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Fishbowl (conversation) A fishbowl conversation is a form of dialog that can be used when discussing topics within large groups. Fishbowl conversations are sometimes also used in participatory events such as unconferences. The advantage of fishbowl is that it allows the entire group to participate in a conversation. Several people can join the discussion. Method Four to five chairs are arranged in an inner circle. This is the fishbowl. The remaining chairs are arranged in concentric circles outside the fishbowl. A few participants are selected to fill the fishbowl, while the rest of the group sit on the chairs outside the fishbowl. In an open fishbowl, one chair is left empty. In a closed fishbowl, all chairs are filled. The moderator introduces the topic and the participants start discussing the topic. The audience outside the fishbowl listen in on the discussion. In an open fishbowl, any member of the audience can, at any time, occupy the empty chair and join the fishbowl. When this happens, an existing member of the fishbowl must voluntarily leave the fishbowl and free a chair. The discussion continues with participants frequently entering and leaving the fishbowl. Depending on how large your audience is you can have many audience members spend some time in the fishbowl and take part in the discussion. When time runs out, the fishbowl is closed and the moderator summarizes the discussion. An immediate variation of this is to have only two chairs in the central group. When someone in the audience wants to join the two-way conversation, they come forward and tap the shoulder of the person they want to replace, at some point when they are not talking. The tapped speaker must then return to the outer circles, being replaced by the new speaker, who carries on the conversation in their place. In a closed fishbowl, the initial participants speak for some time. When time runs out, they leave the fishbowl and a new group from the audience enters the fishbowl. This continues until many audience members have spent some time in the fishbowl. Once the final group has concluded, the moderator closes the fishbowl and summarizes the discussion. Advantages An advantage of a fishbowl conversation is that it is suitable for large groups. It also lessens distinctions between the speakers and the audience. This has made fishbowls popular in participatory group meetings and conferences. Issues This is not a forum where introverted or shy people will be inclined to contribute. To include them, it is possible to break the dialog down into much smaller groups to make them feel comfortable to discuss a topic. Their opinions can be garnered upfront through a post-it gathering exercise or with live-voting on whose opinion they value/want replaced (via non-technical show of arms/clapping or a digital live-voting app). Variations The group can be split into two smaller and distinct sub-groups (such as men and women, or older and younger participants), who convene separately and come up with three to four questions for the other group, which are written on cards. The participants reconvene, exchange cards, and form two circles with one subgroup inside the other and both of them facing inwards. The inside group read a question and discuss it, while those in the outside circle listen but do not speak. Each question is discussed in this way, making sure everyone in the inner circle has a chance to speak. The circles are then reversed. The questions that the groups generate can be on the same subject or not, at the discretion of the organizer. This version is a good party game for groups of thirty to sixty people. Another derivative is to have the fishbowl run for a certain period of time - e.g., half an hour. The moderator stops the discussion in the fishbowl circle and invites those not in the inner circle to offer their thoughts and comments on what they are hearing in the inner circle. Another variation is to use technology, such as CoverItLive, to increase participation. This allows all the participants in the Outer Circle the opportunity to share their thinking in the public online forum without needing to wait turns. The online forum is also projected in the room for the Inner Circle to use as additional talking points or building ideas from. This variation allows for an environment that supports extroverts and introverts. ( Extroverts - speaking in front of the group, Introverts - sharing their thinking in the online public forum ). In this variation, a hot seat ( or open seat ) is also available for Outer Circle participants so they can at any time join the Fishbowl (Inner Circle) and share their thinking verbally if needed. References Further reading Blog post from a commercial enterprise. Posting on the website of a non-profit organization. Blog post, apparently unsigned. Category:Meetings Category:Conferences Category:Debating Category:Party games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tyranid In the fictional universe of Warhammer 40,000, the Tyranids are a race and a playable army in the tabletop miniatures wargame. The Tyranids are aliens from outside the galaxy who have come to devour all life, one planet at a time. They are collectively controlled by a highly intelligent hive mind which can not be reasoned with. Tyranids come in diverse forms, each individual having been engineered to fulfill a specific role. All of their technology is biological, named in the Universe as biomorphs due to their components being alive. Development The visual design of the Tyranids was inspired by the art of H. R. Giger, with the genestealer sub-race being further inspired by the Alien from the eponymous franchise. Tyranids were first described in Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader, the first edition of the miniature wargame Warhammer 40,000. At that time they were not an emphasized race in the game, instead representing a limited number of occasionally encountered alien antagonists. Their physical appearance was not imposing or especially horrific: they were depicted as six limbed, relatively diminutive creatures (an appearance which would later be assigned to Tyranid termagants). In later iterations of Warhammer 40,000-related products (starting with the release of Advanced Space Crusade) the Tyranids were given a complete makeover and became a major race, popularized by a number of successful expansions. In the tabletop games Warhammer 40,000 Tyranid infantry units tend to be fast, hard-hitting, but frail. They also have low point values, meaning Tyranid armies in play tend to be large. Tyranids have the most powerful counter-measures against enemies with psychic powers: many Tyranid units possess the "Shadow in the Warp" trait, which makes it harder for nearby enemy psykers to use their powers. Genestealers are a sub-species of the Tyranid race, and while they can be played as part of a Tyranid army, they can also be played as a separate army in their own right. This genestealer army has human-genestealer hybrids, who to varying degrees resemble humans. Some hybrids look perfectly human, and therefore a player can integrate Imperial Guard units into a genestealer army, passing them off as human-genestealer hybrids. Space Hulk Space Hulk is a spin-off of Warhammer 40,000, which takes place in the corridors of a derelict spaceship. This game features genestealers, which are a sub-species of the Tyranids. History Games Workshop has introduced three main hive fleets, called Behemoth, Kraken, and Leviathan. The most recent Codex has also introduced a number of smaller hive fleets and splinter fleets, such as Hydra and Gorgon, among a number of others, although the book primarily focuses on the three main fleets. It is noted that these names are given by the scholars of the Imperium, rather than the Tyranids themselves. In fact, there is no evidence in the fiction that Tyranids have language or civilization, at least not as understood by other species native to the Milky Way. In many stories, they communicate with a complex array of insectoid clicking and buzzing noises, as well as reptilian war cries, growls, and hissing sounds. Tyranids are thought to communicate primarily via a strong synaptic link to the so-called Hive Mind. There have been three major Tyranid hive fleets to date; Hive Fleet Behemoth and Hive Fleet Kraken of whom both were defeated, and Hive Fleet Leviathan, which is one of the current threats to the known galaxy. There are many other Tyranid hive fleets that have been destroyed or are still emerging, such as Hive Fleets Jormungand, Colossus, Tiamet, Scarabus, Ouroboros, Nemesis, Reatherus, Gorgon, and Hydra among many others. Tyranids were first mentioned in the 1987 rulebook Warhammer 40,000: Rogue Trader under the heading Tyranids and the Hive Fleets, and were illustrated in a form not too different from that of Gaunts. The first Tyranids used conventional, non-biological equipment such as lasguns and flak armor (although the rulebook stated that these represented organic equipment with similar capabilities). The principal unit available to the Tyranids was the Zoat, a centaur-like creature enslaved to fight on the behalf of their Tyranid masters. Games Workshop introduced the first Genestealer figures in 1989 in the game Space Hulk. The first recognizable incarnation of Tyranid warriors appeared in Advanced Space Crusade in 1990, featuring biological weaponry such as boneswords and deathspitters. Second Edition Warhammer 40,000, released in 1993, featured the Tyranids in the supplemental books Wargear and Codex Imperialis, and then later in their own devoted army Codex. An extensive model range was released, representing most of the units described in these publications. The army was, however, very different from the factions previously seen in the game. The Tyranid player now had access to a range of unit types roughly equivalent to that of the other factions, including the Hive Tyrant, Termagants, Hormagaunts, the main adversary in Space Hulk Genestealers, Gargoyles previously seen in Epic 40,000, Tyranid Warriors, the Carnifex, Zoanthropes (a Tyranid psyker in addition to the Hive Tyrant), Lictors, and the Biovore. In the Tyranid supplement to Third Edition Warhammer 40,000 there was an emphasis on revamping the rules for the various units while maintaining the overall structure of the army, so that veteran players would not find their older collections unusable or less useful in the new edition. The supplement did however add some new units and adjust the behavior of others. A brand-new model range, somewhat different from the older one, was released to coincide with the new publication. New units included: the Tyrant Guard and Raveners. The Third Edition Codex, as with a number of subsequent publications, included an army list which permitted far greater flexibility to the player than previous army lists, allowing extensive customization of units. Unit types noted as a 'Mutable Genus' in the main army list were permitted to be extensively modified by choosing from numerous options in the 'Custom Hive Fleet' section of the book. The options available bore a resemblance to the random equipment tables featured in Rogue Trader, but were no longer randomized. The nature of the army list in Third Edition further cemented the Tyranid army's reputation for fielding vast numbers of models, allowing the player to overwhelm an opponent with weight of numbers. This was even more pronounced in the variant Seeding Swarm army list published in White Dwarf and later in Chapter Approved, which represented the initial stages of a massive Tyranid assault and even further emphasized the use of many expendable, 'cannon-fodder' type units. The release of the fourth edition codex added a new model range, new rules, and new units, most notably the Broodlord, a larger alpha genestealer, and revamped units such as the Carnifex. This new codex also enables Tyranid players to field a total of eight large Tyranids to be deployed in a medium-sized battle, although the player would still have to field compulsory troop choices. With this concept Tyranid armies can now consist of many troops and/or a just few powerful units. One of the more overlooked abilities was the new "without number" rule, which allowed for an unlimited number of gaunts in a single game, emphasizing the "cannon-fodder" trait of the Tyranids. A new Tyranid codex was released on 16 January 2010, written by Robin Cruddance. It included 15 new species of Tyranid, and legendary heroes like the Swarmlord, Old One Eye and the Doom of Malan'tai. In addition, some models saw a point cost reduction, which allowed certain Tyranid armies to field more units, although this was not the case for all Tyranid units. The Carnifex, a mainstay of previous editions, saw its point cost almost double, with many of its options removed and with no corresponding increase in effectiveness. The Tyranids received new rules for the eighth edition of Warhammer 40,000 in Index: Xenos 2, released in June 2017. An updated version of these rules will be released on 11 November 2017 in the new Codex: Tyranids. Fictional in-game history The first recorded contact between the Imperium and the Tyranids was in 745.M41 on the Eastern Fringes of the Milky Way galaxy. There are rumors that the Ordo Xenos of the Inquisition had identified possible appearances of the Tyranids as far back as the 35th Millennium. The Tyranids emerged from the intergalactic space of the Local Group of galaxies, their Hive Mind drawn to the Milky Way by the psychic beacon of the Astronomicon transmitted by the Imperium of Man's Emperor. The first officially recorded contact with the Tyranids for the Imperium of Man came during an attack on the Forge World of Tyran by hive fleet Behemoth, and from there the fleet continued through the Ultramar sector of imperial space, consuming all the worlds in its path. The Tyranids were defeated, by the efforts of the Ultramarines Chapter of Space Marines and suffered devastating losses during the Battle of Macragge In 942.M41, Commissar Ciaphas Cain, on a mission in the Ice World, Nusquam , discovered hibernating Tyranids buried deep in the permafrost; the swarm was apparently carried to the planet by a Hive Ship that had crashed on the planet, prior to any human colonization. The Inquisition was unsettled by the fact that the Tyranids possibly developed a presence in the galaxy before the start of the Imperium; it is unknown whether the crashed bio-ship was on a scouting mission when it was lost, was a casualty in a pre-Imperium Tyranid invasion force that was defeated by unknown adversaries, or part of a plan by a Tyranid super-intelligence that may have "seeded" the galaxy with many slumbering broods. In 993.M41, the Tyranids returned to the Milky Way with Hive Fleet Kraken, changing tactics from assaulting targets as a single massed Hive Fleet to instead splitting into smaller fleets, each enveloping star systems before reinforcements can arrive. The brunt of this new attack was borne by the Space Marine Chapters known as the Scythes of the Emperor and the Lamenters. Eventually the backbone of the Hive Fleet was broken by its defeats at the Battle of Ichar IV and at the Eldar Craftworld Iyanden. The cost to the Imperium was still great, Craftworld Iyanden lost more than half of its population, and many splinter fleets broke off from Kraken to later wreak havoc deep within Imperial space. In 997.M41, Hive Fleet Leviathan appeared from "below" the plane of the galaxy (on the Z axis) and attacked from two points, cutting off large portions of the galaxy from reinforcements. It threatened the defenses of the Segmentum Solar and Terra, the capital of the Imperium of Man, but the Tyranids were distracted by being deflected into the star system of a powerful Ork empire. The Orks are managing to stem the main Tyranid Hive Fleet's advance. The Battle for Macragge The Tyranids were a major race in the fourth edition of Warhammer 40k, especially due to their presence in the Battle for Macragge boxed game, released in 2004. The set included six Genestealers, ten Termagants, and eight Spore Mines. The box set represented the Battle for Macragge, one of the most detailed battles for both the Tyranids and the Ultramarines Chapter of Space Marines. Famed for their close combat attacks, Tyranids were chosen to be the aliens who set about destroying the Ultramarines homeworld of Macragge. In the preceding months Hive Fleet Behemoth (The Hive Fleet responsible) had been scouring the Ultramar sector leaving dead and barren planets in their wake, so when they arrived at Macragge they found a planet ready for battle. As well as Macragge's Starnova defense stations, the planet's defenses were bolstered by fleets seeking revenge, wanting to protect their homeworlds and some because they could do nothing else with their helms manned by those loyal to Marneus Calgar, Chapter Master of the Ultramarines. When Behemoth arrived at Macragge it fought with all its might in space and on land to subdue and consume the Ultramarines. This led to a fateful stand on Cold Steel Ridge. The Hive Mind dispatched its deadliest servant to the front lines - the Swarmlord, an ancient Hive Tyrant whose consciousness had been reincarnated through countless battles. This beast had struck the final blow on many worlds against many foes, and as soon as it stepped onto the battlefield, the swarm's ferocity was paired with keen strategy. It rent and tore the chapter master and left him lying on the ground. In the end, only the battleship Dominus Astra detonating its warp drives in the heart of the Tyranid fleet succeeded in destroying the central Tyranid hive ship, the lynchpin of the aliens' psychic control, throwing the swarm into disarray and putting an end to the invasion. Even though the Tyranids failed in their attempt, among the innumerable lives taken and damage caused both in space and on the ground, they managed to wipe out all one hundred members of the Ultramarines' elite 1st Company during a desperate last stand to defend one of the planet's two polar orbital defense facilities, a feat never before accomplished, and never repeated since, by any other enemy of the Imperium. In alternative games The Tyranids are represented in three of the Specialist Games produced by Games Workshop: Battlefleet: Gothic, Epic, and Inquisitor. In Battlefleet: Gothic, a game focusing on spaceship to spaceship fleet combat, they are represented by four models that represent the massive biologically constructed ships of the Tyranid Hivefleet. In Epic, the game of large scale combat using smaller miniatures, they are represented by a combination of Titans and standard Tyranid troops. In Inquisitor, the narrative skirmish game using Warhammer 40,000 type characters, the Tyranids are represented by the Genestealer and Hybrid models under the generic roleplaying category of "aliens." They are individual members of the Genestealer Cults who work towards espionage and propagating their species in secret to weaken a planet's defenses before an invasion, as opposed to being part of the Hivefleet army that seeks to swarm over all in their path and consume them. In video games Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War II currently includes Tyranids as a playable race along with the Imperial Guard, Chaos Space Marines, Eldar, Orks, and Space Marines. The playable "heroes" (commander units) include the Hive Tyrant, Ravener Alpha and Lictor Alpha, and the forces of a Tyranid splinter fleet act as the primary antagonists in the single player campaign; the campaign is only playable from the point of view of the Blood Raven chapter of Space Marines. However, in the expansion Retribution, they are a playable race in the single-player Campaign. Notably, the Tyranids are one of the few Warhammer 40,000 factions that were not in the first game, Warhammer 40000: Dawn of War. The fact that Tyranids were not present is likely due to their nature; as Tyranids do not create structures or technology in the same way as the other races (not to mention the lack of usable wargear because of this), it would be difficult to have them perform as the other races do in the game. Relic has also repeatedly stated that they wanted to include the Tyranids in Dawn Of War, but the game's graphic engine "wouldn't do them justice". Other issues cited included significant differences in economy. The altered overall game mechanics of the aforementioned sequel, together with improved graphical capabilities of later computers apparently allowed them to depict Tyranids in a manner the developers found acceptable. References & notes Category:Bioships Category:Fictional collective consciousnesses Category:Fictional superorganisms Category:Fictional warrior races Category:Warhammer 40,000 species	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Courval, Saskatchewan Courval is an unincorporated community in the Rural Municipality of Rodgers No. 133 in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. Recognized as a designated place by Statistics Canada, Courval had a population of 5 in the Canada 2006 Census. Population Climate See also List of communities in Saskatchewan List of ghost towns in Saskatchewan References External links Category:Designated places in Saskatchewan Category:Unincorporated communities in Saskatchewan Category:Rodgers No. 133, Saskatchewan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dobrosław, Łódź Voivodeship Dobrosław is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lututów, within Wieruszów County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Lututów, east of Wieruszów, and south-west of the regional capital Łódź. References Category:Villages in Wieruszów County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of programs broadcast by Telecinco This is a list of programs currently, formerly, and soon to be broadcast on Telecinco in Spain. Shows {\| class="wikitable sortable" \|- bgcolor="#ececec" valign=top ! Original title !! Years !! Genre !! Contributors \|- \| 20tantos \|\| 2002-2003 \|\| Drama series \|\| Sergio Mur \|- \| 7 Vidas \|\| 1999-2006 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Amparo Baró, Javier Cámara, Toni Cantó, Carmen Machi, Anabel Alonso, Blanca Portillo, and Gonzalo de Castro \|- \| Los 80 \|\| 2004 \|\| Drama series\|\| José Coronado and Aitana Sánchez-Gijón \|- \| A corazón abierto \|\| 2003 \|\| \|\| Jordi González \|- \| A mediodía, alegría \|\| 1991-1993 \|\| Children \|\| Leticia Sabater and Sofía Mazagatos \|- \| A tu lado \|\| 2002-2007 \|\|Variety \|\| Emma García \|- \| ¡A ver si llego! \|\| 2009 \|\|Sitcom \|\| Miriam Díaz-Aroca \|- \| Abre los ojos... y mira \|\| 2013–2014 \|\| Talk show \|\| Emma García \|- \| Abogados \|\| 2001\|\| Drama series\|\| Javier Albalá, Roberto Álvarez, and Cristina Brondo \|- \| El accidente \|\| 2017-2018 \|\| Drama Series \|\| Inma Cuesta and Quim Gutiérrez \|- \| Acorralados \|\| 2011 \|\| Reality Show \|\| Jorge Javier Vázquez and Raquel Sánchez-Silva \|- \| Acusados \|\| 2009-2010 \|\| Drama series\|\| Blanca Portillo and José Coronado \|- \| Agitación + IVA \|\| 2005-2006 \|\| Comedy \|\| Alfonso Vallejo, César Camino, and Isabel Pintor \|- \| Aída \|\| 2005-2014 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Carmen Machi and Paco León, con Carmen Machi and Paco León \|- \| Al otro lado \|\| 2013 \|\| \|\| Carmen Porter \|- \| Al salir de clase \|\| 1997-2002 \|\| Soap opera \|\| Mariano Alameda and Carmen Morales \|- \| Al ataque chow \|\| 2010 \|\| Comedy \|\| Paz Padilla \|- \| All you need is love... o no \|\| 2017 \|\| Dating show \|\| Risto Mejide \|- \| ¡Allá tú! \|\| 2004-2008 \|\| Quiz show \|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| Amores que duelen \|\| 2014 \|\| Reality show \|\| Roberto Arce \|- \| Ana \|\| 1996-1999 \|\| Talk show \|\| Ana García Lozano \|- \| El Anfitrión \|\| 2000 \|\| Talk show \|\| Boris Izaguirre \|- \| Ángel o Demonio \|\| 2011 \|\| Drama series \|\| Aura Garrido, Jaime Olías and Mar Saura \|- \| Aquí hay tomate \|\| 2003-2008 \|\| Variety \|\| Jorge Javier Vázquez and Carmen Alcayde \|- \| Aquí no hay quien duerma \|\| 1995-1996 \|\|Talk show \|\| Pepe Carrol \|- \| Aquí Paz y después gloria \|\| 2015 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Antonio Resines \|- \| Art Attack \|\| 2001-2005 \|\| Children \|\| Jordi Cruz \|- \| Asalto al furgón del dinero \|\| 2009 \|\| Game Show \|\| Quico Taronjí \|- \| Aventuras del Capitán Alatriste, Las \|\| 2015 \|\| Drama Series \|\| Aitor Luna \|- \| ¡Ay, que calor! \|\| 1990-1991 \|\| \|\| Luis Cantero y Eva Pedraza \|- \| La batalla de las estrellas \|\| 1993-1994 \|\| Game Show \|\| Bertín Osborne and Arancha del Sol \|- \| B&b, de boca en boca \|\| 2014- \|\| Drama Series \|\| Belén Rueda \|- \| Bellezas al agua \|\| 1990-1993 \|\| Game Show \|\| Norma Duval, Andoni Ferreño and Agustín Bravo \|- \| Bellezas en la nieve \|\| 1992 \|\| Game Show \|\| Andoni Ferreño \|- \| Birlokus klub \|\| 2004-2007 \|\| Children \|\| \|- \| Las bodas de Sálvame \|\| 2013 \|\| Variety \|\| Kiko Hernández and Carmen Alcayde \|- \| Boing \|\| 2009-2010 \|\| Children \|\| \|- \| Bricomanía \|\| 1997-2010 \|\| \|\| Kristian Pielhoff \|- \| Brigada Costa del Sol \|\| 2019 \|\| Drama Series \|\| Hugo Silva \|- \| Buenas tardes \|\| 2000 \|\| Talk Show \|\| Nuria Roca \|- \| El Buscador de historias \|\| 2006-2009 \|\| News \|\| Emilio Pineda, Alberto Herrera and Gema Balbás \|- \| Cabaret Olé \|\| 2012 \|\| Talent Show \|\| Jose Corbacho and Soraya Arnelas \|- \| Caiga Quien Caiga \|\| 1996-2008 \|\| Comedy \|\| El Gran Wyoming and Manel Fuentes \|- \| La Caja \|\| 2009 \|\| Reality show \|\| \|- \| Cámbiame \|\| 2015-2018 \|\|Reality show \|\| Marta Torné \|- \| Cámbiame Noche \|\| 2015\|\|Reality show \|\| Marta Torné \|- \| Camera Café \|\| 2005-2009 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Arturo Valls \|- \| Campamento de Verano \|\| 2013 \|\| Reality Show \|\| Joaquín Prat and Sonia Ferrer \|- \| Campeones de la playa \|\| 1994 \|\| Children \|\| Luis Alberto Sánchez, María Abradelo and Leticia Sabater \|- \| Campos, Las \|\| 2016-2018 \|\| Reality Show \|\| María Teresa Campos & Terelu Campos. \|- \| Cántame una canción \|\| 2010 \|\|Talent Show \|\| Pilar Rubio \|- \| La Casa de la guasa \|\| 1993 \|\| Children \|\| Teresa Rabal \|- \| La casa de tu vida \|\| 2004-2007 \|\| Reality Show \|\| Jordi González \|- \| Casa para dos \|\| 1995 \|\|Sitcom \|\| Juanjo Menéndez and Esperanza Roy \|- \| Cazamariposas \|\| 2014- \|\| Variety \|\| Nando Escribano \|- \| Cheers \|\| 2011 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Alberto San Juan \|- \| Chiringuito de Pepe \|\| 2014- \|\| Sitcom \|\| Santi Millán \|- \| La Chistera \|\| 1993 \|\| Comedy \|\| Eugenio \|- \| Cita con Apeles \|\| 1997 \|\| Talk show \|\| Padre Apeles \|- \| ¡Clever! \|\| 2007 \|\| Quiz show\|\| Emma García and Mario Picazo \|- \| El Club de la Comedia \|\| 2000-2003 \|\| Comedy \|\| Javier Veiga \|- \| Club Disney \|\| 1998-2000 \|\| Children \|\| Jordi Cruz \|- \| Cocineros sin estrella \|\| 2012 \|\| Cooking \|\| José Ribagorda \|- \| Comer es un placer \|\| 1994 \|\| Cooking \|\| Alfredo Amestoy \|- \| El comisario \|\| 1999-2009 \|\| Drama series \|\| Tito Valverde \|- \| El Concursazo \|\| 1997-1998 \|\|Game Show \|\| Bermúdez \|- \| Contacto con tacto \|\| 1992-1994 \|\| Dating Show \|\| Bertín Osborne \|- \| La Corriente alterna \|\| 2002 \|\|Comedy \|\| Llum Barrera \|- \| Crónicas Marcianas \|\| 1997-2005 \|\| \|\| Javier Sardà \|- \| Cruce de caminos \|\| 1998 \|\| \|\| María Teresa Campos \|- \| Dama velada, La \|\| 2015 \|\| Drama series \|\| Miriam Leone \|- \| Date un respiro \|\| 1993 \|\| \|\| Laura Valenzuela, Carmen Sevilla and Agustín Bravo \|- \| De buena Ley \|\| 2009–2014 \|\| Court show \|\| Sandra Barneda \|- \| Dejadnos solos \|\| 2009 \|\| \|\| Paz Padilla \|- \| De domingo a domingo \|\| 1997-1998 \|\| \|\| Belinda Washington \|- \| De repente, los Gómez \|\| 2009 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Alicia Borrachero and Gustavo Salmerón \|- \| De tal Paco tal astilla \|\| 1997 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Francisco Rabal \|- \| Decogarden \|\| 2004-2010 \|\| \|\| Yolanda Alzola \|- \| El Desafío bajo cero \|\| 2006 \|\| Game Show\|\| Manel Fuentes and José Luis Uribarri \|- \| Desayuna con alegría \|\| 1991-1994 \|\| Children \|\| Leticia Sabater and Sofía Mazagatos \|- \| Desde Palma con amor \|\| 1991-1992 \|\| \|\| Norma Duval and Concha Velasco \|- \| El Desván del trasgo \|\| 1997 \|\|Children \|\| \|- \| Día a día \|\| 1996-2004 \|\| \|\| María Teresa Campos \|- \| Diario de... \|\| 2004-2011 \|\| \|\| Mercedes Milá \|- \| Dinamita \|\| 2000-2004 \|\| \|\| Tricicle \|- \| Díselo a Jordi \|\| 2007 \|\| Talk show \|\| Jordi González \|- \| Do, re, mi \|\| 1998 \|\| \|\| Paloma Marín \|- \| El don de Alba \|\| 2013 \|\| Drama series \|\| Martiño Rivas and Patricia Montero \|- \| Dutifrí \|\| 2007-2008 \|\| \|\| Javier Sardà \|- \| Ella es tu padre \|\| 2017-2018 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Carlos Santos \|- \| Ellas son así \|\| 1999 \|\|Sitcom \|\| María Barranco, Maribel Verdú and Neus Asensi \|- \| Emisión impossible \|\| 2000 \|\| \|\| Bermúdez \|- \| En casa con Raffaella \|\| 1995 \|\| \|\| Raffaella Carrà \|- \| En directo contigo \|\| 1995 \|\| \|\| Belén Rueda and Carmen Sevilla \|- \| En los límites de la realidad \|\| 1993 \|\| \|\| Andrés Aberasturi \|- \| Enemigos Íntimos \|\| 2010-2011 \|\| \|\| Santi Acosta \|- \| Engaño \|\| 2006 \|\| \|\| Jordi González \|- \| Entre platos anda el juego \|\| 1990-1993 \|\| \|\| Juanito Navarro, Simón Cabido and Rafaela Aparicio \|- \| Escenas de matrimonio \|\| 2007-2010 \|\|Sitcom \|\| Marisa Porcel, Daniel Muriel and Pepe Ruiz \|- \| Esposados \|\| 2013 \|\|Sitcom \|\| Anabel Alonso \|- \| Esencia de poder \|\| 2001 \|\| Soap Opera \|\| Arancha del Sol \|- \| Esta cocina es un infierno \|\| 2006 \|\| \|\| Carolina Ferre \|- \| Esta noche cruzamos el Mississippi \|\| 1995-1997 \|\| \|\| Pepe Navarro \|- \| Está pasando \|\| 2007-2009 \|\| News \|\| Emilio Pineda, Lucía Riaño and Daniel Domenjó \|- \| Este país merece la pena \|\| 2014 \|\| Documentary\|\| Miguel Ángel Revilla \|- \| Este país necesita un repaso \|\| 1993-1995 \|\| Comedy \|\| José Luis Coll \|- \| Esto es increíble \|\| 2008 \|\| \|\| Carolina Cerezuela \|- \| Estrenos de cartelera \|\| 2002-2007 \|\| \|\| Raquel Revuelta \|- \| Ex, ¿qué harías por tus hijos? \|\| 2014 \|\| Reality show \|\| Emma García \|- \| Factor ADN \|\| 2009 \|\| \|\| Lucía Riaño \|- \| Familia \|\| 2013 \|\| Drama series \|\| Santiago Ramos and Alexandra Jiménez \|- \| Fernández y familia \|\| 1998 \|\| Sitcom \|\| José Luis Gil \|- \| Fibrilando \|\| 2009 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Arturo Valls \|- \| Fiebre del domingo noche \|\| 1999 \|\| \|\| Carlos Tena and Carolina Ferre \|- \| Flash, el juego de las noticias \|\| 1999 \|\| Quiz Show \|\| Juan Manuel López Iturriaga \|- \| Fort Boyard \|\| 2001 \|\| Game Show \|\| Paula Vázquez and Félix Álvarez \|- \| Frágiles \|\| 2012-2013 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Santi Millán and Norma Ruiz \|- \| Fresa Ácida \|\| 2010 \|\| \|\| Carmen Alcayde, Cinta Méndez and Adriana Abenia \|- \| La fuga \|\| 2012 \|\| Drama series \|\| María Valverde and Aitor Luna \|- \| Futbolísimo \|\| 1991-1992 \|\| \|\| J.J. Santos and Andrés Aberasturi \|- \| G-20 \|\| 2009 \|\| \|\| Risto Mejide \|- \| El Gallinero \|\| 1997 \|\| \|\| Tonino \|- \| Goles son amores \|\| 1992-1993 \|\| \|\| Manolo Escobar and Loreto Valverde \|- \| Un golpe de suerte \|\| 2009 \|\|Drama series \|\| Carmen Morales \|- \| Got Talent España \|\| 2016- \|\| Talent Show \|\| Santi Millán. \|- \| El gran debate \|\| 2012-2013 \|\| Talk show \|\| Jordi González and Sandra Barneda \|- \| Gran Hermano \|\| 2000- \|\| Reality Show \|\| Mercedes Milá \|- \| Gran Hermano VIP \|\| 2004-2005; 2015- \|\| Reality Show \|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| Gran Hermano Dúo \|\| 2019 \|\|Reality Show \|\| Jorge Javier Vázquez \|- \| La Gran ilusión \|\| 1999-2002 \|\| \|\| Concha García Campoy \|- \| Grandiosas \|\| 2002 \|\| \|\| Belinda Washington, Rosa Villacastín and Lolita Flores \|- \| El grupo \|\| 2000 \|\| Drama series\|\| Héctor Alterio \|- \| Guaypaut \|\| 2008-2009 \|\|Game Show \|\| Carmen Alcayde \|- \| Guerra de sesos \|\| 2009 \|\| Quiz Show\|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| La Guillotina \|\| 2010 \|\|Quiz show \|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| Hablando se entiende la basca \|\| 1991-1993 \|\| Talk show \|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| Hablando se entiende la gente \|\| 1990-1993 \|\| Talk show \|\| José Luis Coll \|- \| Hable con ellas \|\| 2014- \|\| Talk show \|\| Sandra Barneda \|- \| Hay una cosa que te quiero decir \|\| 2012-2015 \|\| \|\| Jorge Javier Vázquez \|- \| Hechos reales \|\| 2018 \|\| Variety Show \|\| Jordi González \|- \| Hermanas \|\| 1998 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Ángela Molina \|- \| Hermanos \|\| 2014 \|\| Drama Series \|\| María Valverde \|- \| Hermanos y Detectives \|\| 2007-2009 \|\| Drama series\|\| Diego Martín \|- \| Historias de hoy \|\| 2000 \|\| News \|\| Paloma Ferre \|- \| Historias de la puta mili \|\| 1994 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Juan Diego \|- \| Hola, hola, hola \|\| 1997 \|\| \|\| Paz Padilla \|- \| Homicidios \|\| 2011 \|\|Drama series \|\| Eduardo Noriega \|- \| La hora de los corazones solitarios \|\| 2005 \|\| \|\| Óscar Martínez \|- \| Hora límite \|\| 1995-1996 \|\| \|\| Luis Mariñas \|- \| Hormigas blancas \|\| 2007-2011 \|\| \|\| Jorge Javier Vázquez \|- \| Hospital Central \|\| 2000-2012 \|\|Drama series \|\| Jordi Rebellón \|- \| Hotel Glam \|\| 2003 \|\| \|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| Hoy en casa \|\| 1998 \|\| \|\| Isabel Preysler \|- \| Humor Amarillo \|\| 1990 \|\| Comedy \|\| \|- \| Humor cinco estrellas \|\| 1991-1993 \|\| \|\| Mary Carmen, Juanito Navarro and Quique Camoiras \|- \| El Informal \|\| 1999-2002 \|\| \|\| Javier Capitán and Florentino Fernández \|- \| I love Escassi \|\| 2010 \|\| \|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| I love TV \|\| 2009-2015 \|\| Zapping \|\| \|- \| Infiltrados \|\| 2010 \|\| Documentary \|\| Javier Sardà \|- \| Informativos Telecinco \|\| 1990- \|\| News \|\| Pedro Piqueras \|- \| Innocente, innocente \|\| 1997-1998 \|\| Comedy \|\| Paula Vázquez \|- \| Investigación Xpress \|\| 2009-2010 \|\| \|\| \|- \| Javier ya no vive solo \|\| 2002-2003 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Emilio Aragón \|- \| El juego del euromillón \|\| 1998-2001, 2009 \|\| Game show \|\| Paula Vázquez and Eva González \|- \| Las joyas de la corona \|\| 2010 \|\| \|\| Jordi Gonzalez and Carmen Lomana \|- \| El juego de tu vida \|\| 2008-2010 \|\| Game Show \|\| Emma García \|- \| Karaoke \|\| 1994-1996 \|\| \|\| Daniel de la Cámara \|- \| Karlos Arguiñano en tu cocina \|\| 2004-2010 \|\| \|\| Karlos Arguiñano \|- \| Kombai & Co. \|\| 2004-2005 \|\| Children \|\| Carlos Castel \|- \| El Laberinto de la memoria \|\| 2007 \|\| Talk show \|\| María Teresa Campos \|- \| La que se avecina \|\| 2007- \|\| Sitcom \|\| José Luis Gil, Cristina Castaño, Jordi Sánchez, Pablo Chiapella, Cristina Medina and Antonia San Juan \|- \| Latrelevisión \|\| 2004-2005 \|\| \|\| Carlos Latre \|- \| Levántate \|\| 2015- \|\| Talent Show \|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| Lid \|\| 2001 \|\|Quiz Show \|\| Nuria Roca \|- \| Little Big Show \|\| 2017-2018 \|\| Talent show \|\| Carlos Sobera. \|- \| Lo que escondían sus ojos \|\| 2016 \|\| Drama Series \|\| Blanca Suárez & Rubén Cortada. \|- \| Mad in Spain \|\| 2017 \|\| Talk Show \|\| Jordi González \|- \| Maneras de sobrevivir \|\| 2005 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Cristina Brondo \|- \| Las Mañanas de Tele 5 \|\| 1993-1994 \|\| \|\| Laura Valenzuela and José María Iñigo \|- \| La máquina de la verdad \|\| 1993-1994 \|\| \|\| Julián Lago \|- \| Maravillas 10 y pico \|\| 1996 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Quique Camoiras \|- \| Más allá de la vida \|\| 2010-2012 \|\| \|\| Jordi Gonzalez \|- \| Más que amigos \|\| 1997-1999 \|\|Sitcom \|\| Alberto San Juan and Melanie Olivares \|- \| ¡Más Que Baile! \|\| 2010 \|\|Talent Show \|\| Pilar Rubio \|- \| Más que coches GT \|\| 2006- \|\| \|\| Carolina Alcázar \|- \| Materia reservada \|\| 2012-2013 \|\| Talk show \|\| Santi Acosta and Emma García \|- \| Max clan \|\| 2003 \|\| Children \|\| Daniel Diges \|- \| Me gustas tú \|\| 2002 \|\| \|\| Teté Delgado \|- \| Me lo dices o me lo cuentas \|\| 2017 \|\| Talent show\|\| Jesús Vázquez. \|- \| Me lo dijo Pérez \|\| 1999 \|\| Comedy \|\| José Corbacho \|- \| Me quedo contigo \|\| 2019 \|\| Dating show\|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| Médico de familia \|\| 1995-1999 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Emilio Aragón and Lydia Bosch \|- \| Mediterráneo \|\| 1999-2000 \|\|Drama series \|\| Josema Yuste and Ana Duato \|- \| Mesa de redacción \|\| 1993-1994 \|\| \|\| Luis Mariñas and Fernando Jáuregui \|- \| Mi casa es la tuya \|\| 2016- \|\| Talk Show \|\| Bertín Osborne. \|- \| Mi familia contra todos \|\| 2009 \|\| Quiz Show\|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| Mi gemela es hija única \|\| 2008-2009 \|\|Drama series \|\| Alejandra Lorente \|- \| Mi querida España \|\| 1994 \|\| \|\| Laura Valenzuela \|- \| Mientras duermes \|\| 2009-2010 \|\| \|\| \|- \| Un Millán de cosas \|\| 1998-1999 \|\| \|\| Millán Salcedo \|- \| MIR \|\| 2007-2008 \|\| Drama series\|\| Amparo Larrañaga \|- \| ¡Mira quién salta! \|\| 2013-2014 \|\| Talent show \|\| Jesús Vazquez \|- \| La mirada crítica \|\| 1998-2009 \|\| \|\| Vicente Vallés, Montserrat Domínguez and María Teresa Campos \|- \| Mira quien Mira \|\| 2010 \|\| \|\| Tania Llasera \|- \| Misterios sin resolver \|\| 1993-1994 \|\| \|\| Alfredo Amestoy and Julián Lago \|- \| Moncloa ¿dígame? \|\| 2001 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Javier Veiga \|- \| Morancos Channel nº 5 \|\| 2006 \|\| Comedy \|\| Los Morancos \|- \| Moros y cristianos \|\| 1997-2001 \|\| \|\| Javier Sardà and Jordi González \|- \| Motivos personales \|\| 2005 \|\|Drama series \|\| Lydia Bosch \|- \| Mujeres al poder \|\| 2019- \|\| Talk show \|\| Ana Rosa Quintana \|- \| Mujeres y hombres y viceversa \|\| 2008-2018 \|\| Dating show \|\| Emma García \|- \| Nada es igual \|\| 2012 \|\| \|\| Emma García \|- \| Nada personal \|\| 2001 \|\| \|\| Nuria Roca, Maribel Casany and Llum Barrera \|- \| Nadie es perfecto \|\| 2007 \|\| Quiz show \|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| No es lo mismo \|\| 2004 \|\| \|\| Olga Viza \|- \| La noche... con Fuentes y Cía \|\| 2001-2005 \|\| \|\| Manel Fuentes \|- \| La noche de José Mota \|\| 2013 \|\|Comedy \|\| Jose Mota \|- \| La Noche de los sueños \|\| 2010 \|\| \|\| Emma García \|- \| La Noche por delante \|\| 1998 \|\| \|\| Jordi González \|- \| Las noches de tal y tal \|\| 1991 \|\| \|\| Jesús Gil y Gil \|- \| La noria \|\| 2007-2012 \|\| Variety show \|\| Jordi González, Gloria Serra and Sandra Barneda \|- \| Nosolomúsica \|\| 1999-2012 \|\| \|\| Kay Rush \|- \| Una nueva vida \|\| 2003 \|\| Drama series\|\| Nieve de Medina \|- \| El nuevo juego de la oca \|\| 1998 \|\| Game Show\|\| Andrés Caparrós Jr. and Paloma Marín \|- \| Nunca es tarde \|\| 1995-1997 \|\|Reality Show \|\| Ana Rosa Quintana \|- \| Operación Tony Manero \|\| 2008 \|\| Talent Show \|\| Christian Gálvez \|- \| Operación Triunfo \|\| 2005-2011 \|\|Talent Show \|\| Jesús Vázquez and Pilar Rubio \|- \| Padre de Caín, El \|\| 2016 \|\| Drama Series \|\| Quim Gutiérrez. \|- \| Palomitas \|\| 2011 \|\| Comedy \|\| José Corbacho \|- \| Una Pareja feliz \|\| 1994-1995 \|\|Game Show \|\| Anne Igartiburu and Antonio Hidalgo \|- \| Parejología 3x2 \|\| 2011-2012 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Juanjo Puigcorbé \|- \| El Pasado es mañana \|\| 2005 \|\| Soap Opera\|\| Arancha del Sol \|- \| Pasapalabra \|\| 2007- \|\| Quiz Show\|\| Christian Gálvez \|- \| Pasaporte a la isla \|\| 2015- \|\| Reality show \|\| Jordi González \|- \| Pecado original \|\| 2002-2005 \|\| \|\| Pablo Cassinello \|- \| La pecera de Eva \|\| 2010-2011 \|\|Sitcom \|\| Alexandra Jiménez \|- \| Pequeños gigantes \|\| 2014-2015 \|\| Talent Show \|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| Perdona nuestros pecados \|\| 1998 \|\| \|\| Jordi Estadella \|- \| Perdóname, Señor \|\| 2017 \|\| Drama Series \|\| Paz Vega \|- \| Periodistas \|\| 1998-2002 \|\| Drama series\|\| José Coronado \|- \| Petra Delicado \|\| 1999 \|\|Drama series \|\| Ana Belén \|- \| Piratas \|\| 2011 \|\|Drama series \|\| Pilar Rubio \|- \| Plan C \|\| 2005 \|\| \|\| Carolina Ferre \|- \| Popstars \|\| 2002 \|\| Talent Show \|\| Jesús Vázquez \|- \| Por hablar que no quede \|\| 1995 \|\| \|\| Julián Lago \|- \| Pressing Catch \|\| 1990-1994 \|\| Sport \|\| \|- \| El Príncipe \|\| 2014-2016 \|\| Drama \|\| Álex González \|- \| El Programa de Ana \|\| 1994-1996 \|\| \|\| Ana García Lozano \|- \| El programa de Ana Rosa / AR \|\| 2005- \|\| \|\| Ana Rosa Quintana \|- \| El programa del verano \|\| 2005- \|\| \|\| Joaquín Prat and Maxim Huerta \|- \| El Puente \|\| 1997 \|\| \|\| Tinet Rubira \|- \| Puerta a la fama \|\| 1996-1997 \|\| \|\| Juanma López Iturriaga \|- \| Punta Escarlata \|\| 2011 \|\| Soap Oopera \|\| Nadia de Santiago \|- \| Qué gente tan divertida \|\| 1991 \|\| \|\| Javier Basilio and Loreto Valverde \|- \| ¡Qué me dices! \|\| 1995-1998 \|\| \|\| Belinda Washington y Antonio Botella 'Chapis' \|- \| Qué punto \|\| 1999 \|\| \|\| Ana García Lozano \|- \| Qué tiempo tan feliz \|\| 2010- \|\| \|\| María Teresa Campos \|- \| Quédate conmigo \|\| 2000 \|\| \|\| Ely del Valle and Patxi Alonso \|- \| Querida Concha \|\| 1992-1993 \|\| \|\| Concha Velasco \|- \| Querido maestro \|\| 1997-1998 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Imanol Arias \|- \| Queridos padres \|\| 1992 \|\|Quiz Show \|\| Concha Velasco \|- \| ¿Quiere ser millonario? \|\| 1999-2004 \|\| Quiz show\|\| Carlos Sobera \|- \| Quiero ser \|\| 2016-2017 \|\| Talent Show \|\| Sara Carbonero. \|- \| La quinta esfera \|\| 2003 \|\| Quiz Show \|\| Jorge Fernández Madinabeitia \|- \| La quinta marcha \|\| 1990-1992 \|\| \|\| Jesús Vázquez and Penélope Cruz \|- \| Quítate tú pa' ponerme yo \|\| 1998 \|\|Drama series \|\| Carlos Sobera \|- \| Rec \|\| 2003 \|\| \|\| Jordi González \|- \| El Reencuentro \|\| 2010-2011 \|\| \|\| Mercedes Milá and Jordi González \|- \| Resistiré, ¿vale? \|\| 2010-2011 \|\| \|\| Tania Llasera \|- \| Réplica \|\| 2008 \|\|Comedy \|\| Carlos Latre \|- \| RIS Científica \|\| 2007 \|\| Drama series \|\| José Coronado \|- \| Robin Food: Atracón a mano armada \|\| 2014-2015 \|\| Cooking \|\| Martín Berasategui \|- \| Rojo y negro \|\| 2008-2009 \|\| \|\| Nacho Abad \|- \| La Ruleta de la fortuna \|\| 1993-1997 \|\|Quiz Show \|\| Andoni Ferreño, Goyo González and Carlos Lozano \|- \| Sábado dolce vita \|\| 2005-2007 \|\| \|\| Santiago Acosta \|- \| Salsa rosa \|\| 2001-2005 \|\| \|\| Santiago Acosta \|- \| Sálvame \|\| 2009- \|\| \|\| Jorge Javier Vázquez and Paz Padilla \|- \| Sálvame Deluxe \|\| 2009- \|\| \|\| Jorge Javier Vázquez and Terelu Campos \|- \| Se acabó la siesta \|\| 1992 \|\| \|\| Laura Valenzuela and Carmen Sevilla \|- \| Se enciende la noche \|\| 2013-2014 \|\| Late Night \|\| Jordi González \|- \| ¿Se puede? \|\| 1993-1994 \|\| \|\| Carmen Sevilla and Agustín Bravo \|- \| Sé quién eres \|\| 2017 \|\| Drama Series \|\| Blanca portillo \|- \| Secretos de Estado \|\| 2019 \|\| Drama series \|\| Miryam Gallego \|- \| La Semana que viene \|\| 1998 \|\| \|\| Julia Otero \|- \| Sentido común \|\| 2017 \|\| Comedy \|\| \|- \| Señoras del (h)AMPA \|\| 2019 \|\| Drama Series\|\| Toni Acosta and Malena Alterio \|- \| Señor Alcalde \|\| 1998 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Carlos Larrañaga \|- \| La séptima silla \|\| 2009 \|\| \|\| Sandra Barneda \|- \| Los Serrano \|\| 2003-2008 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Antonio Resines and Belén Rueda \|- \| Sí o no \|\| 1994 \|\| Quiz Show \|\| Ángel Garó \|- \| Sin ir más lejos \|\| 1995 \|\| \|\| Belén Rueda \|- \| Sin tetas no hay paraíso \|\| 2008-2009 \|\| Drama series\|\| Miguel Ángel Silvestre, Amaia Salamanca and María Castro \|- \| Sinceramente tuyo \|\| 1994 \|\| \|\| Jesús Puente \|- \| Socialité \|\| 2017-\|\| News \|\| María Patiño. \|- \| Sonría, por favor \|\| 1996 \|\|Quiz Show \|\| Elsa Anka \|- \| Su media naranja \|\| 1990-1996 \|\| Game Show \|\| Jesús Puente and Tate Montoya \|- \| El Súper \|\| 1996-1999 \|\| Soap opera \|\| Natalia Millán \|- \| Supercharly \|\| 2010 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Malena Alterio \|- \| Superguay \|\| 1991-1993 \|\| \|\| Miliki and Rita Irasema \|- \| Supervivientes: Expedición Robinson/La Gran Aventura \|\| 2000-2001 \|\| \|\| Juanma López Iturriaga and Paco Lobatón \|- \| Supervivientes: Perdidos en el Caribe/Honduras/Nicaragua \|\| 2006-2011 \|\| \|\| Jesús Vázquez, Christian Gálvez and Jorge Javier Vázquez \|- \| Tapas y barras \|\| 2014 \|\| Cooking \|\| Mario Sandoval \|- \| Las Tardes de Alicia \|\| 1998-1999 \|\| Talk Show \|\| Alicia Senovilla \|- \| Tele 5 ¿dígame? \|\| 1990-1992 \|\| \|\| Laura Valenzuela, Javier Basilio and Andrés Aberasturi \|- \| La Tele es tuya, colega \|\| 1994 \|\| \|\| Inma Brunton and Luis Alberto Sánchez \|- \| Telebuten \|\| 1994 \|\| \|\| Beatriz Rico \|- \| Telecupón \|\| 1990-1998 \|\| Game Show\|\| Carmen Sevilla and Agustín Bravo \|- \| Teletipos \|\| 2006 \|\| Comedy \|\| Tricicle \|- \| Un Tiempo nuevo \|\| 2014-2015 \|\| Talk show\|\| Sandra Barneda \|- \| Tierra de lobos \|\| 2010-2014 \|\| Drama series\|\| Álex García Fernández and María Castro \|- \| Tirando a dar \|\| 2006 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Fernando Guillén Cuervo \|- \| TNT \|\| 2004-2007 \|\| \|\| Jordi González and Yolanda Flores \|- \| Todo el mundo es bueno \|\| 2012 \|\| Talent Show \|\| Pilar Rubio and José Corbacho \|- \| Todos los hombres sois iguales \|\| 1996-1998 \|\| Sitcom\|\| Josema Yuste, Fernando Valverde and Luis Fernando Alvés \|- \| Toma cero y a jugar \|\| 2009-2010 \|\| Game Show\|\| Daniel Domenjó and David Venancio Muro \|- \| Toma nota \|\| 1998 \|\| Game Show\|\| Paloma Marín \|- \| ¡Toma salami! \|\| 1998 \|\| Comedy \|\| Javier Capitán \|- \| El topo \|\| 2009 \|\| \|\| Emilio Pineda and Daniel Domenjó \|- \| El Trampolín \|\| 1994-1995 \|\| \|\| Pedro Rollán \|- \| Tres son multitud \|\| 2003 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Jaime Blanch \|- \| La Tribu \|\| 2009 \|\| \|\| Javier Sardà \|- \| Truhanes \|\| 1993-1994 \|\| Drama series\|\| Paco Rabal and Arturo Fernández \|- \| Tú sí que vales \|\| 2008-2013 \|\| Talent show \|\| Christian Gálvez \|- \| Tutti frutti \|\| 1990-1992 \|\|Comedy \|\| Cruz y Raya and Raúl Sénder \|- \| El Último verano \|\| 1999 \|\| Sitcom \|\| \|- \| Universo Lomana \|\| 2010 \|\| \|\| Carmen Lomana \|- \| Uno para todas \|\| 1995-1996 \|\|Game Show \|\| Goyo González \|- \| El ventilador \|\| 2007-2008 \|\| Variety show\|\| Yolanda Flores \|- \| Valanota \|\| 2008 \|\| Game Show\|\| Óscar Martínez \|- \| ¡Vaya fauna! \|\| 2015- \|\| Talent show \|\| Christian Gálvez \|- \| Veraneando \|\| 1993 \|\| \|\| Bertín Osborne and Remedios Cervantes \|- \| Verano a Tope \|\| 2010 \|\| \|\| \|- \| La verdad \|\| 2018 \|\| Drama Series \|\|Lydia Bosch and Jon Kortajarena. \|- \| Veredicto \|\| 1994-1995 \|\|Court show \|\| Ana Rosa Quintana \|- \| Vida loca \|\| 2011 \|\| Sitcom \|\| Toni Cantó and Esther Arroyo \|- \| Vientos de agua \|\| 2005 \|\| Drama series \|\| Ernesto Alterio \|- \| VIP \|\| 1990 \|\|Game Show \|\| Emilio Aragón and José Luis Moreno \|- \| Vip Guay \|\| 1990-1992 \|\| Game Show\|\| Emilio Aragón \|- \| VIP noche \|\| 1990-1992 \|\| Game Show\|\| Emilio Aragón and Belén Rueda \|- \| Viva la vida \|\| 2017- \|\| Talk show\|\| Toñi Moreno \|- \| Vivan los compis \|\| 1992 \|\| Children \|\| Leticia Sabater \|- \| Vivan los novios \|\| 1991-1993 \|\| Dating show \|\| Andoni Ferreño, Arancha del Sol and Natalia Estrada \|- \| Vivir sin permiso \|\| 2018- \|\| Drama Series \|\| José Coronado and Álex González. \|- \| Vivo cantando \|\| 2003 \|\|Talent show \|\| Jesús Vázquez and José María Iñigo \|- \| Volverte a ver \|\| 2018- \|\| Talk show \|\| Carlos Sobera. \|- \| La Voz \|\| 2012- \|\| Talent show \|\| Jesús Vazquez and Tania Llasera \|- \| La Voz Kids \|\| 2014- \|\| Talent show \|\| Jesús Vazquez \|- \| Vuélveme loca \|\| 2009-2012 \|\| Variety \|\| Celia Montalbán and Patricia Pérez \|- \| The Wall\|\| 2017 \|\| Game Show\|\| Carlos Sobera. \|- \| Xq no te callas \|\| 2008 \|\| \|\| Carolina Cerezuela and Eugeni Alemany \|- \| Xuxa Park \|\| 1992 \|\| Children \|\| Xuxa \|- \| ¿Y tú bailas? \|\| 1998 \|\| \|\| Àngels Gonyalons \|- \| Ya empezamos \|\| 1997 \|\| Talk Show \|\| Alicia Senovilla \|- \|Ya es mediodía \|\| 2018- \|\| News\|\| Sonsoles Ónega. \|- \| Yo soy Bea \|\| 2006-2009 \|\| Soap Opera \|\| Ruth Nuñez, Alejandro Tous, Norma Ruiz and Mónica Estarreado \|} Sport rights Spain International References Bibliography España, Ramón de. La caja de las sorpresas. 2001. Editorial Planeta. Sempere Bernal, Antonio. Locos por la tele 2005. Valezuela, Javier. Usted puede ser tertuliano'' 2011. Ediciones Península. Telecinco Telecinco	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Brian Fitzpatrick (Scottish politician) Brian Fitzpatrick (born 1961) is a lawyer and politician who was Labour Party MSP for Strathkelvin and Bearsden between 2001 and 2003. In 1999, First Minister Donald Dewar appointed him as Head of Policy in the First Minister's Policy Unit, he resigned from this post following Dewar's death in 2000. Fitzpatrick was elected to the Scottish Parliament on 7 June 2001 in the Strathkelvin and Bearsden by-election following the resignation of Sam Galbraith for health reasons. He stood in the same seat in the 2003, but finished second, 438 votes (1.2%) behind independent hospital campaigner Dr Jean Turner. Early life He attended St. Robert Bellarmine Catholic school in Glasgow before studying law at Glasgow University. Between 1985 and 1992, he worked as a solicitor. Post-political career Following his time in the Scottish Parliament he works as an advocate and personal injury lawyer. References Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:Labour MSPs Category:Politicians from Glasgow Category:Members of the Faculty of Advocates Category:Scottish solicitors Category:Scottish Roman Catholics Category:Scottish people of Irish descent Category:Members of the Scottish Parliament 1999–2003	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Foulk Fjord Foulk Fjord is a fjord in the Qaasuitsup municipality in northwestern Greenland. Geography Located near Reindeer Point, the fjord is about wide and several miles long with cliffs on each side. Brother John's Glacier terminates at the eastern end of the fjord. At the foot of the glacier is Lake Alida, a small body of frozen fresh water. The northern end of Baffin Bay west of the former village of Etah, narrows into Nares Strait between Greenland and Ellesmere Island, and is usually frozen from October to July. Given the harsh climate, the growing season in the fjord is limited to about six to eight weeks. History The area lies on the ancient migration route from the north of the Canadian Arctic, with several waves of ancient migrants passing through the area, from the northbound Independence I and Independence II cultures 4,400 and 2,700 years ago, respectively, to the southbound Thule culture migrants a thousand years ago. It is also the point where the last migration of the Inuit from Baffin Island reached the coast of Greenland in 1865. An Inuit shaman named Qidlaq led the migrants from Baffin Island alongside the coast of Ellesmere Island for seven years, crossing the strait and fjord to Etah. The group split there, with some returning to Pond Inlet in Canada at a cost of many lives. Inhabitants of Pituffik, later relocated to Qaanaaq, are partially descended from this last group of Arctic migrants to Greenland. See also Hiawatha Glacier List of fjords of Greenland References External links Category:Fjords of Greenland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lagocheirus wenzeli Lagocheirus wenzeli is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. References Category:Lagocheirus	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jørgen Meinich Jørgen Henrik Meinich (24 March 1820 – 8 September 1911) was a Norwegian jurist and industrialist. He was born in Søndre Land as a son of stipendiary magistrate Jens Christian Meinich (1787–1855) and Lisa Berg (1795–1824). He was a brother of Hans Thomas Meinich. In November 1847 in Christiania he married Claudine Birgitte Gulbranson (1823–1852), a daughter of Hans Gulbranson and half sister of Carl August Gulbranson. They adopted Jens Bratlie. He grew up at the manor Kronviken. He attended school in Skien and took the examen artium in 1839, then studied law to graduate with the cand.jur. degree in 1845. After a period as deputy judge in Ringerike, he worked in the Ministry of Finance until 1853. He settled at the property Bjølsen by the river Akerselva. He was a pioneer in the development of the Norwegian wood processing industry and the use of hydropower in the industry. He established Norway's second pulp mill, Bjørsheim Træsliiberie, in 1865. He was a co-founder and first chairman of the association Akerselvens Brugseierforening from 1866 to 1891. He was also a joint owner of the companies Bentse Brug and Nydalens Compagnie. In Nydalens Compagnie he was a board member from 1868 to his death 1911, serving as chair since 1896. Outside of the Aker district, he was the first chairman of Ekers og Giethuus Papirfabriker when it was established as a joint stock company in 1873, and served as such until his death. Meinich also chaired Norges Hypotekbank from 1885 to 1908, was a board member of the Norwegian State Railways and was active in the Royal Norwegian Society for Development. He was mayor of Aker from 1875 to 1877, and when his district was incorporated in the city Kristiania in 1878 he became a city council member. He was decorated Commander of the Order of St. Olav (1897) and the Danish Order of Dannebrog, and Knight of the Swedish Order of the Polar Star. He died in Kristiania in September 1911, 91 years old, and was buried at Vår Frelsers gravlund. References Category:1820 births Category:1911 deaths Category:People from Søndre Land Category:University of Oslo alumni Category:Norwegian jurists Category:Norwegian civil servants Category:Norwegian businesspeople Category:Mayors of places in Akershus Category:Politicians from Aker Category:Politicians from Oslo Category:Commanders of the Order of the Dannebrog Category:Knights of the Order of the Polar Star Category:Burials at Vår Frelsers gravlund	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
IBSS IBSS may refer to: International Bibliography of the Social Sciences Independent basic service set, in wireless computer networking International Business School of Scandinavia, a business school in Denmark International Business School Suzhou, the Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University business school in Suzhou, China	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Family Man The Family Man is a 2000 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Brett Ratner, written by David Diamond and David Weissman, and starring Nicolas Cage and Téa Leoni. Cage's production company, Saturn Films, helped produce the film. The film centers on a man who experiences what his life might have been if he had made a different decision earlier in his life. Plot Jack and Kate, who have been together since college, are at JFK Airport, where Jack is about to leave to take up a twelve-month internship with Barclays in London. Kate fears the separation will be detrimental to their relationship and asks him not to go, but he reassures her, saying their love is strong enough to last, and he flies out. Thirteen years later, Jack is now a bachelor living a carefree life as a Wall Street executive in New York City. At work, he is putting together a multi-billion dollar merger and has ordered an emergency meeting on Christmas Day. In his office, on Christmas Eve, he gets a message to contact Kate, but, even though he remembers her, he dismisses it, apparently uninterested. On his way home, he is in a convenience store when a young man, Cash, enters claiming to have a winning lottery ticket worth $238, but the store clerk refuses him, saying the ticket is a forgery. Cash pulls out a gun and threatens him, so Jack offers to buy the ticket and Cash eventually agrees. Outside, Jack tries to help Cash, to which he responds by asking Jack if anything is missing from his life. Jack says he has everything he needs, whereupon Cash enigmatically remarks that Jack has brought upon himself what is now going to happen, and walks away. A puzzled Jack returns to his penthouse and sleeps. On Christmas Day, Jack wakes up in a suburban New Jersey bedroom with Kate and two children. He rushes out to his condo and office in New York, but both doormen refuse him entrance and do not recognize him. Jack runs out into the street and encounters Cash driving Jack's Ferrari. Although Cash offers to explain what is happening, all he says is a vague reference to "The Organization" and that Jack is getting "a glimpse" that will help him to figure out for himself what it's about. Jack slowly realizes that he is living the kind of life he might have had if he had stayed in the United States with Kate as she had asked. He has a modest family life, where he is a car tire salesman for Kate's father and Kate is a non-profit lawyer. Jack's young daughter, Annie, thinks he is an alien but a friendly one and assists him in fitting into his new life. With a few setbacks, Jack begins to succeed, bonding with his children, falling in love with his wife and working hard at his job. Taking advantage of a chance meeting when his former boss, chairman Peter Lassiter, comes in to have a tire blowout fixed, he impresses him with his business savvy and Lassiter invites him to his office, where Jack worked in his 'other' life. There, after a short interview, Lassiter offers him a position. While he is excited by the potential salary and other perks, Kate argues that they are very happy and they should be thankful for the life they have. Having decided that he now likes this 'other' life, Jack again sees Cash, now a store clerk. He demands to stay in this life, but Cash tells him there is no choice: "a glimpse", by definition, is an impermanent thing. That night, Jack tries to stay awake, but fails and wakes the "next day", Christmas Day, to find himself in his original life. He forgoes closing the acquisition deal to intercept Kate, finding her moving out of a luxury townhouse before flying to Paris. Like Jack, she has focused on her career, and has become a very wealthy corporate lawyer. She had only called him to return a box of his old possessions. He chases after her to the airport and, in an effort to stop her leaving, describes in detail their children and family life he had seen. Intrigued, she eventually agrees to go with him for a coffee. From a distance, they are seen talking inaudibly over their coffees. Cast Nicolas Cage as Jack Campbell Téa Leoni as Kate Reynolds / Kate Campbell Don Cheadle as Cash Makenzie Vega as Annie Campbell Jake and Ryan Milkovich as Josh Campbell Jeremy Piven as Arnie Lisa Thornhill as Evelyn Thompson Saul Rubinek as Alan Mintz Josef Sommer as Peter Lassiter Harve Presnell as Ed Reynolds Mary Beth Hurt as Adelle Francine York as Lorraine Reynolds Amber Valletta as Paula Ken Leung as Sam Wong Kate Walsh as Jeannie Gianni Russo as Nick Tom McGowan as Bill Joel McKinnon Miller as Tommy Robert Downey as Man in house Paul Sorvino (deleted scenes) as Sydney Potter Release Box office The Family Man opened at #3 at the North American box office making $15.1 million in its opening weekend, behind What Women Want and Cast Away, which opened at the top spot. After 15 weeks in release, the film grossed $75,793,305 in the US and Canada and $48,951,778 elsewhere, bringing the film's worldwide total to $124,745,083. Critical reception The film received mixed reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 53% based on 128 reviews, with an average rating of 5.49/10. The site's consensus states: "Despite good performances by Cage and especially by Leoni, The Family Man is too predictable and derivative to add anything new to the Christmas genre. Also, it sinks under its sentimentality". Metacritic reports a 42 out of 100 rating based on 28 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Chris Gore from Film Threat said: "If you're looking for a heartfelt, feel-good holiday movie, just give in and enjoy." Matthew Turner from ViewLondon said: "Perfect feel-good Christmas-period family entertainment. Highly recommended." Common Sense Media rated it 4 out of 5 stars. Movie guide.org rates it four of four stars, noting "The Family Man is a heart-rending movie. Very well written, it makes you laugh and cry. Better yet, it’s an intentionally moral movie. It wants to prove that everyone needs love..." Emma Cochrane from Empire in 2015 wrote: "This is exactly the kind of adult fantasy you want to see at Christmas and, as such, it's highly enjoyable entertainment", and gave the film 3 stars out of 5. References External links Category:2000 films Category:American films Category:English-language films Category:2000s comedy-drama films Category:2000s romantic comedy films Category:2000s romantic fantasy films Category:American Christmas films Category:American comedy-drama films Category:American fantasy-comedy films Category:American romantic comedy films Category:American romantic fantasy films Category:Alternate timeline films Category:Films scored by Danny Elfman Category:Films directed by Brett Ratner Category:Films produced by Marc Abraham Category:Films set in 1987 Category:Films set in the 2000s Category:Films set in New Jersey Category:Films set in New York City Category:Films shot in New Jersey Category:Films shot in New York (state) Category:Beacon Pictures films Category:Saturn Films films Category:Universal Pictures films Category:2000s Christmas films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bazordan Bazordan is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in southwestern France. Population Geography The river Gesse flows northeast through the commune. See also Communes of the Hautes-Pyrénées department References INSEE Category:Communes of Hautes-Pyrénées	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hormizd I Hormizd-Ardashir, better known by his dynastic name of Hormizd I (also spelled Hormozd I or Ohrmazd I; ; New Persian: ), was the third Sasanian King of Kings of Iran, who ruled from May 270 to June 271. He was the third-born son of Shapur I (), under whom he was governor-king of Armenia, and also took part in his father's wars against the Roman Empire. Hormizd I's brief time as ruler of Iran was largely uneventful. He built the city of Ohrmazd-Ardashir (present-day Ahvaz), which still remains a major city today in Iran. He promoted the Zoroastrian priest Kartir to the rank of chief priest (mowbed) and gave the Manichaean prophet Mani permission to continue his preaching. It was under Hormizd I that the title of "King of Kings of Iran and non-Iran" became regularized in Sasanian coinage; beforehand the royal titulary had generally been "King of Kings of Iran." Hormizd I was succeeded by his eldest brother Bahram I. Etymology The name of Hormizd (also spelled Ōhrmazd, Hormozd) is the Middle Persian version of the name of the supreme deity in Zoroastrianism, known in Avestan as Ahura Mazda. The Old Persian equivalent is Auramazdā, whilst the Greek transliteration is Hormisdas. His personal name was "Hormizd-Ardashir", a combination of "Hormizd" and "Ardashir", the latter being the Middle Persian form of the Old Persian Ṛtaxšira (also spelled Artaxšaçā), meaning "whose reign is through truth (asha)". Background Hormizd was the third-born son of Shapur I (). According to folklore, Hormizd's mother was a daughter of the Parthian dynast Mihrak. His two elder brothers were Bahram (the eldest) and Shapur Meshanshah, whilst Narseh was his younger brother. Hormizd had two sisters named Adur-Anahid and Shapurdukhtak. His grandfather was Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire. The Sasanians had supplanted the Arsacid Empire as the sovereigns of Iran in 224, when Ardashir I defeated and killed the last Arsacid King of Kings Artabanus IV () at the Battle of Hormozdgan. Rise Hormizd is first mentioned during the wars of Shapur I against the Roman Empire. He was made the king of Armenia after its conquest by Shapur I in 252. Hormizd is believed to be many modern historians to have taken part in Shapur I's second Roman expedition, which took place in the Roman provinces of Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia, and which lasted from 253 to 256. This is supported by the reports of the Cappadocian conquests. Cappadocia does not appear to be have been the only area that Hormizd fought in: according to the Scriptores Historiae Augustae, the Roman rebel Cyriades assisted Shapur I and a certain Odomastes in the conquest of Antioch. The name Odomastes is an incorrect transliteration of Hormizd, and may thus suggest that after plundering Cappadocia, Hormizd took part in the siege of Antioch in 253. Hormizd is mentioned in an inscription on the wall of the Ka'ba-ye Zartosht at Naqsh-e Rostam near Persepolis in southern Iran, which Shapur I had created in order to praise his sons by citing their names and titles. In the inscription, Hormizd is given the title of Wuzurg Šāh Arminān ("Great King of the Armenians"). The 4th-century Armenian historian Agathangelos states that this title was only given to the heir of the shah. When Shapur I was on his deathbed, he crowned Hormizd as the new king of Iran, in May 270. Reign Little is known of Hormizd's reign. He reportedly gave the Zoroastrian priest Kartir clothes that were worn by the upper class, the cap and belt (kulāf ud kamarband) and appointed him as the chief priest (mowbed). Like his father, Hormizd also granted the Manichaean prophet Mani permission to continue his preaching. It is unclear why Hormizd supported Kartir and Mani, both of whom represented a different religion. The Iranologist Touraj Daryaee has suggested that it was possibly part of his attempt to control both religions, which were both seeking to become the main religion in the empire. According to the Norwegian Iranologist Prods Oktor Skjaervo, Hormizd was like his two predecessors, a "lukewarm Zoroastrian". Hormizd is usually given the epithet of nēw or yaxī/yaxē (both meaning "brave") in Manichean Middle Iranian sources, possibly indicating his accomplishments in warfare. It was seemingly under Hormizd that the two New Year festivals (Nowruz) in the month of Farvardin were linked together to design a festival that lasted six days. In primary sources, Hormizd is credited as the founder of the city of Ohrmazd-Ardashir (present-day Ahvaz), however, in some instances Ardashir I is also attributed as its founder. Modern historians consider Hormizd to be its actual founder. Hormizd was not succeeded by his son Hormozdak, but by his brother Bahram (who became known as Bahram I), who ascended the throne with the aid of Kartir. Coinage and imperial ideology While Ardashir I and Shapur I generally used the title of "King of Kings of (Iran)ians" on their coinage, Hormizd had the title slighty modified, adding the phrase "and non-Iran(ians)". His full title thus read "the Mazda-worshiping, divine Hormizd, King of Kings of Iran(ians) and non-Iran(ians), whose image/brilliance is from the gods". The phrase "and non-Iran(ians)" had already been in use in the inscriptions of Shapur I, and in rare cases his coin mints, but was first regularized under Hormizd. The extended title demonstrates the incorporation of new territory into the empire, however what was precisely seen as "non-Iran(ian)" (aneran) is not certain. The reverse of Hormizd's coin portrayed two attendants, an addition that was first made by Shapur I, on whose coinage both attendants are depicted wearing mural crowns, whilst looking away from the fire temple between them. They most likely represented the shah. In the coinage of Hormizd, the attendants face the temple and are wearing different crowns. The figure on the left side represents Hormizd, whilst the figure on the right—depending on its portrayal—represents the Iranian deities Mithra or Anahita. Notes References Sources (2 volumes) Category:271 deaths Category:3rd-century Sasanian monarchs Category:3rd-century births Category:Shahnameh characters Category:Sasanian governors of Armenia Category:People of the Roman–Sasanian Wars Category:3rd-century kings of Armenia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
William McKinley presidential campaign William McKinley, the 25th President of the United States, successfully ran for president twice: William McKinley presidential campaign, 1896 William McKinley presidential campaign, 1900, the successful reelection campaign William McKinley conducted in 1900	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Färentuna Runestones The Färentuna runestones are 11th century runestones labelled U 20, U 21, and U 22 in the Rundata catalog that are located in Färentuna, Uppland, Sweden. Runestones U 20 and U 21 were registered separately although they come from the same original runestone and consequently are called U 20/21. The runestone U 20/U 21 is probably most interesting as it, together with the Hillersjö stone and the Snottsta and Vreta stones, tells the story of the family of Gerlög and Inga. All of the Färentuna runestones are inscribed in the younger futhark. U 20/U 21 The two fragments named U 20 and U 21 were originally part of the same runestone and were discovered under the plaster of a wall during the renovation of the charch at Färentuna. It is likely that other fragments of this runestone may also be part of the church but have their inscriptions facing inwards. They are held to tell of the same family as the Hillersjö stone and the Snottsta and Vreta stones. This runestone is believed to have been raised by Inga in memory of her husband Eric (Eiríkr) and her father Godric (Guðríkr). The runestone has been attributed to the runemaster known as Torbjörn or Þorbjôrn Skald, who signed the Hillersjö stone. Transliteration ... ...k * bunta sin ... auk -... ...(u)þrik * faþur sin * gu... ...-b... ...n- * Transcription ... [Æiri]k(?), bonda sinn ... ok ... [G]uðrik, faður sinn. Gu[ð hial]p[i a]n[d]. Translation ... Eiríkr(?) his/her husbandman ... and ... Guðríkr, his/her father. May God help (his) spirit. U 22 The runic text of U 22 is within a serpent that circles the edge of the stone. This runestone is classified as being carved in either runestone style Pr2 or Pr3. Transliteration ulfr * uk uikil + uk syrkil * þa... ...- stain * þina i(f)(t)iʀ ayt--u faþur sin ku*þ (h)ia[lbi] a-t Transcription Ulfʀ ok Vikell ok Syrkell/Sørkell þæ[iʀ] ... stæin þenna æftiʀ <ayt--u>, faður sinn. Guð hialpi a[n]d. Translation Ulfr and Vékell and Syrkell/Sørkell, they ... this stone in memory of ... their father. May God help (his) spirit. References Sources Inga och Estrid - en såpa för tusen år sedan: Människor, händelser och platser i Ingas och Estrids liv. A page at the Museum of Stockholm County. Category:Runestones, Gerlög and Inga Category:Runestones in Uppland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Museum für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke The Museum für Abgüsse Klassischer Bildwerke ("Museum of Casts of Classical Statues") is located in the central Maxvorstadt district in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It is situated, with a number of other cultural institutions, within the Münchner Haus der Kulturinstitute in Katharina-von-Bora-Straße, near the Königsplatz. External links Review at inzumi.com: Museum for Casts of Classical Sculptures Category:Maxvorstadt Category:Museums in Munich	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
North Fork Merced River The North Fork Merced River is a tributary of the Merced River in Mariposa County, California. The river originates in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada in the Stanislaus National Forest and flows generally south through a canyon to join the Merced River near Bagby. References Category:Rivers of Mariposa County, California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Palmated chorus frog The palmated chorus frog (Microhyla palmipes) is a species of frog in the family Microhylidae. It is found in Indonesia and Malaysia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, and freshwater marshes. It is not considered threatened by the IUCN. Description The palmated chorus frog is a very small species measuring about from snout to vent. It has a relatively small head with a rounded tubercle on its upper eyelid but apart from this its skin is smooth. Its digits have slightly enlarged tips and are partially webbed. The dorsal surface of this frog is pale greyish-brown with a central double arrowhead pattern of darker brown and dark, blackish sides. The tadpole is black with transparent fins on its tail which has a pointed end. Its eyes are located on the sides of its head and the spiracle is central and sheathed with a flap of skin. Distribution and habitat This frog is known from several widely separated locations in Malaysia. These include the Batu Caves, the Taman Negara National Park, and the Sekayu waterfalls in Trengganu-Berry. It is also found in Sumatra, Nias, Java, Madura and Bali. Its distribution within Indonesia is fragmented. Its habitat is among grasses in marshy land at altitudes of up to and in forests and forest fringes. It breeds in slow-flowing streams and stagnant water. Status This frog has a wide range and although the population seems to be declining, the IUCN rates it as being of "Least Concern" as it considers that the rate of decline is insufficient to justify listing it in a more threatened category. It is common in some parts of its range but is inconspicuous because of its small size and no particular threats to this species have been identified apart from some degradation of its forest habitat. References External links Amphibian and Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia - Microhyla palmipes Category:Microhyla Category:Amphibians described in 1897 Category:Amphibians of Indonesia Category:Amphibians of Malaysia Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Isle of the Oneidas Isle of the Oneidas is an island on the Mohawk River east of Scotia in Schenectady County, New York. Variant names include Daley Island, Eldrich Island, and Eldridge Island. References Category:Islands of New York (state) Category:Mohawk River Category:River islands of New York (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Shawn Weinstein Shawn Gabriel Weinstein (born July 30, 1985) is a professional basketball player who played from 2008 to 2015 in the Israeli League and the Philippine Basketball Association. He is currently an analyst and sports commentator for Fox Sports Asia. He played three seasons for St. Edwards University (Austin, Texas) in the NCAA Men's Division and two seasons for the Elitzur Maccabi Netanya Israel in the Ligat HaAl (Israeli Super-league). High school Shawn Weinstein attended Palos Verdes Peninsula High School in southern California. There he had a tremendous senior season averaging 28.5 points per game and finished tied with Jordan Farmar as the number three scorer in all of southern California. He was named Co-Bay League Most Outstanding Player with Aarron Afflalo and was selected First team All Area by the Daily Breeze. Weinstein was named a first team Jewish All-American and a McDonald's All American nominee. College career In his three years at St. Edwards University, they won three conference titles in Heartland Conference. Weinstein was the 2007 Conference Player of the Year and a two-time First Team All Conference Selection. He was inducted into the St. Edwards Athletic Hall of Fame in 2016 and named to the Heartland Conference 20th Anniversary team in 2019, which recognizes the 10 best players from the Heartland Conference over the last 20 years. PBA career On August 6, 2010, Weinstein was drafted 10th overall by the Meralco Bolts. He made his debut in the opening of the PBA 36th season on October 3, 2010 where he scored six points and tallied five assists. References Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Barako Bull Energy players Category:Basketball players from California Category:Filipino men's basketball players Category:Filipino people of American descent Category:Jewish American sportspeople Category:Jewish men's basketball players Category:Maccabi Hod HaSharon players Category:Meralco Bolts players Category:People from Rancho Palos Verdes, California Category:Point guards Category:St. Edward's Hilltoppers men's basketball players Category:TNT KaTropa players Category:American men's basketball players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bolívar Modualdo Guedes Bolívar Modualdo Guedes (born 21 December 1954) is a Brazilian footballer. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics. References Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:Brazilian footballers Category:Brazil international footballers Category:Olympic footballers of Brazil Category:Footballers at the 1972 Summer Olympics Category:Sportspeople from Porto Alegre Category:Association footballers not categorized by position	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Neston railway station Neston railway station serves the town of Neston, Cheshire, England. This is the last station on the English part of the Borderlands Line before it reaches Wales. The station is 8¾ miles (14 km) south of Bidston. History There was once a substantial station building on the Bidston bound platform. This fell into disrepair in the late 1990s though, and was finally demolished when the station was modernised for Disability Discrimination Act compliancy in 2003. Future Long standing plans to electrify the Borderlands Line have been put on hold due to the prohibitive cost of installing third rail electrification. This has led Merseytravel to look at other options for the line, including the possibility of overhead lines. Facilities The station is unstaffed and only 'bus shelter' type structures offer passengers any protection from the elements. Bus interchange is available from the stop on Ladies Walk adjacent the Bidston bound platform. This is also from where rail replacement services leave. The station has a small car park next to the Wrexham bound platform and a larger car park on the opposite side of the line, both owned and operated by the local council. Services The station is served by an hourly service on weekdays (two-hourly in the evening & on bank holidays) southbound to Wrexham Central and northbound to Bidston for connections to Liverpool via the Wirral Line. Services are provided by Transport for Wales' fleet of Class 150 diesel multiple units. On Sundays there are departures approximately every 90 minutes in each direction. Gallery References Sources External links Category:Railway stations in Cheshire Category:Former Great Central Railway stations Category:Railway stations opened in 1896 Category:Railway stations served by Transport for Wales Rail Category:Neston	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Domburg-Buiten Domburg-Buiten is a former municipality in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It existed until 1816, when it merged with Domburg-Binnen to form the new municipality of Domburg. The municipality of Domburg-Buiten covered the countryside of Domburg. The area did not include any villages or hamlets; in the middle of the 19th century, there were about 140 inhabitants. References Category:Former municipalities of Zeeland Category:Veere	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chen Bochui Children's Literature Award The Chen Bochui Children’s Literature Award (陈伯吹儿童文学奖) is a major award issued in China, with the aim of promoting excellence in children’s publishing and cultural diversity. It was originally called the Children’s Literary Garden Prize (儿童文学园丁奖), then the Chen Bochui Children's Literature Award from 1988. The first awards were given in 1981, and were awarded every two years. It was renamed as the Chen Bochui International Children's Literature Award (陈伯吹国际儿童文学奖), and since 2014 has been held annually. It is named after the author, translator, journalist and educator Chen Bochui (1906-1997), who translated Pushkin’s Children’s Tales, The Wizard of Oz, and Don Quixote into Chinese for the first time in the 1940s, and who donated his life savings to establish this award. It is the longest continuously running literary prize in China. The 1st to 10th Awards – main prizewinners Wu Mengqi 吴梦起《老鼠看下棋》 Qiu Xun 邱勋《No! No! No!》 Zheng Chunhua 郑春华《圆圆和圈圈》 Cheng Wei 程玮《来自异国的孩子（节选）》 Xiao Yuxuan 萧育轩《乱世少年》 Zhu Xinwang 朱新望《小狐狸花背（节选）》 Shen Shixi 沈石溪《退役军犬黄狐》 Shen Bai Ying Sha 沈百英妙《六个矮儿子》 Shi Yanbing 施雁冰《鸦鸦》 Ren Dalin 任大霖《龙风》 Yang Xiaoying 杨笑影《失血的太阳》 Du Shuzhen 杜淑贞《十二岁的故事》 The 11th to 20th Awards – main prizewinners Zhou Jiting 周基亭《神秘的眼睛》 Zhu Xiaowen 朱效文《风景》 Jian Ping 简平《回归》 Bi Shumin 毕淑敏《同你现在一般大》 Xie Hua 谢华《楼道》 Gu Ying 谷应《过客》 Xie Qianni 谢倩霓《日子》 Zhang Zhilu 张之路《鼓掌员的荣誉》 Zheng Chunhua 郑春华《大头儿子和小头爸爸全集 (节选) 》 Zhou Rui 周锐《出窍》 Ren Rongrong 任溶溶 The 22nd Awards, 2007 Outstanding Contribution 杰出贡献奖 Ren Daxing 任大星 Main Prize Li Yougan 李有干《大芦荡》 (少年儿童出版社) Outstanding Works 优秀作品奖 Zhang Qiusheng 张秋生《新小巴掌童话》 (中国福利会出版社) Li Xuebin 李学斌《蔚蓝色的夏天》 (新世纪出版社) Liu Huo 流火《黑夜》 (小青蛙报) Yin Jianling 殷健灵《听见萤火虫》 (安徽少年儿童出版社) Yu Yujun 郁雨君《把爸爸寄出去》 (儿童时代) Han Qingchen 韩青辰《飞翔哪怕翅膀断了心》 (少年儿童出版社) Xie Qianni 谢倩霓《青春潘多拉》 (中国福利会出版社) Peng Xuejun 彭学军《同窗的妩媚时光》 (少年儿童出版社) Sun Jiancheng 孙建成《水中的男孩》 (阅读前线) Ka Ka 卡卡《盘子筷子碗》 (少年日报) Chang Fusheng 常福生《有孩子的地方》 (少年儿童出版社) The 23rd Awards, 2009 Outstanding Contribution 杰出贡献奖 Sheng Ye 圣野 Main prize 大奖 Qiu Yidong 邱易东《空巢十二月》 (少年儿童出版社) Outstanding Works 优秀作品奖 An Wulin 安武林《老蜘蛛的一百张床》（书） (中国福利会出版社) Zheng Chunhua 郑春华《非常小子马鸣加》（书） (少年儿童出版社) Wei Jie 魏捷《如果一个小孩想生气》 (儿童时代) Yu Yu 俞愉《SD娃的眼泪》 (儿童文学) Xie Qianni 谢倩霓《家有谢天谢地》（书） (少年儿童出版社) Lü Lina 吕丽娜《如果你有一块钱》 (好儿童画报) Tang Tang (writer) 汤汤《别去5厘米之外》 (少年文艺) Peng Yi 彭懿《我捡到一条喷火龙》（书） (江苏少年儿童出版社) Xiao Ping 萧萍《新年明信片》 (儿童时代) Liu Huo 流火《简单》 (小青蛙报) Zhang Huiyue 张晖月《青春散场》 (少年文艺) The 24th Awards, 2011 Outstanding Contribution 杰出贡献奖 Zhou Xiao 周晓 Main prize 大奖 Zhang Hong (writer) 张弘《玫瑰方（短篇小说）少年文艺 Special Awards 特别奖《上海少年儿童报刊简史》 Jian Ping 简平 (少年儿童出版社出版） Outstanding Works 优秀作品奖 Yin Jianling 殷健灵《1937•少年夏之秋》（长篇小说）(贵州人民出版社) Chi Tang 池塘《欢迎光临魔法》（长篇小说） Peng Yi 彭懿 (明天出版社) Xu Ling (writer) 徐玲《31天忽视被爱》（短篇小说） (少年文艺) Wang Chunmin 王春鸣《一个男孩》 and 《一百条蚕和一个茧》（短篇小说） (儿童文学) Lu Ying (writer) 卢颖《豪猪的花园》（低幼童话） (儿童时代) Shen Shixi 沈石溪《白天鹅》（长篇小说） (少年儿童出版社) San San (writer) 三三《时光中的孩子》（中篇小说） (少年儿童出版社) Lu Mei 陆梅《当着落叶纷飞》（长篇小说） (接力出版社) Zhang Jie (writer) 张洁《最亮的一盏灯》（散文集） (明天出版社) Ci Qi 慈琪《命名》（poetry） (少年日报) The 25th Awards, 2013 Outstanding Contribution 杰出贡献奖 Sun Yi (writer) 孙毅 Main prizewinners 大奖 Peng Yi 彭懿《老师，操场上有个小妖怪叫我》（长篇幻想小说） (明天出版社) Outstanding works 优秀作品奖 Tang Tang (writer) 汤汤《喜地的牙》（中篇童话） (少年儿童出版社) Shu Huibo 舒辉波《和陌生人共进下午茶》（短篇小说） (少年文艺) Feng Yulan (writer) 冯与蓝《一条杠也是杠》（短篇小说） (少年文艺) Wang Yongying 王勇英《弄泥小时候》（长篇小说） (少年儿童出版社) Lao Chen 老臣《远行的鸟群》（短篇小说集） (少年儿童出版社) Xiao He Ding Ding 小河丁丁《白公山的刺梅》（短篇小说） (少年文艺) Xiao Ping 萧萍《2012年12月21日冬至》（多文体）(儿童时代) Pang Jielei 庞婕蕾《橘子味的夏天》（中篇小说） (明天出版社) Xie Qianni 谢倩霓《草长莺飞时节》（长篇小说） (中国少年儿童出版社) Zhang Jie (writer) 张洁《穿着绿披风的吉莉》（童话绘本）(湖北少年儿童出版社) The 2014 Chen Bochui International Children's Literature Awards Jury Members: Fang Weiping 方卫平 (China), Zhu Chengliang 朱成梁 (China), Roger Mello (Brazil), Nathalie Beau (France), Maria Jesús Gil (Spain), Ye Xin 叶辛 (China), Lin Wenbao 刘文宝 (Taiwan), Hai Fei 海飞 (China) Best Contributions to Children's Magazines 2014 Xiaohe Dingding A Wine-Loving Stubborn Old Man 小河丁丁：《爱喝糊粮酒的倔老头》（少年文艺2013年11期） Ren Yongheng To Grow Up in a Day 任永恒L《一下子长大》（少年文艺2013年7期） Zhang Zhilu The Bookstore Around the Corner 张之路：《拐角书店》（儿童文学2013年第4期） Chen Wenwen Decimal Points in Summer 陈问问：《夏天的小数点》（少年文艺2013年第8期） Shu Huibo Please Listen to Me 舒辉波：《你听我说》（儿童文学2013年第3期） Best Picture Books of the Year, 2014 Whose Home Is It? by author/illustrator Liu Xugong (Hsin-Yi Foundation Publishing House) 刘旭恭：《谁的家到了？》（信谊基金出版社） Mulan, illustrated by Cai Gao (artist) (Tomorrow Publishing House) 蔡皋：《花木兰》（明天出版社） If You Want to See a Whale, text by Julie Fogliano, illustrated by Erin E. Stead (Roaring Book Press, USA) Mr Tiger Goes Wild, by author/illustrator Peter Brown (illustrator) (Macmillan Children's Books, UK) The Piggy Who Lost a Tooth, text by Gao Hongbo (writer), illustrated by Li Rong (illustrator) (China Children's Press and Publishing Group) 高洪波：《掉牙小猪》 (中国少年儿童新闻出版社) Best Literary Works of the Year, 2014 Tiny Little City, by Xue Tao (writer) (Aurora Publishing House) 薛涛：《小城池》（晨光出版社） To Future You: 15 Letters to a Girl, by Yin Jianling (Qingdao Publishing House) 殷健灵：《致未来的你-- 给女孩的十五封信》（青岛出版社） Say Goodbye with a Smile, by Pang Jielei (Tomorrow Publishing House) 庞婕蕾：《微笑说再见》（明天出版社） Best Author of the Year, 2014 Roger Mello Jin Bo (writer) 金波 Special Contribution Award, 2014 Hai Fei 海飞 Patricia Aldana The 2015 Chen Bochui International Children's Literature Awards Jury Members: Ye Xin 叶辛 (China)， Maria Jesus Gil (Spain), Nathalie Beau (France), Piet Grobler (South Africa), Zhang Zizhang 张子樟(Taiwan), Zhang Zhilu 张之路 (China), Liu Haiqi 刘海栖 (China), Liu Xuyuan 刘绪源 (China), Zhou Xiang 周翔 (China) Best Contributions to Children's Magazines 2015 Tang Tang (writer) Kakasha the Water Monster 汤汤：《水妖喀喀莎》（儿童文学2014年第4期） Wang Yongying Qingdie and the Celadon Plate 王勇英：《青蝶》（儿童文学2014年第3期） Wang Luqi The Realm of Snow 王璐琪：《雪的国》（少年文艺2014年第11期） Shi Lei (writer) Dingjun Hill 史雷：《定军山》（儿童文学2014年第7期） Gu Shu The Circle 顾抒：《圈》（少年文艺2014年第5期） Best Picture Books of the Year, 2015 (with prize money of 20,000 yuan (or $3,140) each): Shh! We Have a Plan by author/illustrator Chris Haughton (writer) (Walker Books, U.K.) The Ballad of Mulan, text by Chun-Liang YEH, illustrated by Clemence Pollet (HongFei Cultures, France) Special Delivery text by Philip C. Stead, illustrated by Matthew Cordell (Roaring Brook/Porter, U.S.) The Running Town text by Wang Yadong, illustrated by Song Xiankui (Hsin Yi Publications, Taiwan) 王亚东/麦克小奎：《跑跑镇》 Smoke text by Cao Wenxuan, illustrated by Yu Rong (21st Century Publishing Group, China) 曹文轩/郁蓉：《烟》 Best Literary Works of the Year, 2015 I Wish to Grow into a Green Chinese Onion by Chang Xingang (Qingdao Publishing House) 常新港：《我想长成一棵葱》（青岛出版社） The Glory of the Youth, by Li Donghua (Hope Publishing House) 李东华：《少年的荣耀》（希望出版社） The Bald-Headed Principal, by Zheng Chunhua (Juvenile and Children's Publishing House) 郑春华：《光头校长》（少年儿童出版社） The Young Witness, by Han Qingchen (Zhejiang Juvenile and Children's Publishing House) 韩青辰：《小证人》（浙江少年儿童出版社） The Bloody Horse, by Gerelchimeg Black Crane (Jieli Publishing House) 格日勒其木格。黑鹤：《血驹》（接力出版社） Best Author of the Year, 2015 Hanne Bartholin Special Contribution Award, 2015 Jiang Feng 蒋风 The 2016 Chen Bochui International Children's Literature Awards Jury Members: Ye Xin 叶辛 (China), Roger Mello (Brazil), Piet Grobler (South Africa), Junko Yokota (USA), Xu Jiankun 许建昆 (Taiwan), Xiao Fuxing 肖复兴 (China), Liu Xuyuan 刘绪源 (China), Zhu Ziqiang 朱自强 (China), Yao Hong 姚红 (China) Each prize carried a cash award of 20,000 Chinese yuan (US$2,900). Best Picture Books Beautiful Birds by Jean Roussen, illustrated by Emmanuelle Walker (Flying Eye) It's My War by Thomas Scotto, illustrated by Barroux (Editions Les 400 Coups) Chien des Villes by Alexandra Garibal, illustrated by Fred Benaglia (Gallimard Jeunesse) The Plaits by Hei Mi (author and illustrator) (Daylight Publishing House) Old Tyre by Jia Wei, illustrated by Zhu Chengliang (Jiangsu Phoenix Juvenile and Children's Publishing) Best Literary Works of 2016 Looking for King Fish by Zhang Wei (Tomorrow Publishing House) Firebrand by Cao Wenxuan (Daylight Publishing House) The Legendary Fox and the Youth by Peng Yi (Chenguang Publishing House) My Marble-Hearted Father by Qin Wenjun (Juvenile and Children's House) Special Contribution Award, 2016 Maria Jesus Gil (Spain), for making "a significant contribution to the renovation of Spanish children's literature", and serving as a president of the Hans Christian Andersen Award, had also forged strong links with China in recent years, serving as a jury member for the Chen Bochui and supporting the Shanghai International Children's Book Fair. Author of the Year Award, 2016 Zhu Chengliang The 2017 Chen Bochui International Children's Literature Awardshttp://www.chinaisgood.com/wn/31/xazcndezc.html Jury members: Gao Hongbo (writer), Junko Yokota, Javier Zabala, Sophie Van der Linde, Yanwu Chanxia, Xu Lu (writer), Liu Xuyuan, Sun Jianjiang and Yang Zhong Best Picture Books Le Ruban, by Adrien Parlange (France) 阿德里安·帕朗热:《缎带》(阿尔班·米歇尔少儿出版社） Du Iz Tak?, by Carson Ellis (USA)《这是什么？》(烛芯出版社) [Walk with the Wind], by Xiong Liang (China)《和风一起散步》(天津人民出版社) [Lying down, looking at the sky], by Ursula Palusinska (Poland)《懒洋洋地躺下，望着天空》(姐妹出版社) [Laba Festival : rice porridge under the eaves], Zheng Chunhua, illus. Zhu Chengliang (China) 郑春华 (文)，朱成梁 (绘): 《屋檐下的腊八粥》（少年儿童出版社) Best Literary Works of 2017 Shu Huibo (China) 舒辉波:《梦想是生命里的光》(少年儿童出版社) Huang Beijia (China) 黄蓓佳:《童眸》(江苏凤凰少年儿童出版社) Xiao Ping (China) 萧萍）《沐阳上学记：男孩女孩那些事儿》(浙江文艺出版社) Guo Jiangyan (China) 《布罗镇的邮递员》(少年儿童出版社) Zhang Zhilu (China) 《吉祥时光》(作家出版社) Best Contributions to Children's Magazines 2017 Tang Tang (writer) 汤汤:《门牙阿上小传》 Ma Xiaozao 马三枣:《鸟衔落花》 Wan Xiufen 万修芬:《什么都有的集山》 Qi Zhi 祁智:《大鱼》 Gu Shu 顾抒:《野蜂飞舞》 Special Contribution Award, 2017 Helen Wang Author of the Year Award, 2016 Qin Wenjun The 2018 Chen Bochui International Children's Literature Awards Best literary work of the year Reindeer Through Six Seasons (Gerelchimeg Blackcrane, Tomorrow Publishing House) A-Lian (Tang Sulan, Hunan Children’s Publishing House ) Blooming with Happiness in the Dulong Area: Our Minzu Primary School (Wu Ran, Aurora Publishing House) Teacher Turtle 1: A Beach on Campus (Cheng Wei, Zhejiang Juvenile and Children’s Publishing House) That Year in the Blizzard (Liu Hu, Shanghai Children’s Press) Best picture book of the year The Wolf, the Duck, and the Mouse (Mac Barnett, ills by Jon Klassen, Walker Books) Where Have the Tickets Gone? (Liu Xugong, Global Views) Grandma’s Magic of Cloth Scraps (Ao Zi, 21st Century Publishing Group) The Day War Came (Nicola Davies, illus by Rebecca Cobb, Walker Books) Animalphabet (Julia Donaldson Illustrator: Sharon King-Chai, Pan Macmillan) Best single piece of the year ‘Impressions of the Insects’ (Jin Bo, Shao Nian Wen Yi magazine) ‘Paper Kiln’ (Peng Xuejun, Children’s Literature magazine) ‘Tonight, You’re Kings of Fourteen’ (Xiao Ping, Children’s Literature magazine) ‘Father Ram’ (Zhang Zhongcheng, Children’s Literaturemagazine) ‘Draw a Moon for the Lonely Night Sky’ (Jia Ying, Shao Nian Wen Yi magazine). Special Contribution Award Zhang Mingzhou Best Author Hervé Tullet References Category:Chen Bochui Children's Literature Award winners Category:Chinese children's writers Category:Chinese children's literary awards Category:Children's literary awards Category: Chinese literary awards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jasper Commercial Historic District The Jasper Commercial Historic District encompasses the historic commercial center of Jasper, Arkansas. It includes the Newton County Courthouse, a 1930s Works Progress Administration building, and buildings that line the courthouse square, as well as some of the streets radiating from it. Built between the 1880s and 1940s, the district includes a high quality collection of commercial buildings constructed out of local stone. Most are one or two stories in height, and are vernacular to the period of their construction. Five of the district's 26 buildings were built by Gould Jones, a prominent local blacksmith and mason. Two of the district's buildings were constructed prior to 1900. The Brasel Mercantile Store, built in 1973, currently houses the Ozark Cafe. The B.F. Ruble Building was built in 1894 for the Newton County Bank. A photography studio is now on the ground floor, and the second story is associated living quarters. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Newton County, Arkansas References Category:Buildings designated early commercial in the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas Category:Art Deco architecture in Arkansas Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1873 Category:Geography of Newton County, Arkansas Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas Category:National Register of Historic Places in Newton County, Arkansas	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cyberbullying Cyberbullying or cyberharassment is a form of bullying or harassment using electronic means. Cyberbullying and cyberharassment are also known as online bullying. It has become increasingly common, especially among teenagers, as the digital sphere has expanded and technology has advanced. Cyberbullying is when someone, typically a teenager, bullies or harasses others on the internet and in other digital spaces, particularly on social media sites. Harmful bullying behavior can include posting rumors, threats, sexual remarks, a victims' personal information, or pejorative labels (i.e. hate speech). Bullying or harassment can be identified by repeated behavior and an intent to harm. Victims of cyberbulling may experience lower self-esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and a variety of negative emotional responses including being scared, frustrated, angry, or depressed. Awareness in the United States has risen in the 2010s, due in part to high-profile cases. Several US states and other countries have passed laws to combat cyberbullying. Some are designed to specifically target teen cyberbullying, while others extend from the scope of physical harassment. In cases of adult cyberharassment, these reports are usually filed beginning with local police. The laws differ by area or state. Research has demonstrated a number of serious consequences of cyberbullying victimization. Specific statistics on the negative effects of cyberbullying differ by country and other demographics. Internet trolling is a common form of bullying that takes place in an online community (such as online gaming or social media) in order to elicit a reaction or disruption, or simply just for someone's own personal amusement. Cyberstalking is another form of bullying or harassment that uses electronic communications to stalk a victim; this may pose a credible threat to the victim. Not all negative interaction online or on social media can be attributed to cyberbullying. Research suggests that there are also interactions online that result in peer pressure, which can have a negative, positive, or neutral impact on those involved. Definitions A frequently used definition of cyberbullying is "an aggressive, intentional act or behavior that is carried out by a group or an individual, using electronic forms of contact, repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend him or herself." There are many variations of the definition, such as the National Crime Prevention Council's more specific definition: "the process of using the Internet, cell phones or other devices to send or post text or images intended to hurt or embarrass another person." Cyberbullying is often similar to traditional bullying, with some notable distinctions. Victims of cyberbullying may not know the identity of their bully, or why the bully is targeting them, based on the online nature of the interaction. The harassment can have wide-reaching effects on the victim, as the content used to harass the victim can be spread and shared easily among many people and often remains accessible long after the initial incident. The terms "cyberharassment" and "cyberbullying" are sometimes used synonymously, though some people use the latter to refer specifically to harassment among minors or in a school setting. Cyberstalking Cyberstalking is a form of online harassment in which the perpetrator uses electronic communications to stalk a victim. This is considered more dangerous than other forms of cyberbullying because it generally involves a credible threat to the victim's safety. Cyberstalkers may send repeated messages intended to threaten or harass, and they may encourage others to do the same, either explicitly or by impersonating their victim and asking others to contact them. Trolling Internet trolls intentionally try to provoke or offend others in order to elicit a reaction. Trolls and cyberbullies do not always have the same goals: while some trolls engage in cyberbullying, others may be engaged in comparatively harmless mischief. A troll may be disruptive either for their own amusement or because they are genuinely a combative person. Methods used Manuals intended to educate the public about cyberbullying summarize that cyberbullying is inclusive of acts of intended cruelty to others in the form of posting or sending material using an internet capable device. Research, legislation and education in the field are ongoing. Research has identified basic definitions and guidelines to help recognize and cope with what is regarded as abuse of electronic communications. Cyberbullying involves repeated behavior with intent to harm. Cyberbullying is perpetrated through harassment, cyberstalking, denigration (sending or posting cruel rumors and falsehoods to damage reputation and friendships), impersonation, and exclusion (intentionally and cruelly excluding someone from an online group) Cyberbullying can be as simple as continuing to send emails or text messages harassing someone who has said they want no further contact with the sender. It may also include public actions such as repeated threats, sexual remarks, pejorative labels (i.e. hate speech) or defamatory false accusations, ganging up on a victim by making the person the subject of ridicule in online forums, hacking into or vandalizing sites about a person, and posting false statements as fact aimed a discrediting or humiliating a targeted person. Cyberbullying could be limited to posting rumors about a person on the internet with the intention of bringing about hatred in others' minds or convincing others to dislike or participate in online denigration of a target. It may go to the extent of personally identifying victims of crime and publishing materials defaming or humiliating them. Cyberbullies may disclose victims' personal data (e.g. real name, home address, or workplace/schools) on websites or forums—called doxing, or may use impersonation, creating fake accounts, comments or sites posing as their target for the purpose of publishing material in their name that defames, discredits or ridicules them. This can leave the cyberbully anonymous, which can make it difficult for them to be caught or punished for their behavior, although not all cyberbullies maintain their anonymity. Users of semi-anonymous chat websites are at high risk for cyberbullying, as it is also easy in this outlet for a cyberbully to remain anonymous. Text or instant messages and emails between friends can also constitute cyberbullying if what is said is hurtful. The recent rise of smartphones and mobile apps have yielded a more accessible form of cyberbullying. It is expected that cyberbullying via these platforms will occur more often than through more stationary internet platforms because of constant access to the internet. In addition, the combination of cameras and Internet access and the instant availability of these modern smartphone technologies yield specific types of cyberbullying not found in other platforms. It is likely that those cyberbullied via mobile devices will experience a wider range of cyberbullying methods than those who are exclusively bullied elsewhere. Some teens argue that some events categorized as cyberbullying are simply drama. Danah Boyd writes, "teens regularly used that word [drama] to describe various forms of interpersonal conflict that ranged from insignificant joking around to serious jealousy-driven relational aggression. Whereas adults might have labeled many of these practices as bullying, teens saw them as drama." In social media Cyberbullying can take place on social media sites such as Facebook, Myspace, and Twitter. "By 2008, 93% of young people between the ages of 12 and 17 were online. In fact, youth spend more time with media than any single other activity besides sleeping." The last decade has witnessed a surge of cyberbullying, which is categorized as bullying that occurs through the use of electronic communication technologies, such as e-mail, instant messaging, social media, online gaming, or through digital messages or images sent to a cellular phone. There are many risks attached to social media sites, and cyberbullying is one of the larger risks. One million children were harassed, threatened or subjected to other forms of cyberbullying on Facebook during the past year, while 90 percent of social-media-using teens who have witnessed online cruelty say they have ignored mean behavior on social media, and 35 percent have done so frequently. Ninety-five percent of social-media-using teens who have witnessed cruel behavior on social networking sites say they have seen others ignoring the mean behavior, and 55 percent have witnessed this frequently. Terms like "Facebook depression" have been coined specifically in regard to the result of extended social media use, with cyberbullying playing a large part in this. Cyberbullying has become more common nowadays because of all the technology that children have access to. The most common apps that teenagers use to cyberbully are Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat. Cyberbullying has become harder to stop because parents and teachers are unaware of when and where it is happening. Teens will say awful things to one another online and what they do not realize is that once it is said and published online it will not go away. Home used to be a safe place for teens, but now a child is still within reach of becoming a victim of cyberbullying- whether it is through YouTube, Ask.fm, or a text message. According to a 2013 Pew Research study, eight out of ten teens who use social media now share more information about themselves than they have in the past. This includes their location, images, and contact information. In order to protect children, it is important that personal information such as age, birthday, school/church, phone number, etc. be kept confidential. Two studies from 2014 found that 80% of body-shaming tweets are sent by women, while they also accounted for 50% of misogynistic tweets. Cyberbullying can also take place through the use of websites belonging to certain groups to effectively request the targeting of another individual or group. An example of this is the bullying of climate scientists and activists. In gaming Of those who reported having experienced online harassment in a Pew Research poll, 16% said the most recent incident had occurred in an online game. A study from National Sun Yat-sen University observed that children who enjoyed violent video games were significantly more likely to both experience and perpetrate cyberbullying. Another study that discusses the direct correlation between exposure to violent video games and cyber bullying also took into account personal factors such as "duration of playing online games, alcohol consumption in the last 3 months, parents drunk in the last 3 months, anger, hostility, ADHD, and a sense of belonging" as potential contributing factors of cyberbullying. Gaming was a more common venue for men in which to experience harassment, whereas women's harassment tended to occur more via social media. Most respondents considered gaming culture to be equally welcoming to both genders, though 44% thought it favored men. Sexual harassment in gaming generally involves slurs directed towards women, sex role stereotyping, and overaggressive language. Keza MacDonald writes in The Guardian that sexism exists in gaming culture, but is not mainstream within it. U.S. President Barack Obama made reference to the harassment of women gamers during his remarks in honor of Women's History Month. Competitive gaming scenes have been less welcoming of women than has broader gaming culture. In an internet-streamed fighting game competition, one female gamer forfeited a match after the coach of her team, Aris Bakhtanians, stated, "The sexual harassment is part of the culture. If you remove that from the fighting game community, it's not the fighting game community." The comments were widely condemned by gamers, with comments in support of sexual harassment "drowned out by a vocal majority of people expressing outrage, disappointment and sympathy." The incident built momentum for action to counter sexual harassment in gaming. Some game developers have been subjected to harassment and death threats by players upset by changes to a game or by a developer's online policies. Harassment also occurs in reaction to critics such as Jack Thompson or Anita Sarkeesian, whom some fans see as threats to the medium. Various people have been harassed in connection with the Gamergate controversy. Harassment related to gaming is not of a notably different severity or tenor compared to online harassment motivated by other subcultures or advocacy issues. Sabotage among rival crowdfunding campaigns is a recurring problem for projects related to gaming. Some instances of swatting in games such as Call of Duty and League of Legends have resulted in law enforcement SWAT units called on individuals' homes as a prank. On December 28, 2017, Wichita, Kansas police officers killed Andrew Finch at his Kansas home in a reported swatting prank. In search engines Information cascades happen when users start passing along information they assume to be true, but cannot know to be true, based on information on what other users are doing. This can be accelerated by search engines' ranking technologies and their tendency to return results relevant to a user's previous interests. This type of information spreading is hard to stop. Information cascades over social media and the Internet may also be harmless, and may contain truthful information. Bullies use Google bombs (a term applicable to any search engine) to increase the prominence of favored posts sorted by the most popular searches, done by linking to those posts from as many other web pages as possible. Examples include the campaign for the neologism "santorum" organized by the LGBT lobby. Google bombs can manipulate the Internet's search engines regardless of how authentic the pages are, but there is a way to counteract this type of manipulation as well. Law enforcement A majority of states have laws that explicitly include electronic forms of communication within stalking or harassment laws. Most law enforcement agencies have cyber-crime units, and Internet stalking is often treated with more seriousness than reports of physical stalking. Help and resources can be searched by state or area. Schools The safety of online privacy issues in schools is increasingly becoming a focus of state legislative action. There was an increase in cyberbullying enacted legislation between 2006 and 2010. Initiatives and curriclulum requirements also exist in the UK (the Ofsted eSafety guidance) and Australia (Overarching Learning Outcome 13). In 2012, a group of teenagers in a design class New Haven, Connecticut developed an application to help fight bullying, "Back Off Bully" (BOB). This is an anonymous resource for computer, smart phone or iPad, designed so when someone witnesses or is the victim of bullying, they can immediately report the incident. The app asks questions about time, location and how the bullying is happening, as well as provides positive action and empowerment regarding the incident. The reported information goes to a database, where it may be studied by administrators. Common threads are spotted so others can intervene and break the bully's pattern. "Back Off Bully" is being considered as standard operating procedure at schools across Connecticut, while recent studies carried out among 66 high school teachers have concluded that prevention programs have proved ineffective to date. Teachers can also be cyberbullied by pupils, as well as by parents and other school staff. Protection There are laws that only address online harassment of children or focus on child predators, as well as laws that protect adult cyberstalking victims, or victims of any age. Currently, there are 45 cyberstalking (and related) laws on the books. While some sites specialize in laws that protect victims age 18 and under, Working to Halt Online Abuse is a help resource containing a list of current and pending cyberstalking-related United States federal and state laws. It also lists those states that do not yet have laws, and related laws from other countries. The Global Cyber Law Database (GCLD) aims to become the most comprehensive and authoritative source of cyber laws for all countries. Some states such as Florida, California, and Missouri have developed state laws against cyberbullying. California has the Safe Place to Learn Act and also has a law that states "the use of an electronic device to cause someone to fear for their life" can be charged with a misdemeanor which can be punishable to up to one year in prison. In Florida, the "Jeffrey Johnson Stand Up for All Students Act" prohibits any type of bullying and does speak on cyberbullying. In Missouri, anyone who violently threatens someone over social media can be convicted with a Class A misdemeanor, but if the victim is seventeen years or younger, they can be convicted with a Class D felony. Age Children report negative online behaviors occurring from the second grade. According to research, boys initiate negative online activity earlier than girls. However, by middle school, girls are more likely to engage in cyberbullying than boys. Whether the bully is male or female, the purpose of childhood bullying is to intentionally embarrass, harass, intimidate, or make threats online. Studies on the psycho-social effects of cyberspace have begun to monitor the effects cyberbullying may have on the victims. Consequences of cyberbullying are multi-faceted, and affect both online and offline behavior. Research on adolescents reported that changes in the victims' behavior as a result of cyberbullying could potentially be positive. Victims "created a cognitive pattern of bullies, which consequently helped them to recognize aggressive people." However, the Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace abstract reports critical impacts in almost all of the respondents, taking the form of lower self-esteem, loneliness, disillusionment, and distrust of people. The more extreme effects included self-harm. Children have killed each other and committed suicide after cyberbullying incidents. Some cases of digital self-harm have been reported in which an individual engages in cyberbullying against themselves, or purposefully and knowingly exposes themselves to cyberbullying. Adults Cyberstalking may be an extension of physical stalking, and may have criminal consequences. A target's understanding of why cyberstalking is happening is helpful to remedy and take protective action. Among factors that motivate stalkers are envy, pathological obsession (professional or sexual), unemployment or failure with own job or life, or the desire to intimidate and cause others to feel inferior. The stalker may be delusional and believe he/she "knows" the target. The stalker wants to instill fear in a person to justify his/her status, or may believe they can get away with these actions due to online anonymity. The US federal cyberstalking law is designed to prosecute people for using electronic means to repeatedly harass or threaten someone online. There are resources dedicated to helping adult victims deal with cyberbullies legally and effectively. One of the steps recommended is to record everything and contact police. Research Australia The nationwide Australian Covert Bullying Prevalence Survey (Cross et al., 2009) assessed cyberbullying experiences among 7,418 students. The results indicated that rates of cyberbullying increased with age, with 4.9% of students in Year 4 reporting cyberbullying compared to 7.9% in year nine. Cross et al., (2009) reported that rates of bullying and harassing others were lower, but also increased with age. Only 1.2% of Year 4 students reported cyberbullying others compared to 5.6% of Year 9 students. China In mainland China, cyberbullying has yet to receive adequate scholarly attention. A study investigating the risk factors of cyberbullying sampled 1,438 high school students from central China. Data showed that 34.84% had participated in bullying and 56.88% had been bullied online. A study on cyberbullying in Hong Kong chose 48 out of 7,654 students from elementary school to high school who were classified as potential aggressors related to cyberbullying. 31 out of 48 students declared they barely participated in cyber-attacks. It is common among high school students (28 out of 36 students) to participate in social media platforms; 58% admitted to changing a nickname for others, 56.3% to humiliation, 54.2% to making fun of someone, and 54.2% to spreading rumors. The Hong Kong Federation of Youth Groups interviewed 1,820 teenagers, 17.5% of whom indicated having experienced cyberbullying. This included insults, abuse, and the publishing of personal private pictures on social media without permission. European Union In a study published in 2011, across 25 EU member states studied, an average 6% of children (9–16 years old) had been bullied and only 3% of them confessed to having been a bully. However, in an earlier publication by Hasenbrink et al. (2009), reporting on the results from a meta analysis from European Union countries, the authors estimated (via median results) that approximately 18% of European young people had been "bullied/harassed/stalked" via the internet and mobile phones. Cyberharassment rates for young people across the EU member states ranged from 10% to 52%. Finland Sourander et al. (2010) conducted a population-based cross-sectional study that took place in Finland. The authors of this study took the self-reports of 2,215 Finish adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 about cyberbullying and cybervictimization during the previous six months. It was found that, amongst the total sample, 4.8% were victims only, 7.4% were cyberbullies only, and 5.4% were cyberbully-victims. The authors of this study were able to conclude that cyberbullying, as well as cybervictimization, is associated not only with psychiatric issues, but with psychosomatic issues as well. Many adolescents in the study reported headaches or difficulty sleeping. The authors believe that their results indicate a greater need for new ideas on how to prevent cyberbullying and what to do when it occurs. It is clearly a worldwide problem that needs to be taken seriously. Ireland The Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) pilot survey was carried out in eight post-primary schools across Ireland, including 318 students aged 15–18. 59% were boys and 41% were girls. Participation in this survey was voluntary for students, and consent had to be obtained from parents, students and the school itself. This survey was anonymous and confidential, and it took 40 minutes to complete. It asked questions on traditional forms of bullying, as well as cyberbullying, risk behaviors and self-reported health and life satisfaction. 66% of the students said that they had never been bullied, 14% had been victims of traditional forms of bullying, 10% had been victims of cyberbullying, and the remaining 10% had been victims of both traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying. Boys mostly said they were victims of traditional forms of bullying, and girls mostly were victims of both traditional forms of bullying and cyberbullying. 20% of the students in this survey said that they had been cyberbullied, showing that cyberbullying is on the rise. Arrow DIT claims that 23% of 9–16 year olds in Ireland have been bullied online or offline, compared to 19% in Europe. Although online bullying in Ireland stands at 4% according to Arrow DIT, this is lower than the European average,which stands at 6%, and half that of the UK where 8% reported being cyberbullied. Traditional forms of bullying in Ireland occur more often than in Europe. A 2018 study by Dublin City University (DCU)'s National Anti-Bullying Research and Resource Centre (ABC) found that almost 10% of post-primary teachers were victims of cyberbullying, and 15% knew of a colleague who had experienced it in the previous 12 months. 59% of the bullying was by pupils, mainly on social media, with the rest perpetrated by parents and other school staff. Various effects on bullied teachers included increased stress and anxiety, "negative impacts on their working environment, and a reluctance to report the issue and seek help from management". Japan According to recent research, in Japan, 17 percent (compared with a 25-country average of 37 percent) of youth between the ages of 8 and 17 have been victims of online bullying. The number shows that online bullying is a serious concern in Japan. Teenagers who spend more than 10 hours a week on the Internet are more likely to become the targets of online bullying, though only 28 percent of the survey participants understood what cyberbullying is. However, they do know the severity of the issue; 63 percent of the surveyed students worried about being targeted as victims of cyberbullying. Since teenagers find themselves congregating socially on the internet via social media, they become easy targets for cyberbullying. Cyberbullying may occur via email, text, chat rooms, and social media websites. Some cyberbullies set up websites or blogs to post the target's images, publicize their personal information, gossip about the target, express why they hate the target, request people to agree with the bully's view, and send links to the target to make sure they are watching the activity. Much cyberbullying is an act of relational aggression, which involves alienating the victim from peers through gossip or ostracism. This kind of attack can be easily launched via texting or other online activities. One 19-year-old Japanese student was targeted by classmates who posted his photo online, insulted him constantly, and asked him to die. Because of the constant harassment, he did attempt suicide twice. Even when he quit school, the attacks did not stop. Cyberbullying can cause serious psychological impact to the victims. They often feel anxious, nervous, tired, and depressed. Other examples of negative psychological trauma include losing confidence as a result of being socially isolated from their schoolmates or friends. Psychological problems can also show up in the form of headaches, skin problems, abdominal pain, sleep problems, bed-wetting, and crying. It may also lead victims to commit suicide to end the bullying. United States 2000 A 2000 survey by the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire found that 6% of the young people who completed the survey had experienced some form of harassment, including threats and negative rumors, and 2% had suffered distressing harassment. 2004 The 2004 I-Safe.org survey of 1,500 students between grades 4 and 8 found: 42% of children had been bullied online. One in four had experienced it more than once. 35% had been threatened online. Nearly one in five had experienced it more than once. 21% had received mean or threatening e-mails or other messages. 58% admitted that someone had said hurtful things to them online. More than four out of ten said this had happened more than once. 58% had not told their parents or an adult about something hurtful that had happened to them online. 2005 The Youth Internet Safety Survey-2, conducted by the Crimes Against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire in 2005, found that 9% of the young people in the survey had experienced some form of harassment. The survey was a nationally representative telephone survey of 1,500 youth 10–17 years old. One-third reported feeling distressed by the incident, with distress being more likely for younger respondents and those who were the victims of aggressive harassment (including being telephoned, sent gifts, or visited at home by the harasser). Compared to youth not harassed online, victims are more likely to have social problems. On the other hand, youth who harass others are more likely to have problems with rule breaking and aggression. Hinduja and Patchin completed a study in the summer of 2005 of approximately 1,500 Internet-using adolescents and found that over one-third of youth reported being victimized online, and over 16% of respondents admitted to cyberbullying others. While most of the instances of cyberbullying involved relatively minor behavior (41% were disrespected, 19% were called names), over 12% were physically threatened and about 5% were scared for their safety. Notably, fewer than 15% of victims told an adult about the incident. Additional research by Hinduja and Patchin in 2007 found that youth who report being victims of cyberbullying also experience stress or strain that is related to offline problem behaviors such as running away from home, cheating on a test, skipping school, or using alcohol or marijuana. The authors acknowledge that both of these studies provide only preliminary information about the nature and consequences of online bullying, due to the methodological challenges associated with an online survey. According to a 2005 survey by the National Children's Home charity and Tesco Mobile, of 770 youth between the ages of 11 and 19, 20% of respondents revealed that they had been bullied via electronic means. Almost three-quarters (73%) stated that they knew the bully, while 26% stated that the offender was a stranger. 10% of responders indicated that another person had taken a picture and/or video of them via a cellular phone camera, consequently making them feel uncomfortable, embarrassed, or threatened. Many youths are not comfortable telling an authority figure about their cyberbullying victimization for fear their access to technology will be taken from them; while 24% and 14% told a parent or teacher respectively, 28% did not tell anyone, and 41% told a friend. 2006 According to the 2006 Harris Interactive Cyberbullying Research Report, commissioned by the National Crime Prevention Council, cyberbullying is a problem that "affects almost half of all American teens". 2007 Studies published in 2007 in the Journal of Adolescent Health indicated young people reporting being victims of electronic aggression in a range of 9% to 35%. In 2007, Debbie Heimowitz, a Stanford University master's student, created Adina's Deck, a film based on Stanford-accredited research. She worked in focus groups for ten weeks in three schools to learn about the problem of cyberbullying in northern California. The findings determined that over 60% of students had been cyberbullied and were victims of cyberbullying. The film is now being used in classrooms nationwide as it was designed around learning goals pertaining to problems that students had understanding the topic. The middle school of Megan Meier is reportedly using the film as a solution to the crisis in their town. 2008 In 2008, researchers Sameer Hinduja (Florida Atlantic University) and Justin Patchin (University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire) published a book on cyberbullying that summarized the current state of cyberbullying research (Bullying Beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying). Their research documented that cyberbullying instances had been increasing over the preceding several years. They also reported findings from a then-recent study of cyberbullying. In a random sample of approximately 2000 middle-school students from a large school district in the southern United States, about 10% of respondents reported being cyberbullied in the previous 30 days while over 17% reported having been cyberbullied at least once in their lifetime. While these rates are slightly lower than some of the findings from their previous research, Hinduja and Patchin pointed out that the earlier studies were predominantly conducted among older adolescents and Internet samples; that is, older youth use the Internet more frequently and are more likely to experience cyberbullying than younger children. 2011 According to the 2011 National Crime Victimization Survey, conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, School Crime Supplement (SCS), 9% of students age 12–18 admitted to having experienced cyberbullying during that school year (with a coefficient of variation between 30% and 50%). 2013 In the Youth Risk Behavior Survey 2013, the Center for Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Laboratory Services of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published results of its survey as part of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) in June 2014, indicating the percentage of school children being bullied through e-mail, chat rooms, instant messaging, websites, or texting ("electronically bullied") during the course of 2013. 2014 In 2014, Mehari, Farrell, and Le published a study that focused on the literature on cyberbullying among adolescents. They found that researchers have generally assumed that cyberbullying is distinct from aggression perpetrated in person. Mehari et al. suggest that the media through which aggression is perpetrated may be best conceptualized as a new classification of aggression, rather than considering cyberbullying as a distinct counterpart to existing forms of aggression. They suggest that future research on cyberbullying be considered within the context of theoretical and empirical knowledge of aggression in adolescence. Mary Howlett-Brandon's doctoral dissertation analyzed the National Crime Victimization Survey: Student Crime Supplement, 2009, to focus on the cyberbullying victimization of Black and White students in specific conditions. 2015 WalletHub's 2015's Best & Worst States at Controlling Bullying report measured the relative levels of bullying in 42 states. According to the report, North Dakota, Illinois, Louisiana, Rhode Island, and Washington D.C. have the most attempted suicides by high school students. The five states with highest percentage of students being bullied on campus are Missouri, Michigan, Idaho, North Dakota, and Montana. Cyberbullying on social media has usually been student-to-student, but recently, students have been cyberbullying their teachers. High school students in Colorado created a Twitter site that bullies teachers. This ranges from obscenities to false accusations of inappropriate actions with students. Gender Research conducted to try to determine differences in cyberbullying patterns comparing male to female and ages of each are relatively inconclusive. There are some factors that lean towards males being more involved in cyberbullying behaviors due to males tending to have more aggressive behaviors than females. This is not proven, but speculated based on literature reviews of research indicating that significant data is self-reported. Comparatively, the review of articles indicates that age differences have some indicators of cyberbullying; increasing age indicates increasing bullying behaviors. Gender differences have mixed results, but one finding indicated that younger females (10 or 11) and older males (13+) tend to engage in cyber bullying behaviors. Cyberbullies mostly have at least one common trait. Cyberbullies generally get angry and discouraged easily and usually have strong personalities. They connect with others belligerently and do not care for the feelings of their victims. Both males and females engage in cyberbullying. Females are involved in cyberbullying just as much as men, and females are sometimes even found more involved in cyberbullying than men are. The reason behind this is because of the way they respond; men will usually respond with physical retaliation, while women will use “indirect forms such as gossiping.” As cyberbullying is a more indirect form, females are more likely to be involved. Also, women tend to have less face-to-face confrontations than men, and since cyberbullying occurs online, this allows women to have a greater chance to be attacked. According to a 2017 Pew Research study on online harassment, 14% of Americans have been harassed because of their political views. Such harassment affects men and women differently; men are approximately twice as likely as women to have experienced online harassment because of their political views. However, women politicians are disproportionately more likely to be sexually harassed online. Women lawmakers are three times more likely than their male counterparts to receive sexually abusive comments, including threats of rape, beatings, death, or abduction. Legislation United States Legislation geared at penalizing cyberbullying has been introduced in a number of U.S. states including New York, Missouri, Rhode Island and Maryland. At least 45 states have passed laws against digital harassment. Dardenne Prairie of Springfield, Missouri, passed a city ordinance making online harassment a misdemeanor. The city of St. Charles, Missouri passed a similar ordinance. Missouri is among the states where lawmakers are pursuing state legislation, with task forces expected to have cyberbullying laws drafted and implemented. In June 2008, Rep. Linda Sanchez (D-Calif.) and Rep. Kenny Hulshof (R-Mo.) proposed a federal law that would criminalize acts of cyberbullying. Lawmakers are seeking to address cyberbullying with new legislation because there is currently no specific law on the books that deals with it. A fairly new federal cyberstalking law might address such acts, according to Parry Aftab, but no one has been prosecuted under it yet. The proposed federal law would make it illegal to use electronic means to "coerce, intimidate, harass or cause other substantial emotional distress." In August 2008, the California state legislature passed one of the first laws in the country to deal directly with cyberbullying. Assembly Bill 86 2008 gives school administrators the authority to discipline students for bullying, offline or online. This law took effect on January 1, 2009. A law in New York's Albany County that criminalized cyberbullying was struck down as unconstitutional by the New York Court of Appeals in People v. Marquan M. A recent ruling first seen in the UK determined that it is possible for an Internet service provider (ISP) to be liable for the content of the sites it hosts, setting a precedent that any ISP should treat a notice of complaint seriously and investigate it immediately. criminalizes the making of threats via the Internet. While some states have laws that require schools to mediate cyberbullying conflicts, several states have been sued on First Amendment grounds for doing so. By examining the decisions of three such lawsuits heard in lower courts, Alvin J. Primack and Kevin A. Johnson argued that current First Amendment doctrine, particularly the case of Morse v. Frederick (2007), may offer interpretive resources for justifying administrative reach to some online digital speech. They concluded, "[w]ithout clearer standards, school administrators are likely to feel constrained and err on the side of inaction." European Union Since the 1990s, the United Kingdom and other European countries have been working to solve workplace bullying since there is no legislation regulating cyberbullying. The pervasive nature of technology has made the act of bullying online much easier. A 24-hour internet connection gives bullies a neverending opportunity to find and bully victims. Employers in the European Union have more legal responsibility to their employees than do those in other countries. Since employers do not have the ability to fire or hire an employee at will like in the United States, employers in Europe are held to a high standard in how their employees are treated. In 2007, the European Union developed the Framework Agreement on Harassment and Violence at Work, a law that prevents bullying occurring in the workplace and holds employers accountable for providing fair working conditions. The law defines the responsibilities of an employer such as protecting his or her employees from bullies in a work environment and the psychological pain a victim faces from bullies during business hours. Lawyers pursuing cyberbullying cases use the Ordinance on Victimization at Work law, since there are not any laws specifically condemning cyberbullying. In 1993, Sweden was the first European Union country to have a law against cyberbullying. The Ordinance on Victimization at Work protected victims from "recurrent reprehensible or distinctly negative actions which are directed which are directed against individual employees in an offensive manner and can result in those employees being placed outside the workplace community". In 2002, France passed the Social Modernization Law, which added consequences to the French Labor Code for cyberbullying such as holding employers accountable for their involvement in harassment. The legislation defines "moral harassment" as "repeated acts leading to a deterioration of the working conditions and that are likely to harm the dignity, the physical or psychological heath of the victim or his professional career." The United Kingdom does not have anti-bullying legislation. However, it does have the Protection From Harassment Act, an anti-stalking law. U.K. courts have used this legislation in bullying cases. The United States and some other countries have more extensive legislation on cyberbullying than the European Union. Cyberbullying incidents on social media are widespread and have increased drastically in number. However, the process of getting a claim against a bully is not an easy one because of the victim's need to provide sufficient evidence to prove the existence of bullying. As of mid-2015, countries in the European Union like the United Kingdom are in the process of creating laws specially related to cyberbullying. Since the process takes time, the government is supporting school programs to promote internet safety with the help of teachers and parents. This will allow the government to take the time it needs to create the cyberbullying laws while helping safeguard students from cyberbullying as much as possible. Research on preventive legislation Researchers suggest that programs be put in place for prevention of cyberbullying. These programs would be incorporated into school curricula and would include online safety and instruction on how to use the Internet properly. This could teach the victim proper methods of potentially avoiding the cyberbully, such as blocking messages or increasing the security of their computer. Even in a perfect world, no crime can be stopped fully. That is why it is suggested that within this prevention method, effective coping strategies should be introduced and adopted. People can adopt coping strategies to combat future cyberbullying. Coping strategies may include social support groups composed of victims of cyberbullying, which could allow students to share their stories, and remove the feeling of being alone. Teachers should be involved in all prevention educational models, as they are essentially the "police" of the classroom. Most cyberbullying often goes unreported as the victim feels nothing can be done to help in their current situation. However, if given the proper tools with preventive measures and more power in the classroom, teachers can be of assistance; if the parent, teacher, and victim can work together, solutions may be found. There have been many legislative attempts to facilitate the control of bullying and cyberbullying. Some existing legislation is incorrectly thought to be tied to bullying and cyberbullying (including terms such as "libel" and "slander"). The problem is that the existing legislation does not directly apply to bullying, nor define it as its own criminal behavior. Anti-cyberbullying advocates have even expressed concern about the broad scope of some of the bills attempted to be passed. In the United States, attempts have been made to pass legislation against cyberbullying. Few states attempted to pass broad sanctions in an effort to prohibit cyberbullying. Problems include how to define cyberbullying and cyberstalking, and, if charges are pressed, whether this violates the bully's freedom of speech. B. Walther said that "Illinois is the only state to criminalize 'electronic communication(s) sent for the purpose of harassing another person' when the activity takes place outside a public school setting." This was criticized for infringement on freedom of speech. Preventing a child from being cyberbullied is hard, but now they are working to form programs and laws to help stop the issue from getting worse than it already is. They have created movies such as Cyberbully by Charles Biname and The Duff by Ari Sandel for teenagers to watch and see how cyberbullying can affect an individual. Children that are victims of this problem feel they can not go to an adult for help because they may feel embarrassed by the situation. Bullying online will not only hurt the teenager emotionally, but there is also a risk of the child hurting themselves physically as well; in 2017, suicide was the tenth leading cause of death among persons in the United States. Being able to tell if a child is being hurt from this issue can be tough, but there are certain things that a child will do that should give a red flag that they are being bullied. A cyberbully could have said nasty words to that child and the victim could be looking for compliments. If the victim is always online wondering when the bully will strike next that could also be a sign. Being an active parent in their children's lives will make a difference on whether their child is experiencing online bullying or not. Also bringing police involved in the case will be a problem solver too. Harmful effects Research has demonstrated a number of serious consequences of cyberbullying victimization. Victims may have lower self-esteem, increased suicidal ideation, and a variety of emotional responses, including being scared, frustrated, angry, and depressed. Cyberbullying may be more harmful than traditional bullying, because there is no escaping it. One of the most damaging effects is that a victim begins to avoid friends and activities, which is often the very intention of the bully. Cyberbullying campaigns are sometimes so damaging that victims have committed suicide. There are at least four examples in the United States in which cyberbullying has been linked to the suicide of a teenager. The suicide of Megan Meier is an example that led to the conviction of the adult perpetrator of the attacks. Holly Grogan committed suicide by jumping off a 30-foot bridge near Gloucester in the UK. It was reported that a number of her schoolmates had posted a number of hateful messages on her Facebook page. According to Lucie Russell, director of campaigns, policy and participation at youth mental health charity Young Minds, young people who suffer from mental disorders are vulnerable to cyberbullying as they are sometimes unable to shrug it off: When someone says nasty things healthy people can filter that out, they're able to put a block between that and their self-esteem. But mentally unwell people don't have the strength and the self-esteem to do that, to separate it, and so it gets compiled with everything else. To them, it becomes the absolute truth – there's no filter, there's no block. That person will take that on, take it as fact. Social media has allowed bullies to disconnect from the impact they may be having on others. Intimidation, emotional damage, and suicide According to the Cyberbullying Research Center, "there have been several high‐profile cases involving teenagers taking their own lives in part because of being harassed and mistreated over the Internet, a phenomenon we have termed cyberbullicide – suicide indirectly or directly influenced by experiences with online aggression." Cyberbullying is an intense form of psychological abuse, whose victims are more than twice as likely to suffer from mental disorders compared to traditional bullying. The reluctance youth have in telling an authority figure about instances of cyberbullying has led to fatal outcomes. At least three children between the ages of 12 and 13 have committed suicide due to depression brought on by cyberbullying, according to reports by USA Today and the Baltimore Examiner. These include the suicide of Ryan Halligan and the suicide of Megan Meier, the latter of which resulted in United States v. Lori Drew. Teen suicides tied to cyberbullying have recently become more prevalent. Rebecca Ann Sedwick committed suicide after being terrorized through mobile applications such as Ask.fm, Kik Messenger and Voxer. On youth and teenagers The effects of cyberbullying vary, but research illustrates that cyberbullying adversely affects youth to a higher degree than adolescents and adults. Youth are more likely to suffer since they are still growing mentally and physically. Jennifer N. Caudle, a certified family physician, says, "Kids that are bullied are likely to experience anxiety, depression, loneliness, unhappiness and poor sleep". Most of the time cyberbullying goes unnoticed; the younger generation hides their bullying from anyone that can help to prevent the bullying from occurring and from getting worse. Between 20% and 40% of adolescents are victims of cyberbullying worldwide. The youth slowly change their behaviors and actions so they become more withdrawn and quiet, but this may go unnoticed since the change is subtle. Metin Deniz believes cyberbullying will "become a serious problem in the future with an increase in the Internet and mobile phone usage among young people". If preventive actions are not taken against cyberbullying, younger children in addition to teenagers will feel more lonely and depressed along with having significant changes in their eating and sleeping patterns as well as loss of interest in their normal activities. These changes will affect their growth and development into adulthood. Younger children and teenagers are 76.2% less likely to display suicidal behaviors and thoughts, but are still at risk depending on other factors such as mental health status, home care, and relationships with others. The risk of suicide increases by 35% to 45% when victims do not have any support from anyone in their life, and cyberbullying amplifies the situation. Young people seem particularly vulnerable to the effects of cyberbullying through anonymous social media, perhaps because adolescents are attracted to these platforms as a means of seeking validation from their peers. Abuse on these platforms, such as ASKfm, Yik Yak and Sarahah, can be particularly keenly felt by young people, leading to issues of loss of confidence. There have been a number of suicides related to bullying on these platforms in the US and Britain. Suppression of speech By at least 2018, some doctors have been targets of online harassment from anti-vaccine activists responding to their social media posts, including hundreds of negative false reviews on doctor ratings sites. This made some of the doctors more reluctant to share information about vaccines, but others formed groups to spread factual information about vaccine safety on social media in response. Awareness Campaigns International The Cybersmile Foundation is a cyberbullying charity committed to tackling all forms of online bullying, abuse, and hate campaigns. It was founded in 2010 in response to the increasing number of cyberbullying related incidents of depression, eating disorders, social isolation, self-harm and suicides devastating lives around the world. Cybersmile provides support to victims and their friends and families through social media interaction, email and helpline support. They also run an annual event, Stop Cyberbullying Day, to draw attention to the issue. Spain Multiple non-profit organizations fight cyberbullying and cyberstalking. They advise victims, provide awareness campaigns, and report offenses to the police. These NGOs include the Protégeles, PantallasAmigas, Foundation Alia2, the non-profit initiative Actúa Contra el Ciberacoso, the National Communications Technology Institute (INTECO), the Agency of Internet quality, the Agencia Española de Protección de Datos, the Oficina de Seguridad del Internauta, the Spanish Internet users' Association, the Internauts' Association, and the Spanish Association of Mothers and Parents Internauts. The government of Castile and León has also created a Plan de Prevención del Ciberacoso y Promoción de la Navegación Segura en Centro Escolares, and the government of the Canary Islands has created a portal on the phenomenon called Viveinternet. United States In March 2007, the Advertising Council in the United States, in partnership with the National Crime Prevention Council, U.S. Department of Justice, and Crime Prevention Coalition of America, joined to announce the launch of a new public service advertising campaign designed to educate preteens and teens about how they can play a role in ending cyberbullying. As of 2008, the Boy Scouts of America's 2008 edition of The Boy Scout Handbook addresses how to deal with online bullying. A new First Class rank requirements adds: "Describe the three things you should avoid doing related to use of the Internet. Describe a cyberbully and how you should respond to one." In 2008, KTTV Fox 11 News in Los Angeles put out a report about organized cyberbullying on sites like Stickam by people who call themselves "/b/rothas". The site had put out a report on July 26, 2007, about a subject that partly featured cyberbullying, titled "Hackers on Steroids". On June 2, 2008, parents, teens, teachers, and Internet executives came together at Wired Safety's International Stop Cyberbullying Conference, a two-day gathering in White Plains, New York and New York City. Executives from Facebook, Verizon, MySpace, Microsoft, and many others talked with hundreds about how to better protect themselves and their personal reputations, children and businesses from online harassment. Sponsors of the conference included McAfee, AOL, Disney, Procter & Gamble, Girl Scouts of the USA, WiredTrust, Children's Safety Research and Innovation Centre, and KidZui.com. Cyberharassment versus cyberbullying was a forefront topic, where age makes a difference; abusive internet behavior by adults with the repeated clear intent to harm, ridicule or damage a person or business was classified as stalking harassment, versus bullying by teens and young adults. An organized movement to make revenge porn illegal began in August 2012: End Revenge Porn. Currently revenge porn is only illegal in two states, but the demand for its criminalization is on the rise as digital technology has increased in the past few generations. The organization seeks to provide support for victims, educate the public, and gain activist support to bring new legislation before the United States Government. In 2006, PACER.org created a week-long event that was held once a year in October. Today, the campaign is a month-long event and is now known as the National Bullying Prevention Awareness Month. Canada Originating in Canada, Anti-Bullying Day is a day of celebration for those who choose to participate wearing a symbol of colors (pink, blue or purple) as a stance against bullying. A British Columbia teacher founded the Stop A Bully movement, which uses pink wristbands to represent the wearer's stance to stop bullying. Pink Shirt Day was inspired by David Shepherd and Travis Price. Their high school friends organized a protest in sympathy for a Grade 9 boy who was bullied for wearing a pink shirt. Their stance from wearing pink has been a huge inspiration in the Great Vancouver Mainland. "We know that victims of bullying, witnesses of bullying and bullies themselves all experience the very real and long term negative impacts of bullying regardless of its forms – physical, verbal, written, or on-line (cyberbullying)". ERASE (Expect Respect and A Safe Education) is an initiative started by the province of British Columbia to foster safe schools and prevent bullying. It builds on already-effective programs set up by the provincial government to ensure consistent policies and practices regarding the prevention of bullying. Community support A number of organizations are in coalition to provide awareness, protection and recourse for this escalating problem. Some aim to inform and provide measures to avoid as well as effectively terminate cyberbullying and cyberharassment. Anti-bullying charity Act Against Bullying launched the CyberKind campaign in August 2009 to promote positive internet usage. In 2007, YouTube introduced the first Anti-Bullying Channel for youth (BeatBullying), using the assistance of celebrities to tackle the problem. In March 2010, a 17-year-old girl named Alexis Skye Pilkington was found dead in her room by her parents. Her parents claimed that after repeated cyberbullying, she was driven to suicide. Shortly after her death, attacks resumed. Members of eBaums World began to troll teens' memorial pages on Facebook, with the comments including expressions of pleasure over the death, with pictures of what seemed to be a banana as their profile pictures. Family and friends of the deceased teen responded by creating Facebook groups denouncing cyberbullying and trolling, with logos of bananas behind a red circle with a diagonal line through it. In response and partnership to the 2011 film Bully, a grassroots effort to stop cyberbullying called the Bully Project was created. Their goal is to start "a national movement to stop bullying that is transforming children's lives and changing a culture of bullying into one of empathy and action." See also Best Enemies Character assassination Cyber defamation law Digital safety Digital media use and mental health Gamergate controversy Mobbing Online shaming Sexting Whataboutism References Further reading Burgess-Proctor, A., Patchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2009). Cyberbullying and online harassment: Reconceptualizing the victimization of adolescent girls. In V. Garcia and J. Clifford [Eds.]. Female crime victims: Reality reconsidered. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. In Print. Keith, S. & Martin, M. E. (2005). Cyber-bullying: Creating a Culture of Respect in a Cyber World. Reclaiming Children & Youth, 13(4), 224–228. Hinduja, S. & Patchin, J. W. (2009). Bullying beyond the Schoolyard: Preventing and Responding to Cyberbullying. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Patchin, J. & Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies Move beyond the Schoolyard: A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice', 4(2), 148–169. Tettegah, S. Y., Betout, D., & Taylor, K. R. (2006). Cyber-bullying and schools in an electronic era. In S. Tettegah & R. Hunter (Eds.) Technology and Education: Issues in administration, policy and applications in k12 school. PP. 17–28. London: Elsevier. Wolak, J. Mitchell, K.J., & Finkelhor, D. (2006). Online victimization of youth: 5 years later. Alexandria, VA: National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. Available at unh.edu Ybarra ML (2004). Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. Cyberpsychol and Behavior. Apr;7(2):247-57. Ybarra ML, Mitchell KJ (2004). Youth engaging in online harassment: associations with caregiver-child relationships, Internet use, and personal characteristics. Journal of Adolescence''. Jun;27(3):319-36. Frederick S. Lane (Chicago: NTI Upstream, 2011) External links Cyberbullying Research Center Cyberbullying at Stopbullying.gov Cyberbullying Searchable Information Center, ebrary Cyberbullying.org.nz – cyberbullying information, support, and teaching resources from the New Zealand non-profit NetSafe, including the short film At a Distance Cyberhelp.eu – practical advice for teachers and guardians Cyberbullying in Australia – resource for teenagers Cyberbullying – Cyberbullying, Haters, and Trolls Media Smarts – Cyberbullying Category:Abuse Category:Bullying Category:Cybercrime Category:Digital media use and mental health	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Juan Čobrda The Rev. Juan Čobrda (1930–2010) was a bishop of the Lutheran church, heading a national church body in Argentina and the Slovak Zion Synod in the United States. He was born in Príbovce, near Martin, Slovakia on the 11th of August 1930. After World War II his family immigrated to Argentina. He was ordained by the United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Argentina in 1958 and served as that church's bishop from 1966 to 1976. In the city of Rosario in 1960 he met his future wife, Žofia. In 1975, he was forced to leave Argentina. He was able to return there in 1978. Between years 1993 - 2002, Rev. Juan Čobrda served as bishop of the Slovak Zion Synod. He succeeded the Rev. Kenneth E. Zindle. In 1993, he was one of the last ELCA bishops to serve a four-year term. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) 1993 Churchwide Assembly extended the term of a bishop's service to six years. In 1997, on June 28 he was re-elected. The election took place during the Slovak Zion Synod Assembly, June 27–29, at Muhlenberg College, Allentown, Pennsylvania. He decided to resign on the 31st of August 2002, one year before the end of his second term. Afterwards, he retired and moved to Niles, Illinois. He died on July 1, 2010. References Category:1930 births Category:2010 deaths Category:People from Martin District Category:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America bishops Category:Slovak Lutherans Category:Argentine Lutheran clergy Category:Argentine bishops Category:Argentine people of Slovak descent Category:People from Niles, Illinois	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hutton Valley, Missouri Hutton Valley is an unincorporated community in northern Howell County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is located approximately five miles east of Willow Springs on Missouri Route U, just south of U.S. Route 60. History Hutton Valley was platted in 1873. The community was named after an early settler who settled the valley in which the town is located. A post office called Hutton Valley was established in 1857, and remained in operation until 1953. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Missouri Category:Unincorporated communities in Howell County, Missouri Category:1873 establishments in Missouri	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Flores Chaviano Flores Chaviano (n. Caibarién, Villa Clara Province, Cuba 1946) is an accomplished Cuban composer, guitarist, professor and orchestral conductor that has achieved great international recognition. Academic background Flores Chaviano began his musical studies in his native city of Caibarién, where he received instruction from professor Pedro Julio del Valle, which continued at a later time at the National School of Arts (ENA) in Havana, with renowned professor Isaac Nicola, founder of the modern Cuban Guitar School. Chaviano also studied musical composition at the Instituto Superior de Artes (ISA) with José Ardévol and Sergio Fernández Barroso. After his arrival in Madrid in 1981, he studied at the Real Conservatorio Superior de Música with professor Demetrio Ballesteros. He also includes in his musical formation master classes from the prominent guitarists Leo Brouwer and Alirio Díaz. Composer As composer, his artistic works have been recognized by the specialized critique and today he is considered as one of the most important Cuban composers. He has received commissions from CDMC, the Fundación Príncipe de Asturias, the Radio Nacional de España and the Conservatorio de Nalón. Flores Chaviano was president of the composers organization from the Brigada Hermanos Saíz in Cuba during the 1970s. Chaviano possesses an ample catalog of compositions for a wide variety of ensembles, soloist, choir, ballet, symphonic orchestra, solo guitar and in other formats. His music has been performed by prestigious orchestral and chamber groups such as the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional de México D. F.,the Gdansk Academy in Poland, the Orquesta Sinfónica del Principado de Asturias (OSPA), the Orquesta y Coros de la Comunidad de Madrid, the Orquesta Sinfónica de Granada, the Orquesta Clásica de Madrid, the Filarmónica de Montevideo, Uruguay, the Orquesta Simón Bolívar de Caracas, Venezuela, the Orquesta Sinfónica del Salvador, the Orquesta Sinfónica de Matanzas, Cuba, the Orquesta de Cámara de Nalón, Asturias, España, the Mutare Ensemble from Frankfurt, the Cuarteto Latinoamericano de México, the Quintet of the Komische Opera from Berlin, the Ensemble 21 from New York, the Percussion Quartet of the Florida International University, the Cuarteto Entrequatre de Asturias, the Coro de la Fundación Príncipe de Asturias, the Grupo Círculo and many others. The guitar pieces from Flores Chaviano are considered among the most valued of the modern guitar repertoire. Guitarist Flores Chaviano has developed an outstanding career as a contemporary style guitarist, which has been endorsed by his performances as a soloist as well as accompanied by a symphonic orchestra. He has worked intensely offering concerts and galas in Cuba and other countries in Asia, Europe and America. Among his most prominent presentations are those at the Chopin Society of Varsovia, the Lincoln Center in New York City, the Kennedy Center in Washington, the Teatro Real de Madrid, the Círculo de Bellas Artes, and the Auditorio Nacional de Música also at that city and the Teatro de Bellas Artes de México; he has participated at the international guitar festivals of Granada, Alicante and Navarra, Spain, as well as in the Encuentro de Guitarristas de América Latina y el Caribe in Havana, Cuba. He has performed with Cuban orchestras such as those from Santiago de Cuba and Matanzas and the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional, and also has played with the Orquesta Sinfónica Nacional as well as the New World Symphony in Miami and from the Gdansk Musical Academy in Poland. Conductor Flores Chaviano has conducted an important work as musical director and founder of different instrumental groups such as the Ensemble de Segovia, the group Sonido Trece, the Cuarteto Fin de Siglo, the Agrupación Trova Lírica Cubana de Madrid and the Capilla Musical Esteban Salas, based in Madrid and constituted by singers and a small instrumental group, focused on recovering and promoting the music of Esteban Salas and the colonial Hispano-American musical heritage. He has been a founder of the Andrés Segovia in Memoriam Festival, sponsored by the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores de España (SGAE), and also an organizer of the Festival Internacional de Guitarra de Ponferrada, Spain. Professor Along with his artistic work, Flores Chaviano has developed an important labor in the musical education field. He was a professor at the Conservatorio "Esteban Salas" of Santiago de Cuba, professor of guitar in the Escuela Nacional de Arte (ENA), the "Amadeo Roldán" Conservatory and the Instituto Superior de Artes (ISA) of Havana. He has also offered contemporary guitar courses at the "Manuel de Falla Courses" in Granada, the Florida International University, the Cátedra "Andrés Segovia" at the Beijing Conservatory, theUniversity of Puerto Rico, the Universidad de Salamanca, the Superior Conservatories of Madrid, Granada and Murcia in Spain the Conservatorio Superior de México and the Superior Conservatories of Rostock and Berlin in Germany. Flores Chaviano currently teaches guitar and chamber music at the Conservatorio Profesional "Federico Moreno Torroba" of Madrid. For his long and fruitful career as composer, guitarist, professor and conductor, Flores Chaviano is one of the most prestigious and representative Cuban musicians within the Spanish contemporary musical panorama. His work is highly valued by the Spanish specialized musical critique as by the modern musical composers and performers. Awards and recognitions In 1974, Flores Chaviano received the First Prize at the National Guitar Contest of the Unión de Escritores y Artistas de Cuba. Work Ballet Encuentro, 1978 Instrumental Ensemble A partir de un canto yoruba, 1977, para flauta, clarinete y fagot Rítmicas núm. 1, para tres percusionistas, 1988 Entrequatre II, 1989-1990, para violín, viothey cello Tres escenas yoruba, 1990 Patakkín Olorum, 1996 Obertura V Aniversario y Parrandas, música para once percusionistas, 1997 Choir Ven primavera mía, ven, 1968 Canción cantada y Tres canciones, para coro infantil, 1979 Tres rítmicas, para coro infantil, 1978 10 de Octubre, 1979 Thepalma, 1986, coro y orquesta infantil Tres canciones cubanas, 1987, para coro mixto Guitar Seis aires populares cubanos, 1971-1982 Variaciones sobre el yényere, 1973 Homenaje a Víctor Jara, para flauta y guitarra, 1974 Réquiem a un sonero (homenaje a Miguel Matamoros), 1975 Para dos, para guitarra, 1978 Concierto, para guitarra y orquesta, 1979 Espacio, tiempo... recuerdos Cinco estudios de grafía Textura I, para conjunto de guitarras, 1983 Seis danzas cubanas, para cuatro guitarras, 1984 Concertante 1, para guitarra y conjunto instrumental Textura II, para conjunto de guitarra, 1985 Trío, 1986, para flauta, violín y guitarra Espacio en blanco, para dos guitarras Tríptico a John Lennon, para cuatro guitarras Quasar/Gen 87, para flauta, saxofón barítono, guitarra y percusión Trío, para flauta, viothey guitarra Villalobos/87 (Homenaje), para tres, guitarra eléctrica y percusión, 1987 Son de negros en Cuba, 1988, para cuatro guitarras y percusión Álbum núm. 1, para guitarra Suite Bergidum, 1992 Álbum infantil núm. 2, 1993 Concierto, para cuatro guitarras y orquesta Suite de danzas populares, para guitarra y piano, 1994 Cinco contradanzas cubanas, 1995, para guitarra y piano Fantasía son, e Iya, mo dukpe fobaé, 1996 Entrequatre, para cuatro guitarras Soñada en Gijon (11 strings guitar) dedicate to Christian Lavernier See also Music of Cuba References External links https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxkI_U_V8knqvqF9LjegBBg http://www.19trastes.com/fchaviano.htm http://floreschaviano.blogspot.com/ http://www.caimanbarbudo.cu/entrevistas/2014/09/entrevista-con-flores-chaviano/ http://www.compositoresfaic.com/compositores-curriculum.php?idComp=221 CTV Hispanocuba Sibiu European Capital of Culture 2007 sobre su obra presentada por el Instituto Cervantes Artículo sobre theCapiltheMusical Esteban Salas Category:1946 births Category:Living people Category:Cuban composers Category:Cuban guitarists Category:Male guitarists Category:Cuban classical guitarists Category:21st-century classical composers Category:People from Caibarién Category:Male classical composers Category:21st-century guitarists Category:21st-century male musicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Symphony No. 80 (Haydn) The Symphony No. 80 in D minor, Hoboken 1/80, is a symphony composed by Joseph Haydn in 1784 as part of a trio of symphonies that also included symphonies 79 and 81. This symphony, along with the one that follows it, and the one that precedes it, were not written for Prince Nikolaus, but for a Lenten concert performed in Vienna in March 1785. It is one of the relatively few later symphonies by Haydn to begin in the minor mode. Symphony No 80 is highly structured with both outer movements in sonata form. There is a common (though not strict) modulation pattern seen in all four movements. Movements The symphony is scored for flute, two oboes, two bassoons, two horns and strings and is in the typical four movements: Allegro spiritoso Adagio Menuetto Finale: Presto The first movement opens with a theme in the cellos accompanied by tremolos in the strings evoking a strong sense of Sturm und Drang. After the second theme provides a brief respite in the relative major, the music becomes turbulent as it transitions again. What follows is a very striking expositional coda which is a light, dancing theme featuring Lombard rhythms and scored for solo flute and first violin against a pizzicato bass. The development begins with a quirky coda theme in the remote key of D flat major and then slowly works it up the scale until it reaches A major followed by another grand pause and then the theme is repeated again in the relative major of F major. From there, Haydn blurs the lines between development and recapitulation as he did in earlier minor key symphonies. The first theme reappears in D minor, but it still appears to be part of the development. By the time the second theme appears in the parallel major of D major, it is evident that this is indeed the recapitulation and the movement drives home with odd expositional coda theme finishing the movement off in the appropriate key of D major. Haydn does not mark the second half of this movement with repeat signs. The lyrical second movement is in B flat major and has little trace of the storminess of the opening movement, although there are some darker passages toward the end of the movement. The third movement returns to D minor with some emphasis on F major, like in the first movement. The trio is in D major and uses a derivative (almost the reverse) of the Gregorian incipit lamentatio melody previously used in his 26th symphony "Lamentatione". The finale is a sonata form in D major, with both halves marked for repeat. There is a lot of syncopation throughout the movement, particularly amongst the strings where the first violins play an eighth-note ahead of the second violins and the rest of the orchestra. The last movement contains very little negative melodies and ends with a passage similar to that he used to end his Symphony No. 84 in E. Notes External links Symphony 080 Category:Compositions in D minor Category:1784 compositions	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Swimming at the 2016 South Asian Games Swimming at the 2016 South Asian Games were held in Guwahati, India from February 10 to February 15 2016. Medalists Men's events Women's events Medal table References External links Official website Category:Events at the 2016 South Asian Games South Asian Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jim Hendrick Jim Hendrick (July 26, 1934 - June 15, 2017) was an American sports announcer. Hendrick worked in sports broadcasting for over 50 years. He gained fame for his work as a spokesman for Anheuser-Busch and his association with the American Power Boat Association. For several years in the 1960s, Hendrick was the play by play announcer for the Detroit Pistons on WKBD, channel 50, Detroit. Hendrick was a member of the Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association, which was founded in 1948 by Detroit Tigers announcer Ty Tyson. Hendrick died at the age of 82 in Lakeland, Florida. References Category:1934 births Category:Sportspeople from Detroit Category:American sports announcers Category:2017 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dlinza Forest Nature Reserve Dlinza Forest Nature Reserve, is located just outside Eshowe, in the KwaZulu-Natal, province of South Africa. This nature reserve is about 250 Ha in area. Dlinza Forest lies on a crown made of several hills and reaches a height of 500 m above sea level. The reserve features many tall trees and streams. 60 bird species, duikers, Cape bushbucks, vervet monkey, wild boars, and other animals live here. An elevated 125-m-long trail and a 20-m-high lookout tower offer a view of the forest canopy and give a view of the coast. There are two trails. Due to its higher altitude, it is cooler than Eshowe. Therefore, the Zulu kings often preferred to stay there. During some of the wars in which the Zulu fought, the forest served as a hideout. References See also Protected areas of South Africa Category:Protected areas of KwaZulu-Natal	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nadan v R Nadan v R is a key ruling of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in determining the competence of the Parliament of Canada with respect to the restrictions laid out in the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865, and whether it possessed extraterritorial jurisdiction. Background In 1875, the Parliament of Canada established the Supreme Court of Canada as a general court of appeal. This did not, however, bar rulings from the various provincial courts of appeal from being appealed directly to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. In 1888, Parliament enacted a provision to abolish appeals in criminal cases to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, which was later incorporated as s 1025 of the Criminal Code: In 1924, Frank Nadan, working for his employer (a British Columbia common carrier), was transporting intoxicating liquor from Alberta to Montana, which was subject to a prohibition on alcohol. Near Coleman, Alberta, he was arrested by the Alberta Provincial Police for: having liquor not sealed in accordance with Alberta's liquor control laws, and transporting liquor in a manner not allowed by the Canada Temperance Act. He was convicted on both counts, and appealed these convictions to the Appellate Division of the Supreme Court of Alberta. Those appeals were dismissed, but the court gave leave to appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The respondent presented a petition to the Council, asking that the appeals be quashed because they were barred under s. 1025. Leave was granted for the attorneys-general of Alberta and Canada to intervene. Judgment of the Privy Council The appeals were dismissed, but the Privy Council took the occasion to discuss the competence of the Canadian Parliament to abolish criminal appeals to them. the appellant's submission that the first count was not a "criminal case" within the meaning of s.1025 was rejected, as the Privy Council had previously ruled on this question the Board proceeded to consider the effect of s. 1025 on the assumption that it applied to these appeals the Judicial Committee Act 1833 provided for appeals to the Privy Council from any court in "the East Indies and in the Plantations, Colonies and other Dominions of His Majesty abroad" s. 2 of the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865 provided that any colonial law that was repugnant to any Act of the United Kingdom that extended to that colony was void and inoperative unlike in Australia and South Africa, no provision had been made by the United Kingdom to allow for Canada to restrict appeals to the Privy Council the Board had previously declared that the provinces could not permit "the abrogation of any power which the Crown possesses through a person directly representing it", such restriction on the power of s. 92 of the British North America Act, 1867 applies equally to s. 91 therefore, Canada did not have the ability to abrogate a power which remains vested in the Crown itself On the final question as to whether to recommend special leave to appeal, the Board noted that it was settled practice that, in criminal cases, it would intervene only where substantial and grave injustice had been done by: a disregard of the forms of legal process, or some violation of the principles of natural justice The present cases did not fall within this exceptional category. Accordingly, dismissal was recommended for these appeals. Aftermath After the passage of the Statute of Westminster 1931, the Parliament of Canada abolished criminal appeals to the Privy Council again in 1933, and that measure was upheld by the Privy Council in British Coal Corporation v. the King. It was followed by the abolition of civil appeals in 1949, after the Privy Council affirmed that Parliament also had the right to do so. References Category:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council cases on appeal from Canada Category:Canadian constitutional case law Category:Canadian federalism case law Category:Royal prerogative Category:1926 in case law Category:1926 in Canadian law Category:Crowsnest Pass, Alberta Category:Alcohol law in Canada Category:Prohibition in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Brent Williams Brent Williams may refer to: Brent Williams (American football) (born 1964), NFL footballer of the 1980s and 1990s Brent Williams (Australian footballer) (born 1978), Australian rules footballer for Adelaide Buzz Williams (born 1972), American basketball coach	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Constantine Goulimis Constantine Goulimis (also appears as Constantine N. Goulimy; Kōnstantinos N Goulimēs, Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Γουλιμής), (1886–1963) was a lawyer and successful amateur botanist. He discovered several species of Greek plants. Education and career Goulimis was born in Athens, on 13 July 1886, and studied law in Athens, Paris, London, Rome and Berlin where he obtained his PhD. He practised law in Athens and was, for some time, legal advisor to the British Embassy in Athens (receiving the OBE in 1962). In 1945 he was a member of the Greek delegation to San Francisco for the United Nations Conference on International Organization that led to the formation of the United Nations. During World War II, when in South Africa, Goulimis became interested in botany. Upon his return to Greece in 1945 and until his death on 20 May 1963, he visited many regions of Greece in search of plants. His specimens are kept separate at the Goulandris Museum of Natural History in Kifissia (ATH). He authored Wild Flowers of Greece, and other texts. He was the grandfather of Constantine Goulimis, founder of Greycon and grandson of another Constantine Goulimis, who fought in the siege of Missolonghi during the Greek War of Independence and later became a lawyer. In 2019 the Bank of Greece issued a commemorative €5 coin depicting the tulipa goulimyi. Selected publications Eponymy The plant species Campanula goulimyi, Silene goulimyi, Crocus goulimyi, Scutellaria goulimyi, Stachys goulimyi, Tulipa goulimyi and Linum goulimyi are named after him. References External links Goulandris Museum of Natural History Category:1963 deaths Category:Botanists active in Europe Category:Greek botanists Category:1886 births Category:20th-century botanists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Microsoft HoloLens Microsoft HoloLens, known under development as Project Baraboo, is a pair of mixed reality smartglasses developed and manufactured by Microsoft. HoloLens was the first head-mounted display running the Windows Mixed Reality platform under the Windows 10 computer operating system. The tracking technology used in HoloLens can trace its lineage to Kinect, an add-on for Microsoft's Xbox gaming console that was introduced in 2010. The pre-production version of HoloLens, the Development Edition, shipped on March 30, 2016, and is targeted to developers in the United States and Canada for a list price of $3000. Samsung and Asus have extended an offer to Microsoft to help produce their own mixed-reality products, in collaboration with Microsoft, based around the concept and hardware on HoloLens. On October 12, 2016, Microsoft announced global expansion of HoloLens and publicized that HoloLens would be available for preorder in Australia, Ireland, France, Germany, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. There is also a Commercial Suite (similar to a pro edition of Windows), with enterprise features, such as bitlocker security. As of May 2017, The Suite sells for $5,000. Microsoft has decided to rent the Hololens without clients making the full investment. Microsoft partner with a company called Abcomrents to give the service of Hololens rental. HoloLens 2 was announced at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain, on February 24, 2019, and is available on preorder at $3500. The HoloLens is a head-mounted display unit connected to an adjustable, cushioned inner headband, which can tilt HoloLens up and down, as well as forward and backward. To wear the unit, the user fits the HoloLens on their head, using an adjustment wheel at the back of the headband to secure it around the crown, supporting and distributing the weight of the unit equally for comfort, before tilting the visor towards the front of the eyes. The front of the unit houses many of the sensors and related hardware, including the processors, cameras and projection lenses. The visor is tinted; enclosed in the visor piece is a pair of transparent combiner lenses, in which the projected images are displayed in the lower half. The HoloLens must be calibrated to the interpupillary distance (IPD), or accustomed vision of the user. Along the bottom edges of the side, located near the user's ears, are a pair of small, red 3D audio speakers. The speakers, competing against typical sound systems, do not obstruct external sounds, allowing the user to hear virtual sounds, along with the environment. Using head-related transfer functions, the HoloLens generates binaural audio, which can simulate spatial effects; meaning the user, virtually, can perceive and locate a sound, as though it is coming from a virtual pinpoint or location. On the top edge are two pairs of buttons: display brightness buttons above the left ear, and volume buttons above the right ear. Adjacent buttons are shaped differently—one concave, one convex—so that the user can distinguish them by touch. At the end of the left arm is a power button and row of five, small individual LED nodes, used to indicate system status, as well as for power management, indicating battery level and setting power/standby mode. A USB 2.0 micro-B receptacle is located along the bottom edge. A 3.5 mm audio jack is located along the bottom edge of the right arm. Hardware The HoloLens features an inertial measurement unit (IMU) (which includes an accelerometer, gyroscope, and a magnetometer) four "environment understanding" sensors (two on each side), an energy-efficient depth camera with a 120°×120° angle of view, a 2.4-megapixel photographic video camera, a four-microphone array, and an ambient light sensor. In addition to an Intel Cherry Trail SoC containing the CPU and GPU, HoloLens features a custom-made Microsoft Holographic Processing Unit (HPU), a coprocessor manufactured specifically for the HoloLens by Microsoft. The SoC and the HPU each have 1GB LPDDR3 and share 8MB SRAM, with the SoC also controlling 64GB eMMC and running the Windows 10 operating system. The HPU uses 28 custom DSPs from Tensilica to process and integrate data from the sensors, as well as handling tasks such as spatial mapping, gesture recognition, and voice and speech recognition. According to Alex Kipman, the HPU processes "terabytes of information," one attendee estimated that the display field of view of the demonstration units was 30°×17.5°. In an interview at the 2015 Electronic Entertainment Expo in June, Microsoft Vice-President of Next-Gen Experiences, Kudo Tsunoda, indicated that the field of view is unlikely to be significantly different on release of the current version. The HoloLens contains an internal rechargeable battery, with average life rated at 2–3 hours of active use, or 2 weeks of standby time. The HoloLens can be operated while charging. HoloLens features IEEE 802.11ac Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.1 Low Energy (LE) wireless connectivity. The headset uses Bluetooth LE to pair with the included Clicker, a thumb-sized finger-operating input device that can be used for interface scrolling and selecting. The Clicker features a clickable surface for selecting, and an orientation sensor which provides for scrolling functions via tilting and panning of the unit. The Clicker features an elastic finger loop for holding the device, and a USB 2.0 micro-B receptacle for charging its internal battery. Applications As of 2016, a number of augmented-reality applications have been announced or showcased for Microsoft HoloLens. A collection of applications will be provided for free for developers purchasing the Microsoft HoloLens Developer Edition. Applications available at launch include: Cortana, Microsoft's virtual assistant. Holograms, a catalog of a variety of 3D objects that users can place and scale around them; ranging from tigers and cats to space shuttles and planets. HoloStudio, a full-scale 3D modeling application by Microsoft with 3D print compatibility. CAE VimedixAR is a commercial application of Microsoft HoloLens technology that enables immersive simulation-based training in ultrasound and anatomical education through augmented reality for increased patient safety and enhanced learning. An implementation of the Skype telecommunications application by Microsoft. Any user with Skype on his or her regular devices like PC, Mobile etc. can dial user on HoloLens and communicate with each other. With Video call On, the user on PC will see the view HoloLens user is seeing and HoloLens user will see view captured by PC / Mobile device user camera. HoloTour, an audiovisual three-dimensional virtual tourism application developer by Microsoft and Asobo Studio. Fragments, a high-tech crime thriller adventure game developed by Microsoft and Asobo Studio, in which the player engages in crime-solving. Young Conker, a platform game developed by Microsoft and Asobo Studio, featuring a young version of Conker the Squirrel. RoboRaid (previously code-named "Project X-Ray"), an augmented-reality first-person shooter game by Microsoft in which the player defends against a robot invasion, aiming the weapon via gaze, and shooting via the Clicker button or an air tap. Actiongram, an application for staging and recording short video clips of simple mixed-reality presentations using pre-made 3D virtual assets, will be released in summer 2016 in the United States and Canada. In November, 2018, Microsoft announced that it is readying HoloLens for combat. The company won a $480 million military contract with the U.S. government to bring AR headset tech into the weapons repertoire of American soldiers. Other applications announced or showcased for HoloLens include: An interactive digital human anatomy curriculum by Case Western Reserve University and Cleveland Clinic Architectural engineering software design tools, SketchUp Viewer by Trimble Navigation was the first commercially available HoloLens application A version of the Mojang video game Minecraft Extended functionality for the Autodesk Maya 3D creation application OnSight and Sidekick, software projects developed by a collaboration between NASA and Microsoft to explore mixed reality applications in space exploration FreeForm, a joint project between Autodesk and Microsoft integrating HoloLens with the Autodesk Fusion 360 cloud-based 3D development application Galaxy Explorer, an educational application about the Milky Way in development by Microsoft Studios, pitched and chosen by the developer community via the Share Your Idea campaign, and to be open-sourced upon completion A spacecraft design/visualization application in development by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Developed in collaboration with JPL, OnSight integrates data from the Curiosity rover into a 3D simulation of the Martian environment, which scientists around the world can visualize, interact with, and collaborate in together using HoloLens devices. OnSight can be used in mission planning, with users able to program rover activities by looking at a target within the simulation, and using gestures to pull up and select menu commands. JPL plans to deploy OnSight in Curiosity mission operations, using it to control rover activities by July 2015. In November 2015, Volvo and Microsoft have exhibited a prototype version of the HoloLens system at Microsoft's HQ in Redmond using the S90 luxury sedan as their subject. CAE VimedixAR, the first ultrasound training simulator integrated with HoloLens that allows healthcare learners to interact with 3D holograms of internal human structures and acquire proficiency in anatomy. Holoportation, a new type of 3D capture technology that allows high-quality 3D models of people to be reconstructed, compressed and transmitted anywhere in the world in real time. When combined with mixed reality displays such as Hololens, this technology allows user to see, hear, and interact with remote participants in 3D as if they are actually present in the same physical space. Communicating and interacting with remote users becomes as natural as face-to-face communication. HoloSurg, in April 2017, a team of surgeons in Spain, used the Mixed Reality tool to operate on a patient with a malignant muscular tumor, using the headset to visualize MRI and radiography information during the surgery. Interface HoloLens, through the use of the HPU, uses sensual and natural interface commands—gaze, gesture, and voice—sometimes referred to as "GGV", inputs. Gaze commands, such as head-tracking, allows the user to bring application focus to whatever the user is perceiving. "Elements"—or any virtual application or button—are selected using an air tap method, similar to clicking an imaginary computer mouse. The tap can be held for a drag simulation to move an element, as well as voice commands for certain commands and actions. The HoloLens shell carries over and adapts many elements from the Windows desktop environment. A "bloom" gesture for accessing the shell (performing a similar function to pressing a Windows key on a Windows keyboard or tablet, or the Xbox button on an Xbox One Controller) is performed by opening one's hand, fingers spread with the palm facing up. Windows can be dragged to a particular position, as well as resized. Virtual elements such as windows or menus can be "pinned" to locations, physical structures or objects within the environment; or can be "carried," or fixed in relation to the user, following the user as they move around. Title bars for application windows have a title on the left, and buttons for window management functions on the right. In April 2016 Microsoft Created the Microsoft HoloLens App for Windows 10 PC's and Windows 10 Mobile devices, that allows developers to run apps, use his or her phone or PC's keyboard to type text, view a live stream from the HoloLens user's point of view, and remotely capture mixed reality photos and videos. Developing applications for HoloLens Microsoft Visual Studio is an IDE that can be used to develop applications (both 2D and 3D) for HoloLens. Applications can be tested using HoloLens emulator (included into Visual Studio 2015 IDE) or HoloLens Development Edition. 2D applications HoloLens can run almost all Universal Windows Platform apps. These apps appear as 2D projections. Not all Windows 10 APIs are currently supported by HoloLens, but in most cases the same app is able to run across all Windows 10 devices (including HoloLens), and the same tools that are used to develop applications for Windows PC or Windows Phone can be used to develop a HoloLens app. 3D applications 3D applications, or "holographic" applications, use Windows Holographic APIs. Microsoft recommends Unity engine and Vuforia to create 3D apps for HoloLens, but it's also possible for a developer to build their own engine using DirectX and Windows APIs. See also Augmented reality Smartglasses Virtual reality Notes References External links Official site Signer, Beat & Curtin, Timothy J. (2017). Tangible Holograms: Towards Mobile Physical Augmentation of Virtual Objects, Technical Report WISE Lab, WISE-2017-01, March 2017. Category:Augmented reality Category:Computing input devices Category:Gesture recognition Category:Head-mounted displays Category:History of human–computer interaction Category:Microphones Category:Microsoft hardware Category:Microsoft Category:Mixed reality Category:Wearable devices Category:Windows 10	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wendi Michelle Scott Wendi Michelle Scott (born March 3, 1975) is a Frederick, Maryland, mother of two who was charged on November 16, 2007 with sickening her four-year-old daughter in a notable case of Münchausen syndrome by proxy. Scott was charged with first- and second-degree child abuse, first- and second-degree assault and reckless endangerment. She was ordered to be held in jail on $75,000 bail. Frederick County Assistant State's Attorney Lindell K. Angel had urged Circuit Court Judge G. Edward Dwyer to set Scott's bail at $250,000, calling her a danger to herself and others. Defense attorney Mary Drawbaugh had asked for a lower bail, stating that Scott turned herself in and kept her weekly psychiatric appointments. Munchausen syndrome evidenced by Scott in the past According to court statements, Scott had previously feigned cancer for about a year between 2002 and 2003 by shaving her head and eyebrows and plucking her eyelashes. She moved about using a wheelchair or walker most of the time, convincing her husband, pastor, and friends that she was seriously ill. While it is unclear if there was a definitive past diagnosis, Angel characterized Scott in the November 16, 2007 hearing as having "a history of Munchausen syndrome." Daughter's illness and investigation In the hearing, Angel described how Scott intravenously fed her daughter magnesium and withdrew blood to make her appear sickly and caused her daughter to suffer from severe diarrhea, blood loss, vomiting, high fever and a rapid heart rate. During this time, her daughter was being treated at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, but doctors there had been unable to find a cause for her symptoms. During three years of inpatient and outpatient treatments at Walter Reed, 72 procedures had been performed on the child, including blood transfusions and bone marrow tests because of suspicions of leukemia. Doctors admitted that if not for that suspicion, none of the procedures likely would have been required. In Scott's May 2008 sentencing trial, Dr. Arthur deLorimier, a lieutenant colonel at Walter Reed, testified that the girl faces increased risks of cancer from repeated radiological tests, is developmentally delayed, and is in danger of future emotional problems. Online journal While the child was at Walter Reed, Scott had been posting an online diary documenting the travails of parenting a seriously ill child, Angel said. "The doctors are at a loss," Angel said, reading from the journal. "But we will continue to go on, and through friends, the hospital and everyone's prayers, we'll get through this." Trial and sentence Scott entered a guilty plea to first-degree child abuse on March 13, 2008. In the hearing, Scott's defense attorney acknowledged her client intentionally harmed her child during the six-week period from May 1 to June 12, 2007, and conceded that the state could prove Scott committed the most serious of those acts during this time period. Judge Dwyer, again presiding, accepted Scott's plea and convicted her of abuse from May 1 to June 12, 2007. As part of the plea agreement, fourteen other charges against Scott were dropped, including allegations of assault and reckless endangerment. Dwyer ordered Scott to remain on home detention while awaiting trial and prohibited Scott from having contact with her children or entering Fort Detrick. In a six-hour sentencing hearing on May 8, 2008, Drawbaugh urged Dwyer to confine Scott to her home, allowing her to continue intensive psychotherapy to deal with severe mental illnesses. However, after hearing prosecution testimony as well, Judge Dwyer ordered Scott to serve 15 years of a 25-year sentence for the actions to which she had pleaded guilty. See also Beverley Allitt David Southall Julie Gregory, victim of Munchausen by proxy, author of the memoir Sickened Murder of Dee Dee Blanchard, the 2015 killing of a Missouri woman by her daughter, whom she had made pretend to be seriously ill. References Category:1975 births Category:Child abuse in the United States Category:People from Frederick, Maryland Category:Living people Category:People with factitious disorders Category:21st-century American criminals Category:Criminals from Maryland Category:American female criminals Category:Prisoners and detainees of Maryland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Placentalia Placentalia is one of the three extant subdivisions of the class of animals Mammalia; the other two are Monotremata and Marsupialia. The placentals are partly distinguished from other mammals in that the fetus is carried in the uterus of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. The name is something of a misnomer considering that marsupials also nourish their fetuses via a placenta, though for a relatively briefer period, giving birth to less developed young who are then kept for a period in the mother's pouch. Anatomical features Placental mammals are anatomically distinguished from other mammals by: a sufficiently wide opening at the bottom of the pelvis to allow the birth of a large baby relative to the size of the mother. the absence of epipubic bones extending forward from the pelvis, which are found in all other mammals. (Their function in non-placental mammals is to stiffen the body during locomotion, but in placentals they would inhibit the expansion of the abdomen during pregnancy.) the rearmost bones of the foot fit into a socket formed by the ends of the tibia and fibula, forming a complete mortise and tenon upper ankle joint. the presence of a malleolus at the bottom of the fibula. Subdivisions Analysis of retroposon presence/absence patterns has provided a rapid, unequivocal means for revealing the evolutionary history of organisms: this has resulted in a revision in the classification of placentals. There are now thought to be three major subdivisions or lineages of placental mammals: Boreoeutheria, Xenarthra, and Afrotheria, all of which diverged from common ancestors. The living orders of placental mammals in the three groups are: Magnorder Afrotheria (elephant shrews, tenrecs, golden moles, hyraxes, elephants, and manatees) Superorder Afroinsectiphilia Order Afrosoricida (tenrecs and golden moles) Order Macroscelidea (elephant shrews) Order Tubulidentata (aardvark) Superorder Paenungulata Order Hyracoidea (hyraxes) Mirorder Tethytheria (elephants, dugongs, and manatees) Order Proboscidea (elephants) Order Sirenia (dugongs and manatees) Magnorder Boreoeutheria Superorder Euarchontoglires (treeshrews, colugos, primates, rabbits, hares, and rodents) Grandorder Gliriformes Mirorder Glires Order Lagomorpha (rabbits, hares, and pikas) Order Rodentia (rodents: mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, etc.) Grandorder Euarchonta Order Scandentia (treeshrews) Mirorder Primatomorpha Order Dermoptera (colugos) Order Primates (primates: humans, monkeys, apes, lemurs, lorises, etc.) Superorder Laurasiatheria (hedgehogs, shrews, moles, whales, bats, dogs, cats, seals, and hoofed mammals) Order Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, gymnures, shrews, moles, and solenodons) Order Chiroptera (bats) Order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates: cattle, antelope, deer, camels, pigs, whales, etc.) Order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates: horses, donkeys, zebras, rhinoceroses, and tapirs) Mirorder Ferae (pangolins, dogs, cats, bears, seals, mongooses, etc.) Order Pholidota (pangolins) Order Carnivora (carnivorans: dogs, cats, bears, seals, mongooses, etc.) Magnorder Xenarthra (armadillos, anteaters, and sloths) Order Cingulata (armadillos) Order Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) The exact relationships among these three lineages is currently a subject of debate, and three different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is basal or diverged first from other placentals. These hypotheses are Atlantogenata (basal Boreoeutheria), Epitheria (basal Xenarthra), and Exafroplacentalia (basal Afrotheria). Estimates for the divergence times among these three placental groups range from 105 to 120 million years ago (MYA), depending on the type of DNA (e.g. nuclear or mitochondrial) and varying interpretations of paleogeographic data. {{clade\| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100% \|label1='Placentalia \|1= }} Cladogram based on Amrine-Madsen, H. et al. (2003) and Asher, R.J. et al. (2009) Evolution True placental mammals (the crown group including all modern placentals) arose from stem-group members of the clade Eutheria, which had existed since at least the Middle Jurassic period, about 170 MYA). These early eutherians were small, nocturnal insect eaters, with adaptations for life in trees. True placentals may have originated in the Late Cretaceous around 90 MYA, but the earliest undisputed fossils are from the early Paleocene, 66 MYA, following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The species Protungulatum donnae was thought to be a stem-ungulate known 1 meter above the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in the geological stratum that marks the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and Purgatorius'', previously considered a stem-primate, appears no more than 300,000 years after the K-Pg boundary; both species, however, are now considered non-placental eutherians. The rapid appearance of placentals after the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous suggests that the group had already originated and undergone an initial diversification in the Late Cretaceous, as suggested by molecular clocks. The lineages leading to Xenarthra and Afrotheria probably originated around 90 MYA, and Boreoeutheria underwent an initial diversification around 70-80 MYA, producing the lineages that eventually would lead to modern primates, rodents, insectivores, artiodactyls, and carnivorans. However, modern members of the placental orders originated in the Paleogene around 66 to 23 MYA, following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The evolution of crown orders such modern primates, rodents, and carnivores appears to be part of an adaptive radiation that took place as mammals quickly evolved to take advantage of ecological niches that were left open when most dinosaurs and other animals disappeared following the Chicxulub asteroid impact. As they occupied new niches, mammals rapidly increased in body size, and began to take over the large herbivore and large carnivore niches that had been left open by the decimation of the dinosaurs. Mammals also exploited niches that the dinosaurs had never touched: for example, bats evolved flight and echolocation, allowing them to be highly effective nocturnal, aerial insectivores; and whales first occupied freshwater lakes and rivers and then moved into the oceans. Primates, meanwhile, acquired specialized grasping hands and feet which allowed them to grasp branches, and large eyes with keener vision which allowed them to forage in the dark. The evolution of land placentals followed different pathways on different continents since they cannot easily cross large bodies of water. An exception is smaller placentals such as rodents and primates, who left Laurasia and colonized Africa and then South America via rafting. In Africa, the Afrotheria underwent a major adaptive radiation, which led to elephants, elephant shrews, tenrecs, golden moles, aardvarks, and manatees. In South America a similar event occurred, with radiation of the Xenarthra, which led to modern sloths, anteaters, and armadillos, as well as the extinct ground sloths and glyptodonts. Expansion in Laurasia was dominated by Boreoeutheria, which includes primates and rodents, insectivores, carnivores, perissodactyls and artiodactyls. These groups expanded beyond a single continent when land bridges formed linking Africa to Eurasia and South America to North America. References Category:Mammal taxonomy Category:Extant Paleocene first appearances Category:Taxa named by Richard Owen	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Diamonds & Dirt Diamonds & Dirt is an album released in 1988 by American singer-songwriter Rodney Crowell (see 1988 in country music). His fifth studio album, it was also his second release for the Columbia Records label. The album was also his most successful, achieving RIAA gold certification. In addition, all five of its singles reached Number One on the Billboard country charts, setting a record for the most Number One hits from a country album. In order of release, these were "It's Such a Small World" (a duet with then-wife Rosanne Cash), "I Couldn't Leave You If I Tried", "She's Crazy for Leaving", "After All This Time", and a cover of Buck Owens' "Above and Beyond (The Call of Love)". This was Crowell's first album recorded entirely in Nashville and the first aimed squarely at a country audience. The album was later re-issued by Columbia Legacy with three bonus tracks. Track listing All songs written by Rodney Crowell except where noted. "Crazy Baby" (Rodney Crowell, Will Jennings) – 3:06 "I Couldn't Leave You If I Tried" – 3:17 "She's Crazy for Leavin'" (Crowell, Guy Clark) – 3:16 "After All This Time" – 4:28 "I Know You're Married" – 3:31 "Above and Beyond" (Harlan Howard) – 2:28 "It's Such a Small World" – 3:21 duet with Rosanne Cash "I Didn't Know I Could Lose You" – 3:21 "Brand New Rag" (Crowell, Jennings) – 3:07 "The Last Waltz" (Crowell, Jennings) – 5:21 "I've Got My Pride but I Got to Feed the Kids" – 2:28A "It's Lonely Out" – 3:40A "Lies Don't Lie" – 3:04A AOnly included on Legacy re-issue. Personnel Eddie Bayers – drums Barry Beckett – piano, organ Rosanne Cash – background vocals Rodney Crowell – lead vocals, acoustic guitar Glen Duncan – fiddle Paul Franklin – steel guitar Vince Gill – background vocals Russ Kunkel – drums Mark O'Connor – fiddle, mandolin Michael Rhodes – bass guitar Vince Santoro – background vocals Preston Smith – harmonica, background vocals Steuart Smith – electric guitar Chart performance References Allmusic (see infobox) Category:1988 albums Category:Rodney Crowell albums Category:Columbia Records albums Category:Albums produced by Tony Brown (record producer) Category:Albums produced by Rodney Crowell	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Silvana (food) Silvanas, alternatively spelled as sylvanas or sylvannas, is a Filipino frozen cookie consisting of a layer of buttercream sandwiched between two cashew-meringue wafers coated with cookie crumbs. Silvanas are the cookie versions of the Sans rival, a Filipino cake made from similar ingredients. See also Caycay Mango float Inipit Ube cheesecake List of cookies References Category:Cookies Category:Philippine cuisine Category:Cashew dishes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sampo Group Sampo Oyj is a Finnish financial company made up of the parent company Sampo plc and If P&C Insurance Holding Ltd, Mandatum Life Insurance Company Ltd and Topdanmark, all of which are its subsidiaries. The parent company in Helsinki administers the subsidiaries. Sampo Group employs nearly 9,400 employees. Kari Stadigh is the Group CEO and President for Sampo. Largest shareholders of Sampo Group are Finnish national institutions (Government of Finland, Regional Authorities Pension Agency and State Pension Fund). Sampo Group had a banking operations under the name of Sampo Bank between 2000 - 2006. In November 2006, it was disclosed that the banking business of Sampo was sold to the Danish Danske Bank so that Sampo could concentrate on its insurance business. The proceeds of the sale were invested in the shares of Nordea, the largest bank in the Nordic region. Sampo currently owns more than 20 per cent and is a major shareholder in Nordea. Nordea is Sampo's associated company. Sampo owns also 36.25 per cent of Nordax, a leading, niche bank in Northern Europe. Share Sampo plc's A share has been listed on NASDAQ OMX Helsinki (former Helsinki Stock Exchange) since January 1988. In terms of market capitalization Sampo plc is one of the largest companies listed on NASDAQ OMX Helsinki. Björn Wahlroos, the Chairman of the Board, controls 6.6 million Sampo A Shares (1.2 per cent). Foreign and nominee registered owners had 67.26% of Sampo plc's shares (30 Sep 2018). Sampo plc has 106,491 registered owners. If If P&C Insurance is responsible for Sampo Group's property and casualty insurance operations. If P&C Insurance is the leading property and casualty insurer in the Nordic region, with more than 3.7 million customers in the Nordic and Baltic countries. If offers insurance and services in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Mandatum Life Sampo plc owns the entire stock of the Mandatum Life Insurance Company Limited. The Mandatum Life Group owns Mandatum Life Insurance Baltic SE, which operates in all Baltic countries and is domiciled in Estonia. In Latvia and Lithuania the company operates through branch offices. Mandatum Life's market share of the Finnish and the Baltic insurance markets is about 20 per cent. Nordea Nordea Bank AB, commonly referred to as Nordea, is a Nordic financial services group operating in Northern Europe. In October 2009 Sampo plc received permission from Swedish authorities to acquire more than 20% of Nordea. Today Sampo Group owns 21.2% of the banking group and Nordea is Sampo's associated company. Name In Finnish mythology the name Sampo refers to a mythical machine that creates salt, food, flour and gold out of nothing. See also List of Finnish companies If P&C Insurance References Category:Companies based in Helsinki Category:Companies listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange Category:Former mutual insurance companies Category:Financial services companies of Finland Category:Financial services companies established in 1909 Category:Finnish brands	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alia Alia or ALIA may refer to: Alia Places Alia, Sicily, Italy, a comune Alia (Phrygia), a town of ancient Phrygia which remains a Roman Catholic titular bishopric Alía, Spain, a municipality in Extremadura El Alia, Tunisia, a town and commune in the Bizerte Governorate Other uses Alia (gastropod), a genus of molluscs Alia, the former name of Royal Jordanian Airlines Australian Library and Information Association (ALIA) See also Aaliyah (1979–2001), American R&B singer Aliya (disambiguation) Aliyah (disambiguation) Allia (moth), a genus in the family Noctuidae Allia, a tributary of the River Tiber, Italy Battle of the Allia, fought BC between the Romans and the Senones Alya (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Wilson (cyclist) John Wilson (17 November 1876 – 24 November 1957) was a Scottish rugby league administrator and road racing cyclist who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. Wilson was born in Muirden, Aberdeenshire. In 1912 he was a member of the Scotland cycling team which finished fourth in the team time trial event. In the individual time trial competition he finished 16th. Rugby League For many years Wilson was an official of Hull Kingston Rovers and in 1920 was named as one of the two tour managers for the 1920 Great Britain Lions tour to Australia and New Zealand. On his return from the tour he was appointed as the first paid secretary of the Rugby Football League then known as the Northern Union. He remained secretary until retirement in 1946. References Category:1876 births Category:1957 deaths Category:Scottish male cyclists Category:Olympic cyclists of Great Britain Category:Cyclists at the 1912 Summer Olympics Category:Scottish Olympic competitors Category:Road racing cyclists Category:Sportspeople from Aberdeenshire Category:Hull Kingston Rovers Category:British rugby league administrators	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dale Russell Dale Alan Russell (27 December 1937-21 December 2019) was an American-Canadian geologist and palaeontologist. He was Research Professor at the Department of Marine Earth and Atmospheric Sciences (MEAS) at North Carolina State University and Senior Paleontologist at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences. Dinosaurs he has described include Daspletosaurus, and he was amongst the first paleontologists to consider an extraterrestrial cause (supernova, comet, asteroid) for the extinction of the dinosaurs. In 1982, Russell created the "dinosauroid" thought experiment, which speculated an evolutionary path for Troodon if it had not gone extinct in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 65 million years ago, and had instead evolved into an intelligent being. Russell commissioned a model of his dinosauroid by artist Ron Sequin, and the concept became popular. Various later anthropologists have continued Russell's speculations about intelligent Troodon-like dinosaurs, though they often find his original idea too anthropomorphic. References External links Category:American paleontologists Category:Canadian paleontologists Category:1937 births Category:2019 deaths Category:North Carolina State University faculty Category:Scientists from California Category:People from San Francisco	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of shipwrecks in 1817 The list of shipwrecks in 1817 includes ships sunk, wrecked or otherwise lost during 1817. January 1 January 2 January 4 January 5 January 6 January 7 January 8 January 9 January 10 January 12 January 13 January 14 January 15 January 16 January 17 January 18 January 19 January 20 January 21 January 22 January 23 January 24 January 25 January 26 January 27 January 28 January 29 January 31 January Unknown date February 3 February 4 February 5 February 6 February 7 February 8 February 9 February 10 February 11 February 12 February 13 February 15 February 16 February 17 February 18 February 19 February 20 February 22 February 23 February 24 February 25 February 27 February 28 February Unknown date March 1 March 2 March 3 March 4 March 5 March 6 March 7 March 8 March 10 March 11 March 12 March 13 March 15 March 18 March 19 March 20 March 21 March 22 March 23 March 24 March 25 March 26 March 27 March 29 March 31 March Unknown date April 4 April 6 April 7 April 9 April 10 April 14 April 15 April 16 April 17 April 18 April 19 April 20 April 24 April 25 April 26 April 28 April 29 April Unknown date May 4 May 5 May 6 May 7 May 8 May 9 May 10 May 13 May 14 May 19 May 23 May 24 May 26 May 28 May 29 May 30 May Unknown date June 1 June 3 June 4 June 5 June 6 June 7 June 8 June 9 June 11 June 12 June 13 June 14 June 15 June 18 June 20 June 22 June 23 June 24 June 29 June Unknown date July 1 July 2 July 3 July 4 July 5 July 6 July 8 July 10 July 13 July 14 July 15 July 16 July 25 July 28 July 29 July Unknown Date August 1 August 2 August 3 August 5 August 6 August 7 August 8 August 10 August 12 August 13 August 14 August 15 August 17 August 18 August 19 August 21 August 22 August 23 August 24 August 25 August 26 August 27 August {{shipwreck list item \|ship=Hibernia \|flag= \|desc=The ship departed from Plymouth, Devon for Liverpool, Lancashire. She was last sighted off Land's End, Cornwall. Presumed subsequently foundered with the loss of all hands.<ref name=CM111017> 29 August 30 August 31 August Unknown date September 2 September 3 September 4 September 6 September 8 September 11 September 13 September 14 September 16 September 17 September 18 September 19 September 22 September 24 September 26 September 27 September 28 September 29 September 30 September Unknown date October 1 October 2 October 3 October 4 October 5 October 6 October 7 October 9 October 10 October 11 October 12 October 13 October 14 October 15 October 16 October 17 October 18 October 19 October 20 October 21 October 22 October 23 October 25 October 26 October 27 October 29 October 30 October 31 October Unknown date November 1 November 2 November 3 November 4 November 5 November 6 November 7 November 8 November 9 November 11 November 12 November 13 November 14 November 15 November 16 November 17 November 18 November 19 November 20 November 21 November 22 November 23 November 24 November 25 November 26 November 27 November 28 November 29 November 30 November Unknown date December 1 December 3 December 4 December 5 December 6 December 7 December 8 December 9 December 10 December 11 December 12 December 13 December 14 December 15 December 16 December 17 December 18 December 19 December 20 December 21 December 22 December 23 December 24 December 26 December 27 December 28 December 31 December Unknown date Unknown date References 1817	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Leo the Lion Leo the Lion may refer to: Leo the Lion (MGM), the mascot of the Hollywood film studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Leo the Lion (TV series), an anime Japanese television series by Osamu Tezuka Leo the Lion: King of the Jungle, a 1994 direct-to-video animated film from GoodTimes Entertainment Leo (constellation) ("the lion"), a constellation Leo (astrology) the zodiac sign Leo the Lion (singer) or Leo Ihenacho (born 1977), British singer Leo the Lion, the Mascot of Real Salt Lake Soccer Team Leo "The Lion" Nomellini (1924–2000), American football player	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pressburg Yeshiva (Jerusalem) Pressburg Yeshiva of Jerusalem () is a leading yeshiva located in the Givat Shaul neighborhood of Jerusalem. It was founded in 1950 by Rabbi Akiva Sofer (known as the Daas Sofer), a great-grandson of Rabbi Moses Sofer (the Chasam Sofer), who established the original Pressburg Yeshiva in the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1807. As of 2009, the rosh yeshiva is Rabbi Simcha Bunim Sofer. The yeshiva building includes a yeshiva ketana, yeshiva gedola, and kollel. The main beis medrash doubles as a synagogue where some neighborhood residents also pray on Shabbat. The complex also includes a general neighborhood synagogue which functions as Givat Shaul's main nusach Ashkenaz synagogue. References Category:Ashkenazi Jewish culture in Jerusalem Category:Ashkenazi synagogues Category:Orthodox yeshivas in Jerusalem Category:Synagogues in Jerusalem Category:Orthodox synagogues in Israel	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tekeliler, Karacasu Tekeliler is a village in the District of Karacasu, Aydın Province, Turkey. As of 2010 it had a population of 309 people. References Category:Populated places in Aydın Province Category:Karacasu District Category:Villages in Turkey	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jodie White Jodie White may refer to: Jodie-Anne White (1967–2012), Australian dancer, choreographer and artistic director Jodie White (footballer) (born 1980), Australian rules footballer	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Egesina picta Egesina picta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1940. It is known from Borneo. References Category:Egesina Category:Beetles described in 1940	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Liberty and Justice For... Liberty and Justice for... is the third full-length studio album from New York hardcore band Agnostic Front. It was released in 1987 on Relativity/Combat Records and follows 1986's Cause for Alarm. Live at CBGB followed this album in 1989 featuring songs from the band's first three albums and EP. Overview The band further explored the crossover direction they had begun on their previous album, whilst still keeping the songs to the bare minimum duration-wise. Almost wholesale changes in line-up had taken place since the previous album with the rhythm section and second guitar slot all seeing new players. Track listing Personnel Agnostic Front Roger Miret – vocals Steve Martin – lead guitar Vinnie Stigma – rhythm guitar Alan Peters – bass Will Shepler – drums Production Produced by Norman Dunn Engineered by Alex Perialas Trivia The album was engineered by Alex Perialas who was quite well known at the time for his work on thrash metal recordings External links Flex! Discography album entry Discogs album entry Agnostic Front official website Category:1987 albums Category:Agnostic Front albums Category:Combat Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Campaign (role-playing games) In role-playing games, a campaign is a continuing storyline or set of adventures, typically involving the same characters. The purpose of the continuing storyline is to introduce a further aspect into the game: that of development, improvement, and growth (or degeneration) of the characters. In a campaign, a single session becomes a scene or an act within an overall story arc. At its inception, a campaign may or may not have a defined conclusion. A campaign by definition spans more than one session of play. Certain aspects of the game are nearly always constant throughout a campaign: the campaign setting, the players, and the gamemaster. The gamemaster for a campaign is said to run the campaign. Aspects of a campaign A campaign is characterized by the following aspects: The rules – What underlying game system is used? What changes, additions, or subtractions has the game master made to the rules? How will the game master interpret those rules? The game world or setting – Where do the adventures take place? What makes this world or place unique? Realism – Will the game attempt to closely simulate the real world? Or will unlikely or fantastic happenings be commonplace? Humor – Will the game be silly or comical? Or will it be serious and dark? An underlying storyline – Are the players a part of larger events occurring in the game world? Not all campaigns have such a storyline, but most at least have recurring characters. Differing amounts of emphasis on any of these factors help set the flavor of the campaign. A campaign, including its characters, settings, and history is created collaboratively by players and the game master. Types of campaigns A hack and slash, kick in the door, or dungeon crawl campaign focuses on slaying monsters and finding treasure. This type of campaign is often very episodic. Many players of Dungeons & Dragons favor this type of campaign. A wargame campaign has a focus on military and political activities, generally involving the affairs of entire fictional states. Miniature wargaming overlaps and dovetails into role playing at this level. Games Workshop started life as a roleplay company, but through an analogous process have transformed themselves into a miniatures manufacturing company with support material for entire fictional worlds – all to support their own role/miniature campaign concepts. A four color or superheroic campaign is similar in flavor to comic books. The players are often given tasks, such as supervillains to stop, by their superiors. A detective campaign focuses on mysteries that must be solved by the players or that unfold as the game goes along. These may be ordinary crimes, or mysteries of the paranormal. Certain games, such as Call of Cthulhu, are designed specifically with this type of campaign in mind. Numerous variants of the above campaigns are created by the players. The exact nature of these variations are usually exposed by providing a descriptive prefix to the word campaign. For example: a villain campaign where the players are the bad guys or a kiddie campaign where the players' characters are still children. Other names Some published games have deliberately used different terms for the same concept. For instance, White Wolf uses the word Chronicle for its World of Darkness and Exalted games. References Category:Role-playing game terminology ja:キャンペーン (TRPG)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jean Mallon Jean Mallon (20 June 1904, in Le Havre – 16 November 1982) was a French palaeographer, specialist of Latin palaeography. Career A student at the École Nationale des Chartes, he obtained his archivist-palaeographer degree in 1926. He then was a curator at the Archives nationales. John Mallon had a major influence on the French school of paleography, introducing and demonstrating the importance of the ductus as dynamic element of the evolution of writings. In the early years of his work, from 1937 to 1939, he retained the traditional theory that wanted all Roman writings were from the capital calligraphy by a regularly continuous transformation processing thereof, but highlighted the problems that this theory raised. He innovated by creating the first palaeographic movie, La lettre, which highlighted the role of successive actions of cursiveness and calligraphy on the morphological transformation of the alphabet. He published, with Robert Marichal, L'écriture latine de la capitale romaine à la minuscule. After the war, Mallon was the project manager of the "nouvelle paléographie" (new paleography) and published in 1952 the work Paléographie romaine, which organized new concepts of the evolution of writing in a consistent and flawless presentation: the inclination of the support moves the thick and thin strokes and generates a genealogy of various scriptures attested in Roman times that can no longer be seen as a continuous multiple affiliations, but in a pattern that, in outline, must be at least bifurcated. The thirty years following the Paléographie romaine were those of "exploitation and activism." Because of his originality and his work covering epigraphy, diplomatics, papyrology and codicology, he was considered "the pioneer of the French new school of palaeography". Publications Books 1939: . 1952: Jean Mallon. Paléographie romaine, Madrid, Consejo superior de investigaciones científicas, Instituto Antonio de Nebrija de filologia, 189 p. (Scripturae, monumenta et studia, 3). 1951: Monsalud, Mariano Cárlos Solano Gálvez de San Pelayo y Villalpando, marquis de. Las Inscripciones publicadas por el marqués de Monsalud (1897-1908). Estudio crítico, éd. Jean Mallon et Tomás Marín, Madrid, Consejo sup. de investig. cient., XXV-135 p. (Scripturae monumenta et studia, 2). 1982: 1986: 1963: Archives nationales (France), Inventaire des archives de la marine. T. 8, Sous-série B3, 561-803, réd. Henri Buche et Jean Mallon, Paris : Impr. nationale. Articles 1948: Pour une nouvelle critique des chiffres dans les inscriptions latines gravées sur pierre', "Emerita", t. 16, p. 14-45. 1949: Quel est le plus ancien exemple connu d'un manuscrit latin en forme de codex ?, "Emerita", t. 17, p. 1-8. 1952: La Brique de Villaviciosa de Cordoba, Ps. XCV, 11, in "Studi in onore di Cesare Manaresi", Milano, A. Giuffré, p. 209-216. 1955: Une inscription latine incomplètement gravée, "Libyca, Archéologie, Epigraphie", t. 3, p. 155-162 1957: Scriptoria épigraphiques, in "Scriptorium", t. 11/2, p. 177-194. 1964–1965: Jean Mallon, Charles Perrat, Liste de noms écrits sur marbre, in "Mélanges de Carthage" offerts à Charles Saumagne, Louis Poinssot, Maurice Pinard, Paris : Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner, p. 135-139. 1970: Gilbert Charles-Picard, Henri Le Bonniec, Jean Mallon, Le Cippe de Beccut, in "Antiquités africaines", t. 4, p. 125-164. L'Écriture de la chancellerie impériale romaine, "Acta Salmanticensia. Filosofía y letras", t. 4/2 1976: Schéma à propos d'une inscription latine publiée dans un recueil récent, "Scriptorium", t. 30, . 1977: Panorama actual de la investigacion sobre escrituras latinas : perspectivas para el futuro, in "Actas de las I jornadas de metodologia aplicada de las ciencias historicas, V paleografia y archivistica", Santiago de Compostela : Universidad, . 1981: Qu'est-ce que la paléographie ?'', communication dactylographiée au "Colloque du Comité international de paléographie", Munich, 15 September. Film Jean Mallon, 'Ductus', director Jean Venard, animation Equipe Arcady, music by Jean Cohen-Solal, conseiller artistique Georges Richar, prod. Les films verts References Category:French palaeographers Category:École Nationale des Chartes alumni Category:People from Le Havre Category:1904 births Category:1982 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aegiceras corniculatum Aegiceras corniculatum, commonly known as black mangrove, river mangrove or khalsi, is a species of shrub or tree mangrove in the primrose family, Primulaceae, with a distribution in coastal and estuarine areas ranging from India through South East Asia to southern China, New Guinea and Australia. Description Aegiceras corniculatum grows as a shrub or small tree up to high, though often considerably less. Its leaves are alternate, obovate, long and wide, entire, leathery and minutely dotted. Its fragrant, small, white flowers are produced as umbellate clusters of 10–30, with a peduncle up to 10 mm long and with pedicels long. The calyx is long and corolla long. The fruit is curved and cylindrical or horn-shaped, light green to pink in colour and long. It grows in mud in estuaries and tidal creeks, often at the seaward edge of the mangrove zone. The species is of interest to many moths, including species from the genera Anarsia, Archips and Phyllocnistis, as well as the species Darna trima, Gonodontis clelia and Neurozerra conferta. Medicinal uses Aegiceras corniculatum extract has analgesic properties which supports a fight against diabetes. The stems of the plant contain up to seven compounds, including: 2-methoxy-3-nonylresorcinol, 5-O-ethylembelin, 2-O-acetyl-5-O-methylembelin, 3,7-dihydroxy-2,5-diundecylnaphthoquinone, 2,7-dihydroxy-8-methoxy-3,6-diundecyldibenzofuran-1,4-dione, 2,8-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-3,9-diundecyldibenzofuran-1,4-dione (6), and 10-hydroxy-4-O-methyl-2,11-diundecylgomphilactone. References External links Category:Primulaceae Category:Flora of New South Wales Category:Flora of Queensland Category:Flora of Western Australia Category:Flora of the Northern Territory Category:Mangroves Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Vogues The Vogues are an American vocal group from Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh. The original lineup consisted of Bill Burkette (lead baritone), Don Miller (baritone), Hugh Geyer (first tenor), and Chuck Blasko (second tenor). They are best known for their chart-topping singles "You're the One", "Five O'Clock World", "Magic Town", and "Turn Around, Look at Me". In addition to touring the world, the group appeared on American Bandstand, The Tonight Show, and The Ed Sullivan Show. They were inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2001. Career The group, originally named the Val-Aires, formed in 1958 at Turtle Creek High School. They signed with Pittsburgh manager Elmer Willet, who produced their first recording release "Which One Will It Be/Launie My Love". DJ Porky Chedwick became a supporter booking the group for his rock and roll shows and record hops. Chedwick put them on bills with the Drifters, the Platters, and the Dells. Clark Race of KDKA radio promoted the group on his KDKA-TV dance show. Having strong regional sales, the single was picked up for national distribution by Coral Records. After high school, several members of the group joined the Army while others went to college. A few years later with their enlistments completed and degrees in hand, they decided to record again. They pitched in $100 apiece to record a demo tape. They hired Nick Cenci, who had broken Lou Christie, to produce the recording. In 1965, Cenci produced recording sessions for the Val-Aires at Gateway Studios in Pittsburgh. The band recorded vocals for a cover of the Petula Clark song "You're the One." It was released on the band's own Blue Star label. Cenci persuaded John Rook, program director of KQV, to play the single. With local airplay and sales Cenci signed them to the Co & Ce label as the "Vogues". He had the single distributed nationally. The song became a national hit reaching number four on the Billboard Hot 100. Later in 1965, Cenci produced another Vogues recording session giving the world the no. 4 Billboard hit, "Five O'Clock World". In 1966, Co & Ce Records released the singles "Magic Town", which reached no. 21 in February, and the no. 29 "The Land of Milk and Honey". The singles "Summer Afternoon" and "Lovers of the World Unite" were released on Co & Ce in 1967. Co & Ce leased the Vogues to Reprise Records (distributed by Warner Bros.) where they scored with cover versions of "Turn Around, Look at Me" (#7), "My Special Angel" (#7), "Till" (#27), "No, Not Much" (#34), "Earth Angel (Will You Be Mine)" (#42), "Moments To Remember" (#47), and "Green Fields" (#92). The original group made many TV appearances in the 1960s, including The Tonight Show, The Ed Sullivan Show, Shindig, The Red Skelton Show, The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour, American Bandstand, Hullabaloo, and several appearances on The Mike Douglas Show. In 1971, the Vogues signed a recording contract with Bell Records and recorded three singles ("Love Song", "Take Time to Tell Her", and "American Family"). 1972 saw the group release one single on Mainstream Records ("Need You" b/w "Greatest Show on Earth"). By 1973, the Vogues were now a trio (Burkette, Miller, and Blasko). Hugh Geyer had departed to spend time with his family. Now recording for 20th Century Records the group released three singles ("My Prayer", "Wonderful Summer", and "Prisoner of Love"). With little commercial success, these would be the last singles released by The Vogues. By the time the 1980s came around, the trio (Don Miller left in 1974 and replaced by an endless list of vocalists) was doing less touring and was concentrating on Western Pennsylvania venues. Bill Burkette left in 1983, leaving only Chuck Blasko to carry on as the Vogues. At some point in the late 1970s or early 1980s, the group's manager had trademarked the name and assets of the Vogues. He then sold the trademark to another promoter who starting booking other quartets as the Vogues. The trademark was sold several times resulting in several groups of singers claiming to be the Vogues. In 2000, the trademark was purchased by vocalist and Pittsburgh area native Stan Elich, who eventually would make this group the true Vogues. During these years Blasko continued to perform as the Vogues, and clash with the trademark group. At one point Blasko testified in front of Congress on the Truth in Music Act. A lawsuit filed by Blasko ended with the Pennsylvania court permitting Blasko's Vogues to perform in 14 Western Pennsylvania counties and the trademark group to perform everywhere else in the world as The Vogues. Chuck Blasko's Vogues continue to perform in Western Pennsylvania. From 2004 until 2006, original member Hugh Geyer toured with Blasko's group in the 14 Western Pennsylvania counties that Blasko's group was permitted to tour in. After creative differences with Blasko, Geyer left that group at the end of 2006. In March 2007, Geyer joined the national touring group of The Vogues of "trademark" owner Stan Elich. Geyer continued to perform with this group until his retirement in December 2012. In May 2008, original lead vocalist Bill Burkette joined Geyer in touring the USA with the "trademark" Vogues. The members of this group included Burkette, Geyer, group owner Stan Elich, Troy Elich, and Jim Campagna. Stan Elich died in December 2010. His son Troy now owns the trademark "The Vogues". In 2010, The Vogues released a live album The Vogues Sings the Hits Live on the Desert Trax Music label. This marked the first time in 38 years that Burkette and Geyer recorded together. The Vogues' line-up, as of March 2018, was Troy Elich, Royce Taylor, and Bo Wagner. Taylor had previously been a member of The Vogues from 1991–97. Wagner is a former member of Blasko's Pittsburgh group. Current band members are Dean Mastrangelo (lead guitar), Artie Deleonardis (drums), JR Wright (keyboards), and Rich Gooch (bass). The original group was inducted into the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2001. Bill Burkette (born William W. Burkette III on September 17, 1942) died on March 1, 2018 at the age of 75. Studio albums Meet the Vogues (1965) Five O'Clock World (1966) Turn Around, Look at Me (1968) Till (1969) Memories (1969) The Vogues' Greatest Hits (1970) The Vogues Sing the Good Old Songs (1970) Lovers Concerto (1971) Singles References External links 'The Vogues' Vocal Group Hall of Fame Page The Vogues homepage (the trademark group featuring Bill Burkette) Category:American vocal groups Category:American pop music groups Category:People from Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Category:Reprise Records artists Category:Traditional pop music singers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
New Hampshire State Library The New Hampshire State Library is a library in Concord, New Hampshire, and also a state agency, overseen since 2017 by the New Hampshire Department of Natural and Cultural Resources (DNCR). The physical building is located across the street from the New Hampshire State House. History The library's origins pre-date the United States: "The beginnings of the State Library were in 1717 and it is generally considered to be the oldest such institution in the United States." Originally housed in Portsmouth, the state library has been located in Concord since 1808. The current building opened in 1895, and also housed the New Hampshire Supreme Court until 1970. References External links Official website Category:Buildings and structures in Concord, New Hampshire Category:Libraries in Merrimack County, New Hampshire State Library Category:State libraries of the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Irma Carmona Irma Carmona (born November 28, 1960 in Mexico City) is a Latin American voice actress and the Mexican voice of Sailor Neptune in Sailor Moon. She was also the voice of female Ranma in Ranma ½. Filmography Lala in Ojamajo Doremi (1999–2003) Michelle Kaio/Sailor Neptune in Sailor Moon S (1997–1998), Sailor Moon Stars (1999), Sailor Moon S: Hearts In Ice (1998), and Sailor Moon SuperS: The Black Dream Hole (1999) Estudiante in Sailor Moon R: The Promise of the Rose (1997) Computer #1 in Ghost in the Shell (1996) Shazara in Dangaioh (1996) Ranma Saotome (female) in Ranma ½ (1993–1997) Bunnie Rabbot in Sonic SatAM Monica in The Adventures of Pete and Pete Brother Bear in The Berenstain Bears References External links Interview (in Spanish) Category:Living people Category:Mexican voice actresses Category:1960 births Category:Actresses from Mexico City	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2017 IIHF World Championship rosters Each team's roster consisted of at least 15 skaters (forwards and defencemen) and two goaltenders, and at most 22 skaters and three goaltenders. All 16 participating nations, through the confirmation of their respective national associations, had to submit a roster by the first IIHF directorate meeting. Age and team as of 5 May 2017. Group A Denmark A 24-player roster was announced on 24 March 2017. The roster was 27 on 18 April 2017. On 25 April 2017, it was reduced to 24 players. Head coach: Janne Karlsson Germany A 26-player roster was announced on 17 April 2017. The roster was renewed to 27 players on 26 April 2017. The final squad was revealed on 2 May 2017. Head coach: Marco Sturm Italy A 25-player roster was announced on 6 April 2017. A renewed 27-player roster was revealed on 24 April 2017. The final roster was set on 30 April 2017. Head coach: Stefan Mair Latvia A 22-player roster was announced on 15 April 2017. On 22 April 2017, it was renewed. A 28-player roster was announced on 27 April 2017. The final roster was revealed on 2 May 2017. Head coach: Bob Hartley Russia A 27-player roster was announced on 25 April 2017. It was 28 players on 2 May 2017. One day later, the final roster was set. Head coach: Oleg Znarok Slovakia A 22-player roster was announced on 31 March 2017. It was 26 players on 25 April 2017. The final roster was revealed on 2 May 2017. Head coach: Zdeno Cíger Sweden A 23-player roster was announced on 16 April 2017. It was 26 players on 27 April 2017. On 28 April 2017, 25 players remained on the roster. The final squad was revealed on 1 May 2017. Head coach: Rikard Grönborg United States A 15-player roster was named on 13 April 2017, and a day later, Noah Hanifin and Clayton Keller were added. Jack Eichel was added on 19 April, while Johnny Gaudreau was added on 21 April and Charlie McAvoy and Trevor van Riemsdyk on 26 April. On 27 April, Nick Schmaltz was added. Head coach: Jeff Blashill Group B Belarus A 30-player roster was announced on 27 March 2017. It was trimmed to 26 on 14 April 2017. The final roster was revealed on 2 May 2017. Head Coach: Dave Lewis Canada An 18-player roster was named on 19 April 2017. On 28 April 2017 Marc-Édouard Vlasic, Brayden Schenn, Mitch Marner, and Chad Johnson were added, to bring the roster to 22 players. Head coach: Jon Cooper Czech Republic A 31-player roster was announced on 14 April 2017. On 22 April 2017, it was reduced to 29. The roster was set to 27 on 30 April 2017. Head coach: Josef Jandač Finland A 26-player roster was announced on 9 April 2017. It was renewed to 27 on 23 April 2017. The final roster was revealed on 1 May 2017. Head coach: Lauri Marjamäki France A 23-player roster was announced on 5 April 2017. A new 25-player roster was revealed on 24 April 2017. The final roster was set on 2 May 2017. Head coach: Dave Henderson Norway A 26-player roster was announced on 14 April 2017. It was reduced to 24 on 27 April 2017. The final roster was set on 3 May 2017. Head coach: Petter Thoresen Slovenia A 24-player roster was announced on 2 April 2017. The final roster was revealed on 1 May 2017. Head coach: Nik Zupančič Switzerland A 24-player roster was announced on 15 April 2017. A new 29-player roster was revealed on 22 April 2017. The final roster was set on 2 May 2017. Head coach: Patrick Fischer References Rosters Category:IIHF World Championship rosters	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ziemiełowice Ziemiełowice (German Simmelwitz) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Namysłów, within Namysłów County, Opole Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Namysłów and north of the regional capital Opole. Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II). References Category:Villages in Namysłów County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
José Zaldo José Zaldo (c. 1790 – c. 1855) was one of two interim mayors of Ponce, Puerto Rico, after the death of mayor Salvador de Vives. Antonio Corro was the first interim mayor, followed by José Zaldo, who was interim mayor until 31 December of that year. Corro then became mayor on 1 January 1846, and performed as mayor until 31 March of 1846. See also List of Puerto Ricans List of mayors of Ponce, Puerto Rico References Category:Mayors of Ponce, Puerto Rico Category:1790s births Category:1850s deaths Category:Year of birth uncertain Category:Year of death uncertain	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jamuna Rani K. Jamuna Rani (born 17 May 1938 in Andhra Pradesh, India) is a prolific Indian playback singer who has sung over 6,000 songs in Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam and Sinhala languages. Career & Life Rani is the daughter of private officer K. Varadarajulu and violinist K. Droupathy. She first contributed her voice to film at the age of seven for the Telugu movie Tyagayya (1946). By thirteen, Rani was vocalising for lead characters in films like Valayapathi and Kalyani. She had a hit score with Aasaiyum En Nesamum from the Tamil film Gulebakavali in 1955. Jamuna Rani first sang in Sri Lankan cinema for Sujatha in 1953 under the direction of composer Ananda Samarakoon. She subsequently contributed to Warada Kageda (1954), Seda Sulang (1955), Mathalan (1955), Suraya (1957) and Vana Mohini (1958). 'Jeevana Mea Gamana Sansare' which she sang with A. M. Rajah for the movie 'Seda Sulang' is one of the all-time favourite Sinhala cinema songs in Sri Lanka. She was a much sought after playback singer in the 1950s till the 1960s. She had very few songs in the early 1970s. After a hiatus, she came back to Tamil songs in Nayakan (1987) and Annan Ennada Thambi Ennada (1992). Music composers she sang for She worked under G. Ramanathan, K. V. Mahadevan, S. Dakshinamurthi, A. M. Rajah, Vedha, Chittor V. Nagaiah, J. A. Rehman, Pendyala Nageshwara Rao, T. Chalapathi Rao, Ananda Samarakoon, T. G. Lingappa, Viswanathan-Ramamoorthy, T. A. Kalyanam, M. S. Gnanamani, S. Rajeswara Rao, S. Hanumantha Rao, Master Venu, R. Sudharsanam, G. K. Venkatesh, V. T. Rajagopalan, V. Kumar, T. R. Pappa, S. V. Venkatraman, Vijaya Bhaskar, Ghantasala, Kunnakkudi Vaidyanathan, S. M. Subbaiah Naidu, S. P. Kodandapani, V. Kumar, Brother Lakshmanan, M. B. Sreenivasan, M. S. Baburaj, Ilaiyaraaja and Chandrabose. Playback singers she sang with She sang immemorable duets mostly with T. M. Soundararajan, A. M. Rajah, Seerkazhi Govindarajan, A. L. Raghavan, P. B. Sreenivas, and Mohideen Baig. Others are Ghantasala, Thiruchi Loganathan, J. P. Chandrababu, S. C. Krishnan, Dharapuram Sundararajan, V. T. Rajagopalan, H. R. Jothipala, Kamukara Purushothaman, P. Kalinga Rao and Pithapuram Nageswara Rao. She also sang duets with female singers with most notably with P. Suseela, P. Leela, L. R. Easwari and Jikki. Others are A. P. Komala, A. G. Rathnamala, S. Janaki, M. L. Vasanthakumari, T. V. Rathinam, K. Rani, Swarnalatha, M. S. Rajeswari, Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi, L. R. Anjali, Swarna and Renuka. Discography Awards Kalaimamani award from the State Government of Tamil Nadu in 1998. Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award-Aringnar Annadurai award in 2002. References External links The Titillating Voices of Two Tamil Playback Singers in Movie minutes Listen to some popular songs of Jamuna Rani at Raaga.com Jamuna Rani's Sinhalese on Line Songs – Listen to them at Siyapath Arana.com Category:1938 births Category:Living people Category:Indian female film singers Category:Telugu playback singers Category:Kannada playback singers Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh Category:Tamil playback singers Category:20th-century Indian singers Category:Malayalam playback singers Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh Category:Women musicians from Andhra Pradesh Category:20th-century Indian women singers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2014–15 Kuwaiti Premier League The 2014-15 Kuwaiti Premier League season was the 53rd season of the Kuwait Premier League, Kuwait's highest football league. The season saw 14 teams compete, with Kuwait SC being crowned as champions with an undefeated 20-6-0 record. Patrick Fabiano led the league with 22 goals. As the top two teams, Kuwait SC and Al-Arabi SC both qualified for the 2016 Asian Football Confederation (AFC) Cup, an international association football competition between domestic Asian clubs. However, the teams were unable to participate due to the Kuwait Football Association's suspension by FIFA on 16 October 2015. The ban was not lifted until 6 December 2017. Standings References Category:Kuwait Premier League seasons Kuwaiti Premier League 1	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Makuri Stream The Makuri Stream is a tributary of the Patea River, in the upper catchment among the eastern Taranaki hill country. The Makuri catchment falls entirely within the Stratford district, and takes in the settlements of Huinga, Huiroa and Kiore. Geography The valley floor lies between above sea level, most of which was originally swamplands but is now reclaimed pasture. Rising on each side of the Makuri Stream are often precipitous sandstone-greywacke ridges which vary in height from approximately in elevation to the peaks of the Mangaotuku and Tarerepo trigs, respectively. Access The Makuri Valley has three different points of access from the populated west. The southern end of the valley where the stream meets the Patea River is accessed via Toko Road and the settlement of Huinga. State Highway 43 crosses the Makuri valley between the Douglas and Strathmore Saddles, where Walter Road gives access to the Makuri valley to the north, and Mangaotuku Road gives access to the south. The upper parts of the catchment are reached via Douglas Road and the settlements of Huiroa and Kiore. Land use Nearly all of the catchment is cleared of bush, and is farmed predominantly as sheep and beef units. Category:Stratford District Category:Rivers of Taranaki Category:Rivers of New Zealand	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Guayabo Dulce, Adjuntas, Puerto Rico Guayabo Dulce is a barrio in the municipality of Adjuntas, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 140. History When after the Treaty of Paris (1898), the U.S. conducted its first census of Puerto Rico, the population of Guayabo Dulce barrio was 1,055. References External links Category:Barrios of Adjuntas, Puerto Rico	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Supremes (disambiguation) The Supremes were a Motown all-female singing group. The Supremes or Supremes may also refer to: The Supremes (1975 album), a 1975 album by The Supremes The Supremes (2000 album), a 2000 box set compilation by The Supremes The Supremes, a group from Akron, Ohio who later changed their name to Ruby and the Romantics "The Supremes" (The West Wing), an episode of The West Wing The Supreme Court of the United States or, collectively, its members	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Loreto Municipality, Baja California Sur Loreto () is a municipality of the Mexican state of Baja California Sur. It was created in 1992 from the partition of the neighboring Comondú Municipality. The municipal seat is in the town of Loreto, which was the former capital of Las Californias during Spanish colonial times. The 2010 census reported a population of 16,738, about 88 percent of whom lived in the town of Loreto. The municipality has an area of 4,311 km² (1,664.49 sq mi). Demographics Major communities The largest localities (cities, towns, and villages) are: Sister cities Ventura, California (United States) References External links Official Ayuntamiento de Loreto website (Municipality of Loreto)— Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México: Baja California Sur— Category:Municipalities of Baja California Sur	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rob Witwer Rob Witwer (born February 2, 1971) is a Colorado politician, lawyer, and former Republican member of the Colorado House of Representatives. In the State House, Witwer represented House District 25, which encompasses most of western Jefferson County, Colorado including Evergreen, Colorado and Conifer, Colorado. Witwer was appointed to the Colorado General Assembly in 2005 by vacancy committee and won the general election in 2006 by defeating Democrat Mike Daniels with 56.6% of the popular vote. Witwer sponsored legislation to improve public access to hiking trails by extending legal liability protection to landowners who allow public access to their land. Along with State Senator Josh Penry, he has pushed for legislation to raise graduation standards for Colorado high school students, especially in the areas of math and science. He has also been outspoken against legislative efforts to freeze mill levies on Colorado property owners, arguing that this policy amounts to a property tax increase. The Rocky Mountain News has called Witwer, Josh Penry, Cory Gardner and Matt Knoedler the "Rock Stars" of the Colorado GOP, and National Journal named him one of its "stars to watch in the future". Witwer announced that he would not seek re-election in 2008. Witwer served as Campaign Manager for his successor, Representative Cheri Gerou. Witwer says he is likely to return to public service after he has more time to spare from raising his four young sons. Witwer is a graduate of Amherst College (1993) and the University of Chicago Law School (1996). References Category:1971 births Category:Amherst College alumni Category:Living people Category:Colorado Republicans Category:Members of the Colorado House of Representatives Category:University of Chicago Law School alumni Category:Place of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Organic search Organic search is a method for entering one or several search terms as a single string of text into a search engine. Organic search results appear as paginated lists, are based on relevance to the search terms, and exclude advertisements; whereas non-organic search results do not filter out pay per click advertising. Background The Google, Yahoo!, and Bing search engines insert advertising on their search results pages. The ads are designed to look similar to the search results, though different enough for readers to distinguish between ads and actual results. This is done with various differences in background, text, link colors, and/or placement on the page. , however, the appearance of ads on all major search engines is so similar to genuine search results that a majority of search engine users cannot effectively distinguish between the two. Because so few ordinary users (38% according to Pew Research Center) realized that many of the highest placed "results" on search engine results pages (SERPs) were ads, the search engine optimization industry began to distinguish between ads and natural results. The perspective among general users was that all results were, in fact, "results." So the qualifier "organic" was invented to distinguish non-ad search results from ads. The term was first used by Internet theorist John Kilroy in a 2004 article on paid search marketing. Because the distinction is important (and because the word "organic" has many metaphorical uses) the term is now in widespread use within the search engine optimization and web marketing industry. As of July 2009, the term "organic search" is now commonly used outside the specialist web marketing industry, even used frequently by Google (throughout the Google Analytics site, for instance). Google claims their users click (organic) search results more often than ads, essentially rebutting the research cited above. A 2012 Google study found that 81% of ad impressions and 66% of ad clicks happen when there is no associated organic search result on the first page. Research has shown that searchers may have a bias against ads, unless the ads are relevant to the searcher's need or intent. The same report and others going back to 1997 by Pew show that users avoid clicking "results" they know to be ads. Incidentally, according to a June 2013 study by Chitika, 9 out of 10 searchers don't go beyond Google's first page of organic search results, a claim often cited by the search engine optimization (SEO) industry to justify optimizing websites for organic search. Organic SEO describes the use of certain strategies or tools to elevate a website's content in the "free" search results. Users can prevent ads in search results and list only organic results by using browser add-ons and plugins. Other browsers may have different tools developed for blocking ads. Organic SEO refers to the method that all the procedures for search engine optimization are followed by the proper method of taking a position on the search result. See also Internet marketing PageRank Human search engine Search engine optimization References Category:Search engine optimization Category:Internet terminology Category:Online advertising	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Architecture of Madagascar The architecture of Madagascar is unique in Africa, bearing strong resemblance to the construction norms and methods of Southern Borneo from which the earliest inhabitants of Madagascar are believed to have immigrated. Throughout Madagascar and the Kalimantan region of Borneo, most traditional houses follow a rectangular rather than round form, and feature a steeply sloped, peaked roof supported by a central pillar. Differences in the predominant traditional construction materials used serve as the basis for much of the diversity in Malagasy architecture. Locally available plant materials were the earliest materials used and remain the most common among traditional communities. In intermediary zones between the central highlands and humid coastal areas, hybrid variations have developed that use cob and sticks. Wood construction, once common across the island, declined as a growing human population destroyed greater swaths of virgin rainforest for slash and burn agriculture and zebu cattle pasture. The Zafimaniry communities of the central highland montane forests are the only Malagasy ethnic group who have preserved the island's original wooden architectural traditions; their craft was added to the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage in 2003. As wood became scarce over time, wooden houses became the privilege of the noble class in certain communities, as exemplified by the homes of the Merina nobility in the 19th century Kingdom of Madagascar. The use of stone as a building material was traditionally limited to the construction of tombs, a significant feature of the cultural landscape in Madagascar due to the prominent position occupied by ancestors in Malagasy cosmology. The island has produced several distinct traditions in tomb architecture: among the Mahafaly of the southwest coast, the top of tombs may be stacked with the skulls of sacrificed zebu and spiked with aloalo, decoratively carved tomb posts, while among the Merina, aristocrats historically constructed a small wooden house on top of the tomb to symbolize their andriana status and provide an earthly space to house their ancestors' spirits. Traditional styles of architecture in Madagascar have been impacted over the past two hundred years by the increasing influence of European styles. A shift toward brick construction in the Highlands began during the reign of Queen Ranavalona II (1868–1883) based on models introduced by missionaries of the London Missionary Society and contacts with other foreigners. Foreign influence further expanded following the collapse of the monarchy and French colonization of the island in 1896. Modernization over the past several decades has increasingly led to the abandonment of certain traditional norms related to the external orientation and internal layout of houses and the use of certain customary building materials, particularly in the Highlands. Among those with means, foreign construction materials and techniques – namely imported concrete, glass and wrought iron features – have gained in popularity, to the detriment of traditional practices. Origins The architecture of Madagascar is unique in Africa, bearing strong resemblance to the architecture of southern Borneo from which the earliest inhabitants of Madagascar are believed to have emigrated. Traditional construction in this part of Borneo, also known as South Kalimantan, is distinguished by rectangular houses raised on piles. The roof, which is supported by a central pillar, is steeply sloped; the gable beams cross to form roof horns that may be decoratively carved. The central Highlands of Madagascar are populated by the Merina, peoples who bear strong physiological and cultural resemblance to their Kalimantan ancestors; here, the traditional wooden houses of the aristocracy feature a central pillar (andry) supporting a steeply sloped roof decorated with roof horns (tandro-trano). In the southeast of Madagascar, actual zebu horns were traditionally affixed to the gable peak. Throughout Madagascar, houses are rectangular with a gabled roof as in Kalimantan, central pillars are widespread, and in all but a handful of regions, traditional homes are built on piles in a manner handed down from generation to generation, regardless of whether the feature is suited to local conditions. Certain cosmological and symbolic elements are common across Indonesian and Malagasy architecture as well. The central house pillar is sacred in Kalimantan and Madagascar alike, and in both places, upon constructing a new house this pillar was often traditionally anointed with blood. The features of the building or its dimensions (length, size, and particularly the height) are often symbolically indicative of the status of its occupants or the importance of its purpose on both islands. Likewise, both Madagascar and Borneo have a tradition of partially above-ground tomb construction and the inhabitants of both islands practice the carving of decorative wooden funerary posts, called aloalo in western Madagascar and klirieng in the Kajang dialect of Borneo. Plant-based construction Dwellings made of plant material are common in the coastal regions and were once commonly used throughout the Highlands as well. The types of plants available in a given locality determine the building material and style of construction. The vast majority of homes made of plant material are rectangular, low (one-story) houses with a peaked roof and are often built on low stilts. These architectural features are nearly identical to those found in parts of Indonesia. Materials used for construction include reeds (near rivers), rushes (in the southwest around Toliara), endemic succulents (as fencing in the south), wood (in the south and among the Zafimaniry, and formerly common in the Highlands), bamboo (especially in the eastern rain forests), papyrus (formerly in the Highlands around Lake Alaotra), grasses (ubiquitous), palms (ubiquitous but prevalent in the west around Mahajanga) and raffia (especially in the north and northeast). For much of the length of the eastern coast of Madagascar bordering the Indian Ocean, architecture is highly uniform: nearly all traditional homes in this region are built on low stilts and are roofed with thatch made of the fronds of the traveler's palm (ravinala madagascariensis). The stilts, floor and walls are commonly made of the trunk of this same plant, typically after pounding it flat to make wide planks (for floors and roofing) or narrow strips (for walls). These strips are affixed vertically to the frame; the raffia plant is often used in the same way, in place of the traveler's palm, in the north. When bamboo is used in place of ravinala, the long pounded sheets are often woven together to create walls with a checker-like pattern. These traditional homes have no chimney. Their floor is covered in a woven mat with stones heaped in one corner where wood fires can be burnt to cook food; the smoke that accumulates blackens the ceiling and interior walls over time. The doorways of these homes were traditionally left open or could be shut by a woven screen held closed with a leather strap; today the entryway is frequently hung with a fabric curtain. Variations on this basic template can be found in all coastal regions using locally available material. The largest of the traditional coastal houses are found in the southeast among the Antemoro, Tanala and Antefasy peoples, where homes can reach 18' long, 9' wide and 15' high. Elsewhere along the coast homes are much smaller, averaging 10' long, 8' wide and 9' high. Wood-based construction It is believed that wood construction was formerly common in many parts of Madagascar but it has all but disappeared due to deforestation. This is especially true in the Highlands where, until recently, wood had been a building material reserved for the aristocratic class due to its increasing rarity, leaving the lower classes to construct in other locally available materials such as reeds and grasses; sticks and branches are occasionally used where available, creating sporadic villages of wood typically within proximity to forest reserves. While the wooden architectural tradition among the aristocracy of the Merina has died out, at least two ethnic groups can be said to have a continuing tradition of plank wood architecture: the Zafimaniry in the central Highlands, and the Antandroy in the far south. Each of these three traditions is described below. Merina aristocratic tradition Among the Merina of the central Highlands, the Temanambondro (Antaisaka) people of the southeastern Manambondro region, and several other ethnic groups, deforestation rendered wood a valuable construction material only to be used by aristocrats. Indeed, its traditional association with the royal andriana class led King Andrianampoinimerina (1787–1810) to issue a royal edict forbidding construction in stone, brick or earth within the limits of Antananarivo and codifying a tradition in which only the houses of nobles were constructed from wood, while those of peasants were made from local plant materials. This tradition historically existed among a number of ethnic groups in Madagascar, particularly along the eastern coast where the preservation of rainforests continues to facilitate access to wood for construction. Traditional peasants' houses throughout Imerina featured a thick central pillar (andry) that supported the roof beam and a smaller upright beam at each corner extending into the ground to stabilize the structure. Unlike most coastal houses, Highland homes have never been raised on stilts but have always sat flush to the ground. To the south of the central pillar, in the area designated for sleeping and cooking, wooden or bamboo planks were occasionally installed for flooring, or woven mats were laid on the packed earth floor, which extended north past the pillar. Traditionally, the bed of the head of the family was in the southeast corner of the house. The northern area was distinguished by the hearth, delineated by three oblong stones set vertically into the ground. Houses and tombs were aligned on a north-south axis with the entrance on the west face. The north portion of the house was reserved for males and guests, while the south was for women, children and those of inferior rank. The northeast corner was sacred, reserved for prayer and offerings of tribute to the ancestors. The houses of the nobles were constructed according to these same cultural norms, with several additions. They were distinguishable from the outside by their walls made of upright wooden planks and the long wooden horns (tandrotrano) formed by the crossing of the roof beams at each end of the roof peak. The length of the tandrotrano was indicative of rank: the longer the length, the higher the status of the noble family that lived within. The interior of the building was also somewhat modified, often featuring three central pillars rather than one and occasionally a wooden platform bed raised high off the ground. After Andrianampoinimerina's edicts regarding construction materials in the capital were revoked in the late 1860s, wooden construction was all but abandoned in Imerina and older wooden houses were rapidly replaced with new brick homes inspired by LMS missionaries' British-style dwellings. The tandrotrano horns were gradually replaced by a simple decorative finial installed at the two ends of the roof peak. Other architectural norms such as the north-south orientation, central pillar and interior layout of homes were abandoned, and the presence of finials on roof peaks is no longer indicative of a particular social class. Classic examples of Highland wooden architecture of the aristocratic class were preserved in the buildings of the Rova compound of Antananarivo (destroyed in a fire in 1995 but under reconstruction) and the walled compound at Ambohimanga, location of the wooden palaces of King Andrianampoinimerina and Queen Ranavalona I. Ambohimanga, arguably the most culturally significant remaining example of the wooden architecture of the Highlands aristocracy, was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2001. Zafimaniry traditions The Zafimaniry inhabit the heavily forested, rainy and temperate region of the Highlands to the east of Ambositra. Their homes are rectangular and large (15' long, 12' wide and 18' high) with a peaked roof, overhanging eaves, and wooden windows and doors. Many of the same standards found in the aristocratic architectural traditions of Imerina are present in the Zafimaniry structures, including the central wooden pillar supporting the roof beam, exclusive use of a tongue and groove joining technique and the orientation of building features such as windows, doors and the interior layout. Zafimaniry houses are often elaborately decorated with carved, symmetrical, abstract patterns that are rich in complex spiritual and mythological symbolism. The architecture of the houses found in this region are considered to be representative of the architectural style that predominated throughout the Highlands prior to deforestation, and as such, they represent the last vestiges of a historic tradition and a significant element of Malagasy cultural heritage. For this reason, the woodcrafting knowledge of the Zafimaniry was added in 2003 to the UNESCO list of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Antandroy traditions By contrast, the Antandroy inhabit the Madagascar spiny thickets, an extremely dry and hot region in the south of Madagascar where unique forms of drought-resistant plants have evolved and thrived. Their homes are traditionally square (not rectangular), raised on low stilts, topped with a peaked roof and constructed of vertically-hung planks of wood affixed to a wooden frame. These homes traditionally had no windows and featured three wooden doors: the front door was the women's entrance, the door at the rear of the house was for children, and the third door was used by the men. Fences are often constructed around Antandroy houses using prickly-pear cactus (raketa) or lengths of indigenous succulents from the surrounding spiny forests. Earth-based construction In the central Highlands, power struggles between the Merina and vazimba principalities and later amongst Merina principalities over the centuries inspired the development of the fortified town in Imerina, the central region of the Highlands of Madagascar. The first of these, the ancient Imerina capital of Alasora, was fortified by 16th-century king Andriamanelo, who surrounded the town with thick cob walls (tamboho, made from the mud and dry rice stalks gathered from nearby paddies) and deep trenches (hadivory) to protect the dwellings inside. The entryway through the town wall was protected by an enormous stone disk (vavahady) – five feet in diameter or more – shaded by fig trees (aviavy) symbolic of royalty. The town gate was opened by laboriously rolling the vavahady away from the entryway each morning and back into place again in the evening, a task that required a team of men to accomplish it. This fortified town model was adopted throughout Imerina and is well represented at the historic village of Ambohimanga. Foreign influences Protestant Missionary James Cameron of the London Missionary Society is believed to have been the first in Madagascar to demonstrate how local cob building material could be used to create sun-dried bricks in 1826. In 1831, Jean Laborde introduced brick roof tiles that soon began replacing rice stalk thatch in Antananarivo and the surrounding areas, and disseminated the technique of using a kiln to bake bricks. Foreigners were responsible for several architectural innovations that blended the traditions of Highlands architecture with European sensibilities. In 1819, Louis Gros designed the Tranovola for Radama I in the Rova complex, introducing the wraparound veranda supported by exterior columns. Jean Laborde designed the Queen's Palace in the Rova (built 1839–1841) using this same model on an even grander scale by enlarging the building and adding a third-story veranda. The new wooden buildings constructed by Gros and Laborde transformed the tandrotrano of traditional aristocratic Merina homes into the a decoratively carved post affixed at each end of the gable peak. Local innovations In 1867, restrictions were relaxed on the aristocracy's use of stone and brick as building materials, before all restrictions on construction were abolished in 1869 by Queen Ranavalona II, who had already commissioned Jean Laborde in 1860 to encase the exterior of her wooden palace at the Rova in stone. The building took its final form in 1872 after James Cameron added stone towers to each corner of the palace. The queen converted to Christianity in 1869 and that same year the London Missionary Society commissioned James Cameron to construct a private home for its missionaries. He drew his inspiration from the work of Gros and Laborde to develop a multi-story wooden house with veranda and columns. This model exploded in popularity throughout Antananarivo and surrounding areas as an architectural style for the aristocracy, who had to that point continued to inhabit simple homes similar to the wooden palace of Andrianampoinimerina at Ambohimanga. These newly favored brick houses often featured shortened tandrotrano and elaborately carved verandas. These homes can naturally range in color from deep red to almost white depending on the characteristics of the earth used in its construction. Over time, and particularly with the colonization of Madagascar by the French, these earthen houses (known as trano gasy – "Malagasy house") underwent constant evolution. The simplest form of earthen house is one or more stories tall, rectangular, and features a thatched roof with slightly overhanging eaves to direct rain away from the foundation and thereby prevent its erosion. Wealthier families replace the thatch with clay roofing tiles and construct a veranda on the west face of the building supported by four slender equidistant columns; this design is even more effective at protecting the building's foundations from the eroding effects of rainfall. Further expansion often entails the enclosure of the western veranda in wood and the construction of an open veranda on the eastern face of the building, and so forth, leading to wrap-around verandas, the connection of two separate buildings with a covered passage, the incorporation of French wrought-iron grills or glass panels into verandas, the application of painted concrete over the brick surface and other innovations. In suburban and rural zones, the ground floor of the trano gasy is often reserved as a pen for livestock, while the family inhabits the upper floors. The entrance typically faces west; the kitchen is often to the south, while the family sleeps in the northern part of the building. This configuration is consistent with that seen in the traditional Zafimaniry houses and reflects traditional cosmology. Mixed cob construction On the eastern side of Madagascar, there is virtually no zone of transition between the earthen houses of the Highlands and the dwellings made of plant materials common to the coastal regions. In the vast and sparsely populated expanses between the Highlands and the western coastal areas, however, inhabitants utilize locally available materials to construct dwellings that bear features of both regions. Most often houses are small – one room and only one story high – constructed of a skeleton of horizontally arranged sticks affixed to the wooden house frame as pictured in the preceding section on wooden construction. But unlike coastal homes where this stick skeleton would serve as a base for affixing plant material to form walls, earthen cob may be packed into the framework instead. The roof is thatched to complete the dwelling. These intermediary houses are also often distinguished by the presence of shortened Highlands-style wooden columns on the western face to support the elongated eave of the peaked roof, much as they support the verandas of the larger homes of Imerina. The floor is typically packed dirt and may be covered with woven mats of grasses or raffia. Tomb construction According to the traditional beliefs of many Malagasy ethnic groups, one attains the status of "ancestor" after death. It is often believed that ancestors continue to watch over and shape events on Earth and can intervene on behalf of (or interfere with) the living. As a consequence, ancestors are to be revered: prayers and sacrifices to honor or appease them are common, as well as the observation of the local fady (taboos) the ancestors may have established in life. Gestures of respect, such as throwing the first capful of a new bottle of rum into the northeast corner of the room to share it with the ancestors, are practiced throughout the island. The most visible emblem of the respect due to ancestors is the construction of the elaborate family tombs that dot the countryside in much of Madagascar. Earliest burial practices Traditionally, the majority of Malagasy ethnic groups did not construct solid tombs for their dead. Rather, the bodies of the deceased were left in a designated natural area to decompose. Among the Bara people of the southern arid plains, for instance, tombs may be built into natural features such as rock outcroppings or hillsides by placing the bodies within and partially or entirely sealing the space with stacked stones or zebu skulls. Alternately, among the Tanala, the deceased may be placed in coffins made from hollowed-out logs and left in caves or a sacred grove of trees, sometimes covered over by wooden planks held down by small piles of stones. It is said the Vazimba, the earliest inhabitants of Madagascar, submerged their dead in the waters of a designated bog, river, lake or estuary, which was thereby considered sacred for that purpose. The practice also existed among the earliest Merina, who submerged their dead chiefs in canoes into Highland bogs or other designated waters. Where tombs were built, minor variation in form and placement from one ethnic group to the next is overshadowed by common features: the structure is partially or fully subterranean, typically rectangular in design and made of stone that is either stacked loosely or cemented with masonry. Among the Merina and Betsileo, some early stone tombs and burial sites were indicated by upright, unmarked standing stones. Islamic origins of tomb construction The earliest known rectangular stone tombs on Madagascar were most likely built by Arab settlers around the 14th century in the northwestern part of the island. Similar models emerged later among western (i.e. Sakalava, Mahafaly) and highlands (i.e. Merina, Betsileo) peoples, first using unhewn stones and heaped or packed earth before transitioning toward masonry. In the Highlands, the transition to masonry was preceded by the construction of tombs from massive stone slabs collectively hauled by community members to the tomb site. Late 18th century Merina king Andrianampoinimerina is said to have encouraged the construction of such tombs, observing "A house is for a lifetime but a tomb is for eternity." Highlands traditions In the Highlands of Imerina, the above-ground entrances of ancient tombs were originally marked by standing stones and the walls were formed of loosely stacked flat stones. Examples of these ancient tombs can be found at some of the twelve sacred hills of Imerina. Where a body was not able to be retrieved for burial (as in times of war), a tall, unmarked standing stone (vatolahy, or "male stone") was sometimes traditionally erected in memory of the deceased. Andrianampoinimerina promoted more elaborate and costly tomb construction as a worthy expense for honoring one's ancestors. He also declared that the highest Merina andriana (noble) sub-castes would enjoy the privilege of constructing a small house on top of a tomb to distinguish them from the tombs of lower castes. The two highest andriana sub-castes, the Zanakandriana and the Zazamarolahy, built tomb houses called trano masina ("sacred house"), while the tomb houses of the Andriamasinavalona were called trano manara ("cold house"). These houses were identical to standard wooden nobles' houses except for the fact that they had no windows and no hearth. While the lamba-wrapped remains were laid to rest on stone slabs in the tomb below, the deceased's valuable possessions such as gold and silver coins, elegant silk lambas, decorative objects and more were placed in the trano masina or trano manara, which was often decorated much like a regular room with comfortable furniture and refreshments such as rum and water for the deceased's spirit to enjoy. The trano masina of King Radama I, which burned with other structures in the 1995 fire at the Rova palace compound in Antananarivo, was said to be the richest known. Today, tombs may be constructed using traditional methods and materials or incorporate modern innovations such as concrete. Inside, superimposed slabs of stone or concrete line the walls. The bodies of the ancestors of an individual family are wrapped in silk shrouds and laid to sleep on these slabs. Among the Merina, Betsileo and Tsihanaka, the remains are periodically removed for the famadihana, a celebration in honor of the ancestors, wherein the remains are re-wrapped in fresh shrouds amid extravagant communal festivities before being once again laid to rest in the tomb. The significant expense associated with tomb construction, funerals and reburial ceremonies honors the ancestors even as it counters the emergence of unequal wealth distribution in traditional communities. Southern and western traditions The tombs found in the southwest of Madagascar are among the most striking and distinctive. Like those in the Highlands they are generally rectangular and partially subterranean; modern tombs may incorporate concrete in addition to (or in place of) traditional stone. They are distinguished from Highlands tombs by their elaborate decoration: images may be painted on the exterior of the tomb, recalling events in an ancestor's life. The roof of the tomb may be stacked with the horns of zebu sacrificed in the ancestor's honor at their funeral, and numerous aloalo—wooden funerary posts carved with symbolic patterns or images representing events in the life of the deceased—may be planted on top. The tombs of the Mahafaly people are especially famed for this type of construction. Among the Sakalava of the western coast, aloalo may be topped with erotic carvings evocative of the cycle of birth, life and death. Modern architecture Foreign architectural influences, having arisen through increased European contact over the course of the 19th century, intensified dramatically with the advent of French colonization in 1896. Over the past several decades, the increasing availability of relatively inexpensive modern construction materials imported from China and elsewhere has further reinforced a growing trend in urban areas away from traditional architectural styles in favor of more durable but generic structures using industrially produced materials such as concrete and sheet metal. Certain modern innovations may be more highly esteemed than others. In the Manambondro region, for instance, corrugated sheet metal roofing was typically the least expensive and prestigious and most common addition to a traditional house. The replacement of locally sourced wood frames with factory-milled lumber was the next most common house modification, followed by the laying of a concrete foundation. Houses built entirely of concrete with glass windows and imported decorative balcony railings and window bars implied great wealth and the highest social status. Although low income levels have served to preserve traditional construction among the majority of the population of Madagascar, due to the prestige associated with modern architectural innovations, traditional construction is often abandoned as income increases. A limited number of recently constructed homes in Antananarivo attempt to blend Malagasy architectural traditions with the comforts of modern house construction. These hybrids resemble traditional brick Highlands houses from the exterior, but use modern materials and construction techniques to efficiently incorporate electricity, plumbing, air conditioning and current kitchen features in a fully contemporary interior. This innovation is exemplified in the recent residential development at "Tana Water Front" in the Ambodivona district of downtown Antananarivo. Notes External links Woodcrafting Knowledge of the Zafimaniry. UNESCO World Heritage YouTube channel. Madagascar Category:Architecture of Madagascar Category:Malagasy culture Category:Vernacular architecture	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Experiments in Mass Appeal Experiments in Mass Appeal is the second studio album by UK neo-progressive rock group Frost. Jem Godfrey documented the making of this album with videos via "Frost Reports" on YouTube, under the username "planetfrost". According to Godfrey, this album is much more band oriented and collaborative. The album was primarily recorded at Jem's personal recording studio called the Cube. On 1 July 2008, three demo songs from the album were uploaded to the band's Myspace page. The album was released in two editions; a standard single CD, and a special edition two-disc set. The second disc is a DVD, containing eight Extended Frost Reports (2 hours 35 minutes), Christmas Sessions: Hyperventilate and Snowman (9mins 30secs), Gig Reports: On Tour with Frost (53mins 9secs), and instrumental mixes of the whole album. Track listing "Experiments in Mass Appeal" – 8:00 "Welcome to Nowhere" – 5:31 "Pocket Sun" – 4:28 "Saline" – 6:06 "Dear Dead Days" – 6:50 "Falling Down" – 5:49 "You/I" – 1:06 "Toys" – 3:03 "Wonderland" – 15:48 Songs Some of the actual takes that appear on the album are viewable on YouTube on the Frost Reports. Personnel Jem Godfrey – keyboards, piano, vocals John Mitchell – electric guitars, violin, vocals John Jowitt – bass guitar Andy Edwards – drums Declan "Dec" Burke – acoustic guitars, lead vocals References External links Frost* Main Site Frost* Forum Jem Godfrey's Blog Category:2008 albums Category:Frost* albums Category:Inside Out Music albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Brad Zavisha Bradley J. Zavisha (born January 4, 1972 in Hines Creek, Alberta) is a former professional ice hockey left winger. He was selected in the third round of the 1990 NHL Entry Draft, 43rd overall, by the Quebec Nordiques. After a successful WHL career, Zavisha turned professional. He spent time in the NHL with the Edmonton Oilers, but the majority of his career took place in the minor leagues or in Europe. He was hampered by a serious knee injury, which caused him to miss the entire 1992–93 NHL season. Career statistics Awards 1992 – WHL East First All-Star team Transactions March 10, 1992 – Quebec trades Zavisha and Ron Tugnutt to Edmonton in exchange for Martin Ručínský March 13, 1995 – Edmonton trades Zavisha and a sixth round selection in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Ryan McGill External links Category:1972 births Category:Birmingham Bulls (ECHL) players Category:Canadian ice hockey left wingers Category:Cape Breton Oilers players Category:Edmonton Oilers players Category:Hershey Bears players Category:Ice hockey people from Alberta Category:Kalamazoo Wings (1974–2000) players Category:Kaufbeurer Adler players Category:Lethbridge Hurricanes players Category:Living people Category:Manchester Storm (1995–2002) players Category:Portland Winterhawks players Category:Quebec Nordiques draft picks Category:Seattle Thunderbirds players Category:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in England	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Henrique Miranda (footballer) Henrique Miranda Ribeiro (born 10 May 1993), known as Henrique Miranda, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as a left back. Miranda made his first club appearance in the match against Figueirense for the 2011 Brazilian League. Career statistics Club career Honours Youth São Paulo Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior: 2010 Brazil U-20 8 Nations International Tournament: 2012 References External links Category:1993 births Category:Living people Category:Brazilian footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série A players Category:Campeonato Brasileiro Série B players Category:São Paulo FC players Category:Figueirense FC players Category:Oeste Futebol Clube players Category:Associação Portuguesa de Desportos players Category:Ekstraklasa players Category:Lechia Gdańsk players Category:Footballers at the 2011 Pan American Games Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Poland Category:Expatriate footballers in Poland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Novyye Ishly Novyye Ishly () is a rural locality (a selo) in Miyakinsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 467 as of 2010. There are 8 streets. References Category:Rural localities in Bashkortostan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Edmund Commerell Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Edmund Commerell, (13 January 1829 – 21 May 1901) was a Royal Navy officer. As a junior officer, he was present at the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado in November 1845 during the Uruguayan Civil War. He also took part in operations in Sea of Azov during the Crimean War and went ashore with the quartermaster and a seaman, to destroy large quantities of enemy forage on the shore. After a difficult and dangerous journey they reached their objective – a magazine of corn – and managed to ignite the stacks, but the guards were alerted and immediately opened fire and gave chase. The men had difficulty in escaping, but they finally reached their ship and the lookouts later reported that the forage store had burned to the ground. He and his colleague, Quartermaster William Thomas Rickard, were awarded the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. Commerell went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Cape of Good Hope Station, Commander-in-Chief, North America and West Indies Station and then Commander-in-Chief, Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth. He was also a Conservative politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1885 to 1888. Early career Born the son of John Williams Commerell and Sophia Commerell (née Bosanquet), Commerell was educated at Clifton College and joined the Royal Navy in March 1842. He was appointed to the third-rate HMS Cornwallis and saw action in China in August 1842 during the First Opium War. He then transferred to the paddle frigate HMS Firebrand on the South America Station and was present at the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado in November 1845 during the Uruguayan Civil War. At Punta Obligado he helped cut the chain that defended the Paraná River. He transferred to the sloop HMS Comus at Woolwich in May 1848 and, having been promoted to lieutenant on 13 December 1848, transferred to the paddle frigate HMS Dragon in the Mediterranean Fleet in April 1849 and to the screw frigate HMS Dauntless at Devonport in August 1850. Commerell joined the frigate HMS Vulture in February 1854 and saw action in the Baltic Sea during the Crimean War. He became commanding officer of the gun vessel HMS Weser in February 1855; however the ship caught fire near Constantinople and was beached before being towed off and joining the bombardment of Sevastopol in June 1855. He then took part in operations in Sea of Azov and, having been promoted to commander on 29 September 1855, went ashore with the quartermaster and a seaman, to destroy large quantities of enemy forage on the shore. After a difficult and dangerous journey they reached their objective – a magazine of corn – and managed to ignite the stacks, but the guards were alerted and immediately opened fire and gave chase. The men had difficulty in escaping, but they finally reached their ship and the lookouts later reported that the forage store had burned to the ground. He and his colleague, Quartermaster William Thomas Rickard, were awarded the Victoria Cross. His citation reads: Commerell became commanding officer of the steam vessel HMS Snake in the Mediterranean Fleet in February 1856 and, having been awarded French Legion of Honour, 5th class on 2 August 1856 and the Turkish Order of the Medjidie, fifth class on 3 April 1858, he became commanding officer of the paddle sloop HMS Fury on the East Indies and China Station in October 1858. He was second-in-command of a naval brigade which landed in China, but then had to retreat to their boats after facing firm resistance, at Battle of Taku Forts in June 1859 during the Second Opium War. Promoted to captain on 18 July 1859, Commerell went on to be commanding officer of the paddle frigate HMS Magicienne on the East Indies and China Station in September 1859 and commanding officer of the turret ship HMS Scorpion at Portsmouth in May 1865. After that he became commanding officer of the frigate HMS Terrible in May 1866 and assisted the SS Great Eastern to lay the fifth (and first successful) Atlantic cable. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (civil division) on 2 November 1866 and became commanding officer of the turret ship HMS Monarch in the Channel Squadron in May 1869. He was also appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (military division) on 2 June 1869. Senior command Promoted to commodore, second class in February 1871, Commerell became Commander-in-Chief Cape of Good Hope and West Coast of Africa Station, with his broad pennant in the corvette HMS Rattlesnake. However, in August 1873, when he was undertaking a reconnaissance up the Pra River at the start of the Third Anglo-Ashanti War, he was wounded in the lung, and had to resign his command. Advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 31 March 1874, he was appointed a Groom in Waiting to the Queen on 26 May 1874. Promoted to rear admiral on 12 November 1876, Commerell became second-in-command of the Mediterranean Fleet, with his flag in the armoured frigate HMS Agincourt, in July 1877. This was a time of great tension in the region with the Russo-Turkish War at its peak. He then became Junior Naval Lord in the Second Disraeli ministry in December 1879 where he sat until the Government fell in May 1880. In the 1880 general election he stood unsuccessfully for parliament at Southampton. Promoted to vice admiral on 19 January 1881, Commerell became Commander in Chief, North America and West Indies Station, with his flag in the armoured cruiser HMS Northampton, in November 1882. At the 1885 general election he was elected Member of Parliament for the Southampton seat, which he held until he resigned from the House of Commons on 15 May 1888. As a member of parliament he lobbied hard for the Naval Defence Bill. Promoted to full admiral on 12 April 1886, Commerell became was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 21 June 1887 and became Commander-in-Chief, Portsmouth in June 1888. He was appointed a Groom in Waiting to the Queen again on 31 December 1891. Commerell was promoted to admiral of the fleet on 14 February 1892, advanced to the Turkish Order of the Medjidie, first class on 5 March 1894 and retired in January 1899. He died at his home at Rutland Gate in London on 21 May 1901 and was buried at Cheriton Road Cemetery, Folkestone. Edmund Rock and Commerell Point in British Columbia, Canada, were named in his honour. His Victoria Cross is on display in the Lord Ashcroft Gallery at the Imperial War Museum, London. Family In 1853 Commerell married Matilda Bushby; they had three daughters. His brother, William, was a first-class cricketer. References Sources External links William Loney Career History \|- \|- \|- Category:1829 births Category:1901 deaths Category:British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Ashanti War Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur Category:Conservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Category:Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Category:Lords of the Admiralty Category:People from Mayfair Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Eagle Category:Recipients of the Order of the Medjidie, 1st class Category:Royal Navy admirals of the fleet Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Crimean War Category:Royal Navy personnel of the Second Opium War Category:Royal Navy recipients of the Victoria Cross Category:UK MPs 1885–1886 Category:UK MPs 1886–1892	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Soucie Soucie is a village in the Ouo Department of Comoé Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 697. References External links Satellite map at Maplandia.com Category:Populated places in the Cascades Region Category:Comoé Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Daniel Dutton Daniel Dutton, born 1959 near Somerset, Kentucky, is a contemporary artist, lyricist, composer, artistic director, and amateur filmmaker, whose work combines visual, musical, and narrative arts. He is best known for his first opera, The Stone Man. During the 1980s, Dutton showed visual and video installation art at the J. B. Speed Art Museum in Louisville, Kentucky. The Speed Museum commissioned two video works from Dutton: A Day in the Life of the Artist, and Water; an installed environment. Dutton's work was featured as a one-man show in the rotunda of the US Congressional Office Building in 1985. In 1990, Kentucky Opera premiered Dutton's first opera, The Stone Man, at the Kentucky Center for the Arts. The Stone Man was followed by a four-part cycle of dance operas titled The Secret Commonwealth. These four operas; The Changeling and the Bear, The Road, Love and Time, and The Approach of the Mystery, were staged between 1995 and 2000. The first three operas were filmed and broadcast by Kentucky Educational Television. Dutton's visual art work is displayed in the corporate art collections of the Brown-Forman Corporation, Louisville, KY and the LeBlond Machino company in Cincinnati. Also, they can be seen at the Berea College Art Museum, Berea, Kentucky, and the 21c Museum, Louisville, KY. In 2003, Dutton was commissioned to paint a set of 12 scenes from traditional ballads by 21c Museum Hotels, Louisville, Kentucky. The paintings, along with a book and Dutton's recordings of traditional ballads, are complementary aspects of a project titled Ballads of the Barefoot Mind, which were displayed at 21c Museum in the Fall of 2006. In 2016, Dutton partnered with welder / artist Jesse Rivera to form Rivera-Dutton Sculpture Studio. Daniel Dutton lives in Somerset, Kentucky. Dutton is one of the last descendants still residing in Somerset of the Dutton family whose property was the site of the Civil War Battle of Dutton Hill (also known as the Battle of Somerset). His studio is less than 1/4 mile from the Battle of Dutton's Hill Monument. References Other sources Tagami, Ty, "MUSICAL AMBASSADOR - MAKER OF RARE JAPANESE LUTE WILL PLAY IN SOMERSET" , Lexington Herald, 20 February 1999. p. A1: "Ohashi came to Somerset to visit friends and to perform with local artist Daniel Dutton, whom he met in Japan two years ago. Dutton traveled to Japan in 1997 with a Japanese couple living in Somerset, playing old Appalachian ballads on dulcimer and guitar for a Japanese audience. Dutton, who is the artistic director and musical composer for the opera, invited Ohashi to come to Kentucky and open the show." Unk, "'SECRET' GETTING EASIER TO FIGURE OUT", Lexington Herald, 14 February 1999, p. J3: "Daniel Dutton hopes people will leave the world premiere of Love & Time - the third in his series of four opera-modern dance productions called The Secret Commonwealth saying: "I kind of understand what was happening there." The Somerset-based director/composer knows he has tested audiences with the first two chapters: The Changeling and the Bear and The Road. External links Rivera-Dutton Sculpture Studio Art Appreciation and the Poetics of Space (Kentucky School of Art) Review of Love & Time by CD universe Ballads of the Barefoot Mind Exhibition at 21c Museum 21c Museum book of Ballads of the Barefoot Mind 21c Museum website Speed Art Museum website Category:American male classical composers Category:American classical composers Category:21st-century classical composers Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:People from Pulaski County, Kentucky Category:Artists from Kentucky Category:Musicians from Kentucky Category:21st-century American composers Category:21st-century American male musicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dunce hat (topology) In topology, the dunce hat is a compact topological space formed by taking a solid triangle and gluing all three sides together, with the orientation of one side reversed. Simply gluing two sides oriented in the same direction would yield a cone much like the dunce cap, but the gluing of the third side results in identifying the base of the cap with a line joining the base to the point. Name The name is due to E. C. Zeeman, who observed that any contractible 2-complex (such as the dunce hat) after taking the Cartesian product with the closed unit interval seemed to be collapsible. This observation became known as the Zeeman conjecture and was shown by Zeeman to imply the Poincaré conjecture. Properties The dunce hat is contractible, but not collapsible. Contractibility can be easily seen by noting that the dunce hat embeds in the 3-ball and the 3-ball deformation retracts onto the dunce hat. Alternatively, note that the dunce hat is the CW-complex obtained by gluing the boundary of a 2-cell onto the circle. The gluing map is homotopic to the identity map on the circle and so the complex is homotopy equivalent to the disc. By contrast, it is not collapsible because it does not have a free face. See also House with two rooms References Category:Topological spaces Category:Algebraic topology	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pitangueiras, Rio de Janeiro Pitangueiras is a neighborhood in the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Category:Neighbourhoods in Rio de Janeiro (city)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tropical Depression Wilma (2013) Tropical Depression Wilma, also referred to as 30W and Depression BOB 05, was a weak but long-lived tropical cyclone that traveled from the Northwest Pacific Ocean to the North Indian Ocean in 2013. Forming east of Palau on November 1, the tropical depression passed through the Philippines on November 4 and emerged into the South China Sea on the next day. Without intensification, the system made landfall over Vietnam on November 6 and arrived at the Gulf of Thailand on November 7. On November 8, the tropical depression crossed the Malay Peninsula and emerged into the Bay of Bengal. Being a low-pressure area later, it was struggling to develop until intensifying into a depression on November 13. The system made landfall over India on November 16 and caused 16 fatalities, before it weakened into a low-pressure area, and then entered the Arabian Sea on the next day. Meteorological history Late on October 30, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) reported that a low-pressure area had formed near Chuuk. On November 1, a tropical disturbance southeast of Yap persisted within the low-pressure area, as well as JMA upgraded the system to a tropical depression east of Palau late on the same day. However, the agency soon downgraded it back to a low-pressure only six hours later, when the system remained poorly organised with convection confined to the western flank. Shortly after JMA upgraded it to a tropical depression near Palau again early on November 3, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the system. Only three hours later, the system was upgraded to a tropical depression and designated as 30W by JTWC, estimating it would intensify into a category 1 typhoon in the South China Sea. In post-analysis, JTWC indicated that 30W had already become a tropical depression on November 2. The low-level circulation centre was partially exposed but consolidating with the bulk of deep convection sheared to the west. At that time, the tropical depression was tracking along the southern periphery of the steering subtropical ridge to the north, and vertical wind shear was weak to moderate, offset by radial outflow and a developing poleward channel. Late on November 3, the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) upgraded the system to a tropical depression and gave it the local name Wilma. On November 4, Wilma made landfall over Surigao del Sur, Philippines before 04:00 UTC, and JMA began to issue tropical cyclone advisories to the tropical depression in the Bohol Sea since 06:00 UTC, expecting it to intensify into a tropical storm within 24 hours. Soon, PAGASA downgraded Wilma to a low-pressure area at 09:00 UTC. Interacting with the frictional effects by passing through the Philippines, the tropical depression still got slightly organisational improvement, and it began to accelerate westward. Late on the same day, it arrived at the Sulu Sea, as well as it crossed Palawan and arrived at the South China Sea early on November 5. According to the JTWC best track data, 30W was a tropical storm at 06Z and 12Z, while the low-level circulation centre was partially exposed with the bulk of deep convection located to the north at noon. Late on the same day, JTWC downgraded 30W back to a tropical depression for becoming increasingly fragmented. On November 6, JTWC issued a final warning to 30W at 06:00 UTC, when the tropical depression began to erode further. Prior to making landfall over the area near Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm, Vietnam, JMA stopped issuing any tropical cyclone advisory to the tropical depression at noon, although it still remained its 10-minute maximum sustained winds at briefly. According to the JTWC best track data, 30W weakened into a tropical disturbance early on November 7, yet it developed into a tropical depression again at noon, when the system was entering the Gulf of Thailand from the southernmost border of Thailand and Cambodia. Late on the same day, JTWC reported that the organisation and vorticity of 30W had got better. Early on November 8, the tropical depression made landfall over the area about south-southwest of Bangkok, Thailand. Since 06:00Z, JMA stopped monitoring because it moved out of the area of responsibility. The system arrived at the Andaman Sea by crossing the Malay Peninsula before noon, but then deep convection over the low-level circulation centre dissipated rapidly. On November 9, the system slowed down, as well as easterly vertical wind shear had become stronger over the system located southwest of Yangon, Burma, making it remain partially exposed and disorganised. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) started to mention the system as a low-pressure area on the same day, right before it emerged into the Bay of Bengal. IMD upgraded it to a well-marked low-pressure area on November 11, yet a microwave imagery showed a broad low-level circulation centre with shallow convection as well as dry air beginning to wrap around the western quadrants. On November 13, IMD upgraded the system to a depression and designated it as BOB 05 at 00:00 UTC. As new formative bands developed along the northern and southeastern sectors, JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert again for the better-organised system at 13:00 UTC. The low-level circulation centre became fully exposed but well-defined on November 14, and deep convection was sheared to the northwest by moderate vertical wind shear which was offsetting easterly diffluent outflow. On November 15, JTWC upgraded the system to a tropical cyclone and continued designating it 30W, when the low-level circulation centre was tightly-wrapped but partially exposed with deep convection sheared to the west. It developed radial outflow, but moderate easterly vertical wind shear kept affecting the tropical cyclone. However, 30W was considered as a tropical cyclone only at 18Z in post-analysis. On November 16, JTWC issued a final warning to 30W, as the intensity became below the warning threshold due to rapidly eroding convection. At 07:30 UTC, Depression BOB 05 made landfall over Tamil Nadu, India, and it weakened into a well-marked low-pressure area overland at 00:00 UTC on the next day, right before emerging into the Arabian Sea. Since that, the remnants no longer had a chance to develop as it continued drafting westward and encountering strong dry air. The remnants became almost stationary and turned west-southwestward on November 20, before finally dissipating near Socotra, Yemen on the next day. Impact Philippines Being a weak tropical depression, Wilma did not cause fatalities in the Philippines, but it still damaged houses and brought flooding. In Bohol, 83 houses and a wooden bridge were damaged, as well as several towns were flooded. The tropical depression also caused flooding in Palawan, leading to the evacuation of 146 families. Two bridges collapsed due to the flooding, and a further two provincial bridges made impassable. When Wilma made landfall, 4,355 passengers were stranded in seaports in Visayas, as well as 352 passengers were stranded in Manila. Only three days after Wilma left the Philippines, Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda) made landfall over there and became the deadliest Philippine typhoon in modern history. India Depression BOB 05 brought a heavy downpour and caused 16 deaths in Tamil Nadu. Two people were drowned by flooding, and one woman was killed by a collapsing wall. Hundreds of trees were uprooted, and many banana plantations were damaged in Nagapattinam following gusty winds. The downpour also brought copious inflows to various reservoirs and lakes in the state that supply drinking water to the people. In Sirkazhi, electric posts were damaged with power supply suspended in most parts of the district, and the roof of a school building flew off due to squally winds. A fish auction hall building near Tharangambadi was also damaged due to strong winds. More than 10,000 fishermen did not venture into the sea due to the very rough sea condition and visible high tides in many places. See also Typhoon Durian Cyclone Jal Typhoon Haiyan Tropical Storm Podul (2013) Cyclone Helen (2013) Tropical Storm Vamei Notes References External links JTWC Best Track Data of Tropical Storm/Tropical Cyclone 30W (Thirty) 30W.THIRTY from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory Preliminary Report of Depression BOB 05 by the India Meteorological Department Category:2013 Pacific typhoon season Category:2013 North Indian Ocean cyclone season Category:2013 disasters in India Category:Typhoons in the Philippines Category:Typhoons in Vietnam Category:Typhoons in Thailand Category:Tropical cyclones in Sri Lanka Category:Tropical cyclones in India Category:Western Pacific tropical depressions	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Greece at the Mediterranean Games Greece has competed at every celebration of the Mediterranean Games since the 1951 Mediterranean Games. As of 2018, Greek athletes have won a total of 778 medals. The country's ranking in the history of the Games is the 6th place. Medal tables Medals by Mediterranean Games Medals by sport See also Greece at the Olympics Greece at the Paralympics Sport in Greece References External links Mediterranean Games, Hellenic Olympic Committee	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tatar-e Sofla, Golestan Tatar-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Tātār-e Soflá; also known as Tātār-e Pā’īn and Nātār-e Pā’īn) is a village in Daland Rural District, in the Central District of Ramian County, Golestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,759, in 314 families. References Category:Populated places in Ramian County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Le Miracle des loups (1961 film) Le Miracle des loups (), aka Blood on his Sword, is a French / Italian swashbuckler film from 1961, directed by André Hunebelle, written by Henry Dupuis-Mazuel, starring Jean Marais. The scenario was based on a novel by Maria Luisa Linarès. The film was known under the title "Im Zeichen der Lilie" (West Germany), "Blood on His Sword" or "The Miracle of the Wolves" (USA). Numerous scenes were filmed at the Cité de Carcassonne. Cast Jean Marais : Robert de Neuville Rosanna Schiaffino (VF : Claire Guibert) : Jeanne de Beauvais Jean-Louis Barrault : Louis XI Roger Hanin : Charles le Téméraire Guy Delorme: Le comte Jean de Sénac Annie Anderson: Catherine du Tillais ou Marguerite Louis Arbessier: Le comte d'Hesselin Jean Marchat: L'archevêque Raoul Billerey : Jérôme Pierre Palfray : Mathieu Georges Lycan : Sire de Gavray Bernard Musson : Un évêque Paul Préboist : A baladin See also Le Miracle des loups (1924 film) References External links Le Miracle des loups (1961) at the Films de France Category:1961 films Category:French historical films Category:Swashbuckler films Category:French-language films Category:Films directed by André Hunebelle Category:French films Category:1960s adventure films Category:1960s historical films Category:Films set in the 15th century Category:Cultural depictions of Charles the Bold Category:Cultural depictions of Louis XI of France	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of elevation extremes by region The following three sortable tables list land surface elevation extremes by region. Elevation is the vertical distance above the reference geoid, an equipotential gravitational surface model of the Earth's sea level. __TOC__ Table of elevation extremes by geographic region Table of elevation extremes by geographic zone Table of elevation extremes by geographic hemisphere Gallery See also List of elevation extremes by country Geodesy Geoid Nadir Summit Topographic elevation Topographic isolation Topographic prominence :Category:Highest points :Category:Lowest points References External links United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office Country profiles United States of America The Library of Congress Country Studies U.S. Central Intelligence Agency The World Factbook U.S. Department of State Background Notes Elevation Extremes By Region, List Of Elevation Extremes By Region, List Of Elevation Extremes By Region, List Of Elevation Extremes By Region, List Of Elevation by region	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Osamu Hayashi is a Japanese tarento and Yobikō lecturer. Hayashi is a full-time lecturer at Toshin High School Satellite Prep School Language Arts. He teaches modern language. Hayashi is represented with Watanabe Entertainment. Bibliography Filmography Regular programmes Current appearances Former appearances Guest appearances Radio Advertisements Events Magazines Newspapers Internet News websites References Notes External links Toshin High School profile Heiwa presents Osamu Hayashi no Rekka no Honō Juku Category:Japanese television personalities Category:Japanese television presenters Category:People from Nagoya Category:University of Tokyo alumni Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:Watanabe Entertainment	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Central Party School (disambiguation) Central Party School or Central Party Affairs School could refer to: Central Party Affairs School (now National Chengchi University), former central party school of Nationalist government established on July 20, 1927 Central Party School of the Communist Party of China established on July 22, 1927	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Skagit Skagit ( ) may refer to: Skagit peoples, Native American groups in the U.S. state of Washington Upper Skagit, one of the two Skagit peoples Lower Skagit, one of the two Skagit peoples Skagit language, or Lushootseed, the traditional language of the Skagit peoples Skagit Bay Skagit County, Washington Skagit Range Skagit River Skagit River Hydroelectric Project Skagit Valley	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Edmond Levy (judge) Edmond E. Levy (; October 11, 1941 – March 11, 2014) was an Israeli judge of the Supreme Court of Israel and member of the Judicial Selection Committee. In January 2012, he was appointed by Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu to head a three-member committee which was to examine the legal aspects of land ownership in the West Bank. The committee′s report, usually referred to as "Levy Report", was published in July 2012. Biography Levy was born in Basra, Iraq to supporters of the Herut movement. He emigrated to Israel with his parents at the age of 10. He grew up in Ramat Gan, where he finished high school in 1958. After his military service which ended in 1961, he began working at the Ramla Magistrate's Court and at the same time he studied statutory law at Tel Aviv University. He also served as Vice-Mayor of Ramla on behalf of the Likud party for a short time. In 1969 he finished his law studies, and opened his own office in Tel Aviv after he got his lawyer license in 1970. In 1977 he was appointed as a military judge, in 1979 as a Magistrate judge, and in 1984 he became District judge in Tel Aviv. Levy was appointed to the Supreme Court in August 2001 along with Ayala Procaccia. The kippah wearing Levy was perceived as representing the Religious Zionists, complementing Procaccia′s secular views. On 24 March 2008, Levy was elected by the Supreme Court justices to serve on the Judicial Selection Committee in place of the court's Vice-President Eliezer Rivlin. In January 2012 he was appointed by Prime Minister Benyamin Netanyahu as head of a three-member committee dubbed the “outpost committee” to examine the legal aspects of land ownership in the West Bank and to review the 2005 government report known as the Sasson Report which had found that several dozen outposts were built without state approval and on privately owned Palestinian land. The 89-page report referred to as Levy Report was published by the Israeli government on 9 July 2012. Legal views and rulings Levy's main expertise was criminal law. Among others, he presided over the highly publicized trial of Yigal Amir, the political assassin who murdered of Yitzhak Rabin, and made sure that the trial was a regular criminal trial, which was both praised and criticized. He also wrote the ruling in Ze'ev Rosenstein's extradition to the United States, wherein he recognized the legality of extraditing an Israeli citizen who has committed offenses connected to the territory of a foreign country. Levy was an activist judge considered the most activist Supreme Court justice ever. He intervened in administrative and governmental decisions, including Knesset laws, when he thought it necessary, even in cases where the court usually does not get involved. He was not afraid to hold the minority opinion and wrote several court opinions as the single dissenting judge. He was the only judge who did not approve the slashes in the guaranteed income allowances, ruling "The right to live a dignified basic existence is an inseparable part of the right to human dignity". In his opinion, this right includes "the right to adequate living conditions and is not intended merely to keep a man from intolerable deprivation." His humanity was also reflected in his verdict revoking the practice of binding migrant workers to their employers. According to this practice, the workers lose their right to be in Israel once they leave their employers. "We must not turn their poverty into an instrument for uncontrolled, disproportionate infringement of basic rights," he ruled. "We, who know what it is like to be in exile and know what it is like to be a stranger, for we were strangers in the land of Egypt." His most important verdict, according to Haaretz is his minority opinion against ten colleagues about the 2005 disengagement from the Gaza Strip: He wanted to annul the Evacuation-Compensation Law and the entire pullout. References External links Edmond Levy at the official site for the Supreme Court of Israel Category:1941 births Category:2014 deaths Category:Deputy mayors of places in Israel Category:Israeli Jews Category:Israeli judges Category:Israeli people of Iraqi-Jewish descent Category:Israeli soldiers Category:Iraqi emigrants to Israel Category:Iraqi Jews Category:Judges of the Supreme Court of Israel Category:Likud politicians Category:People from Basra Category:Tel Aviv University alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Li Zhenshi Li Zhenshi (), is a male Chinese table tennis player and coach. Table tennis career From 1974 to 1981 he won several medals in singles, doubles, and team events in the Asian Table Tennis Championships and in the World Table Tennis Championships. His nine World Championship medals included four gold medals; two in the team event and two in the doubles with Liang Geliang and Cai Zhenhua. He also won two English Open titles. Personal life After retiring from competition, Li and his wife Zhang Li moved to the USA, where they direct the World Champions Table Tennis Academy in San Jose, California. Li Zhenshi was the coach of the US men's national team that won a bronze medal at the 1995 World Team Cup. He also coached Team USA at the 1996 Olympics. See also List of table tennis players List of World Table Tennis Championships medalists References Category:Chinese male table tennis players Category:Living people Category:Asian Games medalists in table tennis Category:Table tennis players at the 1974 Asian Games Category:Table tennis players from Shanghai Category:Asian Games gold medalists for China Category:Asian Games silver medalists for China Category:Medalists at the 1974 Asian Games Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kazuhisa Inao was a Japanese professional baseball pitcher. In 1957, he won 20 consecutive games. In 1958 Japan Series, he pitched six games and won 4 consecutive games after his team lost 3 games. He even hit a home run in fifth game of Japan Series. He was the Pacific League's Most Valuable Player in 1957 and 1958. He had 42 wins in 1961. Fans called his great success "God, Buddha, Inao". In 1964, he injured his shoulder, and in 1965 came back to full-time pitching, mainly in relief. He retired as a player in 1969, and went on to manage the Nishitetsu Lions from 1970 to 1974. He was inducted into the Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame in 1993. His number 24 was retired by the Saitama Seibu Lions on April 30, 2012. Career statistics Bolded figures are league-leading Titles and Award Rookie of the Year : (1956) Wins Champion : 4 times (1957,1958,1961,1963) Winning Percentage Champion: 2 times (1957,1961) ERA Champion : 5 times (1956–1958,1961,1966) Strikeout Champion : 3 times (1958,1961,1963) MVP : 2 times (1957–1958) Best Nine : 5 times (1957–1958,1961–1963) Record 42 Wins (1961) (National Record, tied) 20 consecutive wins (1957) (National Record) 78 Games Played (1961) (Pacific League Record) 1.06 ERA (1956) (Pacific Lague Record, National Rookie-Year Record) 404 inning Pitched (1961) (Pacific League Record) 11 wins in single month (Aug, 1956) (National Record) 4 complete game in single Japan Series (1958) (Japan Series Record, tied) 4 wins in single Japan Series (1958) (Japan Series Record, tied) 11 career wins in Japan Series (tied with Tsuneo Horiuchi) References External links BR Bullpen Category:1937 births Category:2007 deaths Category:People from Ōita Prefecture Category:Japanese baseball players Category:Nippon Professional Baseball pitchers Category:Nishitetsu Lions players Category:Nippon Professional Baseball Rookie of the Year Award winners Category:Nippon Professional Baseball MVP Award winners Category:Managers of baseball teams in Japan Category:Seibu Lions managers Category:Chiba Lotte Marines managers Category:Japanese Baseball Hall of Fame inductees Category:Deaths from cancer in Japan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
39890 Bobstephens 39890 Bobstephens, provisional designation , is a stony asteroid from the middle region of the asteroid belt, approximately 2 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 23 March 1998, by Czech astronomer Petr Pravec at Ondřejov Observatory near Prague in the Czech Republic. It was named for American astronomer Robert Stephens. Orbit and classification Bobstephens orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.0–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,523 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 5° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first imaged at Steward Observatory in 1995. This precovery extends the body's observation arc by 3 years prior to its official discovery observation. Physical characteristics Rotation period In August 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Bobstephens was obtained from photometric observations by American amateur astronomer Daniel Coley at the Center for Solar System Studies in California. Light-curve analysis gave a rotation period of 9.55 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (). Diameter and albedo The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 2.06 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 15.8. Naming This minor planet was named for Californian amateur astronomer and photometrist Robert D. Stephens (born 1955), who is an expert in lightcurve photometry of minor planets since 1999. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 24 July 2002 (). References External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info) Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (35001)-(40000) – Minor Planet Center 039890 Category:Discoveries by Petr Pravec Category:Minor planets named for people Category:Named minor planets 19980323	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Desolate Branch Desolate Branch is a stream in McDowell County, West Virginia, in the United States. Desolate Branch has been noted for its unusual place name. See also List of rivers of West Virginia References Category:Rivers of McDowell County, West Virginia Category:Rivers of West Virginia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Abegweit Passage Abegweit Passage is the narrowest part of the Northumberland Strait, comprising the 13-kilometre-wide portion between Cape Traverse, Prince Edward Island, and Cape Tormentine, New Brunswick. Tidal currents in this area can reach up to . This portion of the strait is now spanned by the Confederation Bridge. The word Abegweit is derived from the Mi'kmaq word Abahquit, meaning "lying parallel with the land", or Epegweit, "lying in the water". It is often loosely translated as meaning "cradled on the waves." References Category:Bodies of water of Prince Edward Island Category:Bodies of water of New Brunswick Category:Landforms of Prince County, Prince Edward Island Category:Landforms of Westmorland County, New Brunswick Category:Straits of Canada	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dragon's Revenge is a pinball video game by Tengen, released for Sega Genesis in 1993. It is a follow-up to Devil's Crush (Dragon's Fury), a pinball game set in sword and sorcery scenario, wherein the player has to defeat a dragon and a witch. The game was released to generally positive reviews. Gameplay There are several various stages and bonus/boss stages in the game. None of the stages is attempting to simulate an actual pinball machine like in most other pinball games and the game only uses basic pinball mechanics. Plot The village of Kalfin's Keep has been enslaved by an evil and his consort Darzel, who used her magic to capture three adventurers: Kragor the warrior, a female barbarian named Flavia, and a good sorceress named Rina. The player's role is to guide magic balls (the game's game pinball balls) as a weapon on the quest to rescue the captive heroes, and then them lead in their fight against the forces of darkness. If the game is finished, the dragon is slain and Darzel gets herself trapped in a ball. Reception Dragon's Revenge was given a review score of 14.5 out of 20 by GamePro, who called it "a solid game for pinball fans and gamers who like fast action" and have enjoyed Dragon's Fury. Electronic Gaming Monthly complimented the graphics and said the game was worthwhile for those who like pinball games, giving it a 6.8 out of 10. Mean Machines Sega rated 74% but opined it was a mediocre title and a disappointment compared to Dragon's Fury two years earlier. A review in Sega Visions, however, was much more positive, as were the reviews in French magazines such as Consoles Plus (90%), (83%), MEGA Force (84%), and Player One (89%). See also Ultimate Pinball Quest References External links Dragon's Revenge at MobyGames Crush series at Hardcore Gaming 101 Category:1993 video games Category:Crush Pinball Category:Dragons in video games Category:Fantasy video games Category:Sega Genesis games Category:Sega Genesis-only games Category:Single-player video games Category:Tengen (company) games Category:Video games developed in the United States Category:Video games featuring female antagonists Category:Video games featuring female protagonists Category:Video games featuring non-playable protagonists Category:Video game sequels Category:Witchcraft in video games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dixie Upright R. T. "Dixie" Upright (May 30, 1926 in Kannapolis, North Carolina – November 13, 1986 in Concord, North Carolina) is a former left-handed, , 175 pound Major League Baseball player who played for the St. Louis Browns in 1953. Prior to playing professional baseball, he attended Cannon High School in Kannapolis. Signed by the Pittsburgh Pirates as an amateur free agent in 1947, he was sent to the Chicago White Sox in an unknown transaction before the 1951 season. On January 20, 1953, he was traded with $25,000 to the Browns for Fred Marsh. He made his big league debut on April 18 of that year. He appeared in a total of nine games, collecting two hits (including a home run) in eight at-bats, for an average of .250. He also scored three times and drove in one run. He played in his final big league game on May 10. On May 13, the Browns released him, and he was quickly signed by the Chicago Cubs on that same day. He never again appeared in the major leagues. In 1958, he hit .343 with 17 homers and 116 RBI for the Amarillo Gold Sox of the Western League, earning him a spot on the All-Star team. Following his death in 1986, he was interred in Greenlawn Cemetery in China Grove, North Carolina. References Baseball Reference Baseball Reference (Minors) Category:1926 births Category:1986 deaths Category:Amarillo Gold Sox players Category:Bartlesville Oilers players Category:Baseball players from North Carolina Category:Fargo-Moorhead Twins players Category:Keokuk Pirates players Category:Little Rock Travelers players Category:Los Angeles Angels (minor league) players Category:Major League Baseball first basemen Category:Major League Baseball outfielders Category:Montgomery Rebels players Category:Memphis Chickasaws players Category:New Orleans Pelicans (baseball) players Category:People from Kannapolis, North Carolina Category:St. Louis Browns players Category:Waco Pirates players Category:York White Roses players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Religion in Singapore Religion in Singapore is characterised by a wide variety of religious beliefs and practices due to its diverse ethnic mix of peoples originating from various countries. This means that Singapore is commonly termed as a "melting pot" of various religious practices originating from different religious denominations around the world. Most practised religious denominations are present in Singapore, with the Inter-Religious Organisation, Singapore (IRO) recognising 10 major religions in the city state. A 2014 analysis by the Pew Research Center found Singapore to be the world's most religiously diverse nation. The most followed religion in Singapore is Buddhism, with 33.2% of the resident population declaring themselves as adherents at the most recent census (2015). A large majority of Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese, with 42.29% of the ethnic Chinese population in Singapore declaring themselves as Buddhists at the most recent census (2015). However, there are also sizeable numbers of non-Chinese ethnic groups in Singapore that practise Buddhism, such as the Sinhalese, Burmese and Thais. Tolerance The government of Singapore is officially tolerant of different religions and encourages religious harmony among the different religions found in Singapore. However, some religions or denominations are officially banned by the government, such as Jehovah's Witnesses and the Unification Church, although their followers do still practise in secrecy. Some religions, especially those practised by Chinese ethnic groups, have merged their places of worship with other religions such as Hinduism and Islam. A prominent example is that of Loyang Tua Pek Kong Temple (situated in the eastern coastal line) wherein three religions, namely Taoism, Hinduism, and Buddhism are co-located. Younger Singaporeans tend to combine traditional philosophies with religious beliefs introduced when the British colonised Singapore. One prominent example is South Bridge Street, which was a major road through the old Chinatown, where it houses the Sri Mariamman Temple (a south Indian Hindu temple that was declared a national historical site in the 1980s), as well as the Masjid Jamae Mosque that served Chulia Muslims from India's Coromandel Coast. In schools, children are taught in social studies lessons about the Maria Hertogh riots and the 1964 Race Riots, as a reminder of the consequences of inter-religious conflict. Mixed-race classes, interaction between students of different races and the celebration of religious festivals also help inculcate religious tolerance and understanding from a young age. Another religious landmark in Singapore is the Armenian Church of Gregory the Illuminator, the oldest church in Singapore, which was completed in 1836. It was also the first building in Singapore to have an electricity supply, when electric fans and lights were installed. Today, the church no longer holds Armenian services, as the last Armenian priest retired in the 1930s. Nonetheless, the church and its grounds have been carefully preserved and various Orthodox Church services are still held in it occasionally and Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria service on the first weekend of every month. Statistics and demographics The Singapore census includes detailed data on religion and ethnicity, and is taken on a ten or five-year basis. Figures for religion for the past three decades are: The above figures refer to the resident population only, and do not include the non-resident population (Singapore authorities do not release figures for the non-resident population which accounted for 18.33% of Singapore's population in 2005). Most Singaporeans celebrate the major festivals associated with their respective religions. The variety of religions is a direct reflection of the diversity of races living there. The Chinese are predominantly followers of Buddhism,Taoism and Christianity with many irreligious exceptions. Malays are mostly Muslims, and Indians are mostly Hindus, but with significant numbers of Muslims and Sikhs from the Indian ethnic groups. Religion is still an integral part of cosmopolitan Singapore. Many of its significant buildings are religious, be it temples, churches or mosques.An understanding of these buildings do play a part in contributing to appreciation of their art. Taoist and Confucian doctrines and deities, together with ancestral worship, are combined in various ways in the Chinese folk religions and Chinese folk religious sects. Universalising religions Buddhism A large plurality of Singaporeans declare themselves as Buddhist, with 33.3% of the Singaporean population being Buddhist. Most missionaries can hail from China, Tibet, perhaps Taiwan), Thailand, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Japan. There are Buddhist monasteries and centres from the three major traditions of Buddhism in Singapore: Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana. Most Buddhists in Singapore are Chinese and are of the Mahayana tradition. Whilst a majority of Buddhists in Singapore are traditionally ethnic Chinese, there is a significant number of Buddhists in Singapore that come from other ethnic groups such as the Sinhalese and the Myanmese. Due to the presence of these Buddhists from these ethnic groups, there are Buddhist centres and temples that serves these people, such as Sri Lankaramaya Buddhist Temple and Burmese Buddhist Temple. Buddhism of every tradition is well represented in Singapore, such as Tibetan Buddhism, Thai Buddhism and Chinese Mahayana Buddhism. They were brought together over years of immigration to Singapore, brought by many foreign Buddhist monks. Due to the melting pot of Buddhist traditions here in Singapore, it is not uncommon to see Thai Buddhist Temples and Tibetan Buddhist Centres, besides the uncountable Chinese Buddhist Temples. The sight of such temples gives Buddhists in Singapore a warm feeling in their hearts, as these are places where they spend their times with their loved ones the most, such as going to temples to offer incense and attend meditation and chanting services. Occasionally, Buddhist monks from the west such as Ajahn Brahm, who is an Australian monk, comes to Singapore to give Buddhist Talks to the public. Additionally, the recent revival of Buddhist societies in Singapore such as Singapore Polytechnic Buddhist Society has helped youths in Singapore gain a better insight into Buddhism. Recently, there are many Buddhist temples in Singapore that are undergoing major renovations, to have a fresh new building facade and to cater to the younger crowd. Singapore Buddhist Lodge has recently renovated their Main Shrine Hall and since it has open its doors to the public, it has been drawing hundreds of people from all over Singapore to visit. In addition, Kong Meng San Phor Kark See Monastery has also opened the Buddhist College of Singapore to provide a centre for Buddhist education to Singaporeans. Such additions and renovations to these temples have improved their visitor count greatly. As time goes by, a sizeable number of Buddhist temples in Singapore have decided to use English over Mandarin as their main language of communication during their temple services to cater to the growing English-Speaking Buddhist congregation. Indirectly, many young Chinese Singaporeans are now spending time with their family to rediscover their Buddhist roots. Population of resident ethnic group registered as Buddhist 2015. Christianity Christian churches can be found across Singapore. Both Mother Teresa and Pope John Paul II visited Singapore. Population of resident ethnic group registered as Christianity 2015. Islam According to the 2015 census, around 14% of the resident population in Singapore registered themselves as Muslims. Most mosques in Singapore cater to Sunni Muslims due to the vast majority of Singaporean Muslims adhering to the Sunni Shafi'i or Hanafi school of thought, although there are mosques that cater to the needs of the Shia community as well. There are approximately 200 Ahmadi. Singapore also contains the oldest Muslim women's organization in the world: Young Women Muslim Association of Singapore. Whilst a majority of Muslims in Singapore are traditionally ethnic Malays, there is also a significant growing number of Muslims from other ethnic groups; in particular, there is a sizeable number of Muslims amongst ethnic Indians that statistically include Tamil Muslims and ethnic Pakistanis in Singapore as well. For this reason, a number of mosques (mostly Tamil-speaking) specifically cater to the needs of the Indian Muslim community. Additionally, under the direction of the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore (MUIS), English is increasingly being used as the language of administration, religious instruction and sermons for Friday prayers in mosques across Singapore to cater to Muslims who may not necessarily be Malay-speaking. The ethnic breakdown of Muslims according to the 2010 Singapore Census of Population are as follows: Bahá'í K. M. Fozdar (1898–1958) and Shirin Fozdar (1905–1992), were the first to introduce the Bahá'í Faith to Singapore when they settled here in 1950. Shirin Fozdar was well known throughout Singapore and Asia for her work in the cause of women's emancipation. Her arrival in Singapore had been preceded by an article in The Straits Times on 15 September 1950 under the heading "A Woman with a Message". Through the efforts of Dr and Mrs Fozdar, by 1952 there were enough Bahá'ís in Singapore to form the first Local Spiritual Assembly. The community has since grown to over 2000 members and today there are five Local Spiritual Assemblies in Singapore. They oversee a wide range of activities including the education of children, devotional services, study classes, discussion groups, social functions, observance of holy days, marriages and funeral services. Bahá'í marriage is recognised under the laws of Singapore and the solemniser is appointed by the Registrar of Marriages. The Bahá'ís have been provided with a cemetery in Choa Chu Kang since 1957 and the nine Bahá'í Holy Days have been gazetted since 1972. Members of the first Local Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Singapore, incorporated 28 July 1952. The five Local Spiritual Assemblies come under the jurisdiction of the Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Singapore, the national governing council which was established in 1972. The national governing council also appoints the executive members of the various offices which plan and carry out social service projects and collaborate with government and non-government organisations. The Bahá'í teachings stress the importance of obedience to civil government and laws. While Bahá'ís may accept non-partisan government appointments, they do not engage in partisan political activity. The members firmly uphold the injunction of Bahá'u'lláh, that 'they must behave towards the government with loyalty, honesty and truthfulness'. Sikhism The first Sikhs to settle in Singapore came in 1849. As of 2011, there are 10,744 Sikhs in Singapore. Ethnic religions Taoism Followers of Taoism ("The Way") adhere to the teachings of the ancient Chinese religious philosophy of Laozi, the founder of Taoism, also known as the Pure Celestial Worthy of the Way. Besides codified Taoism—which in some places, like Taiwan, is mostly represented by the Zhengyi order—Taoism in Singapore also comprehends a wide variety of Chinese folk religions. Feng shui, literally "wind and water", originated from the school of yin and yang and is deeply rooted in ancestral worshiping that seeks to harmonise the pnuemas between the living (yang) and the dead (yin). Ancestral worship is a common practice of the Chinese and the Qingming Festival during the second full moon is observed by the majority. This reflects that Chinese tradition remains extant in modern Singapore. They pray in tribute to their bereaved ancestors, where their spirits are honoured with offerings including food, beverages, joss paper, incense sticks, and even paper houses, which are intrinsic practices for Taoists. Although Taoist temples and shrines are abundant in Singapore, the official number of followers has dwindled drastically over the years from 22.4% to 8.5% between the years 1990 to 2000. This, however, may be accounted for by the unclear delineation between Taoism and Buddhism in popular perception. For example, the difference between the two religions can be negligible enough that when a Chinese says that they "offer incense sticks" it is usually assumed that they are Buddhist even though they may not actually be Buddhist. The 2010 and 2015 censuses have shown that Taoist identity has declined again to represent about 10% of Singapore's population. Hinduism The majority of Singapore's present Hindus are descendants of Indians who migrated soon after the founding of Singapore in 1819. The early temples are still the central points of rituals and festivals, which are held throughout the year. Zoroastrianism There is also a sizeable population of 4,500 Zoroastrians living in Singapore. In 1985, non-Parsi members can join a community but have no voting rights. Unlike India and Iran, the Parsi community is growing faster due to the significant toleration of their religion as in India. Judaism The first Jews to settle in Singapore came from India in 1819. As of 2008, there are about 1,000 Jews in Singapore. Their religious activities centre around two synagogues, the Maghain Aboth Synagogue and the Chesed-El Synagogue. There were over 1,500 Jewish inhabitants in 1939. Many were interned during the Japanese occupation of Singapore in World War II, and a number subsequently emigrated to Australia, England, the United States, and Israel. As a result, the community numbered approximately 450 in 1968. In 2005, the number reached 300. Because of a large Ashkenazi immigration rate to Singapore in recent years, the population is now between 800 and 1,000, mostly foreign Ashkenazi Jews. Jainism The Jain community celebrated 100 years in Singapore by rededicating the "Stanak" and consecrating the idol of Mahavira. This brought together the two main sects of Jains, the Śvētāmbara and Digambara. The Singapore Jain Religious Society actively engages in keeping traditions and practices alive by transmitting Jain principles to the next generation. It also has a strong history of community involvement. The Jains have no temple, but the Singapore Jain Religious Society has a building on 18 Jalan Yasin. As of 2006, there were 1,000 Jains in Singapore. No religious affiliation As of 2015, 18.5% of Singaporeans had no religious affiliation. Non-religious Singaporeans are found in various ethnic groups and all walks of life in the diverse, multicultural city state. The Singapore non-religious community itself is very diverse, with many calling themselves atheists, agnostics, free thinkers, humanists, secularist, theists or sceptics. In addition, there some people who decline religious labels but still practice traditional rituals like ancestor worship. The number of non-religious people in Singapore has risen gradually over the decades. Census reports show that those who said they have no religion rose from 13.0% in 1980 to 17.0% in 2010. In recent years, social gatherings of non-religious people are getting popular in Singapore. The Singapore Humanism Meetup is a major network of 400 over secular Humanists, freethinkers, atheists, and agnostics. In October 2010, the Humanist Society (Singapore) became the first humanist group to be gazetted as a society. Restrictions The constitution provides for freedom of religion; however, other laws and policies restricted this right in some circumstances. Publications and public discussions of religious issues are generally censored, along with negative or inflammatory portrayals of religion. The Government does not tolerate speech or actions that it deems could adversely affect racial or religious harmony. Nontrinitarian Christianity In 1972 the Singapore government de-registered and banned the activities of Jehovah's Witnesses in Singapore on the grounds that its members refuse to perform military service (which is obligatory for all male citizens), salute the flag, or swear oaths of allegiance to the state. Singapore has banned all written materials published by the International Bible Students Association and the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, both publishing arms of the Jehovah's Witnesses. A person who possesses a prohibited publication can be fined up to $1500 (Singapore Dollars $2,000) and jailed up to 12 months for a first conviction. Since 1982, the Unification Church has also been banned in Singapore, as they were deemed to be a potential cult and thus disruptive to public welfare. Islam In 2011, Wikileaks published diplomatic cables which attributed controversial comments regarding Islam to Lee Kuan Yew, the Minister Mentor of Singapore's government. Wikileaks quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee later denied making the comments. The incident followed Lee's controversial book release Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going. In the book, Lee claimed that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion, and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances" – an assertion that is seemingly contrary to statistics and studies on the levels of social acceptance, tolerance and interracial marriages practised by Singaporean Muslims. The speakers for broadcasting the Islamic call to prayer were turned inwards to broadcast towards the interior of the mosques as part of a noise abatement campaign in 1974. See also Singaporean Chinese religion References	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cheng Po-jen Cheng Po-jen (; born 17 October 1982 in Taiwan) is a Taiwanese baseball player who currently plays for Uni-President Lions of Chinese Professional Baseball League. He currently plays as short reliever for the Lions. See also Chinese Professional Baseball League Uni-President Lions References Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Baseball coaches Category:Baseball pitchers Category:Sportspeople from Taipei Category:Taiwanese baseball players Category:Uni-President 7-Eleven Lions players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Southern Avenue, Kolkata Southern Avenue, now renamed Dr Meghnad Saha Sarani, is an avenue in South Kolkata connecting Gol Park with Kalighat. It falls under the Ballygunge area. It is a road with a centre boulevard that runs east to west from Gariahat Road on the east to Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road on the west touching Sarat Bose Road (near Lake Stadium) on its way. Localities Rabindra Sarobar, earlier called Dhakuria Lake/Ballygunge Lake, an artificial lake, is on Southern Avenue. It comprises areas leased to several rowing clubs and cricket academies, a Safari garden, a virtually defunct children's park and play center (Lily Pool) an auditorium Nazrul Manch, swimming pool training centres, etc. Many prominent Roads either originate from or merge into Southern Avenue on its course either to its north or south, namely Keyatala Road, Jatin Bagchi Road, Lake Road, Lake View Road, Sarat Chatterjee Avenue, Lake Avenue, Lake Place, S R Das Road & Janak Road. Southern Avenue is dotted with beautiful private bungalows and several high rise apartments like 'Dakshinayan', 'Green View', 'Abhisarika', 'Ananda', 'Ashoka', 'Avenue House', 'Sarobar', 'Lake Towers', 'Arihant Garden' and 'Fort Legend', to name a few. Landmarks Rabindra Sarobar or Dhakuria Lake; an artificial lake created when the area south of Kalighat was drained and new streets laid out by Calcutta Municipal Development Authority (CMDA). Birla Academy of Art and Culture Ramakrishna Mission Institution of Culture, Gol Park Lake Kalibari Indian Life Saving Society (ILSS), Kolkata, formerly called Anderson Club. Nazrul Manch, Kolkata Vivekananda Park Calcutta Rowing Club Bengal Rowing Club Rabindra Sarobar Stadium AMRI Medical Centre Maruti Suzuki showroom "Auto Hitech" Medinova Diagnostic Centre Southern Plaza Hotel Menoka Cinema (on Sarat Chatterjee Avenue) Southern Avenue swimming club Nava Nalanda High School NG Medicare Vibes One of the important places on the avenue is the Birla Academy of Art and Culture Museum which was established in 1966. Collections include paintings of the medieval period as well as modern art and some archaeological specimens. The Museum holds regular exhibitions of modern Indian sculptors and painters. One of the restaurants that is near to the Southern Avenue is the Wrong Place (Spelt at times as 'Xrong Place'). Restaurants The Grub Club Telephone: Indthalia The French Loaf (on Jatin Bagchi Road) Marco Polo Mandarin Tandoor House Oceania (Hotel Southern Plaza) The Silver Oak Casa Toscana (on Sarat Chatterjee Avenue) The Funjabi Tadka Crave Foodworks Garden Cafe Azad Hind Dhaba Macazzo What's Up Cafe The Dugout Bijoli Grill References Category:Streets in Kolkata	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Olga Fateeva Olga Fateeva (Russian: Ольга Фатеева; born 4 May 1984) is a Russian volleyball player. She was a member of the national team that won the gold medal at the 2010 World Championship. References Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:Russian women's volleyball players Category:Volleyball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic volleyball players of Russia Category:People from Pavlohrad	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ardatovsky Uyezd (Simbirsk Governorate) Ardatovsky Uyezd (Ардатовский уезд) was one of the subdivisions of the Simbirsk Governorate of the Russian Empire. It was situated in the northwestern part of the governorate. Its administrative centre was Ardatov. Demographics At the time of the Russian Empire Census of 1897, Ardatovsky Uyezd had a population of 189,226. Of these, 59.6% spoke Russian, 39.4% Mordvin and 0.9% Tatar as their native language. References Category:Uyezds of Simbirsk Governorate Category:Simbirsk Governorate Category:Ardatovsky Uyezd (Simbirsk Governorate)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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