnegie Endowment of International Peace, Publication No. 4, Washington DC, 1914 In many villages people were put to prison and then where released after having proclaimed themselves Greeks. The Slavic dialect was considered as being of lowest intelligence with the assumptions that it "consists" only a thousand words of vocabulary. There are official records showing that children professing Bulgarian identity were also murdered for declining to profess Greek identity. After the treaty of Bucharest, some 51% of the modern region that was known as Macedonia was won by the Greek state (also known as Aegean or Greek Macedonia). This was the only part of Macedonia that Greece was directly interested in. Greeks regarded this land as the only true region of Macedonia as it geographically corresponded to ancient Macedon and contained an ethnically Greek majority of population. Bulgarian and other non-Greek schools in southern (Greek) Macedonia were closed and Bulgarian teachers and priests were deported as early as the First Balkan War simultaneous to deportation of Greeks from Bulgaria. The bulk of the Slavic population of southeastern Macedonia fled to Bulgaria during the Second Balkan War or was resettled there in the 1920s by virtue of a population exchange agreement. The Slavic minority in Greek Macedonia, who were referred to by the Greek authorities as "Slavomacedonians", "Slavophone Greeks" and "Bulgarisants", were subjected to a gradual assimilation by the Greek majority. Their numbers were reduced by a large-scale emigration to North America in the 1920s and the 1930s and to Eastern Europe and Yugoslavia following the Greek Civil War (1944–1949). At the same time a number of Macedonian Greeks from Monastiri (modern Bitola) entered Greece. The 1923 Compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey led to a radical change in the ethnic composition of Greek Macedonia. Some 380,000 Turks and other Muslims left the region and were replaced by 538,253 Greeks from Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace, including Pontic Greeks from northeastern Anatolia and Caucasus Greeks from the South Caucasus. According to The League of Nations, the population data for Southern Macedonia in 1928 was the following: Greece was attacked and occupied by Nazi-led Axis during World War II. By the beginning of 1941 the whole of Greece was under a tripartite German, Italian and Bulgarian occupation. The Bulgarians were permitted to occupy western Thrace and parts of Greek Macedonia, where they persecuted and committed massacres and other atrocities against the Greek population. The once thriving Jewish community of Thessaloniki was decimated by the Nazis, who deported 60,000 of the city's Jews to the German death camps in Germany and German-occupied Poland. Large Jewish populations in the Bulgarian occupied zone were deported by the Bulgarian army and had an equal death rate to the German zone. The Bulgarian Army occupied the whole of Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace, where it was greeted from a part of a Slav-speakers as liberators. Unlike Germany and Italy, Bulgaria officially annexed the occupied territories, which had long been a target of Bulgarian irridentism. A massive campaign of "Bulgarisation" was launched, which saw all Greek officials deported. This campaign was successful especially in Eastern and later in Central Macedonia, when Bulgarians entered the area in 1943. All Slav-speakers there were regarded as Bulgarians. However it was not so effective in German occupied Western Macedonia. A ban was placed on the use of the Greek language, the names of towns and places changed to the forms traditional in Bulgarian. In addition, the Bulgarian government tried to alter the ethnic composition of the region, by expropriating land and houses from Greeks in favour of Bulgarian settlers. The same year, the German High Command approved the foundation of a Bulgarian military club in Thessaloníki. The Bulgarians organized supplying of food and provisions for the Slavic population in Central and Western Macedonia, aiming to gain the local population that was in the German and Italian occupied zones. The Bulgarian clubs soon started to gain support among parts of the population. Many Communist political prisoners were released with the intercession of Bulgarian Club in Thessaloniki, which had made representations to the German occupation authorities. They all declared Bulgarian ethnicity.Makedonia newspaper, 11 May 1948. In 1942, the Bulgarian club asked assistance from the High command in organizing armed units among the Slavic-speaking population in northern Greece. For this purpose, the Bulgarian army, under the approval of the German forces in the Balkans sent a handful of officers from the Bulgarian Army, to the zones occupied by the Italian and German troops to be attached to the German occupying forces as "liaison officers". All the Bulgarian officers brought into service were locally born Macedonians who had immigrated to Bulgaria with their families during the 1920s and 1930s as part of the Greek-Bulgarian Treaty of Neuilly which saw 90,000 Bulgarians migrating to Bulgaria from Greece. With the help of Bulgarian officers several pro-Bulgarian and anti-Greek armed detachments (Ohrana) were organized in the Kastoria, Florina and Edessa districts of occupied Greek Macedonia in 1943. These were led by Bulgarian officers originally from Greek Macedonia; Andon Kalchev and Georgi Dimchev. Ohrana (meaning Defense) was an autonomist pro-Bulgarian organization fighting for unification with Greater Bulgaria. Uhrana was supported from IMRO leader Ivan Mihaylov too. It was apparent that Mihailov had broader plans which envisaged the creation of a Macedonian state under a German control. It was also anticipated that the IMRO volunteers would form the core of the armed forces of a future Independent Macedonia in addition to providing administration and education in the Florina, Kastoria and Edessa districts. In the summer of 1944, Ohrana constituted some 12,000 fighters and volunteers from Bulgaria charged with protection of the local population. During 1944, whole Slavophone villages were armed by the occupation authorities and developed into the most formidable enemy of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS). Ohrana was dissolved in late 1944 after the German and Bulgarian withdrawal from Greece and Josip Broz Tito's Partisans movement hardly concealed its intention of expanding. After World War II, many former "Ohranists" were convicted of a military crimes as collaborationists. It was from this period, after Bulgaria's conversion to communism, that some Slav-speakers in Greece who had referred to themselves as "Bulgarians" increasingly began to identify as "Macedonians". Following the defeat of the Axis powers and the evacuation of the Nazi occupation forces many members of the Ohrana joined the SNOF where they could still pursue their goal of secession. The advance of the Red Army into Bulgaria in September 1944, the withdrawal of the German armed forces from Greece in October, meant that the Bulgarian Army had to withdraw from Greek Macedonia and Thrace. A large proportion of Bulgarians and Slavic speakers emigrated there. In 1944 the declarations of Bulgarian nationality were estimated by the Greek authorities, on the basis of monthly returns, to have reached 16,000 in the districts of German-occupied Greek Macedonia, but according to British sources, declarations of Bulgarian nationality throughout Western Macedonia reached 23,000. By 1945 World War II had ended and Greece was in open civil war. It has been estimated that after the end of World War II over 40,000 people fled from Greece to Yugoslavia and Bulgaria. To an extent the collaboration of the peasants with the Germans, Italians, Bulgarians or the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) was determined by the geopolitical position of each village. Depending upon whether their village was vulnerable to attack by the Greek communist guerrillas or the occupation forces, the peasants would opt to support the side in relation to which they were most vulnerable. In both cases, the attempt was to promise "freedom" (autonomy or independence) to the formerly persecuted Slavic minority as a means of gaining its support. The National Liberation Front (NOF) was organized by the political and military groups of the Slavic minority in Greece, active from 1945 to 1949. The interbellum was the time when part of them came to the conclusion that they are Macedonians. Greek hostility to the Slavic minority produced tensions that rose to separatism. After the recognition in 1934 from the Comintern of the Macedonian ethnicity, the Greek communists have also recognized Macedonian national identity. Soon after the first "free territories" were created it was decided that ethnic Macedonian schools would open in the area controlled by the DSE. Books written in the ethnic Macedonian language were published, while ethnic Macedonians theatres and cultural organizations operated. Also within the NOF, a female organization, the Women's Antifascist Front (AFZH), and a youth organization, the National Liberation Front of Youth (ONOM), were formed. The creation of the ethnic Macedonian cultural institutions in the Democratic Army of Greece (DSE)-held territory, newspapers and books published by NOF, public speeches and the schools opened, helped the consolidation of the ethnic Macedonian conscience and identity among the population. According to information announced by Paskal Mitrovski on the I plenum of NOF on August 1948 – about 85% of the Slavic-speaking population in Greek Macedonia has ethnic Macedonian self-identity. The language that was thought in the schools was the official language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. About 20,000 young ethnic Macedonians learned to read and write using that language, and learned their own history. From 1946 until the end of the Civil War in 1949, the NOF was loyal to Greece and was fighting for minimal human rights within the borders of a Greek republic. But in order to mobilize more ethnic Macedonians into the DSE it was declared on 31 January 1949 at the 5th Meeting of the KKE Central Committee that when the DSE took power in Greece there would be an independent Macedonian state, united in its geographical borders. This new line of the KKE affected the mobilisation rate of ethnic Macedonians (which even earlier was considerably high), but did not manage, ultimately, to change the course of the war. The government forces destroyed every village that was on their way, and expelled the civilian population. Leaving as a result of force or on their own accord (in order to escape oppression and retaliation), 50,000 people left Greece together with the retreating DSE forces. All of them were sent to Eastern Bloc countries. It was not until the 1970s that some of them were allowed to come to the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. In the 1980s, the Greek parliament adopted the law of national reconciliation which allowed DSE members "of Greek origin" to repatriate to Greece, where they were given land. Ethnic Macedonian DSE remembers remained excluded from the terms of this legislation. On August 20, 2003, the Rainbow Party hosted a reception for the "child refugees", ethnic Macedonian children who fled their homes during the Greek Civil War who were permitted to enter Greece for a maximum of 20 days. Now elderly, this was the first time many of them saw their birthplaces and families in some 55 years. The reception included relatives of the refugees who are living in Greece and are members of Rainbow Party. However, many were refused entry by Greek border authorities because their passports listed the former names of their places of birth. The present number of the "Slavophones" in Greece has been subject to much speculation with varying numbers. As Greece does not hold census based on self-determination and mother tongue, no official data is available. It should be noted, however, that the official Macedonian Slav party in Greece receives at an average only 1000 votes. For more information about the region and its population see Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia. Yugoslavia After the Balkan Wars (1912–1913) the Slavs in Macedonia were regarded as southern Serbs and the language they spoke a southern Serbian dialect. Despite their attempts of forceful assimilation, Serb colonists in Vardar Macedonia numbered only 100,000 by 1942, so there was not that colonization and expulsion as in Greek Macedonia. Ethnic cleansing was unlikely in Serbia, Bulgarians were given to sign declaration for being Serbs since ancient times, those who refused to sign faced assimilation through terror, while Muslims faced similar discrimination. However, in 1913 Bulgarian revolts broke out in Tikvesh, Negotino, Kavadarci, Vartash, Ohrid, Debar and Struga, and more than 260 villages were burnt down. Serbian officials are documented to have buried alive three Bulgarian civilians from Pehčevo then. Bulgarians were forced to sign a petition "Declare yourself a Serb or die." 90,000 Serbian troops were deployed in Macedonia to keep down resistance from Serbianization, Serbian colonists were unsuccessfully encouraged to immigrate with the slogan "for the good of Serbs", but the Albanians and Turks to emigrate. In the next centuries, a sense of a distinct Macedonian nation emerged partly as a result of the resistance of IMRO, despite it was split into one Macedonist and one pro-Bulgarian wing. In 1918 the use of Bulgarian and Macedonian language was prohibited in Serbian Macedonia. The Bulgarian, Greek and Romanian schools were closed, the Bulgarian priests and all non-Serbian teachers were expelled. Bulgarian surname endings '-ov/-ev' were replaced with the typically Serbian ending '-ich' and the population which considered itself Bulgarian was heavily persecuted. The policy of Serbianization in the 1920s and 1930s clashed with popular pro-Bulgarian sentiment stirred by IMRO detachments infiltrating from Bulgaria, whereas local communists favoured the path of self-determination suggested by the Yugoslav Communist Party in the 1924 May Manifesto. In 1925, D. J. Footman, the British vice consul at Skopje, addressed a lengthy report for the Foreign Office. He wrote that "the majority of the inhabitants of Southern Serbia are Orthodox Christian Macedonians, ethnologically more akin to the Bulgarians than to the Serbs." He acknowledged that the Macedonians were better disposed toward Bulgaria because, Bulgarian education system in Macedonia in the time of the Turks, was widespread and effective; and because Macedonians at the time perceived Bulgarian culture and prestige to be higher than those of its neighbors. Moreover, large numbers of Macedonians educated in Bulgarian schools had sought refuge in Bulgaria before and especially after the partitions of 1913. "There is therefore now a large Macedonian element in Bulgaria, continued represented in all Government Departments and occupying high positions in the army and in the civil service...." He characterized this element as "Serbophobe, [it] mostly desires the incorporation of Macedonia in Bulgaria, and generally supports the IMRO." However, he also pointed to the existence of the tendency to seek an independent Macedonia with Salonica as its capital. "This movement also had adherents among the Macedonian colony in Bulgaria." Bulgarian troops were welcomed as liberators in 1941 but mistakes of the Bulgarian administration made a growing number of people resent their presence by 1944. It must also to be noted that the Bulgarian army during the annexation of the region, was partially recruited from the local population, which formed as much as 40%-60% of the soldiers in certain battalions. Some recent data has announced that even the National Liberation War of Macedonia has resembled ethno-political motivated civil war.СТЕНОГРАФСКИ БЕЛЕШКИ Тринаесеттото продолжение на Четиринаесеттата седница на Собранието на Република Македонија, 17 January 2007. After the war the region received the status of a constituent republic within Yugoslavia and in 1945 a separate, Macedonian language was codified. The population was declared Macedonian, a nationality different from both Serbs and Bulgarians. The decision was politically motivated and aimed at weakening the position of Serbia within Yugoslavia and of Bulgaria with regard to Yugoslavia. Surnames were again changed to include the ending '-ski', which was to emphasise the unique nature of the ethnic Macedonian population. From the start of the new Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), accusations surfaced that new authorities in Macedonia were involved in retribution against people who did not support the formation of the new Yugoslav Macedonian republic. The numbers of dead "counter-revolutionaries" due to organized killings, however is unclear. Besides, many people went throughout the Labor camp of Goli Otok in the middle 1940s. This chapter of the partisan's history was a taboo subject for conversation in the SFRY until the late 1980s, and as a result, decades of official silence created a reaction in the form of numerous data manipulations for nationalist communist propaganda purposes. At the times of Croatian ruling-class of Yugoslavia, Vardar Banovina Province was turned into autonomous Macedonia with a majority of the population declaring on census as ethnic Macedonians, and a Macedonian language as the official, recognized as distinct from Serbo-Croatian. The capital was placed in a Torlakian-speaking region. Persecution of Bulgarian identity by the state continued, along with propaganda. After the creation of Macedonian Republic the Presidium of ASNOM which was the highest political organ in Macedonia made several statements and actions that were de facto boycotting the decisions of AVNOJ. Instead of obeying the order of Tito's General Headquarters to send the main forces of the NOV of Macedonia to participate in the fighting in the Srem area for the final liberation of Yugoslavia, the cadre close to President Metodija Andonov – Cento gave serious thoughts whether it is better to order the preparation for an advance of the 100.000 armed men under his command toward northern Greece in order to "unify the Macedonian people" into one country. Officers loyal to Chento's ideas made a mutiny in the garrison stationed on Skopje's fortress, but the mutiny was suppressed by armed intervention. A dozen officers were shot on place, others sentenced to life imprisonment. Also Chento and his close associates were trying to minimize the ties with Yugoslavia as far as possible and were constantly mentioning the unification of the Macedonian people into one state, which was against the decisions of AVNOJ. Chento was even talking about the possibility to create an independent Macedonia backed by the US. The Yugoslav secret police made a decisive action and managed to arrest Metodija Andonov - Chento and his closest men and prevent his policies. Chento's place was taken by Lazar Kolishevski, who started fully implementing the pro-Yugoslav line. Later the authorities organised frequent purges and trials of Macedonian people charged with autonomist deviation. Many of the former IMRO (United) government officials, were purged from their positions then isolated, arrested, imprisoned or executed on various (in many cases fabricated) charges including: pro-Bulgarian leanings, demands for greater or complete independence of Yugoslav Macedonia, forming of conspirative political groups or organisations, demands for greater democracy, etc. People as Panko Brashnarov, Pavel Shatev, Dimitar Vlahov and Venko Markovski were quickly ousted from the new government, and some of them assassinated. On the other hand, former IMRO-members, followers of Ivan Mihailov, were also persecuted by the Belgrade-controlled authorities on accusations of collaboration with the Bulgarian occupation. Metodi Shatorov's supporters in Vardar Macedonia, called Sharlisti, were systematically exterminated by the Yugoslav Communist Party (YCP) in the autumn of 1944, and repressed for their anti-Yugoslav and pro-Bulgarian political positions. The encouragement and evolution of the culture of the Republic of Macedonia has had a far greater and more permanent impact on Macedonian nationalism than has any other aspect of Yugoslav policy. While development of national music, films and the graphic arts has been encouraged in the Republic of Macedonia, the greatest cultural effect has come from the codification of the Macedonian language and literature, the new Macedonian national interpretation of history and the establishment of a Macedonian Orthodox Church in 1967 by Central Committee of the Communist Party of Macedonia. Bulgaria The Bulgarian population in Pirin Macedonia remained Bulgarian after 1913. The "Macedonian Question" became especially prominent after the Balkan wars in 1912–1913, followed from the withdraw of the Ottoman Empire and the subsequent division of the region of Macedonia between Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia. The Slav – speakers in Macedonia tended to be Christian peasants, but the majority of them were under the influence of the Exarchate and its education system, thus considered themselves as Bulgarians.The Races and Religions of Macedonia, "National Geographic", Nov 1912 Moreover, Bulgarians in Bulgaria believed that most of the population of Macedonia was Bulgarian. Before the Balkan Wars the regional Macedonian dialects were treated as Bulgarian and the Exarchate school system taught the locals in Bulgarian. Following the Balkan wars the Bulgarian Exarchate activity in most of the region was discontinued. After World War I, the territory of the present-day North Macedonia came under the direct rule of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and was sometimes termed "Southern Serbia". Together with a portion of today's Serbia, it belonged officially to the newly formed Vardar Banovina. An intense program of Serbianization was implemented during the 1920s and 1930s when Belgrade enforced a Serbian cultural assimilation process on the region. Between the two world wars in Vardar Banovina, the regional Macedonian dialects were declared as Serbian and the Serbian language was introduced in the schools and administration as official language. There was implemented a governmental policy of assassinations and assimilation. The Serbian administration in Vardar Banovina felt insecure and that provoked its brutal reprisals on the local peasant population.A petition from the Macedonian National Committee to the League of Nations on violations of the Treaty for the Protection of Minorities on the part of the SCS Kingdom. May 23, 1928 Veritas, Macedonia Under Oppression 1919–1929, Sofia, 1931, pp. 464 467; the original is in Bulgarian. Greece, like all other Balkan states, adopted restrictive policies towards its minorities, namely towards its Slavic population in its northern regions, due to its experiences with Bulgaria's wars, including the Second Balkan War, and the Bulgarian inclination of sections of its Slavic minority. IMRO was a "state within the state" in the region in the 1920s using it to launch attacks in the Serbian and the Greek part of Macedonia. By that time IMRO had become a right-wing Bulgarian ultranationalist organization. According to IMRO statistics during the 1920s in the region of Yugoslav (Vardar) Macedonia operated 53 chetas (armed bands), 36 of which penetrated from Bulgaria, 12 were local and 5 entered from Albania. In the region of Greek (Aegean) Macedonia 24 chetas and 10 local reconnaissance detachments were active. Thousands local of Slavophone Macedonians were repressed by the Yugoslav and Greek authorities on suspicions of contacts with the revolutionary movement. The population in Pirin Macedonia was organized in a mass people's home guard. This militia was the only force, which resisted to the Greek army when general Pangalos launched a military campaign against Petrich District in 1925, speculatively called the War of the Stray Dog. IMRO's constant fratricidal killings and assassinations abroad provoked some within Bulgarian military after the coup of 19 May 1934 to take control and break the power of the organization. Meanwhile, the left-wing later did form the new organisation based on the principles of independence and unification of partitioned Macedonia. The new organisation which was an opponent to Ivan Mihailov's IMRO was called IMRO (United). It was founded in 1925 in Vienna. However, it did not have real popular support and remained active until 1936 and was funded by and closely linked to the Comintern and the Balkan Communist Federation. In 1934 the Comintern adopted resolution about the recognition of Macedonian nation and confirmed the project of the Balkan Communist Federation about creation of Balkan Federative Republic, including Macedonia. The outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, inspired the whole Macedonian community, foremost the refugees from the occupied parts, to seek ways for the liberation of Macedonia. Early in 1941 the British vice-consul at Skopje provided the Foreign Office with an even more extensive and perceptive analysis of the current state of the Macedonian Question. He claimed that the vast majority of the Macedonians belonged to the national movement; indeed, he estimated "that 90 percent of all Slav Macedonians were autonomists in one sense or another...." Because the movement was wrapped in secrecy, however, it was extremely difficult to gauge the relative strength of its various currents, except that it could be assumed that IMRO had lost ground since it was banned in Bulgaria and its leaders exiled. Between 6 April 1941 and 17 April 1941, Axis forces invaded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Axis victory was swift, as Yugoslavia had surrendered within 11 days. Macedonian newspaper "Makedonska Tribuna", an organ of Macedonian Patriotic Organisation, published by Macedonian immigrants in the U.S. and Canada, vaunted the German victory in the Invasion and fall of the Kingdom Yugoslavia. At the beginning of the Invasion of Yugoslavia a meeting was held on April 8, 1941, in Skopje, in which participated mainly followers of the idea for the liberation through independence or autonomy of Macedonia. There were activists of IMRO, as well as Yugoslav Communists – former IMRO (United) members, followers of the idea for the creation of a pro-Bulgarian Macedonian state under \|German and Italian protection. This meeting was to decide of action towards independence of Macedonia, but the situation changed dynamically. The local population in Macedonia met with joy the defeat of Kingdom of Yugoslavia. It saw as the end of Serbian rule and it was not surprising that the soldiers from Vardar Macedonia, mobilized in the Yugoslav army in large numbers refuse to fight. The Serbian administration in most places had run away afraid not as much of the Germans or Bulgarians but of the revenge of the local population. Although the Bulgarian government had officially joined the Axis Powers, it maintained a course of military passivity during the initial stages of the Invasion of Yugoslavia and the Battle of Greece. German, Italian, and Hungarian troops crushed opposing forces of Yugoslavia and Greece but on 6 April 1941, Yugoslavian airplanes bombed the Bulgarian town of Kyustendil, with 67 people killed and 90 wounded and a suburb of Sofia where 8 people were killed. The Yugoslav government surrendered on April 17. The Greek government was to hold out until April 30. On 18 April 1941 the Bulgarian government received a telegram from Joachim von Ribbentrop in which he specified the regions to be taken by units of the Bulgarian army. In Greece, the units were to occupy Thrace, as well as Macedonia between the Strymon and Nestos rivers. In Yugoslavia, the Bulgarians were to occupy an area from the river Vardar and Pomoravlje to the Pirot-Vranje-Skopje line. Ribbentrop's telegram said that the line was temporary, i.e., that it could be moved to the west of the river Vardar as well. The movement of the Bulgarian army in Yugoslavia started on April 19, and in Greece on April 20. The prominent force which occupied most of Vardar Macedonia, was the Bulgarian 5th Army. The 6th and 7th Infantry Divisions were active in invading the Vardar Banovina between 19 and 24 April 1941. The Bulgarian troops were mainly present in the western part of Vardar Macedonia, close to the Italian occupational zone, because of some border clashes with Italians, who implemented Albanian interests and terrorized the local peasants. So the most of Vardar Banovina, (including Vardar Macedonia), was annexed by Bulgaria and along with various other regions became Greater Bulgaria. The western-most parts of Vardar Macedonia was occupied by the fascist Kingdom of Italy. As the Bulgarian Army entered Vardar Macedonia on 19 April 1941, it was greeted by the local population as liberators as it meant the end of Serbian rule. Former IMRO and IMRO (United) members were active in organizing Bulgarian Action Committees charged with taking over the local authorities. Bulgarian Action Committees propagated a proclamation to the Bulgarians in Macedonia on occasion of the invasion of the Bulgarian Army in the Vardar Banovina. As regards the Serbian colonists, the members of the campaign committees were adamant—they had to be deported as soon as possible and their properties to be returned to the locals. With the arrival of the Bulgarian army mass expulsion of Serbs from the area of the Vardar Macedonia took place. First, the city dwellers were deported in 1941, then all of the suspected pro-Serbs. Metodi Shatarov-Šarlo, who was a local leader of the Yugoslav Communist Party, also refused to define the Bulgarian forces as occupiers (contrary to instructions from Belgrade) and called for the incorporation of the local Macedonian Communist organizations within the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP). The Macedonian Regional Committee refused to remain in contact with Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) and linked up with BCP as soon as the invasion of Yugoslavia started. The CPY formally decided to launch an armed uprising on 4 July 1941 but Šarlo refused to distribute the proclamation of calling for military actions against Bulgarians. More than 12,000 Yugoslav Macedonian prisoners of war (POWs) who had been conscripted into the Yugoslav army were released by a German, Italian and Hungarian Armies. The Slav-speakers in occupied from Bulgarian Army part of Greek Macedonia also greeted it as liberation. Before the German invasion in the Soviet Union, there had not been any resistance in Vardar Banovina. At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of non-intervention, arguing that the war was an imperialist war between various national ruling classes, but when the Soviet Union itself was invaded on 22 June 1941, the Comintern changed its position. The German attack on the Soviet Union sparked the rage of the Communists in Bulgaria. The same day the BCP spread a brochure among the people urging "To hinder by all means the usage of Bulgarian land and soldiers for the criminal purposes of German fascism". Two days later, on 24 June, the BCP called for an armed resistance against the Wehrmacht and the Bogdan Filov government. After that, and when already months ago Yugoslavia was annexed by Axis Powers, Macedonian Communist partisans, which included Macedonians, Aromanians, Serbs, Albanians, Jews and Bulgarians had begun organizing their resistance. The First Skopje Partisan Detachment was founded and had been attacked Axis soldiers on 8 September 1941 in Bogomila, near Skopje. The revolt on 11 October 1941 by the Prilep Partisan Detachment is considered to be the symbolic beginning of the resistance. Armed insurgents from the Prilep Partisan Detachment attacked Axis occupied zones in the city of Prilep, notably a police station, killing one Bulgarian policeman of local origin, which led to attacks in Kruševo and to the creation of small rebel detachments in other regions of Macedonia. Partisan detachments were formed also in Greek Macedonia and today's Bulgarian Macedonia under the leadership of Communist Party of Greece and Bulgarian Communist Party. In April 1942 a map titled "The Danube area" was published in Germany, where the so-called "new annexed territories" of Bulgaria in Vardar and Greek Macedonia and Western Thrace were described as "territories under temporary Bulgarian administration". This was a failure for Sofia's official propaganda, which claimed to have completed the National unification of the Bulgarians and showed the internal contradiction among Italy, Bulgaria and Germany. With the ongoing war, new anti-fascist partisan units were constantly formed and in 1942 a total of nine small partisan detachments were active in Vardar Macedonia and had maintained control of mountainous territories around Prilep, Skopje, Kruševo and Veles. The clash between the Yugoslav and Bulgarian Communists about possession over Macedonia was not ended. While the Bulgarian Communists avoided organizing mass armed uprising against the Bulgarian authorities, the Yugoslav Communists insisted that no liberation could be achieved without an armed revolt. With the help of the Comintern and of Joseph Stalin himself a decision was taken and the Macedonian Communists were attached to CPY. Because of the unwillingness of local Communists for earnest struggle against the Bulgarian Army, the Supreme Staff of CPY took measurements for strengthening of the campaign. Otherwise the policy of minimal resistance changed towards 1943 with the arrival of the Montenegrin Svetozar Vukmanović-Tempo, who began to organize an energetic struggle against the Bulgarian occupants. Tempo served on the Supreme Staff of CPY and became Josip Broz Tito's personal representative in the Vardar Banovina. Meanwhile, the Bulgarian government was responsible for the round-up and deportation of over 7,000 Jews in Skopje and Bitola. It refused to deport the Jews from Bulgarian proper but later under German pressure those Jews from the new annexed territories, without a Bulgarian citizenship were deported, as these from Vardar Macedonia and Western Thrace. The Bulgarian authorities created a special Gendarmerie forces which received almost unlimited power to pursue the Communist partisans on the whole territory of the kingdom. The gendarmes became notorious for carrying out atrocities against captured partisans and their supporters. Harsh rule by the occupying forces and a number of Allied victories indicated that the Axis might lose the war and that encouraged more Macedonians to support the communist Partisan resistance movement of Josip Broz Tito. Many former IMRO members assisted the Bulgarian authorities in fighting Tempo's partisans. With the help of Bulgarian government and former IMRO members, several pro-Bulgarian and anti-Greek detachments – Uhrana were organized in occupied Greek Macedonia in 1943. These were led by Bulgarian officers originally from Greek Macedonia and served for protection of the local population in the zone under German and Italian control. After the capitulation of Fascist Italy in September 1943, the Italian zone in Macedonia was taken over by the Germans. Uhrana was supported from Ivan Mihailov. It was apparent that Mihailov had broader plans which envisaged the creation of a Macedonian state under a German control. He was follower of the idea about a United Macedonian state with prevailing Bulgarian element. It was also anticipated that the IMRO volunteers would form the core of the armed forces of a future Independent Macedonia in addition to providing administration and education in the Florina, Kastoria and Edessa districts. Then in the resistance movement in Vardar Macedonia were clearly visible two political tendencies. The first one was represented by Tempo and the newly established Macedonian Communist Party, gave priority to battling against any form of manifest or latent pro-Bulgarian sentiment and to bringing the region into the new projected Communist Yugoslav Federation. Veterans of the pro-Bulgarian IMRO and IMRO (United) who had accepted the solution of the Macedonian Question as an ethnic preference, now regarded the main objective as being the unification of Macedonia into a single state, whose postwar future was to involve not necessarily inclusion in a Yugoslav federation. They foresaw in it a new form of Serbian dominance over Macedonia, and prefer rather membership of a Balkan federation or else independence. These two tendencies would have struck in the next few years. In Spring of 1944 the Macedonian National Liberation Army launched an operation called "The Spring Offensive" engaging German and Bulgarian Armies, which had over 60,000 military and administrative personnel in the area. In Strumica, approximately 3,800 fighters took part in the formation of military movements of the region; The 4th, 14th and 20th Macedonian Action Brigades, the Strumica Partisan Detachment and the 50th and 51st Macedonian Divisions were formed. Since the formation of an army in 1943, Macedonian Communist partisans were aspiring to create an autonomous government. On 2 August 1944, on the 41st anniversary of the Ilinden-Preobrazhenie Uprising, the first session of the newly created Anti-Fascist Assembly of the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) was held at the St. Prohor Pčinjski monastery. А manifesto was written outlining the future plans of ASNOM for an independent Macedonian state and for creation of the Macedonian language as the official language of the Macedonian state. However, a decision was later reached that Vardar Macedonia will become a part of new Communist Yugoslavia. In the summer of 1944, Ohrana constituted some 12,000 fighters and volunteers from Bulgaria. Whole Slavophone villages were armed and developed into the most formidable enemy of the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS). At this time Ivan Mihailov arrived in German occupied Skopje, where the Germans hoped that he could form an Independent State of Macedonia with their support on the base of IMRO and Ohrana. Seeing that the war is lost to Germany and to avoid further bloodshed, he refused. At this time the new Bulgarian government of Ivan Bagryanov began secret negotiations with the Allies aiming to find separate peace with repudiating any alliance with Nazi Germany and declaring neutrality, ending all anti-Jewish laws and ordering the withdrawal of the Bulgarian troops from Macedonia. Through its Macedonia-born minister of Internal Affairs Alexander Stanishev, the government tried to negotiate with the Macedonian partisans promising that after Bulgarian army withdrawal from Vardar Macedonia its arms would be given up to the partisans. It would be possible by condition that partisans guaranteed the establishment of pro-Bulgarian Macedonian state without the frame of future Yugoslavia. The negotiations failed and on 9 September 1944 the Fatherland Front in Sofia made a coup d'état and deposed the government. After the declaration of war by Bulgaria on Nazi Germany, the withdrawing Bulgarian troops in Macedonia surrounded by German forces, fought their way back to the old borders of Bulgaria. Under the leadership of a new Bulgarian pro-Communist government, three Bulgarian armies, 455,000 strong in total, entered occupied Yugoslavia in late September 1944 and moved from Sofia to Niš and Skopje with the strategic task of blocking the German forces withdrawing from Greece. They operated here in interaction with local partisans. Southern and eastern Serbia and most of Vardar Macedonia were liberated within an end of November. Toward the end of November and during early December, the main Bulgarian forces were assembled in liberated Serbia prior to their return home. The 135,000-strong Bulgarian First Army continued to Hungary, aided by Yugoslav Partisans. However, the Bulgarian army during the annexation of the region was partially recruited from the local population, which formed as much as 40% of the soldiers in certain battalions. Some official comments of deputies in Macedonian parliament and of former Premier, Ljubčo Georgievski after 1991 announced the "struggle was civil, but not a liberation war". According to official sources the number of Macedonian communist partisan's victims against the Bulgarian army during World War II was 539 men. Bulgarian historian and director of the Bulgarian National Historical Museum Dr. Bozhidar Dimitrov, in his 2003 book The Ten Lies of Macedonism, has also questioned the extent of resistance of the local population of Vardar Macedonia against the Bulgarian forces and describes the clash as political. After the end of World War II, the creation of People's Republic of Macedonia and of a new Macedonian language, it started a process of ethnogenesis and distinct national Macedonian identity was formed. The new Yugoslav authorities began a policy of removing of any Bulgarian influence, making Macedonia connecting link for the establishment of new Balkan Federation and creating a distinct Slavic consciousness that would inspire identification with Yugoslavia. After World War II the ruling Bulgarian Communists declared the population in Bulgarian Macedonia as ethnic Macedonian and teachers were brought in from Yugoslavia to teach the locals in the new Macedonian language. The organizations of the IMRO in Bulgaria were completely destroyed. Former IMRO members were hunted by the Communist Militsiya and many of them imprisoned, repressed, exiled or killed. Also internments of disagreeing with this political activities people at the Belene labor camp were organized. Tito and Georgi Dimitrov worked about the project to merge the two Balkan countries Bulgaria and Yugoslavia into a Balkan Federative Republic according to the projects of Balkan Communist Federation. This led to the 1947 cooperation and signing of Bled Agreement. It foresaw unification between Vardar Macedonia and Pirin Macedonia and return of Western Outlands to Bulgaria. They also supported the Greek Communists and especially Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front in the Greek Civil War with the idea of unification of Greek Macedonia and Western Thrace to the new state under Communist rule. According this project the bourgeoisie of the ruling nations in the three imperialist states among which Macedonia was partitioned, tried to camouflage its national oppression, denying the national features of the Macedonian people and the existence of the Macedonian nation. The policies resulting from the agreement were reversed after the Tito-Stalin split in June 1948, when Bulgaria, being subordinated to the interests of the Soviet Union took a stance against Yugoslavia. This policy for projection and recognition of regional countries and nations since the 1930s as for example Macedonia, had been the norm in Comintern policies, displaying Soviet resentment of the nation-state in Eastern Europe and of the consequences of Paris Peace Conference. With the 1943 dissolution of Comintern and the subsequent advent of the Cominform in 1948 came Joseph Stalin's dismissal of the previous ideology, and adaptation to the conditions created for Soviet hegemony during the Cold War. The Dimitrov's sudden death in July 1949 was followed by a "Titoists" witchhunt in Bulgaria. After Greek Communists lost the Greek Civil War, many Slav speakers were expelled from Greece.Genocide of Macedonian Children - "Macedonian tribune" newspaper, Fort Wayhe town, No. 3157 from November 4, 1993. Although the People's Republic of Bulgaria originally accepted very few refugees, government policy changed and the Bulgarian government actively sought out refugees from Greek Macedonia. It is estimated that approximately 2,500 children were sent to Bulgaria and 3,000 partisans fled there in the closing period of the war. There was a larger flow into Bulgaria of refugees as the Bulgarian Army pulled out of the Drama-Serres region in 1944. A large proportion of Slavic speakers emigrated there. The "Slavic Committee" in Sofia () helped to attract refugees that had settled in other parts of the Eastern Bloc. According to a political report in 1962 the number of political emigrants from Greece numbered at 6,529. The policy of communist Bulgaria towards the refugees from Greece was, at least initially, not discriminative with regard to their ethnic origin: Greek- and Slav-speakers were both categorized as Greek political emigrants and received equal treatment by state authorities. However, the end of the 1950s was marked by adecisive turn in the "Macedonistic" policy of Bulgaria, "which did not recognize anymore the existence of a Macedonian ethnicity different from the Bulgarian one". As a result, the trend to a discriminative policy, the refugees from Greece – more targeted at the Slav-speakers and less to "ethnic Greeks" – was given a certain proselytizing aspect. Eventually many of these migrants were assimilated into Bulgarian society. At the end of the 1950s the Communist Party repealed its previous decision and adopted a position denying the existence of a "Macedonian" nation. The inconsistent Bulgarian policy has thrown most independent observers ever since into a state of confusion as to the real origin of the population in Bulgarian Macedonia. In 1960, the Bulgarian Communist Party voted a special resolution explained "with the fact that almost all of the Macedonians have a clear Bulgarian national consciousness and consider Bulgaria their homeland. As result international relations upon the Sofia–Belgrade line deteriorated, and in fact were broken. This led to a final victory of the anti-Bulgarian and pro-Yugoslav oriented Macedonian political circles and signified a definite decline of the very notion of a south Slavonic federation. In Macedonia the Bulgarophobia increased almost to the level of state ideology. Bulgaria usually kept the right to declare ethnicity at census, but Bulgarian identity was minimized in the censuses of Yugoslavia and Blagoevgrad Province of Bulgaria. but between 1945–1965 forcefully Macedonians Blagoecgra Province 1946 and the 1956 census the population was forced to list as ethnic Macedonians against their will by the communist government in accordance with an agreement with Yugoslavia After the Fall of Communism and a brief upsurge of Macedonian nationalism at the beginning of the 1990s, sometimes resulting in clashes between nationalist Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) and ethnic Macedonian separatist organization UMO Ilinden-Pirin, the commotion has largely subsided in recent time and the ethnic Macedonian idea has become strongly marginalized. A total of 3,100 people in the Blagoevgrad District declared themselves Macedonian in the 2001 census (0.9% of the population of the region). In Bulgaria today, the Macedonian question has been understood largely as a result of the violation of national integrity, beginning with the revision of the Treaty of San Stefano from 1878. Bulgaria denies the existence of a separate Macedonian identity. The Bulgarian denouncement is based on the strong sense of loss of the territory, history and language which it shared with Macedonia in the past. After the collapse of the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia and the consequent independence of the Macedonian state in 1991, Bulgaria continued to question of the legitimacy of Macedonian nationhood, yet at the same time recognised the Republic of Macedonia. The Bulgarian government of 1991 promoted this political compromise as a constructive way of living with the national question, rather than suppressing them. Yet none of the fundamental tensions over the Macedonian question have been fully resolved, and the issue remains an important undercurrent in Sofia politics. Albania The Slavic minority in Albania is concentrated in two regions, Mala Prespa and Golloborda. In the 1930s the orthodox Slavs living in Albania were regarded as Bulgarians by the local Albanian population. The new Albanian state did not attempt to assimilate this minority or to forcibly change the names of local towns and villages. During the second Balkan Conference in 1932 the Bulgarian and Albanian delegations signed a Protocol about the recognition of the ethnic Bulgarian minority in Albania. After World War II, the creation of People's Republic of Macedonia and the policy of the new communist states about the founding of Balkan Federative Republic changed the situation and an ethnic Macedonian minorityFinally, Albania recognizes a Greek and a Macedonian minority - Partly or Fully Unrecognized National Minorities: Statement to the UN Working Group on Minorities, 7th session, Geneva, 14-18 May 2001 , Greek Helsinki Committee was officially recognized. Schools and radio stations in Macedonian were founded in the area. Albania has recognised around 5,000 strong Macedonian Slav minority. In Albania are both Bulgarian and ethnic Macedonian organizations. Each of them claims that the local Slavic population is Bulgarian/Macedonian. The population itself, which is predominantly Muslim, has, however, preferred to call itself Albanian in official censuses. Republic of Macedonia The Republic of Macedonia officially celebrates 1991 with regard to the referendum endorsing independence from Yugoslavia, albeit legalizing participation in "future union of the former states of Yugoslavia". The Macedonian Slavs of the Republic of Macedonia have demonstrated without any exception a strong and even aggressive at times Macedonian consciousness. Any ties with the Bulgarians have been denounced. During this period it has been claimed by Macedonian scholars that there exist large and oppressed ethnic Macedonian minorities in the region of Macedonia, located in neighboring states. Because of those claims, irredentist proposals are being made calling for the expansion of the borders of the Republic of Macedonia to encompass the territories allegedly populated with ethnic Macedonians. The population of the neighboring regions is presented as "subdued" to the propaganda of the governments of those neighbouring countries, and in need their incorporation into a United Macedonia. The supporters of these ideas, so called Macedonists generally ignore censuses conducted in Albania, Bulgaria and Greece, which show minimal presence of ethnic Macedonians. They consider those censuses flawed, without presenting evidence in support, and accusing the governments of neighboring countries of continued propaganda. By the time the Republic of Macedonia proclaimed its independence those who continued to look to Bulgaria were very few. Some 3,000–4,000 people that stuck to their Bulgarian identity met great hostility among the authorities and the rest of the population. Occasional trials against "Bulgarophiles" have continued until today.Court for waved Bulgarian flag in Macedonia. The Constitutional Court of Republic of Macedonia banned the organization of the Bulgarians in the Republic of Macedonia-Radko as "promoting racial and religious hate and intolerance". In 2009 the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, condemned Republic of Macedonia because of violations of the European Convention of Human Rights in this case. Nevertheless, during the last few years, rising economic prosperity and the EU membership of Bulgaria has seen around 60,000 Macedonians applying for Bulgarian citizenship; in order to obtain it they must sign a statement declaring they are Bulgarians by origin. Probably the most prominent Macedonian that applied for and was granted Bulgarian citizenship is former Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski.Macedonia embroiled in encyclopaedia row. Euractiv, 13 October 2009. An estimated 500 Macedonians receive Bulgarian citizenship every week. This aggregates to about 50,000 Macedonian nationals who have received Bulgarian citizenship in the past 20 years. Bulgarian governments justify this policy because they regard Macedonians as ethnopolitically disoriented Bulgarians. See also Macedonia (terminology) List of Macedonians (Greek) References Further reading Banac, Ivo. (1984). The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics. Cornell University Press: Ithaca/London University Press: Ithaca/London (for online version of relevant pages, click'' here) Boué, Ami. (1840). Le Turquie d’Europe. Paris: Arthus Bertrand. Brailsford, Henry Noel. (1906). Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future. London: Methuen & Co Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. (1914). Report of the International Commission To Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars. Washington: The Carnegie Endowment from https://web.archive.org/web/20110927153709/http://vmro.150m.com/en/carnegie/ Gopčević, Spiridon. (1889). Makedonien und Alt-Serbien. Wien: L. W. Seidel & Sohn. - Стара Србија и Македонија, превод: Милан Касумовић. Београд, 1890. Jezernik, Bozhidar. Macedonians: Conspicuous By Their Absence Misirkov, Krste P. (1903). Za makedonckite raboti. Sofia: Liberalni klub. (In Macedonian and English) The Emergence of Macedonian National Thought and the Formation of a National Programme (up to 1878) by Blaže Ristovski Kunčov, Vasil. (1900). Makedonija. Etnografija i statistika. Sofia: Državna pečatnica (Кънчов, В. 1900, Македония. Етнография и статистика. София: Държавна печатница). Lange-Akhund, Nadine. (1998). The Macedonian Question, 1893–1908 from Western Sources. Boulder, Colo. : New York. MacKenzie, Georgena Muir and Irby, I.P. (1971). Travels in the Slavonic Provinces of Turkey in Europe. New York, Arno Press. Poulton, Hugh. (1995). Who are the Macedonians? C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London Roudometoff, Victor. (2000). The Macedonian Question: Culture, Historiography, Politics. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs. quoted in . Weigand, Gustav. (1924). ETHNOGRAPHIE VON MAKEDONIEN, Geschichtlich-nationaler, spraechlich-statistischer Teil von Prof. Dr. Gustav Weigand, Leipzig, Friedrich Brandstetter. Wilkinson, H.R. (1951). Maps and Politics; a review of the ethnographic cartography of Macedonia, Liverpool University Press. Kuhn's Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung XXII (1874), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Category:History of Macedonia (region) Category:History of Bulgaria by location Macedonia Category:Demographics of the Ottoman Empire Category:Demographics of Bulgaria Category:Demographics of Greece Category:Demographics of Albania Category:Society in North Macedonia Macedonia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bugallon , officially the , (; ; ), is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. History The municipality of Bugallon was formerly called "Salasa" (meaning floor joist in the dialect, a part of a wooden house where the floor is attached to). In the Spanish colonial era, the Spanish authorities established the town center in Poblacion (now Barangay Salasa). Because of the 1914 massive flooding and erosion, the town center was later transferred to Barrio Anagao (became Barangay Poblacion) but the Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church, one of the oldest churches in the country, could not be transferred (every time someone attempts, he dies). A new Catholic church was created in the Poblacion, the Saint Andrew Catholic Church. This is the reason why Bugallon has two Catholic Churches (one in Salasa and the other in Anagao). Fr. Antonio Perez. founded Salasa (1714-1747) In 1720, Poblacion was in Barangay Polong's Don Francisco Valencerina yard, later transferred later to Baranggay Salasa on January 24, 1734 by Fr. Fernando Garcia. The Plaza, Presedencia, the church and convent, were engineered by the Frayle (surrounded by parallel calles). Doña Milagros Klar, wife of then manager of Pantranco (Philtranco) donated in 1935, the Our Lady of Lourdes statue to Salasa Shrine. The town was named after the town's hero Major Jose Torres Bugallon who fought together with Gen. Antonio Luna during the Philippine–American War in 1899. February 5, 1899, at the Battle of La Loma, Bugallon faced Gen. Arthur MacArthur. Bugallon suffered a shot to the thigh during the battle. Later that day, in the arms of Antonio Luna, Bugallon died from excessive loss of blood. In 1921, the town of Salasa was renamed to Bugallon. Mr. Canullas founded the Jose Torres Bugallonas association and a monument was erected in the plaza, wherein the bones of General Bugallon were interred thereat on January 12, 1958. The act of changing Salasa an old town to a new one, Bugallon, required a congressional approval sponsored by the Congressman Mauro Navarro, first district of Pangasinan, and obtained congressional approval in changing Salasa to Bugallon. Hence, Salasa became a mere barangay but remains the seat of Our Lady of Lourdes Parish (11 barangays) and the other is Bugallon's St. Andrew the Apostle (14 barangay). Local government Bugallon's Chief Executives are Mayor Priscilla “Mely” Ignacio Espino (wife of former governor Amado Espino) and Vice Mayor Winston P. Tandoc and elected officials include 8 Sangguniang Bayan Councilors or Members • Rogelio Benjie Madriguera • Aislinn De Guzman • Ernesto Tanigue • Marlon Cuison • Gemma Canullas • Ramie Ocsan • Bernardo De Vera • Rolando Manaoat holding office at the Town hall's Legislative Building, where the Sesson Hall is located. Barangays Bugallon is politically subdivided into 24 barangays. Angarian Asinan Bañaga Bacabac Bolaoen Buenlag Cabayaoasan Cayanga Gueset Hacienda Laguit Centro Laguit Padilla Magtaking Pangascasan Pantal Poblacion Polong Portic Salasa Salomague Norte Salomague Sur Samat San Francisco Umanday Demographics Climate Tourism Bugallon's interesting points, destinations and products, events, include: Freedom Park, Town Hall, Church of Christ Philippine Theological College, Sangguniang Bayan Hall, Mt. Zion Pilgrim Mountain and Retreat House, United Methodist Church, National Building and Library, Senior Juan Farm Resort, Municipal Auditorium, Gymmasium and Coop Canteen, Concrete Water Tank in Laguit Padilla, Laguit Padilla Falls, Iglesia Ni Kristo, Hanging Bridge, Bubunga Dam, Gabion Type Dike, Lema Canal, Bugallon Supermarket, Community Hospital,Eco-Tourism Park, High Value Crop Organic Farm, Major Jose Torres Bugallon Park and Agricultural, Carabao Landmark. Le Dilla Duhat Wine is a Fruit Wine of Duhat Wine Enterprises, Laguit Padilla Multi-Purpose Cooperative and the One-Town-One-Product of Bugallon, Pangasinan, the Best Beverage Award (wine category) of the 7th Agraryo Trade Fair of June 4–8, 2008, Megatrade Hall 2, 5th Level Building B, SM Megamall, Mandaluyong City Rice, mango, antique home furnishings, vinegar, sawali products. Shrine of the Our Lady of Lourdes/Salasa Church (1720), Busay Waterfalls, Mt. Zion Pilgrim’s Site, Biak-na-Bato Falls, Gen. Torres Bugallon Park. Carabao Festival -January 13, 2012 - 24 carabaos; "palengkera ang kalabaw" wasBarangay Cabayaoasan. The cascading waters of brooks and streams located in Barangays Cayanga, Portic, Hacienda, Laguit Padilla, Laguit Centro, San Francisco, Salomague Sur, Salomague Norte, Umanday and Gueset coming from the fresh water sources in the Zambales mountain slopes. SOFIA'S Mountain Home Resort, Barangay Portic (owned by ex-Judge and ex-Vice Mayor Eliseo Versoza. San Jose Hillside Farm, Barangay Laguit Padilla (owned by Atty. Agerico V. Guiang & Mrs. Nieves V. Guiang). Swimming pool, Sampaguita (formerly Primicias Farm, Barangay Portic). Nipa swamps, vinegar, and wine making industry from "tuba" (Barangays Salasa, Bañaga, Pantal, Asinan and Magtaking) Dam structures (NIA, Barangays Cayanga and Portic) Pangasinan State University Tissue Culture Project ( Congressman Amado Espino, Jr. farm, Barangay Portic. Monastery of the contemplative Hermits of the Living Word or Hermit sisters, Barangay Portic Agno River Flood Control River, Barangays Salasa and Bañaga, zigzagging bridge (Philippine-Japanese financed project) Vnegar industry of Barangays Asinan, Magtaking and Bañaga, Sawali making in Barangays Magtaking, Gueset and Laguit Padilla, Mango puree production, Candle making Factory, Barangay Pangascasan (Catro's) and in Poblacion (Tuliao's Candle Making Cottage Industry). Salasa Parish Church St. Andrew the Apostle Parish Church The 1920 St. Andrew the Apostle Parish Church (Poblacion, Bugallon, 2416 Pangasinan) is under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lingayen-Dagupan, Roman Catholic Diocese of Alaminos. The church has impressive inspired-baroque type of altar for the saints. Its Feast Day is November 30 with Parish Priest, Fr. Dominador Mendoza, Jr., Population of 57,445. It is part of the Vicariate of Our Lady of Lourdes, under Vicar Forane, Father Raymond R. Oligane St. Andrew the Apostle Parish was originally erected at Salasa (founded by the Dominicans in the 18th century). When the town site was transferred, the seat of the parish was also transferred as a consequence brought about by natural calamities that battered the area. The 1914 Salasa floods destroyed crops, properties, buildings, the church and convent. Poblacion was transferred to Barangay Anagao (Bugallon), under Our Lady of Lourdes and St. Andrew the Apostle remained the patron Saint in July 1920 with 1st Parish Priest, Fr. Eustaquio Ocampo, then, Fr. Montano Domingo on November 29, 1921 and on June 1928, Fr Emeterio Domagas succeeded. On May 23, 1929, Pangasinan was created as a new Diocese and Msgr. Cesar Maria Guerrero became Pangasinan's First Bishop onn May 23, 1929. In 1930, Franciscan Capuchin appointed Fr. Cesario of Legario and Fr. Fernando of Erasum to Bugallon and Salasa, respectively on September 17, 1930. The Salasa Church, one of the biggest in Philippines, 100 meters long was completely destroyed and despoiled by Bugallon natives. Fr. Benjamin of Ilarduya became Kura Paroko from October 16, 1933 to June 27, 1941. The church brick-structure and the old façade were built. During World War II, Fr. Hipolito of Azcoita parish priest of Labrador, was transferred to Bugallon. Father Fidel Lekamania added the convent, while Father Pedro V. Sison finished the rehabilitationof the Church. St. Joseph is the Principal Patron of the Diocese of Alaminos, Suffragan of Lingayen-Dagupan, Created and Erected: January 12, 1985, under Bishop Marlo M. Peralta, D.D. 2404 Alaminos, Pangasinan and Bishop-Emeritus Jesus A.Cabrera, D.D. Incidents Bugallon Mayor Rodrigo Orduña and Barangay Chairman Fernando Alimagno filed on December 14, 2012, at the Ombudsman of the Philippines plunder case against Pangasinan Governor Amado Espino, Jr.. Orduña alleged that he was Espino’s jueteng collector since 2001, and that Espino earned P900 million from gambling operators. Pangasinan police director and chief, Senior Supt. Mariano Luis Verzosa had been removed and transferred to the main PNP headquarters in Camp Crame, Quezon City, allegedly due to conflict of interest since his daughter, Lingayen City Councilor Maan Versoza, is running for 2013 reelection. But the Nationalist People’s Coalition supported Espino. Gallery See also List of renamed cities and municipalities in the Philippines References Bugallon Pangasinan Website External links Municipal Profile at the National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines Bugallon at the Pangasinan Government Website Bugallon Pangasinan website Taga-Bugallon Facebook Group Bugallon Website Local Governance Performance Management System Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Pangasinan.org : Bugallon Family and School Reunion Archives Category:Municipalities of Pangasinan Category:Populated places on the Agno River	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Miniatures Museum of Taiwan The Miniatures Museum of Taiwan ()is the first museum to collect miniatures in Asia. The museum was founded on March 28, 1997 by Mr Lin Wen-ren and his wife. It is located in Zhongshan District, Taipei, Taiwan. Mr. Lin and his wife enjoyed buying little houses and toy cars for their children while traveling for business purposes. While in Netherlands, they discovered miniature art and were deeply attracted. They began buying accessories, furniture, and assembled miniature houses. At the same time, the couple participated in auctions and joined international miniature art associations. They began planning their museum in 1993. The logo of the museum comes from "Rose Mansion", one of the museum's most famed collections. Chosen as one of ten most significant miniature art works of America in twenty-five years, "Rose Mansion" consumed Dr. Reginald Twigg almost four years to complete. After his elaborate research and study the once famous architecture has been brought back to life as you now see in the museum. The logo represents delicate, real, dream-like, romantic, and historically correct nature of miniature arts. Miniatures originated within German palaces of the 16th century as tools for teaching aristocratic children, but appreciation for the art form did not pass to other parts of the world until much later during the 19th century. Today, miniature masterpieces are found throughout Europe and North America covering subjects from complete settings to intricate accessories of tableware and wall paintings. Reproductions tend to follow a 1:12 standard scale of accuracy, or half scale at 1:24. Taiwan's museum is the first to specialize in contemporary miniatures and features two formats: "doll house" and room box with cut away views. It is ranked second in the world, with a collection of nearly 200 items. Founder Lin Wen-Ren and his wife sourcing each item while travelling in Europe and the United States. Transportation The museum is accessible within walking distance East from Songjiang Nanjing Station of the Taipei Metro. See also List of museums in Taiwan References Category:1997 establishments in Taiwan Category:Art museums established in 1997 Category:Decorative arts museums Category:Museums in Taipei Category:Sculpture galleries in Taiwan Category:Toy museums in Taiwan Category:Tourist attractions in Taipei	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bufoceratias Bufoceratias is a genus of fish in the family Diceratiidae. Species There are currently 4 recognized species in this genus: Bufoceratias microcephalus H. C. Ho, Kawai & Amaoka, 2016 (Small-head toady seadevil) Bufoceratias shaoi Pietsch, H. C. Ho & H. M. Chen, 2004 Bufoceratias thele (Uwate, 1979) Bufoceratias wedli (Pietschmann, 1926) References Category:Diceratiidae Category:Marine fish genera Category:Taxa named by Gilbert Percy Whitley	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of architectural projects in Belgrade There are many architectural projects under construction in Belgrade, Serbia. Since 2002, Belgrade has experienced a major construction boom. These are only some of the projects under construction in Belgrade: Under construction Residential, office and retail projects: New Belgrade Airport City Belgrade Under construction is one 14-story building with underground garages. Three new buildings including one Crowne Plaza hotel will start in 2020. Airport Garden residential buildings started in 2019. West 65 (U/C) Whole project of 152.000 sq m and a 40 storey tower (155 m) will open in June 2021. Merin Tower (prep) Mixed use tower will be next to the NCR Campus in Block 42. It will have 28th floors and 100m height. Sirius Business Center (U/C)Second phase started in 2018. A Block (T/O) 200,000 sq m office and residential spaces. Investment 200 million euros. Finish planned for 2019. Bus Station Belgrade New bus station and terminal building. Construction started in 2018.. Chinese Cultural Center Belgrade (T/O) Chinese Cultural Center will be one of the biggest in the world with a total of 32.000 sq meters. It will be located where the bombed Chinese Embassy in 1999 stood. When done, will be the largest Chinese Cultural Center in Europe. Total investment 45 million Euros. GTC Green Heart Business complex of 87.000 square meters in New Belgrade. Project started in summer 2017. Wellport Belgrade Condominium project started in 2018. Estimated cost is 130 million Euros. SkyGarden Belgrade Another project on New Belgrade set to start in 2018. It will have residential, office space and hotel. Investment 155 million Euros., Savada 3 New residential project in New Belgrade. Zep Terra Mixed use project by Zepter International. It will have 75k sqm of residential and 20k sqm of office space. MPC Navigator 2 (T/O) New office building which will be next to the recently finished Navigator 1. Sakura Park Belgrade 228 apartments Minel 58 Project will have 120.000 sq meters of residential space. Investment estimated apx 100 million euros. NCR Corporation Campus will employ 4.200 employees and cost 90 million dollars. Construction started in april 2019. Exing Home 65 Residential project of 24.000 sq meters. Blok 32 Residential and office project of 37.000 sq meters. Delta House New Belgrade New Delta Holding HQ building. 26.000 sq meters. Park 11 Residental project by Energoprojekt. Old City Belgrade Belgrade Waterfront One of the biggest construction projects in Europe with an estimated investment of 3,5 billion Euros. Belgrade Skyline 200 million euro project. three towers with height of 132m,120m and 102m. Started in 2017. Dorcol CentarNew residential project in Cara Dusana street. K-District New Office-RESIDENTIAL project in oldest part of the city. Next to city Zoo and Kalemegden fortress. Investment 90 million Euros. Kneza Milosa Residence 150 million Euros for new residential block in Kneza Milosa st, on the place of former US Embassy. New Dorcol Residential project of 100.000 sq meters in Lower Dorcol. Other parts of the city Vila Banjica 280,000 sqm new gated residential project. Vozdova Kapija Residential Condo Project of 170 million euros. Project started in 2017. MPC Zvezdara Mall 130.000 sqm . Construction started in 2018. East Side Complex 34.000 sqm residential project. Big Reaidences Total investment of 200 million euros under construction next to the Big shopping mall. Almost 1100 apartments will be constructed with 2200 parking spots. First phase of shopping area is opened in December 2019. Transportation, medical and infrastructural projects Belgrade bypass Currently additional lanes under construction on Ostruznica Bridge. New Orlovaca intersection and connection to Bubanj Potok bypass scheduled to started in 2017. Prokop a mega-project that's scheduled to begin in September, resulting in relocation of the main railway station and its railway tracks, which will consequently free up building space in Belgrade's inner centre. The entire project is worth an estimated 2 billion US dollars, and is scheduled to be completed within a decade. The Serbian company Energoproject will invest €200 million. Already invested over a billion dollars. Makis 2 Water production facility. Tirsova 2 New children hospital under constriction next to Tirsova 1 hospital. Construction scheduled for 2020. 75 million Euros. Dedinje 2 New Cardic Surgery hospital under construction next to Dedinje 1 Hospital. Interceptor Collector Sewer system collector under construction. Estimate cost 500 million $. Belgrade-Budapest High speed railroad Construction started in 2017. Vinca Waste Management and Bioenergy Plant Construction started in 2017. Project worth 300 million Euros and managed by Vinci SA. Heating System Pipe Connection between Nikola Tesla Power Plant and Heating Plant New BelgradeInvestment 190 million Euros from Power Construction Corporation of China. Starts in 2018. Cleaning Sewer Water Plant Veliko Selo with additional interceptor. Power Construction Corporation of China is contractor. Investment 385 million euros in Phase 1. Started in 2018. Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport expansion by Vinci SA worth of 770 million Euros. Clinical Centre of Serbia Upgrade and expansion of main building. Started in late 2018. Project cost 110 million Euros. Belgrade Bus Station New BAS station is under construction in New Belgrade. Construction started in 2019. Old main station is demolished in Old town. New Belgrade Railway Station is under expanding reconstruction. Planned projects Belgrade Metro Kempinski Hotel (reconstruction of Hotel Jugoslavija): in New Belgrade on the banks of the Danube. Expansion will add two twin 144 m tall 33-story skyscrapers. Casino Austria already invested about €60 million. Novak Tennis Center will be built in New Belgrade's in Blok 45. The complex will consist of 20–30 smaller tennis courts, and one main court with 5000 seats. The center will also have a tennis academy, a hotel, a hostel and other facilities. One of the owners will be ace Novak Đoković, after whom it is named. Tesla Grad: BK group planned mega building project 1 billion euros. IKEA Zapad Another IKEA store will be located close to the airport. IKEA Retail Center Additional Center next to the IKEA Istok. Will have 40.000 sq.m and will cost 70 million Euros. Belgrade - Zrenjanin Expressway New 57 km new expressway worth of 300 million Euros. Ada Huja Bridge New bridge across river Danube. Construction starts in 2020 and worth it 120 million Euros. National Stadium will be constructed in Municipality of Surcin. It will have 65.000 seats and it will cost around 250 million Euros. Recently finished projects Expressway Surcin-Obrenovac 17 km new expressway with new bridge over river Sava and Kolubara, as part of new expressway toward Montenegro. Opened in December 2019. Hotel Mona New hotel opened in old town. Opened December 2019. Usce II Tower Twin tower next to Usce Tower. Opening in 2019. Meita Baric Car part factory of investment of 200 million Euros. Opened in Baric in 2019. Ada Mall Project consists of 34,000 sg m and cost 100 million Euros. Opened in 2019. Central Garden: 200 million euros project started 2015. Project ended in 2019. Big Fashion Karaburma Big CEE invested 70 million Euros. Opened in 2017. Rajiceva Shopping Mall with Mama Shelter hotel. Opened in 2017, investment €80 million. Knez Mihajlova street. IKEA Istok One of the biggest IKEA stores in Europe. Second phase will include additional mall. Opened in 2017. Pupinov Bridge with inner ring expressway connecting Zemun and Borča, finished in December 2014. Total length is 22 km. References Category:Economy of Belgrade *Architectural projects Belgrade, projects Belgrade	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Masa's Wine Bar & Kitchen Masa's Wine Bar & Kitchen (also known as Masa's Restaurant or Masa's) was a new French restaurant located in San Francisco, California, in the United States. Background Masa's was opened in July 1983 by chef Masataka Kobayashi. The restaurant uses Masataka's nickname, Masa, for its title. Upon its opening, the restaurant had a six-month wait list. He was murdered in 1984 and sous chef Bill Galloway ran the kitchen until Julian Serrano became executive chef. He was chef for 14 years. Ron Siegel then became executive chef, followed by Richard Reddington. In 2004, Gregory Short became executive chef. Alan Murray was master sommelier. Short left Masa's on February 16, 2013 and the restaurant closed, with intentions to re-open. The restaurant is maintained by Executive Hotel Vintage Court. Cuisine Masa's original concept mixed French cuisine with nouvelle cuisine. Upon his death, and sous chef Bill Galloway took over the kitchen temporarily. The food became less sauce focused and "lighter," as it was described in the San Francisco Chronicle in 1985. Galloway started working with different food distributors, improving the quality of the seafood and hired a larger dessert staff. The restaurant had food focused theme dinners. In February 2013, the restaurant had a five course prix fixe citrus themed dinner, to celebrate the citrus harvest season, with wine pairings. References Category:Restaurants in San Francisco Category:French-American culture in San Francisco Category:French restaurants Category:1983 establishments in California Category:Michelin Guide starred restaurants in the United States Category:2013 disestablishments in California Category:Defunct restaurants based in the San Francisco Bay Area	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tipperne Tipperne and Værneengene is a peninsula that is located in the southern end of Ringkøbing Fjord (Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality, Region Midtjylland), on the west coast of Jutland, Denmark. The area, an important stopover for migratory birds, was created by sand deposits and is only a few hundred years old. It has been publicly owned since the latter half of the 18th century, and in 1898 provisions on conservation were introduced to protect the rich bird life in the area. In 1928 a bird reservation was established and a groundskeeper was hired. The reserve, which falls under the control of Denmark's Environmental Ministry and is managed by the Danish Forest and Nature Agency (Danish: Skov- og Naturstyrelsen) via Oxbøl Statsskovdistrikt, has a total area of about 2,200 ha, of which about 1,500 ha are shallow water areas around the peninsula. Tipperne is part of a larger conservation of Ringkøbing Fjord, which is also designated as a Ramsar wetland, that is, an international area of importance for waterfowl in accordance with the Ramsar Convention and EF's bird protection directive. So that the birds may have peace and quiet, Tipperne is normally closed to the public. However, there are exceptions, usually on Sunday mornings. External links and references Forest and Nature Administration's page on Tipperne Bird and Nature's page on Tipperne Category:Ramsar sites in Denmark Category:Conservation in Denmark Category:Peninsulas of Denmark Category:Ringkøbing-Skjern Municipality	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kraśnica, Łódź Voivodeship Kraśnica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Opoczno, within Opoczno County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately north of Opoczno and south-east of the regional capital Łódź. References Category:Villages in Opoczno County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Murray Smith (Canadian politician) William Murray Smith (23 October 1930 – 1 October 2010) was a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born at Cardale, Manitoba and became a barrister by career. After an unsuccessful attempt in the 1957 election, Smith was elected at the Winnipeg North riding in the 1958 general election and served one term, the 24th Canadian Parliament, before his defeat at Winnipeg North in the 1962 election. He was also unsuccessful in his campaign at Winnipeg North Centre in the 1974 election. During the 1990s, Murray Smith became a key player in Royal Club International and then Chateau World where he was named as the President of that corporation. Smith died at the Agape Hospice in Calgary from cancer, aged 79. References External links Category:1930 births Category:2010 deaths Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Manitoba Category:Progressive Conservative Party of Canada MPs Category:Deaths from cancer in Alberta	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dorénaz Dorénaz is a municipality in the district of Saint-Maurice in the canton of Valais in Switzerland. History Dorénaz is first mentioned in the 11th and 12th Centuries as usque ad frontem Dorone. Geography Dorénaz has an area, , of . Of this area, 24.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 60.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 3.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and 11.5% is unproductive land. The municipality is located in the Saint-Maurice district, on the right side of the Rhone. Coat of arms The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per saltire Gules and Argent two Hammers in chief a Cross bottony and in base an Escallop counterchanged. Demographics Dorénaz has a population () of . , 8.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010 ) the population has changed at a rate of 17.1%. It has changed at a rate of 20.2% due to migration and at a rate of 1.2% due to births and deaths. Most of the population () speaks French (582 or 95.9%) as their first language, Portuguese is the second most common (13 or 2.1%) and Italian is the third (7 or 1.2%). There are 2 people who speak German. , the population was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. The population was made up of 303 Swiss men (42.9% of the population) and 48 (6.8%) non-Swiss men. There were 323 Swiss women (45.7%) and 33 (4.7%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 301 or about 49.6% were born in Dorénaz and lived there in 2000. There were 146 or 24.1% who were born in the same canton, while 82 or 13.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 65 or 10.7% were born outside of Switzerland. , children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 29% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 56.5% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 14.5%. , there were 261 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 272 married individuals, 47 widows or widowers and 27 individuals who are divorced. , there were 181 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.9 persons per household. There were 48 households that consist of only one person and 24 households with five or more people. , a total of 178 apartments (57.4% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 104 apartments (33.5%) were seasonally occupied and 28 apartments (9.0%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 11.3 new units per 1000 residents. The historical population is given in the following chart: Politics In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the FDP which received 33.78% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (26.64%), the CVP (25.94%) and the SP (8.02%). In the federal election, a total of 330 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 68.8%. In the 2009 Conseil d'Etat/Staatsrat election a total of 364 votes were cast, of which 36 or about 9.9% were invalid. The voter participation was 76.6%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 54.67%. In the 2007 Swiss Council of States election a total of 322 votes were cast, of which 22 or about 6.8% were invalid. The voter participation was 68.2%, which is much more than the cantonal average of 59.88%. Economy , Dorénaz had an unemployment rate of 4.9%. , there were 20 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 10 businesses involved in this sector. 8 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 3 businesses in this sector. 70 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 11 businesses in this sector. There were 271 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 38.7% of the workforce. the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 78. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 10, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 8 of which 5 (62.5%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 60. In the tertiary sector; 38 or 63.3% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 3 or 5.0% were in the movement and storage of goods, 5 or 8.3% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 was in the information industry, 5 or 8.3% were in education. , there were 29 workers who commuted into the municipality and 188 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 6.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Of the working population, 9.6% used public transportation to get to work, and 70.8% used a private car. Religion From the , 480 or 79.1% were Roman Catholic, while 66 or 10.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 10 (or about 1.65% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist. 36 (or about 5.93% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 13 individuals (or about 2.14% of the population) did not answer the question. Education In Dorénaz about 214 or (35.3%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 36 or (5.9%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 36 who completed tertiary schooling, 63.9% were Swiss men, 33.3% were Swiss women. , there were 21 students in Dorénaz who came from another municipality, while 60 residents attended schools outside the municipality. References External links Official website Category:Municipalities of Valais	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Georg Werth Georg Werth (born 21 January 1951) is an Italian bobsledder. He competed in the two man and the four man events at the 1980 Winter Olympics. References Category:1951 births Category:Living people Category:Italian male bobsledders Category:Olympic bobsledders of Italy Category:Bobsledders at the 1980 Winter Olympics Category:Place of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Soviet aircraft carrier Kiev Kiev () is an aircraft carrier (heavy aircraft cruiser in Russian classification) that served the Soviet Navy and the Russian Navy from 1975 to 1993. It was built between 1970 and 1975 at Chernomorski factory in Mykolaiv and was the first vessel to be built. It is currently part of a theme park in China. Service life Kiev was laid down on 21 July 1970 and launched on 26 December 1972. She was completed and commissioned on 28 December 1975, but officially entered service only in February 1977, after completing all trials. On 16 July 1976 she sailed from Sevastopol in the Black Sea, and on 20 July began testing her Yakovlev Yak-36M aircraft (four Yak-36M and one Yak-36MU onboard) under sea conditions in the Mediterranean off Crete. On 10 August 1976 she arrived in Severomorsk, Murmansk Oblast, and was attached to the Northern Fleet's 170th Anti-Submarine Warfare Brigade, and conducted extensive tests up to December. Between 12 and 19 April 1977 she took part in the Sever-77 exercise, and on 26 June 1977 was reclassified from Protivolodochnyye Kreysery (PKR) "ASW cruiser" to Tyazhelyye Avianesushchiye Kreysery (TAVKR) "Heavy aircraft carrying cruiser". Between 20 December 1977 and 21 April 1978 she participated in operations in the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean. On 3 November 1978 she hit a sand bar, but suffered no damage. She took part in a local exercise on 4 August 1978, and on 11 October in final tests of the main missiles in the White Sea. From 1977 to 1987, Kiev undertook 10 practice voyages to the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. In March 1979 she undertook manoeuvres with her sister ship Minsk on the Mediterranean. In October 1981 she was a flagship in the massive fleet exercise Zapad-81 on the Baltic Sea. From December 1982 to November 1984 she underwent an overhaul and modernization in Mykolaiv. From 1985, the practice of operating Yakovlev Yak-38s in STOL mode instead of VTOL was introduced, allowing an increase in aircraft payload and range, and a replacement of Kamov Ka-25 helicopters with Kamov Ka-27 started. In 1985 Kiev went back to the Northern Fleet. From 1987 she mainly stayed in Severomorsk. In December 1989 she was moved to reserve. After the disintegration of the USSR, the ship was taken by Russia. Due to a low military budget and worsening ship's condition, she was retired on 30 June 1993. Post-service life In 1996 Kiev was sold to Binhai Aircraft Park, a theme park in Tianjin, China. The concept was developed by world tourism and attraction consultant Leisure Quest International. In August 2011, the ex-Kiev was developed into a luxury hotel after renovations costing £9.6 million. See also List of aircraft carriers Notes and references External links History of the Kiev Article on the Kiev Class Binhai Aircraft Park Article from FAS MaritimeQuest Kiev pages Satellite Photo of Kiev in a military theme park in Tianjin from Google Maps China turns aircraft carrier into a luxury hotel (BBC Website News) Photos of the Binhai Aircraft Hotel Category:Kiev-class aircraft carriers Category:Ships built at the Black Sea Shipyard Category:1972 ships Category:Cold War aircraft carriers of the Soviet Union Category:Ships of the Russian Northern Fleet Category:Tourist attractions in Tianjin Category:Museum ships in China Category:Ships built in the Soviet Union	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
DC Fashion Week DC Fashion Week is a biennial event in the District of Columbia, United States, held by fashion designers who convene to dress local models who have auditioned for the event. DCFW appears to be way ahead of the curve. The models represent the real men and women of D.C. and are of all different sizes and races. The future of fashion is hopeful for people of all backgrounds. Besides the preview, DCFW consists of four shows, each focusing on a different fashion grouping. This year, the four shows were Eco Fashions and Next Generation Designers, the Haiti Fashion Designer Showcase, the Metropolitan Emerging Designers and Indie Artists Showcase, and the 28th International Couture Collections show. < Background DCFW was founded in 2003 by Ean Williams, a menswear designer for his brand Corjor International. It is known for being the cheapest fashion week for new designers to showcase their designs. Exhibiting Designers 2019 Alek Risimnic Couture, Areej Fashions, Dur Doux, Earle Bannister, Elizabeth St John, Fruwah Boma, Heydari, Haus of Falenci’ago, KennyKas, Mason Sylvester, Paco Rogiene, Renee France Designs, Stella Bonds, Studio D’Maxsi, Taylor Made Designs, Tim Bradley Collection, Victor Hou, ABLE by Amanda Campbell, Alessandra Ricardo, Karyn K Fashions, MIE Sewing, Roots by Bella, Sabrina Seoul Designs, Sarah Christie, 2NiteWear, Logan KellyBeauty by God (Georgia, Turkey, Ukraine), Charlie Mub Couture ( Zimbabwe ), Corjor International (United States), Mikayla by Mikayla Frick (United States),Sierra Mitchell (United States) References External links Category:Events in Washington, D.C. Category:Fashion events in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Prévost reaction The Prévost reaction is chemical reaction in which an alkene is converted by iodine and the silver salt of benzoic acid to a vicinal diol with anti stereochemistry. The reaction was discovered by the French chemist Charles Prévost (1899–1983). Reaction mechanism The reaction between silver benzoate (1) and iodine is very fast and produces a very reactive iodinium benzoate intermediate (2). The reaction of the iodinium salt (2) with an alkene gives another short-lived iodinium salt (3). Nucleophilic substitution (SN2) by the benzoate salt gives the ester (4). Another silver ion causes the neighboring group substitution of the benzoate ester to give the oxonium salt (5). A second SN2 substitution by the benzoate anion gives the desired diester (6). In the final step hydrolysis of the ester groups gives the anti-diol. This outcome is the opposite of that of the related Woodward cis-hydroxylation which gives syn addition. References See also Woodward cis-hydroxylation Category:Organic redox reactions Category:Substitution reactions Category:Name reactions	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Francis Knollys (died 1754) Francis Knollys (c. 1697–1754) of Thame, Oxfordshire. and Lower Winchendon, Buckinghamshire was a British Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1722 to 1734. Knollys was the eldest son of Francis Knollys, MP of Lower Winchendon and his wife Elizabeth Striblehill, daughter of John Striblehill of Thame, Oxfordshire. He succeeded his father at the age of 4 in 1701. He was educated at Thame Grammar School and matriculated at Hart Hall, Oxford on 7 April 1714, aged 16. Knollys was returned as a Tory Member of Parliament for Oxford at a by-election on 24 October 1722 on the interest of Thomas Rowney, to whom he was related. He was returned unopposed again at the 1727 general election. In March 1733, he was taken into custody by the serjeant-at-arms as he was one of the defaulters on the call of the House on 13 March 1733. His only recorded vote was against the Excise bill immediately after his release from custody He did not stand at the 1734 general election. Knollys died unmarried on 24 June 1754. References Category:1690s births Category:1754 deaths Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies Category:British MPs 1722–1727 Category:British MPs 1727–1734	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
George Garrett George Garrett may refer to: George Garrard (MP) (aka George Garrett) (1579–c.1650), English politician George Garrett (MP) (died 1648), English alderman and Sheriff of London George Garrett (composer) (1834–1897), English composer George Garrett (inventor) (1852–1902), English clergyman and inventor George A. Garrett (1888–1971), United States diplomat George Garrett (activist) (1896–1966), English labour activist and writer George Garrett (cricketer), English cricketer George Garrett (poet) (1929–2008), American writer George Garrett (hurler) (1909–?), Irish hurler	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ecdysis (album) Ecdysis is Miho Hatori's first solo album after a series of contributions to diverse bands, including Cibo Matto, Gorillaz, the Beastie Boys, and Smokey & Miho. It was released on October 21, 2005 in Japan under the Speedstar International label. The album was distributed in the United States one year later under the Rykodisc label. Album title Track listing "Ecdysis" – 4:26 "A Song for Kids" – 3:30 "In Your Arms" – 4:06 "Barracuda" – 3:13 "The Spirit of Juliet" – 4:11 "Walking City" – 3:38 "Sweet Samsara Part I" – 3:41 "Sweet Samsara Part II" – 2:59 "Today Is Like That" – 3:46 "The River of 3 Crossings" – 3:49 "Amazona" – 1:58 Production Personnel Miho Hatori - vocals, synth, beats programs, tambourine, key bass, melodica, Indian ankle bells, percussion, guitar, marxolin, harmonica, beats, shaker, keys Mauro Rofosco - Percussion Sebastian Steinberg - bass Thomas Bartlett - organ, piano, accordion, keys Mark de gli Antoni - keys Fer Isella - keys Jon Birdsong - cornet, horns, percussion Shelley Burgon - harp Smokey Hormel - rhode organ, fluto Brandt Abner - rhode organ References External links Category:2005 debut albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
George Dickson George Dickson (born September 27, 1923) is a retired American gridiron football player and coach was the head coach of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League for the first two games of the 1976 season. Early life Dickson was born in Boston and grew up in South Pasadena, California. He was a star quarterback at South Pasadena High School and in 1940 joined the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team. Military After his freshman season, Dickson enlisted as a paratrooper. He saw extensive action during the war, including combat in Normandy on D-Day. Following the fighting in Normandy, Sgt. Dickson and his unit moved to the Ardennes. There, they were battered by constant bombing by German artillery during the Battle of the Bulge. He returned to Notre Dame in 1946, but dropped out in order to work full-time. He returned to Notre Dame again in 1948 and spent his final two seasons of eligibility as a reserve quarterback behind Frank Tripucka and Bob Williams. Sgt. George Dickson received the Admiral Thomas J. Hamilton Award from the All-American Football Foundation in 2006. Coaching career Dickson began his coaching career in 1952 as an assistant at NYU. The football program was disbanded after his first season there and after spending the 1953 season as an assistant at Mount Carmel High School in Chicago, Dickson rejoined his NYU boss Hugh Devore at Dayton. Dickson's time at Dayton was short-lived as one month later he left Dayton to become the backfield coach at his alma mater, Notre Dame. After only one season, Dickson left Notre Dame and returned to Dayton. After stints at Marquette, USC, Pacific, and Tulane, Dickson joined the pro ranks as an assistant with the Oakland Raiders of the American Football League. He returned to college football in 1962 as an assistant at Oklahoma. In 1976, Dickson received his first head coaching position when he was hired by the CFL's Hamilton Tiger-Cats. After the Tiger-Cats lost all four of their preseason games and their first two regular season games under Dickson, General Manager Bob Shaw fired him and succeeded him as head coach. After his firing, Dickson served as an assistant coach at San Bernardino Valley College. Head coaching record References Category:1923 births Category:Living people Category:American football quarterbacks Category:Atlanta Falcons coaches Category:Dayton Flyers football coaches Category:Denver Broncos coaches Category:Hamilton Tiger-Cats coaches Category:Houston Oilers coaches Category:Marquette Golden Avalanche football coaches Category:New Orleans Saints coaches Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish football players Category:Notre Dame Fighting Irish football coaches Category:NYU Violets football coaches Category:Oakland Raiders coaches Category:Pacific Tigers football coaches Category:San Diego Chargers coaches Category:USC Trojans football coaches Category:Oklahoma Sooners football coaches Category:Washington Redskins coaches Category:High school football coaches in Illinois Category:Junior college football coaches in the United States Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:Sportspeople from Boston Category:Sportspeople from Los Angeles County, California Category:Players of American football from California Category:People from South Pasadena, California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Speed Freak Killers The Speed Freak Killers is the name given to serial killer duo Loren Herzog and Wesley Shermantine, together initially convicted of four murders — three jointly — and suspected in the deaths of as many as 72 people in and around San Joaquin County, California. They received the "speed freak" moniker due to their methamphetamine abuse. Herzog committed suicide in 2012. Shermantine remains on death row in San Quentin State Prison, in San Quentin, California. Investigation Herzog and Shermantine grew up as childhood friends in the town of Linden, California. The citizens of Linden, a small town with fewer than 2,000 people, 95 miles east of San Francisco, were long aware of the duo's reputation as methamphetamine users. They were regulars at the Linden Inn, a bar owned by the father of 25-year-old Cyndi Vanderheiden of Clements, California. Vanderheiden went missing after leaving the Linden Inn with Herzog and Shermantine on November 14, 1998. Investigation into Vanderheiden's disappearance was ongoing into 1999, and Shermantine was the prime suspect. In mid-January 1999, Shermantine's car was repossessed, and was subsequently searched by the San Joaquin Sheriff's Department. Blood identified as being from Cyndi Vanderheiden was discovered in the car, and while DNA test results were being confirmed, the sheriff's department focused on Loren Herzog, Shermantine's friend and suspected accomplice. He was extensively questioned. Herzog described when Shermantine shot a hunter they ran into while they were on vacation in Utah in 1994. Utah police confirmed that a hunter was shot to death, but his murder was still classified as unsolved. Herzog also said Shermantine was responsible for killing Henry Howell, who was found parked off the road on Highway 88 in Alpine County with his teeth and head bashed in. Herzog said he and Shermantine passed Howell parked on the highway and Shermantine stopped, grabbed Howell's shotgun, killed him, and stole what little money he had. Additionally, Herzog gave specific details about how Shermantine killed Robin Armtrout. Herzog and Shermantine both were arrested by the San Joaquin County Sheriff's Department and charged with several counts of murder each in March 1999. 2001 convictions In 2001, a jury found Shermantine guilty of four murders: those of Vanderheiden, Howard King and Paul Cavanaugh – each shot dead in his car in 1984, and 16-year-old Chevelle "Chevy" Wheeler, who disappeared in 1985 from Franklin High School in Stockton after telling friends she was leaving school to go with Shermantine to his family's cabin in San Andreas. Shermantine was sentenced to death and is on death row at San Quentin State Prison. Herzog was charged with five counts of murder in 1999: that of Cyndi Vanderheiden, Henry Howell, Paul Raymond Cavanaugh, Howard Michael King III, and Roberta "Robin" Ray Armtrout. In his 2001 trial, a jury found him guilty on three murder counts (Vanderheiden, Cavanaugh, and King), the lesser charge of accessory to murder in the Howell count, and acquitted him on the Armtrout count. Herzog was given a 78-year sentence. Appeals and overturned convictions An appeals court overturned all of Herzog's convictions in August 2004, after ruling that three of Herzog's four confessions were coerced. In the case of the fourth, that of Cyndi Vanderheiden, a retrial was ordered. This retrial never took place. Rather, a plea bargain was reached, where Herzog pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter and furnishing amphetamine in the Vanderheiden case, and to being an accessory to murder in the Cavanaugh, King, and Howell cases. Accordingly, Herzog's sentence was reduced to 14 years, with credit for six years served. With credit off his sentence for good behavior, Herzog served 11 years in prison and was in a position where he was to be paroled by 2010. Opposition to the inevitability of Herzog's parole was extremely vocal, especially from victims' families. That no California county wanted to take him for parole led the California Department of Corrections to parole him to a trailer stationed outside the front gate of the High Desert State Prison in Susanville, California in Lassen County in September 2010. Herzog committed suicide in January 2012, hanging himself inside his trailer. He did so shortly after bounty hunter Leonard Padilla informed Herzog that Shermantine was planning to disclose the location of a well and two other locations where the duo buried their victims. Previously, none of their victims' bodies had been found. Both men maintained that the other did the killing in all cases. Discovery of victims' remains Linden, California well In February 2010, while Wesley Shermantine waited on death row, his sister Barbara received letters from him identifying the locations of victims in an abandoned well on Flood Road, near Linden, California. She turned these letters over to the San Joaquin County Sheriff's Department. The Sheriff's Department followed up on the lead, but in an interview with the property owner, the owner stated that the wells in question were sealed before the victims disappeared. No further action was taken at that time. More came out in February 2012, based on the promise bounty hunter Leonard Padilla made to Shermantine to pay $33,000 for information. A map drawn by Shermantine and additional information given again led authorities to the same Linden, California well site he mentioned in 2010. More than 1,000 human bone fragments were recovered. The bones were to be tested by the California Department of Justice for DNA profiling. In March 2012, the FBI's Evidence Recovery Team was asked to assist with the overall investigation, in part because of how the excavation of the Linden well was handled. The identity of the remains recovered in the well were announced to the public on March 30, 2012. They were those of two Stockton, California teens missing since the mid-1980s: Kimberly Ann Billy, 19, who disappeared December 11, 1984 and Joann Hobson, 16, who disappeared August 29, 1985. The remains of an additional victim as well as an unidentified fetus were found in the well. Former Shermantine property Two separate burial sites in Calaveras County, California were also investigated in February 2012 based on a letter Shermantine wrote to Padilla that detailed possible locations of victims. Shermantine indicated sites nearby property formerly owned by Shermantine's parents. Bodies from these two sites were recovered and identified as those of Chevelle "Chevy" Wheeler and Cyndi Vanderheiden. September 2012 burial sites Shermantine was briefly released from death row into police custody in September 2012, to lead authorities to four additional abandoned wells where he stated more victim remains would be found, all near the town of Linden, done because he was paid $28,000 by Leonard Padilla. In early January 2013 the FBI began excavation of a well site, which they hoped would yield more victims' remains. Shermantine declined to speak further to authorities. On February 22, 2013, the FBI announced that it had ended the search for victims based on Shermantine's information. Two sites he had indicated had turned up nothing, and "other directions from him were misguided". Shermantine also claimed to know the locations in the Cow Mountain Recreation Area of bodies of victims killed by other death row inmates. Lake County sheriffs were skeptical that any bodies could be successfully recovered in the large park. Allegations of investigation-hampering Since 2012, several victims' families and elected officials have alleged that the San Joaquin County Sheriff's Office (SJCSO) interfered with and deliberately hampered the continued search for additional possible victims of the "Speed Freak Killers". In 2010, Shermantine wrote a letter to California State Senator Cathleen Galgiani—whose cousin, 19-year-old Dena McHan, disappeared in 1981—revealing the locations of the remains of additional victims. In 2012, Galgiani sponsored the use of taxpayer funds to search for additional victims of the pair, and sought to simplify protocol granting incarcerated persons like Shermantine permission to participate in search excursions. Galgiani turned the letter over to law enforcement and later alleged that missing persons records related to the "Speed Freak Killers" case had been deleted, hampering further investigation. In 2014, the mother of a missing woman filed suit against the SJCSO for mishandling the remains found in the Linden well. In 2015, a retired FBI agent corroborated her claims, alleging that the SJCSO deliberately used a backhoe to dig up remains, mangling them to prevent identification, so that the absence of certain files would not be discovered. In 2018, the Sheriff-elect of San Joaquin County announced that the "Speed Freak Killers" case would be re-opened. In popular media This case was featured on episode 178 of the series American Justice, "Vanished", which first aired September 4, 2002. With the episode's 2002 production date, newer details relating to this case were not a part of the program. Two of the victims' families (the Wheelers and Vanderheidens) did not yet know where their daughters' bodies were, and Herzog was (still) serving a 78-year sentence. The story was covered on the 2015 episode “Where Evil Lies”, on the crime documentary series On the Case with Paula Zahn. The episode included updates on Herzog’s release and suicide, and the discovery of victims’ remains, including Wheeler and Vanderheiden—with comments from Wheeler‘s and Vanderheiden’s families. See also List of serial killers in the United States References External links "The Speed Freak Killers", extensive reportage by Gary C. King, TruTV site Category:American serial killers Category:People convicted of murder by California Category:2012 in California Category:2001 in California Category:People from Linden, California Category:Methamphetamine in the United States Category:Criminal duos Category:Male serial killers Category:American people convicted of murder	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bear River City, Wyoming Bear River City, Wyoming is a ghost town that was briefly a rapidly thrown together railroad town, located about ten miles southeast of Evanston, Wyoming, on the Overland Trail and the Emigrant Trail in the Utah Territory. It is best known for the "Bear River City Riot" that occurred on November 19, 1868. History The town can trace its origins back to the early 1860s. A businessman from Salt Lake City named Joseph F. Nounnan was contracted to construct the Union Pacific railroad grade in the area where it crossed the Bear River in southwestern Wyoming, then the Utah Territory. He constructed a supply depot and lodging for his men on a site along the route of the Overland Stage as well as the path of the California and Mormon emigrant trails. Due to its excellent location, the city grew rapidly. At its peak, the town had its own newspaper office, and a red light district. The town served as a passover for miners, railroad workers, and hunters heading farther into the west. Bear River City Riot of November 19, 1868 The "Bear River City Riot" of November 19, 1868 began following the vigilante lynching of a murder suspect who worked for the railroad. This resulted in friends to the lynched man revolting against the vigilantes, which caused the town to erupt in violence. Town Marshal Thomas J. Smith, only recently appointed, immediately took a stand against both factions. There were numerous shootouts during the riot, and almost the entire town was torched, including most town government buildings. Smith stood his ground, but was unable to stop the onslaught of several hundred rioters, with the end result being sixteen people killed. Town citizens repelled an assault on the town jail, resulting in the deaths of numerous rioters, and one Bear River City citizen, Steve Stokes. A US Cavalry troop was dispatched from Fort Bridger, and martial law was imposed. The riot essentially ended any future the small town might have had, and it soon became deserted. Marshal Smith moved on to eventually become the Marshal of Abilene, Kansas. His stand during the riot resulted in his nickname, "Bear River" Smith. References External links Tom J. Smith Wyoming Ghost Towns Map of the emigrant trails near Fort Bridger, including the site of Bear River City Category:Bear River (Great Salt Lake) Category:Ghost towns in Wyoming Category:Populated places in Uinta County, Wyoming Category:Overland Trail Category:Stagecoach stops in the United States Category:Riots and civil disorder in Wyoming Category:Lynching deaths in Wyoming Category:Populated places established in 1868 Category:1868 establishments in Utah Territory	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lawfare (blog) Lawfare is a blog dedicated to national security issues, published by the Lawfare Institute in cooperation with the Brookings Institution. It has received attention for articles on Donald Trump's presidency. Background The blog was started in September 2010 by Benjamin Wittes (a former editorial writer for The Washington Post), Harvard Law School professor Jack Goldsmith, and University of Texas at Austin law professor Robert Chesney. Goldsmith was the head of the Office of Legal Counsel in the George W. Bush administration's Justice Department, and Chesney served on a detention-policy task force in the Obama administration. Its writers include law professors, law students, and former George W. Bush and Barack Obama administration officials. Donald Trump Lawfare's coverage of intelligence and legal matters related to the Trump administration has brought the blog significant increases in readership and national attention. In January 2017, the website's traffic was up by 1,101% from 12 months before. Executive Order 13769 The blog came to prominence in January 2017 when President Donald Trump tweeted "LAWFARE" and quoted a line from one of its blog posts that criticized the reasoning in the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruling that blocked the Trump's first refugee-and-travel ban. Trump reportedly tweeted the excerpt minutes after the line was quoted on Morning Joe. Wittes, who supported the court ruling, criticized Trump harshly for the tweet, asserting that Trump distorted the argument presented in the article. Wittes also wrote that it was disturbing that Trump, among other things, cited the line "with apparently no idea who the author was or what the publication was, and indeed without reading the rest of the article", and that no one in the White House vetted the tweet. Dismissal of FBI Director James Comey On May 18, 2017, Lawfare's editor-in-chief Benjamin Wittes was the principal source of an extensive New York Times report about President Trump's interactions with FBI Director James Comey, and how those interactions related to Comey's subsequent firing. Wittes also provided a 25-minute interview to PBS NewsHour on the same subject. Comey had reportedly been "disgusted" with Trump's attempts to be chummy with Comey and publicly indicate a close relationship with Comey and compromise Comey, such as hugging him, because Comey saw these as calculated attempts to compromise him by agitating Democrats. Comey had also reportedly found that people in the Trump administration were "not honorable". Wittes elaborated on this shortly thereafter in a post on Lawfare. Trump's disclosure of classified intelligence In a widely read column, several Lawfare contributors argued that Trump's reported disclosure of classified intelligence to Russia in mid-May 2017 was "perhaps the gravest allegation of presidential misconduct in the scandal-ridden four months of the Trump administration." The column further alleged that Trump's reported actions "may well be a violation of the President's oath of office." Reception Journalist David Ignatius described Lawfare as "one of the most fair-minded chroniclers of national security issues." According to Daniel W. Drezner, professor of international politics at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, Lawfare is an example of "outside intellectuals" who "exercised real influence in the Trump era." The blog has been criticized by attorney and journalist Glenn Greenwald. Writing in The New York Times he said the blog has a "courtier Beltway mentality" devoted to "serving, venerating and justifying the acts of those in power." References External links Category:American political blogs Category:National security of the United States Category:Publications established in 2010 Category:Internet properties established in 2010 Category:American legal websites Category:Donald Trump	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mulberry Creek (Tennessee River tributary) Mulberry Creek is a short tributary of the Tennessee River in Colbert County in northern Alabama in the United States. The stream enters the Pickwick Lake portion of the Tennessee River from the southwest. The confluence is three miles east of Cherokee and the stream crosses US Route 72 about two miles west of Barton. References External links Google Map of Mulberry Creek Category:Rivers of Alabama Category:Florence–Muscle Shoals metropolitan area Category:Tributaries of the Tennessee River Category:Bodies of water of Colbert County, Alabama	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
South Bend Community School Corporation South Bend Community School Corporation (SBCSC). located in South Bend, Indiana, is St. Joseph County's oldest and largest school corporation, and the fifth largest in the state. They have 30 schools and seven support facilities in a geographical area covering 160 miles. It serves most of South Bend, Indian Village, Notre Dame, and Roseland, as well as portions of Granger and Mishawaka. Schools High schools John Adams High School Clay High School James Whitcomb Riley High School Washington High School Intermediate centers Brown Intermediate Center Clay Intermediate Center Dickinson Intermediate Center Edison Intermediate Center Greene Intermediate Center Jackson Intermediate Center Jefferson Intermediate Center Lasalle Academy Marshall Intermediate Center Navarre Intermediate Center Primary centers Coquillard Primary Center Darden Primary Center Hamilton Traditional School Harrison Primary Center Hay Primary Center Kennedy Academy Lincoln Primary Center Madison Primary Center Marquette Primary Montessori Academy McKinley Primary Center Monroe Primary Center Muessel Primary Center Nuner Primary Center Perley Primary Fine Arts Academy Swanson Primary Center Tarkington Traditional School Warren Primary Center Wilson Primary Center Superintendent The current superintendent of South Bend Community School Corporation is Dr. C Todd Cummings. He was hired in 2019 to replace Dr. Kenneth Spells. Dr. Carole Schmidt, was the district's superintendent from 2011 to 2016. She replaced former superintendent James Kapsa who ran the district from 2008 to 2011. James Kapsa replaced Dr. Robert Zimmerman who was superintendent from 2006 to 2008. From 2001 to 2006 the superintendent was Dr. Joan Raymond. Superintendent Raymond is noted for implementing the Plan Z restructuring program. Preceding Joan Raymond was Dr. Virginia Calvin who was known for creating the new Riley High School which was supposed to rejuvenate the neighborhood surrounding the school. Plan Z The 2003-2004 school year marked the first year Plan Z was launched. This plan led to a restructuring and a redistricting of students around the South Bend area. Under Plan Z, the schools were reorganized into: Primary schools which serve K-4 and Intermediate Centers that serves 5-8. The high schools adopted a magnet program within their schools, as well as their regular curriculum program open to their district boundaries. These Magnet programs are available to any student, regardless of home school boundary, who applies for entry. The current magnet programs are: Adams- Global Studies/International Baccalaureate, Riley- Technology and Engineering, Clay- Visual and Performing Arts, and Washington- Medical/Allied Health Sciences. LaSalle was closed as a high school, and replaced as a high achieving Intermediate Academy for grades 5-8. Kennedy Elementary became the high achieving magnet school, Kennedy Primary Academy. Tarkington Elementary became a Traditional Primary Magnet school. The success of these magnet schools would later inspire an expansion of more magnet schools available: Hamilton Traditional Primary, Coquillard Primary Traditional School, Perley Primary Fine Arts Academy, Marquette Primary Montessori, Jefferson Traditional Intermediate, Dickinson Fine Arts Intermediate, and soon to be created Jackson Project Lead the Way Intermediate school for the 2017-2018 school year. There are also programs that are not yet considered Magnet programs, such as Madison STEAM Primary, New Tech high school, and Brown Montessori. The vision of Plan Z, was to create schools zones that made sense logistically, as well as provide choices and opportunities for the SBCSC families. Athletics As of 2015, there are grade point averages that student athletes must keep in order to remain eligible to play on their sports teams. For first year students (freshmen) it is 1.5, for second year students (sophomores) it is 1.67, for third year students (juniors) it is 1.85, and for fourth year students (seniors) it is 2.0. Prior to August 2015 students from all grade levels had to maintain a 2.0, but that month the board voted to relax the GPA standards. South Bend Community School Corporation has accumulated 22 IHSAA State Champion Teams. South Bend Adams (8) 1966 Boys Swimming & Diving, 1966 Wrestling, 1967 Boys Swimming & Diving, 1968 Boys Swimming & Diving, 1973 Boys Golf, 1974 Boys Tennis, 1976 Volleyball, 1978 Volleyball South Bend Clay (2) 1970 Baseball, 1994 Boys Basketball South Bend Riley (10) 1938 Boys Golf, 1956 Boys Swimming & Diving, 1957 Boys Swimming & Diving, 1958 Boys Swimming & Diving, 1962 Boys Swimming & Diving, 1962 Boys Golf, 1964 Boys Golf, 1978 Boys Swimming & Diving, 1986 Boys Swimming & Diving South Bend Washington (2) 1973 Football (3A), 2007 Girls Basketball (4A) References External links South Bend Community School Corporation Category:South Bend, Indiana Category:School districts in Indiana Category:Education in St. Joseph County, Indiana	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jupiter's Darling Jupiter's Darling is a 1955 American Technicolor musical romance film released by MGM and directed by George Sidney filmed in CinemaScope. It starred Esther Williams as the Roman woman Amytis, Howard Keel as Hannibal, the Carthaginian military commander and George Sanders as Fabius Maximus, Amytis's fiancé. In the film, Amytis helps Hannibal swim the Tiber River to take a closer look at Rome's fortifications. The film features many historical characters, including Roman generals Fabius Maximus and Scipio Africanus who appears briefly, in addition to Hannibal. Carthaginians Mago Barca and Maharbal also appear. Jupiter's Darling was based on Robert E. Sherwood's anti-war comedy play The Road to Rome (1927). The film was the last of three films Williams and Keel made together, the other two being Pagan Love Song (1950) and Texas Carnival (1951). Cast Esther Williams as Amytis Howard Keel as Hannibal Marge Champion as Meta Gower Champion as Varius George Sanders as Fabius Maximus Richard Haydn as Horatio William Demarest as Mago Norma Varden as Fabia Douglass Dumbrille as Scipio Henry Corden as Carthalo Michael Ansara as Maharbal Martha Wentworth as Widow Titus John Olszewski as Principal Swimming Statue Production Williams had been on maternity leave for three months while pregnant with daughter Susan, and had assumed that she would get straight to work on the film Athena. She, along with writers Leo Pogostin and Chuck Walters created the premise for Athena while making Easy to Love, and Walters finished the script while Williams was on maternity leave. However, Athena had already begun shooting when Williams arrived back from leave, and the studio had changed the swimming sequences to dancing sequences and replaced Williams with Jane Powell. Williams was then assigned Jupiter's Darling. Jo Ann Greer, who sang for Williams, also dubbed June Allyson in MGM's The Opposite Sex and Rita Hayworth in three films, including Pal Joey. During shooting, Williams broke her left eardrum, which had already been broken in five other films. She was fitted with a prosthesis from latex that covered her nose and ears that prevented water from rushing in. As a result, she could barely hear, taste or smell while wearing it, and her diving had to be limited. Stunt woman Ginger Stanley was Williams' body double in some of the underwater scenes. In one of the film's scenes, Amytis, while fleeing from Hannibal and his soldiers, rides a horse over the edges of a cliff on the Tiber River. Williams refused to do the scene, and when the studio refused to cut it, the director called in a platform diver that Williams knew, Al Lewin. The stunt took place one time; the studio got its shot, and Lewin broke his back. Release The film's world premiere was held in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The cast, including a 350-pound baby elephant named Jupiter's Darling, embarked on a tour of nine U.S. cities. Critical reception A 1955 New York Times review of the film claimed that "Esther Williams must be getting bored with water. She goes swimming only three times in M-G-M's "Jupiter's Darling," which came yesterday to the Music Hall, and two of these times are forced upon her. She dunks only once for fun. And that, we might note, is the most attractive and buoyant thing in the film. It comes when Miss Williams, cast rashly as the fiancée of Emperor Fabius Maximus of Rome, peels off her stola and tunic after a long hot day in town and goes swimming in the pool of her villa, which is fancier than any pool in Hollywood." It also stated that "Miss Williams had better get back in that water and start blowing bubbles again." Box Office Box office reception was poor - according to MGM records it made $1,493,000 in the US and Canada and $1,027,000 elsewhere resulting in a loss of $2,232,000. Notes See also List of American films of 1955 List of films set in ancient Rome References Further reading External links Category:1955 films Category:1950s musical comedy films Category:American musical comedy films Category:American romantic comedy films Category:American films Category:American romantic fantasy films Category:American romantic musical films Category:Second Punic War films Category:American films based on plays Category:Films set in ancient Rome Category:Films directed by George Sidney Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films Category:Musical fantasy films Category:Swimming films Category:Cultural depictions of Hannibal Category:Cultural depictions of Scipio Africanus Category:1950s romantic comedy films Category:1950s romantic fantasy films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Attraction (grammar) Attraction, in linguistics, is a type of error in language production that incorrectly extends a feature from one word in a sentence to another. This can refer to agreement attraction, wherein a feature is assigned based on agreement with another word. This tends to happen in English with Subject Verb Agreement, especially where the subject is separated from the verb in a complex noun phrase structure. It can also refer to Case Attraction, which assigns features based on grammatical roles, or in dialectal forms of English, Negative Attraction which extends negation particles. Agreement attraction Agreement attraction occurs when a verb agrees with a noun other than its subject. It most commonly occurs with complex subject noun phrases, a notable example of this appeared in the New Yorker: Efforts to make English the official language is gaining strength throughout the U.S. The head of the subject noun phrase, "efforts", is plural, but the verb appears in a singular form because the local noun "language" in the interceding phrase is singular, and therefore attracts the production of the singular feature in "is". While Bock pointed to this example, it doesn't follow the more common pattern where the local nouns are plural and attract plural marking onto the verb, such as in the sentence: "The key to the cabinets were missing" The tendency for plural nouns to elicit attraction more often is caused by a marking plurality as a feature, where singularity is considered part of the default, and that activation of the noun plurality marker is what attracts the plural verb form activation. Agreement attraction not only appears with Subject Verb Agreement, but also with Object Verb agreement in WH-movement in English. Take this ungrammatical construction: "Which flowers are the gardener planting" This sentence is ungrammatical because the subject "gardener" is singular, but "are" is plural, which was attracted by the plural noun object phrase "which flowers" that appear just before the verb due to WH-movement. Object attraction also appears in SOV constructions in Dutch, where agreement attraction occurs between the verb and the local object noun. Case attraction Case attraction is the process by which a relative pronoun takes on (is "attracted to") the case of its antecedent rather than having the case appropriate to its function in the relative clause. For example, in the following English sentence, the relative pronoun has the appropriate case, the accusative: This is the boss of the man whom I met yesterday. The following erroneous sentence, on the other hand, has case attraction: This is the boss of the man whose I met yesterday. Because the antecedent, "[of] the man", is possessive, the relative pronoun has become possessive as well. Attraction is a theoretical process in Standard English, but it is common in the Greek of the Septuagint and also occurs in the New Testament. References Category:Grammar	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Isaura Espinoza Isaura Espinoza (born Isaura Espinoza Stransky on August 25, 1956 in Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico) is a Mexican actress. Early life Espinoza was born on August 25, 1956 in Piedras Negras, Coahuila, Mexico. She is a daughter of José Ángel Espinoza "Ferrusquilla", singer and actor of Mexican of Golden Age of Mexican cinema and Sonia Stransky. She has two sisters, Angélica Aragón who is also an actress and singer, and Vindia Espinoza (died in 2008). His maternal grandfather, of Czech ancestry, was a soldier in the service of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and fought in the First World War. She made her debut in Mexican cinema in 1973 and has since starred in 95 films and television series. She was married with Claudio Báez, they have two children: Claudia and Jorge, the couple later divorced. The second married she was with an actor Sergio Sánchez, but on September 16, 2004 he died. Filmography Awards & nominations References External links Category:1956 births Category:Living people Category:Mexican telenovela actresses Category:Mexican television actresses Category:Mexican film actresses Category:Mexican stage actresses Category:Actresses from Coahuila Category:20th-century Mexican actresses Category:21st-century Mexican actresses Category:Mexican people of Czech descent	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
IPTN N-250 The IPTN N-250 is a regional aircraft commuter turboprop, an original design by the Indonesian firm IPTN (Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara) (now Indonesian Aerospace), N letter in front of -250 stands for Nurtanio or Nusantara and 250 denotes a twin-engined aircraft with a capacity of 50 passengers. This aircraft was IPTN's first major effort to win the market share of the regional turboprop class of 50–70 seat airliners. The aircraft was the star exhibit at the 1996 Indonesian Air Show in Cengkareng, but its development was eventually cancelled after the Asian financial crisis of 1998. Design and development The N-250 development plan was first revealed by PT IPTN (now PT Dirgantara Indonesia,Indonesian Aerospace) at the Paris Air Show in 1989, but was first introduced in 1986 when the Indonesian Air Show 1986 was held. The first prototype, serial number PA-1 with a capacity of 50 passengers, flew on 10 August 1995. The Second prototype, a stretched variant with a capacity of 70 passengers named N250-100, was planned to have its first flight on May 1996, but this was delayed and the plane was instead first flown on 19 December 1996. The third and fourth prototypes were planned to first fly on July 1996 and September 1996 respectively, but construction for both aircraft were halted due to the financial meltdown in Asia the following year. After the cancellation There has been some consideration concerning the program's revival by former director of the IPTN and, later, former Indonesian president BJ Habibie after having received approval from the incumbent president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. However, to reduce production costs and improve price competitiveness in international markets, changes were made which have resulted in reduced performance such as a reduction in engine capacity, and the removal of the fly-by-wire system. The planned reborn plane was planned to be named N250R. In August 2012, both developing parties, Erry Firmansyah of PT Eagle Cap and PT Regio Aviasi Industri, led by both of Habibie's sons, agreed to finance N-250. It will use a new name, R-80. On 26 September 2013, Nam Air signed an order for 50 R-80 with an option for 50 more aircraft, to be delivered in 2018. B.J. Habibie advocated production of the plane (despite no longer being the director of IPTN) as its only rival, the Fokker 50, was no longer in production because of Fokker Aviation's bankruptcy in 1996. Variants N250 The initial prototype with a capacity of 50 passengers. One produced (PA-1) and named "Gatotkaca" N250-100 The second prototype is a stretched version, capable of carrying 68 passengers. One produced (PA-2) and named "Krincingwesi". First Flight 19 December 1996. N270 Further stretched variant, 3 meters longer than N250-100 capable of carrying 72 passengers. Planned to be produced as third prototype (PA-3) and will be named "Putut Guritno" or "Koco Negoro". Completion planned for 18 months after N250-100 first flight and some integral parts like fuselage, center wing and engines already or almost completed, however development stalled after the Asian financial crisis of 1998. RegioProp R-80 Re-building program of N-250 by B.J Habibie under PT. Regio Aviasi Industri name. Planned for conducting its first flight between 2019-2020. When finished, it will able to carry up to 92 passengers with range up to 800 nm(1.481 km). LoI has been signed by NAM Air for ordering 100 planes consists of 50 firm orders and 50 optional orders, and Kalstar Aviation for 25 planes. Other airlines that have expressed their interest including Wings Air, Citilink, Sky Aviation and Merpati Nusantara Specifications (N250-100) References Further reading Angkasa Magazine Collector's Edition: Golden Path of the Making of N250: Effort to Dominate Aviation, 2014 (Indonesian) External links PT Dirgantara Indonesia PT-IPTN N-250 Departemen Perindustrian IPTN N-250 at airliners.net Category:1990s Indonesian airliners N-250 Category:High-wing aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 1995 Category:Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Iniyum Marichittillatha Nammal Iniyum Marichittillatha Nammal is a 1980 Indian Malayalam film, directed by Chintha Ravi. The film stars Sashi Kumar, T. V. Chandran, Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan and Vijayalakshmi in the lead roles. Cast Sashi Kumar T. V. Chandran Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan Vijayalakshmi References External links Category:1980 films Category:Indian films Category:1980s Malayalam-language films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Abbihal Abbihal may refer to several places in India: Abbihal, Belgaum, Karnataka Abbihal, Basavana Bagevadi, Bijapur District, Karnataka Abbihal, Muddebihal, Bijapur District, Karnataka	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ornipholidotos jacksoni Ornipholidotos jacksoni is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, Gabon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests. Subspecies Ornipholidotos jacksoni jacksoni (north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, southern Uganda, western Kenya, north-western Tanzania) Ornipholidotos jacksoni occidentalis Libert, 2005 (Cameroon, Congo, Gabon) References Category:Butterflies described in 1961 Category:Ornipholidotos	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of Sons and Daughters episodes Sons and Daughters ran for a total of 972 episodes. The show still airs as reruns on Australia's Channel 7Two. Overview Category:Lists of soap opera episodes Category:Lists of Australian drama television series episodes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Stephen Jones (Australian politician) Stephen Patrick Jones (born 29 June 1965) is an Australian politician who represents the Division of Whitlam (formerly Throsby) for the Australian Labor Party. He was elected at the 2010 Australian federal election and is the current Shadow Assistant Treasurer and the Shadow Minister for Financial Services. Early years and background Stephen Jones is one of five children (Maree, Luke, Adam and Amanda) who grew up in Wollongong, New South Wales. His father Mark, was a teacher at TAFE and his mother Margaret, worked as a School Assistant. Stephen is the father to two young children. Jones attended St Brigid's Primary School in Gwynneville, New South Wales and Edmund Rice College in Wollongong, where he was School Captain and Dux. He holds a Bachelor of Arts (History and Politics) from the University of Wollongong and a Bachelor of Laws from Macquarie University. His early career was spent as a youth advocate in Campbelltown, New South Wales. Working primarily with children who had developmental disabilities and later, with adults suffering spinal cord injury. Stephen Jones joined the Community and Public Sector Union (CPSU) in 1993. He worked in various roles, including NSW branch secretary and secretary of the Communications Division. He was seconded to the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) in 2004, where he worked to secure compensation for victims of James Hardie asbestos-related disease. Stephen Jones was elected as national secretary of the CPSU in 2005 and led the union's campaign against the Howard government's WorkChoices industrial laws in the lead up to the 2007 Australian federal election. Political career Stephen Jones gained preselection for the seat of Throsby in late 2009, following the resignation of former Member Jennie George. He was endorsed as the Labor candidate after the intervention of the Labor Party national executive and he gained the seat at the 2010 federal election. Jones made his First Speech in the House of Representatives on 19 October 2010. In the 43rd Parliament, Jones served as a member of the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Economics, the Standing Committee on Infrastructure and Communications. and the Joint Select Committee on Gambling Reform. Jones faced a contested pre-selection battle to retain Throsby in 2013. In the long lead up to the pre-selection, a number of potential candidates from the opposing right wing faction of the ALP were floated including Mark Hay, the son of State MP for Wollongong, Noreen Hay and former State Member for Kiama, Matt Brown. When nominations were called in May 2013, after months of delay, the only challenger to contest the pre-selection was local nurse John Rumble, son of former State MP, Terry Rumble. Jones decisively won the rank and file pre-selection ballot held on 15 June 2013 by 90 votes to 47. Stephen Jones was re-elected for a second term at the 2013 Australian federal election. On 18 October 2013, he was appointed shadow parliamentary secretary for Infrastructure and Regional Development. On 4 March 2014, Jones was promoted to Shadow Assistant Minister for Health after Melissa Parke MP stepped down due to personal and family reasons. Jones was re-elected for a third term at the 2016 Australian federal election, after the Division of Throsby had been renamed the Division of Whitlam. Leadership on progressive political agenda As a co-convenor of Labor's left faction in the federal parliamentary Labor Party, where as his electorate of Whitlam, is described as a socially conservative right wing seat, while remaining economically aligned with the centre left views represented by the unions. Jones has spoken in the House of Representatives on a number of issues of importance to the progressive political agenda including marriage equality, asylum seekers, introducing a carbon price and other environmental issues. Jones gave a talk on "Politics in the Next Decade: A View from Generation X" at The Sydney Institute on 2 September 2013 in which he identified three areas where Labor needs to engage in the future: First, our region – the Asia Pacific is where our economic, cultural and security will be built on enduring and reciprocal relationships which focus on long term mutual benefits, not short term opportunism. Secondly, Labor’s relationship with small business which can and should transcend the campaign-driven transactional exchange of request and policy concession. Labor was born of the aspiration of working people – our name reflects that. But our Party needs to recognise that the way we work has changed. Thirdly, Labor should engage with progressive entrepreneurs – those who work in business who believe in generating social wealth, yet who are appalled by the intellectual paucity of Australia’s political debate; Marriage equality On 15 November 2010, in response to a motion concerning same-sex marriage moved by Adam Bandt, Federal Member for Melbourne (Australian Greens) in the House of Representative, Jones moved, as an amendment: That all the words after “That” be omitted with a view to substituting the following words: “this House calls on all parliamentarians, consistent with their duties as representatives, to gauge their constituents’ views on ways to achieve equal treatment for same sex couples including marriage” He articulated the political challenge: If legislation is to be changed it will require consensus, which will require more votes than any single party can muster in this chamber. That will not be achieved by a heroic dash but by careful advocacy that respects different views, respectfully. On this issue there are different views. There are some who, on theological grounds, believe that to celebrate marriage of two men or two women is an affront to their religion. I have thought carefully about this objection, and I cannot help but draw the conclusion that the real objection here is not to the marriage but to the relationship. The amended motion was supported by Labor and passed in the House of Representatives, the first such motion adopted in the lower house on same-sex marriage. Following changes to the ALP National Platform in November 2011 to allow for marriage equality and a conscience vote for Labor MPs, Stephen Jones agreed to put forward a Private Member's Bill to give effect to ALP policy in the Australian Parliament. He introduced his bill to legalize same-sex marriage on 13 February 2012. The Bill was defeated in the House of Representatives on 19 September 2012. Other issues Jones has campaigned on a number of other issues as an MP, including restrictions on gambling ads during TV sports broadcasts, for local job seekers in the mining industry, the early rollout of the National Broadband Network to the region, Labor party reform and renewal and Prime Minister Rudd's asylum seeker agreement with Papua New Guinea. External links Stephen Jones: Official website ALP People: Stephen Jones References Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Throsby Category:Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Whitlam Category:University of Wollongong alumni Category:LGBT rights activists from Australia Category:Labor Left politicians Category:21st-century Australian politicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bernard Bocquet Bernard Bocquet (born 24 March 1949) is a former French cyclist. He competed in the team pursuit event at the 1972 Summer Olympics. References Category:1949 births Category:Living people Category:French male cyclists Category:Olympic cyclists of France Category:Cyclists at the 1972 Summer Olympics Category:People from Meudon Category:French track cyclists Category:Sportspeople from Hauts-de-Seine	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dermot Curtis Dermot Curtis (26 August 1932 – 1 November 2008) was an Irish international footballer. He represented his country 17 times, playing at centre-forward. Curtis was playing in the League of Ireland for Shelbourne when he first hit the headlines. On 19 September, at Dalymount Park the League of Ireland XI held a star-studded English League XI to a 3–3 draw with Curtis notching the vital third goal. He made his full international debut for Republic of Ireland at home to Denmark on 3 October 1956 in which he scored. In December that year he joined Bristol City for £8,000 where he was to score 16 league goals in only 26 games. In September 1958 he joined Ipswich Town, playing in the side that won promotion to Division One in 1961, and the league championship the following season. However, the form of Ray Crawford and Ted Phillips limited his chances at Portman Road, and in August 1963 he moved to Exeter City after only 41 league games (in which he scored 17 times). On 23 September 1963 he became the first Exeter player to be capped for his country as he earned his 17th and final international cap in a 0–0 draw with Austria in Vienna. After 91 league appearances (in which he scored 23 goals), Curtis moved to Torquay United, signing in August 1966. However, his move to Plainmoor was not a great success as in his only season he made just 12 league appearances, scoring just a single goal. In June 1967 he returned to Exeter City, where his league career was to end after a further 66 league appearances in which he scored 10 goals. He later played non-league football for Bideford. Curtis died in Exeter on 1 November 2008, after a long illness. Honours League of Ireland Shelbourne F.C. 1952–53 Football League Second Division Ipswich Town F.C. 1960–61 Football League First Division Ipswich Town F.C. 1961–62 References Category:1932 births Category:2008 deaths Category:People from Dublin (city) Category:Republic of Ireland association footballers Category:Republic of Ireland international footballers Category:League of Ireland players Category:Shelbourne F.C. players Category:Bristol City F.C. players Category:Ipswich Town F.C. players Category:Exeter City F.C. players Category:Torquay United F.C. players Category:Bideford A.F.C. players Category:League of Ireland XI players Category:English Football League players Category:Association football forwards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dobovo Dobovo () is a small settlement in the Municipality of Novo Mesto in southeastern Slovenia. The entire municipality is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region. References External links Dobovo on Geopedia Dobovo - online booking system for apartments short term rental Category:Populated places in the City Municipality of Novo Mesto	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Itaobim Itaobim is a municipality in the northeast of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Its population in 2007 was 20,986inhabitants in a total area of 680 km². It belongs to the Pedra Azul statistical microregion. The elevation of the municipal seat is 180 meters. It became a municipality in 1962 . This municipality is located on the important BR-116 highway, 43 km. south of Medina. It is on the left bank of the Jequitinhonha River. The climate is hot and humid with an annual average temperature of 24.4°C. Neighboring municipalities are: Medina, Jequitinhonha, Ponto dos Volantes and Itinga. The distance to the state capital, Belo Horizonte is 604 kilometers. The main economic activities are cattle raising and subsistence farming. The GDP was R$93,447,000 (2005). There were 01 banking agencies in 2006. In the rural area there were 948 farms with around 2,500 people involved in the agricultural sector. There was a planted area of around 3,000 hectares. The main cash crop was mangoes with 200 hectares planted. There were 13 tractors, a ratio of one tractor for every 73 farms. In the health sector there were 14 health clinics and 01 hospital with 61 beds. The score on the Municipal Human Development Index was 0.689. This ranked the city 592 out of 853 municipalities in the state, with Poços de Caldas in first place with 0.841 and Setubinha in last place with 0.568. See Frigoletto for the complete list. Degree of urbanization: 75.58 Illiteracy rate: 26.73 Infant mortality rate: 25.46 Percentage of urban houses connected to the sewage system: 2.70 References Statistics from IBGE Social indicators See also List of municipalities in Minas Gerais Category:Municipalities in Minas Gerais	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Samuel Morgenstern Samuel Morgenstern (1875, Budapest – August 1943, Łódź Ghetto) was an Austrian businessman and a business partner of the young Adolf Hitler in his time in Vienna (1908–1913). Morgenstern, who was a Jew, gained some importance in Hitler's research, since the good relationship he held with Hitler was sometimes taken as evidence of the thesis that he was not yet an anti-Semite. Life and work Early years (1875 to 1911) Morgenstern was born in 1875 as the son of Hungarian Jews in Budapest. In his youth he learned the craft of glassmaking, and served in the Austro-Hungarian Army for several years. Later Mogenstern moved to Vienna, where he opened in 1903 a glass shop with associated workshop. The store in the backyard of the house Liechensteinstraße No. 4 was conveniently located near the center of Vienna, which probably contributed to the rapid success of the company. In 1904 he married Emma Pragan (born 1871), the daughter of a Jewish family from Vienna. They had a son born in 1911. In the course of his professional career, Morgenstern achieved modest prosperity, so that he was able to gain a country estate in Strebersdorf near Vienna for the price of 5,000 crowns. In May 1914 he bought another piece of land at Großjedlersdorf for 50,000 crowns. Relationship with Adolf Hitler (1911/1912 to 1913) Morgenstern stated in 1937 at the request of the main archive of the NSDAP in Munich that Adolf Hitler first appeared in his Viennese shop in 1911 or 1912. Hitler's offer to include some of his pictures (especially aquarelles) in Morgenstern's assortment was taken up by Glaser, who also sold picture frames. As a result, Hitler regularly supplied Morgenstern's business with his pictures until his emigration to Germany in May 1913. Morgenstern later justified this purchase decision with the fact that in his experience it was easier to sell picture frames if they already contained a picture on the sales shelf as illustrative material, so that the customer could get an impression of their effect. The motifs of Hitler's paintings were mostly historical views in the style of Rudolf von Alt. Morgenstern also had the Viennese lawyer Dr. Joseph Feingold. His wife, Elsa, née Schäfer, liked the pictures of Hitler, and he bought several for his apartment and law firm. After the invasion of the German Army, the pictures were picked up by the Gestapo. Josef and Elsa Feingold were arrested while fleeing in the Nice area, deported to Auschwitz via Drancy internment camp, and murdered. Later life (1913–1943) Morgenstern participated in the First World War as an officer of the Austro-Hungary's army on the Romanian front. After the war, when he was honored with two military diplomas for exemplary behavior, he returned to his old profession. After the annexation of Austria in March 1938, Morgenstern soon became the target of the anti-Semitic policy of the National Socialists. After the Kristallnacht, his business was closed by the authorities, and on 24 November 1938, it was "aryanized", i.e. Morgenstern was forced to sell it to an Aryan. However, the purchase price of 620 Reichsmark for workshop, shop and an extensive warehouse was never paid. Morgenstern was also deprived of his license to practice his trade; he was banned from working. In the following months, he depended on public generosity. Morgenstern addressed by letter to his former colleague on 10 August 1939. The letter addressed to "His Excellency the Chancellor and leader of the German Reich" has been preserved. It had apparently been spotted by bureaucratics and had corresponding markings, such as underlines and the marginal expression "Jew!" on it. In his letter, Morgenstern asked to induce the authorities, in exchange for the transfer of his landed property, to pay him a modest compensation for the confiscation of his property in foreign currency, so that he would have the material resources to emigrate. His letter remained unanswered. Morgenstern could not leave the National Socialist sphere of power because he could not pay the travel expenses of an emigration and Reich Flight Tax. Shortly after the outbreak of World War II, Morgensterns were expropriated and deported as Jews to the occupied Poland, where they were imprisoned in the Łódź Ghetto. There Samuel Morgenstern died of wasting in August 1943. He was buried in the ghetto cemetery. His wife, Emma, who, as her brother-in-law Wilhelm Abeles (who also lived in the ghetto and survived Auschwitz) witnessed her husband's death, was most likely deported to the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp at the same month. Since it was a standard practice in Auschwitz to send most of the newcomers, especially old women unable to work, directly to the gas chambers, their death can be considered certain. Accordingly, a Viennese court ruled in December 1946 that they could not have experienced the end of the war in 1945 and pronounced them dead in agreement with a motion filed by their brother Max Pragan. Anti-Semitism controversy Some scholars argue that Hitler was not a pronounced anti-Semite during his time in Vienna despite his enthusiastic Pan-German League attitude. As evidence for this, they state that young Hitler not only did business with Morgenstern, but also maintained friendly relationship with him and his wife. For a while, he visited the two once a week as a guest in their home. This assumption is supported by Hitler's good relationship with other Viennese Jews such as Jakob Altenberg or his cohabitants at the men's dormitory, Josef Neumann and Siegfried Löffner, whom Hitler trusted more in business affairs than, for example, his petty criminal buddy Reinhold Hanisch, who was a fervent anti-Semite. This behavior is in direct contradiction to Hitler's own claim in Mein Kampf, where he claims to have already been convinced in Vienna of the perishability of Judaism. However, researchers like Brigitte Hamann see Hitler's assertion in the light of his good relationship with Jews and the Morgenstern as a political statement purported to give the impression that his anti-Semitism developed in a straightforward line, and conceal changes in his thinking. That Morgenstern could have contributed in any way to provoke or nourish Hitler's prejudices or a bad image of "the Jew" can be considered as ruled out. Not only was Morgenstern the most important source of income for the young Hitler in the years around 1912, he also offered, as Peter Jahn of the main archive of the NSDAP still noted in 1937, good prices for Hitler's pictures. In addition, Hitler gave Jahn an appreciative statement in the 1930s that Morgenstern had been his "savior" during the Vienna period and had given him many important commissions. References Category:1875 births Category:1943 deaths Category:20th-century Austrian people Category:Austrian people of World War I Category:Austrian Jews who died in the Holocaust Category:Views on Adolf Hitler	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
KWHK KWHK is a radio station airing an oldies format licensed to Hutchinson, Kansas, broadcasting on 95.9 MHz FM. The station is owned by Ad Astra Per Aspera Broadcasting, Inc. References External links KWHK's official website Category:Oldies radio stations in the United States WHK	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alcorisa Alcorisa is a municipality in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. According to the 2018 census the municipality has a population of 3,276 inhabitants. Alcorisa is located right by the N-211 road, 13 km to the SW of Calanda. This town is part of the Ruta del tambor y el bombo. See also Bajo Aragón List of municipalities in Teruel References External links Bajo Aragón Comarca Alcorisa site CAI Aragón-Alcorisa Category:Municipalities in the Province of Teruel Category:Maestrazgo Category:Populated places in the Province of Teruel	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chloe Rogers Chloe Naomi Rogers (born 30 March 1985 in Harlow, Essex) is an English field hockey player midfield and forward and London 2012 Olympic bronze medal-winner. She made her senior international debut for the England women's national field hockey team in November 2003 versus Japan at Chelmer Park, Chelmsford, Essex. She holds a World Cup bronze, a Champions Trophy silver and bronze along with two Commonwealth Games bronze medals as well as European Championship bronzes. She is also one of the leading indoor hockey players in the UK. Hockey Chloe Rogers first started playing hockey in 1994 at Dunmow Hockey Club (now known as Phoenix Hockey Club) when the Dunmow Minis were first formed. She went on to play for other clubs in Essex including Dunmow HC, Braintree HC and Bishop's Stortford HC before spending 8 seasons with Chelmsford Hockey Club. She was the England women's team's top goal scorer at the 2006 World Cup in Madrid, Spain, helping the team to finish seventh, and other international honours include a KT Cup gold medal and a Setanta Sports Trophy gold medal. 2006 also marked the first Commonwealth Games bronze medal win at the 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games in Australia. Chloe scored the opening goal in Chelmsford's 2–1 win over Canterbury in the final of the English indoor hockey championships in 2006. Chelmsford went to Hamburg, Germany in February 2007, to take part in the women's Eurohockey Indoor Club Champions Cup. They finished sixth overall in the competition, with Chloe scoring at least once in every Chelmsford match. At Chelmsford she won a European outdoor silver medal and a European indoor bronze medal and, under Karen Brown's coaching, the side came runners-up in the Premier League. England women's national field hockey team qualified for the Beijing Olympics at the Eurohockey Nations Championship staged at Belle Vue, in Manchester, during August 2007. Chloe was a part of the team that came 3rd and won a bronze medal, during the bronze medal match with Spain she received her 50th international cap for England. Chloe has the nickname in the Chelmsford team of "Ginger", after the dancer, Ginger Rogers. During the Summer of 2009 Chloe played in the Champions Trophy in Sydney, and won bronze in Amsterdam at the Eurohockey Nations Championship 2009 with England. In September 2008 she moved to Leicester Hockey Club, and in September 2009 she spent a month playing for Bayleys Midlands as their visiting international in New Zealand's National Hockey League, and won a silver medal with Bayleys Midlands. During December 2009, Chloe gained her first cap for the England Indoor Hockey Team, scoring the third goal of a 3–1 victory against Scotland at the National Indoor Arena in Birmingham. She was also vice-captain of the team. Chloe is a part of Team Essex, run by Essex County Council, she helps to promote sport and well being in Essex through coaching sessions at local schools and by talking about her hockey playing. Essex County Council are running a programme linking the Team Essex Ambassador athletes with local artists. A multimedia piece of art was created by Colchester artist, Tim Skinner, using recordings he made of Chloe hitting a hockey ball. Colchester-based artist Jacqueline Davies created 'It's My Bag' in 2012, using items from Chloe's life and playing career to produce a hockey stick bag. The artwork has been displayed at Saffron Walden museum and can currently be seen in the entrance hall to the Braintree Leisure Centre as of 2015. In 2012, Leicester beat Reading to secure the Premier League title with Chloe sinking two penalty shuttles after the match went to a sudden death shootout. Chloe joined Old Loughtonians in Essex for the start of the 2013/14 hockey season, after playing for Leicester Ladies since 2008. Chloe writes a blog for the Team Essex project. Beijing Olympics 2008 Great Britain finished 6th in the hockey tournament at the Beijing Olympics. The result secured England's place in the Champions Trophy hockey for 2009 (in Sydney, Australia), and 2010 (in Nottingham, United Kingdom). At the 2009 Tournament, Chloe played with the number 12 shirt and was yellow carded and sent to the sin bin during a pool game against Japan. GB eventually won the match 2–1. Champions Trophy, World Cup and Commonwealth Games 2010 Chloe was a part of the team that came third in the Champions Trophy staged in Nottingham, the best ever performance of an England women's hockey team in this annual competition. Along with this came first ever women's hockey bronze medal for an England side at the World Cup in Rosario and another Commonwealth Games bronze in Delhi. London Olympics 2012 The squad selection for the Great Britain women's hockey team was announced on Friday, 18 May 2012. Chloe was included and is set to take part in her second Olympic Games. Chloe was part of the Olympic bronze medal winning GB team at the London Olympic Games during August 2012. Champions Trophy 2012 The Great Britain team made the final of this elite competition and secured a silver medal, losing 1–0 to Argentina. Chloe was presented with a silver plate to mark her 50th Great Britain cap before the match started Golf Chloe has played golf from a young age and at the start of July 2007 won the BUSA Women's Individual Strokeplay Championship. As a result of this, she led the BUSA Women's England team to victory in the Home Golf Internationals at the start of September. This is in addition to her 2004 title of Essex Ladies Champion. In 2000, she was one of the youngest ever finalists in the Daily Telegraph Junior Golf Championship. Awards Chloe was the Essex Chronicle Sports Personality of the Year 2009 and was presented with the award at the County Ground in Chelmsford by Essex and former Zimbabwean cricketer, Grant Flower. The award was voted for by readers of the Essex Chronicle and Brentwood Gazette. And she achieved this award again during 2012. She has held the Marjorie Pollard Salver, presented by the Hockey Writers' Club of Great Britain in July 2008 during the Setanta Sports Trophy in Dublin. Notes External links Old Loughtonians Hockey Club Leicester Hockey Club Chelmsford Hockey Club Official Website of the Player Website of Bayleys Midlands in New Zealand Chloe's Team Essex Blog Category:Sportspeople from Harlow Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:English female field hockey players Category:Field hockey players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Category:Field hockey players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic field hockey players of Great Britain Category:British female field hockey players Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for England Category:Olympic medalists in field hockey Category:Olympic bronze medallists for Great Britain Category:Field hockey players at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in field hockey	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Glazypeau Glazypeau may refer to: Glazypeau Creek, in Garland County, Arkansas Glazypeau Mountain, in Garland County, Arkansas	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Act Against Bullying Act Against Bullying (also known as AAB) is a national charity in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 2003 by Louise Burfitt-Dons. The charity's purpose is to help children who are bullied- by providing them with confidential advice – and to campaign to raise public awareness of the suffering of victims. The AAB website offers supportive messages and information on all forms of systematic bullying, in particular psychological bullying. The site also features advice on current forms of bullying such as exclusion bullying and cyberbullying. History In 2000, Louise Burfitt-Dons a playwright (born Louise Byres), published in 2001 a series of 40 anti-bullying monologues called Act Against Bullying for teachers to use in the classroom because her daughter had been bullied at school, Burfitt-Dons was concerned that the current advice given to victims to simply report the abuse could lead to further abuse. The monologues accurately portrayed the insidiousness of the newer forms of bullying and gave people an insight into what they could do about something with which they had little solution. 'I didn't realise what I had started,' said Burfitt-Dons. The voluntary organisation Act Against Bullying she formed in 2002 to be able to provide some practical advice about identification and resolution of the abuse. The charity began issue advisory leaflets by which to, among others, profile and identify the subtle abuse to come from bullying by Exclusion to Cause Distress based on deliberate isolation from any community especially in the world of those ages of children/people that have the mental capacity to carry out abusive actions toward others but do not realise the long-term impact of those actions. More importantly, the organisation provided coping tips for teenage victims. The organisation began attracting funds and was registered with the Charity Commission in October 2003. The effectiveness for the charity has not been thwarted by its all volunteer staffed and has helped inestimable situations where children and their parents have worked alone through their anti-bullying experiences by reviewing the Act Against Bullying website. AAB was shortlisted for The Guardian Charity Award 2008. Ethos and affiliations The ethos of the charity is deliberately motivational and upbeat and aims to eliminate young people suicides and homicides that results from bullying. It actively promotes the virtues of kindness as the antithesis of bullying actions. A two colour silicone wristband represents red for strength and white for peace. It was a core member of the UK's Anti-Bullying Alliance until 2010. Cool to be Kind campaign Cool To Be Kind is the major campaign of the charity and started in 2001 as a round of school talks on bullying. The motto was 'Don't be Rude, Don't Exclude, Don't Push In, Don't Hurt To Win, It's Cool to be Kind'. The campaign has since 2005 been celebrated in November during Anti-Bullying Week. To participate in this annual event, schools can download resources from the Act Against Bullying website, such as assembly notices and posters, AAB kindness certificates for presentations to reward anti-bullying behaviour. CyberKind campaign Cyber-bullying is a particularly offensive form of abuse since the source of the action can be anonymous and only with much difficulty identified. Encouraging and rewarding 'niceness on the net' is hoped to eliminate the idea as a valid activity. It was launched at the House of Lords on Armistice Day 2009 by Baroness Hayman and Lord Grocott Act Against Bullying Cup The Act Against Bullying Polo Cup started in June 2005 at the Guards Polo Club as part of the semi-final of the Queens Cup Tournament. Charity founder Louise Burfitt-Dons presented the Act Against Bullying Cup to the Dubai Polo Team which included Adolfo Cambiaso again in 2006. In 2007 it went to the Ellerston White polo team. Anti-bullying talks and campaigning AAB Founder Louise Burfitt-Dons continues through speeches to raise the awareness of rising statistics of and varying forms of random acts of violence in society and its adverse effect on youth culture, female aggression, and trends like happy slapping. She was guest speaker at a House of Commons cyberbullying forum in June 2007 that was chaired by Shadow Minister for Children Tim Loughton. The charity launched the poster campaign Grade Not Degrade in November 2006 and wrote to all TV channels and OFCOM calling for a reduction in gratuitous aggression in TV programmes and in the media believing it to be a fundamental and pervasive source of copycat bullying abuse and violence in schools and society. Public profile Act Against Bullying has a high media presence which has not been without controversy owing to its glamorous profile. As well as a range of notable voluntary advisors including Hamish Brown MBE, UK’s leading authority on the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 and ex-Fire Commissioner Brian Robinson, many celebrities have appeared in support of the charity at its fundraising events including Hayley Westenra and Duaine Ladejo. Big Brother participant Jade Goody became associated with public advocating activities after being brought as a guest to the Act Against Bullying Cup in 2005 in Windsor. Disassociation of Goody from Act Against Bullying resulted in January 2007 after Goody's alleged racist bullying behaviour towards fellow Celebrity Big Brother contestant, Bollywood star Shilpa Shetty. The charity received a number of contacts from the public calling for Goody reference removal from the Act Against Bullying website. The charity removed a photograph of Goody and published a statement on their website and criticised the confrontational format of the Channel 4 show which gave the impression that Goody's behaviour was condoned. The statement was posted on the Digital Spy Forum by a viewer including the allegation that Goody was the charity's patron. On 16 January 2007, the national media published the same story and Act Against Bullying was inundated with angry and abusive emails. On the same day, charity founder Louise Burfitt-Dons featured on UK international media stations to refute the fact that Jade Goody was ever a spokesperson or officially linked with the organisation. She claimed that Goody had been brought along as a guest at a function where she had bid for polo lessons with Jack Kidd (see Jodie Kidd) who was a charity supporter. Other celebrities attending that day were Nick Knowles and Julian Bennett. She made a further donation to Act Against Bullying in 2006 following Goody's mother Jackiey Budden appearance in a homemaker TV show. Burfitt-Dons published a further statement expressing admiration for the way in which Shilpa Shetty had dealt with the bullying. Shilpa Shetty's management contacted Act Against Bullying to offer Shilpa's support for the charity in place of Jade. Other media personalities who have been linked with Act against Bullying are Jen Hunter who was publicly humiliated on a TV show over her height and Ivanka Trump Big Brother contestant Liza Jeynes contacted Act Against Bullying for support over her suicide attempts over cyberbullying. Act Against Bullying has a young following and Joseph McManners was photographed for them when he attended a function as well as Hugo Boss model Nicholas Joyce. They worked with Britain's Got Talent 2008 finalists martial arts duo Strike. In 2008 Fashion Showcase Wales sponsored by L'Oreal was held in support of the charity at the Sophia Gardens in Cardiff in the 2011 Act Against Bullying's campaign posters and messages featured in The Inbetweeners Movie. References External links Act Against Bullying website Category:Children's charities based in the United Kingdom Category:Children's websites Category:Anti-bullying charities Category:2003 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:Organizations established in 2003	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dome, Arizona Dome () is a ghost town located in Yuma County, in southwestern Arizona, United States. Originally Swiveler's Station, east of Fort Yuma on the Butterfield Overland Mail route, a post office was established here in 1858. It was first under the name of Gila City, the nearby boomtown west of Swiveler's, but the post office closed July 14, 1863, after most of the town was swept away in the Great Flood of 1862, and then abandoned for the La Paz gold rush along the Colorado River. After the railroad passed by the site and an attempt at large scale mining of the placers began, a new post office was established as Dome in 1892 but soon closed when the attempt failed. Subsequently it opened and closed several times before finally closing in 1940. Today the site lies along the railroad and a road that follows the old Overland stage route, south of the Wellton-Mohawk canal and Gila River. All that remains on the site is a large adobe building, one small adobe remnant and foundations. There is a cemetery nearby to the west. References External links Google Map of Dome, Arizona Lower Gila River Watershed Arizona Pioneer & Cemetery Research Project, Internet Presentation, Version 050710, Dome Cemetery and Gila City - Dome, Yuma County, Arizona, By Kathy and Ed Block, APCRP Historians Dome, Arizona Dome, Arizona Category:Former populated places in Yuma County, Arizona Category:Stagecoach stops in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
George Pitt, 1st Baron Rivers George Pitt, 1st Baron Rivers (1 May 1721 – 7 May 1803) was an English diplomat and politician. Background and education He was born in Geneva, the eldest son of George Pitt of Stratfieldsaye (today rendered Stratfield Saye), Hampshire, and his wife Mary Louise Bernier from Strasbourg. General Sir William Augustus Pitt was his younger brother. He was educated at Winchester College with attendance recorded in 1731 and matriculated on 26 September 1737 at Magdalen College, Oxford, being awarded an MA on 13 March 1739 and a DCL on 21 August 1745. He traveled on the continent from 1740 to 1742 and succeeded his father in 1745. He inherited Stratfield Saye House in Hampshire, making extensive alterations to the house and park. Politics Soon after returning from Europe, he was elected Member of Parliament at a by-election for Shaftesbury that followed the death of Charles Ewer, and sat as a Tory. He voted with the opposition during the War of the Austrian Succession against the employment of the Hanoverians. At the 1747 election, he stood for Shaftesbury, largely on his own interest, although Lord Shaftesbury endorsed him a few weeks before the poll. He also stood for the county of Dorset, a Tory stronghold, and was returned for both constituencies, choosing to sit for Dorset. In his electoral survey of c. 1749, John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont, examining individuals' political support for and on behalf of Frederick, Prince of Wales, considered Pitt "not proper". He represented Dorset continuously until 1774, becoming an independent, supporting the government from the accession of George III. Upon the formation of the Dorset Militia under the Militia Act 1757, Pitt was commissioned colonel of the regiment, and served until his resignation in 1798. In 1760, he was appointed a Groom of the Bedchamber to the King, in which office he served until 1770, when he was asked to resign to make way for Sir George Osborn, 4th Baronet, a cousin of Lord North. Diplomacy From 1761 to 1768, he served as Envoy-extraordinary to the Kingdom of Sardinia at Turin, although he went on leave in 1764 and never returned. In 1770 he was appointed Ambassador to Spain, but was superseded the following year. Peerage On 20 May 1776, he was raised to the peerage as Baron Rivers, of Stratfield Saye, Hampshire. His ancestor George Pitt (d.1694) of Stratfield Saye, had married Jane Savage, daughter of John Savage, 2nd Earl Rivers. In 1780, he was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Hampshire, but was replaced in 1782, when he became a Lord of the Bedchamber. He was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Dorset in 1793. On 16 March 1802, he obtained a new patent as Baron Rivers, of Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire, with special remainder, in default of male issue, to his brother Sir William and his issue male, failing which to his daughter Louisa's son Horace Beckford and his issue male. He died on 7 May 1803 at Stratfield Saye and was succeeded by his only son George. Family On 4 January 1746, at Oxford Chapel, Marylebone, he married Penelope, daughter of Sir Henry Atkins, 4th Baronet, of Clapham, Surrey. They had four children: George Pitt, 2nd Baron Rivers (1751–1828) Hon. Penelope Pitt, (1749-1827) married Edward Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier, in 1766; divorced in 1771 and married Capt. Smith in 1784 Hon. Louisa Pitt (1754–1791), married Sir Peter Beckford (1740–1811) on 22 March 1773 Hon. Marcia Lucy Pitt (1756–1822), married James Fox-Lane in 1789 Their marriage was unhappy and they separated in 1771, living mostly in France and Italy until her death on 1 January 1795 in Milan. She was buried in the Protestant Cemetery in Livorno, Italy. Legacy Rivers Inlet, a fjord on the Central Coast of British Columbia, was named by Captain George Vancouver for George Pitt. References G. F. R. Barker, ‘Pitt, George, first Baron Rivers (1721–1803)’, rev. R. D. E. Eagles, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, (Oxford University Press, 2004), accessed 24 Aug 2008. thepeerage.com/p4567.htm#i45663 ThePeerage.com Category:1721 births Category:1803 deaths Category:Alumni of Magdalen College, Oxford Pitt, George Pitt, George Pitt, George Pitt, George Pitt, George Category:Barons in the Peerage of Great Britain Category:Peers of Great Britain created by George III Category:Lord-Lieutenants of Dorset Category:Lord-Lieutenants of Hampshire Category:People educated at Winchester College Pitt, George Category:Ambassadors of Great Britain to Spain Category:British Militia officers Category:People from Geneva	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Manah Manah may refer to: Manah, Oman, a town in Oman Manāt, one of the three chief goddesses of Mecca.	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Polygonum erectum Polygonum erectum, commonly called erect knotweed, is a North American species of herbaceous plant in the buckwheat family (Polygonaceae). It is found primarily in the northeastern and north-central parts of the United States, but with scattered populations in other parts of the US and also in Canada. Its natural habitat is in bottomland forests and riparian areas. It is tolerant of ecological degradation, and can also be found in disturbed open areas such as pastures and lawns. It was once cultivated for food by Native Americans as part of the group of crops known as the Eastern Agricultural Complex. Description Polygonum erectum is an erect annual growing tall with many to few, non-wiry branches. The leaves have distinct veins and entire edges or have jagged cut edges. The pedicels are shorter or equal the length of the calyx and typically longer than the ocreae. The closed flowers have a calyx that is typically 3 mm long, green in color and 5-lobed. Flowers in clusters of 1 to 5 in cymes that are produced in the axils of most leaves. The calyx segments are unequal with the outer lobes longer and not keeled and the inner ones narrowly keeled. The tepals are greenish, with yellowish tinting or sometimes with whitish tints. The seeds are produced in fruits called achenes that can be of two different types; one type is dark brown with a shiny surface and is broadly egg-shaped, typically about 2.5 mm (1–10 inch) long. The other achene type is dull brown, exsert and egg-shaped, and long. Late season fruiting is uncommon and if produced the achenes are long. Conservation Polygonum erectum is considered to be globally secure. However, it is uncommon throughout much of its range, and population have declined dramatically in some regions. It is listed as endangered in New Hampshire and New York. References erectum Category:Flora of Canada Category:Flora of the United States Category:Crops originating from Pre-Columbian North America Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine Category:Plants described in 1753 Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Erasable programmable logic device An Erasable programmable logic device (EPLD) is an integrated circuit that comprises an array of programmable logic devices (PLD) that do not come pre-connected; the connections are programmed electrically by the user. See also Complex programmable logic device (CPLD) Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) Macrocell array Programmable array logic (PAL) Category:Gate arrays	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
East Williston Village Historic District East Williston Village Historic District is a national historic district located at East Williston in Nassau County, New York. It includes 26 contributing buildings and one contributing site. It encompasses the largely intact 19th and early 20th century residential and commercial core of the village. The earliest extant building is the Willis farmhouse, dated to the early 19th century. The district's commercial center is Station Plaza, located at the 19th century railroad station. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. References External links East Williston Village Historic District (Living Places) Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Category:Historic districts in Nassau County, New York Category:National Register of Historic Places in Nassau County, New York	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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