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Andrey Karasyow Andrey Karasyow (; ; born 26 May 1991) is a Belarusian former professional footballer. External links Category:1991 births Category:Living people Category:Belarusian footballers Category:FC Dynamo Brest players Category:FC Volna Pinsk players Category:FC Kobrin players Category:Association football midfielders	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine. PTH influences bone remodeling, which is an ongoing process in which bone tissue is alternately reabsorbed and rebuilt over time. PTH is secreted in response to low blood serum calcium (Ca2+) levels. PTH indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity within the bone matrix (osteon), in an effort to release more ionic calcium (Ca2+) into the blood to elevate a low serum calcium level. The bones act as a (metaphorical) "bank of calcium" from which the body can make "withdrawals" as needed to keep the amount of calcium in the blood at appropriate levels despite the ever-present challenges of metabolism, stress, and nutritional variations. PTH is "a key that unlocks the bank vault" to remove the calcium. PTH is secreted primarily by the chief cells of the parathyroid glands. It is a polypeptide containing 84 amino acids, which is a prohormone. It has a molecular mass around 9500 Da. Its action is opposed by the hormone calcitonin. There are two types of PTH receptors. Parathyroid hormone 1 receptors, activated by the 34 N-terminal amino acids of PTH, are present at high levels on the cells of bone and kidney. Parathyroid hormone 2 receptors are present at high levels on the cells of central nervous system, pancreas, testes, and placenta. The half-life of PTH is about 4 minutes. Disorders that yield too little or too much PTH, such as hypoparathyroidism, hyperparathyroidism, and paraneoplastic syndromes can cause bone disease, hypocalcaemia, and hypercalcaemia. Structure hPTH-(1-34) crystallizes as a slightly bent, long, helical dimer. The extended helical conformation of hPTH-(1-34) is the likely bioactive conformation. The N-terminal fragment 1-34 of parathyroid hormone (PTH) has been crystallized and the structure has been refined to 0.9 Å resolution. Function Regulation of serum calcium Parathyroid hormone regulates serum calcium through its effects on bone, kidney, and the intestine: In bone, PTH enhances the release of calcium from the large reservoir contained in the bones. Bone reabsorption is the normal destruction of bone by osteoclasts, which are indirectly stimulated by PTH. Stimulation is indirect since osteoclasts do not have a receptor for PTH; rather, PTH binds to osteoblasts, the cells responsible for creating bone. Binding stimulates osteoblasts to increase their expression of RANKL and inhibits their secretion of Osteoprotegerin (OPG). Free OPG competitively binds to RANKL as a decoy receptor, preventing RANKL from interacting with RANK, a receptor for RANKL. The binding of RANKL to RANK (facilitated by the decreased amount of OPG available for binding the excess RANKL) stimulates these osteoclast precursors to fuse, forming new osteoclasts, which ultimately enhances bone reabsorption. Another mechanism to regulate this pathways as PTH does is by estrogen. Estrogen suppresses T cell TNF production by regulating T cell differentiation and activity in the bone marrow, thymus, and peripheral lymphoid organs. In the bone marrow, estrogen downregulates the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells through an IL-7 dependent mechanism. In the kidney, around 250 mmol of calcium ions are filtered into the glomerular filtrate per day. Most of this (245 mmol/d) is reabsorbed from the tubular fluid, leaving about 5 mmol/d to be excreted in the urine. This reabsorption occurs throughout the tubule (most, 60-70%, of it in the proximal tubule), except in the thin segment of the loop of Henle. Circulating parathyroid hormone only influences the reabsorption that occurs in the distal tubules and the renal collecting ducts (but see Footnote). A more important effect of PTH on the kidney is, however, its inhibition of the reabsorption of phosphate (HPO42−) from the tubular fluid, resulting in a decrease in the plasma phosphate concentration. Phosphate ions form water-insoluble salts with calcium. Thus, a decrease in the phosphate concentration of the blood plasma (for a given total calcium concentration) increases the amount of calcium that is ionized. A third important effect of PTH on the kidney is its stimulation of the conversion of 25-hydroxy vitamin D into 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol), which is released into the circulation. This latter form of vitamin D is the active hormone which stimulates calcium uptake from the intestine. Via the kidney, PTH enhances the absorption of calcium in the intestine by increasing the production of activated vitamin D. Vitamin D activation occurs in the kidney. PTH up-regulates 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase, the enzyme responsible for 1-alpha hydroxylation of 25-hydroxy vitamin D, converting vitamin D to its active form (1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D). This activated form of vitamin D increases the absorption of calcium (as Ca2+ ions) by the intestine via calbindin. PTH was one of the first hormones to be shown to use the G-protein, adenylyl cyclase second messenger system. Regulation of serum phosphate PTH reduces the reabsorption of phosphate from the proximal tubule of the kidney, which means more phosphate is excreted through the urine. However, PTH enhances the uptake of phosphate from the intestine and bones into the blood. In the bone, slightly more calcium than phosphate is released from the breakdown of bone. In the intestines, absorption of both calcium and phosphate is mediated by an increase in activated vitamin D. The absorption of phosphate is not as dependent on vitamin D as is that of calcium. The end result of PTH release is a small net drop in the serum concentration of phosphate. Vitamin D synthesis PTH upregulates the activity of 1-α-hydroxylase enzyme, which converts 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, the major circulating form of inactive vitamin D, into 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, the active form of vitamin D, in the kidney. Interactive pathway map Regulation of PTH secretion Secretion of parathyroid hormone is determined chiefly by serum ionized calcium concentration through negative feedback. Parathyroid cells express calcium-sensing receptors on the cell surface. PTH is secreted when [Ca2+] is decreased (calcitonin is secreted when serum calcium levels are elevated). The G-protein-coupled calcium receptors bind extracellular calcium and may be found on the surface on a wide variety of cells distributed in the brain, heart, skin, stomach, C cells, and other tissues. In the parathyroid gland, high concentrations of extracellular calcium result in activation of the Gq G-protein coupled cascade through the action of phospholipase C. This hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to liberate intracellular messengers IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG). Ultimately, these two messengers result in a release of calcium from intracellular stores into the cytoplasmic space. Hence a high extracellular calcium concentration leads to an increase in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration. In contrast to the mechanism that most secretory cells use, this high cytoplasmic calcium concentration inhibits the fusion of vesicles containing granules of preformed PTH with the membrane of the parathyroid cell, and thus inhibits release of PTH. In the parathyroids, magnesium serves this role in stimulus-secretion coupling. A mild decrease in serum magnesium levels stimulates the reabsorptive activity PTH has on the kidneys. Severe hypomagnesemia inhibits PTH secretion and also causes resistance to PTH, leading to a form of hypoparathyroidism that is reversible. Stimulators Decreased serum [Ca2+]. Mild decreases in serum [Mg2+]. An increase in serum phosphate (increased phosphate causes it to complex with serum calcium, forming calcium phosphate, which reduces stimulation of Ca-sensitive receptors (CaSr) that do not sense calcium phosphate, triggering an increase in PTH). Adrenaline Histamine Inhibitors Increased serum [Ca2+]. Severe decreases in serum [Mg2+], which also produces symptoms of hypoparathyroidism (such as hypocalcemia). Calcitriol Disorders Hyperparathyroidism, the presence of excessive amounts of parathyroid hormone in the blood, occurs in two very distinct sets of circumstances. Primary hyperparathyroidism is due to autonomous, abnormal hypersecretion of PTH from the parathyroid gland, while secondary hyperparathyroidism is an appropriately high PTH level seen as a physiological response to hypocalcaemia. A low level of PTH in the blood is known as hypoparathyroidism and is most commonly due to damage to or removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery. There are a number of rare but well-described genetic conditions affecting parathyroid hormone metabolism, including pseudohypoparathyroidism, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia, and autosomal dominant hypercalciuric hypocalcemia. Of note, PTH is unchanged in pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism. In osteoporotic women, administration of an exogenous parathyroid hormone analogue (teriparatide, by daily injection) superimposed on estrogen therapy produced increases in bone mass and reduced vertebral and nonvertebral fractures by 45 to 65%. Measurement PTH can be measured in the blood in several different forms: intact PTH; N-terminal PTH; mid-molecule PTH, and C-terminal PTH, and different tests are used in different clinical situations. The average PTH level is 8–51 pg/mL. Normal total plasma calcium level ranges from 8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL (2.12 mmol/L to 2.55 mmol/L). Interpretive Guide The intact PTH and calcium normal ranges are different for age; calcium is also different for sex. Model organisms Model organisms have been used in the study of PTH function. A conditional knockout mouse line called Pthtm1a(EUCOMM)Wtsi was generated at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. Male and female animals underwent a standardized phenotypic screen to determine the effects of deletion. Additional screens performed: - In-depth immunological phenotyping See also Disorders of calcium metabolism Parathyroid hormone family Parathyroid hormone-related protein Footnote References Further reading External links Parathyroid hormone: analyte monograph - the Association for Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine Category:Parathyroid hormone receptor agonists Category:Peptide hormones Category:Hormones of the parathyroid glands Category:Hormones of calcium metabolism	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Taxation in the Republic of Ireland Taxation in the Republic of Ireland in 2017 came from Personal Income taxes (40% of Exchequer Tax Revenues, or ETR), and Consumption taxes, being VAT (27% of ETR) and Excise and Customs duties (12% of ETR). Corporation taxes (16% of ETR) represents most of the balance (to 95% of ETR), but Ireland's Corporate Tax System (CT) is a central part of Ireland's economic model. Ireland summarises its taxation policy using the OECD's Hierarchy of Taxes pyramid (see graphic), which emphasises high corporate tax rates as the most harmful types of taxes where economic growth is the objective. The balance of Ireland's taxes are Property taxes (<3% of ETR, being Stamp duty and LPT) and Capital taxes (<3% of ETR, being CGT and CAT). An issue in comparing the Irish tax system to other economies is adjusting for the artificial inflation of Irish GDP by the base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) tools of U.S. multinationals in Ireland. In 2017, the Central Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with Irish GNI* to remove the distortion; 2017 GDP was 162% of 2017 GNI* (EU–28 2017 GDP was 100% of GNI). Properly adjusted, Ireland's Total Gross Tax-to-GNI* ratio of 36% is in-line with the EU–28 average (36%), and above the OECD average (33%); Ireland's Exchequer Tax-to-GNI* ratio of 28%, is in line with the EU–28 average (28%), and the OECD average (27%). Within these aggregate taxation metrics, the most distinctive differences between Ireland's taxation system and those of the average EU–28 and OECD taxation systems, are lower net Irish Social Security Contributions (i.e. PRSI less child benefits), offset by higher Irish Corporation tax receipts. Within Ireland's taxation system, the most distinctive element is the ratio of net Personal Income taxes on higher earners versus lower earners, which is called progressivity. In 2016, the OECD ranked Irish personal taxation as the 2nd most progressive tax system in the OECD, with the top 10% of earners paying 60% of taxes. The 2018 OCED Taxing Wages study showed Irish average single and average married wage-earners paid some of the lowest effective employment tax rates in the OECD, with Irish average married wage-earners paying an employee tax rate of 1.2%. In 2018, the Irish Revenue disclosed that 80% of 2017 Irish corporate tax was paid by foreign multinationals, and the top 10 multinationals paid 40% of Irish Corporation tax in 2017. Ireland's Corporate tax system is controversial and has drawn labels of Ireland as a tax haven. In June 2017, Ireland's CT system was ranked as one of the world's largest Conduit OFCs (i.e. places that act as links to tax havens), in March 2018 the Financial Stability Forum ranked Ireland as the 3rd largest Shadow Banking OFC, and in June 2018 tax academics calculated that Ireland was the world's largest corporate tax haven. Ireland's Property taxes (Stamp duty and LPT) are in line with the EU and OECD averages, but unlike Irish Income taxes, are not overtly progressive. Structure of Irish tax revenues Distribution of Exchequer Tax Revenues Each year, the Department of Finance is required to produce a report on Estimates for Receipts and Expenditure for the coming year. The table below, is extracted from the "Tax Revenues" section of the report for the prior-year (e.g. the 2017 column is from the 2018 report), by which time the "Tax Revenues" for that year are largely known (although still subject to further revision in later years). The "Tax Revenues" quoted are Exchequer Tax Revenues, and do not include Appropriations-in-Aid ("A–in–A") items, the largest being Social Security (or PRSI) which for 2015 was €10.2 billion, and other smaller items. Irish Personal Income tax, and the two main Irish consumption taxes of VAT and Excise, have consistently been circa 80% of the total Irish Exchequer Tax Revenue, with the balance being Corporate tax. International comparisons Comparisons of Ireland's tax system and international tax systems are complicated by two issues: Distortion of Ireland's GDP. Ireland's GDP is artificially inflated by the BEPS flows of Ireland's Multinational tax schemes. In 2018, Eurostat found 25% of Ireland's 2010-14 GDP was BEPS flows (no taxable impact). In Q1 2015, Apple restructured its Irish BEPS tools, which required Irish 2015 GDP to be restated by 34.4%. In February 2017, the Central Bank of Ireland replaced Irish GDP with a new metric, GNI, to remove the distortion; 2017 GDP was 162% of 2017 GNI (EU–28 2017 GDP was 100% of GNI). Effect of deductions and provisions. While Ireland's headline rates of taxation can be compared internationally, the effect of various tax deductions and provisions can materially change the net effective rate of taxation in a given area. The most dramatic, and controversial example of this is the difference between Ireland's headline corporate tax rate of 12.5%, and it's effective corporate tax rate of under 4% (see below). However, this issue also appears in VAT and in the effect of child benefit transfers on tax wedge estimates of the net tax on take-home pay. Key sources for comparison are the OECD Tax Database and the OECD Ireland Tax Bulletins. The Department of Finance has a Tax Policy Group which up until 2014, published documents that compared Ireland's taxation system internationally, including the main tax policy differences with other OECD countries. Total Gross Tax-to-GDP ratio From 2000–2014, Ireland's Total Gross Tax-to-GDP ratio was 27–30%, versus the OECD average of 33%, and EU–27 average of 36%. In October 2013, the Department of Finance Tax Policy Group, highlighted the distortion of Irish GDP impacted this metric, and Ireland's Tax-to-GNP ratio at 36% was above the OECD average, and in line with the EU–27 average. However, since Apple's 2015 leprechaun economics restructuring, Ireland's headline Tax-to-GDP ratio had fallen to the bottom of the OECD range at under 23%. Using 2017 GNI* (Irish 2017 GDP is 162% of Irish 2017 GNI), Ireland Tax-to-GNI ratio is back to 33%, in line with the OECD average. In 2017, Eurostat noted that Irish GNI* still contained BEPS tool distortions, and thus the Irish Tax-to-GNI* ratio is understated. Income tax (PAYE and PRSI) The OECD's 2018 Taxing Wages shows Ireland's tax wedge for labour income, which is the total tax (PAYE and EE and ER–PRSI less SS Benefits) paid on Irish wages by both the employee and employer, as a % of the total cost of labour to the employer (PAYE and ER–PRSI), is one of the lowest in the OECD. Of the 35 OCED members in 2017, the average Irish single-worker cost 27.2% in taxes versus the OECD average of 35.9% (ranked 29th–lowest), and the average Irish married worker cost 10.8% in taxes versus the OECD average of 26.1% (ranked 31st–lowest). The OECD's 2018 Taxing Wages shows Ireland's employee tax on wages, which is the total tax (PAYE and EE–PRSI less SS Benefits) paid by Irish employees, as a % of their gross wages, is also one of the lowest in the OECD. Of the 35 OCED members in 2017, the average Irish single-worker paid 19.4% versus the OECD average of 25.5% (ranked 28th–lowest), and the average Irish married worker paid 1.2% versus the OECD average of 14.0% (ranked 33rd–lowest). In relation to the single-worker, the OECD noted that a driver of the lower Irish rate is that EE–PRSI (or employee social security contributions) are lower in Ireland versus the OECD average. PAYE and ER–PRSI accounted for 87% of the Irish tax wedge for labour income, whereas for the OECD average it was 77%. In relation to the married-worker, the OECD noted the additional effect of Irish child benefit and provisions which reduced the married-worker employee tax by 16.4%, whereas for the OECD average it was 9.8%. Ireland's lower EE–PRSI, and higher child benefits, have been noted in other studies. Aside from lower employee social security levies (e.g. EE–PRSI), the most distinctive aspect of Ireland's personal tax system is the level of Progressivity, as defined by the ratio of the employee tax (or tax wedge for income) at 167% of the average wage, to employee tax at 67% of the average wage. In October 2013, the Department of Finance Tax Policy Group, highlighted that Ireland has the most progressive personal tax system in the OECD. By September 2016, the Irish Tax Institute showed that Ireland was the 2nd most progressive personal tax system in the OECD. The progressive nature of Ireland's personal tax system is also apparent in the distribution of Irish personal tax. In October 2013, the Department of Finance Tax Policy Group, highlighted the following personal tax (PAYE and EE–PRSI), statistics from the Irish Revenue Commissioners for the 2012 tax year: Top 1% of earners, earned over €200,000 in income and paid 20% of personal tax. Top 5% of earners, earned over €100,000 in income and paid 40% of personal tax. Top 23% of earners, earned earn over €50,000 in income and paid 77% of personal tax. Bottom 77% of earners, earned less than €50,000 in income and paid 23% of personal tax. The above format of the Tax Policy Group has never been reproduced, in April 2018, the OECD and the Irish Revenue Commissioners disclosed that in 2015: Top 1% of earners, earned over €203,389 in income and paid 19% of personal tax. Top 10% of earners, earned over €77,530 in income and paid 61% of personal tax. Consumption tax (VAT and Excise) Irish headline VAT is in line with EU VAT rates (see graphic). The OCED Revenue Statistics 2017 – Ireland, ranks Ireland as being below the OECD average for effective VAT (22nd–lowest out of 35 OECD countries), but in line with the OECD average for overall Consumption taxes (e.g. VAT and Excise combined), ranking 16th of out 35 OECD countries. In October 2013, the Department of Finance Tax Policy Group, highlighted that the distortion of Irish GDP impacted this metric and that Ireland's Consumption Tax as % of GNP ratio at 12%, and VAT as % of GNP ration at 8%, was at the EU–27 average for both metrics. Corporate tax (CT) Ireland's taxation system is distinctive for its low headline rate of corporation tax at 12.5% (for trading income), which is half the OECD average of 24.9%. While Ireland's corporate tax is only 16% of Total Net Revenues (see above), Ireland's corporate tax system is a central part of Ireland's economic model. Not only do foreign multinationals pay 80% of Ireland's corporation tax, but they also directly employ 10% of the Irish labour force, rising to 23% when Public Sector, agri and finance jobs are excluded and pay 50% of all Irish salary taxes using the same metric; in 2016, they were 57% of all Irish non-farm OECD value-add (see multinational economy). A source of controversy is the effective tax rate of Ireland corporation tax system, of which the independent evidence is that it is less than 4%, and as low as 0.005% for major U.S. multinationals (see Irish effective corporate tax rate). Ireland's Corporate Tax System has seen Ireland labelled a tax haven, and in June 2018, academics estimated that Ireland was the largest global tax haven. Ireland's reputation as a tax haven for foreign multinationals to avoid global taxes contrasts with that fact that Ireland's overall tax receipts are in line with the EU and OECD averages (when properly adjusted using Irish GNI, and not the distorted Irish GDP). Taxes on income (PAYE and PRSI) Income tax Income tax is charged in respect of all property, profits, or gains. Since 2002, Ireland has operated a tax year coinciding with the calendar year (1 January to 31 December). The change coincided with the introduction of the euro in Ireland. For administrative purposes, taxable income is expressed under four schedules: Schedule C: public revenue dividends (i.e. coupon payments on government debt) Schedule D Case I: Profit arising from any trade, or from quarries, mines, works, tolls, fairs, bridges, and railways Case II: Profit arising from any profession not contained in any other schedule Case III: Interest on money or debts, annuities, discounts, profits on government debt not covered in schedule C, interest on certain government debt, income on securities outside the state not covered in schedule C, and income from possessions outside the state Case IV: Tax in respect of any annual profits or gains not covered by any other case or schedule. There are also specific types of income specified by law to be taxed under case IV. Case V: Tax in respect of rent or receipts from any easement Schedule E: Income from public offices, employment, annuities, and pensions. Schedule F: Dividends from Irish companies. Rates of income tax Since 1 January 2015, the tax rates apply as follows: There are 2 tax brackets, 20% (the standard rate) and the balance of income at 40% (the higher rate). The brackets depend upon the individual's category. The €43,550 amount may, for married couples, be increased by the lesser of: €25,550 or the income of the second spouse. This brings the total maximum standard rate band for a married couple to €69,100, twice the single person's band. The increase is not transferable between spouses. Irish income tax brackets (2019) The €44,300 amount may, for married couples, be increased by the lesser of: €26,300 or the income of the second spouse. This brings the total maximum standard rate band for a married couple to €70,600, little less than twice the single person's band. The increase is not transferable between spouses. Tax credits A taxpayer's tax liability is reduced by the amount of his tax credits, which replaced tax-free allowances in 2001. Tax credits are not refundable in the event that they exceed the amount of tax due, but may be carried forward within a year. A wide range of tax credits are available. A few are awarded automatically, while others must be claimed by taxpayers. The principal tax credit is the personal tax credit, which is currently €1,650 per year for a single person and €3,300 per year for a married couple. A widowed person in the year of bereavement, or for as long as she has dependent children, may claim the €3,300 credit as well; a higher credit is available to widowed parents during the five tax years following the bereavement. The PAYE tax credit, which is also €1,650, is awarded to employees and others who pay tax under the Pay as you earn system (further details below), to compensate them for the time value of money effect; their tax is deducted from their incomes during the year, whereas the self-employed pay near the end of the year. The credit may not exceed 20% of the recipient's income during the year and it is not transferable between spouses. Rules of residence A person resident and domiciled in Ireland is liable to Irish income tax on their total income from all sources worldwide. In this sense, a person who spends: 183 days or more in Ireland during a tax year, or an aggregate of 280 days in the current and preceding tax year is considered to be resident. Presence in Ireland of not more than 30 days in a tax year is ignored for the purposes of the two year test. Since 1 January 2009, a person is treated as present in Ireland for a day if present at any time during the day; before this, a person was only treated as present if he or she was present at midnight, a rule which was nicknamed the "Cinderella clause". A person may also elect to be resident in Ireland in a year in which he arrives in Ireland, once he can satisfy Revenue that he intends to remain there for the next tax year. A person who is resident in Ireland for three consecutive years becomes ordinarily resident, and ceases to be ordinarily resident after he has been non-resident in Ireland for three consecutive years. A person is domiciled in Ireland if born in Ireland; a person who has "demonstrated a positive intention of permanent residence in [a] new country" ceases to be domiciled in Ireland. A person who is not an Irish resident but is ordinarily resident in Ireland is liable to tax on all Irish and foreign-sourced income in full, except for income from a trade, profession, office, or employment, the duties of which are entirely exercised outside Ireland, and on foreign income under €3,810 per year. A person who is resident in Ireland, and is either ordinarily resident or domiciled in Ireland, but not both, is liable to tax on all Irish income in full, and on such foreign income as is remitted to Ireland. A person who is neither resident, ordinarily resident, nor domiciled in Ireland is taxable on all Irish sourced income in full, and on foreign sourced income in respect of a trade, profession, or employment exercised in Ireland. Exemption limits and marginal relief A person aged 65 or over during the tax year is exempt from income tax if his or her income is under €18,000 per year. A married couple with income under €36,000 per year is also exempt if either spouse is aged 65 or over or reaches 65 during the year; the exemption amount is increased by €575 for each of the couple's first two dependent children and by €830 for each subsequent child. A person or couple earning slightly over the limit may claim what is known as marginal relief. In this case, income over the exemption limit is charged to tax at a flat rate of 40%. A person or couple may choose to be taxed under marginal relief or the regular tax system, and will be granted whichever system is more beneficial, including retroactively. Deductions from tax liabilities Some items of expenditure can be deducted from a person's income for tax purposes, generally referred to as getting tax relief. In some cases the tax must be claimed retrospectively; in others it is processed as an increase to tax credits. The vast majority are only allowed at the standard tax rate of 20%. Medical insurance A person purchasing private medical insurance is entitled to tax relief at 20%, which is usually given at source – the person pays 80% of the cost, and the government pays the rest directly to the insurance company. Persons aged over 50 are entitled to a further tax credit, which is normally paid in full to the insurance company to offset the considerably higher cost incurred by insurers in respect of members over 50. Medical expenses Tax relief is available on medical expenses. With the exception of fees paid to approved nursing homes, the relief is only available retrospectively (i.e. by completing a tax return at the end of the year), and the relief is awarded at 20% since 2009. It can be claimed for a person's own expenses, or expenses which they pay on behalf of a relative, dependant, or, since 2007, anyone at all. Medical expenses are construed widely, and include: Fees of doctors and consultants Prescription medicines (to a maximum of €144 per month, above which the Health Service Executive will repay the entire balance) Hospital costs Ambulance fees Non-routine dental treatments Nursing home expenses Special food for diabetics and coeliacs Overnight accommodation for a parent near a hospital where his or her child is being treated Travel expenses for dialysis patients or for the transport of children to and from hospital for children with life-threatening illnesses or permanent disabilities The relief can be claimed in the year when the cost was incurred or in the year when the payment was made. Permanent health insurance A person may deduct from his income for the purposes of tax calculation up to 10% of that income which is spent on permanent health insurance. Relief is therefore given at 40% if the person is paying the higher rate of tax. If the payment is made by salary deduction the payment is treated as a benefit in kind (BIK) and as such is subject to the Universal Social Charge (USC) and PRSI. Service charges Tax relief is allowed on service charges paid to a local council for domestic sewage disposal, as well as all payments for domestic water supply or domestic refuse collection or disposal. The relief is allowed in arrears – credit for payments made in 2007 is given in 2008 – and is given at 20%, to a maximum of €80 (where €400 or more was paid for service charges). It will cease from 2011. Tuition fees Tax relief at 20% is allowed in respect of tuition fees paid for third-level courses, excluding the first €2,500 for a full-time course and €1,250 for a part-time course, of the course fees). The maximum relief available is €1,400 per year (20% of €7,000). Courses must be of at least two years duration, except for postgraduate courses which must be of at least one-year duration. The course must also be approved by Revenue and delivered in a college approved by Revenue. As with medical expenses, since 2007 the relief could be claimed in respect of payments made by any person, irrespective of the relationship between payer and payee. It cannot be claimed in respect of administration, registration, or examination fees. Relief is also allowed in respect of fees of over €315 for foreign-language or information technology courses approved by FÁS, of less than two years duration, which results in the award of a certificate of competence. The relief is for 20% of the amount paid, to a maximum of €254 (20% of €1,270) per course. It is not available for courses in the Irish or English languages. Pension contributions Contributions to a pension scheme can be deducted from gross income before calculation of tax; tax relief is therefore allowed on them at 40% if the contributor is paying tax at that rate. Contributions (including AVCs) are subject to the Universal Service Charge currently at 7%. How tax is paid Taxpayers pay either on a "pay as you earn" system or a "pay and file" system. The 'Pay As You Earn' (PAYE) system Employees, pensioners, and directors generally have tax deducted from their income by their employers as it is paid. Under this system, tax is calculated by the employer on each pay day, withheld, and paid over to Revenue Employers receive notification of the tax credit and standard rate band applicable to the employee from Revenue. A PAYE employee need only file a tax return on form 12 if requested to do so by an inspector of taxes, if she has other undeclared income, or if she wishes to claim reliefs which are not available on another form. Self-assessment The self-assessment system applies to persons who are self-employed or who receive non-PAYE income. Under the self-assessment system, a taxpayer must: pay preliminary tax for the current tax year, pay any balance of tax due for the last tax year, and file a return of income on form 11 for the last tax year by the deadline each year. The deadline is 31 October for paper filings. It has historically been extended to mid-November for returns filed online, but it is not clear whether this will continue. Preliminary tax must be at least equal to the least of: 90% of tax for the current tax year 100% of tax for the previous tax year 105% of tax for the pre-preceding tax year (for payments by monthly direct debit) Revenue will calculate the tax payable for a person who files a return of income more than two months prior to the filing deadline. Underpaid tax attracts an interest penalty charge of 0.0219% per day, and underpayments may result in a surcharge, prosecution, or publication of their name in a defaulters' list. Universal Social Charge (USC) The Universal Social Charge (USC) is a tax on income that replaced both the income levy and the health levy (also known as the health contribution) since 1 January 2011. It is charged on your gross income before any pension contributions or PRSI. If your income is less than €13,000 you pay no Universal Social Charge (USC). (This limit was €4,004 in 2011, €10,036 from 2012 to 2014 and €12,012 in 2015.) Once your income is over this limit, you pay the relevant rate of USC on all of your income. For example, if you have income of €13,000 you will pay no USC. If you have income of €13,001 you will pay 0.5% on income up to €12,012 and 2.5% on income between €12,012 and €13,001. Aggregate income for USC purposes does not include payments from the Department of Social Protection. Standard Rates of USC (2018) Reduced Rates of USC (2018) Reduced rates of USC apply to: People aged 70 or over whose aggregate income for the year is €60,000 or less Medical card holders aged under 70 whose aggregate income for the year is €60,000 or less Pay Related Social Insurance (PRSI) PRSI is paid by employees, employers, and the self-employed as a percentage of wages after pension contributions. It includes social insurance and a health contribution. Social insurance payments are used to help pay for social welfare payments and pensions. Each week's payment earns the employee a "credit" or "contribution", which credits are used to establish entitlements to non-means-tested welfare payments such as Jobseeker's Benefit and the State Pension (contributory). The health contribution is used to help fund the health services, although paying it does not confer any entitlement to treatment or anything else. For the most part, the two amounts are combined together and stated as one deduction on payslips. There was a ceiling of €75,036 per year on the employee social insurance element of the payment but this ceiling was abolished from 2011 onwards. Class A Class A workers are employees aged under 66 in industrial, commercial, and service-type employment who are paid more than €38 a week from all employments, as well as to public servants recruited from 6 April 1995. Class A employees earning under €352 per week are placed in subclass AO, and pay no PRSI/ Class A employees earning between €352 and €356 are in subclass AX; those earning over €356 but less than or equal to €500 are in subclass AL. Both subclasses pay 4% PRSI, and the first €127 of earnings are no longer disregarded for this calculation, so therefore PRSI is 4% on all earnings/ Class A employees earning over €500 per week are in subclass A1 and pay 4% on all their weekly earnings. Employers of employees in the above classes pay 8.5% PRSI for employees earning under €356 per week and 10.75% PRSI for employees earning over that amount. The applicable rate applies on the entire wage, with no ceiling. Classes A4, A5, A6, A7, A8, and A9 relate to community employment schemes and employer's PRSI exemption schemes. Class A8 is for income under €352 per week and has no employee PRSI liability; class A9 is for income over that amount and is liable at a flat rate of 4%. Both classes have an employer's PRSI rate of 0.5%. Classes B, C, and D Class B workers are permanent and pensionable civil servants recruited before 6 April 1995, doctors and dentists employed in the civil service, and gardaí recruited before 6 April 1995. Class B workers earning under €352 per week are placed in subclass BO, and pay no PRSI. Class B workers earning between €352 and €500 per week are placed in subclass BX, and class B workers earning over €500 per week but exempt from the health contribution are placed in subclass B2. Both these subclasses pay 0.9% PRSI on all earnings except the first €26 per week. Class B workers earning over €500 per week and not exempt from the health contribution are placed in subclass B1. They pay 4% PRSI on the first €26 of their weekly earnings, 4.9% on the next €1,417, and 5.9% on the balance. Class C workers are commissioned officers of the defence forces, and members of the army nursing service, recruited before 6 April 1995. Class D workers are all permanent and pensionable employees in the public service not caught in classes B or C, recruited before 6 April 1995. Workers in classes C and D pay PRSI at the same rates as class B. Employers of class B employees pay a flat rate of 2.01% PRSI on all their employees' earnings; for class C, the rate is 1.85%, and for class D it is 2.35%, although this is effectively a transfer of money from one government account to another. Class H Class H workers are non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel of the Defence Forces. Class H workers earning under €352 per week are placed in subclass HO, and pay no PRSI. Class H workers earning from €352 to €500 per week are placed in subclass HX. Class H workers earning over €500 and exempt from the health contribution are placed in subclass H2. Workers in each of these classes pay 3.9% PRSI on their earnings except for the first €127 per week. Other class H workers are placed in subclass H1. They pay 4% PRSI on the first €127 of their weekly earnings, 7.9% on the next €1,316, and 8.9% on the balance. Employers of class H workers pay 10.05% PRSI on all their employees' earnings. Class J Class J workers are employees aged 66 or over, those earning under €38 per week, or those in subsidiary employment. They pay only the health contribution of 4% if their earnings exceed €500 per week, or 5% on the amount that exceeds €1,443 per week. The employer's contribution is 0.5%. Subsidiary employment includes the employment of a person subject to class B, C, D, or H in his main employment. Classes K and M Classes K and M apply to income which is subject to the health contribution but not to social insurance, including occupational pensions. It also applies to judges, state solicitors, and income of self-employed persons aged 66 or over. Class K income is subject to the health contribution of 4% if earnings exceed €500 per week, or 5% on the amount that exceeds €1,443 per week. There is no employer contribution. Class M relates to persons under 16, who are exempt from PRSI entirely, and to income which would fall under class K paid to persons exempt from the health contribution. It has a zero rate. Class S Self-employed people, including certain company directors, pay class S PRSI; the class also applies to certain investment and rental income. Where income is less than €500 per week, subclass S0 applies. Where income is above €500 per week, subclass S1 applies, except to persons exempt from the health contribution, to whom subclass S2 applies. The rate for subclasses S0 and S2 is 3%, and the rate for subclass S1 is 7% up to €1,443 per week and 8% on that portion of income above that amount. Health contribution The health contribution was replaced by the USC from 2011 onwards How PRSI is paid Taxpayers paying class S PRSI pay it, and the health contribution, along with their tax. For other taxpayers, it is withheld from their net income. Taxes on Consumption (VAT and Excise) Value added tax (VAT) Value-Added Tax (VAT) is a transaction tax on Irish consumer spending, and almost all goods and services supplied in Ireland are subject to VAT. Goods imported into Ireland from outside the EU are also subject to VAT, which is charged by Customs at the border. Irish VAT is part of the European Union Value Added Tax system and each Member State is required to impose the EU VAT legislation by way of its own domestic legislation, however, there are key differences between the rules for each state. All non-exempt traders are required to register for VAT and collect VAT on the goods and services they supply. Each trader in the chain of supply, from manufacturer to retailer, charges VAT on their sales and incurs VAT on their raw materials; they pay the Irish Revenue their net VAT. Registration thresholds A trader whose turnover exceeds the registration thresholds, or is likely to exceed them in the next 12 months, must register for VAT. The registration thresholds are as follows: The basic threshold is €75,000 (provided no more than 10% of turnover comes from services and none of the other conditions below are met). The threshold for a person supplying services, making mail-order or distance sales into Ireland, or supplying goods liable at the VAT rates of 13.5% or 21% which he manufactures from zero-rated materials is €37,500. The threshold for a person making intra-EU acquisitions is €41,000. There is no threshold for a non-established person supplying taxable goods or services in Ireland, or for a person receiving so-called Fourth Schedule services (intangible, remotely provided services, like advertising, broadcasting, and telecommunications services) from abroad — any such person must register for VAT. A person below these limits may register voluntarily. It is often beneficial for persons who mainly trade with other businesses to register for VAT even when their turnover is below the relevant limits. VAT rates VAT rates range from 0% on books, children's clothing and educational services and items, to 23% on the majority of goods. The 13.5% rate applies to many labour-intensive services as well as to restaurant meals, hot takeaway food, and bakery products. A 4.8% rate applies to supply of livestock and greyhounds. A 5.4% "flat rate addition" applies to the agricultural sector, although this is not strictly VAT – it is charged by farmers not registered for VAT to compensate them for VAT which they must pay to their suppliers. The flat rate addition is not paid away to the Revenue. Traders collecting VAT can deduct the VAT incurred on their purchases from their VAT liability, and where the VAT paid exceeds VAT received, can claim a refund. The VAT period is normally two calendar months (other filing periodicity, such as four-monthly, and semi-annual also apply in certain circumstances). A VAT return is made on the 19th day of the following the end of the period. However, if you submit the return on the website, i.e. ROS ("Revenue Online Service"), and also perform payment via ROS, then the due date is extended to the 23rd day following the end of the period. Once a year a detailed breakdown of VAT returns must be prepared by traders and submitted to the government – traders may choose their own date for this. Traders with low VAT liabilities may opt for six-monthly or four-monthly payments instead of the standard bi-monthly one, and traders who are generally in the position of claiming repayments of VAT rather than making payments may make monthly returns. Excise Duty Excise tax is charged on mineral oil, tobacco, and alcohol. Mineral oil includes hydrocarbon oil, liquefied petroleum gas, substitute fuel, and additives. Hydrocarbon oil includes petroleum oil, oil produced from coal, bituminous substances, and liquid hydrocarbons, but not substances that are solid or semi-solid at 15 °C In addition to the tax, a carbon charge is applicable to petrol, aviation gasoline, and heavy oil used as a propellant, for air navigation, or for private pleasure navigation, and this was scheduled to be extended in May 2010 to apply to other uses of heavy oil and liquefied petroleum gas, and to natural gas. Tobacco excise applies to tobacco products, including cigars, cigarettes, cavendish, hard-pressed tobacco, pipe tobacco, and other smoking or chewing tobacco. The increased rate of tax will bring prices for cigerettes up by 50c per packet as outlined in the Irish Budget 2018. Alcohol and alcoholic beverages duty applies to alcohol products produced in Ireland or imported into Ireland. As of 2016 tax over a bottle of wine is over 50%. Corporation tax (CT) Irish corporation tax returns have historically been between 10% to 16% of total Irish net Tax Revenues, however, since 2015, corporation tax has risen sharply, doubling in scale from 4.6 billion in 2014 to 8.2 billion in 2017; the Revenue Commissioners state that foreign multinationals pay circa 80% of Irish corporation tax. , there are two rates of corporation tax ("CT") in the Republic of Ireland: a 12.5% headline rate for trading income (or active businesses income in the Irish tax code); trading relates to a business enterprise; a 25.0% headline rate for non-trading income (or passive income in the Irish tax code); covering investment income (e.g. income from buying and selling assets), rental income from real estate, net profits from foreign trades, and income from certain land dealings and income from oil, gas and mineral exploitations. The special 10% tax rate for manufacturing in Ireland (introduced from 1980/81), and for financial services in the special economic zone of the International Financial Services Centre in Dubin (introduced from 1987), have now been phased out since 2010 and 2003 respectively, and are no longer in operation. , Ireland's corporate tax system is a "worldwide tax" system, with no thin capitalisation rules, and a holding company regime for tax inversions to Ireland. Ireland has the most U.S. corporate tax inversions, and Medtronic (2015) was the largest U.S. tax inversion in history. Ireland's corporate tax system has base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) tools, such as the Double Irish (used by Google and Facebook), the Single Malt (used by Microsoft and Allergan), and the Capital Allowances for Intangible Assets (CAIA) (used by Accenture, and by Apple post Q1 2015); in June 2018, academics showed they are the largest global BEPS tools. Apple's 2015 restructure of its BEPS tools inflated Irish GDP by 34.4%, leprechaun economics. Ireland's tax system also offers SPVs that can be used by foreign investors to avoid the 25% corporate tax on passive income from Irish assets, which are covered in more detail in Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV), and in Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF). The Irish QIAIF is a Central Bank of Ireland regulatory classification that includes the Irish Collective Asset-management Vehicle or ICAV, and the L-QIAIF. Capital gains tax (CGT) Capital gains tax is payable where a person makes a gain on the sale of assets, called chargeable assets. The standard CGT rate is 33% in respect of disposals made from midnight on 7 December 2013. The rate of tax for disposals made in previous years is less: details can be obtained from the Revenue Commissioners. Persons affected Any person (including a company) resident or ordinarily resident in Ireland is liable to CGT on all chargeable gains accruing on all disposals of chargeable assets. A person resident or ordinarily resident, but not domiciled, in Ireland is only liable to CGT on disposals of assets outside of Ireland where the gains are remitted to Ireland. A person neither resident nor ordinarily resident in Ireland is only liable to CGT on gains from: Land and buildings in Ireland Minerals or mining rights in Ireland Exploration or exploitation rights in a designated area of the Irish Continental Shelf Shares (not quoted on a stock exchange) deriving their value from any or all of items 1, 2, or 3 Assets in Ireland used for the purpose of a business carried on in Ireland Calculation The gain or loss is calculated as the sale price less the purchase price. From the sale price can be deducted the cost of acquisition of the asset, including incidental costs such as conveyancing costs, the cost of the disposal, and costs of improving the asset. Where the asset was acquired prior to 6 April 1974, its value on that date is used instead of the purchase price. The purchase price, cost of acquisition, and costs of improvement can be adjusted for inflation from 6 April 1974 up to 31 December 2002, and a table is published by Revenue for the purpose of calculating this adjustment. The inflation adjustment can only operate to reduce a gain; it cannot increase a loss or turn a gain into a loss. Offsetting Capital losses can be offset against capital gains arising in the same or later tax year. Non-chargeable losses (see below) cannot be offset against chargeable gains. In each tax year losses carried forward must be used before exemptions are applied. Exemptions and reliefs The first €1,270 of net gains by an individual each year are not chargeable. The exemption is not transferable between spouses and cannot be carried forward from year to year. Certain assets are designated non-chargeable assets, including: Government securities Savings certificates and savings bonds Land bonds Securities issued by certain semi-state bodies Certain gains/losses are not chargeable, including: National Instalment Savings bonuses and Prize Bond prizes Gains from life assurance policies or deferred annuity contracts, except those purchased from another person or taken out after May 1993 with certain foreign insurers Gains on the disposal of wasting chattels, for example animals and motor cars Gains on the disposal of tangible non-wasting movable property worth €2,540 or less on disposal (the disposal of a set of articles to one person or to connected persons is considered a single disposal) Gains accruing to local authorities, and some gains accruing to pension funds, trade unions, and charities Gains from betting, lotteries, and sweepstakes Gains from the sale by an individual of his/her principal private residence (including up to 0.4 hectares of land) are not chargeable. If only part of the premises is a principal private residence, the relief is allowed on a proportionate basis. This relief does not apply where land is sold as development land. The transfer by a parent to his/her child of a site where the child will construct a principal private residence is exempt from CGT as long as the child lives there for at least three years. The sale by a person aged over 55 of a business or farm for under €0.5m, or to a family member, is exempt. Transfers between spouses do not give rise to a charge for capital gains tax; the acquiring spouse is considered to have acquired the property on the same date and at the same price as the disposing spouse. Payment CGT is a self-assessment tax for all taxpayers. Tax on gains realised in the first eleven months of the year is payable by 15 December that year, and tax on gains realised in December payable by 31 January the next year. A return must be made by 31 October in the following year with full details of the gain. A person purchasing a chargeable asset for over €500,000 must withhold 15% of the price and pay it to Revenue unless the Revenue has issued a CG50A certificate to the vendor prior to the purchase. The certificate CG50A is issued by the Revenue on application, provided that either the vendor is resident in Ireland, no CGT is payable on the disposal, or the CGT has already been paid. Deposit interest retention tax Deposit Interest Retention Tax (abbreviated as DIRT), is a retention tax charged on interest earned on bank accounts, as well as some other investments. It was first introduced in Ireland in the 1980s to reduce tax evasion on unearned income. DIRT is deducted at source by financial institutions From 1 January 2014, DIRT is charged at 41% (was 33% in 2013) for payments made annually or more frequently. The tax is deducted by the bank or other deposit-taker before the interest is paid to you. DIRT will be charged at 36% (in 2013, lower rates in previous years) for payments made less frequently.This higher D.I.R.T. rate has been abolished, as and from the 1st January 2014, and the D.I.R.T. rate of 41% applies to any interest paid or credited on these deposits on or after the 1st January 2014. Persons aged over 65 or incapacitated, whose income is less than the exemption limit (currently €20,000), may claim a refund of DIRT, or may submit an appropriate form to their banks or financial institutions to have interest paid free of DIRT. DIRT does not apply to: Interest on deposits where the beneficial owner is a non-resident Deposits of companies which are chargeable to corporation tax Deposits of Revenue-approved pension schemes Deposits belonging to charities Stamp duties Stamp duty is charged on the conveyance of residential property, non-residential property, and long leases, and also on company share transfers, bank cheques and cards (i.e. ATM cards and credit cards), and insurance policies. Conveyance of property Stamp duty is charged as a percentage of the consideration paid for immovable property, including goodwill attached to a business. A stamp duty return must be completed online for all such conveyances; physical stamps are no longer attached to documents. On residential property First time buyers (i.e. those who have not purchased a house before in Ireland or in any other jurisdiction) are exempt. One may also qualify as a first-time buyer if newly divorced or separated. New owner-occupied houses or apartments with a floor area of less than 125 m2 may also be exempt, and new owner-occupied houses with a floor area larger than this are assessed based on the greater of the cost of the site or quarter of the total cost of the house and site. In all cases, the rates exclude VAT. For deeds executed on or after 8 December 2010 the rates of stamp duty are:. the first €1,000,000: 1%, excess over €1,000,000: 2%, On non-residential property Since 14 October 2008, conveyances of non-residential property are charged at an increasing rate starting at 0% for a property under the value of €10,000 rising to 6% for transactions over €80,000. Exemptions and reliefs Transfers between spouses are exempt from stamp duty, as are property transfers as a result of a court order in relation to a divorce. The stamp duty rate is halved for transfers between other blood relatives. Intragroup transactions, company reconstructions and amalgamations, and demutualisations, as well as certain transactions involving charities, approved sports bodies, young farmers, woodlands, or intellectual property also attract relief. Stocks and shares There is a 1% stamp duty on transfers of stock or marketable securities of any company incorporated in Ireland, except paper-based transfers where the consideration is €1,000 or less. Bank cards and cheques Credit card and charge card accounts are subject to a €30 annual duty. Automated teller machine and debit cards are subject to €2.50 each annually. Cards which perform both functions are subject to the tax twice, i.e. €5 total. Cards that are unused in the entire year are not chargeable. The credit card tax is applied per account, but the ATM and debit card charge is per card. In each case, where an account is closed during the year, there is an exemption from double taxation. Cheques (technically, all bills of exchange) incur a €0.50 tax, generally collected by the bank on issue of each chequebook. Non-life Insurance policies are subject to a 3% levy and Life assurance policies are subject to a 1% levy on premiums from 1 June 2009. Capital acquisitions tax (CAT) Capital acquisitions tax is charged to the recipient of gifts or inheritances, at the rate of 33% above a tax-free threshold. Gifts and inheritances are gratuitous benefits; the difference is that an inheritance is taken on death and a gift is taken other than on death. The person providing the property is called the donor or disponer, or testator or deceased in the case of inheritance; the person receiving the property is called the beneficiary, donee or disponee, or the successor in the case of inheritance. A gift is taken when a donee becomes beneficially entitled in possession to some property without paying full consideration for it. Tax is payable within four months of the date of the gift; an interest charge applies to late payments. Tax is generally charged on the property's taxable value, which is computed as: Market value less liabilities costs and expenses payable out of the gift or inheritance = incumbrance free value less consideration paid by acquirer in money or money's worth = taxable value Taxable transfers A disposition is taxable in Ireland if it is of property in Ireland, or if either the disponer or the beneficiary was resident or ordinarily resident in Ireland at the date of the disposition. Special rules apply for discretionary trusts. Exemptions and reliefs CAT can be reduced or eliminated altogether under a number of headings. Exemption thresholds Historically group thresholds were indexed by reference to the Consumer Price Index. The indexation of the tax-free group thresholds is abolished for gifts and inheritances taken on or after 7 December 2011. The thresholds on or after 14 October 2015 are: €280,000 (Group A) (was €225,000 on or after 06/12/2012) where the beneficiary's relationship to the disponer is: son or daughter, minor child of a predeceased son or daughter. Child includes a foster child (since 6 December 2000) and an adopted child (since 30 March 2001). €30,150 (Group B), where the beneficiary's relationship to the disponer is: lineal ancestor (e.g. parent), lineal descendant (not within A; e.g. granddaughter), brother or sister, nephew or niece. €15,075 (Group C) where the beneficiary's relationship to the disponer is: cousin or stranger. For gifts and inheritances taken on or after 5 December 2001, only prior benefits received since 5 December 1991 from the same beneficiary within the same group threshold are aggregated with the current benefit in computing tax payable on the current benefit. An inheritance, but not a gift, taken by a parent from his or her child is treated as group A, where it is an immediate interest (but not a life interest) in property. In certain circumstances, the beneficiary may take the place of his/her deceased spouse for the purpose of determining the applicable group where that spouse died before the disponer and was a nearer relative to the disponer. Other exemptions The other main exemptions from capital acquisitions tax are: Property passing between spouses is exempt from CAT. The exemption also applies to property passing by Court order between separated or divorced couples. Principal private residence. To qualify, the recipient must have lived: for three years ending on the transfer date in the residence, or for three of the four years ending on the transfer date in the residence and the residence which it has replaced. In addition, the recipient must not have any other private residence and they must not dispose of the residence for six years after the transfer to them. The first €3,000 of gifts taken in each calendar year by a beneficiary from a disponer is exempt. A gift or inheritance taken for public or charitable purposes is exempt. Objects of national, scientific, historic, or artistic interest, which the public are allowed to view, are exempt. This relief also extends to heritage property owned through a private company. Pension lump sums are exempt. Certain government securities acquired by a beneficiary who is not domiciled or resident in the State from a disponer who held them for at least three years. Personal injury compensation or damages, and lottery winnings are exempt. This exemption also covers reasonable support, maintenance, or education payments received by a minor child at a time when the disponer and the child's other parent are dead. Property acquired under a self-made disposition is exempt. An inheritance by a parent from a child, where the child took a non-exempt gift or inheritance from either parent within the past five years, is exempt. Reliefs The other main reliefs from capital acquisitions tax are: A surviving spouse may take the place and relationship status in respect of property acquired by the deceased spouse. Agricultural relief. This applies to a farmer – an individual who on the valuation date is domiciled in the State, and at least 80% of the gross market value of his assets consists of agricultural property (i.e., farm land and buildings, crops, trees and underwood, livestock, bloodstock, and farm machinery). The relief is a 90% reduction of the full market value. The relief may be withdrawn if the property is later disposed of within six years of the date of the gift or inheritance and the proceeds are not reinvested within one year of the disposal (six years in the case of a compulsory acquisition). Business relief. This applies to relevant business property, i.e., a sole trade business, an interest in a partnership, and unquoted shares in an Irish incorporated company. The relief is a 90% reduction of the taxable value. The relief may be withdrawn if the property is later disposed of within six years of the date of the gift or inheritance and the proceeds are not reinvested within one year of the disposal. Favorite nephew (or niece) relief. Double taxation in respect of US and UK equivalent taxes. The proceeds of a life assurance policy taken out to pay inheritance tax or gift tax. If the same event gives rise to a liability to both CAT and CGT, the CGT charge may be credited against the CAT up to the amount of the CAT charg.e CAT Return When a person receives a gift or inheritance that, either by itself, or aggregated with prior benefits taken by the donee, would place him in a position of having used up more than 80% of any group threshold, he must complete form IT38 and return it to Revenue within four months, along with any tax due. Discretionary trust tax Assets placed in discretionary trusts are subject to: a once-off charge of 6%, and an annual charge of 1%. The charges must be paid within three months of the "valuation date", which may be the date the trust was set up, the date of death of the settlor, the earliest date on which the trustees could retain the trust property, the date on which the trustees retained the trust property, or the date of delivery of the trust property to the trustees. Withholding taxes Several charges described as taxes are not, in the literal sense, actual taxes, but withholdings from certain payments made. In each case, the payer withholds the relevant percentage and pays it to Revenue. The recipient is still liable for tax on the full amount, but can set the withholding against his overall tax liability. If the amount withheld is less than the tax payable, the recipient is still liable for the difference, and if the amount withheld exceeds the tax payable, the recipient can set it off against other tax due, or obtain a refund. This contrasts with DIRT, which, while a withholding tax, discharges the entire tax liability of the recipient. Relevant Contracts Tax Relevant Contracts Tax (RCT) is a withholding regime applied to contractors in the forestry, construction, and meat processing sectors where tax non-compliance levels have historically been high. On 13 December 2011, the Minister for Finance signed the Commencement Order for the new electronic RCT system which was introduced on 1 January 2012. All principal contractors in the construction, forestry and meat processing sectors are obliged to engage electronically with Revenue. Under the new RCT system, a principal contractor must provide Revenue with details of the contract and the subcontractor. It must also notify Revenue of all relevant payments online before payment is made. Revenue will respond to the payment notification with a deduction authorisation setting out how much tax, if any, must be withheld. The rates are currently set at 0%, 20% or 35%. This deduction authorisation is sent electronically to the principal contractor. The principal must provide a copy or details of the deduction authorisation to the subcontractor if tax has been deducted. The subcontractor can set off the amount deducted against any tax he is liable to pay, or reclaim the difference where the deduction exceeds the amount of tax. Since September 2008, the subcontractor no longer charges or accounts for VAT on supplies of construction services to which RCT applies. Instead, the principal contractor must account for the VAT to Revenue (although he will generally be entitled to an input credit for the same amount). This system is referred to as the VAT reverse charge. Dividend Withholding Tax Dividend Withholding Tax is deducted at the rate of 20% from dividends paid by Irish companies. It can be set off against income tax due, or reclaimed where the recipient of the dividend is not liable to tax. Professional Services Withholding Tax Professional Services Withholding Tax (PSWT) is deducted at the rate of 20% from payments made by government bodies, health boards, state bodies, local authorities, and the like, from payments made for professional services. Professional services include medical, dental, pharmaceutical, optical, aural, veterinary, architectural, engineering, quantity surveying, accounting, auditing, finance, marketing, advertising, legal, and geological services, as well as training services supplied to FÁS It can be deducted from the tax ultimately payable by the service provider, or where the provider is non-resident or exempt from tax, reclaimed. Other taxes An assortment of other taxes are charged in Ireland, which do not fit under any other heading. Local Property Tax (LPT) This was introduced in the Finance Act of 2013, this Tax is levied for most properties at 0.18% of the self-assessed market value. The value assessed is the value in May 2013 initially. This initial valuation will be used until the next assessment date in November 2016. A higher rate of 0.25% of market value – the so-called Mansion Tax applies to properties valued at greater than €1,000,000. Plastic bag levy Since March 2002, a levy, called the Environmental Levy, has applied to the supply of plastic shopping bags by retailers. The levy is currently 22 cents per plastic bag. s The levy does not apply to: Small bags used solely to contain any of the following, whether packaged or not: Fresh fish and fresh fish products Fresh meat and fresh meat products Fresh poultry and fresh poultry products Small bags used solely to contain unpackaged: Fruit, nuts, or vegetables Confectionery Dairy products Cooked food, whether cold or hot Ice Bags supplied on board an aircraft or ship Bags supplied airside in an airport or in the passenger-only area of a port, for the purpose of carrying the goods on board an aeroplane or ship Bags sold for 70-cent or more A small bag is one smaller than 225mm wide, 345mm deep, and 450mm long (including handles). The law requires that the levy be passed on to customers. Vehicle Registration Tax Vehicle Registration Tax or VRT is chargeable on registration of a motor vehicle in Ireland, and every motor vehicle brought into the country, other than temporarily by a visitor, must be registered with Revenue and must have VRT paid for it by the end of the working day after it arrives in the country. Vehicles are assessed under five categories for VRT, depending on the type of vehicle. Category A includes cars, jeeps, and minibuses having fewer than 12 seats, not including the driver. The tax chargeable is based on carbon dioxide emissions per kilometre, ranging from 14% of open market selling price (for vehicles emitting under 120g CO2/km) to 36% of open market selling price (for vehicles emitting over 226g CO2/km). Category B includes car- and jeep-derived vans. The rate of VRT is 13.3% of the open market selling price, with a minimum of €125. Category C includes commercial vehicles, tractors, and buses having at least 13 seats (including the driver). The VRT chargeable is €50. Category D includes ambulances, fire engines, and vehicles used for the transportation of road construction machinery. Vehicles in category D are exempt from VRT. Motorcycles Motorcycles and motor scooters are chargeable for VRT by reference to the engine displacement, at a rate of €2 per cc for the first 350cc and €1 per cc thereafter. There is a reduction depending on the age of the vehicle, from 10% after three months to 100% (completely remitted) for vehicles over 30 years old. Electric and hybrid vehicles Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles can have a remission or repayment of VRT of up to €2,500 until the end of 2010. VAT VAT is chargeable (on the VRT-inclusive price) on new vehicles (but not tractors) imported unregistered or within six months of registration outside Ireland, or on vehicles with an odometer reading under 6,000 kilometres at import. Penalties A vehicle on which VRT should have been paid but was not is liable to be seized. Non-principal private residence levy The owner of a house other than a principal private residence must pay a charge, €200, per year. The charge for 2009 was payable in September, but in subsequent years, it is payable in March. The charge applies to "residential properties", which includes a house, maisonette, flat, or apartment, but excludes: Buildings which are of scientific, historical, architectural or aesthetic interest and are open to the public, subject to approval of the Minister for Community, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs and Revenue A building which is part of the trading stock of a business and has never been used as a dwelling, nor has any income been derived from it A building let by a minister of the government, a housing authority, or the HSE A building let by a body approved by a housing authority A building let to a housing authority, or to the HSE A building subject to commercial rates Additionally, the following persons are exempt from paying the charge in respect of the building or buildings in question: A person occupying a building as his sole or main residence (which includes a person who so occupies part of a building and claims rent-a-room relief on the remainder) A charity or a discretionary trust A divorced or separated person whose former spouse lives in the building An incapacitated person living in a place which he does not own (e.g. a nursing home) A person who allows a relative to reside, free of rent, in a building within 2 kilometres of his own residence (vernacularly called a "granny flat") If the charge is unpaid, it has the effect of a charge in favour of the local council against the property. A person who moves house is not liable to the charge in respect of either of the houses that year. Motor tax Motor tax, payable to the local council where the owner lives, arises when a car or other motor vehicle is used on a public road. A circular receipt, known colloquially as a tax disc, is issued on payment and must be displayed in the front of the vehicle. Certain vehicles, including state-owned vehicles, fire engines, and vehicles for disabled drivers are exempt from motor tax. Motor tax may be paid for three, six, or 12 months, although paying annually is cheaper. It can be paid online; verification of insurance details is required to get a tax disc. The tax for private cars first registered from July 2008 is calculated on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions; for cars registered before that, the rate depends on engine displacement. Goods vehicle tax rates are determined based on gross vehicle weight, the tax for buses is based on the number of seats, and flat rates apply to other types of vehicles. Taxation evasion and tax avoidance Tax evasion in Ireland, while a common problem historically, is now not as widespread. The reasons are twofold – most people pay at source (PAYE) and the penalties for evasion are high. The Irish Revenue target specific industries every year. Industries have included fast food take away restaurants, banks and farmers. Tax avoidance is a legal process where one's financial affairs are arranged so as to legitimately pay less tax. In some cases the Revenue will pursue individuals or companies who avail of tax avoidance; however their success here is limited because tax avoidance is entirely legal. The areas where tax evasion can still be found are businesses that deal in a lot of cash. The trades, small businesses, etc., will sell goods and perform services while accepting cash for the good/service. The buyer will avoid paying VAT at 21% and the seller does not declare the monies for Income Tax. Revenue perform random audits on businesses to discourage and punish this. Businesses are regularly taken to court for tax evasion. Revenue claim a business will be audited roughly every seven years. Other methods have also been employed by government to combat tax evasion. For example, the introduction of a Taxi Regulator and subsequent regulations for the taxi industry has meant that the opportunities for taxi drivers to avoid declaring cash income have dwindled. By law, taxi drivers must now issue an electronic receipt for each fare, effectively recording their income. Local taxes Prior to 1977, all property owners in Ireland had to pay "rates" – based on the "rateable valuation" of the property – to the local council. Rates were used by local authorities to provide services such as mains water and refuse collection. Rates for private residences were abolished in 1977, with local authorities instead receiving funding from central government. They continue in operation for commercial property. In recent years, the government has introduced new local taxes. A charge for water will be introduced by 2014. A bin tax, for domestic refuse collection, was introduced in the last 15 years. Opponents claim that this is double-taxation – that in the aftermath of the abolition of domestic rates in 1977, their taxes were increased to fund local authorities. However, with the ever-rising cost of providing these services, council funding is no longer sufficient to cover costs and user charges would free up council budgets for more worthwhile projects. Motor tax is paid into the Local Government Fund and is distributed among local authorities. See also Economy of the Republic of Ireland Corporation tax in the Republic of Ireland International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) Irish Revenue Commissioners Personal Public Service Number (PPSN) Double Irish arrangement BEPS tool Single malt arrangement BEPS tool CAIA arrangement BEPS tool Irish Section 110 Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) tax-free SPV Qualifying investor alternative investment fund (QIAIF) tax-free SPV Ireland as a tax haven Leprechaun economics Apple Q1 2015 restructuring Modified gross national income GNI replacement for GDP References Notes Footnotes Sources PricewaterhouseCoopers Ireland (2018), Tax Facts 2018 External links Revenue.ie, the Irish Revenue Commissioners Tax System in Ireland, overview from the Irish Revenue Commissioners PwC Ireland Tax Facts 2018, PricewaterhouseCoopers (Ireland) on Ireland's tax system KPMG (Ireland) Tax Portal, KPMG (Ireland) on Ireland's tax system Ernst & Young Tax Portal, E&Y (Ireland) on Ireland's tax system Irish Tax Institute (ITI), main tax body for Irish tax professionals Irish Statute Book, Irish State portal for Tax Acts Citizens Information: Tax Section, free tax advice from Irish State body (Citizens Information) Category:Department of Finance (Ireland) Category:Law in the Republic of Ireland Ireland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships The 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships was an athletics competition which was held in Aubagne, France, from 14 to 15 June 2014. A total of 42 events were contested, of which 21 by male and 21 by female athletes. A total of 25 nations participated in the championships. Medal summary For full event details see 2014 Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships – Results Men Women Medal table Participating countries References Category:Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships Mediterranean Athletics U23 Championships Category:International athletics competitions hosted by France Category:June 2014 sports events in Europe	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pass Creek Pass Pass Creek Pass, elevation , is a mountain pass along the border between Huerfano and Costilla counties in the southern part of the US state of Colorado. The pass marks the division between the Rio Grande and Arkansas River watersheds. Pass Creek flows generally north from the pass, merging with the Huerfano River near Gardner, Colorado. Sangre de Cristo Creek drains the south side of the pass. Pass Creek Road traverses the pass. The Huerfano County section of the road is also called County Road 572. The road offers views of interesting geological features, including dikes and a section of the Dakota Formation. References Category:Landforms of Huerfano County, Colorado Category:Landforms of Costilla County, Colorado Category:Mountain passes of Colorado Category:Transportation in Huerfano County, Colorado Category:Transportation in Costilla County, Colorado	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
R.R. and Antoinette Louden House The R.R. and Antoinette Louden House, also known as the Thomas A. and Dorothy C. Louden House, is a historic residence located in Fairfield, Iowa, United States. R.R. (Roy) Louden was the highly successful manager of the Louden Machinery Company advertising department in the 1920s, and he served as the corporation's secretary from 1931 until his death in 1951. He and his wife Antoinette had this house built in 1925. He lived here until his death in 1951. Their son Thomas and his wife Dorothy lived in the house after his parents. Thomas became general legal counsel for the company in the 1940s. The house is 2½-story, brick Colonial Revival with a side gable roof. It features a wall chimney on the east elevation, a single-story solarium, and a single-story porch on the main facade. An addition was added to the rear of the house in 1956. A two-car attached garage was built onto the addition in the 1980s. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. References Category:Houses completed in 1925 Category:Colonial Revival architecture in Iowa Category:Houses in Fairfield, Iowa Category:National Register of Historic Places in Jefferson County, Iowa Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Sword of the Lord The Sword of the Lord is a Christian fundamentalist, Independent Baptist biweekly newspaper. The Sword of the Lord is published by Sword of the Lord Ministries, a non-profit organization based in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, which also publishes religious books, pamphlets, and tracts from a fundamentalist Christian perspective, as Sword of the Lord Publications. In 2012 the newspaper was a 24-page, biweekly tabloid with a circulation of "just over 100,000." History The Sword of the Lord was first published on September 28, 1934, in Dallas, Texas by John R. Rice, who edited the publication until his death on December 29, 1980. At first it was simply the four-page paper of Fundamentalist (later, Galilean) Baptist Church of Dallas, where Rice was the pastor. The paper was handed out on the street, and Rice's daughters and other Sunday school children delivered it door-to-door. The Sword of the Lord moved with the Rice family to Wheaton, Illinois in 1940, and then to its present location in 1963. Upon the Sword's move to Tennessee, Rice co-edited the paper with his brother Bill (1912-1978) until Bill's death. Curtis Hutson replaced Bill Rice as co-editor, and he became the sole editor two years later when John Rice died. Hutson died in 1995, and editorship passed to Shelton Smith, former pastor of the Church of the Open Door/Carroll Christian Schools, Westminster, Maryland. The name of the ministry and publication is taken from a phrase in Judges 7:20: "...and they cried, The sword of the Lord, and of Gideon." The verse is featured in the banner, as is the newspaper's stated purpose: Family members of the editors often assumed integral roles at The Sword of the Lord. In 2009, the approximately fifty employees of the Sword of the Lord Foundation included editor Shelton Smith; his son, Marlon, executive vice president; and Shelton Smith's son-in-law, Guy King, vice president of publishing. Emphases Soul-winning The Sword of the Lord emphasizes soul winning, the belief that Christians should actively seek to convert others to faith in Jesus Christ. It promotes fulfilling the Great Commission by publishing books and materials on the topic as well as sponsoring annual "School of the Prophets" seminars. King James Bible The Sword of the Lord believes: Contents For many years The Sword of the Lord has published sermons of contemporary Independent Baptist preachers who are part of its circle. It also publishes sermons from a wider spectrum of evangelicals of past generations (not all of whom were Independent Baptist), including Hyman Appelman, Harry A. Ironside, Bob Jones, Sr., R. A. Torrey, Robert G. Lee, Dwight L. Moody, Billy Sunday, T. De Witt Talmage, and George Truett. The Sword of the Lord is strongly anti-Calvinist and as such does not publish sermons by Calvinist preachers, although an exception has been made for the noted nineteenth-century Calvinist Charles Spurgeon. Nevertheless, Spurgeon's sermons have been edited to remove Calvinist-leaning passages. The paper usually includes "Editor's Notes," a column by Smith commenting on his recent travels and upcoming events; "Noteworthy News," brief descriptions of events involving Christians or matters related to Christianity, with occasional editorial commentary; columns on church planting and bus ministries; and advertisements for independent fundamentalist Baptist churches and Bible colleges. References External links The Sword of the Lord Category:Baptist newspapers Category:Christian fundamentalism Category:Christian publishing companies Category:King James Only movement Category:Publications established in 1934 Category:Publishing companies established in 1934	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Orphans (quartet) The Orphans is a barbershop quartet that won the 1954 SPEBSQSA international competition. References AIC entry Category:Barbershop quartets	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dale (given name) Dale is a given name. Notable people with this name Dale Ann Bradley, American bluegrass musician Dale Berry (born 1960), founder of Berry English, English school in Saitama, Japan Dale Bozzio (born 1955), lead singer of Missing Persons Dale Brown (born 1956), American author Dale Brown (basketball) (born 1935), American football, track, basketball player and coach Dale Brown (boxer) (born 1971), Canadian boxer Dale Campbell-Savours, Baron Campbell-Savours, British politician Dale Carnegie (1888–1955), motivational speaker and author Dale Chihuly (born 1941), American glass sculptor and entrepreneur Dale Cook (born 1958), American kickboxer Dale Copley (born 1991), Australian Rugby League player Dale Earnhardt (1951–2001), American race car driver Dale Earnhardt, Jr. (born 1974), American race car driver, son of Dale Earnhardt, Sr. Dale Evans (1912–2001), American actress and singer, also known as wife of Roy Rogers Dale Finucane (born 1991), Australian Rugby League player Dale Folwell (born 1958), American politician Dale Hey (born 1945), American professional wrestler better known as Buddy Roberts H. Dale Jackson (7 December 1930 – 15 February 2003), Baptist minister Dale Mitchell (baseball) (1921–1987), American baseball player Dale Mitchell (soccer) (born 1958), Canadian soccer player Dale Murphy (born 1956), American baseball player Dale Samuels (born 1931), American football player Dale Steyn (born 1983), South African cricketer Dale Thorn (1943–2014), American journalist, born Jesse Dale Thorn Dale Van Sickel (1907–1977), American football player Dale Winton (1955–2018), British television presenter Robert Dale Slocum, American botanist and biologist Fictional characters Chip 'n' Dale, fictional cartoon characters Dale Arden, the fellow-adventurer and love interest of Flash Gordon Dale Cooper, the main character of the TV series Twin Peaks Dale Gribble, from King of the Hill Dale Horvath, from the comic book series The Walking Dead and from the American television series of the same name Dale McGillicutty, from Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles comic book series See also Dale (surname) Dale (disambiguation) Category:Masculine given names Category:English unisex given names	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dhi Ayn, Al-Baha region Dhi Ayn or Zee Ain village (Arabic: قرية ذي عين) is a heritage village in Al-Mikhwat Province of Al-Baha Region, Saudi Arabia. The village is characterized by houses built form polished stones and dating back to the 8th century. References Category:World Heritage Sites in Saudi Arabia Category:Historical regions in Saudi Arabia Category:Saudi Arabia stubs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Women's Land Army (disambiguation) Women's Land Army may refer to: Women's Land Army (World War I) Women's Land Army (World War II) Women's Land Army of America Australian Women's Land Army New Zealand Women's Land Army	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sveti Ožbalt Sveti Ožbalt may refer to several places in Slovenia: Ožbalt, a settlement in the Municipality of Podvelka, known as Sveti Ožbalt until 1952 Podgaj, Šentjur, a settlement in the Municipality of Šentjur, known as Sveti Ožbalt until 1955	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gordon Browning Gordon Weaver Browning (November 22, 1889May 23, 1976) was an American politician who served as Governor of Tennessee from 1937 to 1939, and again from 1949 to 1953. He also served six terms in the U.S. House of Representatives, from 1923 to 1935, and was Chancellor of Tennessee's Eighth Chancery District in the 1940s. As governor, he stabilized state finances, doubled the state's mileage of paved roads, and enacted legislation to curb voter fraud. His victory in the hard-fought 1948 gubernatorial campaign helped break the power of Memphis political boss E. H. Crump. In the years following World War II, Browning served in the Allied occupational government in Germany, and was a civil affairs advisor on the staff of General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Early life Browning was born near Atwood in Carroll County, Tennessee, the son of James and Melissa (Brock) Browning. When he was still young, his parents moved to Milan, Tennessee, where his father served as a justice of the peace. He grew up in the historic Browning House. After graduating from Milan High School in 1908, Browning enrolled in Valparaiso University in Indiana, where he earned tuition money waiting tables. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science and a Bachelor of Pedagogy in 1913. Browning taught school briefly before enrolling in the Cumberland School of Law in Lebanon, Tennessee. He graduated in 1915, and was admitted to the bar shortly afterward. In March 1915, he began practicing in the law office of George McCall in Huntingdon, Tennessee, in his native Carroll County. In June 1917, after the U.S. entry into World War I, Browning enlisted in the Tennessee National Guard as a 2nd lieutenant in Company D of the First Tennessee Field Artillery. This unit was activated as the 114th Field Artillery of the 30th Infantry Division, under the command of General Lawrence Tyson. Browning was promoted to captain, and transferred to Company A. He fought with the unit in northern France, and was cited for gallantry. After being discharged in 1919, Browning resumed practice of law in Huntingdon. In 1920, he ran for the 8th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, but lost to his former law school classmate, Lon Scott, by a 50% to 49% margin. He ran again in 1922, and was victorious. He represented this district for five consecutive terms (frequently running unopposed), and represented the 7th district for one term (1933–1935) following redistricting. During his final term in the House, Browning was one of the "managers" (prosecutors) in the impeachment hearings of California judge Harold Louderback. In 1934, Browning sought the Democratic Party nomination for the U.S. Senate seat that had been vacated when Cordell Hull resigned to become Secretary of State. His chief opponent was Nathan L. Bachman, who had been temporarily appointed to the seat. Bachman had the support of Memphis political boss E. H. Crump, who was at the height of his power after the downfall of his rival, Luke Lea, and Browning struggled with voters in East Tennessee. He was defeated by Bachman, 166,293 votes to 121,169. First gubernatorial term and World War II In 1936, incumbent Governor Hill McAlister angered Crump by proposing a state sales tax, and did not seek reelection. Browning sought the party's nomination, his chief opponent being Campbell County school superintendent Burgin Dossett. Crump initially proclaimed neutrality, but when it became clear Browning could win with or without the Shelby County vote, he endorsed Browning. Browning coasted to victory in the primary, and defeated the Republican candidate, Pat Thach, 332,523 votes to 77,392 in the general election. Browning had campaigned on cleaning up state government, getting the debt (which had skyrocketed to over $100 million by the time he took office) under control, and maintaining statewide prohibition (national prohibition had ended with the repeal of the 18th Amendment). In 1937, he signed the Debt Reorganization Act, which consolidated the state's debt, and enacted several taxes. Over the next 10 years, these efforts reduced the state's debt by 40%. He also created the Department of Conservation (now the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation), implemented the state portions of several federal programs aimed at providing Depression-era relief, and created a civil service merit system. In April 1937, Senator Bachman (who had defeated Browning for the Senate seat in 1934) died in office. Browning engineered a plan that would have allowed him to take Bachman's seat, while helping Crump to defeat Kenneth McKellar for the other seat, and allowing Lewis S. Pope to become governor. The plan never materialized, however, as Crump refused to run against his longtime friend, McKellar. Furthermore, Browning had angered Crump by appointing several of Luke Lea's former associates to government positions, while ignoring Crump's requests for appointments. Browning appointed George L. Berry to finish Bachman's term. In 1938, Prentice Cooper, with Crump's endorsement, challenged Browning for the party's nomination for governor. After learning that Crump had registered over 100,000 voters in Shelby County, Browning sought to replace the primary system with a "county unit" system, which would equalize votes by county, thereby reducing the influence of Shelby. The bill passed, but was declared unconstitutional by the Tennessee Supreme Court prior to the election. Browning also formed a commission to investigate voter fraud in Shelby County, and managed to have over 13,000 voters purged. His efforts fell short, however, and he was defeated by Cooper, 231,852 votes to 158,854. Following his defeat in the primary, Browning returned to Huntingdon to practice law. In 1942, he was elected Chancellor of the Eighth Chancery District without opposition. In the months following the U.S. entry into World War II, Browning consistently sought a commission in the U.S. Army, but was thwarted by political foes. He finally appealed directly to the Army's adjutant general in Washington, and was commissioned in 1943 with the rank of captain. He attended the School of Military Government in Charlottesville, Virginia, which trained military officers in matters related to governing occupied territories, and was eventually promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He initially served as deputy head of the Belgium-Luxembourg mission, which aimed to restore civilian government to these areas, and aided in the Allied victory at the Battle of the Bulge in early 1945. In September 1946, Browning was appointed commander of the military government in the Bremen enclave as part of the Allied Occupation of Germany. Second gubernatorial term Browning challenged incumbent Governor Jim Nance McCord for the nomination in 1946, though he was still in Europe and did not actively campaign. Though he lost, his 120,535 votes (to McCord's 187,119) showed he still had substantial support in Tennessee. In 1948, Browning again sought the nomination against McCord. Realizing it would take a considerable effort to defeat the Crump machine, he teamed up with Congressman Estes Kefauver, who was challenging Crump's candidate, Tom Stewart, for one of the state's U.S. Senate seats. Crump ran attack ads against Browning and Kefauver, criticizing the former for issuing too many pardons as governor, and accusing the latter of being a communist sympathizer. Browning compared Crump to Adolf Hitler, and told stories about Crump sneaking through Memphis cemeteries at night to find names of dead people to add to voter lists. He also attacked McCord for implementing a 2% state sales tax (which Crump had reluctantly supported). As the campaign heated up, Crump's hold on state politics appeared to be weakening. Congressman Al Gore, Sr., returned from Washington to canvass for Browning. Various voting blocks began turning against Crump, among them black voters in Memphis, who had grown tired of his control of the city. Returning veterans sympathized with Browning's military experience, while labor groups were angry with McCord for enacting a right-to-work law. On election day, Browning defeated McCord for the nomination, 231,852 votes to 158,854, and Kefauver defeated Stewart. It was the first defeat for a Crump-backed candidate in a major election in over two decades. In the general election, Browning faced country music singer Roy Acuff. Republicans had added Acuff's name to their primary ballot as a publicity stunt to draw attention to the party, and he unexpectedly won the nomination. Though Acuff ran a serious campaign, Browning nevertheless won easily, 363,903 votes to 179,957. During his second tenure as governor, Browning enacted several measures aimed at further weakening Crump and other political bosses, including laws requiring permanent voter registration, open election commission meetings, and metal ballot boxes in places where voting machines were not used. Browning signed legislation that partially eliminated the state's poll tax, which political bosses had used for decades to control votes. Along with election reforms, Browning also increased funding for rural schools and higher education, established a retirement system and minimum salaries for teachers, and expanded the state's system of paved roads from roughly to over . In the 1950 governor's race, Browning beat back a primary challenge by Nashville attorney and state senator Clifford Allen, winning the nomination 267,855 votes to 208,634. For the first time since the Civil War, no Republican ran in the general election. Browning's only opponent was eccentric attorney John R. Neal, who was running as a third party candidate. Browning defeated Neal, 184,437 votes to 51,757. In 1952, rising politician Frank G. Clement challenged Browning for the party's nomination for governor. Clement derided Browning as "dishonest, indecent, and immoral," and criticized the state's purchase of an expensive office building in Nashville. Browning, nearly twice Clement's age, struggled to adapt to the new medium of television. He lost to Clement in the primary, 302,487 votes to 245,156. Later life Following his defeat in 1952, Browning returned to Huntingdon to practice law. He again challenged Clement for the party's nomination for governor in 1954, but was defeated by a large margin. He remained active in the Democratic Party, however, travelling frequently to attend party functions. He also operated a dairy farm and an insurance firm. He died on May 23, 1976, and was buried in Huntingdon's Oak Hill Cemetery. Family and legacy Browning married Ida Leach in 1920. They had no children. The Gordon Browning Museum in McKenzie, Tennessee (in Carroll County) preserves documents and artifacts related Browning's life and career. The museum is located in the old McKenzie post office building. Dormitories on the campuses of Tennessee Technological University and the University of Tennessee at Martin have been named in honor of Browning. See also List of Governors of Tennessee References External links Gordon Browning Museum Governor Gordon Browning Papers - 1st term (finding aid) – Tennessee State Library and Archives Governor Gordon Browning Papers - 2nd term (finding aid) – Tennessee State Library and Archives Gordon Browning – entry at the National Governors Association Category:1889 births Category:1976 deaths Category:American military personnel of World War I Category:American army personnel of World War II Category:Governors of Tennessee Category:Tennessee Democrats Category:Tennessee state court judges Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Tennessee Category:United States Army officers Category:Valparaiso University alumni Category:People from Huntingdon, Tennessee Category:Burials in Tennessee Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Category:Democratic Party state governors of the United States Category:20th-century American judges Category:American United Methodists Category:Military personnel from Tennessee Category:People from Carroll County, Tennessee Category:People from Milan, Tennessee	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
François Boucq François Boucq (; born 28 November 1955 in Lille), is a French comic book artist. He is most famous for his surreal comics revolving around the main character . Career Boucq published cartoons in magazines like Le Point or L'Expansion at an early age. Soon, he also created comic albums, becoming famous with Les pionniers de l'aventure humaine. Many more have been published in the meantime, including (1986) (1990) and (2014) with American novelist Jerome Charyn. Boucq created the successful series Face de Lune in cooperation with the artist Alexandro Jodorowsky. 1994 saw the publication of Les dents du recoin, the first album of a series of surreal comics that feature Jérôme Moucherot, a door-to-door insurance salesman with a fountain pen through his nose, who is dressed in a leopard fur suit; his bizarre adventures take place in a world where Smurfs are jungle-dwelling headhunters and sharks swim around in the blue wallpapers of bourgeois living rooms. Boucq later teamed up with Jodorowsky again, creating the graphic novel series Bouncer, set in a bleak Western scenario. In 1998, Boucq was awarded the Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême. In keeping with the festival's tradition, he was the president of the jury in the following year. Personal life Apart from his comic book career he is an enthusiast of kendo (Japanese fencing), in which he achieved a 5 Dan master grade. Selected bibliography Les pionniers de l'aventure humaine (Pioneers Of The Human Adventure) (The Magician's Wife) with writer Jerome Charyn La pédagogie du trottoir (Billy Budd, KGB) with writer Jerome Charyn Face de Lune with Alejandro Jodorowsky Un point c'est tout Les dents du recoin with writer Jerome Charyn Bouncer, with Alejandro Jodorowsky Awards 1985: Prix de la critique at the Angoulême International Comics Festival, France 1986: Best French Comic at the Angoulême International Comics Festival 1992: nominated for Best German-language Comic/Comic-related Publication at the Max & Moritz Prizes, Germany 1996: nominated for Best Drawing at the Haxtur Awards, Spain 1998: Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême, France 1999: nominated for Best Short Comic Strip at the Haxtur Awards 2001: nominated for the Humour Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival 2002: nominated for the Canal BD Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival 2003: nominated for the Audience Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival La Plumilla de Plata (The silver inkpen) in Mexico. 2004: nominated for the Audience Award and the Series Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival nominated for Best international series at the Prix Saint-Michel, Belgium 2006: Award for Best Drawing at the Albert Uderzo Awards nominated for the Audience Award and the Series Award at the Angoulême International Comics Festival 2008: nominated for Best Artwork at the Prix Saint-Michel 2010: nominated for Best French Language Comic at the Prix Saint-Michel 2012: Award for Best Artwork at the Prix Saint Michel Notes External links Website of Éditions Casterman, Boucq's publisher Paul Gravett, a journalist specialized in comics, on Boucq Category:1955 births Category:Living people Category:People from Lille Category:French comics artists Category:Grand Prix de la ville d'Angoulême winners	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sons of Norway Hall The Sons of Norway Hall, also known as Fedrelandet Lodge #23, is a historic fraternal society building on Indian St. in Petersburg, Alaska. It is a large two-story wood frame structure with a gambrel roof, measuring about in length and in width. Built in 1912 by volunteers, it was the first Sons of Norway lodge building built in Alaska. The hall was built large enough to stage events involving the entire community of Petersburg, and it was used for many years for all types of civic, social, public, and private events. During World War II it was used as an armory, and it served as a National Guard headquarters in the 1960s. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1979. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Petersburg Census Area, Alaska References Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1912 Category:Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska Category:European American culture in Alaska Category:Sons of Norway buildings Category:Buildings and structures in Petersburg Borough, Alaska Category:1912 establishments in Alaska Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Petersburg Borough, Alaska	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Burrell School District The Burrell School District is a small, rural, public school district located in northern Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. The District is northeast of Pittsburgh. The Burrell School District serves the City of Lower Burrell and Upper Burrell Township. The District covers . According to 2000 federal census data, Burrell School District serves a resident population of 14,848 people. By 2010, the District's population declined to 14,081 people. The educational attainment levels for the Burrell School District population (25 years old and over) were 93.1% high school graduates and 23% college graduates. The District is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania. According to the Pennsylvania Budget and Policy Center, 28.7% of the District’s pupils lived at 185% or below the Federal Poverty Level as shown by their eligibility for the federal free or reduced price school meal programs in 2012. In 2009, the district residents' per capita income was $19,871, while the median family income was $49,425. In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501 and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010. In Westmoreland County, the median household income was $50,736. By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100. In 2014, the median household income in the USA was $53,700. Per District officials, in school year 2007-08 the Burrell School District provided basic educational services to 2,023 pupils. The District reported employing: 135 teachers, 82 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 13 administrators. Burrell School District received more than $8.9 million in state funding in school year 2007-08. Burrell School District enrollment declined to 1,861 in 2011. The District employed: 145 teachers, 80 full-time and part-time support personnel, and increased the number of administrators to fourteen (14) for 2011-12 school year. The District received $10 million in state funding in the 2011-12 school year. Burrell School District operates Burrell High School (9th-12th), Charles A. Huston Middle School (6th-8th), Stewart School (4th-5th) and Bon Air School (K-3rd). High school students may choose to attend the Northern Westmoreland Career Technology Center for training in the construction and mechanical trades, automotive trades, Culinary Arts, computer technology, welding and health related occupations. The district is part of the Westmoreland Intermediate Unit IU7 which provides special education services to the district. The administrative complex of Burrell High School contains both levels of district-wide administration. Superintendent - Dr. Shannon Wagner and Assistant Superintendent Matthew Conner. Governance Burrell School District is governed by 9 individually elected board members (serve four-year terms without compensation), the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly. The federal government controls programs it funds like Title I funding for low-income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act (renamed Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) in December 2015) which mandates the district focus its resources on student success in acquiring reading and math skills. The school board is required by state law to post a financial report on the district in its website by March of each school year. The Superintendent and Business Manager are appointed by the school board. The Superintendent is the chief administrative officer with overall responsibility for all aspects of operations, including education and finance. The Business Manager is responsible for budget and financial operations. Neither of these officials are voting members of the School Board. The School Board enters into individual employment contracts for these positions. These contracts must be in writing and are subject to public disclosure under the state’s Right to Know Act. In Pennsylvania, public school districts are required to give 150 days notice to the Superintendent and Business Manager regarding renewal of their employment contracts. Pursuant to Act 141 of 2012 which amended the Pennsylvania School Code, all school districts that have hired superintendents on/after the fall of 2012 are required to develop objective performance standards and post them on the district’s website. The Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives Sunshine Review gave the school board and district administration a " B-" for transparency based on a review of "What information can people find on their school district's website". It examined the school district's website for information regarding; taxes, the current budget, meetings, school board members names and terms, contracts, audits, public records information and more. Academic achievement In 2015, Burrell School District ranking declined further to 293rd out of 493 Pennsylvania public school districts, by the Pittsburgh Business Times. The ranking is based on the last 3 years of student academic achievement as demonstrated by PSSAs results in: reading, writing, math and science and the three Keystone Exams (literature, Algebra 1, Biology I) in high school. Three school districts were excluded because they do not operate high schools (Saint Clair Area School District, Midland Borough School District, Duquesne City School District). The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th. Adapted PSSA examinations are given to children in the special education programs. Writing exams were given to children in 5th and 8th grades. 2014 - 280th 2013 - 247th 2012 - 247th 2011 - 192nd 2010 - 178th 2009 - 163rd 2008 - 156th 2007 - 136th out of 501 school districts. Overachievers Ranking In 2012, the Pittsburgh Business Times also reported an Overachievers Ranking for 498 Pennsylvania school districts. Burrell School District ranked 439th. In 2011, the district was 364th. The editor describes the ranking as: "a ranking answers the question - which school districts do better than expectations based upon economics? This rank takes the Honor Roll rank and adds the percentage of students in the district eligible for free and reduced-price lunch into the formula. A district finishing high on this rank is smashing expectations, and any district above the median point is exceeding expectations." Western Pennsylvania local ranking Burrell School District was ranked 59th out of 105 western Pennsylvania school districts, in 2012, by the Pittsburgh Business Times. The ranking was based on the last three years of student academic performance on the PSSAs on: math, reading, writing and science. (includes 105 districts in: Allegheny County, Armstrong County, Beaver County, Butler County, Fayette County, Washington County and Westmoreland County excludes Duquesne City SD & Midland Borough SD due to no high schools) 2011 - 50th 2010 - 46th 2009 - 44th In 2009, the academic achievement of the students of Burrell School District was in the 66th percentile among 500 Pennsylvania school districts. Scale - (0-99; 100 is state best) District AYP history In 2010 through 2012, Burrell School District achieved Adequate YEarly Progress (AYP) status under the federal No Child Left Behind Act. In 2011, 94 percent of the 500 Pennsylvania Public School Districts achieved the No Child Left Behind Act progress level of 72% of students reading on grade level and 67% of students demonstrating on grade level math. In 2011, 46.9 percent of Pennsylvania school districts achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) based on student performance. An additional 37.8 percent of school districts made AYP based on a calculated method called safe harbor, 8.2 percent on the growth model and 0.8 percent on a two-year average performance. Graduation Rate In 2015, the District’s graduation rate was 95.25%. 2014 - 92.41% 2013 - 95.33% 2012 - 91.56%. 2011 - 94%. 2010 - 86%, the Pennsylvania Department of Education issued a new, 4-year cohort graduation rate. According to former graduation rate calculations 2010 - 94% 2009 - 94% 2008 - 96% 2007 - 96% Bon Air Elementary School Bon Air Elementary School is located at 3260 Leechburg Road, Lower Burrell. In 2015, the School's enrollment was 517 pupils in grades kindergarten through 3rd, with 31.7% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price meals due to family poverty. Additionally, 12% of the pupils receive special education services, while 3.4% are identified as gifted. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind. The school has provided full day kindergarten since 2003. The school is a federally designated Title I school. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2010, the school reported an enrollment of 467 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 130 pupils receiving a federal free or reduced-price lunch. The school employed 30 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 16:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind. 2015 School Performance Profile According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, among Bon Air third (3rd) graders, 68% were on grade level in reading and just 62% were on grade level in mathematics. Among Pennsylvania third (3rd) graders, 62% were reading on grade level, while 48.5% demonstrated on grade level math skills. 2014 School Performance Profile Bon Air Elementary School achieved a score of 87.9 out of 100. The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement. In 2013-14, 81% of the students were reading on grade level in third grades. In math, 87% were on grade level (3rd grades). 2013 School Performance Profile Bon Air Elementary School achieved a score of out of 100. The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement. In 2012-13, in 3rd grade, 83% of the pupils were reading on grade level. In math, 90.9% were on grade level (3rd grades). According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,181 public schools (less than 73 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher. AYP status Bon Air Elementary School achieved AYP status in 2010 through 2012. PSSA history Each year, in the Spring, in order to comply with the federal No Child Left Behind Law, the 3rd graders take the PSSAs in math and reading. The fourth grade is tested in reading, math and science. The fifth grade is evaluated in reading, mathematics and writing. Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are No Child Left Behind Act related examinations which were administered beginning 2003 to all Pennsylvania public school students in grades 3rd-8th. The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014. The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. The Science exam is given to 4th grades and includes content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies. The first cohort of children who attended Accountability Block Grant funded full-day kindergarten reached third grade and took the PSSAs in the spring of 2008. 5th Grade Reading: 2011 - 75% on grade level (7% below basic). In Pennsylvania, 67.3% of 5th graders are on grade level. 2010 - 73% (8% below basic). State – 64% 5th Grade Math: 2011 - 68%, 35% advanced (7% below basic). State - 74% 2010 - 86%, 56% advanced (0% below basic). State - 76.3% 4th Grade Reading 2011 - 78% (5% below basic), State – 73% 2010 - 80% (10% below basic), State - 73% 4th Grade Math 2011 - 97%, 54% advanced (0% below basic), State – 85.3% 2010 - 87%, 45% advanced (6% below basic), State - 84% 4th Grade Science 2011 - 96%, (1% below basic), State – 82.9% 2010 - 80%, (4% below basic), State - 81% 3rd Grade Reading 2012 - 79%, (13% below basic). State - 74% 2011 - 87%, (5% below basic), State – 77% 2010 - 79%, (7% below basic), State - 75% 3rd Grade Math 2012 - 83%, 50% advanced (4% below basic). State - 80% 2011 - 88%, 49% advanced (3% below basic), State – 83% 2010 - 96%, 42% advanced (0% below basic), State - 84% History Dating back into at least the 1950s, Bon Air Elementary was a small building that originally housed grades one through six. Kindergarten was later added. Eventually, other small schools (Gladeview, Upper Burrell, and Wills in Kinloch) in the Burrell School District closed, forcing the district to renovate Bon Air. Small parts of the old building can still be found in the new architecture. Bon Air Elementary was newly remodeled in 1997 in the Burrell School District. Construction of the building was completed in time for the beginning of the 1997 school year. A photo of the building on Google Maps can be found here. Present The new building was completed in time for the 1997-1998 school year and housed grades Kindergarten through Fifth. At the start of the 2011-2012 school year, however, a major restructuring took place at the elementary level. This new configuration lead to Bon Air housing all of the Kindergarten through Third Grade students, while Stewart Elementary houses all of the Fourth and Fifth Graders for the district. Bon Air's principal is Ms. Amy Lenart. The academic focus of the primary building is literacy. Students participate daily in 90 minutes of reading instruction, plus an additional 30 minutes of WIN (What I Need) time. Having a system of this nature in place, students are able to participate in literacy-focused instruction for two hours each day. Teachers are consistently using best practice strategies during instruction and students are assessed frequently to determine their reading success. The ultimate goal of the program is to strengthen students' literacy skills so that all students are at benchmark proficiency by the end of third grade. Stewart Elementary Stewart Elementary School is located at 2880 Leechburg Road, Lower Burrell. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2010, the school reported an enrollment of 368 pupils in grades kindergarten through 5th, with 91 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch. The school employed 23.5 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 5.667:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind. In 2010 and 2011, Stewart Elementary School achieved AYP status. 5th Grade Reading: 2011 - 58% on grade level (10% below basic). In Pennsylvania, 67.3% of 5th graders are on grade level. 2010 - 78% (5% below basic). State – 64% 5th Grade Math: 2011 - 63% (8% below basic). State - 74% 2010 - 68% (11% below basic). State - 76.3% 4th Grade Reading 2011 - 69% (10% below basic), State – 73% 2010 - 76% (8% below basic), State - 73% 4th Grade Math 2011 - 75% (10% below basic), State – 85.3% 2010 - 80% (10% below basic), State - 84% 4th Grade Science 2011 - 88%, (3% below basic), State – 82.9% 2010 - 81%, (5% below basic), State - 81% 3rd Grade Reading 2011 - 74%, (12% below basic), State – 77% 2010 - 83%, (6% below basic), State - 75% 3rd Grade Math 2011 - 85%, (2% below basic), State – 83% 2010 - 92%, (0% below basic), State - 84% Stewart Elementary School is the oldest of the schools in Burrell. The building's exterior has remained mostly unchanged in the long period of time it has been open, as can be seen on a Google Maps picture here. History Stewart School was built on the property of the Stewart Family farm in the 1930s. There are certain rumors that the land is still owned by the Stewarts, but rented by the district. The building was once the flagship building, but is now the lesser of two elementary schools. Present Stewart Elementary School is the oldest of the four buildings and has undergone renovations from time to time to keep it "current". The inside has changed drastically, especially with the addition of computers and network jacks in virtually every room. Stewart, like Bon Air, once housed Kindergarten-Sixth, but now houses Fourth and Fifth grades. It has been proposed that Stewart should consolidate with Bon Air, forming one large elementary school. These proposals have been largely unpopular with the residents who live within Stewart's student radius, and no further action has been taken. The school's principal is Mr. Gregory Egnor. Charles A. Huston Middle School Huston Middle School is located at 1020 Puckety Church Road, Lower Burrell. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2010, the school reported an enrollment of pupils in grades 6th through 8th, with 122 pupils receiving a federal free or reduced-price lunch due to family poverty. The school employed 30 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 15:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind. Charles A. Huston Middle School (more commonly known as Huston Middle School or HMS) is the second oldest building in the district, completed in 1964. A Google Maps picture of the building during construction can be seen here. Building administration includes both a principal and an assistant principal. The principal's duties mainly focus on administration and academic quality. The assistant principal is focused mainly on discipline. Mr. Brian Ferra is principal for the Middle School. The assistant principal position belongs to Mr. Kenneth Pruitt. Academic achievement In 2011 and 2010, the school achieved AYP status. The attendance rate in 2011 was 94%, while in 2010 it was 95%. PSSA Results: 8th Grade Reading 2011 - 88% on grade level (7% below basic). In Pennsylvania, 81.8% of 8th graders on grade level. 2010 - 86% (4% below basic). State - 81% 2009 - 90% (5% below basic), State - 80% 2008 - 92% (5% below basic), State - 78% 8th Grade Math: 2011 - 79% on grade level (8% below basic). State - 76.9% 2010 - 85% (5% below basic). State - 75% 2009 - 84% (5% below basic). State - 71% 2008 - 82% (7% below basic). State - 70% 8th Grade Science: 2011 - 58% on grade level (21% below basic). State – 58.3% of 8th graders were on grade level. 2010 - 62% (16% below basic). State – 57% 2009 - 69% (11% below basic). State - 55% 2008 - 64% (16% below basic), State - 52% In 2011, Huston Middle School 8th grade ranked 44th among Western Pennsylvania 8th grades for academic achievement. In 2010, the 8th grade ranked 33rd. In 2009, the 8th grade was ranked 30th out of 141 western Pennsylvania middle schools based on three years of student academic achievement in PSSAs in: reading, math writing and one year of science. (Includes schools in: Allegheny County, Beaver County, Butler County, Fayette County, Westmoreland County, and Washington County 7th Grade Reading 2011 - 80% on grade level (5% below basic). State – 76% 2010 - 82% (5% below basic). State - 73% 2009 - 77% (4% below basic). State - 71% 2008 - 82% (5% below basic). State - 70% 7th Grade Math: 2011 - 73% on grade level (8% below basic). State - 78.6% 2010 - 75% (8% below basic). State - 77% 2009 - 81% (4% below basic), State - 75% 2008 - 82% (5% below basic), State - 71% 6th Grade Reading: 2011 - 78% on grade level (8% below basic). State - 69.9% 2010 - 71% (14% below basic). State - 68% 2009 - 68% (8% below basic). State - 67% 2008 - 68% (11% below basic). State - 67% 6th Grade Math: 2011 - 78% on grade level (7% below basic). State - 78.8% 2010 - 73% (7% below basic). State - 78% 2009 - 74% (6% below basic). State - 75% 2008 - 71% (14% below basic). State - 72% History Originally, the building was named Burrell Junior High School and housed grades seven through nine. The 1980s marked change in the school, when the building was renamed to honor the former principal and then-superintendent Charles A. Huston, and to reflect the change to a sixth through eighth grade building. Huston Middle School has been remodeled and was finished in 2008. Charles Huston attended a final renovation ceremony for the official ending of the renovations. Charles Huston died soon afterward. Renovations Renovation work to the building was started on June 1, 2006 with a ground-breaking ceremony (an article describing the renovation and ground-breaking can be found on the Burrell website). Burrell High School Burrell High School is the second newest building in the district. The picture from Google Maps shows the track/football field (black, bottom right) and the tennis courts (red, middle left). The district's administration, tennis court, swimming pool, athletic offices, and the track/football field are in the high school grounds. The school currently is home to grades nine through twelve. The principal is Mr. John Boylan and the assistant principal is Mr. James Croushore. Burrell Senior High School was completed in the mid-1960s. Grades ten through twelve were housed in the building, and later changed to grades nine through twelve (the name also changed from Senior High to High). Academic achievement Burrell High School is located at 1021 Puckety Church Road, Lower Burrell. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2010, the school reported an enrollment of 627 pupils in grades 9th through 12th, with 145 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch. The school employed 39 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 16:1. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind. In 2011 and 2010, Burrell High School achieved AYP status. PSSA Results 11th Grade Reading 2011 - 79% on grade level, (9% below basic). State - 69.1% of 11th graders are on grade level. 2010 - 73% (8% below basic). State - 66% 2009 - 68% on grade level. In Pennsylvania, 65% of 11th graders on grade level. 2008 - 75%, State - 65% 11th Grade Math: 2011 - 74%, on grade level (11% below basic). In Pennsylvania, 60.3% of 11th graders are on grade level. 2010 - 68%, (21% below basic). State - 59% 2009 - 57%, State - 56% 2008 - 64%, State - 56% 11th Grade Science: 2011 - 41% on grade level (11% below basic). State - 40% of 11th graders were on grade level. 2010 - 44% (11% below basic). State - 39% 2009 - 34%, State - 40% 2008 - 34%, State - 39% College Remediation: According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 16% of Burrell School District graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges. Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years. Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English. SAT scores In 2010-2011, 103 Burrell School District students took the SAT exams. The district's Verbal Average Score was 503. The Math average score was 520. The Writing average score was 497. Pennsylvania ranked 40th among state with SAT scores: Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing - 479. In the United States 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing. Dual enrollment The high school offers a dual enrollment program. This state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. Students remain enrolled at their high school. The courses count towards high school graduation requirements and towards earning a college degree. The students continue to have full access to activities at their high school. The college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate. The state offers a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books. Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, many Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students who transfer to their institutions. For the 2009-10 funding year, the school district received a state grant of $26,878 for the program. In 2012, the Board approved Clarion University providing online course offerings to seniors and juniors at a cost of $300 per course. Courses include in the program are: biology, communication, computer science, education, English, history of jazz, math, meteorology, psychology, physical science and sociology. Special education In December 2010, the district administration reported that 261 pupils or 13.4% of the district's pupils received Special Education services. In order to comply with state and federal Individuals with Disabilities Education Act rules and regulations, the school district engages in identification procedures to ensure that eligible students receive an appropriate educational program consisting of special education and related services, individualized to meet student needs. At no cost to the parents, these services are provided in compliance with state and federal law; and are reasonably calculated to yield meaningful educational benefit and student progress . To identify students who may be eligible for special education services, various screening activities are conducted on an ongoing basis. These screening activities include: review of group-based data (cumulative records, enrollment records, health records, report cards, ability and achievement test scores); hearing, vision, motor, and speech/language screening; and review by the Special Education administration. When screening results suggest that the student may be eligible, the District seeks parental consent to conduct a multidisciplinary evaluation. Parents who suspect their child is eligible may verbally request a multidisciplinary evaluation from a professional employee of the District or contact the district's Special Education Department. In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for special education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding. The Pennsylvania Special Education funding system assumes that 16% of the district's students receive special education services. It also assumes that each student's needs accrue the same level of costs. The state requires each district to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students. Overidentification of students in order to increase state funding has been an issue in the Commonwealth. Some districts have more than 20% of its students receiving special education services while others have 10% supported through special education. The School District received a $1,104,478 supplement for special education services in 2010. For the 2011-12 school year, all Pennsylvania public school districts received the same level of funding for special education that they received in 2010. This level funding is provided regardless of changes in the number of pupils who need special education services and regardless of the level of services the respective students required. Gifted education The Burrell School District Administration reported that 63 or 3% of its students were gifted in 2009. By law, Burrell School District must provide mentally gifted programs at all grade levels. The referral process for a gifted evaluation can be initiated by teachers or parents by contacting the student's building principal and requesting an evaluation. All requests must be made in writing. To be eligible for mentally gifted programs in Pennsylvania, a student must have a cognitive ability of at least 130 as measured on a standardized ability test by a certified school psychologist. Other factors that indicate giftedness will also be considered for eligibility. Bullying policy The school district administration reported there were zero incidents of bullying in the district in 2009. There were three incidents involving a knife. The Burrell School Board has provided the district's antibully policy online. All Pennsylvania schools are required to have an anti-bullying policy incorporated into their Code of Student Conduct. The policy must identify disciplinary actions for bullying and designate a school staff person to receive complaints of bullying. The policy must be available on the school's website and posted in every classroom. All Pennsylvania public schools must provide a copy of its anti-bullying policy to the Office for Safe Schools every year, and shall review their policy every three years. Additionally, the district must conduct an annual review of that policy with students. The Center for Schools and Communities works in partnership with the Pennsylvania Commission on Crime & Delinquency and the Pennsylvania Department of Education to assist schools and communities as they research, select and implement bullying prevention programs and initiatives. Education standards relating to student safety and antiharassment programs are described in the 10.3. Safety and Injury Prevention in the Pennsylvania Academic Standards for Health, Safety and Physical Education. Budget In 2011, the average teacher salary in Burrell School District was $66,230.06 a year, while the cost of the benefits teachers receive was $16,936.86 per employee, for a total annual average teacher compensation of $72,166.92. According to a study conducted at the American Enterprise Institute, in 2011, public school teachers' total compensation is roughly 50 percent higher than they would likely receive in the private sector. The study found that the most generous benefits that teachers receive are not accounted for in many studies of compensation, including: pension, retiree health benefits and job security. In 2009, the district reported employing 212 teachers and administrators with a median salary of $55,113 and a top salary of $103,000. Additionally, the teachers receive a defined benefit pension, health insurance, dental insurance, life insurance, professional development reimbursement, paid personal days, 10 paid sick days, as well as other benefits. In 2010, Burrell School Board approved a new 5-year contract with the district's teachers union. Grant average annual raises of about 4.35 percent. The starting teacher salary will increase from $37,865 to $41,756 by the end of the 2015-16 year. The salary of a teacher with a master's degree who is at the maximum step, at $73,000 in 2010, increases by 2 percent per year. Teachers will contribute $135 per month by the end of the contract. The new contract was approved in a 7-2 vote with board members Linda Woiewodski and Tom Klebine dissenting. In 2007, the district employed 122 teachers. The average teacher salary in the district was $46,361 for 180 days worked. As of 2007, Pennsylvania ranked in the top 10 states in average teacher salaries. When adjusted for cost of living Pennsylvania ranked fourth in the nation for teacher compensation. Burrell School District administrative costs per pupil in 2008 was $831.78 per pupil. The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil. The Pennsylvania School Boards Association keeps statistics on salaries of public school district employees in Pennsylvania. According to the association's report, the average salary for a superintendent, for the 2007-08 school year, was $122,165. Superintendents and administrators receive a benefit package commensurate with that offered to the district's teachers' union. The school board promoted Assistant Superintendent Shannon Wagner to Superintendent in June 2009. Reserves In 2008, Burrell School District reported $175,000 in an unreserved-designated fund balance. The unreserved-undesignated fund balance was reported as $3,227,731. In 2010 the unreserved-designated fund balance had increased to $1,210,000.00. The unreserved-undesignated fund balance was $3,303,065. In 2008, the Burrell School District Administration reported that per pupil spending was $10,906 which ranked 401st among Pennsylvania's 501 school districts. In 2010, the per pupil spending had increased to $12,114.94 In January 2010, the Pennsylvania Auditor General conducted a performance audit of the district. The findings were reported to the school board and administration. In 2012, the District reported a decline in its overall assessment to $158,320,000 which was a decrease of $557,000, (0.04%) from last the 2011 tax base. The district is funded by a combination of: a local earned income tax, a property tax, a real estate transfer tax 0.5%, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the federal government. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax, regardless of the personal wealth. State basic education funding In 2011-12, the district received a $5,478,613 allocation, of state Basic Education Funding. Additionally, Burrell School District received $104,315 in Accountability Block Grant funding. The enacted Pennsylvania state Education budget includes $5,354,629,000 for the 2011-2012 Basic Education Funding appropriation. This amount is a $233,290,000 increase (4.6%) over the enacted State appropriation for 2010-2011. The highest increase in state basic education funding was awarded to Duquesne City School District, which got a 49% increase in state funding for 2011-12. In 2010, the district reported that 490 students received free or reduced-price lunches, due to the family meeting the federal poverty level. For the 2010-11 budget year, the Burrell School District received a 2.89% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $5,921,396. In Westmoreland County, the highest increase in Basic Education Funding was a 7.40% increase awarded to Yough School District. One hundred fifty Pennsylvania school districts received the base 2% increase. The highest increase among all Pennsylvania school district, in 2010-11, went to Kennett Consolidated School District in Chester County which received a 23.65% increase in state funding. In the 2009-2010 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 5.02% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $5,753,428. Among the public school districts in Westmoreland County, the highest increase went to Southmoreland School District which got a 6.44% increase, in state basic education funding. The state's Basic Education Funding to Burrell School District in 2008-09 was $5,478,612.74. Ninety school districts received a 2% increase. Muhlenberg School District in Berks County received a 22.31% increase in state basic education funding in 2009. The amount of increase each school district receives is set by the Governor and the Secretary of Education as a part of the state budget proposal given each February. In 2009, the district reported that 421 pupils received a free or reduced price breakfast and lunch due to the family meeting federal poverty levels. Accountability Block Grants Beginning in 2004-2005, the state launched the Accountability Block Grant school funding. This program has provided $1.5 billion to Pennsylvania's school districts. The Accountability Block Grant program requires that its taxpayer dollars are focused on specific interventions that are most likely to increase student academic achievement. These interventions include: teacher training, all-day kindergarten, lower class size K-3rd grade, literacy and math coaching programs that provide teachers with individualized job-embedded professional development to improve their instruction, before or after school tutoring assistance to struggling students, For 2010-11, Burrell School District applied for and received $283,136 in addition to all other state and federal funding. The district uses the funding to provide full-day kindergarten, to train teachers to improve their instruction and to pay teachers to write new curriculum. Classrooms for the Future grant The Classroom for the Future state program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class (English, Science, History, Math) and paid for teacher training to optimize the computers use. The program was funded from 2006-2009. The Burrell School District was denied funding by the Pennsylvania Department of Education in 2006-07. In 2007-08, the district administration did not apply for funding. The district received $105,874 in 2008-09. In Westmoreland County the highest award was given to Franklin Regional School District - $449,073. The highest funding statewide was awarded to Philadelphia City School District in Philadelphia County - $9,409,073. In 2010, Classrooms for the Future funding was curtailed statewide due to a massive state financial crisis. Federal Stimulus grant The district received an extra $1,107,431 in ARRA - Federal Stimulus money to be used in specific programs like special education and meeting the academic needs of low-income students. The funding is for the 2009–10 and 2010-2011 school years. Race to the Top grant Burrell School District officials applied for the federal Race to the Top grant which would have provided over one million dollars in additional federal funding to improve student academic achievement. Participation required the administration, the school board and the local teachers' union to sign an agreement to prioritize improving student academic success. In Pennsylvania, 120 public school districts and 56 charter schools agreed to participate. Pennsylvania was not approved for the grant. The failure of districts to agree to participate was cited as one reason that Pennsylvania was not approved. Common Cents state initiative The School Board elected to not participate in the Pennsylvania Department of Education Common Cents program. The program called for the state to audit the district, at no cost to local taxpayers, to identify ways the district could save tax dollars. After the review of the information, the district was not required to implement the recommended cost savings changes. Real estate taxes Property tax rates in 2011-12 were set by the school board at 83.5000 mills. A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value. Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and across a region. Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings. The property tax is not levied on cars, business inventory, or other personal property. Certain types of property are exempt from property taxes, including: places of worship, places of burial, private social clubs, charitable and educational institutions and government property. Additionally, service related, disabled US military veterans may seek an exemption from paying property taxes. Pennsylvania school district revenues are dominated by two main sources: 1) Property tax collections, which account for the vast majority (between 75-85%) of local revenues; and 2) Act 511 tax collections, which are around 15% of revenues for school districts. The school district includes municipalities in two counties, each of which has different rates of property tax assessment, necessitating a state board equalization of the tax rates between the counties. 2010-11 - 83.5000 mills 2009-10 - 82.5000 mills. 2008-09 - 82.5000 mills. 2007-08 - 78.7000 mills. 2006-07 - 73.9000 mills. Act 1 Adjusted Index The Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania. Districts are not allowed to raise taxes above that index unless they allow voters to vote by referendum, or they seek an exception from the state Department of Education. The base index for the 2011-2012 school year is 1.4 percent, but the Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as property values and the personal income of district residents. Act 1 included 10 exceptions, including: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases. The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the PA Department of Labor and Industry, for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S. Department of Labor, for the previous 12-month period ending June 30. For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year. In June 2011, the Pennsylvania General Assembly eliminated six of the ten the exceptions to the Act 1 Index. The following exceptions were maintained: 1) costs to pay interest and principal on indebtedness incurred prior to September 4, 2004 for Act 72 schools and prior to June 27, 2006 for non-Act 72 schools; 2) costs to pay interest and principal on electoral debt; 3) costs incurred in providing special education programs and services (beyond what is already paid by the State); and 4) costs due to increases of more than the Index in the school's share of payments to PSERS (PA school employees pension fund) taking into account the state mandated PSERS contribution rate. The School District Adjusted Index for the Burrell School District 2006-2007 through 2011-2012. 2006-07 - 5.1%, Base 3.9% 2007-08 - 4.5%, Base 3.4% 2008-09 - 5.7%, Base 4.4% 2009-10 - 5.4%, Base 4.1% 2010-11 - 3.8%, Base 2.9% 2011-12 - 1.8%, Base 1.4% 2012-13 - 2.3%, Base 1.7% For the 2012-13 budget year, Burrell School Board did not apply for exceptions to exceed the Act 1 Index. For 2012-2013, 274 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 223 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. For the exception for pension costs, 194 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. For special education costs, 129 districts received approval to exceed the tax limit. For the exception for pension costs, 194 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. For special education costs, 129 districts received approval to exceed the tax limit. For the 2011-12 school year, Burrell School Board did not apply for an exception to exceed the Act 1 Index. Each year, the School Board has the option of adopting either 1) a resolution in January certifying they will not increase taxes above their index or 2) a preliminary budget in February. A school district adopting the resolution may not apply for referendum exceptions or ask voters for a tax increase above the inflation index. A specific timeline for these decisions is published annually, by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. According to a state report, for the 2011-2012 school year budgets, 247 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 250 school districts adopted a preliminary budget. Of the 250 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget, 231 adopted real estate tax rates that exceeded their index. Tax rate increases in the other 19 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget did not exceed the school district's index. Of the districts who sought exceptions: 221 used the pension costs exemption and 171 sought a Special Education costs exemption. Only 1 school district sought an exemption for Nonacademic School Construction Project, while 1 sought an exception for Electoral debt for school construction. Burrell School Board did not apply for any exceptions to exceed the Act 1 index for the budget in 2011. For 2009-10 school budget, the board did not apply for exceptions to exceed the Index. In the Spring of 2010, 135 Pennsylvania school boards asked to exceed their adjusted index. Approval was granted to 133 of them and 128 sought an exception for pension costs increases. Property tax relief In 2010, the Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief from gambling for the Burrell School District was $156 per approved permanent primary residence. In the district, 4,502 property owners applied for the tax relief. The relief was subtracted from the total annual school property tax bill. Property owners apply for the relief through the county Treasurer's office. Farmers can qualify for a farmstead exemption on building used for agricultural purposes. The farm must be at least and must be the primary residence of the owner. Farmers can qualify for both the homestead exemption and the farmstead exemption. In Westmoreland County, 62% of eligible property owners applied for property tax relief in 2009. In Greene County, the highest amount of tax relief in 2010, went to property owners in School District. The highest property tax relief in Pennsylvania went to the residents of Chester Upland School District of Delaware County who received $632 per approved homestead. This was the third year they were the top recipient. Additionally, the Pennsylvania Property Tax/Rent Rebate program is provided for low income Pennsylvanians aged 65 and older; widows and widowers aged 50 and older; and people with disabilities age 18 and older. The income limit is $35,000 for homeowners. The maximum rebate for both homeowners and renters is $650. Applicants can exclude one-half (1/2) of their Social Security income, consequently, individual with income much more than $35,000 may still qualify for a rebate. Individuals must apply annually for the rebate. This can be taken in addition to Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief. Property taxes in Pennsylvania are relatively high on a national scale. According to the Tax Foundation, Pennsylvania ranked 11th in the U.S. in 2008 in terms of property taxes paid as a percentage of home value (1.34%) and 12th in the country in terms of property taxes as a percentage of income (3.55%). Extracurricular activities The district offers a wide variety of clubs, activities and sports. Burrell School Board determines eligibility to participate. By Pennsylvania law, all K-12 students in the district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those home schooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs, including all athletics. They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools. In 2009, the school was ordered to permit a parochial student to participate in band. See also List of school districts in Pennsylvania References External links Burrell School District website Category:School districts in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania Category:Education in Pittsburgh area	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of number-one hits of 2015 (Denmark) Tracklisten is a chart that ranks the best-performing singles and tracks of the Denmark. Its data, published by IFPI Denmark and compiled by Nielsen Music Control, is based collectively on each single's weekly digital sales. Chart history References Number-one hits Denmark 2015	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Timothy Wangusa Timothy Wangusa (born 1942) is a Ugandan poet and novelist. Wangusa was chairman of Uganda Writers Association and founder president of International PEN Uganda Centre. Early life and education Wangusa is an ethnic Mumasaaba, born in Bugisu, in eastern Uganda. He studied English at Makerere University where he later served on faculty, and the University of Leeds (UK). He wrote his MA and PhD on British and African poetry, respectively. Wangusa started working at Makerere University in 1969. He was appointed as Professor in 1981 (the first from his Bugisu. In his acceptance speech 'A Wordless World' he looked at how words were starting to lose meaning and there was a continuous shift from words and speech. Later Wangusa served as Head of Department of Literature and Dean of Faculty of Arts. He was also Minister of Education in the Ugandan Government (1985–86) and Member of Parliament (1989–96). Presently, he serves as Senior Presidential Advisor In Museveni's government. Wangusa played a pivotal role in establishing the Department of Languages and Literature at Uganda Christian University, an Anglican University in Mukono. Writing His collection of poems Salutations: Poems 1965-1975 (1977), reissued with additional poems as A Pattern of Dust: Selected Poems 1965-1990 (1994), reflects his rural origins. The novel Upon This Mountain (1989) tells the story of Mwambu, who is determined to touch heaven, and describes his journey towards adulthood. The novel combines African folklore and proverbs with Christian symbolism. Its main theme is that of growing up in the Ugandan society and what challenges come with growing up in the traditional setting. Wangusa's work has been featured on the pan-African poetry platform Badilisha Poetry Radio. Publications Salutations: Poems 1965-1975 (1977) Upon this mountain (1989) A Pattern of Dust: Selected Poems 1965-1990 (1994) Anthem for Africa (1995) Africa's New Brood (2006) "A taxi driver on his death References Poetry Africa Biographies - page 6 Centre for Creative Arts, Durban, University of Kwazulu Natal Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century Ugandan poets Category:Ugandan academics Category:Makerere University alumni Category:Alumni of the University of Leeds Category:Makerere University academics Category:Ugandan novelists Category:Male novelists Category:Ugandan male poets Category:20th-century male writers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Herbert Abbott (British Army officer) Herbert Edward Stacy Abbott CBE, DSO (6 April 1855 – 13 June 1939) was a British Army officer and an English amateur cricketer who made one appearance in first-class cricket. The son of Major-General Herbert Edward Stacy Abbott, he was born in British India at Alipore. He was educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, before attending the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Abbott was commissioned into the Royal Engineers on 17 August 1874, and was sent to India in 1877. He served in the Second Anglo-Afghan War as an assistant engineer. Following the war he was posted to the Punjab where he worked in the Punjab Public Works Department. He was promoted to captain in August 1885 and later served with the Hazara Expedition of 1888, with promotion to major coming in 1894. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Order in January 1896 for his actions with the Chitral Relief Force, and was later promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1901. While briefly back in England in 1902, Abbott played a single first-class cricket match, at the age of 47, for Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) against London County at Crystal Palace. He returned to India where he became the officiating Chief Engineer of the Public Works Department in the Punjab, 1903–1904, before returning to England to retire in 1906, upon which he was granted the rank of colonel. He was re-employed in 1909 as War Office Inspector of Territorial Buildings and was placed in charge of the Duke of York's Headquarters in Chelsea. His only son was killed in action during the First World War, during which Abbott served in London on special duties. He was made a CBE in the War Honours List of January 1919. He died at Richmond in Surrey on 13 June 1939. References External links Category:1855 births Category:1939 deaths Category:Military personnel from Kolkata Category:People educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey Category:Graduates of the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich Category:Royal Engineers officers Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War Category:British military personnel of the Hazara Expedition of 1888 Category:British military personnel of the Chitral Expedition Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Category:English cricketers Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Glenn Coldenhoff Glenn Coldenhoff (born 13 February 1991) is a Dutch professional motocross racer. He has competed in the Motocross World Championships since 2013. Coldenhoff was a member of the winning Dutch team at the 2019 Motocross des Nations event that included Jeffrey Herlings and Calvin Vlaanderen. Their victory marked the first Dutch win in the 73-year history of the Motocross des Nations. Motocross career Coldenhoff was born in Oss but lives in Heesch, Netherlands. Coldenhoff rides for the Standing Construct KTM racing team. He won his first MXGP race on 12 July 2015 in Ķegums, Latvia. In Race 1 he finished first and in Race 2 he came in second after Romain Febvre. In December 2018 Coldenhoff crashed during a training session and broke his wrist and three vertebrae. In 2019 Coldenhoff won 2 rounds of world championships and with team Netherland Motocross of Nations. Motocross World Championship results Races by year (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position, races in italics indicate fastest lap) * Season still in progress. References External links Official website Category:1991 births Category:Living people Category:Dutch motorcycle racers Category:Motocross riders Category:Sportspeople from Oss	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Little Troublesome Creek (Haw River tributary) Little Troublesome Creek is a long 2nd order tributary to the Haw River, in Rockingham County, North Carolina. Course Little Troublesome Creek rises in a pond located in Reidsville, North Carolina on the divide between Little Troublesome Creek and Troublesome Creek. Little Troublesome Creek then flows southeast to meet the Haw River about 1 mile southwest of Williamsburg, North Carolina. Watershed Little Troublesome Creek drains of area, receives about 46.7 in/year of precipitation, has a topographic wetness index of 422.04 and is about 33% forested. References Category:Rivers of North Carolina Category:Bodies of water of Rockingham County, North Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Microwave thermotherapy Microwave thermotherapy, is a type of treatment in which body tissue is heated by microwave irradiation to damage and kill cancer cells or to make cancer cells more sensitive to the effects of radiation and certain anticancer drugs. See also Transurethral microwave thermotherapy References Microwave therapy entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms Category:Microwave technology Category:Radiation therapy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eduard Ender Eduard Ender (3 March 1822 Rome – 28 December 1883 London) was an Austrian painter. He is the son of Johann Ender and is noted alike for his historical and genre works, among which are Francis I in the Studio of Cellini; Shakespeare Reading “Macbeth” before the Court of Elizabeth; La Corbeille de Mariage; and A Game of Chess, as well as a painting of the famous German scientist Alexander von Humboldt and his scientist travelling companion Aimé Bonpland. Humboldt did not like the painting, since the scientific instruments were not accurately depicted. Notes References Category:1822 births Category:1883 deaths Category:19th-century Austrian painters Category:Austrian male painters Category:19th-century painters of historical subjects Category:19th-century male artists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
San Remo Macaroni Company San Remo Macaroni Company is an Australian food company based in Adelaide. It was founded in 1936. San Remo produces a range of pasta. The company exports products to about 20 countries and offers private-label production services. External links Company website Category:Food and drink companies of Australia Category:Manufacturing companies based in Adelaide Category:Food and drink companies established in 1936 Category:1936 establishments in Australia Category:Pasta companies	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Vendor Daniel State Licency Vendor Daniel State Licency is a 1994 Malayalam film directed by Balu Kiriyath, starring Thilakan, Jagadish, Jagathy Sreekumar and Vinduja Menon. Plot Vendor Daniel is a selfish and greedy person. Mohanan Pillai is the assistant to Daniel. Joy, the son of Daniel doesn't approve of the deeds of Daniel. Daniel's wife, Annamma is very religious and she also disagrees with Daniel's doings. Karavalapadu is an old feudal lord who lost his property because of the land reform brought by the government. Joy used to meet Seetha, sister of Adv. Balagopalan to relieve his mind. Daniel also has corrupted officers as mentors. Daniel fixed Joy's marriage with a rich girl, of which Joy doesn't approve. Daniel used a dirty trick to get the property of the fuedal lord, making his son Joy as the son of Karavalpadu. One day while Joy talks with Seetha, Mohanan Pillai happened to see this and tell his boss. Daniel is very upset because of this and tries to separate Joy and Seetha, but Joy took this as revenge and married Seetha. Daniel disapproves of the marriage, but Adv. Balagopalan, brother of Seetha, welcomes the couple to his home. This provokes Daniel and he plans to kill Seetha with help of corrupted officers. On Christmas night, with the help of corrupted police officers, he releases a criminal to kill Seetha. To try to save Seetha from the criminal, Joy accidentally gets stabbed and dies. This news makes Daniel very sad. The lawyers of Balagopalan try to involve the superintendent of police in the murder case. The corrupt police officers are afraid of the involvement of the superintendent of police in this case and the try to frame Balagoplan as the murderer. But the Superintendent of Police gets clues about the corrupt officers and makes a plan to trap them. Meanwhile, Daniel gives his office to Mohanan Pillai. The Police Superintendent assigns two police officers undercover to find the clues about the crime. At the same time, Daniel gives money to the corrupted officers to escape from this case. The officers, in undercover, create a scene in front of a bar and beat a Police Circle Inspector which comes there, thus taken into custody. There they meet the convict which who murdered Joy. The officers in undercover happen to hear the conversation of the Sub-inspector and convict about the escape plans and involvement of Daniel and higher officers in this case. The Superintendent catches Daniel. Due to over anxiety and sadnesses Daniel commit suicide by adding poison to milk and shares it with Annamma. After they drank the tainted milk, Daniel reveals that poison added to milk and also he wants his wife to die along with him because nothing is left for hope after their beloved son's death. Annamma mourns to reveal that she is going to become a grandma for his death son's child. Cast Thilakan as vendor Daniel/Babykutty Daniel Jagadish as Adv. Balagopalan Menon Sudheesh as Joy Daniel Chippy as Seetha Jagathy Sreekumar as Mohanan Pillai Vinduja Menon as Raji Kaviyoor Ponnamma as Annamma Daniel Narendra Prasad as Udayanoor Karavalpadu Shammi Thilakan Beena Antony as Thresia K. P. A. C. Sunny as Dy.SP KrishnanKutty Nair Indrans as Sundaran Krishnankutty Nair as Govindan Pillai Bobby Kottarakkara as Kunjiraman Kollam Thulasi as CI Chandran Tony as SI Rameshan Shivaji as SI Abdullah Abraham Koshy as Arbaz Khan Usha Udayan as Saraswathi Kunjamma Soundtrack References External links Vendor Daniel State Licency at the Malayalam Movie Database Category:Indian films Category:1990s Malayalam-language films Category:1994 films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cromemco Dazzler Cromemco's Dazzler (or TV DAZZLER) was a graphics card for S-100 bus computers. Released in 1976, it is the first commercial color bit-mapped graphics card available for microcomputers. Multiple Dazzler cards could be installed in a single machine and synced together, a feature which could, with minor modification, be used to genlock. Genlocked Dazzler cards drove ColorGraphics Weather Systems displays that generated most of the weather imagery seen on US television in the early 1980s. History The Dazzler came about in a roundabout fashion after Les Solomon, an editor for Popular Electronics magazine, demonstrated the original Altair 8800 to Roger Melen of Stanford University. After seeing it, Melen purchased Altair #2 for his friend Harry Garland to work with. The two built a number of add-ons for the machine, starting with an early video digitizer called the Cyclops and then moving on to the prototype Dazzler. The Dazzler was first introduced at the Homebrew Computer Club on November 12, 1975. Like many early microcomputer projects of the era, the Dazzler was originally announced as a self-built kit in Popular Electronics. In order to "kick start" construction, they offered kits including a circuit board and the required parts, which the user would then assemble on their own. This led to sales of completely assembled Dazzler systems, which became the only way to purchase the product some time after. Sales were so fruitful that Melen and Garland formed Cromemco to sell the Dazzler and their other Altair add-ons, selecting a name based on Crothers Memorial Hall, their residence while attending Stanford. When Federico Faggin's new company - Zilog - introduced the Z80, Cromemco branched out into their own line of Z80-based S-100 compatible computers almost immediately. Over time these became the company's primary products. Combinations of their rackmount machines and the Dazzler formed the basis of ColorGraphics Weather Systems (CWS) product line into the late 1980s, and when CWS was purchased by Dynatech in 1987, Dynatech also purchased Cromemco to supply them. Dazzler software The original advertisement for the Dazzler offered three different software programs for sale (provided on punched paper tape.) These were Conway's Game of Life, Dazzlewriter (an alphanumeric display) and a colorful pattern-generating program, Kaleidoscope. The cover of the June 1976 issue of Byte magazine shows a Dazzler image from Conway's Game of Life, and credits Ed Hall as author of the Life software for the Dazzler. Byte also credits Steve Dompier with authoring the animation tool "Dazzlemation" and the first animation made with Dazzlemation called "Magenta Martini". George Tate (who later co-founded Ashton-Tate) is credited with a Tic-Tac-Toe game for the Dazzler, and Li-Chen Wang is credited as the author of "Kaleidoscope". Stan Veit, owner of the Computer Mart of New York, described the reaction when he displayed the changing patterns of Kaleidoscope on a color television in his store window at the corner of 5th Avenue and 32nd Street in New York City in early 1976. “People driving by began to stop and look – they had never seen anything like it before. In a short time the Dazzler had caused a traffic jam on 5th Avenue!” The police had to contact the building landlord and make him disconnect the television. Over time, Cromemco introduced additional software for the Dazzler, at first on paper tape and later floppy disk, including Spacewar! in October 1976. Cromemco customers also developed software for a wide range of graphics applications, from monitoring the manufacturing processes at a coffee factory in Columbia to displaying real-time images of heart blood flow, generated through cardiac radionuclide imaging, in Scotland. Dazzler hardware The Dazzler used over 70 MOS and TTL ICs, which required two cards to hold all the chips, "Board 1" held the analog circuits, while "Board 2" held the bus interface and digital logic. The two cards were connected together with a 16-conductor ribbon cable. Although the analog card did not talk on the bus, it would normally be plugged into the bus for power connections and physical support within the chassis. The manual also described a way to "piggyback" the two cards with a separate power cable to save a slot. Output from the analog card was composite color, and an RF modulator was available for direct connection to a color TV. The Dazzler lacked its own frame buffer, accessing the host machine's main memory using a custom DMA controller that provided 1 Mbit/s throughput. The card read data from the computer at speeds that demanded the use of SRAM memory, as opposed to lower cost DRAMs. Control signals and setup was sent and received using the S-100 bus's input/output "ports", normally mapped to 0E and 0F. 0E contained an 8-bit address pointing to the base of the frame buffer in main memory, while 0F was a bit-mapped control register with various setup information. The Dazzler supported four graphics modes in total, selected by setting or clearing bits in the control register (0F) that controlled two orthogonal selections. The first selected the size of the frame buffer, either 512 bytes or 2 kB. The other selected normal or "X4" mode, the former using 4-bit nybbles packed 2 to a byte in the frame buffer to produce an 8-color image, or the latter which was a higher resolution monochrome mode using 1-bits per pixel, 8 to a byte. Selecting the mode indirectly selected the resolution. In normal mode with a 512 byte buffer there would be 512 bytes × 2 pixels per byte = 1,024 pixels, arranged as a 32 by 32 pixel image. A 2 kB buffer produced a 64 by 64 pixel image, while the highest resolution used a 2 kB buffer in X4 mode to produce a 128 by 128 pixel image. In normal mode the color was selected from a fixed 8-color palette with an additional bit selecting intensity, while in X4 mode the foreground color was selected by setting three bits in the control register to turn on red, green or blue (or combinations) while a separate bit controlled the intensity. Super Dazzler In 1979, Cromemco replaced the original Dazzler with the Super Dazzler. The Super Dazzler Interface (SDI) had 756 x 484 pixel resolution with the capability to display up to 4096 colors. Dedicated two-port memory cards were used for image storage for higher performance. While the original Dazzler had a composite video output signal, the new SDI used separate RGB component video outputs for higher resolution. The SDI also had the ability to be synchronized to other video equipment. Cromemco systems with the SDI board became the systems of choice for television broadcast applications, and were widely deployed by the United States Air Force as Mission Support Systems. See also MicroAngelo, a higher-resolution system for S-100 computers Matrox, Matrox's first graphics product was a video card for S-100 machines, the ALT-256 VDM-1, a text-only display that was the first interface for S-100 machines References External links Saga of a System - David Ahl's story of how he got his Altair 8800/Dazzler system built, includes some sample images Cromemco Dazzler - image of the original design and its instruction manual Build the TV Dazzler - original Popular Electronics article Category:Computer-related introductions in 1976 Dazzler Category:History of computing hardware Category:Video cards Category:S-100 graphics cards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sashino Sashino () is a rural locality (a village) in Fyodorovsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 2 as of 2010. There is 1 street. References Category:Rural localities in Bashkortostan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ohio Premier Women's SC Ohio Premier Women's SC was an American women’s soccer team, founded in 2007. The team was a member of the Women's Premier Soccer League. The team played in the Mid Atlantic Conference. The team played its home games at Dublin Scioto High School Stadium. The club's colors were white and black. After the 2012 season, the Ohio Premier Women's SC dissolved, but Ohio Premier continues to run its youth soccer program. Players Current roster Notable former players Year-by-year Honors Competition history Coaches Kevin Dougherty 2008–present Willie Gage 2008–present Stadium Average attendance External links Official Site WPSL Ohio Premier Women's SC page Category:Women's Premier Soccer League teams Category:Women's soccer clubs in the United States Category:Soccer clubs in Ohio Category:2007 establishments in Ohio Category:Sports in Dublin, Ohio Category:Association football clubs established in 2007 Category:2012 disestablishments in Ohio Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 2012	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Disastro Disastro is an album of the English singer-songwriter Sonny J. It was released 16 June 2008 in United Kingdom, 19 August the same year in the US and was later also available on iTunes 15 September. The singles from the album are "Can't Stop Moving" (which was later re-released as a remix by Mirwais and then reached #40 in UK #8 in Japan), "Enfant Terrible" and "Handsfree" (which reached #77 in the UK Singles Chart). Track listing "Enfant Terrible" – 3:38 "I'm So Heavy" – 4:04 "Handsfree (If You Hold My Hand)" featuring Donna Hightower – 3:45 "Cabaret Short Circuit" – 4:22 "Belly Bongo" – 3:25 "Sorrow" – 5:13 "Can't Stop Moving" – 3:03 "Strange Things" – 4:10 "Doing the Tango" – 3:37 "No-Fi" – 3:33 "Disastro" – 3:37 "Sonrise" – 6:29 References Category:2008 albums Category:Sonny J albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Shane Kersten Shane Kersten (born 15 March 1993) is a former professional Australian rules footballer who played for the Fremantle Football Club in the Australian Football League (AFL). He previously played for the Geelong Football Club from 2012 to 2016. He was recruited from the South Fremantle in the West Australian Football League (WAFL) with the thirty-fourth selection in the 2011 AFL draft. Kersten was considered to make his AFL debut in the 2013 preliminary final, but due to a knee injury had to wait until round 14 of the 2014 AFL season to be selected. He kicked three goals in his debut game and was a standout despite Geelong losing to by 40 points. Kersten celebrated his first win the following week against when he kicked two goals as Geelong. After making his debut Kersten struggled at times to maintain his spot in the side but developed into a second forward target alongside Tom Hawkins, as well as an effective defensive. At the conclusion of the 2016 season, after not playing in Geelong's two final series games, Kersten was traded to Fremantle in return for selection 63 in the 2016 AFL draft. In his first season at the Dockers, Kersten kicked 24 goals from 20 games, coming second in Fremantle's goal kicking leaderboard. His most noted performance came in Round 5 against North Melbourne at Doman Stadium. With only 40 seconds left in the final quarter, Kersten brilliantly snapped a late running goal from the deep right pocket, giving Fremantle a 5-point edge, leading them to victory. In 2018, he began development as a key defender after some poor performances as a forward for the Fremantle Dockers, and made his debut in that role in Round 13 of the 2018 season against Carlton. Kersten is also a qualified painter by trade. Statistics Statistics are correct to the end of the 2016 season \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2012 \| \| 39 \|\| 0 \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2013 \| \| 39 \|\| 0 \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|\| — \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2014 \| \| 39 \|\| 9 \|\| 10 \|\| 7 \|\| 43 \|\| 13 \|\| 56 \|\| 26 \|\| 19 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 4.8 \|\| 1.4 \|\| 6.2 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 2.1 \|- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2015 \| \| 39 \|\| 11 \|\| 9 \|\| 7 \|\| 47 \|\| 40 \|\| 87 \|\| 37 \|\| 28 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 0.6 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 7.9 \|\| 3.4 \|\| 2.6 \|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA" ! scope="row" style="text-align:center" \| 2016 \| \| 39 \|\| 17 \|\| 22 \|\| 15 \|\| 123 \|\| 76 \|\| 199 \|\| 80 \|\| 43 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 7.2 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 11.7 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 2.5 \|- class="sortbottom" ! colspan=3\| Career ! 37 ! 41 ! 29 ! 213 ! 129 ! 342 ! 143 ! 90 ! 1.1 ! 0.8 ! 5.8 ! 3.5 ! 9.2 ! 3.9 ! 2.4 \|} References External links Player rating at Inside Football Category:1993 births Category:Living people Category:South Fremantle Football Club players Category:Australian rules footballers from Western Australia Category:Geelong Football Club players Category:Fremantle Football Club players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Abortion in Thailand Abortion in Thailand is discouraged by law, but is not banned outright if specific criteria are met. Once strict laws have, over time, eased to take into account high rates of teen pregnancy, women who lack the means or will to raise children, and the consequences of illegal abortion. "Chapter 3: Offence Of Abortion" of the Thai Criminal Code addresses the crime of abortion and levies a penalties of up to three years imprisonment and up to 6,000 baht in fines for a woman found guilty of undergoing an illegal abortion. Exceptions are made in the case of rape or other extenuating circumstances. A court decision in early-2020, however, declared a portion of the abortion statutes unconstitutional and ordered that they be rewritten by 13 February 2021, a move that increased public debate on the topic. Legal status The legal status of abortion in Thailand is governed by the Thai Criminal Code. Abortion is illegal except in certain in circumstances. By the letter, the law allows termination of a pregnancy by physicians only (1) when abortion is necessary due to the health of the pregnant woman, or (2) if the pregnancy was the result of rape. Abortions performed outside of these circumstances are punishable by up to three years in jail (as well as fines) for the woman and up to five years for the performer (up to seven years if it was performed against the will of the woman). In 1989, during the rise of the AIDS epidemic, the Medical Council issued a consultation to the Council of State on whether the law could be interpreted to allow abortion in HIV-positive cases in which the child, if born, could not be expected to enjoy an acceptable quality of life. The Council of State replied that this was impermissible, since the law allowed only consideration for the health of the mother, and not the child. Later, the interpretation of health was debated, and the Medical Council issued a regulation in 2005 in which it explicitly interpreted both physical and mental health as possible factors necessitating abortion. This has been widely interpreted to include women who are emotionally distressed at the prospect of having children they cannot raise. The regulation restricts clinics like those operated by the Planned Parenthood Association of Thailand to provide abortions to women only in their first trimester of pregnancy. Those seeking to end second-trimester pregnancies must do so at a hospital. Abortions are prohibited after 28 weeks. The Ministry of Public Health (MoPH) regulates medical abortions. Termination of a foetus that is fewer than nine weeks from gestation is permitted if some or all of the following criteria are met: (1) medical necessity, (2) legal necessity (e.g., rape), (3) female is under 15 years of age (and unmarried), (4) the foetus is at risk of severe abnormalities or genetic disorders. In December 2014, two drugs that induce miscarriage—Mifepristone and Misoprostol—were approved for ending pregnancies in a hospital setting. The drugs must be prescribed by doctors at approved hospitals or clinics. Women who self-medicate to terminate pregnancies on their own are liable for punishment under the law. In a decision published on 19 February 2020, the Constitutional Court of Thailand ruled that Thailand's current abortion law is unconstitutional. Under Section 301 of the Criminal Code which deals with abortion, women who seek an abortion face up to three years imprisonment and a fine of up to 6,000 baht, or both. The Constitutional Court ruled that Section 301 violates Sections 27 and 28 of the 2017 Constitution of Thailand (also known as the "charter") which mandates equal rights for men and women, as well as the right and liberty to everyone to his or her life and person. The court ordered that Section 301 be nullified within 360 days of its ruling, i.e., no later than 13 February 2021. Section 305 of the anti-abortion law, allowing for legal abortion when the pregnancy involves rape or endangers a mother's physical health, was judged to be not in violation of the charter. The Constitutional Court ordered the amendment of both Sections 301 and 305 to accord with Thailand's current realities. How the two sections will amended is unclear. By citing sections on equality between men and women, the court's ruling can be interpreted as meaning a man who causes a pregnancy should receive the same punishment the woman seeking to terminate that pregnancy. Abortion statistics Teen pregnancies in Thailand account for as much as 15% of total pregnancies, well above the World Health Organization's 10% median. Data from the Thai Department of Health showed that 72,566 teens aged 10-19 years old gave birth in 2018, or 199 such babies being born per day. Of the total, 9% gave birth to their second child. In the 10–14 age group, 2,385 young girls, down from 2,559 in 2017, gave birth, seven cases a day. According to the Thai National Health Security Office, over 300,000 women have sought medical treatment at state hospitals for incomplete abortions from 2009–2019. Nearly 100,000 of them suffered complications and infections. More than 20 of them died each year. The casualties mount even though safe, WHO-approved abortion pills, legal in more than 60 countries, have been available for over a decade. Teens rarely visit abortion clinics, possibly because parental consent is required, or possibly because they cannot afford the cost, between 4,000–5,000 baht. Clinics, like state hospitals, charge women for abortion services, except for rape victims or economically disadvantaged women. Health department data suggest that most women seek abortions for social and economic reasons. Quantifying the number of abortions performed is difficult as numbers are not made public. A 2012 report published by state hospitals does not differentiate between elective abortion, abortion for health reasons, or miscarriage. "...there has never been any official report on the ratio of induced abortions to the number of abortions overall in Thailand,..." the paper said. The director of Thailand's Bureau of Reproductive Health notes that there is no centralized database for abortion numbers in Thailand. Private clinics, citing confidentiality, do not provide data to his department. Illegal abortions are impossible to track. "No one in this country knows the overall number of abortions," he said. The lack of national data means that his bureau resorts to conducting a yearly survey called the "Abortion Surveillance Report". It compiles cases of abortion from a number of provinces to gauge the background and motivations of those who seek abortions. Public opinion Acceptance of abortion by the Thai public has lagged behind the gradual easing of abortion laws. Buddhism is the faith of 98% of the Thai populace, and nearly all the exclusively male Buddhist hierarchy view abortion as a transgression that will haunt the "sinner". In a UNICEF study, those interviewed observe that abortion is not accepted culturally. Although medical abortion is available if specific criteria are met, social taboos stigmatize those seeking an abortion. Adolescents say their family members disapprove of abortion and that public health services staff frequently oppose abortion and denigrate women who inquire about it. Patients under age 18 must have parental approval to access health care services. Adolescents emphasize the barrier that the requirement for parental consent creates. Most teens do not want their parents to know they are using reproductive health services. Parental consent is an obstacle to both general services such as birth control counseling as well as legal abortion services. Some of those interviewed describe a lack of privacy in hospitals as a barrier to accessing services. Youth responses also show that adolescents lack trust in service providers. They fear providers will not keep information confidential and are particularly anxious that providers will share information with family and other community members. This fear is heightened in smaller, close-knit rural communities. Even in cases in which abortion is legal, interviewees reported that a large percentage of physicians are not willing to perform abortions or prescribe medication for medical abortion due to their beliefs or social pressures. References Thailand Category:Health in Thailand Thailand Thailand Category:Human rights in Thailand Category:Women in Thailand	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Anastasavan For the town in Ararat Province, see Aygezard. Anastasavan () is a town in the Yerevan Province of Armenia. References Category:Populated places in Yerevan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Scott Mann Scott Mann may refer to: Scott Mann (director), British film and television director Scott Mann (politician), British politician	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pallamano Pressano Pallamano Pressano is a men's handball club from Lavis, Italy, that plays in the Serie A. Team Current squad Squad for the 2016–17 season Goalkeepers Alex Bettini Simone Facchinelli Marco Pescador Valerio Sampaolo Wingers RW Adriano Di Maggio LW Alessio Maggio Line players Davide Campestrini Nicola Folgheraiter Back players LB Simone Bolognani Marco Mengon Riccardo Stabellini CB Walter Christè Pascal d'Antino Simone Mengon Nicola Moser RB Mariano Bertolez Alessandro Dallago Matteo Moser Manuel Sartoti External links Official website Pallamano Pressano	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
West Mount Barren West Mount Barren is part of the Fitzgerald River National Park located between Bremer Bay and Hopetoun on the south coast of Western Australia the coordinates of the summit of West Mount Barren are . West Mount Barren, along with East Mount Barren and Mid-Mount Barren were all named by Matthew Flinders in 1802 after their barren appearance. Description West Mount Barren rises 372 metres above sea level and forms part of the Barren Range within the national park. Mount Bland (320 metres) is the closest mountain feature and is situated approximately 5 km northeast from West Mount Barren. The Barren range is not continuous and although there are three distinct Mount Barrens (West, Mid and East) they are distinct peaks that are connected by coastal plain. Mid Mount Barren is approximately 20 km northeast of West Mount Barren and East Mount Barren is approximately 50 km northeast of West Mount Barren. Other peaks in the area include Woolbernup Hill, Thumb Peak, Mt Drummond and Mt Maxwell. West Mount Barren is accessible by an unsealed road suitable for 2WD vehicles that runs off Pabelup Drive. A carpark with a plaque at the base of the mountain marks the beginning of a track that is an easy two hour return walk to the summit. Visitors are encouraged to stay on the footpath so as to minimise the spread of dieback which is a threat to the native plants of the area. A commanding view of the national park and the coastline is seen from the summit. Geology The Ravensthorpe region is underlain by basement rocks of the Albany-Fraser Orogen and Yilgarn Craton. These rocks consist of granite, gneiss and minor enclaves of sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The Barren Ranges consist of metasediments, mostly folded and faulted quartzite, phyllite, dolomite and conglomerate. The Barrens are composed of rock beds that have been tilted and folded. These rock beds were once layers of sand deposited on the sea floor. They were subsequently compressed, heated and uplifted by movements of the Earth's crust. Botany The vegetation surrounding West Mount Barren is best described as scrub-heath with many types of shrubs that thrive in the quartzitic or lateritic sand, often in rocky situations. The shrubs are mostly Proteaceae and Myrtaceae. Several species are unique to the area and can be found on and around West Mount Barren. Species include Royal Hakea (Hakea victoria), Qualup Bells (Pimelea physodes), Oval-leaf Adenanthos (Adenanthos ellipticus), Blue Dampiera (Dampiera linearis), Silver-leafed Barrens regalia (Regelia velutina), Barrens clawflower (Calothamnus validus), and the Broad-leaved Brown Pea (Bossiaea ornata). Fire The area around West Mount Barren is often burnt out by bush fires. Lightning strikes are the most usual cause of fires that often devastate large areas of the park. The last large scale fire was in December 2006 where four fires, that were started by lightning strikes, joined into one much larger blaze that burned out several hectares of bushland. References Category:Mountains of Western Australia Category:Great Southern (Western Australia)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dale Newton Dale Newton (born 19 February 1983) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer who played for the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks and the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the National Rugby League between 2003-2006. He played at Prop. References Category:1983 births Category:Australian rugby league players Category:Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks players Category:South Sydney Rabbitohs players Category:Rugby league props Category:Living people Category:Rugby league players from Sydney	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kimi no Gin no Niwa is the 14th single of Japanese girl group Kalafina. The song was used as the ending theme to the anime film Puella Magi Madoka Magica the Movie: Rebellion. The single peaked at No. 4 on Japan’s weekly Oricon singles chart, having reached 37,259 units. As of 2013, Kimi no Gin no Niwa has become the best-selling single of Kalafina. Track list Regular edition Limited edition Charts References External links Kalafina's Official Site Category:2013 singles Category:Kalafina songs Category:Japanese film songs Category:Puella Magi Madoka Magica Category:Songs written for animated films Category:Songs written by Yuki Kajiura	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roaring Rapids (Colorado River) Roaring Rapids are one of several rapids in the Black Canyon of the Colorado, 10.25 miles above El Dorado Canyon in the Colorado River between Arizona and Nevada. History The Roaring Rapids were one of two of the significant hazards to navigation to steamboats, barges, and other shipping when ascending or descending the Colorado River between El Dorado Canyon and Callville, in the 19th Century. The other was the Ringbolt Rapids, 12 miles farther up the river. References Category:Colorado River	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rockville City Police Department The Rockville City Police Department (RCPD) is a U.S. law enforcement agency responsible for patrolling the city of Rockville, the third largest city in the U.S. state of Maryland. The RCPD patrols the city in cooperation with the Montgomery County Police Department (MCPD). The agency serves a jurisdiction consisting of over 65,000 people and has been a CALEA-accredited agency since 1994. According to the RCPD, its mission is to protect and promote community safety, ensure the safe and orderly movement of traffic, and seek solutions to any problem that creates fear or threatens the quality of life in its jurisdiction. History 1960s 1963 In 1963, the RCPD began the use of radar to enforce speed limit compliance. 1968 In 1968, the RCPD hired its first black policeman, Richard "Gene" Eugene Dyson. 1970s 1972 In 1972, the RCPD only had 9 policemen. 1976 In 1976, the RCPD and the Montgomery County P.D. formed a burglary prevention unit to help deter and investigate burglaries in the city. In June 1976, Dennis Dempsey became the RCPD's first captain. 1980s 1986 Until 1986, Walter Kent Atwell was the chief of the RCPD. 1989 On March 20, 1989, former Granby Police Department officer Terrance N. "Terry" Treschuk joined the department as its chief of police. 1990s 1994 On March 26, 1994, the RPCD was accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). 1996 In 1996, the RCPD was awarded the Excellence in Community Policing Award by the National League of Cities. 1998 In 1998, the City of Rockville annexed 900 acres of land, increasing the RCPD's jurisdiction by the same. 1999 In 1999, the RCPD had 45 sworn policemen and 18 unsworn civilian employees. In 1999, the RCPD's honor guard participated in the year's Memorial Day parade. 2000s 2000 In late November 2000, the RCPD made four arrests. In 2000, the RCPD had 45 sworn policemen and 18 unsworn civilian employees. 2001 In 2001, the RCPD's chief of police was Terrance N. "Terry" Treschuk. In 2001, the RCPD had 50 sworn policemen and 20 unsworn civilian employees. 2002 In 2002, the RCPD had 50 sworn policemen and 20 unsworn civilian employees. 2003 In 2003, the RCPD had 50 sworn policemen and 20 unsworn civilian employees. 2010s 2011 In 2011, the RCPD began the use of license plate-reading cameras on their cars. 2012 In 2012, the RCPD transitioned to an electronic, computerized method of issuing traffic citations. In 2012, the RCPD moved to a new headquarters building. 2013 In June 2013, the RCPD had 57 sworn policemen on duty and 36 unsworn civilian employees for a total of 93 members. 2016 In June 2016, the RCPD's chief Terrance N. "Terry" Treschuk retired. He had held the office since 1989 and was superseded by acting RCPD chief Robert J. "Bob" Rappoport. In 2016, the RCPD made 678 arrests, gave 95 drunk driving citations, issued 13,603 parking tickets, and gave 8,996 traffic warnings. For 2016, the RCPD's budget was 12,181,400$. 2017 In 2017, the RCPD's policemen began wearing body cameras. 2018 Former Hagerstown police chief Victor Brito became the chief of the RCPD in June 2018. Organization The current chief of police is Victor Brito, since mid-2018. The RCPD is divided into three bureaus: Field Services Bureau Special Operations Bureau Administrative Services Bureau Falling under the Office of the Chief, the RCPD also has the following sections: Public relations Professional standards (equivalent to an internal affairs in other agencies) Inspection services Police chaplain The RCPD's headquarters building is located at 2 West Montgomery Avenue in Rockville, Maryland. List of chiefs Uniforms RCPD uniforms are dark blue with a light blue stripe running down the side of each pant leg. RCPD officers who act as K-9 handlers wear dark blue BDUs. The Maryland state coat of arms is worn on the collars, except for high ranking officers like the chief, who wear rank insignia there instead. Ranks Historical ranks In the 1970s, the RCPD had a captain rank. However, it no longer does, having replaced the rank with major. Awards and decorations Fleet The RCPD uses the sixth-generation Ford Taurus Police Interceptor Sedan and second-generation Dodge Charger as its primary patrol cars; the RCPD also uses the second-generation Ford Explorer Police Interceptor Utility. The RCPD also uses motorcycles. Liveries The RCPD's patrol cars are painted grey with their liveries consisting of black and blue stripes on the sides with the words "ROCKVILLE POLICE" inscribed near the hood and on the front doors, with the Rockville city seal emblazoned on the rear doors. Inscribed on both front fenders are the words "If You SEE Something, SAY Something", with the words "EMERGENCY 911" emblazoned on the rear quarter panels. Past liveries In the 1990s, the RCPD's patrol cars were for the most part white Chevrolet Luminas and first-generation Ford Crown Victorias with a single blue stripe on the side running the entire length of the car from front to back. The Rockville city seal was emblazoned on both of the front doors, with the department's 10-digit phone number, "301-340-7300", inscribed on the front fenders, with the words "ROCKVILLE CITY POLICE" pasted on the rear quarter panels. In the early mid-2000s the RCPD used Chevrolet Blazers and eighth-generation Chevrolet Impala 9C1s with a very similar livery design as the current one used presently in the 2010s, however the cars were painted white instead of grey and the motto on the front fenders were omitted. In the mid-2000s, the RCPD used Chevrolet Tahoes and Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors with the cars' paint schemes were changed from white to grey. See also Gaithersburg Police Department List of law enforcement agencies in Maryland Montgomery County Police Department References External links Official website Category:Rockville, Maryland Rockville	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Guitar Hero Live Guitar Hero Live is a music video game developed by FreeStyleGames and published by Activision. It was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Wii U, Xbox 360, and Xbox One in October 2015 and to iOS devices including Apple TV in November 2015. As with previous games in the series, the goal is to use a special guitar controller to match fret patterns displayed on a scrolling note pattern on screen in time with the music. The game serves as a reboot of the Guitar Hero franchise, being the first new entry in the series since Warriors of Rock in 2010 and the seventh main installment (sixteenth overall). Activision wanted to bring back Guitar Hero for the next generation of video game consoles but wanted the new game to be innovative. FreeStyleGames was given a free rein to revitalize the series by Activision, which led to the development of a new guitar controller featuring a 6 button, 3-fret layout in contrast to the 5 button controller of previous games. FreeStyleGames also wanted to bring a more immersive experience to the player, and developed the main career mode GH Live to have the note pattern displayed atop full motion video taken from the perspective of a lead guitarist during a concert, with the crowd and other band members dynamically reacting to the player's performance. FreeStyleGames also wanted to forgo the traditional downloadable content model to provide new songs for the game, and created the GHTV mode which encompasses curated playlists in the style of music television channels that are streamed around the clock, allowing them to easily acquire and add new songs. Within GHTV, songs are presented with the note track overlaid atop their music video or from live concert footage. GHTV allows players to pick up and play currently-streamed songs at any time or use money and in-game credits to play any song within the library, forgoing traditional downloadable content. The game was shipped with forty-two songs on disc and 200 songs within the GHTV library; New content has been added to GHTV on a weekly basis, provided through premium shows that earn players unique rewards. Guitar Hero Live was released to generally positive reception, with critics praising the new controller design for providing trickier and more realistic gameplay in comparison to previous Guitar Hero games, as well as the wider variety of content available via the GHTV mode. The main Live portion of the game received mixed reviews, with critics panning its weak soundtrack, lack of multiplayer, and describing the live action footage as being self-aware, exaggerated, and "campy". The GHTV mode also received mixed reception for its reliance on microtransactions, and the inability to permanently purchase songs to own. Activision closed the GHTV mode on 1 December 2018, reducing the available Guitar Hero songs from 484, to the 42 present on-disc. Gameplay Guitar Hero Live follows similar gameplay to previous installments in the series, requiring players to use a guitar-shaped controller with buttons and a strum bar to match notes on a scrolling "highway" corresponding to notes played in a song. In contrast to the previous five-button design, the Guitar Hero Live controller features six buttons arranged into two rows of three. The frets are represented by a "note highway", three scrolling lanes on-screen, containing either black or white notes representing the two rows. Lower difficulty levels use one row of buttons, while higher difficulties may include "chords" that use a combination of buttons from both rows. The game typically maps out power chords to use the top row of buttons, while modifications of those chords include others from the bottom row. Notes may be held and sustained, indicated by trailing lines after the note markers, during which the player can use the guitar's whammy bar to alter the held note's pitch for effect. Fast-moving sections of songs may employ the use of hammer-on and pull-off notes, marked with a special outline, which can be played without using the strum bar. The game also retains the concept of open strumming introduced in previous Guitar Hero titles, represented as a horizontal bar across the lanes and requiring the player to hit the strum bar without pressing any fret keys. The player is able to select one of four difficulty levels which affect the number and complexity of the note patterns they have to hit, and the speed at which the on-screen display scrolls. Guitar Hero Live can also be played by two players, both playing on separate guitar controllers with split-screen separate note highways, competing for the better score. Songs in GH Live mode (below) also includes vocals, allowing players to sing along in tone with the song's lyrics using a connected microphone. The game is playable via an app on iOS mobile devices, including the fourth-generation Apple TV. This version supports both "touch" mode and support for an optional Bluetooth-enabled guitar controller that provides "[the] full game in an uncompromised way" according to Activision. When in touch mode, the note display geared towards the 6-button controller is replaced with four touch-screen buttons but otherwise retains the same gameplay; with the controller, the game otherwise plays the same. Due to the size of the game relative to storage space on most mobile devices, Guitar Hero Live on iOS units requires a persistent Internet connection as all songs, including those that are normally part of the console on-disc soundtrack, are streamed from Activision's servers when played. GH Live In the game's primary single-player mode, titled GH Live within the game, the player completes songs while experiencing full-motion video taken from the first-person perspective of a band's lead guitarist. The video includes shots of the audience and the band members. As the player performs the songs, the audience responds positively to good performances when few mistakes are made. If the player makes several mistakes in a row, the audience will become critical and start to jeer at the performer. To win back the crowd, the player can either match more notes correctly, or can use collected Hero Power to rapidly regain their interest. Hero Power, replacing Star Power from previous Guitar Hero games, is collected by correctly playing marked series of notes on the track; Hero Power can be accumulated, marked as on-screen guitar picks next to the track, to be used at later times. The player can release Hero Power for a limited time by either tilting the guitar controller upward or hitting a special button on the controller. The career mode is broken up into a dozen-some show sets, each set consisting of about 3-5 songs. The video for each set includes the band's introduction, banter between the band and crowd between songs, and final ovations on conclusion of the show. The player must unlock each set in order as to move forward. Once a set is complete, the player is shown the game's ranking of their performance and for each song, based on factors such as percentage of notes hit correctly, the longest streak of properly played consecutive notes, and how long they kept the virtual crowd excited about their performance. The player then unlocks the ability to play the individual songs outside of sets. GHTV In addition to songs that were shipped on disc, additional songs were introduced to the game through Guitar Hero TV (GHTV). On starting GHTV mode, the player was given a choice of a number of themed channels, which broadcast playable songs curated programs on a rotating schedule similar to a radio broadcast. One such channel always presented new songs that had been added to GHTV. Songs in GHTV were played over the music video for the song or live concert footage of the band playing the song, instead of the custom visuals for the main single player game. The player could pick up and play on any song that was shown, but was also able to use earned Plays to replay a specific song outside of the channel's rotation. While playing in GHTV, the player was scored to track their performance, and their scores were compared to other players - both those playing at the same time as well as asynchronous scores from other players. To help boost their score, players could accumulate Hero Power in the same fashion as in the GH Live mode. Prior to a song, the player could choose to use Coins, the in-game currency, to purchase one of several Hero Powers which they could deploy during the song, improving their score and performance. Hero Powers included temporary boosts in scoring multipliers, ability to clear all notes for a short distance on the track, or to increase or decrease the density of notes. When a song was complete, the player was ranked based on their performance with the other tracked players, and awarded experience points, Coins, and other bonuses. Experience points are used to raise the player's rank in the GHTV metagame, allowing them to unlock player card skins and other features of GHTV, including Play tokens. Alternatively, players can use the paid, microtransaction currency Hero Cash to purchase access to content. In an update in December 2015, players on GHTV had an opportunity to be randomly pitted in a head-to-head challenge against another player of similar skill level, about twice every half-hour. Winning this head-to-head challenge could give the player an experience point boost. New songs to GHTV were typically introduced via limited-time "Premium Shows", which ran for a week or more; these songs were then moved into the on-demand catalog and later into the normal GHTV rotation. Access to Premium Shows could be purchased with Hero Cash, or by completing several specific songs in either on-demand or on rotation play. Within the Premium Shows, players competed in the same manner as with normal GHTV songs and could earn unique in-game rewards, such as coins or alternate skins for the on-screen note "highway". Players could purchase a "Party Pass" that allowed full access to all of GHTVs on-demand songs and paid features for 24 hours, a mode that FreeStyleGames envisioned to be used when players are hosting large parties or similar events. As first held on the weekend of 6 November 2015, Activision could offer promotional periods that similarly offer full access. In addition to regular content, GHTV was used to provide specialty programming. GHTV offered curated music video shows with host segments wrapped around playable songs; the first such show features songs selected by the band Avenged Sevenfold and included commentary by the band on these selections. Def Leppard used GHTV to premiere their new music video for their single "Dangerous" in January 2016. Activision offered a contest for players to win prizes by participating in a special "Shred-a-Thon" premium show, highlighting the addition of Dragonforce's "Through the Fire and Flames" - one of the most notoriously difficult songs that has appeared in other Guitar Hero titles - to the GHTV setlist. Activision announced in June 2018 that the GHTV servers will be shut down on 1 December 2018, rendering this functionality unusable. Players will still be able to play songs on disc. The iOS app was also delisted as its functionality would also cease with the shut down of the GHTV servers. Soundtrack The on-disc soundtrack of Guitar Hero Live includes 42 songs and spans across a diverse selection of genres, the developers recognizing that challenging guitar tracks are not strictly limited to rock music. The game's soundtrack include songs by The Black Keys, Blitz Kids, Ed Sheeran, Fall Out Boy, Gary Clark, Jr., Green Day, The Killers, The Lumineers, My Chemical Romance, Pierce the Veil, The Rolling Stones, Skrillex, and The War on Drugs. Pre-orders of the game offered access to a time-limited premium show featuring three live recordings by Avenged Sevenfold, including "Shepherd of Fire", "Buried Alive" and "Nightmare", filmed from their performances at the Download Festival in England and Mexico City. Additional songs are provided through GHTV. Two hundred songs were playable on GHTV at launch, and the developers plan on adding new songs to GHTV on a regular basis. There is no backward compatibility with songs or controllers from previous editions of the franchise; FreeStyleGames' developer Jamie Jackson justified the decision, explaining that Guitar Hero Live was a "completely new game" that existing content would not work with due to the change in core gameplay. There is not any traditional downloadable content for the game in the form of additional songs, instead using the streaming nature of GHTV to provide new songs. FreeStyleGames does not expect to make GHTV content available for offline play. Development Background and aborted reboot Rhythm games like Guitar Hero and Rock Band had been widely popular between 2005 and 2008, but due to oversaturation of the market and the onset of the recession in 2009, the rhythm genre suffered major setbacks, and the genre's popularity had quickly waned. Sales of the previous installment Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock were below estimates and lower than previous games in the series. Weak sales of Warriors of Rock, in part, led to Activision cancelling a planned 2011 sequel, and shuttering the Guitar Hero franchise. In a July 2011 interview with Forbes.com, Activision CEO Bobby Kotick stated that they were going to try to "reinvent" the series, but a former teammember of Vicarious Visions has stated that as of 2012, all development of Guitar Hero has come to an end within Activision. Another source close to Vicarious Visions had reported to Kotaku that while Guitar Hero 7 was in development under an Activision studio, the game was considered a "disaster". The cancelled game omitted the additional instruments and used only a guitar peripheral, redesigning the unit to include a 6-button mechanism replacing the strum bar; the resulting unit was considered too expensive to manufacture and purchase. The developers had started from scratch to try to create new characters and venues that would be more reactive to the actual songs being played, to give the feel of a music video, but ultimately this proved too much of a challenge and had to be scrapped. Further, with a limited budget, the song selection was limited to "low-budget" hits of the 1990s, or at times reusing songs that had previously been included in Guitar Hero games. Though the team had a two-year development cycle, it was closed down after Activision president Eric Hirshberg had seen the current state of the project at the one-year point. Daniel Dilallo, a developer for Vicarious Visions at the time of cancellation, stated that he had come up with an idea of revitalizing the series using a first-person perspective approach, and had developed a prototype that he had called Guitar Hero Live at the time, though neither Activision nor FreeStyleGames have confirmed if this prototype was used as inspiration for the revived series. As Guitar Hero Live In February 2015, rumors surfaced that new entries in both the Guitar Hero and Rock Band franchises for eighth generation consoles were in development; Harmonix announced Rock Band 4 on 5 March 2015. On 14 April 2015, Activision officially announced a reboot of the Guitar Hero franchise, Guitar Hero Live, with development by FreeStyleGames. In an interview with Fortune magazine, Activision's CEO of Publishing Eric Hirshberg found that even after five years without a game, the Guitar Hero brand still enjoyed high social media attention, with over 10 million followers on the Guitar Heros Facebook page. However, Hirshberg stated that Activision realized they needed to reinvent the series so that consumers would not consider it much the same as previous games and to help sway those that were turned off by the earlier saturation of music games. The task of developing the new game was given to FreeStyleGames around 2012. FreeStyleGames had developed both DJ Hero and DJ Hero 2, and while both games were critically praised, the latter was released on the downward trend of the music game genre. FreeStyleGames had suffered some layoffs as a result of the hiatus of the Guitar Hero series, though remained an Activision studio and financially viable due to their work for the Wii U Sing Party. As the development of Sing Party wrapped up, the studio created an internal research and development department to begin brainstorming what their next game would, with input from Activision. Hirshberg had encouraged the team to reconsider Guitar Hero, noting the fan dedication to the series, but noted that the game needed innovation to be successful. Activision gave the team freedom to develop the game without relying on the previous titles in the series. The core gameplay of Guitar Hero Live was rebuilt from scratch; developer Jamie Jackson explained that the goal of the game was to bring "big innovation" to the franchise rather than continue with the same format used by previous games. He explained to his staff to only "think of [Guitar Hero] as a name. Think of it as a music game with a guitar peripheral, but pretend that nothing else has ever been done." The team brainstormed on what had made the Guitar Hero series fun, and recounted the earlier titles of the series which were designed to enable the player to envision themselves as a superstar guitarist, subsequent design choices were made around recreating that experience. The team also cited fellow Activison franchise Call of Duty as an influence towards the goal of providing an immersive, first-person experience. Though FreeStyleGames experimented with other options including a controller-less game, camera and motion detection, and social-based games, but recognized quickly that the guitar controller was a key part of the series' success. The developers recognized they wanted to have a guitar controller that players would not be embarrassed to have in their living rooms and spent time getting the look of the controller accurate to a real guitar. The design of the game's guitar controller was overhauled, using rapid prototyping to test potential guitar designs. The final design of the controller for Live utilizes a new design with six buttons arranged into two rows of three frets, designated by black and white-colored notes in-game, instead of using the traditional row of five colored frets used by previous Guitar Hero games. Jackson explained that the new layout was meant to make the game easier for new players, as the three-button layout avoids the need to use one's pinkie finger, a difficulty they recognized new players had on the traditional five-button controller. The layout was also designed to provide a new challenge to experienced players, including more realistic simulations of chords. The choice to use only three buttons also came from statistical analysis of past games, where about 80% of the players would never play harder than the Medium difficulty level which typically only required the use of three fingers with the previous five-button controllers. The initial controller iterations, presented both in-studio and to Activision, were met with skepticism but they found that players quickly adapted to the new scheme as an improvement over the older controllers. The "note highways" for the songs were created by both programmers and musicians using MIDI software as to map to each of the six controller buttons and the open strum bar. Note highways were developed first for the Expert difficulty level, essentially recreating the guitar part of the song note for note, while highways for lower difficulty levels were then constructed by removing notes while assuring the core rhythm of the song remained. The game itself is presented in a more realistic and immersive style; the rendered stages and characters of previous games are replaced by full motion video, shot from the first-person perspective of the lead guitarist, simulating real-world concert settings. The video footage is dynamic, and can transition between versions featuring positive or negative reactions by the crowd and band members based upon the player's performance. The first-person footage utilizes session musicians as actors playing the remaining members of the band, and is filmed using a Bolt robotic camera system, programmed to simulate the motions of a guitarist on stage. The Bolt ran along a track, and was able to move and turn quickly, mimicking the speed of a musician's movements. Prior to filming with the Bolt, an actor outfitted with motion and position detectors acted out the song with the other band actors; these movements were recorded and then used to direct the Bolt as it replaced the actor in subsequent takes. To avoid injury to the other actors from the motions of the camera, the routines were all choreographed based on the camera's motions and used as cues for the other actors. To enable smoother transitions between positive and negative versions of the band footage, multiple takes were performed for each song using the same camera motions. Groups of 200 to 400 actors were filmed using a green screen to construct crowds; using varying takes and other editing techniques, the groups of actors could be made to cover much larger areas. To simulate larger crowds, these shots were superimposed on a combination of live footage from actual rock concerts and 3D models constructed by FreeStyleGames. The effects studio Framestore helped with editing and assembling the digital live-action footage. Positional audio effects are also used as part of the footage, varying the volume of certain instruments depending on how close the player is to them on-screen in the footage. Ten different bands represent the songs in the "Guitar Hero Live" mode, playing in two different music festivals. Members of these fictional bands were selected through auditions prior to filming, making sure that they could recreate the actual performance of a song, as well as mixing and matching members of ensemble groups to get the right look and feel. Bands were filmed in a warehouse in Oxford, England. To help with creating appropriate stage presence for the fictional bands and their fans, FreeStyleGames created material that each band would have had in the band's career, such as album covers and clothing, using various musical genres to help inspire their designs. GHTV was designed by FreeStyleGames to allow them to provide new music without having to secure more stringent music licensing rights. FreeStyleGames found that this mode attracted the attention of bands who were eager to offer their music for it; the bands saw GHTV as comparable to the marketing that music television channels had done in the 1980s and 1990s, putting the imagery of the band at the player as they played along. FreeStyleGames also compared GHTV to music services like Spotify and Pandora Radio. This approach makes it easier to secure licensing rights, and fits in better with the current "throwaway culture" nature of society today according to Jackson. Jackson explained that the feature and its curated playlists were "about discovering music as much as it is about going and finding music you know you already like". Activision's Hirshberg stated that GHTV was developed as a better means to provide new songs to players through a round-the-clock content platform, rather than relying on scheduled downloadable content, allowing the company to provide a much larger quantity of songs, with plans for "hundreds at launch on day one" of the game's release. Guitar Hero Live was considered to be a game that can be expanded upon in the future through content patches, as opposed to released new titles each year which had previously led to the music genre decline in 2009. Though FreeStyleGames added vocals prior to the game's launch, there are no present plans to include other instruments such as bass guitar or drums in the title, with Jackson stating that the game is "all about guitars". Marketing and promotion On 14 April 2015, Hirshberg and Jackson invited Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and Gerard Way of My Chemical Romance to promote the game. Wentz performed his band's song "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark" in the Guitar Hero Live mode, while Way and Jackson dueled each other on My Chemical Romance's song "Na Na Na (Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na Na)". A commercial for the game was revealed in October 2015, starring Lenny Kravitz and James Franco. In conjunction with Activision, The CW ran special promotional ads for Guitar Hero Live, featuring the actors David Ramsey and Candice Patton playing the game in the week prior to the game's release. Activision arranged to have rapper Macklemore play Guitar Hero Live with FreeStyleGames' Jamie Jackson during the halftime show of the Seattle Seahawks home game on the Sunday prior to the release of the game. Reception Guitar Hero Live received mostly positive reviews. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Wii U version 83.75% based on 4 reviews and 84/100 based on 4 reviews, the PlayStation 4 version 81.91% based on 43 reviews and 80/100 based on 69 reviews and the Xbox One version 80.93% based on 20 reviews and 81/100 based on 21 reviews. Most reviewers praised the risk of changing up the gameplay of Guitar Hero with the new controller design, contrasting to Rock Band 4s reliance on its established gameplay mechanics. Chris Carter of Destructoid considered the change a reinvention of the series, and though he had to relearn how to play the controller, enjoyed the experience and "the increased emphasis on chords and fancy finger-work". Griffin McElroy of Polygon also praised the new controller, finding that the higher difficulties in the game present "the most challenging fake guitar-playing" that he's seen, and having to relearn the new playing style through the game's difficulties levels was a "delight". Matt Miller of Game Informer found the six-button layout was not any better than the traditional five-button one, but "nails a different dynamic" as it feel like one was playing more realistic guitar chords. Though Game Revolutions Nick Tan was impressed with the challenge of the new controller, he felt the buttons themselves were too small and tight on the neck of the controller, and the new challenge may cause more casual players to forgo attempt to learn the new system and go back to Rock Band and the traditional layout. The full-motion video aspect of GH Live was not as well-taken as the core gameplay. GameSpots Scott Buttersworth found that he often ignored the motion video as he was too focused on the gameplay, and when he did notice it, felt it appeared "so campy [that] it borders on parody" as it "absolutely trips over itself to sell you on the idea that you're a totally super cool rockstar". Tristan Ogilvie of IGN also felt that the live action footage was "overly cheesy vamping", and further felt no connection to the band and bandmates he was to be playing along with as there was very little context given between sets. Ben Griffin of GamesRadar found that the crowd and bandmates only seemed to have two states, "fawning and furious", making the transition disconcerting when the game switched between the two states simply based on his performance. Brandon Jones of GameTrailers believed it was difficult to "take the actors seriously" in part due to the duality of the crowd reaction as well as that the song was still based on studio recordings, sounding off in the concert setting. Jones further commented that the fictional bands were well-matched to the songs they played, and that the pacing of the presentation, moving quickly between songs, made the experience feel more like a real concert. McElroy acknowledged the presentation can potentially be "cringe-worthy", but felt that the video was put together with self-awareness of this factor to make it more charming, noting some of the extra details that FreeStyleGames and the actors used to fully take on their roles. The soundtrack for the GH Live portion was also considered weak. McElroy found most of the songs were from 2000 or later, forgoing classic rock songs, and considered the soundtrack to be the "biggest disappointment" of GH Live. Buttersworth stated that many of the on-disc selections are pop songs that "just aren't cut out for Guitar Hero gameplay", as they feature the same repeating guitar riff over and over. Griffin was more favorable of the on-disc set list, finding that the tracks represented "the music landscape as it is rather than as it was". Carter also appreciated the soundtrack, calling it a "good spread" of songs that can appeal to everyone. The GHTV mode has mixed opinions, with most reviewers praising the concept, with the presentation of the channels were highlighted as hearkening to the heyday of MTV, and giving the player the ability to explore new music. However, reviewers were critical of the emphasis on microtransactions, and though the game was "generous" with providing free Plays and other in-game currency rewards, this approach could still disappoint some players. Carter found that he could ignore the microtransactions and instead enjoy the freely-playable curated music channels, helping him to play music that he had not yet heard or was outside of his normal play style, giving him a "a really cool feeling" about exploring new music, as well as seeing music videos from his youth again. Ogilvie similarly found that he could spend his time in GHTV within the free channels exploring new music, but believed the mode was "somewhat inflexible for the time poor" as players may not find the type of music they want to play when they are ready the play and that there was a lack of a programming guide for these channels. Griffin said that the pricing structure was weak compared to established DLC models, believing that the pricing for options like the Party Pack would have been better used to unlock the ability to play songs that he would enjoy. Miller stated that the microtransaction "structure is exploitative", preventing him from easily accessing his favorite songs to play and making him frustrated with the game in the long run. Buttersworth was displeased with the need to grind through songs in the free channels as to earn Play tokens to access a song he wanted to play, and the ability to permanently unlock a song, stating "that lack of freedom undermined a lot of the fun". Premium shows were particularly noted as problematic, in addition to the lack of a practice mode for the GHTV songs, which may impact how those players that seek to perfect every song would enjoy the game mode. Tan noted that in addition to either the time to complete the challenges or in-game currency to unlock the show, the player would have to complete the show in one of the ranked positions to earn the offered prize, and if they failed, they would have to repeat that process again. In an earnings report shortly following the game's release, Activision stated that Guitar Hero Live was outselling their previous two Guitar Hero games, Guitar Hero: Warriors of Rock and Guitar Hero 5, though did not report exact sales numbers. In their quarterly earnings results presented in February 2016, Activision reported that sales for Guitar Hero Live missed their expectations, and in March 2016, announced that they had to let go of about 50 of FreeStyleGames' employees, though the studio still remains open to continue additional work for Activision. Prior to the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016, Activision stated they will continue to produce content for Guitar Hero Live but have no present plans for another game. Guitar Hero Live was nominated for "Game of the Year" for the 2016 NME Awards, and for "Family Game of the Year" at the 19th Annual Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences DICE Awards. It was also nominated for "Excellence in Convergence" for the 2016 SXSW Gaming Awards, and for the "Family" award at the 2016 British Academy Games Awards. A class-action lawsuit was filed against Activision in September 2018 in regards to the planned December shutdown of the GHTV service. The suit contends that Activision did not give a reasonable period of notice in a clear manner that the service would shut down, rendering most of the available songs unplayable. The suit was dismissed by the plaintiff without prejudice in January 2019. In February 2019, Activision offered refunds for anyone that had purchased Guitar Hero Live from December 2017 to January 2019, though did not state the reasons for this refund. References External links Category:2015 video games Category:Activision games Category:Guitar Hero Category:Guitar video games Category:IOS games Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games Category:Music video games Category:PlayStation 3 games Category:PlayStation 4 games Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom Category:Wii U games Category:Xbox 360 games Category:Xbox One games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
African Sanctus African Sanctus is a 1972 choral Mass and is the best-known work of British composer and collector of world musics David Fanshawe. In African Sanctus the Latin Mass is juxtaposed with live recordings of traditional African music, which the composer had recorded himself between 1969 and 1973 during a journey up the Nile, from the Mediterranean Sea to Lake Victoria. The work consists of 13 movements and follows the journey of the composer through Africa. The recordings are from Egypt, the Sudan, Uganda and Kenya. A key moment in the conception of African Sanctus came at the beginning of Fanshawe's 1969 journey, in Egypt. Sitting in a Christian church he heard the muezzin of a nearby mosque calling the faithful to prayer, and imagined this beautiful sound in counterpoint with Western choral harmony. Originally entitled African Revelations, African Sanctus was first performed in London by the Saltarello Choir in July 1972, and was later played on BBC Radio on United Nations Day. On Easter Sunday 1975, a documentary about the making of the work was broadcast on BBC1's Omnibus programme. Made by composer and film-maker Herbert Chappell, this charted Fanshawe's progress recording the work in North and East Africa, and coincided with the release of the album. The two men retraced Fanshawe's original journey and tried, largely unsuccessfully, to find the musicians he had recorded on his original trip. The documentary was nominated for the 'Prix Italia'. Following the publication of the full score in 1977, premiere performances were given in Toronto, Worcester Cathedral in 1978, and the Royal Albert Hall in 1979, which was conducted by Sir David Willcocks. The work has received over a thousand performances, from North America to the Far East, with Fanshawe himself supervising many of the performances, sometimes accompanying the work with a slideshow of the photographs of the musicians he had recorded. In 1994 Fanshawe composed an additional movement for a new recording of the work, the "Dona Nobis Pacem - A Hymn for World Peace", which completed the "Agnus Dei". Based on this new recording, the BBC commissioned the maker of the 1975 documentary, Herbert Chappell, to make a new programme, African Sanctus Revisited. Fanshawe's work has been criticised by some. The Telegraph noted "While other adventurers returned from distant lands with lion skins or elephant tusks, the trophies from Fanshawe's odysseys were recorded ones."https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/music-obituaries/7890995/David-Fanshawe.html And The Washington Post observed:The composer's efforts raised ethical questions from those who questioned whether his recordings were an aural sort of imperialism that exploited indigenous musicians."It's an extraordinary collection of music and images," said Carol A. Muller, a professor of ethnomusicology at the University of Pennsylvania. But .... "There is a level of complete arrogance, a kind of colonial mind-set, that you can go to Africa and make these recordings and use them at your own will." Movements The work is composed in 13 movements and reflects geographically the composer's cross-shaped pilgrimage, from the Mediterranean to Lake Victoria, whereby 'Kyrie' represents Cairo and 'Sanctus' Northern Uganda. 1 AFRICAN SANCTUS Acholi Bwala dance, North Uganda 2 KYRIE: CALL TO PRAYER Muezzin from the Muhammad Ali Mosque, Cairo 3 GLORIA: BRIDE OF THE NILE Egyptian wedding, Luxor Islamic prayer school, East Sudan 4 CREDO: SUDANESE DANCES Courtship dances, Kiata trumpet dance Koranic recitations, Marra mountains 5 LOVE SONG: PIANO SOLO Hadandua cattle boy with Bazenkop harp Desert bells, East Sudan 6 ET IN SPIRITUM SANCTUM Frogs, Zande refugees of South Sudan 7 CRUCIFIXUS: RAIN SONG Dingi Dingi dance, rains & thunder "Rain Song" by Latigo Oteng, Uganda 8 SANCTUS: BWALA DANCE Bunyoro madinda xylophone Acholi Bwala dance, Uganda 9 THE LORD'S PRAYER Lamentation, Lake Kyoga, Uganda The Offertory (in English) 10 CHANTS Maasai milking song, Kenya Song of the river, Karamoja, Uganda Turkana cattle song, Luo ritual burial dance, Kenya 11 AGNUS DEI Hadandua war drums in the desert, Sudan 12 CALL TO PRAYER: KYRIE (reprise) Mu'azzin from the Muhammad Ali Mosque, Cairo 13 FINALE & GLORIA Acholi Bwala dance, North Uganda DONA NOBIS PACEM (optional) A Hymn for World Peace (short or long version) References External links African Sanctus official website African Sanctus on Answers.com Album Review of African Sanctus Category:Masses (music) Category:World music albums Category:1975 albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Joan Falkiner Begum Jahanara of Palanpur (née Joan Falkiner) was an Australian heiress who became the Begum of Palanpur, India, during the mid 20th-century. Her life story was later recorded in a biography written by a distant cousin, Australian author Suzanne Falkiner. Biography Joan Falkiner was born in Melbourne, Australia in 1915. The Falkiners were stud merino sheep breeders in country Victoria and New South Wales, and by the early 20th-century had established themselves as wealthy members of Melbourne society. Joan's father was a director of the family company, and she was a childhood friend of Jo Gullett. Joan Falkiner met Taley Muhammed Khan in the Black Forest in Germany in 1937, where he was seeking treatment for a painful polo injury. Taley was the Nawab of the Palanpur State, a protectorate of the British Empire under the administration of the British Raj. He had ascended to the throne of Nawab in 1918, and had since embarked on a campaign of construction and reform. When he and Joan met, she was 19 and he was 55. The two subsequently became engaged to be married, though the relationship was objected to by Joan's family. In Suzanne Falkiner's biography Joan in India, Joan's niece posits that colonial politics and racial tensions played a role in the Falkiner family's objections to the proposed marriage. Joan's family were also concerned that Taley, as a Muslim, was already married to an Indian woman (who had since become an invalid), and had a 20-year-old son. Furthermore, the Falkiners feared that if Joan married into an Indian noble family, she might be placed in purdah. In 1939 Joan eloped, and traveled to India to marry Taley. The departure of the 21 year old heiress caused a stir and much speculation in Melbourne high society. She converted to Islam and was married in an Islamic ceremony. Though recognised by as such by Taley, she was denied the title of Begum by the British Raj, which disapproved of marriages between Anglo women and Indian rulers; Joan was also not invited by the British to appear beside her husband during public functions. Regardless of these restrictions, Joan was otherwise accorded her rights as Taley's wife. In 1947, the Indian Independence movement successfully resulted in India becoming independent from the shrinking British Empire; this development meant the end British Raj. On the night of 14 August 1947 the last Viceroy of India, Lord Louis Mountbatten, decided to confer a title of nobility on Joan, allowing her to claim the title of 'Her Highness' in British eyes. However, Indian independence also led to the dissolution of the Palanpur State. Joan and Taley lived together until the latter died of cancer in 1957. Joan settled in Southern France after her husband's death. She died in 2003. References Category:1915 births Category:Australian women Category:Indian nobility Category:2003 deaths Category:People from Melbourne Category:People from Banaskantha district	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Balatonszőlős Balatonszőlős is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary. References External links Street map (Hungarian) Category:Populated places in Veszprém County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dreimühlen Formation The Dreimühlen Formation is a geologic formation in Germany. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period. See also List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Germany References Category:Geologic formations of Germany Category:Devonian System of Europe Category:Devonian Germany Category:Devonian southern paleotropical deposits	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ato Shemsedin Ahmed Ato Shemsedin Ahmed or Ato Shemsedin Ahmed Robleh also referred to as Hon. Shemsedin Ahmed (, ),was a notable Somali Ethiopian politician. History Shemsedin Ahmed hails from the Jigjiga Zone in the Somali region, also known as region 5 in Ethiopia, specifically the Makahildhere clan of the Makahil section of the Gadabursi clan. He was the vice-chairman of the Ethiopian Somali Democratic League and was one of the founders. He served as Deputy-Minister of Mining and Energy since August 1991 to December 1997, Ethiopian Ambassador to Djibouti since May 2002 to May 2011 and also Ambassador of Ethiopia to Kenya from May 2011 to December 2014. He replaced Ato Dissasa Dirbissa in May 2011 and was replaced by Dina Mufti in December 2014 for security reasons. References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Government ministers of Ethiopia Category:Ambassadors of Ethiopia to Kenya	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 212 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 212 (P. Oxy. 212 or P. Oxy. II 212) consists of three fragments of a comedy of Aristophanes, written in Greek. It was discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a roll. It is dated to the first or second century. Currently it is housed in the British Library (Department of Manuscripts, 782) in London. Description The document was written by an unknown copyist. The measurements of the fragment are 219 by 116 mm. The text is written in a large round upright uncial hand. There is a tendency to separate words. The hands of two correctors may be distinguished. It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus, together with a large number of documents dated in the reigns of Vespasian, Domitian, and Trajan. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1899. See also Oxyrhynchus Papyri Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 211 Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 213 References 212 Category:1st-century manuscripts Category:2nd-century manuscripts Category:British Library collections	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Revue philosophique Revue philosophique may refer to: Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger, a French philosophy journal founded in 1876 Revue Philosophique de Louvain, a French philosophy journal founded in 1894	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lea Bridge railway station Lea Bridge is a railway station on the line between Stratford and Tottenham Hale on the Lea Valley Lines, which reopened on the evening of 15 May 2016 with the full service beginning on 16 May 2016, operated by Greater Anglia. The station is located on Argall Way, close to its junction with Lea Bridge Road (A104) and Orient Way, serving the areas of Lea Bridge and Leyton in the London Borough of Waltham Forest, north-east London. The original station operated from 1840 to 1985 and was accessed via the north side of Lea Bridge Road as it crosses the tracks. History 19th century The station was opened on 15 September 1840 by the Northern and Eastern Railway as Lea Bridge Road and is thought to be the earliest example of a station having its building on a road bridge, with staircases down to the platforms. The original station building was an attractive Italianate style structure designed by Sancton Wood (1815-1886) and featured a bell turret on the roof with a bell that was rung when a train was due. The line was initially laid to a gauge of but already this had been identified as non-standard, and between 5 September and 7 October 1844 the whole network was re-laid to . The Northern and Eastern Railway was leased by the Eastern Counties Railway, which operated the station. The ECR became part of the Great Eastern Railway (GER) in 1862. The GER established its signal works (which included a dummy signal box) on the eastern side of the line; the works were demolished in 1939 and replaced by a parcels depot. To the south of the station were the large Temple Mills marshalling yards, and the station would have seen large numbers of goods trains passing. In 1870 a line was opened to Shern Hall Street station (a temporary station located west of the present-day Wood Street station) and a shuttle service operated between Lea Bridge and Shern Hall Street, commencing traffic on 24 April 1870. Prior to this, a horse bus operating between Walthamstow and Lea Bridge had met all trains arriving at the station. The station was renamed Lea Bridge in 1841. 20th century In 1923 the GER became part of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). In the 1930s the station was served by trains to Liverpool Street (via Stratford), to North Woolwich (via Stratford low level platforms), and to Hertford East and Palace Gates. At that time there were Sunday services via the Hall Farm curve to the Chingford branch. On 31 March 1944 the station building was gutted by fire, although the frontage survived. After World War II, in 1948, the railways of the UK were nationalised, and operation of the station passed to British Railways Eastern Region. The Hall Farm spur line through to the Chingford branch was rarely used and, despite being electrified in 1960, the line was lifted in 1967. Closure The station became an unstaffed halt in 1976 and the station building was demolished at about that time. By then, the only trains serving Lea Bridge were those operating between Tottenham Hale and North Woolwich via Stratford (low level platforms), and the withdrawal of that service led to the closure of the station on 8 July 1985. The simple open-sided shelter, located on the road bridge over the tracks, and which had replaced the original station buildings, was also demolished in 1985. The last train consisted of a two-car Cravens Class 105 DMU. Re-opening In December 2005 a new service to and from Stratford reintroduced regular passenger trains passing through the closed station. For many years, plans were under consideration to rebuild and reopen the station and the nearby Hall Farm Curve junction, as part of wider plans for the redevelopment of the Stratford and Lower Lea Valley area. In January 2013 it was announced that plans had been approved to rebuild and reopen the station. Construction on the £6.5m scheme was planned to start in spring 2014. The station was included in Network Rail's Route Specification for Anglia in 2014 for opening within the next five years. In October 2013, the overgrown platforms were cleared in preparation for construction of the new station building. The new buildings were to be situated on the up side (towards Stratford) rather than on the road bridge over the line, and the platforms were to be linked by a footbridge. Estimates by Transport for London (TfL) show 352,000 entries and exits annually by 2031 with a service of two trains per hour. It was hoped that—after 29 years of closure—the station would reopen in late 2014. The construction date slipped, but work started in July 2015; the station reopened on the evening of Sunday 15 May 2016 with the full service beginning on Monday, 16 May 2016. Services All services at Lea Bridge are run by Greater Anglia. The off peak service is: 4 tph to 2 tph to 2 tph to During the peak periods, additional services run to/from . There are also a few early morning and late evening services that run to/from . On Sundays, the Bishops Stortford service runs to Hertford East instead. Connections London Buses routes that serve the station are 48, 55 and 56 and night routes N38 and N55. References External links London's Abandoned Stations - Lea Bridge Category:Former Great Eastern Railway stations Category:Railway stations opened in 1840 Category:Railway stations closed in 1985 Category:Railway stations in the London Borough of Waltham Forest Category:Railway stations opened in 2016 Category:Reopened railway stations in Great Britain Category:Railway stations in the United Kingdom opened in the 2010s Category:Leyton	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ziziphus obtusifolia Ziziphus obtusifolia is a species of flowering plant in the buckthorn family known by several common names, including lotebush, graythorn, gumdrop tree, and Texas buckthorn. Distribution The plant is native to the South Central and Southwestern United States, the California deserts, and central through northern Mexico. It grows in shrubby and scrubby desert habitats, grasslands and prairie, woodlands, and other habitat types. It can be found among desert plants such as honey mesquite, smooth mesquite, ocotillo and creosote. Description Ziziphus obtusifolia is a shrub with many branches forming a thorny tangle which may exceed tall and approach at times. The leaves are deciduous and are absent for much of the year, leaving the shrub a naked thicket of gray twigs coated in waxy whitish hairs. The ends of the twigs taper into sharp-tipped thorns. The thick, glandular gray or green leaves have oval blades 1 or 2 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a cluster of several dull yellow-green flowers. The fruit is a mealy, juicy drupe containing one seed. The fruit provides food for many species of birds and mammals. Birds use the shrub as a nesting site and the southern plains woodrat uses the twigs to build its houses. References External links CalFlora Database: Ziziphus obtusifolia (Lotebush) NPIN−Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center Native Plant Information Network: Ziziphus obtusifolia (Lotebush, Lote-bush condalia) CalFlora Database: Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens (Grey leaved Abrojo, graythorn, lotebush) Jepson Manual (JM2) eFlora: Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens UC Photos gallery — Ziziphus obtusifolia var. canescens obtusifolia Category:Flora of the California desert regions Category:Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert Category:Flora of Central Mexico Category:Flora of Northeastern Mexico Category:Flora of Northwestern Mexico Category:Flora of Oklahoma Category:Flora of the Sonoran Deserts Category:North American desert flora Category:Trees of the South-Central United States Category:Trees of the Southwestern United States Category:Natural history of the Colorado Desert Category:Natural history of the Mojave Desert	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Luca Vildoza Luca Vildoza (born August 11, 1995) is an Argentine-Italian professional basketball player for Baskonia in the Liga ACB. At a height of 1.91 m (6'3") tall, he can play at both the point guard and shooting guard positions. Professional career Early years Vildoza started his professional career with the Argentine 1st Division (LNB) club Quilmes, in the LNB 2011–12 season. He then played in the Argentine 2nd Division with Quilmes, during the TNA 2012–13 season. He spent the next three seasons playing in the top-tier level Argentine League with Quilmes. Baskonia (2016–present) In 2016, he signed a four-year contract with the Spanish League club Baskonia. However, Baskonia loaned him back to Quilmes, for the 2016–17 season. He rejoined Baskonia for the 2017–18 season and made a debut in the EuroLeague. Over 24 EuroLeague games, he averaged 4.5 points, 2 assists and 1.3 rebounds per game. In the Spanish League, he appeared in 25 games and averaged 5.9 points, while shooting 50% from the field goal and 40.4% from the three-point line. Baskonia made the ACB Playoffs Finals that season and was lost the final series with 3–1 to Real Madrid. In 2018–19 season, Vildoza's role in the team increased and so did his stats as he averaged 9.1 points and 3.8 assists over 34 games of the EuroLeague. In March 2019, Vildoza signed a contract extension with Baskonia to stay until the end of 2023–24 season. In the Spanish League, he appeared in 32 games, averaging 9.3 points per game. In ACB Playoffs Quarterfinals, Baskonia lost with 2–0 to Zaragoza. National team career Vildoza was a member of the junior national teams of Argentina. He played with Argentina's junior national team at the 2012 FIBA Under-17 World Cup. He is also a member of the senior men's Argentine national basketball team. With Argentina's senior team, he has played at the 2014 ODESUR Games, the 2015 Pan American Games, the 2016 South American Championship, and the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup. In 2019, he took part in the team that won the Pan American gold medal in Lima. Vildoza was included in the Argentine squad for the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup and clinched silver medal with Argentina which emerged as runners-up to Spain at the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup. Career statistics EuroLeague \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2017–18 \| style="text-align:left;" rowspan=2 \| Baskonia \| 24 \|\| 2 \|\| 13.2 \|\| .422 \|\| .412 \|\| .696 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 2.0 \|\| .5 \|\| .1 \|\| 4.5 \|\| 3.9 \|- \| style="text-align:left;"\| 2018–19 \| 34 \|\| 17 \|\| 22.5 \|\| .403 \|\| .372 \|\| .879 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 3.8 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .1 \|\| 9.1 \|\| 9.6 \|- class="sortbottom" \| style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"\| Career \| 58 \|\| 19 \|\| 18.7 \|\| .408 \|\| .383 \|\| .827 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 3.1 \|\| .8 \|\| .1 \|\| 7.2 \|\| 7.3 References External links Luca Vildoza at acb.com DLuca Vildoza at draftexpress.com Luca Vildoza at euroleague.net Luca Vildoza at fiba.com Luca Vildoza at latinbasket.com Category:1995 births Category:Living people Category:2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup players Category:Argentine expatriate basketball people in Spain Category:Argentine men's basketball players Category:Basketball players at the 2019 Pan American Games Category:Competitors at the 2014 South American Games Category:Italian expatriate basketball people in Spain Category:Italian men's basketball players Category:Liga ACB players Category:Pan American Games medalists in basketball Category:Point guards Category:Quilmes de Mar del Plata basketball players Category:Saski Baskonia players Category:Shooting guards Category:South American Games gold medalists for Argentina Category:South American Games medalists in basketball	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Golden Time of Day Golden Time of Day is the second album by Bay Area-based R&B group Maze. Released in 1978 on Capitol Records. Track listing All tracks written by Frankie Beverly. "Travelin' Man" – 5:06 "Song for My Mother" – 5:02 "You're Not The Same" – 5:13 "Workin' Together" – 5:30 "Golden Time of Day" – 5:30 "I Wish You Well" – 4:37 "I Need You" – 10:00 Charts Singles External links Maze Featuring Frankie Beverly -Golden Time Of Day at Discogs References Category:1978 albums Category:Maze (band) albums Category:Capitol Records albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Thierry Debès Thierry Debès (born 13 January 1974, in Strasbourg) is a retired French football goalkeeper. He was once AC Ajaccio's captain. In October 2014, Debés was named Interim Coach of AC Ajaccio. In his first game, he led Ajaccio to a 2-1 victory against Valenciennes on 24 October 2014. References lequipe.fr Source for actual size Category:1974 births Category:Living people Category:French footballers Category:RC Strasbourg Alsace players Category:Grenoble Foot 38 players Category:En Avant de Guingamp players Category:AC Ajaccio players Category:Ligue 1 players Category:Ligue 2 players Category:Sportspeople from Strasbourg Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:Footballers from Alsace	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wildland–urban interface A Wildland–Urban Interface (WUI) is a zone of transition between wildland (unoccupied land) and human development. Communities in the WUI are at risk of catastrophic wildfire and their presence disrupts the ecology. Definitions In the United States of America, the wildland-urban interface (WUI) has two definitions. The US Forest Service defines the wildland-urban interface qualitatively as a place where "humans and their development meet or intermix with wildland fuel." Communities that are within of the zone are included. A quantitative definition is provided by the Federal Register, which defines WUI areas as those containing at least one housing unit per . The Federal Register definition, combined with a quantitative criteria, splits the WUI into two categories: Intermix WUI, or lands that contain at least one housing unit per in which vegetation occupies more than 50% of terrestrial area; a heavily vegetated intermix WUI is as an area in which vegetation occupies over 75% of terrestrial area (at least 5 km2). Interface WUI, or lands that contain at least one housing unit per in which vegetation occupies less than 50% of terrestrial area (at least 2.4 km2). Structures in intermix WUI are interspersed with vegetation, whereas homes in interface WUI are adjacent to heavy vegetation. WUI growth and causes of hazards Throughout the world, human development has increasingly encroached into the wildland-urban interface in parallel with a climate change driven increase in large wildland fires which has caused an increase in fire protection costs. The threat increase is real and measurable through measuring expenditures which indicates an economic risk. In the United States, beginning in the late 20th century, federal wildfire suppression expenditures tripled from $0.4 billion per year to $1.4 billion per year. A tripling in expenditures indicates a tripling in threat. The wildland-urban interface has shifted to a denser population to become more hazardous. Population shifts The WUI was the fastest-growing land use type in the United States between 1990 and 2010. Factors behind the growth include population shifts, expansions of cities into wildlands, and new vegetation growth. The primary cause has been migration not vegetation growth. Of new WUI areas, 97% were the result of new housing. In the United States there are population shifts towards the WUIs in the West and South; increasing nationally by 18 percent per decade, covering 6 million additional homes between 1990 and 2000 which in 2013 was 32 percent of habitable structures. Globally, WUI growth includes regions such as Argentina, France, South Africa, Australia, and regions around the Mediterranean sea. Going forward the WUI will continue to expand, an anticipated amenity-seeking migration of retiring baby-boomers to smaller communities close to scenic natural resources will contribute to WUI growth. Ecological factors Ecological factors have resulted in a more arid and populated WUI. An arid landscape is a more flammable WUI landscape – factors include climate change driven vegetation growth and non-native insects and plant diseases. Vegetation growth has been a minor factor in WUI growth; accounting for 3% of all WUI growth in the United States. The larger factor is a climate change driven shift in temperature and precipitation that changes the wildlife composition. Wildfires in the United States exceeding has steadily increased since 1983; the bulk occurred after 2003. In addition to an increase in arid flammability, climate change is driving population shifts into the WUI which has ecological consequences. Fire mitigation impact on environment Environmental issues related to WUI growth extend beyond the increased risk of wildfire damage to human settlements. For example, housing growth in WUI regions can displace and fragment native vegetation. Additionally, the introduction of non-native species by humans through landscaping can change the wildlife composition of interface regions. Other factors can also have impacts on the environment, including pets which can kill large quantities of wildlife. Forest fragmentation is another impact of WUI growth, which can lead to unintended ecological consequences. For instance, increased forest fragmentation can lead to an increase in the prevalence of Lyme disease. One possible reason for this effect is the production of high-density isolated populations of transmission vectors such as ticks and mice. Isolated forest patches in fragmented environments tend to be surrounded by unfavorable habitats, which hinders the dispersal of infected species and increases their local density. Additionally, disease vectors in isolated patches can undergo genetic differentiation, increasing their survivability as a whole. Increases in wildfire risk pose a threat to conservation in WUI growth regions. Between 1985-94 and 2005–14, the area burned by wildfires in the United States nearly doubled from 18,000 to 33,000 square kilometers, and this increase can partly be attributed to WUI growth. In North America, Chile, and Australia, unnaturally high fire frequencies have resulted in incidences of exotic annual grasses replacing native shrublands. Wildfire risk assessment Calculating the risk posed to a structure located within a WUI is through predictive factors and simulations. Identifying risk factors and simulation with those factors help to understand and then manage the wildfire threat. For example, a proximity factor measures the risk of fire from wind carried embers which can ignite new spot fires over a mile ahead of a flame front. A vegetation factor measures the risk those wind carried embers have of starting a fire; lower vegetation has a lower risk. A quantitative risk assessment simulation combines wildfire threat categories. Areas at the highest risk are those where a moderate population overlaps or is adjacent to a wildland that can support a large and intense wildfire and is vulnerable with limited evacuation routes. Risk factors The Calkin framework predicts a catastrophic wildfire in the Wildland-urban Interface (WUI), with three categories of factors. These factors allow for an assessment of a degree of wildfire threat. These are ecological factors that define force, human factors that define ignition, and vulnerability factors that define damage. These factors are typically viewed in a geospatial relationship. The ecological factor category includes climate, seasonal weather patterns, geographical distributions of vegetation, historical spatial wildfire data, and geographic features. The ecological determines wildfire size and intensity. The human factor category includes arrangement and density of housing. Density correlates with wildfire risk for two reasons. First, people cause fires; from 2001 to 2011, people caused 85% of wildfires recorded by the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC). Second, housing intensifies wildfires because they contain flammable material and produce mobile embers, such as wood shakes. The relationship between population density and wildfire risk is non-linear. At low population densities, human ignitions are low. Ignitions increase with population density. However, there is a threshold of population density at which fire occurrence decreases. This is true for a range of environments in North America, the Mediterranean Basin, Chile, and South Africa. Possible reasons for a decrease include decreases in open space for ember transmission, fuel fragmentation due to urban development, and higher availability of fire-suppression resources. Areas with moderate population densities tend to exhibit higher wildfire risk than areas with low or high population densities. The vulnerability factor category is measured with evacuation time through a proximity of habitable structures to roads, matching of administrators to responsibilities, land use, building standards, and landscaping types. Risk simulations Wildfire spread is commonly simulated with a Minimum Travel Time (MTT) algorithm. Prior to MTT algorithms, fire boundaries were modeled through an application of Huygens' principle; boundaries are treated as wave fronts on a two-dimensional surface. Minimum Travel Time (MTT) methods build on Huygens' principle to find a minimum time for fire to travel between two points. MTT assumes nearly-constant factors such as environmental factors for wind direction and fuel moisture. The MTT is advantageous over Huygens in scalability and algorithm speed. However, factors are dynamic and a constant representation comes at a cost of a limited window and thus MTT is only applicable to short-timescale simulations. Risk management Structure and vegetation flammability is reduced through community-focused risk management through reduction of community vulnerabilities. The degree of control of vulnerability to wildfires is measured with metrics for responsibilities and zones of defenses. Reducing risk through responsibility distribution The probability of catastrophic WUI wildfire is controlled by assignment of responsibility for three actionable WUI objectives: controlling potential wildfire intensity, reducing ignition sources, and reducing vulnerability. When these objectives are met, then a community is a fire-adapted community. The U.S. Forest Service defines fire-adapted communities as "a knowledgeable and engaged community in which the awareness and actions of residents regarding infrastructure, buildings, landscaping, and the surrounding ecosystem lessens the need for extensive protection actions and enables the community to safely accept fire as a part of the surrounding landscape." Three groups are responsible for achieving the three WUI objectives, these are land management agencies, local governments, and individuals. Land management agencies eliminate ignition sources by hardening infrastructure, reduce wildfire size and intensity through fuel and vegetation management, reduce vulnerability through community education on individual preparedness, and respond to wildfires with suppression. Local governments control human factors through avoiding moderate density development zoning. Individuals reduce vulnerability through preparedness in increasing home resistance to ignition, reducing flammability of structures, and eliminating ember generating materials. Fire-adapted communities have been successful in interacting with wildfires. The key benefit of fire-adapted communities is that a reliance on individuals as a core block in the responsibility framework reduces WUI expenditures by local, regional, and national governments. Reducing risk through zone defenses The risk of a structure to ignite in a wildfire is calculated by a Home Ignition Zone (HIZ) metric. The HIZ includes at a minimum the space within a radius around a structure. The HIZ is a guideline for whoever is responsible for structure wildfire protection; landlords and tenants (homeowner if they are the same) are responsible for physically constructing and maintaining defense zones while local government defines land use boundaries in a way that defense zones are effective (note: fire-resistant is arbitrary and is not defined in hours of resistance for a given degree of heat; these guidelines are relaxed for non-evergreen trees which are less flammable; this guide is not intended to prevent combustion of individual structures in a wildfire—it is intended to prevent catastrophic wildfire in the WUI): Guidelines for structures: Roof materials are fire-resistant and do not produce embers. Exterior wall materials are fire-resistant. Vents for eaves, attics, foundations, and roof are covered with wire mesh fine enough to catch embers Deck and porch materials are fire-resistant. Guidelines for landscaping: Keep vegetation from around windows (heat will break glass). Keep plants farther than from walls; this is a bare dirt no-grow zone, optional to use mowed green lawn grass and non-combustible mulch with sparse deciduous plants. Keep trees from growing within of the structure. Keep vegetation thinned within of the structure. Guidelines for outdoor maintenance: Prune tree limbs back from roofs. Separate tree branches from power lines. Clear fallen debris from roof, gutters, window wells, and under decks. Prune tree branches up from the ground. Burn ground of leaf litter and needles. Remove and dispose of dead trees and shrubs. Guidelines for flammables: Keep clear of flammables around primary and auxiliary structures including firewood piles. Keep clear around propane tanks or fuel oil tanks. Challenges to risk management There are three challenges. Wildfires are an ecological process that naturally contribute to the development of ecosystems and many wildlands are historically predisposed to periodic fire; eradication of fires in WUI regions is not feasible. Coordination of wildfire management efforts is difficult since wildfires are capable of spreading far distances; communities vary in wildfire risk and preparedness. Actual wildfire risk and sociopolitical expectations of wildland fire management services are mismatched; real dangers are hidden by overconfidence. An example of the Fire-adapted Communities performance interacting with wildfire was demonstrated in November 2018 when a wildfire passed through the community of Concow in Butte County, CA. This was the Camp Fire (2018). The Concow community was a Fire-adapted community. This late season fire provided a stress test of the Fire-adapted Communities theory. The Concow community was destroyed. The wildfire continued through the community without demonstrating the expected slowing of the flame front. If there was a slowing it was less than anticipated though any slowing contributed to allowing residents to evacuate ahead of the flame front. The wildfire continued through wildlands between the community of Concow and the town of Paradise, CA. The wildfire then destroyed the town of Paradise which was in the process of developing into a fire-adapted community. The wildfire ignition is suspected to have originated with unhardened electrical transmission line infrastructure which had recently been redesigned though had not been reconstructed and the new design did not include hardening against ignition where it passed through the WUI. The Camp Fire demonstrated limitations of the fire-adapted community theory in late season wildfires driven by Katabatic winds, and in the land management agencies' responsibility in controlling infrastructure ignition sources. See also Rural-urban fringe Urban sprawl Edge effect Fire-adapted communities Habitat Habitat destruction Natural landscape Restoration ecology References External links The eXtension Wildfire Information Network Fire Adapted Communities Fire Adapted Communities Learning Network Firewise Communities USA/Recognition Program Category:Urbanization Category:Environmental terminology Category:Habitat Category:Sustainable urban planning Category:Urban planning Category:Sustainable design	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of protected heritage sites in Flobecq This table shows an overview of the protected heritage sites in the Walloon town Flobecq. This list is part of Belgium's national heritage. \|} See also List of protected heritage sites in Hainaut (province) Flobecq References Belgian heritage register: Direction générale opérationnelle - Aménagement du territoire, Logement, Patrimoine et Energie (DG4) www.dglive.be Flobecq	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
9th Reserve Division (People's Republic of China) 9th Reserve Division() was formed in early 1956 in Lanzhou Military Region. As of its activation the division was composed of: 25th Reserve Regiment; 26th Reserve Regiment; 27th Reserve Regiment; Artillery Regiment; Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment; Sergeant Training Regiment. The division HQ stationed in Zhangye, Gansu, while its subordinated units spread along the Lanzhou–Xinjiang Railway. The division was fully manned and equipped. During its short-lived existence the division was focused on the training of officers and sergeants. In March 1957 the division was disbanded. References 《甘肃省志·军事志》，p.1196-1197 R09 Category:Military units and formations established in 1956 Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1957	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Otter Brook (Ashuelot River tributary) Otter Brook is a 13.2 mile long (21.2 km) river located in southwestern New Hampshire in the United States. It is a tributary of The Branch of the Ashuelot River, itself a tributary of the Connecticut River, which flows to Long Island Sound. Otter Brook begins at the outlet of Chandler Meadow, in the town of Stoddard, New Hampshire. It flows southwest through the towns of Nelson, Sullivan, and Roxbury, eventually entering the city of Keene, where it joins Minnewawa Brook to form The Branch. The brook passes through Ellis Reservoir (a small lake in Sullivan) and Otter Brook Lake, a flood control reservoir built on the boundary between Keene and Roxbury. The dam which created Otter Brook lake was completed in 1958. From the village of East Sullivan to Otter Brook Lake, the brook is followed by New Hampshire Route 9. See also List of rivers of New Hampshire References Category:Rivers of New Hampshire Category:Rivers of Cheshire County, New Hampshire Category:Tributaries of the Connecticut River Category:Stoddard, New Hampshire Category:Nelson, New Hampshire Category:Roxbury, New Hampshire Category:Keene, New Hampshire	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Marco Völler Marco Völler (born 6 January 1989) is a German professional basketball player for the Skyliners Frankfurt of the German League Basketball Bundesliga. Personal Völler played soccer until age 14 when he discovered his love for basketball. He is the son of former German soccer star and national team coach Rudi Völler. References External links Basketball Bundesliga Profile Sport.de Profile Eurobasket.com Profile Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:German men's basketball players Category:Forwards (basketball) Category:Skyliners Frankfurt players Category:People from Offenbach am Main	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cáceres CB Cáceres Club Baloncesto also known as Cáceres CB was a basketball club based in Cáceres, Spain. It was founded in 1961. History Cáceres CB club participated in 11 ACB League (from 1992 to 2003) and in two editions of the LEB (2003–04 and 2004–05). The club disappeared at the end of 2004-05 season when it was playing in the LEB League because of its financial problems. The most important achievement of Cáceres CB were the semifinals of the Korać Cup in 1995 and finishing as runner-up of the Copa del Rey in 1997. Season by season Trophies and awards Trophies Copa Extremadura: (1) 2001 Notable players Pepe Arcega Juan Antonio Orenga José Antonio Paraíso Johnny Rogers Danya Abrams Raymond Brown Kevin Pritchard Rod Sellers Nebojša Ilić External links Cáceres C.B. in ACB.com Cáceres C.B. in basketpedya.com Category:Defunct basketball teams in Spain Category:Former Liga ACB teams Category:Former LEB Oro teams Category:Basketball teams disestablished in 2005 Category:Basketball teams established in 1961 Category:Basketball teams in Extremadura	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Leo Carter Leo Carter (born 10 December 1994) is a New Zealand cricketer. He was part of New Zealand's squad for the 2014 ICC Under-19 Cricket World Cup. In June 2018, he was awarded a contract with Canterbury for the 2018–19 season. On 5 January 2020, in the 2019–20 Super Smash match between Canterbury and Northern Districts, Carter hit six sixes in one over off the bowling of Anton Devcich. He was the fourth batsman to do this in a Twenty20 match, and the first by a New Zealand cricketer. In February 2020, in the match against Wellington in the 2019–20 Plunket Shield season, Carter scored his maiden double century in first-class cricket, finishing with an unbeaten 226. References External links Category:1994 births Category:Living people Category:New Zealand people of English descent Category:New Zealand cricketers Category:Canterbury cricketers Category:Cricketers from Wellington City	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Contestani The Contestani were an ancient Iberian (Pre-Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula (the Roman Hispania). They are believed to have spoken the Iberian language. They lived in a region located in the southwest of Hispania Tarraconensis, east of the territory of the Bastetani, between the city of Urci, located NE of the Baetica and river Sucro, today known as Júcar. Nowadays this would correspond to a section of the Albacete Province, the eastern part of the Region of Murcia and the southern part of the Valencian Community. Cartago Nova was within its territory. Other important towns were Setabi (Xàtiva), Lucenti or Lucentum (La Albufereta in Alicante), Alonis (Villajoyosa), Ilici (Elche), Menlaria, Valentia and Iaspis. Iberian coins were minted at Setabi. Important Contestani archaeological sites include Tolmo de Minateda hill near Hellín and Bastida de les Alcusses, near Mogente. See also Iberians Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula Lucentum Lady of Elche Treasure of Villena Tolmo de Minateda La Bastida de les Alcusses References External links http://www.contestania.com Detailed map of the Pre-Roman Peoples of Iberia (around 200 BC) Alicante Archaeological Museum Villena Archaeological Museum Category:Ancient peoples of Spain Category:Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Japan National Route 462 National Route 462 is a national highway of Japan connecting Saku, Nagano and Isesaki, Gunma in Japan, with a total length of 114.6 km (71.21 mi). Route description A section of National Route 462 in the town of Kanna in Gunma Prefecture is a musical road. References Category:National highways in Japan Category:Roads in Gunma Prefecture Category:Roads in Nagano Prefecture Category:Roads in Saitama Prefecture Category:Musical roads in Japan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tenares Tenares is a town in the Hermanas Mirabal province of the Dominican Republic. References Sources – World-Gazetteer.com Category:Populated places in Hermanas Mirabal Province Category:Municipalities of the Dominican Republic	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Santa María de Óvila Santa María de Óvila is a former Cistercian monastery built in Spain beginning in 1181 on the Tagus River near Trillo, Guadalajara, about northeast of Madrid. During prosperous times over the next four centuries, construction projects expanded and improved the small monastery. Its fortunes declined significantly in the 18th century, and in 1835 it was confiscated by the Spanish government and sold to private owners who used its buildings to shelter farm animals. American publisher William Randolph Hearst bought parts of the monastery in 1931 with the intention of using its stones in the construction of a grand and fanciful castle at Wyntoon, California, but after some 10,000 stones were removed and shipped, they were abandoned in San Francisco for decades. These stones are now in various locations around California: the old church portal was erected at the University of San Francisco, and the chapter house was reassembled by Trappist monks at the Abbey of New Clairvaux in Vina, California. Other stones are serving as simple decorative elements in Golden Gate Park's botanical garden. To support the chapter house project, a line of Belgian-style beers was produced by Sierra Nevada Brewing Company under the Ovila Abbey brand. In Spain, the new government of the Second Republic declared the monastery a National Monument in June 1931, but not in time to prevent the mass removal of stones. Today, the remnant buildings and walls stand on private farmland. History Foundation The monastery of Santa María de Óvila was founded in 1175 by a grant of land from King Alfonso VIII of Castile to the Cistercian monks of Valbuena Abbey in Valbuena de Duero, Valladolid Province, Castile-Leon, Spain. In this endeavor, the king was following a general strategy of establishing Catholic institutions on land he had recently won in battle from the Moors of Iberia. The Cistercian "white monks" (wearing undyed habits) first chose a site in Murel (now called Carrascosa de Tajo) on the Tagus, but after a few years, had to relocate to more fertile zone a few miles nearer to Trillo, Guadalajara, where a flat hilltop by the river commanded a modest view. The construction began in 1181. The monastic quarters and the church were built over the following three decades. The central cloister was bordered on the north by the church, on the west by a barrel-vaulted great nave, on the east by the sacristy, the priory cell, and the chapter house, and on the south by the kitchen, the pantry and the refectory (dining hall). Some of the buildings were given seven-foot-thick (2 m) walls with slit windows, to serve as a refuge in case the Moors returned to the area. The church was built in the shape of a Latin cross with a nave divided into four sections, and a sanctuary with three square apses. Its presbytery had a central square topped by a pentagon. In 1191, the king confirmed the monastery and its surrounding fields as belonging to the Cistercian Order. The aged abbot of Santa María de Huerta, bishop Martín de Finojosa (later canonized), consecrated the church in September 1213 and died days later. The surrounding area of Murel and Trillo along the Tagus prospered, giving tithes and gifts of land to the monastery. The cartulary, Cartulario de Óvila, is preserved at the University of Madrid. The first buildings were completed in the Gothic style, including the church. The refectory (dining hall) shows an architectural style in transition between earlier Romanesque and contemporary Gothic. A fine High Gothic chapter house was built of best quality hard limestone. The church was rebuilt sometime before 1650 in a late Gothic style with a prominent vaulted ceiling. The cloister was rebuilt around 1617, and is of a simple design with little adornment surrounding a High Renaissance arcade. The final phase of building took place around 1650, with a new doorway for the church, completed in late Renaissance and Plateresque style full of detail. Because of its prosperity and the multiple expansion projects, Santa María de Óvila exhibited examples of every Spanish religious architectural style used from 1200 to 1600. However, even at its height, Óvila remained one of the smallest Cistercian monasteries in the region of Castile. Decline From the 15th century, changes to the areas surrounding Santa María de Óvila initiated a slow decline. Civil wars depopulated the villages of the upper Tagus valley. The monastery's land holdings passed one by one into the hands of the new regional aristocracy: first the Count of Cifuentes, followed by Rui Gomes da Silva, Duke of Pastrana, and the Spanish Army. Neighbors looted more lands. A fire destroyed part of the monastery during the War of the Spanish Succession. During the Peninsular War, French troops looted the buildings and used them as barracks. The monks were forced to leave in 1820 because of confiscations by a new liberal government, but they returned in 1823 after King Ferdinand VII restored conservative institutions. However, the nearby villagers denied support to the monastery despite its protection by the king. The monastery ceased to operate in 1835: the Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal enforced a law declaring that minor religious holdings housing fewer than 12 residents were to be forfeit to the state; the monastery had only four monks and one lay brother, who were cast out. Vacancy After the Confiscations, many of the furnishings and artistic treasures of Santa María de Óvila passed to the surrounding parish churches, especially Ruguilla, Huet, Sotoca de Tajo and Carrascosa de Tajo. Other valuables, such as books and historic documents, were stolen and sold. The remaining contents were auctioned, including wine-making equipment and an oxcart. The precious 328-pages cartulary of the monastery () went to a private owner but was donated in 1925 to the Monastery of Santa María la Real of Oseira. The thick manuscript holds copies of royal privileges granted to the monastery throughout its history, as well as the Abadologio, a comprehensive and thorough history of the Cistercian abbots and monks who lived in the monastery, which was written from March 1729 to February 1730 by Father Gerofeo, a Cistercian monk of the monastery of Valparaíso (Zámora). The new owners of Santa María de Óvila were well-to-do farmers who cared little for the buildings. For a brief time, the former monastery was used as a hostel, but mainly, the buildings were subjected to hard agricultural use as barns sheltering livestock. The chapter house served as a manure pit. Other buildings were used as storage. In the early 20th century small trees were seen to be growing in the dirt packed atop the monastery roofs—the protective roof tiles had long since been taken down and sold. Removal to California In 1928, the Spanish state sold the monastery to Fernando Beloso for a little more than 3,100 pesetas, roughly $600 to $700 at the time. Beloso, director of the Spanish Credit Bank in Madrid, was the owner of Coto de San Bernardo in Óvila, which included expansive irrigated grain fields and forests surrounding the monastery. Arthur Byne, an art agent living in Madrid, whose biggest client was American newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst, was working for Hearst to acquire an old monastery in 1930. In 1925, Byne had bought Hearst the monastery of Santa María la Real de Sacramenia which was dismantled, crated and shipped to New York where it was stored in a warehouse in the Bronx. (In 1954 it was re-assembled in Florida as a tourist attraction, and was subsequently acquired by the Episcopal Diocese of South Florida and called the St. Bernard de Clairvaux Church.) Byne signaled Beloso to help him locate one; Beloso invited him to see the old Óvila monastery in December 1930, and Byne subsequently sent photographs and sketches to Hearst for approval. Byne listed specific elements, mostly architectural details, to be removed, such as vault ribs, door frames, window embrasures, columns and capitals. Some entire walls of fine facing stones were recommended for removal. He referred to the proposal as "Mountolive", possibly to misdirect the Spanish authorities who were in charge of protecting historical artifacts. After Hearst conveyed his enthusiasm for the project, Beloso sold Byne the stones for $85,000, including the cloister, the chapter house, the refectory and the dormitory for novices. With Byne's commission, Hearst was to pay $97,000, a price roughly equivalent to $ as of 20. Byne started immediately on the project, organizing men and materials, and beginning the removal of stones. Hearst's main architect Julia Morgan sent her associate architect Walter T. Steilberg who arrived on March 9, 1931. Steilberg recommended that Hearst buy the old church portal, which he did, at Byne's price of $1,500. Under the direction of Byne and Steilberg, the monastery was carefully labeled as it was dismantled stone by stone. Antonio Gomez, the local foreman praised by Byne and Steilberg, numbered the blocks on architectural drawings and painted the number in red on the back of each stone. To move all the stones, Byne and Steilberg had a road built to the Tagus, and a barge attached to a fixed cable was assigned to ferry stones across. An old World War I trench railway was brought in to transport stones from the monastery to the ferry; its rails could be laid into any of the buildings. Men pushed the small rail cars along the narrow gauge tracks; the stones were then lifted into the ferry by crane, and another crane lifted them out of the ferry into trucks. One of the biggest problems that Byne encountered was that Spain's three excelsior factories could not make enough packing material to keep the crate-packing crew supplied. At one point, realizing that the stones were likely to be used in California as external cladding for structural steel walls, Steilberg suggested the facing surface of each stone be sliced to a "veneer" of the thickness of for easier packing and shipping, but Hearst wanted to retain the authenticity of the full-sized stones. Byne and Steilberg judged certain walls and utility buildings worthless and left them in Spain. Steilberg returned home at the end of March. Byne rushed the project in fear that it might be halted at any time by the authorities—Spanish law prohibited the removal of historic artifacts. However, the Spanish government was at that time in disarray and did not enforce the law. Government officials "simply looked the other way" as trucks hauled 700-year-old stones through Valencia to the docks. When King Alfonso XIII abdicated in April 1931, leaving the government in the control of the Second Republic, the new officials stopped the project. Byne's lawyer persuaded the Minister of Labor to allow the work to continue on the grounds that the project employed more than a hundred men and put money into the severely depressed economy. Doctor Francisco Layna Serrano of nearby Ruguilla had for years tried to save the monastery but had failed to interest the government in the expensive preservation proposal. Realizing that this was his last chance to document the place as its stones were being removed, he wrote a monograph of its history and included a site plan of the layout of buildings, written from memory. As a result of his efforts, on June 3, 1931, Santa María de Óvila was listed as a National Monument of Spain, or Bien de Interés Cultural (Cultural Property). Layna Serrano published his monograph in 1932. In 1933, the monastery's historic cartulary was brought to the University of Madrid and published; the original was archived at the University of Oviedo. By the time the dismantling was finished on July 1, 1931, some 10,000 stones weighing a total of were shipped on 11 different freighters traveling through the Panama Canal to San Francisco. In 1931 currency, the monastery project had cost Hearst about one million dollars. Spanish ruins Today, a few buildings remain of the original monastery in Spain. These include the winery or bodega, now the oldest surviving building on the site. This was built in the 13th century during the reign of Henry I of Castile, with the upper floor built as a dormitory covered by a long barrel-vaulted ceiling. Outside of the bodega, crumbling walls, open yards and part of the Gothic roof of the church are visible. The double arches in the walls of the Renaissance-era cloister are still standing, but the arched roof is lost. The foundation of the church can be seen. California Wyntoon Hearst first bought the monastery intending to replace the family retreat at Wyntoon, on the bank of the McCloud River near Mount Shasta in remote Northern California. The original building was his mother's Bernard Maybeck-designed fantasy chalet which burned down in 1929. Hearst wanted to replace it with a great stone building fitted with towers and turrets—an eccentric castle folly that was to be larger than its predecessor. To prepare for the arrival of the Spanish stones, Morgan drew up plans with the monastery's chapter house serving as the castle's entrance hall, and the large church enclosing a swimming pool. Other stones were designated as cladding for walls and rooms on the ground floor. At the Port of San Francisco, Steilberg inspected each shipment of stones, several thousand crates in all. The Haslett warehouse, between Fisherman's Wharf and the Hyde Street Pier, was used for storage. With groundbreaking set for July 1931 and the last freighter carrying stones still in transit, Hearst stopped his grand plan for Wyntoon because his fortunes were too far reduced from the Great Depression. The stones stayed in the warehouse, incurring annual storage fees of $15,000 in 1930s dollars. Golden Gate Park In 1940, Hearst decided to give the monastery away. The government of Francisco Franco requested that it be returned to Spain, but Hearst refused. In August 1941, Herbert Fleishhacker, director of the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, convinced Hearst to give the stones to the City of San Francisco in exchange for the city's payment of his $25,000 storage debt. Hearst stipulated the stones be used to construct a group of museum buildings adjoining the de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park. The city moved the crates from the warehouse to store them outdoors behind the museum and the Japanese Tea Garden, allotting only $5,000 for trucking and for building rough sheds and protective covers. The museum plan was estimated to cost $500,000, but that amount was not available. Morgan prepared several layouts for the city to approve, each with a different arrangement of the buildings than in Spain. However, in December 1941, the U.S. was drawn into World War II and the museum plans were shelved. Picking up the project in 1946, the city paid Morgan to construct a scale model of the complex of buildings which was to be the Museum of Medieval Arts, a West Coast version of The Cloisters in New York. The city was unable to raise money to build the museum, and the stones were damaged in five fires. The first came soon after the crates were set down in Golden Gate Park. Morgan said that "piles of burning boxes were pulled over and down by the Fire Department, many hurled over a hundred and fifty feet." Hearst died in 1951, and Morgan died in 1957; neither of them saw anything built with the stones. Two fires in 1959 appeared to be arson, and many of the fire-heated stones were weakened or cracked from sudden cooling by water. In 1960, Steilberg was hired to inspect the stones once again; he used a ball-peen hammer to lightly strike each stone and listen for a solid ringing tone, or a dull thud which indicated cracking. He found that a little more than half the stones were sound. In 1965, the Museum Society raised $40,000 to mount the grand portal of the old church. It was installed in the de Young Museum, the centerpiece of Hearst Court, the main exhibit hall. The rest of the stones were abandoned by the museum in May 1969 with the announcement that there would be no reconstruction. After this, stones were occasionally taken by park workers and used to decorate Golden Gate Park. In 1989 or 1990, a San Francisco city worker dumped an unused granite bollard amid the monastery stones; the tall bollard was once used as a traffic barrier. Some self-styled Hindu park users led by performance artist Michael Bowen, calling himself Guru Baba Kali Das, began to worship the phallus-shaped bollard as a lingam; they wrestled some of the monastery's stones into a religious circle, calling the circle Shiva Linga. The city sued to reclaim the area in 1993, but lost the battle in court. In January 1994 the city arranged to move the traffic bollard to Bowen's garage, serving as his temple. Bowen later offered the granite bollard for sale and admitted that the whole episode was a performance piece. In 1999, some of the stones were used to construct an outdoor reading terrace adjoining the Helen Crocker Russell Library of Horticulture, part of the Strybing Arboretum and Botanical Gardens in Golden Gate Park. Other stones were used for various purposes around Golden Gate Park and the Japanese Tea Garden, taken unofficially by park workers as they saw fit. Some of these ended up in the park's AIDS Memorial Grove, others on a scent-based flower walkway named Garden of Fragrance. University of San Francisco In 2002, the old church portal was donated by the de Young Museum to the University of San Francisco (a Jesuit university), and in 2008 it was associated with the construction of Kalmanovitz Hall. It serves as the backdrop of the outdoor Ovila Amphitheater (), near an older Romanesque portal from Northern Italy. Abbey of New Clairvaux The Abbot-Emeritus of the Abbey of New Clairvaux, Fr. Thomas X.Davis, OCSO, first saw the stones and pictured them reassembled as a monastery on September 15, 1955—his first day in California. He arrived that day in San Francisco to serve as a new monk in Vina, California, at the monastery of Our Lady of New Clairvaux. The monastery belonged to Trappists of the order known as Cistercians of the Strict Observance. The monks farmed and worshiped on land once used by Leland Stanford to grow wine grapes. Davis's superior met him at the airport and drove him through Golden Gate Park where he stopped to show Davis the stones sitting among the weeds. From time to time in subsequent years, Davis inspected the stones only to find them in increasingly poor condition. In 1981, architectural historian Margaret Burke began working under a grant from the Hearst Foundation to inventory the remaining stones. She said it was "an excavation project" because of the weeds, blackberry brambles and tree roots growing over them. Burke identified about 60% of the stones belonging to the chapter house, a rectangular building originally spanning . She separated the chapter house stones, surrounded them with a fence and began creating templates for rebuilding the arched entrances. During 1980–1982 the museum board sought $45 million for an expansion project that included $3 million for rebuilding the chapter house. Meanwhile, Davis asked a museum staff member for permission to take several truckloads of stones to Vina to be used for architectural decoration. Park workers helped him load the most ornate pieces he could find, and they were hauled away. Not told of the arrangement, Burke discovered that Davis had taken some of the chapter house stones, and the museum board insisted these be returned. Davis was left with 58 stones from other monastery buildings. In 1983 and 1987, Davis made unsuccessful requests for all of the chapter house stones. After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the de Young museum was to be rebuilt, and the future of the stones was reconsidered. In September 1993, museum director Harry Parker joined with Davis to sign an unconditional permanent loan of the chapter house stones to New Clairvaux. In 1994, the city approved the loan with the stipulation that the building be restored accurately and that it be occasionally open to the public. The stones were transported in 20 truckloads to Vina. Inside an old brick barn built by Stanford to make brandy, the stones began to be fitted together, laid flat on Burke's plywood templates. Ground was broken in 2003 on the site of an orchard () next to the main cloister building. Architect Patrick Cole of Arcademe, overseeing the rebuilding project, said that there were more than half of the required stones for the chapter house. Of the missing stones, more than 90% were repeating-pattern stones with available templates to carve replacements. Stonemasons Oskar Kempf and Frank Helmholz used modern hydraulic lime as mortar rather than making their own as was done in the Middle Ages. Helmholz said of the opportunity offered by the project that it was "something most stonemasons don't do in all their career." The strength of the building is twice what it was in Spain, with the stones supporting their own weight as designed, augmented by an external framework of steel and concrete to hold them together when the California ground shakes. Contractor Phil Sunseri said that the building foundation was earthquake resistant as well; with a three-foot-thick (1 m) mat of concrete and steel underneath, such that "the entire building will move as one unit." The reassembled chapter house is the largest example of original Cistercian Gothic architecture in the Western Hemisphere, and it is the oldest building in America west of the Rocky Mountains. Nearby Sierra Nevada Brewing Company partnered with the monks of New Clairvaux to make a series of Belgian-style beers under the Ovila Abbey brand. In late 2010, the beer producer launched a website to tell about the making of the beer product line and the story of the restoration of the stones. Sierra Nevada founder Ken Grossman said he had long been interested in making a line of Belgian beers, and the abbey's project provided a good opportunity. The first product, a Dubbel, was released in March 2011, followed in July by a Saison and in November by a Quadrupel. Sierra Nevada has dedicated a percentage of the beer sales to assist in funding the rebuilding project. Notes References Further reading External links Picasa photo collection of New Clairvaux Abbey Photographs of the reassembly of the chapter house portal, archived from the original Old and new photographs of the monastery (in Spanish) Category:Church ruins in Spain Category:Churches in Castilla–La Mancha Category:Christian monasteries established in the 13th century Category:Cistercian monasteries in Spain Category:European medieval architecture in the United States Category:Former buildings and structures in Spain Category:Former churches in California Category:History of Spain by location Category:Monasteries in Castilla–La Mancha Category:Rebuilt buildings and structures in the United States Category:Relocated buildings and structures Category:Ruins in the United States Category:Bien de Interés Cultural landmarks in the Province of Guadalajara Category:Former Roman Catholic church buildings in California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Reginald Foskett Reginald Foskett (1909 – 13 November 1973) was the fourth Anglican Bishop of Penrith in the modern era. Born in 1909 he was educated at Derby School and Keble College, Oxford and ordained priest in 1933. After Curacies at Gedling and Mansfield he was Rector at Ordsall followed by service as Rural Dean of Ilkeston. From 1957 he was Provost of St Mary’s Cathedral, Edinburgh before elevation to the Episcopate a decade later: a post he was to hold for only three years, retiring prematurely due to ill-health. A dedicated historian of the church and of African history., he died on 13 November 1973. Notes Category:1909 births Category:People educated at Derby School Category:Alumni of Keble College, Oxford Category:Provosts of St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh Category:Bishops of Penrith Category:20th-century Anglican bishops Category:1973 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gabe Norwood Gabriel Daniel V. Norwood (born February 9, 1985) is a Filipino American professional basketball player for the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters of the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA). He played college basketball at George Mason University. He has been a member of the Philippine national basketball team on multiple occasions. Personal Gabe is the brother of Denver Broncos' wide receiver Jordan Norwood. He has two other brothers: Levi and Zach, and one sister. His father is Brian Norwood, current co-defensive coordinator and safeties coach with Navy Midshipmen football. Brian Norwood has coached for almost 30 years at eight different universities. Gabe and his wife Lei (née Feranil) were married in 2013. They have three sons: Cassius, Orion, and Idris. Collegiate career Norwood is part of the 2005–06 George Mason Patriots men's basketball team. He played 35 games averaging 3.5 points per game, 2.1 rebounds per game, 2.0 assists per game, 1.0 steals per game, 42.5 FG%, 58.8FT% in 21.1 mins/game. Norwood spent his life in many different parts of the United States while his father, Brian Norwood, now defensive coordinator at Baylor University, coached different collegiate football teams. In high school, he and his brother (Jordan Norwood, a former football player at Penn State where his father coached until 2007) were part of the state championship team at State College Area High School in State College, Pennsylvania. Statistics \|- \| align="left" \| 2003–04 \| align="left" \| George Mason University \| 29 \|\| 1 \|\| 8.4 \|\| .306 \|\| .308 \|\| .500 \|\| .8 \|\| .7 \|\| .3 \|\| .1 \|\| 1.0 \|- \| align="left" \| 2004–05 \| align="left" \| George Mason University \| 29 \|\| 24 \|\|26.3 \|\| .438 \|\| .133 \|\| .672 \|\| 3.6 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 1.6 \|\| .5 \|\| 5.6 \|- \| align="left" \| 2005–06 \| align="left" \| George Mason University \| 35 \|\| 3 \|\| 21.1 \|\| .425 \|\| .375 \|\| .588 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 2.0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .7 \|\| 3.5 \|- \| align="left" \| 2006–07 \| align="left" \| George Mason University \| 33 \|\| 9 \|\| 18.7 \|\| .465 \|\| .382 \|\| .706 \|\| 2.3 \|\| 1.9 \|\| .8 \|\| .2 \|\| 3.9 Professional career Norwood was the first overall pick in the 2008 PBA Draft by the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters. During the 2009 PBA All-Star Week, Norwood won in the Slam Dunk Contest among locals. He failed to beat the 2006 NCAA Slam Dunk Champion and Barangay Ginebra Kings import, David Noel, who won the same contest but among the imports. He won the 2008–09 PBA Rookie of the Year for his promising performance inside the court. He was also named into the Second Mythical Team in the same awards night. In the 2010 All-Star Game in Puerto Princesa, Norwood won the Handy Fix All-Star Game MVP for his highlight dunks and moves and also because of his baskets in the critical moments of the game. He had 17 points, 5 rebounds, 4 assists, 2 steals, and a block. He led the North All-Stars to a 133–130 win over the South All-Stars. Later on Rain Or Shine after getting eliminated against the Alaska Aces in game 6 of the Philippine Cup semis, Gabe gave his pair of shoes (Kobe 9) to a lucky fan of his. He also signed the fan's jersey. Once again Rain Or Shine made another finals stint in the 2015 Commissioner's Cup going up against Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters but they failed to secure the championship on their belt after a competitive second overtime in Game 7. It was the 2nd time Rain Or Shine got the runner-up award after being tortured by the two local gunners for the TNT namely Jayson Castro who was recently named the Best Player of the Conference and Ranidel de Ocampo who was named the finals MVP. On October 14, 2016, he was recognized during the PBA Leo Awards Night as he was named to the PBA All-Defensive Team. International career Norwood, a 6' 5" guard-forward, was a member of the national basketball team of the Philippines that represented the country in the 2007 William Jones Cup, and in the FIBA Asia Championship 2007. In 2008, Norwood was again named to the Philippine Training Pool headed by Coach Yeng Guiao for future international competitions. The 2009 Philippines Men's National Basketball Team saw action and finished 8th overall in the 2009 FIBA Asia Championship held in Tianjin, China on August 6–16, 2009. Norwood once again joined the national team, this time under the second incarnation of the Smart-Gilas program. His athleticism and versatility on both sides of the floor was a great asset in the team's run to a silver medal finish in the FIBA Asia Men's Championship, hosted in the Philippines. Norwood rejoined the national team for the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup in Spain. He was also included in the final 12 during the 2015 FIBA Asia Championship wherein they took the second place after losing to China in the finals game. He also took part in the Olympics Qualifying Tournament, losing both games to France and New Zealand in the preliminary round and failing to advance in the knockout-round. Norwood was named in the 24 man pool submitted to FIBA for 2017 FIBA Asia Cup in Lebanon and for 2019 FIBA World Cup Asian Qualifiers. Statistics \|- \| align="left" \| 2007 FIBA Asia Championship \| align="left" \| San Miguel-Team Pilipinas \| 7 \|\| 23.0 \|\| .488 \|\| .250 \|\| .810 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 1.1 \|\| 0.4 \|\| 8.3 \|- \| align="left" \| 2009 FIBA Asia Championship \| align="left" \| Powerade-Team Pilipinas \| 9 \|\| 16.0 \|\| .400 \|\| .333 \|\| .524 \|\| 2.6 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 6.2 \|- \| align="left" \| 2012 William Jones Cup \| align="left" \| Smart Gilas \| 8 \|\| 26.8 \|\| .397 \|\| .571 \|\| .722 \|\| 5.1 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 0.5 \|\| 9.9 \|- \| align="left" \| 2012 FIBA Asia Cup \| align="left" \| Smart Gilas \| 7 \|\| 25.2\|\| .458 \|\| .167 \|\| .400 \|\| 5.0 \|\| 0.9 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.3 \|\| 7.1 \|- \| align="left" \| 2013 FIBA Asia Championship \| align="left" \| Gilas Pilipinas \| 9 \|\| 27.0 \|\| .474 \|\| .375 \|\| .591 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 1.7 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 6.1 \|- \| align="left" \| 2014 FIBA World Cup \| align="left" \| Gilas Pilipinas \| 5 \|\| 31.8 \|\| .344 \|\| .133 \|\| .500 \|\| 3.0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 1.0 \|\| 0.2 \|\| 5.2 \|- \| align="left" \| 2015 FIBA Asia Championship \| align="left" \| Gilas Pilipinas \| 9 \|\| 25.6 \|\| .324 \|\| .211 \|\| .500 \|\| 3.7 \|\| 1.3 \|\| 1.6 \|\| 0.8 \|\| 3.4 \|- \| align="left" \| 2017 FIBA Asia Cup \| align="left" \| Gilas Pilipinas \| 6 \|\| 26.8 \|\| .423 \|\| .333 \|\| .667 \|\| 4.7 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 1.5 \|\| 1.2 \|\| 5.0 \|- PBA career statistics Correct as of September 16, 2016 Season-by-season averages \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Rain or Shine \| 44 \|\| 36.4 \|\| .394 \|\| .269 \|\| .583 \|\| 8.0 \|\| 3.5 \|\| 1.2 \|\| .6 \|\| 11.5 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Rain or Shine \| 51 \|\| 38.7 \|\| .422 \|\| .287 \|\| .727 \|\| 6.7 \|\| 3.8 \|\| 1.4 \|\| .8 \|\| 13.8 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Rain or Shine \| 40 \|\| 32.3 \|\| .371 \|\| .336 \|\| .669 \|\| 6.3 \|\| 3.8 \|\| 1.3 \|\| .6 \|\| 10.2 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Rain or Shine \| 53 \|\| 29.6 \|\| .396 \|\| .294 \|\| .644 \|\| 6.1 \|\| 3.3 \|\| .9 \|\| .5 \|\| 8.7 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Rain or Shine \| 56 \|\| 27.8 \|\| .357 \|\| .215 \|\| .635 \|\| 5.3 \|\| 2.8 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .6 \|\| 7.4 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Rain or Shine \| 58 \|\| 26.4 \|\| .387 \|\| .213 \|\| .643 \|\| 4.3 \|\| 2.5 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .4 \|\| 7.8 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Rain or Shine \| 53 \|\| 26.6 \|\| .374 \|\| .213 \|\| .643 \|\| 4.0 \|\| 2.1 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .3 \|\| 7.4 \|- \| align="left" \| \| align="left" \| Rain or Shine \| 54 \|\| 24.1 \|\| .394 \|\| .327 \|\| .727 \|\| 4.4 \|\| 1.8 \|\| 1.0 \|\| .3 \|\| 7.2 \|-class=sortbottom \| align=center colspan=2 \| Career \| 409 \|\| 29.9 \|\| .389 \|\| .284 \|\| .650 \|\| 5.5 \|\| 2.9 \|\| 1.1 \|\| .5 \|\| 9.1 Physical statistics Height: 6' 5" 195 cm (without shoes), 6' 6.75" 198 cm (with shoes) Weight: 190 Wingspan: 7' 0" Vertical Leap: 38 inches References External links Profile of Norwood Norwood on the Hard Court ESPN Player Profile Jones Cup Player Profile Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:American sportspeople of Filipino descent Category:Basketball players at the 2006 NCAA Men's Division I Final Four Category:Basketball players at the 2014 Asian Games Category:Basketball players from North Carolina Category:Filipino people of African-American descent Category:George Mason Patriots men's basketball players Category:Philippine Basketball Association All-Stars Category:Philippines men's national basketball team players Category:Filipino men's basketball players Category:Rain or Shine Elasto Painters players Category:Shooting guards Category:Small forwards Category:Southeast Asian Games gold medalists for the Philippines Category:Southeast Asian Games medalists in basketball Category:Basketball players at the 2018 Asian Games Category:2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup players Category:American men's basketball players Category:Competitors at the 2007 Southeast Asian Games Category:Asian Games competitors for the Philippines Category:2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hariharpur Birta Hariharpur Birta is a village development committee in Parsa District in the Narayani Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1999 people living in 331 individual households. References Category:Populated places in Parsa District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Relief Dam Relief Dam is a rockfill dam on Summit Creek, a tributary of the Middle Fork Stanislaus River, in Tuolumne County, California. The dam is part of the Spring Gap-Stanislaus Hydroelectric Project, and is owned and operated by Pacific Gas and Electric (PG&E). Completed in 1910 the dam stands above the riverbed and is long at the crest. Altogether it contains of fill. The dam forms Relief Reservoir, which has a storage capacity of of water and a full surface area of . The drainage basin behind the dam totals . The reservoir is primarily drawn down in the late summer and fall to supplement flows to the hydroelectric powerhouses at Donnells Dam and Beardsley Dam (part of the separate PG&E Tri-Dam Project) and others on the Stanislaus River. References Category:Dams in California Category:Dams on the Stanislaus River Category:Dams completed in 1910 Category:Rock-filled dams Category:Buildings and structures in Tuolumne County, California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Coenosia tigrina Coenosia tigrina is a species of fly in the family Muscidae. It is found in the Palearctic . References Category:Muscidae Category:Insects described in 1775 Category:Brachyceran flies of Europe	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Panzhou Panzhou () is a county-level city in the southwest of Guizhou province, China, bordering Yunnan province to the west. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Liupanshui. Climate External links Category:County-level divisions of Guizhou Category:Liupanshui	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Desi Jews Desi Jews are Jews living in South Asia (or originally from this region, also known as the Indian subcontinent) who belong to communities that had been integrated into South Asian culture and society. The term Desi, found in most South Asian languages, is used by the South Asians to refer to themselves. It means "one of us, of our land", alluding to a common culture (the opposite is Paradesi or Videshi aka non-Desi, "foreigner", see Paradesi Jews). After the 1947 partition, the term is also employed when it is intended to avoid any allusion to the specific state of origin, also when the topic involves all the Indian subcontinent. Many outsiders tend to indiscriminately use the word "Indian" for South Asian people and culture. This might be considered offensive by non-Indian Desi (the state of India is just a part of the Indian subcontinent). Unlike other areas of the world, the Jewish communities were accepted and integrated in the local society of the Indian subcontinent. Also, similar to the Parsis, and other (originally) foreign communities, the preservation of group identity was facilitated by the caste system. In Desi society, a person's allegiance to a group, part of its fabric, is presumed and respected. The Desi Jewish communities are some of the oldest in world, with more than 2000 years of continuity in the Indian subcontinent (such as the Cochin Jews and the Bene Israel). Most of them lived on the coast of the Arabian Sea. They were involved in trade in the Malabar area, also in the production of oil. A turning point was the arrival of the Portuguese in the 16th century. They introduced the Inquisition on the west coast of the Indian subcontinent, persecuting the Jewish and Christian communities. The arrival of the Europeans facilitated the immigration of Jews with Sephardi and Mizrahi backgrounds. In the times of the British Raj the arrival of the Sephardim and Mizrahim who were to be considered "Europeans" by the British authority, hence their name of Paradesi Jews ("White Jews") created some friction with the shunned older Desi communities. After the mid-20th century, when the Indian subcontinent was partitioned and Israel gained independence, most Desi Jews emigrated mainly to Israel. See also Cochin Jews Bene Israel Baghdadi Jews Bnei Menashe Bene Ephraim Knanaya Judeo-Malayalam Judæo-Marathi Pakistani Jews References Dicţionar enciclopedic de iudaism, Editura Hasefer, Bucureşti, 2000, External links Emigrants in New York Who Are the Jews of India? Jews of India Large collection of quotes by Hindu philosophers and writers against Anti-Semitism Category:Jews and Judaism in India Category:Jews and Judaism in Pakistan Category:Pakistani Jews Category:South Asian Jews	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lasiognathus beebei Lasiognathus beebei is a species of wolftrap angler known from around the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean and from around Madeira and Bermuda in the Atlantic. It is found at depths of around . The females of this species grow to a length of TL. This species is distinguishable by its hooks being placed on a short, transverse, fan-shaped distal escal appendage as opposed to the elongated, cylindrical appendage of all other species. Its species name honors naturalist William Beebe. References Category:Thaumatichthyidae Category:Fish described in 1932	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
USS Experiment (1799) USS Experiment was a schooner in the United States Navy during the Quasi-War with France. Experiment was built in 1799 at Baltimore, Maryland; and first put to sea late in November 1799, Lieutenant W. Maley in command. Experiment joined the squadron commanded by Captain Silas Talbot on the Santo Domingo station, and for seven months, cruised against French privateers in the Caribbean, taking a number of valuable prizes. On 1 January 1800, while becalmed in the Bight of Leogane with a convoy of four merchantmen, Experiment was attacked by 11 armed pirate boats, manned by about four or five hundred buccaneers. In the seven hours of fighting that followed, the pirates boarded one of the merchantmen, killing her captain, and towed off two other ships of the convoy after their crews had abandoned them. But Experiment sank two of the attacking craft, and killed and wounded many of the pirates, suffering only one man wounded. Arriving in the Delaware River early in July 1800, Experiment refitted, and returned to the West Indies. Again successful in her patrols against the French, she captured several armed vessels, one of which was carrying a high-ranking army officer. She also recaptured a number of American merchantmen, and in January 1801 rescued 65 Spaniards from the ship Eliza, wrecked on a reef of the island of Saona. Experiment returned to Norfolk early in February 1801, and was laid up there until August, when she sailed to Baltimore. There, she was sold in October 1801. References Category:Schooners of the United States Navy Category:Quasi-War ships of the United States Category:1799 ships	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rex Baddeley Rex Allen Baddeley (born 6 November 1941 in Wanganui) is a former New Zealand cricketer who played 13 first-class matches for the Auckland Aces in Plunket Shield. External links from Cricinfo. References Category:1941 births Category:Living people Category:Auckland cricketers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Caney Lakes Recreation Area Not to be confused with another Caney Lake at Jimmie Davis State Park southwest of Chatham in Jackson Parish, Louisiana Caney Lakes Recreation Area, located in the Kisatchie National Forest north of Minden in Webster Parish in northwestern Louisiana, offers opportunities for bicycling, hiking, picnicking, camping, swimming, boating, water skiing, fishing, and hunting. A triathlon is held annually in August. Surrounded by wooded hills, the shoreline is easily accessed, and the landscape and water are scenic. Though there are two lakes – Upper and Lower Caney – most refer to the park in the singular. Lower Caney is the larger and more visited unit closer to the main entrance. The Sugar Cane National Recreation Trail, named for the sugar cane that once grew in the area, winds its way around Lower Caney. Cotton was also grown there. The lakes total 350 acres (150 hectares). History Land for the lakes was acquired in 1934 and 1935 through the Great Depression-era Resettlement Administration. The site for the lakes was chosen in a low area that contained the three tributaries: Caney Creek (which crosses the Lewisville Road), Cow Creek, and Butler Creek. The dredging of the lakes was undertaken by primitive methods, with trees leveled by cross-cut saws. Plow mules were used to remove the dirt. The soil was placed on dirt sleds as the mules slowly pulled away the debris. Hugh Garland Dunn, Sr. (1900–1986), a planer mill operator, cut the timber used to build the twenty-five cabins and the bridges at the lakes. Dunn remained after the construction of the facilities, employed in maintenance by the United States Soil Conservation Service. By the time of his retirement in 1965, he was the lakes' supervisor under the United States Forest Service. Having first been run by the Soil Conservation Service, the lakes opened in 1938, and the Webster Parish Farm Bureau held a picnic there, one of the first events inside the grounds. In 1958, the Webster Parish Police Jury, under its president Leland G. Mims, proposed that a "permanent Forest Service operation" be established for Caney Lakes. In 1948, Julius C. Salmon (1898–1970), formerly the manager of the local Chamber of Commerce office, was named the concessionaire, based on his competitive bid. Salmon held two ten-year leases, the second of which expired in 1967. Salmon handled the renting of the cabins, paddle boats, and swimming access. He and his wife, Ruby W. Salmon (1904–1968), a teacher at E.S. Richardson Elementary School in Minden, lived in a house at the lake. In November 1959, the United States Forest Service assumed the permanent custodianship of the lake. In 1952, a Boy Scouts of America facility, Camp Yatasi, was opened at Caney Lake, and Governor-elect Robert F. Kennon, a Webster Parish native, spoke at the formal dedication. The name "Yatasi" was chosen in a contest. The camp initially cost $75,000. It stopped operation in the early 1980s. The only remains are some cement pads of buildings and asphalt roads. Various churches also operate youth camps at the lakes. In 1960, local musician and singer David Harlon Bailey (born 1940) recorded through the defunct Banner Records the instrumental entitled "Caney," dedicated to Caney Lakes. Bailey's former choir director at Minden High School, Benjamin Earle Cooke, Jr. (1923–2001), did the arrangement. Bailey spent a lot of time on the lakes when he was growing up, belonged to a skiing club, and was a lifeguard there. In 1967, $750,000 worth of improvements were undertaken, primarily the upgrading of the water and sewerage systems. At the time, some two thousand visitors came to the park daily during the summers, with the majority on weekends. The Golden Age Passports, now called the "Senior Pass", then in use for those 62 and above, may have attracted more travelers and campers passing along Interstate 20 to Caney Lakes. The lakes today In 2009 and since, Caney Lakes and the regional Lake Bistineau were again engulfed by the non-native Giant Salvinia fern, which chokes up the water and reduces its level. The state has struggled to find a solution to the problem. The Student Conservation Association in the summer of 2009 organized the clearing of the hiking trail, which had become overgrown by weeds. The trail is used mostly by bicyclists. Fees are assessed by the Forest Service under the United States Department of Agriculture. Day-use rates are $3 per vehicle, and additional fees are levied for camping. The entrance is a self-service operation. References Category:Lakes of Louisiana Category:Protected areas of Webster Parish, Louisiana Category:Minden, Louisiana Category:Parks in Louisiana Category:Landforms of Webster Parish, Louisiana	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Denis Wolf Denis Santos Wolf (born 15 January 1983) is a Filipino–German former professional footballer who played as a forward. He also made appearances for the Philippines national team in 2012. Club career Wolf started as a youth at Germania Grasdorf and then moved to Hannover 96 in 2001. After playing for the youth team, he mainly played for the reserve side in the Oberliga. In 2003, he managed to break into the first team making four appearances and scored one goal in the Bundesliga within the first half of the 2003–04 season. In early June 2005, Wolf joined Fortuna Düsseldorf on loan for the 2005–06 season after only four seasons with Hannover. He would end up signing for the club permanently in July 2006. He then moved to rivals Rot-Weiß Erfurt for the 2007–08 season, spending two season with the club being a regular, making 56 appearances and scoring 12 goals. He eventually moved to Magdeburg in 2009. However, in August 2009, he underwent knee surgery which kept him out until December. He made his debut for Magdeburg on 14 February 2010 against Türkiyemspor Berlin, but was substituted after only 15 minutes. Following a dismal 2011–12 season where 1.FC Magdeburg saw themselves in 18th and last place in the Regionalliga Nord, on 20 May 2012, the management decided to release almost a dozen players, including Wolf, to begin rebuilding as quickly as possible. In September 2012, it was announced that Wolf has signed with Filipino side Global FC. International career Being of Filipino descent, Wolf expressed his desire to represent the Philippines internationally. In mid-January 2012, he arrived in Manila to link up with the Philippines national football team ahead of the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup and made his unofficial debut against Korean side Icheon Citizen FC. He continued to make unofficial appearances for the Philippines when he joined the team in their Mideast tour in mid-February which also saw him score against Qatari side Al Ahli. On 29 February 2012, he got his official debut in a friendly match against Malaysia, scoring in the Philippines' only goal, before Malaysia managed to get an equalizer in second half. injury time. On 27 September 2012, he then scored his first international hat-trick in a 5–0 win against Macau. On 29 September 2012, scored the first goal in a 3–1 win against Chinese Taipei national football team. Later that year, he was part of the Philippines squad that competed at the AFF Suzuki Cup. He made two appearances in the group stage as they reached the knockout round. He then came on as sub in the semi-final second-leg against Singapore as they lost 1–0 which was also the final aggregate score. It proved to be Wolf's final appearance for the Philippines. References External links Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Hanover Category:German people of Filipino descent Category:Filipino people of German descent Category:German footballers Category:Filipino footballers Category:Filipino expatriate footballers Category:Philippines international footballers Category:Association football forwards Category:Association football wingers Category:Fortuna Düsseldorf players Category:Hannover 96 II players Category:Hannover 96 players Category:1. FC Magdeburg players Category:FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt players Category:Global Makati F.C. players Category:TSV Havelse players Category:Bundesliga players Category:3. Liga players Category:Regionalliga players Category:Footballers from Lower Saxony	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Paddy Bourke Paddy Bourke may refer to: Paddy Bourke (footballer) (1883–1930), Australian rules footballer Paddy Bourke (politician), Irish politician	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Write once Write once may refer to: Write once, run anywhere, a slogan for the cross-platform benefits of Java Write once, compile anywhere, a slogan for the cross-platform benefits of C Write-once (cache coherency), a write-invalidate protocol in computer memory design Write Once Read Many, computer storage that can be written to once, but read from multiple times	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
WBBW WBBW is an AM radio station in Youngstown, Ohio broadcasting at 1240 kHz with a sports talk format. The station carries the programming of CBS Sports Radio. It is one of seven radio stations in the Youngstown market owned by Cumulus Broadcasting with studios in "The Radio Center" in Youngstown. Prior to Jan 2 2013, WBBW featured programming from ESPN Radio. WBBW carries games of the Mahoning Valley Scrappers, and is the Youngstown affiliate of the Cleveland Browns. WBBW has been on the air since 1948. References External links Category:Sports radio stations in the United States BBW Category:Radio stations established in 1948 Category:CBS Sports Radio stations Category:Cumulus Media radio stations Category:1948 establishments in Ohio	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1971–72 UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team The 1970–71 UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team represented the University of California, Irvine during the 1970–71 NCAA College Division men's basketball season. The Anteaters were led by third year head coach Tim Tift and played their home games at Crawford Hall. They were invited to the 1972 NCAA College Division Basketball Tournament where they lost to in the regional semifinals and in the regional 3rd place game. The anteaters finished the season with an overall record of 16–12. Previous Season The 1970–71 UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball team finished the season with a record of 16–12 under second year head coach Tim Tift and were not invited to a post season tournament. Roster Schedule \|- !colspan=9 style=\|Regular Season \|- !colspan=12 style="background:#;"\| NCAA Tournament Source References Category:UC Irvine Anteaters men's basketball seasons UC Irvine Anteaters UC Irvine Anteaters	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Phyllaphis Phyllaphis is a genus of aphids in the family Aphididae. There are at least four described species in Phyllaphis. Species These four species belong to the genus Phyllaphis: Phyllaphis fagi Richards, 1973 c g b (woolly beech aphid) Phyllaphis fagifoliae Takahashi, R., 1919 c g Phyllaphis grandifoliae Richards, 1973 c g b (woolly beech aphid) Phyllaphis nigra Ashmead, 1881 c g Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net References Further reading External links Category:Hemiptera genera Category:Phyllaphidinae	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Walnut Hall Walnut Hall was a row of four Georgian-style terraced homes in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Constructed in 1856, it was recognized by both the Government of Canada and the City of Toronto as being of historic significance, but portions of it collapsed and it had to be demolished in 2007 due to neglect. At the time of its demolition, it was Toronto's last remaining complete row of 19th century Georgian townhomes. O'Donohoe Row John O'Donohoe, a local politician, auctioneer and land speculator, purchased a lot on Shuter Street in Toronto in 1853. A four-unit terrace, known as O'Donohoe Row, was designed by architect John Tully and completed on the lot in 1856. At three and half storeys, the building featured buff brick with decorative brickwork and stone detailing, a symmetrical façade, a gabled roof and dormer windows. At the time, Shuter Street was located in a prestigious residential neighbourhood. Given its location and the quality of its construction, O'Donohoe Row was intended to cater to the affluent middle class, and was representative of the Georgian-style brick row houses which flourished in Toronto in the 1850s. The character of the neighbourhood changed, and the building was renamed Walnut Hall Apartment House in 1903. In 1949, the interior was converted to a rooming house, and a number of changes were made to the exterior, including the conversion of the southeast corner to a storefront. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police purchased the building in the 1970s, as part of a land assembly for a new Ontario Division headquarters building. In 1983, the Government of Canada designated it as a Recognized Federal Heritage Building. It was also during the 1980s that Walnut Hall was vacated, left unheated and boarded up. The building was sold to a private developer in 1996. Once it was privately owned, the City designated Walnut Hall under the Ontario Heritage Act in 1997. Demolition Walnut Hall was the subject of a number of demolition proposals and redevelopment schemes from the 1970s onwards, ranging from a proposed parking lot to residential developments that would have incorporated the heritage building. None of the proposals was achieved, however, and Walnut Hall remained vacant and unheated. In 1999, the City of Toronto issued an order to the landowner to correct a number of growing structural deficiencies in the building. In 2004, Walnut Hall appeared in the film Cinderella Man when the derelict building was used to portray a 1930s New York City-streetscape. In March 2007, Trisan Realty Corp. purchased the property with the intention of restoring Walnut Hall. On May 19, 2007, however, police and fire officials were called to the site when pedestrians noticed bricks falling from the second and third storeys. By the end of the afternoon, parts of the rear walls had begun to cave in. That evening, a city building inspector recommended that Walnut Hall be demolished for safety reasons, and the demolition was undertaken that night. In 2008, Heritage Canada included Walnut Hall in its annual list of "Worst Losses", referring to the building's neglect and demolition as "a case of architectural euthanasia". Michael McClelland, a heritage architect and a founding member of the Canadian Association of Professional Heritage Consultants, described the loss of Walnut Hall as being emblematic of a "broken" heritage preservation system in Toronto. References Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Toronto Category:Georgian architecture in Canada Category:Houses in Toronto Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2007 Category:Residential buildings completed in 1856	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Quitaraju Quitaraju or Kitaraju (possibly from Ancash Quechua kita dam, Quechua rahu snow, ice) is a mountain in the Cordillera Blanca in the Andes of Peru, about high. It is situated in the Ancash Region, Huaylas Province, Santa Cruz District. Quitaraju lies north of the Santa Cruz Creek and the lakes named Ichiccocha, Jatuncocha and Quitacocha, between Santa Cruz in the west and Alpamayo in the northeast. References Category:Mountains of Peru Category:Mountains of Ancash Region Category:Six-thousanders of the Andes	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Riometer A riometer (commonly relative ionospheric opacity meter, although originally: Relative Ionospheric Opacity Meter for Extra-Terrestrial Emissions of Radio noise) is an instrument used to quantify the amount of electromagnetic-wave ionospheric absorption in the atmosphere. As the name implies, a riometer measures the "opacity" of the ionosphere to radio noise emanating from cosmic origin. In the absence of any ionospheric absorption, this radio noise, averaged over a sufficiently long period of time, forms a quiet-day curve. Increased ionization in the ionosphere will cause absorption of radio signals (both terrestrial and extraterrestrial), and a departure from the quiet-day curve. The difference between the quiet-day curve and the riometer signal is an indicator of the amount of absorption, and is measured in decibels. Riometers are generally passive radio antenna operating in the VHF radio frequency range (~30-40 MHz). Electromagnetic radiation of that frequency is typically Galactic synchrotron radiation and is absorbed in the Earth's D region of the ionosphere. Description The riometer was developed in the mid 1950s by scientists at the University of Alaska who were researching the radio propagation effects of aurorae. At times aurorae resulted in complete failure of long distance radio communication to planes in the Arctic - a matter of considerable concern to the US Air Force at a time of tension with the Soviet Union. Riometers are still used today for ionospheric research and are typically located in polar and sub-polar areas. Initially, riometers were single, wide-beam detectors and measured the cosmic noise absorption (CNA). Multi-beam riometers have also been developed, which have multiple narrow beams, typically formed by a Butler matrix on a phased antenna array. Each beam forms its own riometer and has its own quiet-day curve determination. These individual beams form pixels on the sky allowing simple images of cosmic noise absorption to be formed. More recently, interferometry has been used to provide all-sky, spatially-continuous imaging of CNA. It is also possible to use riometers to observe multiple frequencies (typically in the range 25-40 MHz). An inverse problem technique can be applied to the measurements to ascertain not just the absorption, but a model of the electron content as a function of sight distance. References External links List of the world's riometers IRIS riometer HAARP 30 MHz riometer Category:Atmospheric sciences	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
SpVgg Grün-Weiss Deggendorf The SpVgg Grün-Weiss Deggendorf is a German association football club from the town of Deggendorf, Bavaria. SpVgg Grün-Weiss Deggendorf was formed in 2003 in a merger of SpVgg Deggendorf and SV Grün-Weiss Deggendorf. Of those two clubs SpVgg Deggendorf was by far the more successful, having spent eight seasons in the third tier Bayernliga between 1953 and 1962. The new club's greatest success came in 2012 when it qualified for the new southern division of the expanded Bayernliga, now the fifth tier of the German football league system, but the club lasted for only one season at this level. History Previous clubs SpVgg Deggendorf was formed in February 1920 and was the older and more successful of the two clubs who would eventually merge. SpVgg made its first appearance at Bavarian state level in 1953 after winning the 2nd Amateurliga Niederbayern. The club spent the following five seasons in the southern division of the Bayernliga with a fifth place in 1955 as its best result. Relegation followed in 1958 but SpVgg made an immediate return and spend another three seasons in the Bayernliga. It was finally relegated from the Bayernliga in 1962 and would not return to this league again under that name. The club became a founding member of the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte in 1963 but was relegated at the end of the inaugural season of the league. SpVgg spend the next eight seasons in leagues below the Landesliga, dropping as far as the A-Klasse between 1967 and 1969, but made a return in 1972. It would spend the next eleven seasons in the Landesliga with a third place in 1973–74 as its best result. However, in 1983 the club was relegated from the Landesliga and, after this, spend only two brief seasons at this level again, in 1988–89 and 1993–94. The other seasons between 1988 and 1995 the club spent in the Bezirksoberliga Niederbayern, where it finished second on three consecutive occasions before finally winning the league in 1993 and earning promotion. After its last Landesliga stint in 1994 it was relegated from the Bezirksoberliga, too, in 1995 and disappeared from top-level amateur football for a number of years. The club dropped as far as the B-Klasse in 1997–98, the only time the two future merger clubs would play in the same league, but immediately recovered and returned to higher levels. Only in 2002 did it return to the Bezirksoberliga where it finished second in the club's last season. SV Grün-Weiß Deggendorf was formed on 9 November 1968. It never rose above local league football, the C and B-Klasse, during its 35-year history. SpVgg Grün-Weiss Deggendorf SpVgg Grün-Weiss Deggendorf was formed on 30 April 2003 when SpVgg and SV Grün-Weiss Deggendorf merged. Cortesy to SpVgg Deggendorf's second place in the Bezirksoberliga Niederbayern in 2002–03 the new club was promoted to the Landesliga Mitte but lasted for only one season there. Back in the Bezirksoberliga it won this league in 2004–05 and returned to the Landesliga but once more was relegated straight away again. Deggendorf played the next two seasons in the Bezirksoberliga Niederbayern again, coming second in 2007 and winning the league again in 2008. The later allowed to club to move up to the Landesliga again. A more successful stint at this level now followed, with a fifth place in 2011–12 as its best result. This allowed the club automatic qualification to the expanded Bayernliga, entering the new southern division. SpVgg GW Deggendorf however lasted for only one season in the Bayernliga before being relegated back to the Landesliga, now to the new Landesliga Mitte, a league sharing the name with the old Landesliga Mitte but covering a different and smaller area. In 2015 the club suffered another relegation, now to the Bezirksliga. Honours The club's honours: SpVgg Grün-Weiss Deggendorf Bezirksoberliga Niederbayern Champions: 2005, 2008 Runners-up: 2007 SpVgg Deggendorf Bezirksoberliga Niederbayern Champions: 1993 Runners-up: 1990, 1991, 1992, 2003 2nd Amateurliga Niederbayern Champions: 1953, 1959 Recent seasons The season-by-season performance of the club since the merger in 2003: With the introduction of the Bezirksoberligas in 1988 as the new fifth tier, below the Landesligas, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier. With the establishment of the Regionalliga Bayern as the new fourth tier in Bavaria in 2012 the Bayernliga was split into a northern and a southern division, the number of Landesligas expanded from three to five and the Bezirksoberligas abolished. All leagues from the Bezirksligas onwards were elevated one tier. References External links Official team site Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv historical German domestic league tables Manfreds Fussball Archiv Tables and results from the Bavarian amateur leagues Category:Football clubs in Germany Category:Football clubs in Bavaria Category:Football in Lower Bavaria Category:Association football clubs established in 2003 Category:2003 establishments in Germany Category:Deggendorf (district)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Voice of Albania (series 5) The fifth season of The Voice of Albania aired from 9 January 2016 to 16 April on Top Channel. The show is still hosted by Ledion Liço who has hosted the series since series one. Three judges have remained the same (Alma Bektashi, Sidrit Bejliri & Genc Salihu) while there is one new judge - Jonida Maliqi, Vodafone Albania continued to sponsor the series and used the slogan "Power to your Voice!" Blind auditions Each coach has the length of the artists' performance to decide if they want that artist on their team. Should two or more coaches want the same artist, then the artist will choose their coach. Episode 1 (9 January) The series premiere was broadcast on 9 January 2016. Colour key Episode 2 (11 January) Episode 3 (16 January) Episode 4 (18 January) Episode 5 (23 January) Episode 6 (25 January) Battle rounds The battle rounds will consist of two 2 hour shows on 30 January and 20 February. In a change from previous series, the coaches' chairs will turn around after each performance to face away from the stage so that in the event of steal they turn back around to face the contestants. Colour key Episode 1 (30 January) Episode 2 (6 February) Episode 3 (13 February) Episode 4 (20 February) References Series 5 Category:2016 Albanian television seasons	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aarma Aarma or Äärma is an Estonian surname that may refer to Evald Äärma (1911–2005), Estonian pole vaulter Jüri Aarma (1951-2019), Estonian actor, musician and stage actor Kiur Aarma (born 1975), Estonian television journalist Category:Estonian-language surnames	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
A575 road The A575 is an A road in Greater Manchester which connects Worsley and Farnworth. Route The road begins in Worsley village near junction 13 of the M60 at the A572, where this road goes beneath the M60. It crosses the East Lancashire Road - A580. It then goes through Walkden past the railway station and crosses the A6. It heads over the M61 before meeting with the A5082. The road then comes to its end at Moses Gate near the A666. It has a 30 mph speed limit for its full length. References Category:Roads in England Category:Roads in Greater Manchester	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Giselher Klebe Giselher Wolfgang Klebe (28 June 19255 October 2009) was a German composer, and an academic teacher. He composed more than 140 works, among them 14 literary operas, eight symphonies, 15 solo concerts, chamber music, piano works, and sacred music. Biography Giselher Klebe was born in Mannheim, Germany. He received musical tuition early in his life from his mother, the violinist Gertrud Klebe. The family relocated in 1932 to Munich, where his mother's sister, Melanie Michaelis, continued the training. His father's profession required a further relocation in 1936 to Rostock. Following the separation of his parents, Klebe moved with his mother and sister to Berlin. During 1938, the 13-year-old sketched his first compositions. In 1940, he began studies in violin, viola, and composition, supported by a grant from the city of Berlin. After serving his Reichsarbeitsdienst (labour service), Klebe was conscripted to military service as signalman. After the German surrender, he was taken prisoner of war by the Russian forces. Due to ill health, he was soon released. Having convalesced, Klebe continued his music studies in Berlin (1946–1951), first under Joseph Rufer, then in master classes by Boris Blacher. He worked for the radio station Berliner Rundfunk until 1948, when he began to work full-time as a composer. Klebe was inspired and influenced by works of authors and artists, especially his contemporaries. In 1951 he composed Die Zwitschermaschine Op. 7, (The Twittering Machine), based on the well-known painting by Paul Klee. His first opera, based on Friedrich Schiller's play Die Räuber (The Robbers), was produced in 1957. He composed two operas based on plays by Ödön von Horváth. In 1957, Klebe succeeded Wolfgang Fortner as docent for the subjects of Composition and Music Theory at the Hochschule für Musik Detmold. He was appointed professor in 1962 and, over the years, taught many students who went on to become well-known composers: Theo Brandmüller, , , Matthias Pintscher, and . Honors and legacy In 1964 Klebe was appointed member of the West Berlin Akademie der Künste (Arts Academy). In 1965 he received the Westfälischer Musikpreis (later named the Hans-Werner-Henze-Preis). In 2002, the city of Detmold, where he lived, made him an honorary citizen. Marriage and family On 10 September 1946 Klebe married the violinist Lore Schiller. They had two daughters, Sonja Katharina and Annette Marianne. Lore Klebe wrote the librettos for some of his operas, including Der Jüngste Tag (Doomsday). Klebe died on 5 October 2009 in Detmold at the age of 84 after a long illness. Works References Notes Sources Erik Levi, "Klebe, Giselher", in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, ed. Stanley Sadie (London, 1992) Michael Herbert Rentzsch (with Erik Levi): "Klebe, Giselher", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy, Oxford University Press External links Giselher-Klebe-Archiv Archive of the Akademie der Künste, Berlin "G. Klebe", Klassika Category:German opera composers Category:Male opera composers Category:20th-century classical composers Category:21st-century classical composers Category:1925 births Category:2009 deaths Category:People from Detmold Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Category:Hochschule für Musik Detmold faculty Category:German male classical composers Category:German classical composers Category:20th-century German composers Category:21st-century German composers Category:20th-century German male musicians Category:21st-century German male musicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tanya Samarzich Tanya Nicole Samarzich Ruiz (born 28 December 1994) is an American-born Mexican footballer who plays as a forward for Liga MX Femenil club CF Monterrey. She was a member of the Mexico women's national team. Early life Samarzich was born in West Covina, California and raised in nearby Upland to a Serbian father and a Mexican mother. References External links Category:1994 births Category:Living people Category:Women's association football forwards Category:Mexican women's footballers Category:Mexico women's international footballers Category:Pan American Games bronze medalists for Mexico Category:Pan American Games medalists in football Category:Footballers at the 2011 Pan American Games Category:Mexican people of Serbian descent Category:Liga MX Femenil players Category:C.F. Monterrey (Women) footballers Category:American women's soccer players Category:Soccer players from California Category:People from West Covina, California Category:American sportspeople of Mexican descent Category:American people of Serbian descent Category:USC Trojans women's soccer players Category:Kentucky Wildcats women's soccer players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1994 in Kuwait Events from the year 1994 in Kuwait. Incumbents Emir: Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Prime Minister: Saad Al-Salim Al-Sabah Events Operation Vigilant Warrior. Kuwaiti Premier League 1993–94 Kuwaiti Premier League 1994–95 See also Years in Jordan Years in Syria References Kuwait Kuwait Category:Years of the 20th century in Kuwait Category:1990s in Kuwait	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
London 1899 chess tournament The London 1899 chess tournament was one of the strongest tournaments ever held on British soil. Almost every great master of the day was present including the past and reigning world champions. It proved to be the swan song of the old champion Wilhelm Steinitz but for Emanuel Lasker it was a glittering success which propelled him way beyond the other grandmasters of the time. All the top players of the age were invited, with many being the champion of their country. Refusals came from Siegbert Tarrasch and Rudolf Charousek (illness), and Amos Burn had to withdraw on the opening day. Fifteen participants played double rounds from 30 May to 10 July 1899, except for Richard Teichmann. He withdrew after round 4 due to an eye infection. His remaining games in the first cycle were declared as lost. Rounds were played in St. Stephen's Hall with a time limit of fifteen moves in one hour. Participants were entertained by the City of London chess club at Crystal Palace and the Star and Garter Hotel in Richmond. A banquet took place in the International Hall of the Café Monico on 29 June. Lasker finished 4½ points ahead of the group finished tied for second (Janowski, Maroczy, Pillsbury), and this remains one of the most dominant performances in a chess tournament, and London 1899 goes down in history as one of the great Lasker victories along with St. Petersburg 1896, Paris 1900, St. Petersburg 1914 and New York 1924. The Premier tournament The results and standings: {\|class="wikitable" ! # !! Player !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! 13 !! 14 !! 15 !! Total \|- \|1 \|\| \|\|xx \|\|½ 1 \|\|½ 1 \|\|1 ½ \|\|½ 1 \|\|0 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|1 ½ \|\|½ 1 \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|+ + \|\|23½ \|- \|2–4 \|\| \|\|½ 0 \|\|xx \|\|½ ½ \|\|1 0 \|\|½ ½ \|\|½ 1 \|\|0 1 \|\|½ 1 \|\|1 0 \|\|½ 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|½ 1 \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 1 \|\|+ + \|\|19 \|- \|2–4 \|\| \|\|½ 0 \|\|½ ½ \|\|xx \|\|0 1 \|\|½ 1 \|\|0 0 \|\|1 0 \|\|½ ½ \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 1 \|\|½ + \|\|19 \|- \|2–4 \|\| \|\|0 ½ \|\|0 1 \|\|1 0 \|\|xx \|\|1 1 \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 1 \|\|½ 1 \|\|0 0 \|\|1 0 \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|0 1 \|\|1 ½ \|\|+ + \|\|19 \|- \|5 \|\| \|\|½ 0 \|\|½ ½ \|\|½ 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|xx \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 0 \|\|½ 1 \|\|½ 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|0 ½ \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|+ + \|\|18 \|- \|6 \|\| \|\|1 0 \|\|½ 0 \|\|1 1 \|\|0 ½ \|\|0 ½ \|\|xx \|\|½ 0 \|\|0 1 \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 0 \|\|0 1 \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|½ + \|\|16½ \|- \|7 \|\| \|\|0 0 \|\|1 0 \|\|0 1 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 1 \|\|½ 1 \|\|xx \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 ½ \|\|½ 1 \|\|0 1 \|\|1 0 \|\|1 1 \|\|1 0 \|\|1 + \|\|16 \|- \|8 \|\| \|\|0 0 \|\|½ 0 \|\|½ ½ \|\|½ 0 \|\|½ 0 \|\|1 0 \|\|0 ½ \|\|xx \|\|0 ½ \|\|1 ½ \|\|0 ½ \|\|1 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|0 1 \|\|+ + \|\|13½ \|- \|9 \|\| \|\| 0 ½ \|\|0 1 \|\|0 0 \|\|1 1 \|\|½ 0 \|\|0 ½ \|\|0 ½ \|\|1 ½ \|\|xx \|\|0 1 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|1 1 \|\|½ 1 \|\|+ + \|\|13 \|- \|10–11 \|\| \|\|½ 0 \|\|½ 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 1 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 1 \|\|½ 0 \|\|0 ½ \|\|1 0 \|\|xx \|\|1 ½ \|\|½ 0 \|\|½ 1 \|\|1 1 \|\|+ + \|\|12½ \|- \|10–11 \|\| \|\| 0 ½ \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 0 \|\|1 0 \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 1 \|\|0 ½ \|\|xx \|\|1 ½ \|\|1 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|+ + \|\|12½ \|- \|12 \|\| \|\|0 0 \|\|½ 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 ½ \|\|0 1 \|\|0 0 \|\|1 1 \|\|½ 1 \|\|0 ½ \|\|xx \|\|½ 1 \|\|½ ½ \|\|+ + \|\|10½ \|- \|13 \|\| \|\|0 0 \|\|0 ½ \|\|0 ½ \|\|1 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|½ 0 \|\|0 1 \|\|½ 0 \|\|xx \|\|1 1 \|\|+ + \|\|8 \|- \|14 \|\| \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 ½ \|\|0 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|0 1 \|\|1 0 \|\|½ 0 \|\|0 0 \|\|1 1 \|\|½ ½ \|\|0 0 \|\|xx \|\|0 + \|\|7 \|- \|15 \|\| \|\|- - \|\|- - \|\|½ - \|\|- - \|\|- - \|\|½ - \|\|0 - \|\|- - \|\|- - \|\|- - \|\|- - \|\|- - \|\|- - \|\|1 - \|\|xx \|\|2 \|} An amount of £1020 for prizes and consolation money was distributed on 11 July 1899. Lasker got £250 and a gold medal. Steinitz won no prize for the first time in his career and died in poverty the following year. The Minor tournament There was a second section in the tournament, which was won by Frank James Marshall with 8½ out of 11. Georg Marco and Jacques Mieses were the most experienced opponents. The results and standings: {\|class="wikitable" ! # !! Player !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 11 !! 12 !! Total \|- \|1 \|\| \|\|x \|\|½ \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|½ \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|½ \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\| 8½ \|- \|2–3 \|\| \|\| ½ \|\|x \|\|½ \|\|½ \|\|½ \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|½ \|\|½ \|\|1 \|\|8 \|- \|2–3 \|\| \|\|1 \|\|½ \|\|x \|\|½ \|\|½ \|\|½ \|\|½ \|\|½ \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\| 8 \|- \|4–5 \|\| \|\|0 \|\|½ \|\|½ \|\|x \|\|1 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|½ \|\|1 \|\| 7½ \|- \|4–5 \|\| \|\|½ \|\|½ \|\|½ \|\|0 \|\|x \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\| 7½ \|- \|6–7 \|\| \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|½ \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|x \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\| 5½ \|- \|6–7 \|\| \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|½ \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|x \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\| 5½ \|- \|8 \|\| / ? \|\|½ \|\|0 \|\|½ \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\|x \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|5 \|- \|9–10 \|\| \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|x \|\|½ \|\|1 \|\|1 \|\| 3½ \|- \|9–10 \|\| \|\|0 \|\|½ \|\|0 \|\|½ \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|0 \|\|1 \|\|½ \|\|x \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\| 3½ \|- \|11 \|\| \|\|0 \|\|½ \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|½ \|\|1 \|\|x \|\|1 \|\| 3 \|- \|12 \|\| \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|0 \|\|x \|\| 0 \|} References Category:Chess competitions Category:1899 in chess Chess Category:Chess in London Category:May 1899 sports events Category:June 1899 sports events Category:July 1899 sports events	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Maureen Kempston Darkes Vera Maureen Kempston Darkes, (born July 31, 1948) is a Canadian lawyer and automotive executive who was the General Motors Group Vice President; President, GM Latin America, Africa and Middle East; a member of the General Motors Automotive Strategy Board, since January 1, 2002; and held the highest operating post ever achieved by a woman at General Motors at the time (Mary Barra subsequently held several senior executive positions before becoming CEO of General Motors in January 2014). Born in Toronto, Ontario, she received a Bachelor of Arts in history and political science from Victoria University in the University of Toronto in 1970. During this time she was a member of Delta Delta Delta sorority. She received a Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Toronto Faculty of Law in 1973 and was called to the Bar of Ontario. In 1975, she joined the legal staff of General Motors of Canada and she became assistant counsel in 1979. She rose to become general counsel and secretary of GM Canada in 1992. She was later appointed the first woman President and General Manager of General Motors of Canada. On July 24, 2009, it was announced that she will be retiring at the end of 2009. She is a corporate director of Brookfield Asset Management, Canadian National Railway, Enbridge, and Schlumberger Limited. Honours In 1997, she was awarded the Women's Automotive Association International (WAAI) Professional Achievement Award. In 1998, she was awarded the Order of Ontario and in 1999, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2006, she was awarded the Governor General's Award in Commemoration of the Persons Case. She has received honorary degrees from the University of Toronto, University of Victoria, McMaster University, Dalhousie University, Wilfrid Laurier University, the Law Society of Upper Canada, and Saint Mary's University. She was ranked by Fortune magazine in 2003 as the 6th "Most Powerful Women in International Business". In 2009, she was ranked as one of Latin America's 100 Most Powerful Businesspeople by Latin Business Chronicle. References External links Order of Canada Citation Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:Businesspeople from Toronto Category:Canadian corporate directors Category:Canadian women lawyers Category:Lawyers in Ontario Category:General Motors executives Category:Members of the Order of Ontario Category:Officers of the Order of Canada Category:Women corporate directors Category:University of Toronto alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aßberg (Thuringian Highland) The Aßberg is a 703-m high mountain located in the Thuringian Highland region of Thuringia, Germany. It is located close to the municipalities of Deesbach, Meura, Reichmannsdorf, and Schmiedefeld and the Leibis-Lichte Dam in the Saalfeld-Rudolstadt district in the Thuringian Forest Nature Park. See also List of Mountains and Elevations of Thuringia Category:Mountains of Thuringia Category:Saalfeld-Rudolstadt	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Crociale Crociale is a village (curazia) located in San Marino. It belongs to the municipality (castello) of Fiorentino. Geography The village, sometimes named Crociale di Fiorentino, is located between Murata and Fiorentino, on a main road linking the city of San Marino to Mercatino Conca, in Italy. See also Fiorentino Capanne Pianacci Category:Curazie in San Marino Category:Fiorentino	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rivers State High Court of Justice The High Court of Justice, Rivers State's highest court, is composed of the Chief Judge of Rivers State and such number of judges appointed by the Governor on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council and subject to confirmation by the Rivers State House of Assembly. The High Court of Justice has unlimited original jurisdiction with regard to civil and criminal legal cases. Furthermore, the High Court of Justice exercises appellate jurisdiction over lower courts within the state. At present, there are court branches at Isiokpo, Omoku, Port Harcourt, Degema and Ahoada. References High Court Category:State courts of Nigeria Category:Judiciary of Rivers State High Court of Justice	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
New Musical Theater of San Francisco, Inc. New Musical Theater of San Francisco is a non-profit corporation that produces original musicals. It was founded in 2001 by Anne Nygren Doherty and John Doherty. In has produced a number of musicals, including "Musical Genius" and "Absolutely San Francisco". It has also produced cabaret shows such as "Round One Cabaret: Taking Charge in a Crazy World". See also Musical Theater References Category:Non-profit corporations Category:Companies established in 2001	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ada Jane Rohu Ada Rohu (1848 – 1928), full name Jane Catherine Rohu, was a pioneering Australian taxidermist and businesswoman. Biography Early life Ada Jane Rohu was born on 16 March 1848 in London. Her parents were Jane Catharine Tost, an English taxidermist and museum worker, and Charles Gottleibe Tost, a Prussian pianoforte-maker. The family migrated from England to Tasmania when Ada was seven years old, arriving in Hobart Town in January 1856. In 1860 they moved to Sydney, where Jane Tost worked as a taxidermist at the Australian Museum. Career As a young woman Ada acted at the Queen Victoria Theatre in Sydney. She married James Richardson Coates in 1868 and they had three children. After James' death in 1872 Ada and her mother Jane opened a taxidermy shop, Tost & Coates (later Tost & Rohu), at 60 William Street, Sydney. Their customers included museums and scientific collectors as well as middle-class households shopping for interior decor. Known as "the queerest shop in Australia", their business supplied the Australian Museum with many important specimens. In 1891, Ada helped to prepare the Australian exhibit for the Chicago World’s Fair. Ada and Jane exhibited their taxidermy work at many international exhibitions, and between 1860 and 1900 won more than 20 medals. Their work was valued for its skill and for its innovative treatment of Australian fauna. One known example of Ada Rohu's taxidermy work survives: a squirrel held by the Australian Museum. Marriage and children Ada married James Richardson Coates on 8 October 1868 in Woolloomooloo, Sydney. They had three children. James Coates died fighting a fire at the Prince of Wales Theatre, Sydney, in 1872. On 12 September 1878 she married Henry Steward Boventure Rohu, with whom she had six children. Death and afterward Ada Jane Rohu died on 28 July 1928 at Newtown and was buried in Rookwood Cemetery. References/Notes and references Category:Australian businesspeople Category:19th-century Australian women Category:1848 births Category:1928 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fantastic Personalities Fantastic Personalities is a 1982 fantasy role-playing game supplement published by Judges Guild. Contents Fantastic Personalities described 85 non-player characters at length, including level, social level, armor, alignment, class, and 14 ability numbers, to be selected from in accordance with the user's fantasy role-playing game. Reception Lewis Pulsipher reviewed Fantastic Personalities in The Space Gamer No. 52. Pulsipher commented that "While the characters themselves are good (if you can't or won't devise NPCs yourself), the layout and editorial conception of the booklet is poor. You should get more than this for [the price]." References Category:Judges Guild fantasy role-playing game supplements	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cornish Brie Cornish Brie is a type of brie-style, soft, white-rinded British cheese from Cornwall, England. Cornish brie is made by several dairies and has won a number of awards. Makers have included the Cornish Cheese Company, Cornish Country Larder and Cornish Cuisine. Cornish Country Larder's Cornish Brie won first prize in the organic class at the Nantwich International Cheese Show in 2003 and gold medal at the British Cheese awards 2002. Cornish Country Larder also make an added-cream version, called St. Endellion. References Brie Category:Cow's-milk cheeses	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hazyna SK Hazyna Sport Club () was a Turkmenistan professional football club based in Ashgabat, formerly of the Ýokary Liga. It is the football team of the Turkmen State Institute of Economics and Management. History The team was established in February 2015. Taking into account the growing popularity of football among students Football Federation of Turkmenistan made an exception by allowing the team to participate in the Ýokary Liga without a selection in the Turkmenistan First League. The new club was headed by Ahmet Agamyradow. At 2016 Hazyna SK folded, ceasing to exist as a professional football club. References Links FIFA Category:Football clubs in Turkmenistan Category:Football clubs in Ashgabat Category:Association football clubs established in 2015 Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 2016	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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