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Plaxton Prestige The Plaxton Prestige is a low-floor single-decker bus body built by Plaxton at the Wigan, England factory of its Northern Counties subsidiary, and at its main Scarborough, North Yorkshire factory, during the latter half of the 1990s. The Prestige was mostly built on DAF SB220 chassis, although small numbers were built on Volvo B10BLE chassis. Several of the DAF vehicles were LPG-powered; gas tanks were located on the roof. Arriva was a major purchaser of the Prestige, with a number for Transport for London and for provincial areas, all on DAF chassis. It was only a short term affair, however, being in favour of its sister, the Pointer. In Plaxton's body numbering system, the letter H identified the Prestige, although not all Prestiges received a Plaxton body number (early examples being numbered in the Northern Counties series). At one stage, the Prestige was provisionally given the name Paladin LF. Northern Counties' contemporary step-entrance single-decker bus body was the Paladin, and LF would have stood for low floor. However, the name Prestige (which had earlier been briefly used for an export variant of the Plaxton Excalibur) was given to the model instead. Gallery See also List of buses References Millar, Alan (2007) Bus & Coach Recognition : Ian Allan Ltd., External links Prestige Category:Buses of the United Kingdom Category:Low-floor buses Category:Single-deck buses	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Georg Friedrich von Kymmel Georg Friedrich von Kymmel (18 September 1749, Mitau, Russian Empire (modern-day Jelgava, Latvia) – 13 March 1829, Dorpat, Russian Empire (modern-day Tartu, Estonia)) was a Baltic German merchant and politician who was the first mayor of Tartu, then known as Dorpat. From 1764 to 1772, he studied with D. Bruno & Palm in Riga. By August 1775, he was a merchant and lived in Dorpat, and together with his brother Gottlieb founded the company Gebrüder Kymmel. By 1781, von Kymmelbecame the Docksman of the Great Guild of Tartu, and by 1786 was its alderman. From 1787 to 1788, he was the mayor of Dorpat, as well as chairman of the debtors' court. He became the first mayor of Dorpat during the Russo-Swedish War. He was succeeded in the mayoralty by Johann Major. From 1791 to 1805, he became the owner of Vaiatu Manor (Somel, now in Jõgeva Parish), and was later, from 1816 to 1827, the owner of Kabina Manor (in what is now Luunja Parish). He died in 1829. See also List of mayors of Tartu References Category:1749 births Category:1829 deaths Category:Politicians from Tartu Category:People from the Governorate of Livonia Category:People from Jelgava Category:Baltic-German people Category:Mayors of Tartu	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pachodynerus Pachodynerus is a fairly large (about 50 species) neotropical and nearctic genus of potter wasps with higher diversity in central South America. At least one species (Pachodynerus nasidens) has been introduced in other biogeographical regions, including several oceanic islands, while Pachodynerus erynnis occurs on Ascension Island as well as in North America. This genus is most closely related to the genus Euodynerus. References Willink, A. and A. Roig-Alsina. 1998. Revisión del género Pachodynerus'' Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae, Eumeninae). Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. 30 (5): 1-117. Category:Biological pest control wasps Category:Potter wasps	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Max Götze Max Götze (13 October 1880 – 29 October 1944) was a German track cycling racer who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He won the silver medal together with his teammates Karl Neumer, Rudolf Katzer, and Hermann Martens in the team pursuit. He also competed in the 5000 metres race, but was eliminated in the first round. In the tandem event together with Otto Götze he was dropped out in the semifinals. At the 1906 Intercalated Games in Athens he was also able to win a silver medal in the tandem event together with Bruno Götze. References External links Category:1880 births Category:1944 deaths Category:German male cyclists Category:German track cyclists Category:Cyclists at the 1906 Intercalated Games Category:Cyclists at the 1908 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic silver medalists for Germany Category:Olympic cyclists of Germany Category:Place of birth missing Category:Olympic medalists in cycling Category:Medalists at the 1908 Summer Olympics Category:Medalists at the 1906 Intercalated Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Scolecophidia The Scolecophidia, commonly known as blind snakes or thread snakes, are an infraorder of snakes. They range in length from . All are fossorial (adapted for burrowing). Five families and 39 genera are recognized. The Scolecophidia infraorder is almost likely paraphyletic, representing an evolutionary grade of snakes that have convergently evolved on a similar form. Systematics Etymology The infraorder name Scolecophidia derives from the two Ancient Greek words or σκώληκος (, genitive ), meaning "earthworm", and (), meaning "snake". It refers to their shape and fossorial lifestyle. Families Biogeographic history Scolecophidians are believed to have originated on Gondwana, with anomalepidids and leptotyphlopids evolving in west Gondwana (South America and Africa) and typhlopids, gerrhopilids, and xenotyphlopids on east Gondwana, initially on the combined India/Madagascar land mass, during the Mesozoic. Typhlopids then dispersed to Africa and Eurasia. South American typhlopids appear to have evolved from African typhlopids that rafted across the Atlantic about 60 million years ago; they, in turn, dispersed to the Caribbean about 33 million years ago. Similarly, typhlopids appear to have reached Australia from Southeast Asia or Indonesia about 28 million years ago. Physical description The common name of Scolecophidia, blind snakes, is based on their shared characteristic of reduced eyes that are located under their head scales. These head scales are found in all snakes and are referred to as spectacles, but within this infraorder, they are opaque, resulting in decreased visual capabilities. Reduced eyes of the Scolecophidia have been attributed to evolutionary origins of snakes, which are hypothesized to have arisen from fossorial ancestors, causing a loss of genes related to eyesight that later evolved again in higher snakes to be similar to other vertebrates due to convergent evolution. Other shared characteristics include an absent left oviduct in four of the five families, aside from the Anomalepididae, which have a well developed yet reduced left oviduct. Aside from this, these snakes range in length from 10 to 100 cm (3.9 to 39.4 in). Their typical body shapes include slender, cylindrical bodies and small, narrow heads. All these families either lack or have a vestigial left lung and lack cranial infrared receptors. Behavior The main shared characteristic found across all Scolecophidia is a fossorial nature, either living underground or within logs and leaf litter. Aside from this, thus far the reproduction remains understudied with all Scolecophidia studied thus far being noted to be oviparous, with elongate eggs noted in both leptotyphlopids and typhlopids. Foraging behaviors vary across families, but all feed on invertebrates. Some of their main food sources include ant or termite eggs, which are tracked down by following chemical cues left by these invertebrates to create trails. Tricheilostomata macrolepis has been seen climbing up trees and waving its head side to side vertically to detect chemical cues in the air to locate insect nests. In a study on the Leptotyphlopidae, some species were found to specialize in eating only termites or ants; some rely on binge feeding patterns, while others do not. While these snakes are often difficult to locate due to their burrowing habits, they are more often seen above ground after rain due to flooding that occurs in burrows. The ancestral nature of the Scolecophidia has resulted in the use of these organisms as models for evolutionary studies in Serpentes to better understand evolution of reproduction, morphology, and feeding habits. See also Alethinophidia, all other snakes List of snakes, overview of all snake genera References Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pascal Bary Pascal Bary (born April 4, 1953) is a French racehorse trainer. He has been training since 1981, having previously worked as an assistant to François Boutin. He is based at Chantilly, Oise. Major wins Dubai Dubai World Cup - (1) - Glória de Campeão (2010) France Grand Critérium - (1) - Way of Light (1998) Grand Prix de Paris - (1) - Zambezi Sun (2007) Poule d'Essai des Pouliches - (2) - Bluemamba (2000), Divine Proportions (2005) Prix d'Astarté - (2) - Field of Hope (1999), Divine Proportions (2005) Prix de Diane - (2) - Divine Proportions (2005), Senga (2017) Prix de la Forêt - (1) - Field of Hope (1999) Prix d'Ispahan - (2) - Highest Honor (1987), Croco Rouge (1999) Prix Jacques Le Marois - (1) - Six Perfections (2003) Prix du Jockey Club - (6) - Celtic Arms (1994), Ragmar (1996), Dream Well (1998), Sulamani (2002), Blue Canari (2004), Study of Man (2018) Prix Lupin - (2) - Celtic Arms (1994), Croco Rouge (1998) Prix Marcel Boussac - (5) - Sierra Madre (1993), Amonita (2000), Six Perfections (2002), Denebola (2003), Divine Proportions (2004) Prix Morny - (2) - Deep Roots (1982), Divine Proportions (2004) Grand Prix de Saint-Cloud - (1) - Silverwave (2016) Prix Saint-Alary - (1) - Brilliance (1997) Prix de la Salamandre - (1) - Deep Roots (1982, dead-heat) Prix Vermeille - (1) - Sierra Madre (1994) Great Britain 1,000 Guineas - (1) - Natagora (2008) Cheveley Park Stakes - (1) - Natagora (2007) Ireland Irish Derby - (1) - Dream Well (1998) Singapore Singapore Airlines International Cup - (1) - Glória de Campeão (2009) United States Breeders' Cup Mile - (2) - Domedriver (2002), Six Perfections (2003) Breeders' Cup Turf - (1) - Miss Alleged (1991) References NTRA.com Category:Living people Category:1953 births Category:French horse trainers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pernille Harder (badminton) Pernille Harder (born 3 September 1977) is a former Danish badminton player from Kastrup-Magleby BK. Harder competed in badminton at the 2004 Summer Olympics in women's doubles with partner Mette Schjoldager. They beat the Australian pairs Jane Crabtree and Kate Wilson-Smith, but the duo were defeated by Ra Kyung-min and Lee Kyung-won of South Korea in the round of 16. Achievements European Championships Women's doubles European Junior Championships Girls' singles Mixed doubles IBF World Grand Prix The World Badminton Grand Prix sanctioned by International Badminton Federation (IBF) since 1983. Women's doubles Mixed doubles IBF International Women's singles Women's doubles Mixed doubles References External links Category:1977 births Category:Living people Category:People from Odder Municipality Category:Danish female badminton players Category:Olympic badminton players of Denmark Category:Badminton players at the 2004 Summer Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jim Hagedorn James Lee Hagedorn (born August 4, 1962) is an American politician from the state of Minnesota. A Republican, he is a member of the United States House of Representatives from . The district covers much of the southern third of the state and includes Rochester, Austin and Mankato. Early life and education Hagedorn was born in Blue Earth, Minnesota in 1962, the son of former United States Representative Tom Hagedorn and Kathleen (née Mittlestadt). He was raised between family farm near Truman, Minnesota and Washington D.C., while his father served in Congress from 1975 to 1983. Hagedorn attended George Mason University where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1993. Government career Following college, Hagedorn served as a legislative assistant to Minnesota Congressman Arlan Stangeland. Hagedorn worked in the United States Department of the Treasury as Director for Legislative and Public Affairs for the Financial Management Service from 1991 to 1998, and later as Congressional Affairs Officer for the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. U.S. House of Representatives 2018 general election He previously ran for the 1st congressional district seat in the 2014 and 2016 elections, losing to incumbent Tim Walz on both occasions. In the 2018 elections, with Walz giving up the seat to make a successful run for Governor of Minnesota, Hagedorn defeated Daniel Feehan. Tenure On December 18, 2019, Hagedorn voted against both articles of impeachment against Trump. Of the 195 Republicans who voted, all voted against both impeachment articles. Committee assignments Committee on Agriculture Subcommittee on Livestock and Foreign Agriculture Subcommittee on Nutrition, Oversight, and Department Operations Committee on Small Business Subcommittee on Rural Development, Agriculture, Trade and Entrepreneurship Subcommittee on Contracting and Workforce Caucus memberships Electoral History Controversies Between 2002 and 2012, Hagedorn published a blog titled "Mr. Conservative" where he had a history of controversial articles and statements, including birtherism, sexist insults, derogatory reference to a wheelchair-bound veteran, and joking about the death of a political opponent. He issued a "sincere and heartfelt apology" during his 2014 campaign. During the 2018 campaign, representatives of the National Republican Congressional Committee claimed no knowledge of this history, and later characterized the material as "inappropriate". While never expressing any explicit animosity to Jews, Hagedorn has however been criticized for using antisemitic tropes. In 2018, the National Republican Congressional Committee ran an advertisement accusing Hagedorn's opponent, Dan Feehan, as well as Colin Kaepernick and “left-wing mobs paid to riot in the streets”, of being "owned" by Jewish philanthropist George Soros. In 2008, Hagedorn wrote (approvingly) in his blog that former Democratic Senator Joe Lieberman supported the Iraq War because he is Jewish. Health In 2019, Hagedorn was diagnosed with stage-4 kidney cancer. References External links Congressman Jim Hagedorn official U.S. House website Campaign website \|- Category:1962 births Category:George Mason University alumni Category:Living people Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesota Category:Minnesota Republicans Category:People from Blue Earth, Minnesota Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives Category:United States Department of the Treasury officials Category:Candidates in the 2014 United States elections Category:Candidates in the 2016 United States elections Category:21st-century American politicians Category:United States congressional aides	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Adrian Matei (footballer) Adrian Matei (born 29 February 1968) is a former Romanian football player. Matei is one of the few footballers that played for the three great squads in Bucharest, Rapid, Dinamo and Steaua. After he ended his playing career, Matei became a football manager but also embraced a television pundit career, working for Sport.ro. Besides football, Matei owns a restaurant in Bucharest. Honours Player Dinamo București Liga I (1) : 1991–92 Steaua București Liga I (2) : 1996–97, 1997–98 Cupa României (2) : 1996–97, 1998–99 Supercupa României (1) : 1998 References External links Category:1968 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Bucharest Category:Romanian footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:FC Rapid București players Category:Victoria Bucureşti players Category:FC Dinamo București players Category:FC Sportul Studențesc București players Category:FC Steaua București players Category:AS Progresul București players Category:Liga I players Category:Romania international footballers Category:Romanian football managers Category:AFC Rocar București managers Category:FC Metaloglobus București managers Category:Association football midfielders	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hatiras George Hatiras is a Canadian electronic musician and DJ. He is most noted as a two-time Juno Award winner for Dance Recording of the Year, winning at the Juno Awards of 2002 for "Spaced Invader" and at the Juno Awards of 2006 for "Spanish Fly". References Category:Juno Award for Dance Recording of the Year winners Category:Canadian dance musicians Category:Canadian electronic musicians Category:Canadian DJs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tarrant City Schools The Tarrant City School District is the school system of the Birmingham, Alabama, suburb of Tarrant. Tarrant City Schools serve 1,093 students and employ 146 faculty and staff. The district includes one elementary school, one middle school, and one high school. History Tarrant's first school was built in 1920, and by 1930, its enrollment had grown to 1,443 students. The 1930 U.S. Census showed sufficient population, in compliance with the state code, for the city of Tarrant to operate its own schools independently from the Jefferson County School System. Therefore, in August 1930, Tarrant City Schools pulled away from Jefferson County and appointed a Board of Education. The new board voted to take over the existing elementary and junior high schools, leaving the high school, Jefferson County High School, under the supervision of the county. In 1948, Jefferson County High School also became part of the Tarrant City School System and its name was changed to Tarrant High School. Mr. W.A. Parker was appointed as the first superintendent of Tarrant City Schools. Schools The district includes three schools: Tarrant Elementary School (K–3) Tarrant Intermediate School (4–6) Tarrant High School (7–12) Student Profile Tarrant City Schools serve all students living within Tarrant city limits. The student population is 77% African-American, 13% Hispanic, 9% white, and 1% multiracial. Approximately 96% of students qualify for free or reduced price lunch. About 5% are English Language Learners (ELL), and about 14% have Individualized Education Programs (IEPs). Tarrant City Schools have an overall graduation rate of 67%. Approximately 67% of Tarrant students meet or exceed state proficiency standards in mathematics, and about 75% meet or exceed standards in reading. Governance Tarrant City Schools are governed by the Tarrant Board of Education, which consists of five members appointed by the Tarrant City Council. Each member serves the school system and community for a five-year term and may be reappointed by the City Council. The following individuals are members of the board (2015): Allen Bailey Bruce Grant Debbie Hall Gene Horton Jesse Mendez References External links Tarrant City Schools on Bhamwiki Category:Education in Jefferson County, Alabama Category:School districts in Alabama	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Avonwick Avonwick is a village in the civil parish of North Huish, in the South Hams district, in the county of Devon, England. The River Avon runs through the village - its name derives from avon meaning river, and wick an old word for village, but it was not so named until the 1870s, previously being known as Newhouse. Avonwick has about 120 houses in the main village and has rapidly grown in size over the last few years, with three developments adding 17 houses in the late 1990s, 7 houses in 2000 and 33 houses in 2012. The village church, dedicated to St James, is one of only a few proprietary chapels remaining in the country. The village also has a pub, one of the oldest lawn tennis clubs in the world and a garage, with a further restaurant on the road to South Brent. The village had a succession of shops from 1871, but the last village shop closed in 2018. The village has one of the oldest walkways in Devon: known as the Cobbly Way or Cobbly Walk, the cobbled track alongside the river shows traces of ancient cart ruts over its 400-yard length. Avonwick railway station opened about outside the village in 1893, on the branchline between South Brent and Kingsbridge. The station and line closed in 1963. References External links Category:Villages in South Hams	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ships in the Night "Ships in the Night" is a 1973 song by Vicki Lawrence, an American pop music singer, actress, and comedienne. It was the first of two singles included on her 1974 Ships in the Night LP. It is a waltz done in 3/4 time. The song reached No. 7 on the Australian Kent Music Report. It peaked at No. 18 in New Zealand. In the United States it hit No. 49 on the Adult Contemporary chart. "Ships in the Night" was included on the compilation album, Explosive Hits 74. The B-side, "Sensual Man," is a track from Lawrence's previous LP, The Night the Lights Went Out in Georgia. Chart performance Weekly charts Year-end charts References External links Lyrics of this song Category:1973 singles Category:Vicki Lawrence songs Category:Bell Records singles Category:Song recordings produced by Snuff Garrett Category:1973 songs Category:Songs written by Bobby Russell	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Patrick Daley Patrick Daley was a 19th-century Australian bushranger. Daley was born at Yass, New South Wales, in 1844 and was only a lad when he became associated with John O'Meally. John introduced him to Ben Hall, John Vane, Alex Fordyce, Fred Lowry, Harry Manns, Jimmy Dunleavy and Pat Connors, who were destined to go down in bushranging history. Daley became involved in Ben Halls' gang and took part in several of his escapades. On 7 February 1863, Daley joined Ben Hall when they raided the unmanned Pinnacle Police Station and stole a rifle, a carbine, a bridle, and a pair of saddlebags. From there they next held up a store at Big Wombat owned by Myer Solomon, and stole money, horses, guns, clothing and stores. A young boy picked up a revolver during the robbery and pointed it at the bushrangers, but was forced to drop it when one of the bushrangers placed a gun to the head of Mrs Solomon and threatened to kill her. It was reported that Daley then knocked the boy down and kicked him. The police were never very far behind the bushrangers and on 11 March 1863, shots were exchanged between them, Daley and O'Meally. Inspector Norton in charge of the police party was cornered by the two gang members, but they let him go. Inspector Pottinger then took up the pursuit, and following Daley's tracks they found a horse tethered at the top of a gold mine shaft. The police called on whoever was down there to come up, and when there was no answer, they smoked him out by throwing burning bushes down the hole. Daley was arrested and when brought before the magistrate at Forbes, no positive identification had been established of the accused. Bill Dargin, an Aboriginal blacktracker, piped up and said: "Mine know it, Patsey Daley like it brudder!" At Goulburn on 23 September 1863, Patrick Daley was charged with two counts of robbery, for which he was sentenced to fifteen years on the roads. After first being housed at Darlinghurst Gaol, he was transferred on 4 February 1864 to Cockatoo Island. He was finally discharged on 15 October 1873 on receiving a remittance of his sentence. See also Frank Gardiner–Ben Hall gang References Category:1844 births Category:Year of death missing Category:Australian outlaws Category:Bushrangers Category:People from Yass	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yunnan Agricultural University Yunnan Agricultural University (云南农业大学) is in Kunming, Yunnan, China. History It was initially established in Kunming in 1938 as the 'School of Agricultural' at Yunnan University. Separated from Yunnan University in 1958, the School of Agriculture was renamed 'Kunming Agriculture and Forestry College' (KAFC). The formal title, Yunnan Agricultural University, was adopted in 1971 because of the merger between KAFC and Yunnan Agriculture Working University (YAWU). It has been developed as a key university of Yunnan Province since 1993. In 2001, YAU became one of the two biological science experts training bases in Yunnan Province. YAU is now a comprehensive university offering programs in agriculture, science, arts, engineering, education, and administration. Schools Yunnan Agricultural University consists of 15 schools. School of Agriculture and Biotechnology School of Animal Science and Technology School of Economics and Trade School of Engineering School of Tobacco Science School of Plant Protection School of Ornamental and Horticulture School of Resources and Environment School of Water Resources, Hydraulics, and Architecture School of Science and Information School of Food Science and Technology School of Physical Education School of Foreign Languages School of Humanities and Social Science School of Continuing Education Programs There are 28 Bachelor's degree programs, 13 Associate bachelor's degree programs, and 18 Master's degree programs. 8 subjects are key subjects in Yunnan Province. YAU has two key laboratories and 23 research institutes/centers affiliated to the university. The key laboratories are the Key Phytopathology Laboratory of Yunnan Province and the Key Animal Nutrition and Feed Laboratory of Yunnan Province. The Biodiversity and Crop Disease Control Laboratory, which is the key laboratory of the Ministry of Education in China, is under planning. With the financial support of 10,400,000 RMB from Yunnan Province, the Key Laboratory of the Inbreeding Coefficient Study in Xishuangbana Mini-ear Swine is under the construction. The university enrolls students from foreign countries. YAU has cooperated with domestic and foreign universities to enroll, co-advise doctoral students, and offer doctoral degrees. Campus The university campus, covering an area of 130 hectares, is in Heilongtan Park (Black Dragon Pool Park), one of the scenic spots to the north of Kunming. The area of the campus building is about 250,000 square meters. YAU provides facilities for teaching and research projects. The university library has 630,000 volumes and many other journals. The campus has been networked to improve its teaching and working effectiveness and efficiency. In 1998, YAU was awarded as a Civilized University by Yunnan Provincial Government. Staff There are 1,198 faculty and staff members at YAU, of whom 51 are professors and 162 are associate professors. 113 faculty members are master's degree advisors, and 6 professors are appointed as the doctoral degree advisors by other universities. 11 outstanding faculty members have been selected as the major academic leaders in the New Century Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province. 10 faculty members have been awarded the outstanding science experts by Yunnan Province. 21 teachers have been honored as outstanding teachers in the province. Students There are 6,831 students at present, including 5,315 undergraduate students, 171 graduate students, and 1,209 adult students undertaking their continuing education at the university. About 40,000 students have graduated from the university. Many alumni have become specialists in the fields of science, education, agricultural production and administration. Notable people Li Zhengyou, professor, the "father of high-altitude hybrid rice". References https://web.archive.org/web/20080620023348/http://www.ynau.edu.cn:80/en/gaikuang/index.htm External links https://web.archive.org/web/20080609074754/http://www.ynau.edu.cn:80/ Category:Universities and colleges in Kunming Category:Educational institutions established in 1938 Category:1938 establishments in China	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cultural Hindu A Cultural Hindu is a religiously unobservant individual who identifies with Hinduism, usually due to family background. A Cultural Hindu can also refer to a person who sees 'Hinduism' as a way of life and can be synonymous with the term Indian, Indian meaning 'the culture of India'. Definition Emory University professor John Y. Fenton defines the locution as follows: The term has come into vogue as a result of secularization. Cultural Hindus, while not religiously devout, may still observe Hindu feasts, such as Diwali. For these individuals, this commemoration of Hindu festivals, as well as occasional temple attendance, serve as a celebration of their heritage. See also Cultural Christian, Christian culture Cultural Judaism, Jewish culture Cultural Muslim, Islamic culture References Category:Hindu culture Category:Secularism in Asia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
No. 50 Squadron RAF No. 50 Squadron was a squadron of the Royal Air Force. It was formed during the First World War as a home defence fighter squadron, and operated as a bomber squadron during the Second World War and the Cold War. It disbanded for the last time in 1984. History World War I No. 50 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps founded at Dover on 15 May 1916. It was equipped with a mixture of aircraft, including Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2s and Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.12s in the home defence role, having flights based at various airfields around Kent. It flew its first combat mission in August 1916, when its aircraft helped to repel a German Zeppelin. On 7 July 1917 a 50 Squadron Armstrong Whitworth F.K.8 shot down a German Gotha bomber off the North Foreland of Kent. In February 1918, it discarded its miscellany of aircraft to standardise on the more capable Sopwith Camel fighter, continuing to defend Kent. By October 1918, it was operating its Camels as night fighters. It was during this period that the squadron started using the running dogs device on squadron aircraft, a tradition that continued until 1984. The device arose from the radio call sign Dingo that the squadron was allocated as part of the Home Defence network. It disbanded on 13 June 1919. The last CO of the squadron before it disbanded was Major Arthur Harris later to become Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of RAF Bomber Command during the Second World War. Reformation and World War II No. 50 Squadron reformed at RAF Waddington on 3 May 1937, equipped with Hawker Hind biplane light bombers. It started to convert to the Handley Page Hampden monoplane medium bomber in December 1938, discarding its last Hinds in January 1939. It was still equipped with Hampdens when the Second World War broke out, forming part of 5 Group, Bomber Command. It flew its first bombing raid on 19 March 1940 against the seaplane base at Hörnum on the island of Sylt. On 12 April 1940, in attempt to attack German warships off Kristiansand returning from the German invasion of Norway, 50 Squadron took part in what was the largest British air raid of the war so far, with a total of 83 RAF bombers attempting to attack the German fleet. When 12 Hampdens of 50 and 44 Squadron spotted a German warship and attempted to attack, they lost 6 of their number to beam attacks by German fighters, with 13 officers and men from 50 Squadron dead or missing. After these losses, daylight attacks with Hampdens were abandoned. 50 Squadron continued operations by night, taking part in the RAF's strategic bombing offensive against the Germans through the remainder of 1940 and 1941. It re-equipped with Avro Manchesters from April 1942. The Manchester was disappointing, however, with unreliable engines and had a lower ceiling than the Hampden it replaced. Despite these problems, 50 Squadron continued in operations, contributing 17 Manchesters to Operation Milliennium the "1,000 aircraft" raid against Cologne on 30/31 May 1942. It lost two aircraft that night, one of which piloted by Flying Officer Leslie Thomas Manser who was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for pressing on with the attack after his aircraft was heavily damaged, and when a crash became inevitable, sacrificing his own life by remaining at the controls to allow the rest of his crew to parachute to safety. The Squadron soon re-equipped with the four-engined Avro Lancaster, which it used for the rest of the war against German targets, flying its last mission of the war against an Oil Refinery at Vallø in Norway on 25/26 April 1945. The squadron flew 7,135 sorties during the war with a loss of 176 aircraft. It replaced its Lancasters with Avro Lincolns in 1946, disbanding at Waddington on 31 January 1951. Jet operations No 50 Squadron re-formed at RAF Binbrook on 15 August 1952, equipped with the English Electric Canberra light jet bomber. It moved to RAF Upwood in January 1956, disbanding on 1 October 1959. The squadron reformed again at RAF Waddington on 1 August 1962 equipped with the Avro Vulcan V bomber, using ex-617 Squadron aircraft made surplus after 617 Squadron re-equipped with Vulcan B.2s. It received Vulcan B.2s in December 1966, and was still operating them when the Falklands War broke out in April 1982, with two Vulcan crews from 50 Squadron selected for Operation Black Buck missions. The Falklands War, and the continuing need to maintain supply flights to the South Atlantic after the end of the war, resulted in a shortage of air-to-air refuelling tankers, and it was decided to convert six Vulcans to single point tankers, the first conversion flying on 18 June 1982 and entering service on 23 June. No. 50 Squadron was selected as the operator of the tankers, serving as the last unit to operate the Vulcan until disbanding on 31 March 1984. Aircraft operated Stations operated from Swingate Down: 1916 Harrietsham: 1916–1918 Bekesbourne: 1918–1919 RAF Waddington: 1937–1940 RAF Lindholme: 1940–1941 RAF Swinderby: 1941–1942 RAF Skellingthorpe: 1942–1945 RAF Sturgate: 1945–1946 RAF Waddington: 1946–1951 RAF Binbrook: 1952–1956 RAF Upwood: 1956–1959 RAF Waddington: 1961–1984 References Bibliography External links "50 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 16 February 2011. Photographs depicting the destruction at Vallø after the bombing raid Category:Military units and formations established in 1916 Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1984 050 050 Category:1916 establishments in the United Kingdom	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Institute for Political and Legal Education The Institute for Political and Legal Education is an organization in which high school students are introduced to the American legislative and judicial process. Students learn about the separation of powers, checks and balances, limits on the powers of the executive branch, and the role of the citizen in American society. In addition students learn how those ideas have evolved over the years. To simulate the judicial process, students or groups of students are assigned civil court cases. Students then research the topic and develop a position which they write in a paper. The actual case is simulated in a mock hearing. Students are given a set amount of time to try to convince a mock judge to agree with their position through reasoning. The judge can then ask follow-up questions with which the students clarify their position and address concerns. External links Editing Institute for Political and Legal Education (IPLE) Category:Educational organizations based in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Santa Margarida i els Monjos Santa Margarida i els Monjos is a municipality in the comarca of Alt Penedès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. References External links Government data pages Category:Municipalities in Alt Penedès	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Freundliche Vision "" (which has been translated as "Welcome Vision", but can also be read as "Pleasant Daydream") is both a German poem by Otto Bierbaum and a Lied (art song) by Richard Strauss, his Op. 48/1. The opening line is "Nicht im Schlafe hab ich das geträumt" ("I did not dream this while asleep"). It is the first of five songs by Strauss, composed in 1900 and published in Berlin in 1901 by Adolph Fürstner. The works were scored for voice and piano, and arranged for voice and orchestra in 1918 by the composer. Poem "" first appeared in Irrgarten der Liebe (Maze of love) in Berlin and Leipzig in 1901. The full title of the collection of songs, poems and aphorisms is "Der Neubestellte Irrgarten Der Liebe: Um Etliche Gaenge Und Lauben Vermehrt, Verliebte Launenhafte, Moralische Und Andere Lieder, Gedichte U. Sprueche. Bis 1905.", where it appears in the section "Bilder und Traeume" (Images and dreams). Composition history Strauss composed "", along with the other four songs of Op. 48, in 1900. This song sets a poem by Otto Julius Bierbaum, while the other four set poems by Karl Henckell. Strauss composed art songs as a transition between working in instrumental music and opera; he wrote his first opera, Feuersnot, the same year. He originally scored the five songs for voice and piano. The songs were published in 1901 by Adolph Fürstner. Strauss also made an arrangement for voice and orchestra in 1918. "" is among the songs that the composer presented in more than one program on tours of the US, in Carnegie Hall in 1904, and in 1921 in Town Hall in two recitals. Julius Patzak and the Bavarian State Opera Orchestra broadcast a particularly noteworthy version, which is consistent with Strauss's “preference ... for fastish speeds without sentimentality.” Music "" has features in common with "Traum durch die Dämmerung", also on a text by Bierbaum, including a shift of key, here to illustrate the contrast of sleeping and a vision while awake. Strauss repeats for the last two lines elements from before, "" (And I walk with one who loves me), condensing the text that took three lines before to "in den Frieden voll Schönheit" (into the peace full of beauty), sung over a tonic pedalpoint in the same pattern as all of the song. By other composers The poem "" also inspired other composers, such as Max Reger, who set lines 3 to 9 to music as No. 2 of his Zwölf Lieder, Op. 66, in 1902. Lutz Landwehr von Pragenau set the poem in 1979 for baritone and piano as his Op. 1/1 in Zwei Lieder für Bariton und Klavier. References External links Richard Strauss / Freundliche Vision ("Nicht im Schlafe hab' ich das geträumt"), song for voice & piano (or orchestra), Op. 48/1 (TrV 202/1) AllMusic Freundliche Vision, Op. 48/1 / Richard Strauss BBC Category:Songs by Richard Strauss Category:1900 songs Category:Songs based on poems	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Daisy Parsons Marguerite "Daisy" Lena Parsons MBE born Marguerite Lena Millo (21 May 1890 – 29 September 1957) was a British suffragette. She was part of a delegation to the Prime Minister in 1914. She later became a councillor and in 1937 she was West Ham's first woman mayor. Life Parsons was born in Poplar in London in 1890. Her father Alfred Albert Millo dealt in jewellery when he was well and her mother Elizabeth worked as a charlady. She had five younger brothers and she left school early so that she could care for them. At fourteen she was a maid working for the local librarian. Parsons took piecework and she was surprised to find how little she earned compared to the men. She brought up an orphaned niece and three daughters with her husband Robert Stanley (Tom) Parsons. When her eldest became due for a vaccination she applied to have an exemption but she was told that only fathers could apply. Parsons was inspired by Minnie Baldock in Canning Town and so she joined Sylvia Pankhurst's East London Federation of Suffragettes and became the secretary of the branch in South West Ham. In 1914 Sylvia went on hunger strike and refused to stop until the Prime minister received women so that they could present their case for the vote. Asquith agreed and Parsons was able to tell him of her problems as she was one of the six women chosen including Jessie Payne, led by Mrs Julia Scurr . She told Asquith that she gave birth to children but she had little say in deciding "what is good for them." During world war one the East London Federation of Suffragettes opened a baby clinic and Parsons was the manager. After the war she was asked to help the local council distribute help for mothers. She joined the Maternity and Child Welfare Committee in 1919. In 1922 she was elected as a socialist borough councillor on the West Ham Council. In 1935 she was made an Alderman and the following year she became West Ham's first woman mayor. As a result she opened the local lido, got to drive the first local trolleybus and returned to the youth club in Canning Town which had inspired her. Parsons was awarded an MBE in the New Year Honours of 1951 and she died in Stratford in London in 1957. References Category:1890 births Category:1957 deaths Category:People from the London Borough of Newham Category:Mayors of places in Greater London Category:Women mayors of places in England Category:Suffragettes Category:Women's rights activists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2018–19 Ranji Trophy Plate Group The 2018–19 Ranji Trophy was the 85th season of the Ranji Trophy, the first-class cricket tournament that took place in India. It was contested by 37 teams, divided into four groups, with nine teams in the Plate Group. The group stage ran from 1 November 2018 to 10 January 2019. The top team from the Plate Group progressed to the quarter-finals of the competition. The teams in the Plate Group were allowed to have up to three professional players in their squads. All of the matches in the first round of fixtures reached a result within three days, with Uttarakhand beating Bihar in two days. Nagaland beat Mizoram by an innings and 333 runs, the biggest winning margin for a team making its debut in the Ranji Trophy. Puducherry made their debut in the second round of the tournament, against Meghalaya. In fifth round match between Puducherry and Arunachal Pradesh, Paras Dogra scored his eighth double century. He broke Ajay Sharma's record of the most double centuries by a batsman in the Ranji Trophy. In the sixth round of fixtures, Milind Kumar of Sikkim became the first batsman to score 1,000 runs in this edition of the tournament. He did so in the match against Mizoram, in his ninth innings of the competition. In round seven of the tournament, Ashutosh Aman of Bihar became the first bowler to take 50 wickets in this years' Ranji Trophy tournament. He went on to finish the tournament with 68 wickets, breaking the previous record of 64 dismissals set by Bishan Singh Bedi in the 1974–75 tournament. Round eight saw Pankaj Singh of Puducherry become the first seam bowler to take 400 wickets in the Ranji Trophy. Uttarakhand won the Plate Group and advanced to the quarter-finals. Points table Fixtures Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7 Round 8 Round 9 References Category:Ranji Trophy seasons Ranji Trophy Plate Group Ranji Trophy Ranji Trophy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hill Middle School Hill Middle School may refer to: David Lee “Tex“ Hill Middle School of North East Independent School District in San Antonio, Texas Thayer J. Hill Middle School of Indian Prairie School District 204 in Naperville, Illinois Hill Middle School in the Long Beach Unified School District in California. Hill Middle School in the Novato Unified School District in Novato, California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gordon Kahn Gordon Kahn (11 May 1902 – 31 December 1962) was an American author and screenwriter who was blacklisted during the McCarthy era. He is the father of broadcaster and author Tony Kahn. Life Gordon Kahn was born on May 11, 1901 in Budapest, Hungary. When he was six years old, he and his parents moved to the United States. He worked as a reporter at The Mirror before moving to Hollywood in the 1930s to try his luck as a screenwriter. His writing credits included The Death Kiss, Newboys' Home, and Buy Me That Town. Kahn joined several leftist and liberal causes and helped found the Writers Guild. In 1947, when the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began its anti-Communist hearings, Kahn – a presumed Communist – lost his job at Warner Bros. Studios. Although he was subpoenaed, he was not called to testify. He sold his 13-room Beverly Hills home, and he and his family moved into a smaller house in Studio City. Fearing that he would be arrested, he fled to Cuernevaca, Mexico. His wife and sons Jim and Tony joined him six months later. The Kahns lived there until low funds forced them to return to the United States. Kahn used the pseudonym "Hugh G. Foster" to write magazine articles. He died of a heart attack on December 31, 1962 during a snowstorm in Manchester, New Hampshire. Kahn is described as a "...man who affected a beard and monocle." One F.B.I. report noted that Kahn had “a facial resemblance to Lenin." Kahn is the subject of his son Tony's 1987 short documentary The Day the Cold War Came Home. Blacklisted, a docu-drama in six half-hour episodes that first aired on National Public Radio in 1997, chronicles the last fifteen years of Gordon Kahn's life and the fears and ordeal his family experienced. It was written, produced, and narrated by Gordon Kahn's son Tony Kahn. All of the words of Gordon and his wife Barbara were drawn from their writings, diaries, and letters. The words put in the mouth of J. Edgar Hoover were all derived from a confidential 3,000-page FBI surveillance file on Gordon Kahn dated from 1944 to 1962. Partial filmography The Death Kiss (1933) Newsboys' Home (1938) Ex-Champ (1939) World Premiere (1941) Buy Me That Town (1941) Ruthless (1948) References Category:1902 births Category:1962 deaths Category:American male screenwriters Category:Hollywood blacklist Category:Place of birth missing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cupressus nevadensis Cupressus nevadensis, now reclassified as Hesperocyparis nevadensis, with the common name Paiute cypress, is a species of cypress tree native to a small area in Sierra Nevada of California, in the western United States. Distribution The Paiute cypress grows in a small area of the Southern Sierra Nevada, within Kern County, California and Tulare County. It is found on soils of granitic origin at altitudes of . It is found in pinyon/juniper and oak/pine woodlands, chaparral, and closed-cone-cypress forest habitats. The largest grove composed primarily of the species is located south of the town of Bodfish in the Lake Isabella region. There are eight or so other populations of much smaller, scattered stands in the Southern Sierras. Description Hesperocyparis nevadensis is a medium-sized evergreen tree with a conic crown, growing to heights of 10–25 m (exceptionally to 39 m), and a trunk diameter of up to 0.5 m (exceptionally to 1 m). The foliage grows in sparse, very fragrant, sprays varying from dull gray-green to glaucous blue-green in color. The leaves are scale-like, highly glandular, resinous and aromatic, 2–5 mm long, and produced on rounded (not flattened) shoots. The seed cones are globose to oblong, 25–55 mm long, with 6 or 8 (rarely 4 or 10) scales, green to brown at first, maturing gray or gray-brown about 20–24 months after pollination. The male cones are 3–5 mm long, and release pollen in February–March. The cones often remain closed for several years, only opening after the parent tree is killed in a wildfire, thereby allowing the seeds to colonize the bare ground exposed by the natural fire. Conservation Like most California cypress, it is a pyrophyte, heavily reliant on wildfire for its regeneration. Fire suppression policies of the past decades have severely limited reproduction of this fire dependent species. It is on the IUCN Red List as an endangered species. Taxonomy It has been reclassified in the genus Hesperocyparis, with other former Cupressus species native to western North America. It was also previously included as a subspecies within Cupressus arizonica, Cupressus arizonica subsp. nevadensis. USDA: Hesperocyparis nevadensis synonyms; Cupressus arizonica subsp. nevadensis . accessed 8.28.2015 See also Fire ecology References External links CalFlora Database: Hesperocyparis nevadensis (Paiute cypress) USDA Plants Profile for Hesperocyparis nevadenss (Paiute cypress) Jepson Manual eFlora: Hesperocyparis nevadensis UC Photos Gallery: Hesperocyparis nevadensis (formerly Cupressus nevadensis) Gymnosperm Database: Cupressus nevadensis nevadensis Category:Endemic flora of California Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.) Category:Trees of the Southwestern United States Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands Category:Natural history of Kern County, California Category:Natural history of Tulare County, California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Acephalgic migraine Acephalgic migraine (also called acephalalgic migraine, migraine aura without headache, amigrainous migraine, isolated visual migraine, and optical migraine) is a neurological syndrome. It is a relatively uncommon variant of migraine in which the patient may experience aura, nausea, photophobia, hemiparesis, and other migraine symptoms, but does not experience headache. It is generally classified as an event fulfilling the conditions of migraine with aura with no (or minimal) headache. It is sometimes distinguished from visual-only migraine aura without headache, also called ocular migraine. Symptoms and misdiagnosis Acephalgic migraines can occur in individuals of any age. Some individuals, more commonly male, only experience acephalgic migraine, but frequently patients also experience migraine with headache. Generally, the condition is more than twice as likely to occur in females than males. Pediatric acephalgic migraines are listed along with other childhood periodic syndromes by W.A. Al-Twaijri and M.I. Shevell as "migraine equivalents" (although not listed as such in the International Classification of Headache Disorders), which can be good predictors of the future development of typical migraines. Individuals who experience acephalgic migraines in childhood are highly likely to develop typical migraines as they grow older. Among women, incidents of acephalgic migraine increase during perimenopause. Scintillating scotoma is the most common symptom which usually happens concurrently with Expanding Fortification Spectra. Also frequently reported is monocular blindness. Acephalgic migraines typically do not persist more than a few hours and may last for as little as 15 seconds. On rare occasions, they may continue for up to two days. Acephalgic migraines may resemble transient ischemic attacks or, when longer in duration, stroke. The concurrence of other symptoms such as photophobia and nausea can help in determining the proper diagnosis. Occasionally, patients with acephalgic migraine are misdiagnosed as suffering epilepsy with visual seizures, but the reverse misdiagnosis is more common. Treatment The prevention and treatment of acephalgic migraine is broadly the same as for classical migraine, but the symptoms are usually less severe than those of classic migraine, so treatment is less likely to be required. See also ICHD classification and diagnosis of migraine References Category:Headaches	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yuto Yamada is a Japanese footballer currently playing as a midfielder for Kashiwa Reysol of J2 League. Club statistics . Notes References External links Category:2000 births Category:Living people Category:Japanese footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:J2 League players Category:Kashiwa Reysol players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kawasaki Stadium For Kawasaki Frontale football club's home venue, see Kawasaki Todoroki Stadium. was a stadium in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. The stadium was opened in 1952 and had a capacity of 30,000 people. It was primarily used for baseball and was home of the Taiyo Whales until they moved to Yokohama in 1977 and became the Yokohama Taiyo Whales. It was also home to the Takahashi Unions from 1954 to 1956, before they became the Daiei Unions, and the Lotte Orions before they moved to Chiba in 1992 and became the Chiba Lotte Marines. The venue was used by Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling for its annual Anniversary Show from 1991 to 1997 until it was demolished in 1998. FMW returned for one more show in 2001. External links Stadium information Category:Sports venues completed in 1952 Category:Defunct baseball venues in Japan Category:American football venues in Japan Category:Sports venues in Kawasaki, Kanagawa Category:Defunct sports venues in Japan Category:1952 establishments in Japan Category:Professional wrestling venues in Japan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Marc Thompson (voice actor) Marc Thompson (born May 20, 1975) is an American voice actor who has worked for 4Kids Entertainment, NYAV Post and DuArt Film and Video. Some of his major roles include Kevin Thompson, Anthony DeMartino, Timothy O'Neill in Daria. He is notable for voicing the titular character in Robocar Poli. He voices Casey Jones in the 2003 version of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles cartoons and video games. He is the narrator of numerous Star Wars audio books including the Legacy of the Force and Fate of the Jedi series. He earned his BFA from New York University's Tisch School of the Arts in 1997. Filmography Animation ---> Anime Video games Audio books References Bibliography External links Category:1975 births Category:Living people Category:Audiobook narrators Category:American male voice actors Category:American male video game actors Category:American male stage actors Category:Male actors from New York (state) Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Tisch School of the Arts alumni Category:Ministers of the Churches of Christ Category:20th-century American male actors Category:21st-century American male actors	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Transmedia storytelling Transmedia storytelling (also known as transmedia narrative or multiplatform storytelling) is the technique of telling a single story or story experience across multiple platforms and formats using current digital technologies. The study of Transmedia Storytelling—a concept introduced by Henry Jenkins, author of the seminal book Convergence Culture—is an emerging subject. Because of the nature of new media and different platforms, varying authors have different understandings of it. Jenkins states the tern "transmedia" means "across media" and may be applied to superficially similar, but different phenomena. In particular, the concept of "transmedia storytelling" should not to be confused with traditional cross-platform, "transmedia" media franchises, or "media mixes". One example that Jenkins gives is of the media conglomerate DC Comics. This organization releases comic books before the release of its related films so the audience understands a character's backstory. Much of transmedia storytelling is not based on singular characters of plot lines, but rather focuses on larger complex worlds where multiple characters and plot lines can be sustained for a longer period of time. In addition, Jenkins focused on how transmedia extends to attract larger audiences. For example, DC Comics releases coloring books to attract younger audience members. Sometimes, audience members can feel as though some transmedia storylines have left gaps in the plot line or character development, so they begin another extension of transmedia storytelling, such as fan fiction. Transmedia storytelling exists in the form of transmedia narratives, which Kalinov and Markova define as: "a multimedia product which communicates its narrative through a multitude of integrated media channels". From a production standpoint, transmedia storytelling involves creating content that engages an audience using various techniques to permeate their daily lives. In order to achieve this engagement, a transmedia production will develop stories across multiple forms of media in order to deliver unique pieces of content in each channel. Importantly, these pieces of content are not only linked together (overtly or subtly), but are in narrative synchronization with each other. In his latest book, Nuno Bernardo shows TV and film producers how to use transmedia to build an entertainment brand that can conquer global audiences, readers and users in myriad platforms. History Transmedia Storytelling can be related to the concepts of semiotics and narratology. Semiotics is the "science of signs" and a discipline concerned with sense production and interpretation processes. Narratology looks at how structure and function factor into narrative with regards to its themes and symbols. Scolari goes on to show how semiotics and narratology are ways to analyze transmedia. Often the same text may create different kinds of implicit consumers. Transmedis storytelling is a narrative structure that breaks through both language (semiotics) and media (narratology). Some effective strategies in transmedia storytelling include producing a fresh perspective on the original material and its original context across a new form of media. Transmedia storytelling is how well a story is comprehended across media. An effective strategy of transmedia storytelling does not take a passive approach, instead engages with popular culture making a story its own and providing new context. When it comes to strict adaptation in transmedia storytelling which is translating one medium to another: a book becomes a film, a comic becomes a video game. There is also a history describing pure transmedia: the book is an exact prequel to the film, ending at the exact moment prior to the films beginning. The earliest example of this would be the Bible. During early ages when many people were illiterate, narratives were passed on verbally, through "live theatre" where they were acted out, or illustrations. The origins of the approach to disperse the content across various commodities and media is traced to the Japanese marketing strategy of media mix, originated in early 1960s. Some, however, have traced the roots to Pamela: Or, Virtue Rewarded (1740) written by Samuel Richardson and even suggest that they go back further to the roots of earliest literature. By the 1970s and 1980s, pioneering artists of telematic art made experiments of collective narrative, mixing the ancestors of today's networks, and produced both visions and critical theories of what became transmedia. With the advent of mainstream Internet usage in the 1990s, numerous creators began to explore ways to tell stories and entertain audiences using new platforms. Many early examples took the form of what was to become known as alternate reality games (ARG), which took place in real-time with a mass audience. The term ARG was itself coined in 2001 to describe The Beast, a marketing campaign for the film A.I.: Artificial Intelligence. Some early works include, but are not limited to: Ong's Hat was most likely started sometime around 1993, and also included most of the aforementioned design principles. Ong's Hat also incorporated elements of legend tripping into its design, as chronicled in a scholarly work titled Legend-Tripping Online: Supernatural Folklore and the Search for Ong's Hat. Dreadnot, an early example of an ARG-style project, was published on sfgate.com in 1996. This ARG included working voice mail phone numbers for characters, clues in the source code, character email addresses, off-site websites, and real locations in San Francisco. Star Wars Star Trek The Matrix - feature film, 1999 The Blair Witch Project – feature film, 1999 On Line – feature film, 2001 The Beast – game, 2001 Majestic – video game, 2001 Avatar - feature film, 2009 Lost TV Series - 2004-2010 Disney Marvel Comics DC Comics These examples were successful because of the impact their multi-platform storytelling became. Star Wars is one of the most extensive because its world is built across a multitude of platforms. The Blair Witch Project is impactful with their multi-platform storytelling because their online marketing campaign marks the first use of web storytelling. The Disney empire needs to be mentioned because much of the Disney "formula" for youth products: this tends to be straddle the nonexistent line between adaptation and TM storytelling but their franchise approach floods the market with multimedia examples. Many comics from the MCU or DC Universe that have been adapted to video games, feature films, animated shorts, comic books, etc.: Superman, Spiderman, Avengers, etc. (origin stories, sequels, spinoffs, etc.) have been successful. Current state Both traditional and dedicated transmedia entertainment studios have fully integrated and embraced transmedia storytelling techniques into entertainment culture. It began as a search for a new storytelling form, native to digital content and communications channels. Developing technologies have enabled projects to include single-player experiences in addition to real=time multiplayer experiences such as alternate reality games such as Fortnite. While the list of current and recent projects is too extensive to list here, some notable examples of transmedia storytelling include: Slide, a native transmedia experience for Fox8 TV in Australia. Skins, a transmedia extension of the Channel 4/Company Pictures TV show by Somethin' Else in the UK. Halo, a video game series created by Bungie and currently developed by 343 Industries that has evolved to include novels, comic books, audio plays, live action web series and an upcoming live action television series from Showtime. ReGenesis, a Canadian television series with a real-time transmedia (alternate reality game) extension that took place in sync with the episodes as they aired. The Lizzie Bennet Diaries, a web series adaptation of Pride and Prejudice with Twitter and Tumblr accounts. JFH: Justice For Hire from Creative Impulse Entertainment, a martial arts-themed transmedia comic book series created by Jan Lucanus that integrates live action films, a web series, animation, and music to tell stories across a universe timeline. MyMusic, transmedia sitcom by Fine Brothers Productions as part of YouTube's original channels initiative, one of the more robust transmedia experiences. Clockwork Watch, an independent project, about a non-colonial Steampunk world, told across graphic novels, live events, online and a feature film created by Yomi Ayeni. Defiance, a television show and video game paired to tell connective and separate stories. The HIVE Transmedia Project, by Daniel D.W. is a sci-fi novella series incorporating QR codes within the text to multimedia and a simulated reality story. Check, Please! by Ngozi Ukazu is an ongoing webcomic since 2013. The narrative is supplemented with a Twitter account of the main protagonist. Endgame: Proving Ground, a web, phone, book, movie & live paid actor campaign of transreality gaming by Niantic Labs beginning in 2014. The Man with the Jazz Guitar creates the portrait of jazz musician Ken Sykora, across music, film, radio, print and digital. Pokemon, There are video games, television shows, and card games all that use Pokemon as a center and point of entry. There is no one text that is the origination of the Pokemon series. 24, American Television Series (2001-2010) The Hunger Games, a young adult book series adapted to wildly popular movies and fan fiction based on the character plot lines. Scolari uses the example of 24 to show how transmedia storytelling occurs. 24 originated on Fox as a TV series but within a few years, it had generated a complex network of comics, video games, books, mobile episodes, etc. around the main character Jack Bauer and the Los Angeles Counter Terrorist Unit (CTU). Scolari writes that 24 creates a complex semiotic device for generating multiple implicit consumers who can be classified according to their relationship with the media. At the first level, there are single text consumers or those who just read the comic or play the video game. The consumer can understand the story without having to consume the rest of the texts. On a second level, 24 constructs different single media consumers. Here a viewer can enter the narrative world by watching the TV series every week. Finally, 24 created transmedia consumers because there are different media across different platforms that the consumer can enter into. In 'Digital State: How the internet is changing everything' (2013), author Simon Pont argues that transmedia storytelling is a theory that is at last starting to find its practical stride. Pont cites Ridley Scott's Alien-prequel Prometheus (2012), and specifically the three viral films produced by 20th Century Fox as part of the advance global marketing campaign, as vivid executional examples of transmedia storytelling theory. Where Robert McKee (Story, 1998) argues that back-story is a waste of time (because if the back-story is so good then this is surely the story worth telling), Pont proposes that storytellers like J. J. Abrams and Damon Lindelof have "pretty much lined McKee's argument up against a wall and shot it". Pont goes on to argue, "Parallel and non-linear timelines, 'multi-verses', grand narratives with crazy-rich character arcs, 'back-story' has become 'more story', the opportunity to add Byzantine layers of meaning and depth. You don't create a story world by stripping away, but by layering". In 'Ball & Flint: transmedia in 90 seconds' (2013), Pont likens transmedia story-telling to "throwing a piece of flint at an old stone wall" and "delighting in the ricochet", making story something you can now "be hit by and cut by". Shannon Emerson writes in the blog post "Great Examples of Multiplatform Storytelling" that transmedia storytelling can also be called multiplatform storytelling, transmedia narrative, and even cross-media seriality. She also cites Henry Jenkins as a leading scholar in this realm. Educational uses Transmedia storytelling mimics daily life, making it a strong constructivist pedagogical tool for educational uses. The level of engagement offered by transmedia storytelling is essential to the Me or Millennial Generation as no single media satisfy curiosity. Schools have been slow to adopt the emergence of this new culture which shifts the spotlight of literacy from being one of individual expression to one of community. Whether we see it or not, Jenkins notes that we live in a globally connected world in which we use multiple platforms to connect and communicate. Using Transmedia storytelling as a pedagogical tool, wherein students interact with platforms, such as Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, or Tumblr permits students' viewpoints, experiences, and resources to establish a shared collective intelligence that is enticing, engaging, and immersive, catching the millennial learners' attention, ensuring learners a stake in the experience. Transmedia storytelling offers the educator the ability to lead students to think critically, identify with the material and gain knowledge, offering valuable framework for the constructivist educational pedagogy that supports student centered learning. Transmedia storytelling allows for the interpretation of the story from the individual perspective, making way for personalized meaning-making. In 'The Better Mousetrap: Brand Invention in a Media Democracy' (2012), Pont explains, "Transmedia thinking anchors itself to the world of story, the ambition principally being one of how you can 'bring story to life' in different places, in a non-linear fashion. The marketing of movies is the most obvious applications of thie concept. Transmedia maintains that there's a 'bigger picture opportunity' to punting a big picture to additional platforms. Transmedia theory, applied to a movie launch, is all about promoting the story, not the 'premiere date of a movie starring...' In an industry built on the conventions of 'stars sell movies', where their name sits above the film's title, transmedia thinking is anti-conventional and boldly purist." Transmedia storytelling is also used by companies like Microsoft and Kimberly-Clark to train employees and managers. Gronstedt and Ramos argues: "At the core of every training challenge is a good story waiting to be told. More and more, these stories are being told across a multitude of devices and screens, where they can reach learners more widely, and engage with them more deeply." However, transmedia storytelling isn't used much at lower education levels. Children would thrive using transmedia storytelling worlds in their learning, but many of these worlds have copyrights linked to them. Transmedia storytelling has yet to tackle learning and educating children, but there have been a few transmedia worlds that have begun to show up with education, mostly by Disney. Transmedia storytelling is apparent in comics, films, print media, radio, and now social media. The story is told different depending on the medium. With social media, the story is told differently depending on which social media platform someone uses (Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, etc.) The scale in which the impact each medium has differs from medium to medium. Before social media, radio and print media were the primary medium to connect with an audience. With the advancements in technology, social media has become the go-to medium to reach a large group of people in a fast amount of time. In the ideal form of TS, “each medium does what it does best — so that a story might be introduced in a film, expanded through television, novels, and comics, and its world might be explored and experienced through game play. Each franchise entry needs to be self-contained enough to enable autonomous consumption. That is, you don't need to have seen the film to enjoy the game and vice-versa.” For the purpose of studying transmedia storytelling and how information becomes spreadable across multiple media platforms, we can look at four strategies for expanding the narrative world of media texts. First is the creation of interstitial microstories. Examples of these are video games, online clips, or comics. Next is the creation of parallel stories. Here, the idea is to create another story that unfolds at the same time as the macrostory. Scolari uses the example of the episode 24: Conspiracy. Third, the creation of peripheral stories is considered spin-offs from the original stories. The example of 24 novels is used to show how texts have a weak relationship to the macrostory, but still connected to it. The final strategy is user-generated content platforms like blogs or wikis. These environments are open source story-creation machines that allow users to add to the fictional world. This could also be called fan fiction. Each medium reaches a different audience. Traditional medium’s such as radio, print media, and film, garner older audiences because of the familiarity of that generation with those specific mediums. Scolari uses the example of Shrek. It is a film for kids, but some of the dialogue contains jokes that are meant for adults. Thus, the same text is creating at least two groups of consumers-children and adults or parents. The millennial generation uses a combination of mediums because there awareness of traditional media and the advancements of social media. The Gen Z audience is drawn to the social media medium similar to the reason to the Gen X audience is drawn to traditional mediums, because of the familiarity of the medium. References Further reading Azemard, Ghislaine (2013), 100 notions for crossmedia and transmedia, éditions de l'immatériel, p. 228 Bernardo, Nuno (2014) Transmedia 2.0: How to Create an Entertainment Brand Using a Transmedial Approach to Storytelling Bernardo, Nuno (2011) The Producer's Guide to Transmedia: How to Develop, Fund, Produce and Distribute Compelling Stories Across Multiple Platforms McAdams, Mindy (2016). Transmedia Storytelling. Conference paper: World Journalism Education Congress, Auckland, New Zealand. Phillips, Andrea. (2012) Transmedia Storytelling Pont, Simon (2013) "Digital State: How the Internet is Changing Everything". Kogan Page. Pont, Simon (2012) "The Better Mousetrap: Brand Invention in a Media Democracy". Kogan Page. Pratten, Robert (2015) Getting Started in Transmedia Storytelling: A Practical Guide for Beginners 2nd Edition Vernallis, Carol, Holly Rogers and Lisa Perrott (2020), Transmedia Directors: Artistry, Industry and New Audiovisual Aesthetics. Category:Storytelling * *	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Russian Chapel on the Vršič Pass The Russian Chapel on the Vršič Pass () is a Russian Orthodox chapel located on the Russian Road on the northern side of the Vršič Pass in northwestern Slovenia. The chapel, dedicated to Saint Vladimir, was built by Russian prisoners of war engaged in forced labor in the area during World War I. It serves as both a war memorial and a symbolic link between Slovenia and Russia. History In early 1915, the small town of Kranjska Gora suddenly became strategically important due to its proximity to the Isonzo Front. To facilitate access from the town to the front, the Austro-Hungarian authorities ordered the construction of a military road across the Vršič Pass, a 1,611 m pass between the Sava and Soča Valleys, to be built by Russian prisoners of war (POWs). The road was begun in May 1915, and was completed by the end of the year. To ensure an uninterrupted supply of materiel to the front lines, the pass was to be kept traversable year-round, and the POWs were forced to clear the road of heavy snowfall. On 8 or 12 March 1916 (sources vary), an avalanche buried a POW work camp, killing approximately 110 prisoners and about 7 guards. During the time of the construction there were more than 380 casualties in total. Exact casualty figures were never determined, either for the victims of the avalanche of for those of the brutal overwork and appalling conditions. The Russian camp was located roughly halfway up the slope of Vršic. Until November 1916, the remaining prisoners built a small wooden memorial chapel. The building is of typical Russian design, with two small towers on either side of the nave, and is surrounded by prisoners' graves and a pyramid-shaped memorial marker to the immediate right of the chapel, with the Cyrillic inscription reading "To the sons of Russia". The site was renovated in 2005, at a cost of €90,000, and again in 2010 after a theft of the copper roof plates. The pass road on the Kranjska Gora side from the Erika Hotel to the top was renamed "Russian Road" () in June 2006. References Vrsic Category:World War I memorials Category:Chapels in Slovenia Category:Monuments and memorials in Slovenia Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1916 Category:Eastern Orthodox church buildings in Slovenia Category:Russian Orthodox chapels Category:1916 establishments in Slovenia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Baptist Mary David John Baptist Mary David, S.S. (), (June 4, 1761 – July 12, 1841) was a French-born prelate of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Bardstown in Kentucky from 1832-33. Biography David was born in Couëron, in the Province of Brittany (now the Department of Loire-Atlantique) in pre-revolutionary France. At age 7 he was placed under the care of his uncle, a priest, who instructed the boy in Latin, French, and music. He entered the nearby college of the Oratorians at age 14, and later the seminary of the Diocese of Nantes, receiving the tonsure in 1778. Ordained a priest on September 24, 1785, he joined the Society of Saint-Sulpice (commonly known as the Sulpicians) and taught philosophy, theology, and Scripture at the Sulpician seminary in Angers from 1786 until 1790, when the French Revolution forced him to seek shelter in the private home of a Catholic family. In January 1792, seeking safety, David was part of a small group of Sulpicians who left France for the United States, under the leadership of the Abbé Benedict Joseph Flaget, S.S., landing in Baltimore, Maryland in March. He was first sent by Bp. John Carroll to serve the Catholics of southern Maryland in Bryantown and missions in Charles County. While professor of philosophy at Georgetown College (1804–06), he continued to serve as a missionary to southern Maryland. He was the professor of theology at St. Mary's Seminary (1806–10) in Baltimore, where he was also acting president during 1810-11. In 1810 he moved west to serve under his colleague, Flaget, now the bishop of the Diocese of Bardstown, Kentucky, where he established St. Thomas Seminary. In 1812 he founded the Sisters of Charity of Nazareth, whose Superior General he remained almost to the end of his life. On July 4, 1817, David was appointed Coadjutor Bishop of Bardstown and Titular Bishop of Maurocastrum by Pope Pius VII. He received his episcopal consecration on August 15, 1819 (the two-year-long delay due to his reluctance to accept his nomination) from Bishop Flaget. Following his consecration, he continued to serve as a missionary, superior of St. Thomas' Seminary, and pastor of St. Joseph's Cathedral. David succeeded Flaget as the second Bishop of Bardstown on August 25, 1832. However, he resigned as Bishop less than a year later, on March 17, 1833. His poor health compelled him to retire to the motherhouse of the Sisters of Charity he had founded in Nazareth, where he later died at age 80 and was buried. References Episcopal succession Category:1761 births Category:1841 deaths Category:People from Couëron Category:Sulpicians Category:Breton Roman Catholic priests Category:French emigrants to the United States Category:French Roman Catholic missionaries Category:Sulpician bishops Category:American Roman Catholic bishops Category:Catholic Church in Maryland Category:Catholic Church in Kentucky Category:Burials in Kentucky Category:Religious leaders from Kentucky Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Otterbach (Inde) Otterbach is a small river of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Inde near Eschweiler. See also List of rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia Category:Rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia Category:Rivers of Germany	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lüderitz Bay Lüderitz Bay or Lüderitzbaai (), also known as Angra Pequena (, "small cove"), is a bay in the coast of Namibia, Africa. The city of Lüderitz is located at the edge of the bay. Geography The bay is indented and complex in structure. It opens to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. Lüderitz town is located in the southern shore of the inner eastern bay, which is known as Angra Pequena in Portuguese and opens towards the north. Further west Griffith Bay, a deep inlet, stretches southwards in the southern part. The bay west of 'Angra Point' is known as Shearwater Bay, the location of a proposed port for the export of amongst other things, coal from Botswana. This requires the construction of the 1600 km Trans Kalahari Railway. There are two islands facing Agate Beach in the northeastern part of the bay, Penguin Island and Seal Island. History The easternmost bay was named Angra Pequena when first mapped in 1487 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias, although in some maps it appeared as Angra de São Christóvão. In 1883 the bay area was made into a trading station by German trader Adolf Lüderitz. He renamed it Lüderitz and concluded treaties with the neighbouring chiefs, who ceded large tracts of country to the newcomers. Under the belief that Britain was about to claim the area as a protectorate, Lüderitz transferred his rights over the bay on 24 April 1884 to the German Imperial Government, and on the following 7 August Chancellor Otto von Bismarck proclaimed a German protectorate over the station and the surrounding area. Renamed Lüderitzbucht (Lüderitz Bay) by the Germans, the location then became a naval base for German South West Africa, modern day Namibia. The two islands off Agate Beach, rich in guano deposits, were annexed by Great Britain in 1867 and added to Cape Colony in 1874 as part of the offshore territory known as Penguin Islands. See also Walvis Bay Shark Island Concentration Camp References Category:History of Namibia Category:German South West Africa Category:Lüderitz Category:Bays of Namibia Category:Portuguese colonisation in Africa	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alex McGeoch Alexander McGeoch (10 March 1854 – 24 January 1922) was a Scottish footballer, who played for Glasgow Western, Dumbreck and Scotland. McGeoch also played cricket and rugby union. References Sources External links London Hearts profile Category:1854 births Category:1922 deaths Category:Scottish footballers Category:Scotland international footballers Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:Dumbreck F.C. players Category:Scottish rugby union players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Torbjörn Caspersson Torbjörn Oskar Caspersson (15 October 1910 – 7 December 1997) was a Swedish cytologist and geneticist. He was born in Motala and attended the University of Stockholm, where he studied medicine and biophysics. Caspersson made several key contributions to biology. In the 1934 he and Einar Hammarsten showed that DNA was a polymer. Previous theories suggested that each molecule was only ten nucleotides long. He provided William Astbury with well prepared samples of DNA for Astbury's pioneering structural measurements. In 1936, in his doctoral thesis in chemistry, presented at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, he first studied genetic material inside a cell with an ultraviolet microscope to determine the nucleic acid content of cellular structures such as the nucleus and nucleolus using the Feulgen reaction to stain the DNA. He worked with Jack Schultz in Stockholm from 1937–1939 on protein synthesis is cells and published the work in 1939, where he independent of Jean Brachet, working out the same problem using a different technique, found that cells making proteins are rich in ribonucleic acids RNA, implying that RNA is required to make proteins. This was summarised in his book 'Cell Growth and Cell Function' (1950). He received a personal professorship from the Swedish state in 1944. He became head of the newly created department for cell research and genetics at the Medical Nobel Institute, at the Karolinska, in 1945. He was the first to study the giant chromosomes found in insect larvae. He studied the role of the nucleolus in protein synthesis. He examined the relationship between the quantity of heterochromatin (chromosomes with few genes) and the rate of growth of cancer cells. In 1969 when working at the Karolinska Institute, he (with Lore Zech) found that a stain (quinacrine mustard) caused chromosomes to show light and dark lateral bands along their length. This banding method permits the accurate identification of all 22 autosomes and the X and Y chromosomes. This technique highlighted slight structural abnormalities and specific identification of the extra chromosomes involved in conditions such as Down's syndrome (see also cytogenetics). In 1977 he retired as head of the medical cell research and genetics department at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm In 1979 Caspersson was awarded the Balzan Prize for Biology "For his fundamental studies on protein metabolism and nucleic acids, culminating in a method for identifying specific bands on individual chromosomes by ultraviolet microscopy, thereby creating a new tool for the study of evolution" (motivation of the Balzan General Prize Committee). References External links Kay Guide at amphilsoc.org International Balzan Foundation Category:Swedish biologists Category:Stockholm University alumni Category:1910 births Category:1997 deaths Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society Category:Schleiden Medal recipients Category:Swedish geneticists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Liridona Syla Liridona Syla (born 5 February 1986) is a Kosovan professional footballer who plays as a defender for Kosovan club Mitrovica and the Kosovo national team. Club career Hajvalia 2016–17 season Syla opened the 2017–18 season by playing in the qualifying round in the 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League, she played in the opening game of the 2016–17 UEFA Women's Champions League campaign against PAOK in a 1–1 draw. International career On 27 February 2017, Syla was named as part of the Kosovo squad for 2017 Turkish Women's Cup. On 1 March 2017, she made his debut with Kosovo in a match against Poland after coming on as a substitute. International goals \|- \|1. \| \|Fadil Vokrri Stadium, Pristina, Kosovo \| \|align="center"\|2–0 \|align="center"\|2–0 \|align="center"\|UEFA Women's Euro 2021 qualifying \|align="center"\| \|} References External links Category:1986 births Category:Living people Category:People from Skenderaj Category:Women's association football defenders Category:Kosovan women's footballers Category:Kosovo women's international footballers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Weekend Magic Weekend Magic () is a 1927 German silent romance film directed by Rudolf Walther-Fein and starring Harry Liedtke, Lissy Arna and Gustav Rickelt. Cast Harry Liedtke as Heinz Sattorius - Neffe Frensens Lissy Arna as Marcella Ferrari Gustav Rickelt as Jonathan Frensen - Kapitän a.D. Erich Kaiser-Titz as Justizrat Mahlau Margarete Kupfer as Witwe Lehmann Maria Paudler as Fritzi - ihre Tochter Fritz Kampers as Wilhelm - ihr Sohn Iwa Wanja as Annie Frenzel Carl Geppert as Hinnings - Jonathans Diener Olaf Storm as Ein junger Künstler Frida Richard as Die Wäscherin Sophie Pagay as Die Zimmervermieterin Hermann Picha as Der Badedirektor Heinrich Gotho as Der Eisverkäufer Alfred Loretto as Der Wurstmaxe Ita Rina References Bibliography Grange, William. Cultural Chronicle of the Weimar Republic. Scarecrow Press, 2008. External links Category:1927 films Category:1920s romantic comedy films Category:German romantic comedy films Category:German films Category:Films of the Weimar Republic Category:German silent feature films Category:Films directed by Rudolf Walther-Fein Category:German black-and-white films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Quartet (Herbie Hancock album) Quartet is the thirty-fourth album by jazz pianist Herbie Hancock, his first with the V.S.O.P. Quartet without Freddie Hubbard and Wayne Shorter. It was originally issued in Japan on CBS/Sony, and later given a US release by Columbia. Overview Without Wayne Shorter (who was working with Weather Report and his own solo projects) and Freddie Hubbard, Hancock along with Ron Carter and Tony Williams reunited, and toured with a young Wynton Marsalis. This album was recorded during the tour of Japan. Some of the songs were from the 1965–1968 Miles Davis quintet, while one was from Hancock's own repertoire. The first two tracks on the album "Well You Needn't" and "'Round Midnight" are developed from two jazz standards by Thelonious Monk. The last track, "I Fall In Love Too Easily", develops from a 1945 Styne and Cahn song. Reception The Penguin Guide to Jazz commented that Hancock's playing standard was not as good as earlier in his career, but concluded that, "Fortunately for the album, Marsalis is feeling his oats, dispatching his solos with testy arrogance, and of course the other two rhythm players are in superb shape." The AllMusic reviewer highlighted Marsalis's contribution, writing that "This is an extremely symbolic album, for Herbie Hancock and the V.S.O.P. rhythm section essentially pass the torch of the '80s acoustic jazz revival to the younger generation, as personified by then 19-year-old Wynton Marsalis." Track listing "Well You Needn't" (Thelonious Monk) - 6:29 "'Round Midnight" (Bernie Hanighen, Cootie Williams, Monk) - 6:41 "Clear Ways" (Tony Williams) - 5:00 "A Quick Sketch" (Ron Carter) - 16:27 "The Eye of the Hurricane" (Herbie Hancock) - 8:05 "Parade" (Carter) - 7:58 "The Sorcerer" (Hancock) - 7:19 "Pee Wee" (T. Williams) - 4:34 "I Fall In Love Too Easily" (Jule Styne, Sammy Cahn) - 5:52 Personnel Musicians Herbie Hancock - piano Wynton Marsalis - trumpet Ron Carter - bass Tony Williams - drums Production David Rubinson & Friends Inc., Herbie Hancock Tomoo Suzuki - Recording Engineer References External links Herbie Hancock - Quartet at the Discogs website Category:1982 albums Category:Columbia Records albums Category:Herbie Hancock albums Category:Albums produced by Dave Rubinson	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Afterburner (Dance Gavin Dance album) Afterburner is American rock band Dance Gavin Dance's upcoming ninth full-length studio album, set to be released on April 24, 2020, through Rise Records. The album will follow-up the group's eighth studio album, Artificial Selection (2018). The music for the album was recorded between January and November 2019 with producer Kris Crummett at Interlace Audio in Portland, Oregon while the vocals were recorded with producer Drew Fulk in Los Angeles, California. In support of the album, the band released the lead single, "Prisoner", featuring American musician and Royal Coda guitarist Sergio Medina, on February 21, 2020. The group will embark on a headlining 2020 spring tour in support of the album with support from Animals As Leaders, Issues, Veil of Maya, and Royal Coda in North America, which will be followed by a European leg in May. Background On June 8, 2018, Dance Gavin Dance released their eighth studio album Artificial Selection. The album was heavily supported by extensive touring, including two supporting tours with American rock band Underoath on their No Fix and Erase Me North American tours, a headlining spring 2018 tour, their 2019 headlining Artificial Selection Tour, and performances at SwanFest, Rock USA, the Vans Warped Tour 25th anniversary concert, Las Ragous, and Good Things Music Festival. On March 22, 2019, the band released "Head Hunter", a stand-alone single, accompanied with its music video. Another single, "Blood Wolf", was released on October 11, along with its music video. In October 2019, the band's vocalist Tilian Pearson confirmed that these two singles will not appear on the band's upcoming ninth studio album, nor are they indicative of the album's sound, while further revealing that the group will be releasing a new album in 2020. On May 31, 2019, the band released an instrumental version of Artificial Selection. They began a pattern of releasing an instrumental version of their studio albums on the last Friday of every month since, with Mothership, being released on June 28 and so forth, concluding with Downtown Battle Mountain on December 27, 2019. On August 30, 2019, the band released a remastered version of their 2013 album Acceptance Speech, accompanied with the instrumental version. Recording In January 2019, Dance Gavin Dance lead guitarist Will Swan revealed on Twitter that he was recording new material in Portland, Oregon, at Kris Crummett's recording studio, Interlace Audio. In July 2019, Tilian Pearson revealed he was writing for the band's upcoming ninth studio album. Crummett tracked guitar with Will Swan and Secret Band guitarist Martin Bianchini in September. In an October 2019 interview, drummer Matthew Mingus disclosed that the new album will be "very technical" and will consist of 15 songs. In November, Pearson confirmed he had completed recording vocals for the album with record producer Drew Fulk in Los Angeles, California. Mixing for the album was completed by Kris Crummett in December 2019. Guest appearances on the album see Strawberry Girls guitarist Zachary Garren and Eidola vocalist and guitarist Andrew Wells returning for secondary guitar parts in addition to Veil of Maya guitarist Marc Okubo and Royal Coda guitarist Sergio Medina also featuring as secondary guitarists. Wells also is credited as a guest vocalist on the song "Nothing Shameful". Johnny Franck, credited as Bilmuri, is featured as a guest vocalist on "Into the Sunset". Artwork The album artwork for Afterburner was illustrated by Swedish illustrator and artist Mattias Adolfsson, who had previously created the artwork for every Dance Gavin Dance album since the band's debut studio album, Downtown Battle Mountain (2007). The album cover depicts a robot minotaur figure in the center with creatures who seem to be cowering around the figure whilst the environment around them is in flames. In an interview with Rock Sound, the band expressed that they had received the artwork prior to the recording sessions so they could create a more cohesive album, similar to their past two studio albums. Promotion The band announced Afterburner on February 21, 2020, accompanied with the release of its lead single, "Prisoner", and its music video. Tour On November 12, 2019, Dance Gavin Dance announced a 2020 spring tour, scheduled to take place from March 12 to April 25, with support from Animals As Leaders, Issues, Veil of Maya, and Royal Coda. The band will perform at their second annual SwanFest on April 25, 2020, at Papa Murphy's Park in Sacramento, California. A European leg of their spring tour will take place from May 23 to May 29. The band will perform at Welcome to Rockville in Daytona Beach, Florida, on May 10, 2020, Sonic Temple Fest in Columbus, Ohio, on May 17, and Slam Dunk Festival in Leeds and Hatfield on May 23 and May 24, respectively. Track listing Credits adapted from Google Play Music. Credits and personnel Dance Gavin Dance Tilian Pearson – clean vocals Jon Mess – unclean vocals Will Swan – lead guitar Tim Feerick – bass guitar Matthew Mingus – drums, percussion Additional personnel Martin Bianchini – guitar Marc Okubo – guitar Zachary Garren – guitar Sergio Medina – additional guitar (on track 1, 8, 12) Andrew Wells – guitar (on track 10), guest vocals (on track 12) Johnny Franck "Bilmuri" – guest vocals (on track 13) Production Kris Crummett – production, mixing engineer, mastering engineer Drew Fulk "WZRD BLD" – vocal production References Category:2020 albums Category:Dance Gavin Dance albums Category:Rise Records albums Category:Albums produced by Kris Crummett Category:Upcoming albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gwiazdy tańczą na lodzie (season 2) The 2nd season of Gwiazdy tańczą na lodzie, the Polish edition of Dancing on Ice, started on March 7, 2008 and ended on May 23, 2008. It was broadcast by TVP2. Tatiana Okupnik and Maciej Kurzajewski as the hosts, and the judges were: Dorota Rabczewska, Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Maria Zuchowicz and Igor Kryszyłowicz. Couples Scores Red numbers indicate the lowest score for each week. Green numbers indicate the highest score for each week. indicates the couple eliminated that week. indicates the returning couple that finished in the bottom two (Skate Off). indicates the winning couple of the week. indicates the runner-up of the week. Average Chart The Best Score (10.0) Episodes Week 1 – Present Hits Individual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Dorota Rabczewska, Igor Kryszyłowicz, Maria Zuchowicz. Running order Skate OFF Running order Week 2 – Movie Music Individual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Dorota Rabczewska, Igor Kryszyłowicz, Maria Zuchowicz. Running order Skate OFF Running order Week 3 – Love Songs Individual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Dorota Rabczewska, Igor Kryszyłowicz, Maria Zuchowicz.Running orderSkate OFFRunning order Week 4 – Disco Songs Individual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Igor Kryszyłowicz, Rafał Mroczek, Maria Zuchowicz.Running orderSkate OFFRunning order Week 5 – Hip Hop Songs & R'n'B Songs Individual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Dorota Rabczewska, Igor Kryszyłowicz, Maria Zuchowicz. Running orderSkate OFF''' Running order Week 6 – 20's & 30'sIndividual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Dorota Rabczewska, Igor Kryszyłowicz, Maria Zuchowicz. Running order Skate OFF Running order Week 7 – Pop Songs & Sweet 16Individual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Dorota Rabczewska, Igor Kryszyłowicz, Maria Zuchowicz.Running order Skate OFF Running order Week 8 – Classic Songs & Vacation SongsIndividual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Dorota Rabczewska, Igor Kryszyłowicz, Maria Zuchowicz.Running order Skate OFF Running order Week 9 – Classic Rock & MusicalsIndividual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Dorota Rabczewska, Igor Kryszyłowicz, Maria Zuchowicz.Running order Skate OFF Running order Week 10 – Aria & Jazz, SwingIndividual judges scores in charts below (given in parentheses) are listed in this order from left to right: Włodzimierz Szaranowicz, Dorota Rabczewska, Igor Kryszyłowicz, Maria Zuchowicz.'' Running order Skate OFF Running order Week 11 – Popular Duet & The Best Dance Running order Episode results Rating Figures 2 Category:2008 Polish television seasons	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Anazapta Anazapta is a 2002 British mystery thriller film directed by Alberto Sciamma and starring Jason Flemyng, Lena Headey, Christopher Fairbank, Ian McNeice, Jeff Nuttall. In the US the film was released as Black Plague. Plot The film is set in England in 1348. While the Hundred Years War rages on between England and France, a detachment of soldiers returns to the estate of the beautiful English noblewoman Lady Matilda (Lena Headey) with news that her husband, Sir Walter de Mellerby (Jon Finch), was captured and remains hostage in France. Meanwhile, the soldiers led by her husband's nephew Nicholas (Jason Flemyng) have brought with them a prisoner, Jacques de Saint Amant (David La Haye), the son of the one holding her husband. He can be exchanged for Sir Walter and for an additional ransom, which will save her estate from bankruptcy, as they are deeply in debt to the bishop. When Lady Matilda asks the bishop (Ian McNeice) for time to get the ransom, he informs her that he will expect sexual favors from her if the money does not arrive. After some time, however, the inhabitants of the manor begin to die, one by one, a mysterious and painful death. Lady Matilda starts suspecting that the prisoner, whom she has come to care for, is not what he claims to be. Cast Lena Headey ... as Lady Matilda Mellerby David La Haye ... as Jacques de Saint Amant Jason Flemyng ... as Nicholas Christopher Fairbank ... as Steward Anthony O'Donnell ... as Randall Jeff Nuttall ... as Priest Ralph Riach ... as Physician Hayley Carmichael ... as Agnes Ian McNeice ... as Bishop Jon Finch ... as Sir Walter de Mellerby References External links Category:2002 films Category:2000s thriller films Category:English-language films Category:British films Category:Films set in the 14th century	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
French Engineering Works The French Engineering Works or FEW, is a manufacturer, exporter and importer of High Speed Steel cutting tools. The firm was founded in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 1918 by Herman Moser to manufacture rock drill spares for the mining industry in Johannesburg. The business diversified into manufacture of precision tools, and HSS cutting tools for the metal industry. Their product range includes taps, dies, bits, cutters, toolbits, and thread-rolling dies (flat and circular). References External links Category:Tool manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom Category:Tool manufacturing companies of South Africa Category:Manufacturing companies based in Johannesburg Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1918 Category:Technology companies established in 1918 Category:South African brands	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1942 Second Air Force Bombers football team The 1942 Second Air Force Bombers football team represented the Second Air Force during the 1942 college football season. The team, based at Fort George Wright in Spokane, Washington, compiled an 11–0–1 record and defeated the Hardin–Simmons Cowboys in the 1943 Sun Bowl. Despite its undefeated record, the Second Air Force team and all other service teams were omitted from the football rankings. Washington State, ranked No. 16 in the final AP Poll, played the Second Air Force team to a 6–6 tie. Red Reese, who coached football and basketball at Eastern Washington College before the war, was the team's head coach. The team was led by a backfield that included former Washington State quarterback Bill Sewell, fullback Vic Spadaccini from Minnesota, Hal Van Every, a triple-threat halfback who played for the Green Bay Packers before the war, and Johnny Holmes from Washington State. The linemen included ends Al Bodney and Bill Hornick, former Stanford center Tony Cavelli, Glen Conley of Washington and Don Williams of Texas at tackle, Tony Rosselli of Youngstown and Bill Holmes of Washington at guard. Schedule References Second Air Force Category:Second Air Force Superbombers football seasons Category:Sun Bowl champion seasons Category:College football undefeated seasons Category:1942 in Washington (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Legendary progenitor A legendary progenitor is a legendary or mythological figure held to be the common ancestor of a dynasty, people, tribe or ethnic group. Overview Masculinity, femininity and "ghenos" or lineage linked to legendary progenitors were fundamental concepts of family identity in the Etruscan and Ancient Greek eras. The Greeks demonstrated the principles of family functionality in the mythological lives of Zeus, Hera, Hestia and Hermes. These included communal dining, and "charis" a form of charity that Vittoro Cigoli and Eugena Scabini described as being "deployed to oppose the core of violence inherent in the family relationship". Etrusco-Roman culture, developed from the Greek where each "gens" (family or house) had their own deified hero, prince or demi-god along with various household deities. The expansion of family trees to include heroic or legendary ancestors was used to boost social status and amass personal finances. Rome's patriarchal families, along with later European dynasties engaged in power struggles, such as that to be elected Pope based on this change in family culture. Peoples from all over the world have supposed themselves descended from various different eponymic or mythical progenitors. The Italians claimed ancestry from Italus, Lydians from Lydus, Phoenicians associated with Phoenix, Sicilians legendary progenitor was Siculus, Pelasgians revered Pelasgus, Dorians traced lineage to Dorus, Aeolians were linked to Aeolus and Hellenes looked up to Helen. Legendary progenitors also gave their names to places, Memphis was alleged to have been built by Menes and Ninevah by Ninus. In later times, place names in Britain were given the names of legendary chieftains or Anglo-Saxon Kings. Isaac Taylor suggests that "minute fragments of historic truth have been conserved". He notes however that the "greatest caution must be exercised as to the conclusions which we allow ourselves to draw. The traditions are generally vague and obscure and the personages whose names are associated with these sites have often only a mythical, or, to speak technically, an eponymic existence." Europe In Armenian mythology Hayk the Great or The Great Hayk, also known as Hayk Nahapet, is the legendary patriarch and founder of the Armenian nation. His story is told in the History of Armenia attributed to the Armenian historian Moses of Chorene (A.D.410 to 490). In various Greek myths, Melampus is the legendary progenitor of a great, long line of seers. Along with his brother Bias, they became kings of territory in the Argeian and was acknowledged as a leader in Homer's Odyssey. His grandson is recorded as the prophet Theoklymenos. Niccolò Machiavelli discussed how in Ancient Rome, Aeneas the Trojan and Romulus were alternately said to have been the city's legendary founders. He considered how one's view of history could be influenced by the preference of one progenitor over another, saying, "if whoever examines the building of Rome takes Aeneas for its first progenitor [], it will be of those cities built by foreigners, while if he takes Romulus it will be of those built by men native to the place". Machiavelli does not take a preference and suggests Rome had "a free beginning, without depending on anyone". Míl Espáine is recorded in Christian writings to be the legendary progenitor of the Gaels or Goidels of Ireland. He was suggested to have led the Milesians to be the final inhabitants of Ireland. The five ancestors of Mieszko I as well as Chościsko, the father of Piast the Wheelwright have all been suggested as legendary progenitors of the Piast dynasty in Poland. Middle East In the Middle East, Abraham (originally Abram) is regarded as the patriarch of the Arab people and Jewish people in the Bible and the Quran. In the Book of Genesis, he is blessed with this honour by God, saying "Your name will be Abraham, for I have made you a father of many nations". Asia Tan'Gun is the legendary forebear of the Korean people. In Indian Hinduism, the Rishis regarded Manu is as the legendary ancestor of the Indo-Aryan peoples in the Rig Veda. This tradition was carried forward in the Brahamanas, Puranas, Matsya Purana, Vishnu Purana and Aitareya Brahama. Brahma is also mentioned as the progenitor of Manu. Nyatri Tsenpo was a legendary progenitor of the so-called "Yarlung dynasty" of kings in Tibet. Tsenpo, or "gNya'-khri btsan-po" has been suggested to have descended from an Indian dynasty and hence linked with Buddha. In Tibet, the term is also connected with a spiritual progenitor. Tibetan Buddhists believe their ancestors to be famous teachers or translators. They consider that single spiritual progenitors can incarnate in various different people simultaneously in different geographical locations. These progenitors are given names based on their qualities and physical locations. Examples include "Prince Lion the teacher of Rgya" and "Karma, Light of Knowledge and Love the Mkhyen-brtse at Dpal-spuns". In Chinese mythology, the goddess Nüwa is a legendary progenitor of all human beings. She also creates a magic stone. Her husband Fu Xi is suggested to be the progenitor of divination and the patron saint of numbers. In Bali, a legendary forefather or "stamvader" was called Wau Rauh. He was a mythical Brahmin high priest of Majapahit who established a five caste system. He had five wives and five children and founded Brahamanic clans such as Kamenuh, Nauba, Gelgel, Kayusunia and Andapan. Prince Vijaya has been discussed as a legendary primogenitor of the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka. He is recorded in the Sri Lankan Pali chronicles as the first king and described going on a mythical quest. Monarchs continued to reign in the Kingdom of Kandy until being deposed by the British under the terms of the Kandyan Convention. Americas Mythical progenitors are honoured in songs, dance and instrumental performance by the Mbyá people in Argentina. Their songs invoke the names of various deities which are believed to reincarnate as souls in new children. Their multitude of legendary progenitors are considered to "dictate actions carried out by their children on earth". Patrick Wolfe has discussed the work of Scottish ethnologist John Ferguson McLennan in his study The Worship of Animals and Plants (1869, 1870) regarding the role of legendary progenitors in Totemism, practiced by Native Americans. He suggested that "patrilineal totem stocks were endowed with fictional ancestral figures who were well suited to provide a basis from which subsequent and more sublime theologies might develop". Africa David Conrad discusses how ancient Mali's ruling elite adopted composite characters of Islamic forebears into legendary progenitors. Such a composite image is discussed as a character called Fosana, whose legends are told as "a collage of loosely connected incidents from the Prophet's life and times." Fragments of the stories of Fosana have been connected with events in the lives of Bilal ibn Rabah al-Habashi and Suraqa bin Malik. Australia In Arnhem Land in Australia, the Gunwinggu people consider Wurugag and Waramurungundi to be their original ancestors and have been depicted in tribal art. Robert Alun Jones discussed Baldwin Spencer's study of the Alcheringa ancestors of the Arunta tribe in Australia as having both a spirit "ulthana" and a syzygy spirit "arumburinga". The syzygy spirit reincarnating repetitively as a reflection of the spirit of a single alcheringa ancestor. Primogenitors In creation myths, the first man and woman extend the concept to all of mankind. See also Mitochondrial Eve References Category:Mythological archetypes Category:Kinship and descent Category:Ethnicity	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kouvola Kouvola () is a city and municipality in southeastern Finland. It is located on the Kymijoki River in the region of Kymenlaakso and northeast of the capital, Helsinki. The city has a population of () and covers an area of of which is water. The population density is . Kouvola is bordered by the municipalities of Hamina, Heinola, Iitti, Kotka, Lapinjärvi, Loviisa, Luumäki, Miehikkälä, Mäntyharju, Pyhtää and Savitaipale. History The village of Kouvola has been inhabited since the Middle Ages, and it has belonged alternately to the churches of Hollola, Iitti and Valkeala. However, the actual development did not start until the 1870s when the Riihimäki–Saint Petersburg line was built and Kouvola became a railway junction. Kouvola railroad built Kymin mill founder Axel Wilhelm Wahren railway administration by on application, on the basis of the track engineers decided to recommend the creation of a fifth-end position in a half mile east of the variable alert Otava with acceptance on sandy soil on fabric. In the next decade, Savo was built from Kouvola to the north and Kotka line south of Kouvola, resulting in Kouvola becoming one of the busiest railway junctions in Finland. In 1918, conflict between the Red and White factions raged heavily during the Finnish Civil War. More than 200 people were killed in the area during the fighting. As a result of the railway, Kouvola was heavily built. In 1922 it was separated from the municipality of Valkeala and gained commercial rights immediately the following year. The city of Kouvola was established in 1960. In January 2009, the six municipalities of Kouvola, Kuusankoski, Elimäki, Anjalankoski, Valkeala and Jaala were consolidated, forming the new municipality of Kouvola. Kouvola has also assumed the slogan Kymijoen kaupunki (the town of Kymijoki) previously used by Anjalankoski. Culture The name itself derives from Old Finnish kouvo, meaning bear and wolf. The arms are Sable, an escarbuncle Or, base wavy Argent. Verla factory, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is located near Kouvola. The newspapers Kouvolan Sanomat and Keskilaakso are published in Kouvola. The third biggest Amusement park in Finland, called Tykkimäki is located in Kouvola. Province History of Kouvola Viipuri Province (1922–1945) Kymi Province (1945–1997) Southern Finland Province (1997–2009) Kymenlaakso (2009–) Local government The Kouvola City Council has 59 delegates. Its seat allocation in 2017-2020: Sports Kouvola is the hometown of the Sudet sports club, which became Finnish champions in bandy six consecutive times, and they have a football team which is playing at the third highest level, Kolmonen, despite Sudet being one of the oldest football clubs in Finland. KooKoo is the most successful ice hockey team in Kymenlaakso. It plays in the Finnish top league, SM-liiga. Kouvolan Pallonlyöjät (KPL) is a baseball team based in Kouvola and known for Pesäpallo. KPL was won five Finnish championships and it plays in the Finnish top league, Superpesis. Kouvot is a basketball team based in Kouvola. the team plays in the highest level Korisliiga and has won four Finnish championships. MyPa is one of the most successful football clubs in Finland and the 1990s was the golden era. MyPa is played 23 seasons in the Finnish top football league Veikkausliiga. MyPa are based in the industrial village of Myllykoski, part of the city of Kouvola. The club became inactive in professional football after having ceased operations in 2015 due to financial difficulties. In 2017, MyPa returned but is currently playing in the fourth highest level, Kakkonen. Kouvola also has a Palomäki Ski Jump Center, very close to the city, where young people and other sports enthusiasts can go to jump on a ski jump. International relations Twin towns and sister cities Kouvola is twinned with: Balatonfüred, Veszprém County, Vologda, Vologda Oblast, Mülheim an der Ruhr, North Rhine-Westphalia, Well-known people born in Kouvola Arto Bryggare (Former hurdling athlete) Timo Susi (Former ice hockey player) Jarkko A. Immonen (Current ice hockey player) Mika Saukkonen (Journalist and news reader in MTV3) Jari Lindström (Finnish politician) Kaarle Viikate (Finnish musician and metal band Founder of the Viikate) Juhani Aaltonen (Jazz saxophonist and flautist) Roope Tonteri (Finnish snowboarder) Hannu Salama (Finnish author) Ari Koivunen (Heavy metal singer) Ville Nousiainen (cross country skier) Toni Gardemeister (Professional rally driver) Niilo Halonen (Former ski jumper) Leena Tirronen (Singer and half band Founder of the Norma John) Timo Lahti (Speedway driver) Aleksanteri Hakaniemi (singer and youtuber) Juuso Karikuusi (youtuber) Janni Hussi (fitness model) Jorma V. T. Hirvonen (man became famous from internet meme "Raivokas Risunjemmaaja", where he got a nickname "Risumies") References External links The official website of Kouvola Kouvola Tourist Office h2g2.com on Kouvola Category:Populated places established in 1922 Category:Cities and towns in Finland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Betty Broderick Elisabeth Anne Broderick (born November 7, 1947) is an American former suburban housewife who was convicted of the November 5, 1989, murders of her ex-husband, Daniel T. Broderick III, and his second wife, Linda (Kolkena) Broderick. At a second trial on December 11, 1991, she was convicted of two counts of second-degree murder and later sentenced to 32-years-to-life in prison. The case received extensive media attention and was extremely controversial. Several books were written on the Broderick case, and a made-for-TV movie was televised in two parts. Early life Elizabeth Anne Bisceglia was born in 1947 and grew up in the New York City suburb of Eastchester and was the third of six children born to devout Roman Catholic parents, Marita (née Curtin) (1919–2007) and Frank Bisceglia (1915–1998), who owned a successful plastering business with relatives. Her mother was Irish-American and her father was Italian-American. The Bisceglias were very strict parents, and much was expected of all the Bisceglia children. As Betty later recalled, she was trained to act as a housewife since the day she was born, or as she recalled "Go to Catholic schools, be careful with dating until you find a Catholic man, support him while he works, be blessed in your later years with beautiful grandchildren". This Catholic upbringing was bolstered by the economic conditions of the 1950s, when Catholic, and other, parents could reasonably expect that a son or son-in-law would be able to support a wife and children on his own income. Broderick graduated from Eastchester High School in 1965. She attended and later graduated from the College of Mount Saint Vincent, which was at that time a small Catholic women's college in the Riverdale section of the Bronx, New York, where she majored in early childhood education, a degree she later earned through an accelerated program. Her credits also earned her a minor in English. Engagement and marriage In 1965, Bisceglia met her future husband, Dan Broderick (1944–1989), at the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. Broderick was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; he was the eldest son of a large Catholic family akin to the Bisceglias, and both his parents were descendants of Irish immigrants. The couple married on April 12, 1969, at the Immaculate Conception Church in Tuckahoe. Betty returned from her honeymoon pregnant with her first child, daughter Kim (b. 1970). She gave birth to four more children: daughter Lee, (b. 1971), two sons named Daniel (b. 1976) and Rhett, (b. 1979) and an unnamed boy, who died two days after birth. Marriage breakdown After Kim's birth, Dan completed his M.D. degree at Cornell University. He then announced his intention to combine his medical expertise with a J.D. degree. He enrolled at Harvard Law School. Betty became the main provider for the family, working to support the family while Dan attended law school with the help of a student loan. Dan was an attractive prospect for many firms that had backgrounds in medicine and law. He was quickly hired by a law firm in San Diego, California, and moved his family to the nearby community of Coral Reef. Betty continued working part-time, often selling Tupperware or Avon while being devoted to the children, as Dan still worked to build his business reputation. He began to specialize in medical malpractice cases. At the point when money was plentiful and stable, Betty functioned solely as a stay-at-home mom; she focused on caring for the children and being a housewife. In the fall of 1982, Dan hired 21-year-old Linda Kolkena (1961–1989), who had recently been terminated from her job as a stewardess on Delta Airlines to be his legal assistant. She was of Dutch descent and came from a large, close-knit family. As early as October 1983, Betty suspected that Dan was having an affair with Linda, and she accused her husband of cheating on her. He denied engaging in extra-marital sexual relations with Linda Kolkena, telling Betty that she was "crazy." Eventually, the marriage broke down, and against Betty's wishes, Dan Broderick moved out in February 1985. He bought a house of his own, and eventually took custody of their children after Betty dumped the children on Dan's doorstep one by one. Dan confessed to Betty that she had been right all along: he had been having an affair with Linda since January 1983. Afterwards, a long, drawn-out, and very hostile divorce proceeded. Broderick vs. Broderick became one of the more infamous divorce cases in the United States, not least because of certain legal issues involving women who had worked while putting their husbands through graduate and professional school. The long, drawn-out Broderick divorce was finalized in 1989, four years after Dan filed the petition. Betty's behavior became increasingly more violent and irrational. He retained custody of the children, though this was for non-financial reasons; he had been looking after them for some time. During this time, Betty left hundreds of obscene and profanity-laden messages on Dan's answering machine. She ignored countless restraining orders that forbade her from setting foot on Dan's property. She vandalized his new home and even drove her car into the front door of the home despite the fact that their children were inside the house at the time. On April 22, 1989, Dan and Linda were married. Linda had been concerned about Betty's irrational behavior and even recommended Dan wear a bulletproof vest to the nuptials. However, Betty did not appear and the wedding proceeded without incident. After the wedding, Betty claimed Linda taunted her by sending facial cream and slimming treatment adverts by mail. Murders Eight months after buying a Smith & Wesson revolver and seven months after Dan and Linda were married, Betty Broderick drove to Dan's house at 1041 Cypress Avenue in the Marston Hills neighborhood near Balboa Park in San Diego. Broderick used a key that she had stolen from her daughter Lee to enter the house while the couple slept; she shot and killed them. The murders occurred at 5:30 a.m. on Sunday, November 5, 1989—two days before Betty's 42nd birthday. Two bullets hit Linda in the head and chest, killing her instantly; one bullet hit Dan in the chest as he apparently was reaching for a phone; one bullet hit the wall, and one bullet hit a nightstand. Dan was 44 (17 days shy of his 45th birthday); Linda was 28. Evidence that worked against Betty at trial was the fact that she removed a phone/answering machine from Dan Broderick's bedroom so that he could not call for help. Medical evidence indicated that Dan had not died right away, and Betty admitted that he had spoken to her after she had shot him. Dan's last words were, "Okay, you shot me. I'm dead." After contacting her daughter Lee and Lee's boyfriend, Broderick turned herself in to police, never denying that she had indeed pulled the trigger five times. Broderick's explanation at both trials was that she had never planned to kill Dan and Linda and that her crime was not premeditated. Her account of the murders at her second trial was that she was startled by Linda's screaming, "Call the police!" and immediately fired the gun. Linda and Dan Broderick are listed as buried together at Greenwood Memorial Park in San Diego. Trials Attorney Jack Early represented Broderick at trial. Kerry Wells prosecuted for the State of California. Broderick's defense was that she had been a battered wife, claiming that she was driven over the edge by years of psychological, physical, and mental abuse at the hands of her ex-husband. Wells portrayed Broderick as a murderer who planned and schemed to kill her ex-husband and argued to the jury that Broderick was not a battered woman. She had, after all, been getting $16,000 a month in alimony in addition to the salary she earned working at an art gallery. She was also living in a $650,000 La Jolla beach-front property that Dan had bought for her, she had two cars, she had a boyfriend who was living with her at the time of the murders, and she currently had her two younger sons living with her. Dr. Park Dietz, for the prosecution, used the analysis of Dr. Melvin Goldzband, who previously worked on the case for the prosecution. Dietz said Broderick has histrionic and narcissistic personality disorders. Broderick's first trial ended with a hung jury when two of the jurors held out for manslaughter, citing lack of intent. A mistrial was declared by Judge Thomas J. Whelan. Betty Broderick was re-tried a year later with the same defense attorney and prosecutor. The second trial was essentially a replay of the first trial. Prosecutor Wells was very successful the second time around, when the jury returned a verdict of two counts of second-degree murder. Broderick was sentenced to two consecutive terms of 15 years to life, plus two years for illegal use of a firearm, the maximum under the law. She has been incarcerated since the day she committed the murders. Broderick is serving her sentence at the California Institution for Women (CIW), in Chino, California. In January 2010, her first request for parole was denied by the Board of Parole Hearings because she did not show remorse and did not acknowledge wrongdoing. She was denied parole in November 2011 and again in January 2017. She will not be eligible again until January 2032. In popular culture An article about Broderick's case in the LA Times magazine, led to the production of a television film called (Part 1) A Woman Scorned: The Betty Broderick Story, and (Part 2) Her Final Fury: Betty Broderick, The Last Chapter (1992) where Meredith Baxter portrayed Betty and Stephen Collins portrayed Dan. Baxter received an Emmy Award nomination for her portrayal of Broderick. The murder was also dramatized in the season 4 episode of Deadly Women, titled "Till Death Do Us Part". Both before and after Broderick's trials, her story was dramatized across the United States. Broderick granted numerous television and magazine interviews. She appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show twice, Hard Copy, 20/20, and Headliners and Legends. At least four books were written about her story (Until the Twelfth of Never: The Deadly Divorce of Dan and Betty Broderick, 1993, by Bella Stumbo; Until the Twelfth of Never - Should Betty Broderick ever be free?, 2013, by Bella Stumbo; Forsaking All Others: The Real Betty Broderick Story, 1993, by Loretta Schwartz-Nobel; Hell Hath No Fury, 1992, by Bryna Taubman), and Broderick was interviewed by Ladies Home Journal among other magazines. The 1991 Law & Order episode "The Wages of Love" was partially inspired by this murder and the trial that followed. Guest star Shirley Knight was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series. Karen Kilgariff covered the case in episode 103 of My Favorite Murder, recorded live in San Diego. The second season of the TV series Dirty John features the story of Betty and Dan Broderick, from the early years through the homicides. Court cases Betty Broderick was involved in numerous court cases, including the homicides of Dan Broderick and his wife: Property damage case filed by Dan and Betty Broderick on October 1, 1975 Personal injury (auto) case filed against Betty Broderick on April 20, 1989 Double homicide case filed March 23, 1990 Civil complaint filed by Betty Broderick on June 28, 1990 Wrongful death suit against Betty Broderick filed on November 2, 1990 Second wrongful death suit against Betty Broderick filed on November 2, 1990 Personal injury case against Betty Broderick filed on September 18, 1991 Betty Broderick sues County of San Diego on September 21, 1992 References Further reading External links No parole for 'Angry Betty' Broderick (CNN, 2010) Category:1947 births Category:20th-century American criminals Category:American female murderers Category:American murderers Category:American female criminals Category:American people convicted of murder Category:Criminals from New York (state) Category:Living people Category:People convicted of murder by California Category:People from Eastchester, New York Category:People from San Diego Category:People with histrionic personality disorder Category:People with narcissistic personality disorder Category:Mariticides Category:College of Mount Saint Vincent alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elizabeth Webster Elizabeth Webster is an English actress. She has portrayed the part of Walda Bolton in the HBO series Game of Thrones in season 4, season 5 and season 6. Filmography Film Television References External links Category:English actresses Category:Living people Category:21st-century English actresses Category:English television actresses Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:English film actresses	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
CCSID A CCSID (coded character set identifier) is a 16-bit number that represents a particular encoding of a specific code page. For example, Unicode is a code page that has several encoding forms, like UTF-8, UTF-16 and UTF-32. Difference between a code page and a CCSID The terms code page and CCSID are often used interchangeably, even though they are not synonymous. A code page may be only part of what makes up a CCSID. The following definitions from IBM help to illustrate this point: A glyph is the actual physical pattern of pixels or ink that shows up on a display or printout. A character is a concept that covers all glyphs associated with a certain symbol. For instance, "F", "F", "F", "", "", and "" are all different glyphs, but use the same character. The various modifiers (bold, italic, underline, color, and font) do not change the F's essential F-ness. A character set contains the characters necessary to allow a particular human to carry on a meaningful interaction with the computer. It does not specify how those characters are represented in a computer. This level is the first one to separate characters into various alphabets (Latin, Arabic, Hebrew, Cyrillic, and so on) or ideographic groups (e.g., Chinese, Korean). It corresponds to a "character repertoire" in the Unicode encoding model. A code page represents a particular assignment of code point values to characters. It corresponds to a "coded character set" in the Unicode encoding model. A code point for a character is the computer's internal representation of that character in a given code page. Many characters are represented by different code points in different code pages. Certain character sets can be adequately represented with single-byte code pages (which have a maximum 256 code points, hence a maximum of 256 characters), but many require more than that. Examples include JIS X 0208 and Unicode. An encoding scheme is the byte format of a code page. It maps code point values to sequences of one or more byte values in a computer. For example, UTF-8 and UTF-16BE are two encodings of the same Unicode code page. In IBM's character data representation architecture (CDRA), this is typically represented with an ESID (encoding scheme identifier). EUC and ISO-2022 are other examples of encoding schemes. A coded character set identifier (CCSID) contains all of the information necessary to assign and preserve the meaning and rendering of characters through various stages of processing and interchange. This information always includes at least one code page, but may include multiple code pages of differing byte-lengths. The CCSID also has an associated encoding scheme that governs how various code points are to be handled. This mechanism allows a program to recognize bidirectional orientation, character shaping (mainly of Arabic characters), and other complex encoding information. Examples The following examples show how some CCSIDs are made up of other CCSIDs. All three of these variant Shift-JIS CCSIDs are multi-byte character sets (MBCS): the single-byte character set (SBCS) portion of each CCSID is different. The double-byte character set (DBCS) portion is the same across each CCSID. CCSID 5028 uses an updated code page 897 called CCSID 4993. CCSID 932 uses the original code page 897, which is CCSID 897. CCSID 942 uses a different SBCS from the other two CCSIDs, which is 1041. Also notice how CCSID 5028 and 4993 are different by 4096 (1000 in hexadecimal) from the predecessor CCSID with the same code page identifier. This is a common way that CDRA denotes an upgraded CCSID. There are a few reasons for this complexity: Many of the CCSIDs are used in IBM databases, like DB2, where a database field only supports an SBCS, DBCS or MBCS string. CCSIDs allow programs to differentiate between which one is being used. When characters are added or replaced, like the Euro currency sign introduction, one can know whether the stored strings support or do not support those character additions because a different CCSID is being used. This versioning is important for the integrity of the data. It enables reuse of resources among similar CCSIDs. References External links IBM CDRA (character data representation architecture) glossary of terms IBM globalization terminology Complete description of IBM CDRA. (This includes a more detailed description of the architecture surrounding CCSIDs.) IBM's complete list of CCSIDs and other various related identifiers List of CCSIDs supported on the IBM System i computer Category:Character encoding	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
European route E711 European route E 711 is a European B class road in France, connecting the cities Lyon — Grenoble. Route E15, E70, E611 Lyon E712 Grenoble External links Map of E-road International E-road network Category:International E-road network Category:Roads in France	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Museum (TV series) Museum is a British television documentary series, produced by BBC Wales. It is a behind-the-scenes look at the British Museum, narrated by Ian McMillan and first broadcast on BBC Two on Thursdays at 7.30pm from 10 May 2007. It is in 10 half-hour parts. There is an accompanying hardback book by Rupert Smith. Crew Producer/Directors - Chris Rushton, Anthony Holland Assistant Producer - Andrew Tait Researcher - Mish Evans Technical Assistant - Tom Swingler Production Manager - Ellen Davies Executive Producer - Sam Organ Series Producer - Judith Bunting Episode guide References External links Category:BBC television documentaries about history Category:British Museum Category:2007 British television series debuts Category:2007 British television series endings	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bland (surname) Bland is a surname thought to derive from Old English (ge)bland ‘storm’, ‘commotion’. It is thought to have originated in an area in Yorkshire (where there is a place called Bland Hill) It predates the adjective 'bland' meaning "characterless or uninteresting" which arrived in England around 1660. Notable persons with that surname include: Alexander Bland (1866–1947), Welsh international rugby player Bill or Billy Bland, see William Bland (disambiguation) Bobby Bland (1930–2013), American singer Carl Bland (born 1961), American footballer Sir Christopher Bland (1938–2017), British politician Colin Bland (born 1938), Rhodesian cricketer Dave Bland (1929–2013), Australian rules footballer Edward Bland (1926–2013), American composer and musical director Edward David Bland (1848-1927), American politician Eleanor Taylor Bland (1944–2010), African-American writer of crime fiction Elizabeth Bland (fl. 1681–1712), Englishwoman celebrated for her knowledge of Hebrew Francis Bland (1882–1967), Australian politician Gordon Bland (born 1941), former English cricketer Hamilton Bland, BBC swimming commentator Harriet Bland (1915–1991), American athlete Harry Bland (1898–after 1934), English professional footballer Hubert Bland (1855–1914), British socialist and Fabian Society cofounder Humphrey Bland (1686–1763), British Army general James A. Bland (1854–1911), African-American musician and songwriter Joanne Bland, American civil rights activist John Bland (disambiguation) John Mark Bland (1976), American Radio Host Joyce Bland (1906–1963), British film actress June Bland (born 1931), British actress Leonard Thomas Bland (1851–1906), Canadian politician Malcolm Bland, New Zealand footballer Maria Bland (1769–1838), British singer Martin Bland (born 1947), British statistician Michael Bland (born 1969), American drummer Nate Bland (born 1974), American former Major League Baseball pitcher Sir Nevile Bland (1886–1972), British diplomat Oscar E. Bland (1877–1951), U.S. Representative from Indiana S. Otis Bland (1872–1950), U.S. Representative from Virginia Peregrine Bland (c.1596–1647), early Virginia settler and politician Peter Bland (born 1934), British-New Zealand poet and actor Rachael Bland (1978–2018), Welsh journalist and radio presenter Richard Bland (disambiguation) Robert G. Bland, American mathematician and operations researcher Roger Bland (born 1955), British curator and numismatist Salem Bland (1859–1950), Canadian Methodist theologian Sammy Bland (born 1929), American broadcaster and entertainer Sandra Bland (19872015), American woman found dead in a Texas jail cell Theodorick Bland (disambiguation) Tony Bland (1970-1993), an injured British man who was the subject of a notable court case Violet Bland (1863-1940), English Suffragette William Bland (disambiguation) See also Bland baronets of England in 17th and 18th centuries References	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Dam Keeper The Dam Keeper is a 2014 American animated short film directed by Robert Kondo and Daisuke Tsutsumi. It tells the story of Pig, an introverted youth who lives in a windmill and keeps a dark fog from engulfing his town. Although socially rejected by his peers, he is befriended by the artistic Fox. Kondo and Tsutsumi began developing the film while working as art directors on Monsters University and produced it through a co-op program at Pixar. This is Tsutsumi's second short film, after 2011's Sketchtravel, and Kondo's first directorial effort. Producers Megan Bartel and Duncan Ramsay were also employees at Pixar. The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Short Film. Plot Pig lives alone in a windmill on the outskirts of town. The windmill sits atop a massive wall and continually blows away a dark fog that perpetually looms outside the wall. Every day, Pig winds the windmill to keep it turning, just like his father before him. However, in town and at school, nobody likes Pig. Even though he protects the town, the other animal children make fun of him and bully him. Soon, a new student, Fox, arrives at the school carrying a sketchbook and quickly becomes rather popular. One day, Fox mistakingly drops the sketchbook while leaving the classroom, and Pig discovers that Fox draws mocking caricatures of classmates and teachers. Fox shows up the next day upset about losing the sketchbook, but is quickly relieved to see that Pig has it with him. That day at school, bullies drag Pig into the restroom and harass him. Fox discovers Pig in the restroom, and consoles him and teaches him to use art as an emotional outlet for his daily hardships. The two become good friends. After school one day, Pig notices Fox surrounded by several other students looking at one of Fox's drawings and laughing. Emboldened, Pig approaches the group. Through the crowd, Pig barely sees a mean-looking caricature of himself, with "Dirty P-" written at the top. Devastated, Pig rips the drawing out of Fox's sketchbook and runs away in tears. As evening continues, the fog draws near - Pig should be returning to his home to wind the windmill. Instead, sitting in sorrow, he puts on his gas mask and waits as the fog envelops the town while the other animals flee in terror. Eventually, Pig looks down at the drawing and discovers that he is not the only one caricatured—Fox is next to him, and the title is actually "Dirty Pals". Jolted back to his senses, Pig realizes what horrible risk the town is in. He makes his way to the windmill and manages to rid the town of the fog, losing and damaging one of the mill's propellers in the process. Pig gazes out the window of the windmill as the fog clears and the citizens begin cleaning up. Pig remembers the drawing and begins to leave. Upon opening the door, Fox is waiting for him. Pig acknowledges his misunderstanding, and Fox extends forgiveness to him. The two then play together inside the windmill. Cast Lars Mikkelsen as Narrator Production Development The Dam Keeper was produced as part of a co-op program at Pixar, under which employees are allowed to develop their own films without the use of studio resources. Directors Robert Kondo and Daisuke "Dice" Tsutsumi were both art directors at Pixar. They had worked together on Toy Story 3 and Monsters University. Partially facilitated by having their offices located next to one another's, a friendship quickly formed between the two of them. While Kondo's first job was at Pixar, Tsutsumi had previously been employed at Blue Sky Studios and is married to a niece of famed Japanese animator Hayao Miyazaki. Kondo recalls having been "fascinated by [Tsutsumi's] outside experience" and recognized at the time that his co-worker's "vision always seemed to be greater than the box [of] our responsibility." In 2011, Tsutsumi released his first directorial effort - an animated short film called Sketchtravel. He was aided on the film by Kondo, who worked on it as an animator. Kondo has described the film as having "very limited animation...like a children's book come to life." Shortly after the completion of Sketchtravel, Tsutsumi turned to Kondo with the idea of collaborating on a new short film. This was during the "heat of production" for Monsters University, a time after which, as Kondo explained, most animators normally consider taking time off. Kondo noted, "Dice wanted to take time off, but in that time, he wanted to make a film." The two were tantalized by the potential, recognizing how much Tsutsumi had been able to achieve as a solo-director, and considering how much more they would be able to achieve together. For the following year, they developed story ideas before and after work, sharing treatments with each other through Google Docs. Unable to use their Pixar offices for the task, they wrote in their home studios, cafes - anywhere that "encouraged [their] creativity" and had internet access. They then got together on weekends to discuss story ideas. Pre-production Once their duties on Monsters University were complete, Kondo and Tsutsumi took a three-month sabbatical to begin production on their project. They began without any clear intentions - the film would simply be an experiment to see "how far [they] could go". The two co-directors rented a windowless studio right across the street from Pixar. At first, they were unsure of how to approach production. "There was no real formula or no real path as to what was right", Kondo said. "We didn't know - should we be writing a script, should we be drawing moments, should we be talking about character design?" Not until their editor, Bradley Furnish, became involved, did all of the individual elements synthesize into what the directors recognized as a potential film. The two directors refused to pressure themselves into striving for perfection; they just wanted to get the film done. Recognizing the process as a "learning experience", and choosing to extend this opportunity to the rest of the crew, they hired animators who were predominantly young and had just graduated from school. "Growth was a big part of...who we selected to bring on", Kondo said. "We kept asking, what can you gain by working on this project?" Rounding out the crew were fellow Pixar employees, such as Duncan Ramsay, who worked as a production assistant at the studio. Ramsay's co-workers gave him the chance to come onto The Dam Keeper in an even more distinguished position than production assistant - producer. However, Ramsay feared that balancing a project like this, on the side of his regular Pixar duties, would prove an unmanageable workload. So initially, he turned the offer down. All the same, he found himself gradually being drawn into the project, and once he committed full-scale, he convinced his friend, Megan Bartel, to come onto the film as a producer with him. Bartel characterized Ramsay as "the perfect strategist"; someone who holds an ideal mixture of warmth and intelligence. Ramsay would hold "daily progress check-ins" throughout the film's production and found a "creative outlet" in writing the film's narration. The crew in its entirety consisted of about seventy people, though there was a "core group" of about twenty to twenty-five. Everyone worked on a volunteer basis. For guidance, Kondo and Tsutsumi turned to Erick Oh, one of their Pixar co-workers, who already held experience as an independent filmmaker. Oh was happy to oblige. As he grew more involved with the film, he moved beyond his mere advisory role to become the film's supervising animator. Although he had never worked in this position before, he found it to be like a "bridge" between animating (which he had done at Pixar) and directing (which he had done on his own films). Official production began in early 2013. Although Kondo and Tsutsumi had planned to carry out most of the film's production within the three months that they took off from Pixar, this schedule was developed around an early version of the film that only ran for eight minutes. As the film's length expanded, eventually reaching eighteen minutes, the production period stretched into a total of nine months. "We just couldn't foresee the length of the story we wanted to tell in the beginning", Tsutsumi reflected. "[But] if you look at the math, three months of eight minutes to nine months of 18 minutes is not too bad." Commenting on the film's burgeoning run time, Kondo explained that eight minutes seemed insufficient to convey the kind of story that he and Tsutsumi wanted to tell - one in which a character's perception of life significantly changes. However, Kondo hopes that in the future, they will be able to make films with "just as much emotion in a shorter format." Story development Primarily interested in the opportunity of collaborating, Kondo and Tsutsumi did not have any specific story in mind when they commenced. They enjoy similar types of films, but did not immediately settle into the writing process - it took them some time to "find a way to do it together", Tsutsumi said. Their first idea centered on an old miner and his dog. This then evolved through four or five different iterations, before manifesting in its final form. Drawing inspiration from The Little Dutch Boy, a folktale about a young boy who saves his town by placing his finger in a dike, Kondo and Tsutsumi devised a character who would hold similar responsibility, except on a day-to-day basis. Thematically, the duo sought to craft a story that would be true to familiar ordeals - they wanted anyone to be able to relate to the story. The dark fog that encroaches upon the town serves two purposes: it comments on the "contemporary reality" of pollution, while also symbolizing Pig's struggle with internal demons. Kondo explained that both he and Tsutsumi desired to create a world that feels "impermanent", in which things "don't seem like they can last forever." Both directors enjoy films that are "slow-paced, poetic, [and] very quiet." Although they tried to capture this aesthetic in The Dam Keeper, they were also concerned about the film lagging, and so they worked with their editor, Bradley Furnish, to make sure that the film has a balanced pace. Tsutsumi has named Frédéric Back as his prime influence as an animator. "He [Back] always had something to say. For him, figuring out what was happening in society came first, before his craft", Tsutsumi said. Although the two directors did not seek to make a "social statement" with their film, commentary on world issues flowed naturally into their story. "[W]e tried hard to stay true to who we are", Tsutsumi said. [W]e are very conscious of what is happening today." Kondo has named Don Bluth as one of his influences, and both have named Hayao Miyzakai (Tsutsumi's uncle through marriage), as well as the films of Walt Disney - in particular, Pinocchio, Dumbo, and One Hundred and One Dalmatians. Many people have asked Kondo if Pig was based on him, and if Fox was based on Tsutsumi. However, each character was actually based on both filmmakers. "I think Pig might be who we are, but Fox is who we want to be", Tsutsumi explained. He described himself and Kondo as both being "somewhat introverted". Although he supposes that they are not quite as introverted as Pig, he feels that many artists are. A test screening of the first story reel was organized for a group of Kondo and Tsutsumi's friends who had more writing experience than the two former art directors. As described by Kondo, the screening was "a disaster." The two directors recognized for themselves that the story was not working as they had wanted it to. "That was devastating", Tsutsumi said. The story was coming across as overly "heady" and did not connect emotionally. Although Kondo and Tsutsumi had wanted to finalize the story before starting production, they now had to revise it, while concurrently working on other aspects of the film. Otherwise, they would not have stayed on schedule. Looking forward, Kondo has noted that difficulties like this are unavoidable. He has said that he only hopes to be "more nimble" in dealing with them in the future. One scene was cut from the finished film. It was halfway through animation at the time and was removed since the directors thought that it "distracted from the emotional arc" of the story. In the scene, Pig loses track of the time, crying alone in a classroom after school. As he rushes home to the windmill, the fog nearly rolls into the town. Animation As art directors at Pixar, Kondo and Tsutsumi were primarily responsible for creating concept paintings. Carrying little experience with them in the actual process of animating a film, the duo developed a visual style for The Dam Keeper that utilized their painting abilities. After creating the film's animation in TVPaint, a French digital animation program, brush-stroke effects were added to each frame in Photoshop. Although Tsutsumi described this approach as "time-consuming", he felt that it "paid off in the end." Going into the project, Kondo and Tsutsumi already had similar painting styles. However, they decided to learn even more from each other and then trained their animating team to work within these styles. During their sabbatical from Pixar, the directors took their team outside to paint together and did still lifes with them as well. At first, the animators made little progress. "We went from at least the two of us painting every day and producing things for the film, to none of us", Kondo remarked on the situation. Not a single frame of the film was produced during the first month. The directors later described this moment as "terrifying". They began to worry that the film would never see completion. However, in a sudden turn, the animators began accomplishing more than their directors had ever anticipated of them. "Literally in a day...we went from zero to exceeding output for a week...expectations for what our production could be just exploded", Kondo said. The animators learned certain techniques even faster than Kondo and Tsutsumi had. When given a task, they often returned work of a higher quality than their directors had initially asked for. About 8,000 frames were created for the film. Even though 3D animation is not used in the finished version of the film, Maya and other 3D software programs were used for previsualization. The directors felt that this "allowed [for] the greatest exploration of scene layout in the shortest amount of time." Tsutsumi has said that many people have mistaken the film's animation for CGI "with a painterly texture over it". He actually considers this misconception to be complimentary, and he credits it to his and Kondo's painting style, which emphasizes light and "how the characters interact with [it]. On Photoshop, the animators used "adjustment layers to paint lighting on characters." This helped frames remain consistent between animators. To further aid in consistency, frames were compared in AfterEffects. After creating scenes for the film, animators would upload them to the file sharing service Box, tagging the directors to indicate that the scenes "were ready for review." Kondo and Tsutsumi would then leave notes on the animators' work and do a paint-over. Because Box is able to save each version of a file, no one had to "worry about losing anything", Kondo explained. This helped him and Tsutsumi keep track of everything that was going on in the production. Kondo noted that without the ease of "communication, information organization and collaboration" provided by new technology, the film "would have had to have changed in scope, complexity and quality to be able to be done" on schedule." He feels that this would have been impossible to accomplish a decade earlier. Music The film's score was composed by Zach Johnston and Matteo Roberts. Johnston had previously collaborated with the directors on Tsutsumi's Sketchtravel, as a composer and co-writer. The four would often converse over Skype. Kondo and Tsutsumi have no musical background, but felt that they were "in great hands" with their composers. They were upfront about their lack of expertise in this area. When making suggestions for the score, they would acknowledge that their ideas might not be worth using. However, Johnston and Roberts both feel that the directors made valuable musical contributions. Johnston remarked that the directors made the score "more elegant and subtle" than it would have been otherwise. Noting the importance of this point, Roberts said that because Pig's pain has become normalized in his life, the score should only reflect "a tinge of sadness" and not be "overly dramatic". Both composers greatly enjoyed their time on the film. They felt a considerable amount of freedom in crafting the score and found that there was no pressure to mimic the sound of other composers. After completing the film, Johnston joked that his and Roberts' careers would be "all down hill from here...unless Dice and Robert ask us to do another one." The demo score was created and recorded on Apple's GarageBand. Minna Choi then conducted MagicMagic Orchestra in performing the score live. They recorded at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California. The studio room contained a screen that would show corresponding scenes. Many of the instrumentalists found that they could not watch this without being overcome with emotion. As such, they had to avert their eyes. Tsutsumi related a moment when Choi was explaining the film's story to the orchestra, and he found her moved to tears. For his part, Kondo found it "mesmerizing" to watch Choi conduct. "There's something about watching someone who's incredible at their craft", he said. Commenting on Johnston and Roberts' score, Choi called it "tender", "sweet", and "innocent". Post-production When Kondo and Tsutsumi completed production on The Dam Keeper, they found themselves restless at Pixar. "Of course they were great to us", Kondo said of his friends at the studio. "They're our family still, but...if we didn't go back to [independent filmmaking] and challenge ourselves...in the end not only would we suffer but Pixar would suffer as well." He and Tsutsumi made the difficult decision of leaving their employment behind. Tsutsumi was a new father at the time. Kondo was soon to be married. Friends and family questioned them. However, the duo had grown deeply enamored with the experience of making films on their own. When they had first set out to direct The Dam Keeper, they had been looking for something that could mirror the early days of Pixar. "Creating something from scratch is what 'creating' means", Tsutsumi explained. "We didn't experience that beginning and, if we stayed at Pixar, we never would." The two of them felt they had learned more in the nine months that it took to produce The Dam Keeper than in all of their previous years as art directors. They did not want this rewarding period of their lives to only last for a short while. Recognizing that it would only become harder with the passing years to go out on their own, Kondo and Tsutsumi resigned from Pixar in July 2014. From there, they founded their own studio, Tonko House. Although they would eventually move locations to Berkeley, California, at first Tonko House was situated within the same windowless studio that The Dam Keeper was produced in - right across the street from Pixar. Kondo and Tsutsumi invited their former boss and mentor, Ed Catmull, over for a visit. He gave the duo his blessing, saying, "This is the moment you'll remember no matter what it turns into, no matter how big it becomes...that first moment, when you create something from nothing, is the best time." Tonko House derives its name from the Japanese words for pig (ton) and fox (ko). It was not the first name that Kondo and Tsutsumi considered, but all of their other ideas were already taken. To ensure that they came up with something unused, they settled on using a "nonsensical" word, but one that would still carry an "indirect" connection to their identity and work. Ko is an old-fashioned word and is not commonly used in the modern Japanese language. Release The film was produced without clear intentions for its release. "[W]e didn’t make The Dam Keeper to enter festivals, we just wanted to make a film. But once it was done we wanted to share it", Tsutsumi said. The film was rejected by the first few festivals that it was submitted to. In February 2014, it was accepted at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival, where it had its world premiere. The US premiere followed in March, at the 17th New York International Children's Film Festival. In all, over ninety festivals have screened the film. The first public screening was held in December 2014 at a small cinema in Berkeley, California. At this screening, Kondo and Tsutsumi auctioned off original works of art. With the film's Oscar nomination, it was picked up for theatrical distribution by Magnolia Pictures and Shorts HD. Premiering on January 30, 2015, in a compilation with the other 2014 Oscar-nominated, animated short films, it was screened in 350 theaters across North America, as well as several dozen in Europe and Latin America. Critical reception Collin Souter of rogerebert.com called The Dam Keeper "a beautiful piece of work" and speculated that it may win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film. Justin Chang of Variety compared the film to Stephen King's dark novel Carrie. He complimented its "moody, muted" visual style, which he thought resembled both paint and chalk. Noting that the "ever-shifting images perfectly capture a fragile community that could easily vanish into the ether", he considered the film "emotionally harrowing." In an article for The New York Times, Charles Solomon wrote that the film's design "suggests a canvas in motion." In a separate article for The New York Times, A.O. Scott called the film "complex and rewarding." He praised its commentary on both the environment and emotional struggles, while finding the character designs to be "charming, without being especially cute." Carolyn Giardina of The Hollywood Reporter called the film's story "moving" and its visual design "beautiful." Freelance critic, activist, and published author Richard Propes wrote on his website, The Independent Critic, that the film was one of the best shorts at 2014's Heartland Film Festival. Although he was unsure why it had impacted him so greatly, he declared that the film would long linger with him after seeing it. Acknowledging it as less "designed for mass consumption" than most mainstream American animation, he nonetheless wrote that it should be considered equal in entertainment value. He gave the film an A- and praised its quiet, emotionally involving nature. According to the New York Times, most professional animators considered The Dam Keeper the best of 2014's Oscar-nominated, animated short films. Disney producer Don Hahn praised the film saying, "There is a sameness to much animation, so when a film like The Dam Keeper comes along, it reminds us that the boundaries of animation have barely been explored." One of How to Train Your Dragon 2'''s writers and directors, Dean DeBlois, said that the animation style of The Dam Keeper resembles development artwork that has been given "life and poetry and movement." Accolades The film received an Oscar nomination for Best Animated Short Film at the 87th Academy Awards, but lost to Disney's Feast. Unable to finance an Oscar campaign, Kondo and Tsutsumi formed a grassroots strategy that relied on social media platforms. They had given little consideration to the possibility of an Oscar-nomination while making the film, and Tsutsumi called the revelation "a little bit overwhelming." It wasn't a part of Tonko House's plan", he said. To them, the true significance of the honor is that it shows their place within the animation community. Other projects Graphic novels First Second Books announced a collaboration with Tonko House to publish a trilogy of graphic novels that would expand Pig and Fox's adventures 5 years after the events of the short. In the graphic novels, the poisonous fog recedes for the first time, leading Pig and Fox to explore the beyond with the unlikely help of one of Pig's bullies, Hippo. Along the way, the questions raised from the short on the whereabouts of Pig's parents and the poisonous fog engulfing the other side of the dam to begin with, will be answered. Robert Kondo, one of the directors and artists of The Dam Keeper, remarked that the continuation is "inspired by a personal anecdote of Tstusumi’s, [saying] that they’re interested in exploring how friendship evolves as [they] mature." They were "eight or ten" when "the kind of friends is different than when [they] grow up and start to learn about the world and who [they] are in the world.” The first graphic novel was scheduled to be published in 2016, but was delayed to September 26, 2017, while the second installment, "The Dam Keeper: World Without Darkness was published on July 10, 2018 and the third and final graphic novel titled "The Dam Keeper: Return from the Shadows" was published on July 2, 2019. Feature film There is also a feature film sequel to the short that is in development with Kondo and Tsutsumi returning as directors. Produced by former Blue Sky Studios producer Kane Lee, it is meant to also expand the adventures of Pig and Fox just like the trilogy of graphic novels. Originally, when the feature film was announced, it was in collaboration with 20th Century Fox Animation during development. However, following The Walt Disney Company's acquisition with 21st Century Fox as of March 20, 2019, the film is currently being developed independently at Tonko House, looking for other movie studios to collaborate with. Television series Tonko House is currently producing an animated television series based on the short titled Pig: The Dam Keeper Poems''. It is set to premiere on Hulu in Japan. References External links Official website Category:2014 films Category:2010s drama films Category:2010s animated short films Category:American films Category:American drama films Category:American animated short films Category:English-language films Category:2014 animated films Category:2014 short films Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Category:American independent films Category:2010s independent films Category:Environmental films Category:Films set in schools Category:Animated films about animals Category:Animated films about foxes Category:Films about bullying Category:First Second Books books	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roy Green (radio) Roy Green (born 1947) is a radio personality based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was born in Switzerland but then moved to Montreal as a young child. Green arrived in Hamilton from his hometown of Montreal in 1973 and started his radio career there at a rock station CKGM as a teen. He has worked in Hamilton's CHML and Toronto's "Talk640", as well as hosting a regional Ontario network program. He retired from daily programs on March 30, 2007 but continues to host weekly shows, heard nationally, on Corus Radio weekends from 2-5pm ET. He has reaped many honours in the industry and community including being named a finalist in the City of Hamilton's 'Distinguished Citizen of the Year' in 2003, being inducted into the City of Hamilton's Gallery of Distinction in 2008, and was a recipient three consecutive times of the Canadian Association of Broadcasters' 'Gold Ribbon' as 'Best in Canada'. Green has also been working as a fill-in host on the Charles Adler program on CHML. He also plans to continue working for station owner Corus Radio on special projects. References External links AM900 CHML Bio: Roy Green Category:Canadian radio personalities Category:1947 births Category:Living people	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Veratrum viride Veratrum viride, known as Indian poke, corn-lily, Indian hellebore, false hellebore, green false hellebore, or giant false-helleborine, is a species of Veratrum native to eastern and western (but not central) North America. It is extremely toxic, and is considered a pest plant by farmers with livestock. The species has acquired a large number of other common names within its native range, including American false hellebore, American white hellebore, bear corn, big hellebore, corn lily, devils bite, duck retten, itch-weed, itchweed, poor Annie, blue hellebore and tickleweed. Description V. viride is a herbaceous perennial plant reaching tall, with a solid green stem. The leaves are spirally arranged, long and broad, elliptic to broad lanceolate ending in a short point, heavily ribbed and hairy on the underside. The flowers are numerous, produced in a large branched inflorescence tall; each flower is long, with six green to yellow-green tepals. The fruit is a capsule long, which splits into three sections at maturity to release the numerous flat diameter seeds. The plant reproduces through rhizome growth as well as seeds. Varieties and similar species There are two recognized varieties of V. viride: Veratrum viride var. viride is found in eastern North America. It is differentiated by the erect or spreading side branches of the inflorescence. Veratrum viride var. eschscholzianum is found in western North America. It is differentiated by the drooping side branches of the inflorescence. The related western North American Veratrum californicum (white false hellebore, corn lily) can be distinguished from sympatric var. eschscholzianum by its whiter flowers and the erect side branches of the inflorescence. Distribution and habitat In eastern North America, var. viride occurs from southwestern Labrador and southern Quebec south to northern Georgia. In the west, var. eschscholzianum occurs from Alaska and Northwest Territory south through Yukon, British Columbia, Alberta, Washington, Idaho, Montana, and Oregon to northwestern California (Del Norte, Siskiyou, Trinity, and Humboldt Counties). It is found in wet soils in meadows, sunny streambanks, and open forests, occurring from sea level in the north of its range up to in the southeast and in the southwest. Medicine The plant is highly toxic, causing nausea and vomiting. If the poison is not evacuated, cold sweat and vertigo appear. Respiration slows, while cardiac rhythm and blood pressure fall, eventually leading to death. The toxic effects of veratrum alkaloids are directly induced by antagonism of adrenergic receptors. It is used externally by several Native American nations. Although is rarely ever used in modern herbalism due to its concentration of various alkaloids, it has been used in the past against high blood pressure and rapid heartbeat; a standardized extract of V. viride alkaloids known as alkavervir was used in the 1950s and 1960s as an antihypertensive. The root contains even higher concentrations than the aerial parts. The plant was used by some tribes to elect a new leader. All the candidates would eat the root, and the last to start vomiting would become the new leader. References viride Category:Medicinal plants Category:Poisonous plants Category:Flora of North America Category:Plants described in 1789	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dušan Mihajlović (footballer) Dušan Mihajlović (; born 30 June 1985) is a Serbian football player who plays for Bežanija. He played for Proleter Zrenjanin in 2001, then moved to OFK Belgrade in 2003 before moving to FK Bežanija in 2006. He joined FK Čukarički in January 2009. He was part of the FR Yugoslavia U-17 team at the 2002 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship. References External links Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Zrenjanin Category:Serbian footballers Category:Serbian expatriate footballers Category:Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Libya Category:Expatriate footballers in Libya Category:FK Proleter Zrenjanin players Category:OFK Beograd players Category:FK Srem players Category:FK Bežanija players Category:FK Čukarički players Category:FK Sevojno players Category:FK Sloboda Užice players Category:FK Bačka 1901 players Category:FK Banat Zrenjanin players Category:Serbian First League players Category:Serbian SuperLiga players Category:Association football midfielders Category:Olympic Azzaweya SC players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Base pair A base pair (bp) is a unit consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, Watson–Crick base pairs (guanine–cytosine and adenine–thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence. The complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a redundant copy of the genetic information encoded within each strand of DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA. Many DNA-binding proteins can recognize specific base-pairing patterns that identify particular regulatory regions of genes. Intramolecular base pairs can occur within single-stranded nucleic acids. This is particularly important in RNA molecules (e.g., transfer RNA), where Watson–Crick base pairs (guanine–cytosine and adenine–uracil) permit the formation of short double-stranded helices, and a wide variety of non-Watson–Crick interactions (e.g., G–U or A–A) allow RNAs to fold into a vast range of specific three-dimensional structures. In addition, base-pairing between transfer RNA (tRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) forms the basis for the molecular recognition events that result in the nucleotide sequence of mRNA becoming translated into the amino acid sequence of proteins via the genetic code. The size of an individual gene or an organism's entire genome is often measured in base pairs because DNA is usually double-stranded. Hence, the number of total base pairs is equal to the number of nucleotides in one of the strands (with the exception of non-coding single-stranded regions of telomeres). The haploid human genome (23 chromosomes) is estimated to be about 3.2 billion bases long and to contain 20,000–25,000 distinct protein-coding genes. A kilobase (kb) is a unit of measurement in molecular biology equal to 1000 base pairs of DNA or RNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon). Hydrogen bonding and stability Top, a G.C base pair with three hydrogen bonds. Bottom, an A.T base pair with two hydrogen bonds. Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the bases are shown as dashed lines. The wiggly lines stand for the connection to the pentose sugar and point in the direction of the minor groove. Hydrogen bonding is the chemical interaction that underlies the base-pairing rules described above. Appropriate geometrical correspondence of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors allows only the "right" pairs to form stably. DNA with high GC-content is more stable than DNA with low GC-content. But, contrary to popular belief, the hydrogen bonds do not stabilize the DNA significantly; stabilization is mainly due to stacking interactions. The bigger nucleobases, adenine and guanine, are members of a class of double-ringed chemical structures called purines; the smaller nucleobases, cytosine and thymine (and uracil), are members of a class of single-ringed chemical structures called pyrimidines. Purines are complementary only with pyrimidines: pyrimidine-pyrimidine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too far apart for hydrogen bonding to be established; purine-purine pairings are energetically unfavorable because the molecules are too close, leading to overlap repulsion. Purine-pyrimidine base-pairing of AT or GC or UA (in RNA) results in proper duplex structure. The only other purine-pyrimidine pairings would be AC and GT and UG (in RNA); these pairings are mismatches because the patterns of hydrogen donors and acceptors do not correspond. The GU pairing, with two hydrogen bonds, does occur fairly often in RNA (see wobble base pair). Paired DNA and RNA molecules are comparatively stable at room temperature, but the two nucleotide strands will separate above a melting point that is determined by the length of the molecules, the extent of mispairing (if any), and the GC content. Higher GC content results in higher melting temperatures; it is, therefore, unsurprising that the genomes of extremophile organisms such as Thermus thermophilus are particularly GC-rich. On the converse, regions of a genome that need to separate frequently — for example, the promoter regions for often-transcribed genes — are comparatively GC-poor (for example, see TATA box). GC content and melting temperature must also be taken into account when designing primers for PCR reactions. Examples The following DNA sequences illustrate pair double-stranded patterns. By convention, the top strand is written from the 5' end to the 3' end; thus, the bottom strand is written 3' to 5'. A base-paired DNA sequence: The corresponding RNA sequence, in which uracil is substituted for thymine in the RNA strand: Base analogs and intercalators Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides and establish non-canonical base-pairing, leading to errors (mostly point mutations) in DNA replication and DNA transcription. This is due to their isosteric chemistry. One common mutagenic base analog is 5-bromouracil, which resembles thymine but can base-pair to guanine in its enol form. Other chemicals, known as DNA intercalators, fit into the gap between adjacent bases on a single strand and induce frameshift mutations by "masquerading" as a base, causing the DNA replication machinery to skip or insert additional nucleotides at the intercalated site. Most intercalators are large polyaromatic compounds and are known or suspected carcinogens. Examples include ethidium bromide and acridine. Unnatural base pair (UBP) An unnatural base pair (UBP) is a designed subunit (or nucleobase) of DNA which is created in a laboratory and does not occur in nature. DNA sequences have been described which use newly created nucleobases to form a third base pair, in addition to the two base pairs found in nature, A-T (adenine – thymine) and G-C (guanine – cytosine). A few research groups have been searching for a third base pair for DNA, including teams led by Steven A. Benner, Philippe Marliere, Floyd Romesberg and Ichiro Hirao. Some new base pairs have been reported. In 1989 Steven Benner (then working at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich) and his team led with modified forms of cytosine and guanine into DNA molecules in vitro. The nucleotides, which encoded RNA and proteins, were successfully replicated in vitro. Since then, Benner's team has been trying to engineer cells that can make foreign bases from scratch, obviating the need for a feedstock. In 2002, Ichiro Hirao's group in Japan developed an unnatural base pair between 2-amino-8-(2-thienyl)purine (s) and pyridine-2-one (y) that functions in transcription and translation, for the site-specific incorporation of non-standard amino acids into proteins. In 2006, they created 7-(2-thienyl)imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (Ds) and pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (Pa) as a third base pair for replication and transcription. Afterward, Ds and 4-[3-(6-aminohexanamido)-1-propynyl]-2-nitropyrrole (Px) was discovered as a high fidelity pair in PCR amplification. In 2013, they applied the Ds-Px pair to DNA aptamer generation by in vitro selection (SELEX) and demonstrated the genetic alphabet expansion significantly augment DNA aptamer affinities to target proteins. In 2012, a group of American scientists led by Floyd Romesberg, a chemical biologist at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, published that his team designed an unnatural base pair (UBP). The two new artificial nucleotides or Unnatural Base Pair (UBP) were named d5SICS and dNaM. More technically, these artificial nucleotides bearing hydrophobic nucleobases, feature two fused aromatic rings that form a (d5SICS–dNaM) complex or base pair in DNA. His team designed a variety of in vitro or "test tube" templates containing the unnatural base pair and they confirmed that it was efficiently replicated with high fidelity in virtually all sequence contexts using the modern standard in vitro techniques, namely PCR amplification of DNA and PCR-based applications. Their results show that for PCR and PCR-based applications, the d5SICS–dNaM unnatural base pair is functionally equivalent to a natural base pair, and when combined with the other two natural base pairs used by all organisms, A–T and G–C, they provide a fully functional and expanded six-letter "genetic alphabet". In 2014 the same team from the Scripps Research Institute reported that they synthesized a stretch of circular DNA known as a plasmid containing natural T-A and C-G base pairs along with the best-performing UBP Romesberg's laboratory had designed and inserted it into cells of the common bacterium E. coli that successfully replicated the unnatural base pairs through multiple generations. The transfection did not hamper the growth of the E. coli cells and showed no sign of losing its unnatural base pairs to its natural DNA repair mechanisms. This is the first known example of a living organism passing along an expanded genetic code to subsequent generations. Romesberg said he and his colleagues created 300 variants to refine the design of nucleotides that would be stable enough and would be replicated as easily as the natural ones when the cells divide. This was in part achieved by the addition of a supportive algal gene that expresses a nucleotide triphosphate transporter which efficiently imports the triphosphates of both d5SICSTP and dNaMTP into E. coli bacteria. Then, the natural bacterial replication pathways use them to accurately replicate a plasmid containing d5SICS–dNaM. Other researchers were surprised that the bacteria replicated these human-made DNA subunits. The successful incorporation of a third base pair is a significant breakthrough toward the goal of greatly expanding the number of amino acids which can be encoded by DNA, from the existing 20 amino acids to a theoretically possible 172, thereby expanding the potential for living organisms to produce novel proteins. The artificial strings of DNA do not encode for anything yet, but scientists speculate they could be designed to manufacture new proteins which could have industrial or pharmaceutical uses. Experts said the synthetic DNA incorporating the unnatural base pair raises the possibility of life forms based on a different DNA code. Length measurements The following abbreviations are commonly used to describe the length of a D/RNA molecule: bp = base pair(s)—one bp corresponds to approximately 3.4 Å (340 pm) of length along the strand, and to roughly 618 or 643 daltons for DNA and RNA respectively. kb (= kbp) = kilo base pairs = 1,000 bp Mb (= Mbp) = mega base pairs = 1,000,000 bp Gb = giga base pairs = 1,000,000,000 bp. For single-stranded DNA/RNA, units of nucleotides are used—abbreviated nt (or knt, Mnt, Gnt)—as they are not paired. To distinguish between units of computer storage and bases, kbp, Mbp, Gbp, etc. may be used for base pairs. The centimorgan is also often used to imply distance along a chromosome, but the number of base pairs it corresponds to varies widely. In the Human genome, the centimorgan is about 1 million base pairs. See also List of Y-DNA single-nucleotide polymorphisms Non-canonical base pairing References Further reading (See esp. ch. 6 and 9) External links DAN—webserver version of the EMBOSS tool for calculating melting temperatures Category:Nucleobases Category:Molecular genetics Category:Nucleic acids	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Reading Corporation Tramways Reading Corporation Tramways operated a tramway service in Reading between 1901 and 1939. The tramway is one of the ancestors of the current Reading Buses, the town's municipally owned bus operator. History The corporation purchased the assets of the horse drawn services of the Reading Tramways Company and took ownership from 1901. Modernisation was undertaken and the first electric service started operating in July 1903. Extensions were constructed to the Wokingham Road and London Road (both from Cemetery Junction), and new routes added to Whitley, Caversham Road, Erleigh Road and Bath Road. The trams operated from a new depot in Mill Lane, a site that was to remain Reading Transport's main depot until it was demolished to make way for The Oracle shopping mall in 1998. The electric tram services were originally operated by 30 four-wheeled double decked cars supplied by Dick, Kerr & Co. In 1904, six bogie cars and a water car (used for keeping down the dust on the streets) were added to the fleet, also from Dick, Kerr & Co. No further trams were acquired, and a planned extension from the Caversham Road terminus across Caversham Bridge to Caversham itself was abandoned because of the outbreak of World War I. The war also led to a significant maintenance backlog. Closure In 1919, Reading Corporation started operating its first motor buses. These ran from Caversham Heights to Tilehurst, running over the tram lines and beyond the tram termini. Because of the state of the track, the Bath Road tram route was abandoned in 1930, followed by the Erleigh Road route in 1932. Eventually it was decided that the tramways should be abandoned and replaced by trolleybuses, operating over extended routes. The last tram ran on the Caversham Road to Whitley route in July 1936, and last car on the main line ran in May 1939. References Category:Tram transport in England Category:4 ft gauge railways in England	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Interfaith Center of New York The Interfaith Center of New York (ICNY) is a secular educational non-profit organization founded in 1997 by the Very Reverend James Parks Morton. ICNY programs work to connect religious leaders and their communities with civil organizations and each other. Founding The Interfaith Center of New York (ICNY) was founded in 1997 by the Very Reverend James Parks Morton after his retirement from 25 years as Dean of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. According to its Certificate of Incorporation, ICNY was organized "for the purpose of promoting interfaith dialogue and harmony among all of the world's religions and the prevention and resolution of conflicts arising there from." The idea to found the center arose out of the increasing religious diversity Rev. Morton saw in New York City, and his desire to utilize the network of religious leaders he had cultivated during his tenure at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine. Programs Education Programs focus on increasing knowledge and understanding about the religious diversity present in New York. Programs include workshops, panel discussions, and forums for teachers and students in various educational settings. The National Endowment for the Humanities sponsors a summer institute for K-12 teachers called Religious Worlds of New York. Domestic Violence Training Programs work with religious leaders to educate and train them about domestic violence resources. Domestic violence programs are co-sponsored by CONNECT. Rabbi Marshall T. Meyer Retreat for Social Justice is a two-day retreat convened for religious leaders on a specific topic. The retreat aims to provide indepth and specialized information for community leaders on topics that are relevant and helpful to them. Pas retreat topics have included: confronting hate crimes, religious freedom in bricks and mortar, and economic resilience in faith communities. Civic Connections offers forums, workshops, and collaborative projects regarding civic topics or institutions. ICNY collaborates with the New York Legal Assistance Group (NYLAG) to offer pro bono legal assistance to NYC residents. Muslim - Catholic Initiative is a partnership with Catholic Charities and the Archdiocese of New York that unites Catholic and Muslim communities together for dialogue and mutually beneficial projects. Prepare New York is a coalition of New York-based interfaith organizations that organize Coffee Hour Conversations to encourage dialogue and understanding of religious pluralism surrounding the effects September 11, 2011 on residents of New York City. The coalition includes: the Interfaith Center of New York, Auburn Seminary and its Center for Multifaith Education, Intersections International, Odyssey Networks, Quest, and the Tanenbaum Center and its Religion and Diversity Education Program. September 11th Families for Peaceful Tomorrows and 9/11 Communities for Common Ground serve as advisers to the coalition. International Visiting Fellows Sister Cities Program is a three-year sister city program which aims to enrich the interfaith work and networks within each of the participating cities: New York City, Barcelona, and Glasgow. Delegates from the participating cities share best-practices in the area of interfaith work and civic participation. JPM Interfaith Award The James Parks Morton Interfaith Award, named in honor of The Interfaith Center of New York’s founder, recognizes individuals or organizations that exemplify an outstanding commitment to promoting human development and peace. Recipients are honored for their lifetime achievements and contributions towards increasing respect and mutual understanding among people of different faiths, ethnicities, and cultural traditions. The JPM Interfaith Award is given at an annual gala fundraiser. Events The Interfaith Center organizes and co-sponsors many interfaith events throughout New York City. Recent Events Lantern lighting ceremony in honor of the 10th anniversary of September 11th. References External links Official Website Prepare New York Website Category:Interfaith organizations Category:1997 establishments in New York (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
David Howells David Howells (born 15 December 1967) is an English former professional footballer, born in Guildford, Surrey, who played in the Football League as a midfielder for Tottenham Hotspur, with whom he spent the majority of his career, Southampton and Bristol City. Football career Howells made his debut for Tottenham Hotspur as an 18-year-old in 1986, scoring in a 2–1 win against Sheffield Wednesday. He spent 12 more seasons at White Hart Lane, made 335 first-team appearances, and was on the winning side in the 1991 FA Cup Final. Howells also represented Southampton, scoring once against Arsenal, and Bristol City before retiring from the game in 2000 due to a persistent knee problem. Later career He went on to run holiday resort-based soccer schools, was involved with Guildford City as director of football and occasional player, appeared for Havant & Waterlooville, coached at Westfield (Surrey), and became a director of a sports agency. David Howells teaches at Queen Eleanor's junior school in Guildford. He was subsequently appointed head coach of the first XI at Charterhouse. Personal life Howells has a younger brother, Gareth, who is also a professional footballer, playing in goal. As of 2010–11 season, Gareth is a player/coach at Eastleigh FC. Like his brother, Gareth was originally signed on youth terms at Tottenham, but never made the step up to play professionally for the club, and has spent almost his entire career at clubs outside of the Football League structure. References External links Stats and photos at Sporting Heroes Category:1967 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Guildford Category:English footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players Category:Southampton F.C. players Category:Bristol City F.C. players Category:Guildford City F.C. players Category:Hartley Wintney F.C. players Category:Havant & Waterlooville F.C. players Category:English Football League players Category:Premier League players Category:Footballers from Surrey	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Santa Fina Chapel The Saint Fina Chapel () is an Early Renaissance chapel in the right aisle of the Collegiate church of Santa Maria Assunta, located in San Gimignano, Tuscany, Italy. It was designed by Giuliano and Benedetto da Maiano in 1468 to enshrine the relics of Saint Fina. The side walls of the chapel are painted in fresco by Domenico Ghirlandaio with two scenes from her life, executed between 1477 and 1478. History After her death on 12 March 1253 the veneration of Fina dei Ciardi quickly grew to become the protector and saint patron of the city of San Gimignano. Her burial place, now close to the door of the sacristy, lay at that time in a small cloister, adjacent to the cemetery. In 1325 the commune of San Gimignano approved the erection of an altar within the church to contain her relics. In 1457 the city decided to build "a beautiful and honourable" chapel dedicated to Santa Fina to enshrine her relics. Works proceeded slowly until Giuliano da Maiano was summoned from Florence in 1468 to furnish the commune with a suitable design for the chapel. Giuliano was paid the sum of 11 lire 6 soldi. A papal bull issued by Pope Sixtus IV on October 1481, confirmed by Pope Paul III in 1538, permitted the public cult and veneration of Saint Fina as one of the saints of the Catholic Church. The chapel was consecrated by the Bishop of Pistoia on 4 October 1488. Architecture The architecture, completed in 1472, is inspired by Antonio Rossellino's Cardinal of Portugal Chapel in the basilica of San Miniato al Monte in Florence. It is one bay deep, each wall being defined by an arched recess. The arches support an entablature decorated by a color terracotta frieze with seraphim. Above the entablature are lunettes which include circular windows. The altar housing the saint's relics is a work by Benedetto da Maiano (1475) that bears relief scenes of Saint Fina's life. Above the altar is a tabernacle with a portrait of her on leather, an early 14th-century work by the Sienese Manno di Bandino. The urn on the tabernacle held the saint's bones until 1738. The upper lunette is decorated by a painting of the Madonna with Child between Two Angels. Around the side walls are stalls of carved and inlaid wood, by Antonio da Colle. The ceiling was adorned by Sebastiano Mainardi, Ghirlandaio's brother-in-law and master, with figures of the Evangelists and Doctors of the Church. The chapel was enclosed with a marble balustrade in 1661. Ghirlandaio frescoes The side walls of the chapel were frescoed by the Florentine painter Domenico Ghirlandaio between late 1477 and September 1478, at the same time as Benedetto da Maiano was working on the sculpture. An inscription on the tomb by the latter alludes to their simultaneous presence in 1475. Upon the sarcophagus decorated with naked genii runs the inscription attributed to Giovanni Battista Cantalicio, the author of laudatory verses in honour of the Saint Gregory printed in Venice in 1493: However, although it has been argued that the last line of the epitaph proves that Ghirlandaio painted the frescoes not later than 1475, this is not conclusive, as the subject and the composition had probably been settled from the beginning. Entries exist in the ledger of the works of the collegiate church of certain sums of money paid to Benedetto da Maiano for the epitaph of Santa Fina, under the dates of 29 May 1490 and 13 December 1493. The frescoes are Ghirlandaio's first known major commission, and show the first traces of his mature style. According to Saint Fina's hagiography, she had devoted her late life to a mystic devotion, which eventually led her to paraplegia. One day St. Gregory appeared to her to announce that she would be soon liberated by the illness in exchange for external life. On the day of her funeral, several miraculous events occurred, including the healing of her nurse, who suffered paralysis in her hand. The fresco on right wall of the chapel depicts, in the main field, St. Gregory the Great, supported by red-winged cherubim, appearing to Santa Fina to announce her death. Saint Fina, flanked by her nurses Beldia and Bonaventura, is praying while lying on a wooden plank. According to the legend, when she died the palette became covered with violets, which are typical March flowers at San Gimignano. The scene is a domestic interior with white-washed walls and a coffered ceiling. It is characterized by bright colours. The room is painted using geometrical perspective, and has a door which opens on a garden with rose bushes and a window through which can be seen a distant citadel. A rat under the bench in the background is a reference to Saint Fina's martyrdom (she was eaten alive by rats and worms). The other objects also have a symbolic meaning: the pomegranate is a symbol of royalty, fertility, resurrection and unity of the Church; the apple is a symbol of original sin; the wine refers to the Eucharist sacrament. The finely wrought platter is perhaps an autobiographic element, as Ghirlandaio's father was a goldsmith, and the artist had also received training in that art. The elaborate architectonic elements which frame the scene became a feature in numerous later works by Ghirlandaio. On the wall of the painted room is a slab with an inscription in gold lettering of the following words by St. Gregory: Above a painted architrave at the top of the picture a small image shows two angels transporting the soul of the praying woman within an aureola. The scene on the left wall portrays the Funeral of Saint Fina. The saint is on her funeral bier, lying on a richly decorated brocade cloth, her head supported on a pillow. The scene is set in front of Renaissance exedra around the altar, decorated with precious marble, grooved pillars and composite capitals, supporting a rich entablature and a blue semi-dome. Behind the saint is her old nurse Beldia, who kneels as Saint Fina's hand touches hers, bringing about the miracle which healed her from paralysis. A second miracle is represented by the crying boy who is touching her toes, and will gain back his sight. A third miracle, that the bells of San Gimignano's towers were rung by angels, is suggested by a flying putto near one of the towers depicted in the background. The Torre Grossa, the town's tallest, is visible on the right. The painting also features Ghirlandaio's first true-life portraits, with gestures and face expressions familiar from daily life. The citizens depicted in the painting probably include the work's donors. The four pendentives that support the vault are decorated by the figures of prophets, while the lunettes feature Saints Ambrose, Nicholas, Jerome, Gimignano and Augustine, by Sebastiano Mainardi. The vault, finally, has the Four Evangelists, also by Mainardi. The style of this scheme, combining elements that are both historic and contemporary, was perhaps inspired by Filippo Lippi's Stories of St. Stephen and St. John the Baptist in the Prato Cathedral, and was later used by Ghirlandaio in the frescoes of the Sassetti Chapel in the basilica of Santa Trinita at Florence. Notes Sources Further reading Category:Roman Catholic churches in San Gimignano Category:Roman Catholic chapels in Italy Category:Church frescos in Italy Category:Paintings by Domenico Ghirlandaio Category:1470s paintings Category:15th century in the Republic of Florence Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1472 Category:15th-century Roman Catholic church buildings Category:Renaissance architecture in Tuscany Category:1477 in Europe	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Southern Renaissance The Southern Renaissance (also known as Southern Renascence) was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature in the 1920s and 1930s with the appearance of writers such as William Faulkner, Thomas Wolfe, Caroline Gordon, Elizabeth Madox Roberts, Katherine Anne Porter, Allen Tate, Tennessee Williams, Robert Penn Warren, and Zora Neale Hurston, among others. Overview Prior to this renaissance, Southern writers tended to focus on historical romances about the "Lost Cause" of the Confederate States of America. This writing glorified the heroism of the Confederate army and civilian population during the Civil War and the supposedly idyllic culture that existed in the South before the war (known as the Antebellum South). The belief in the heroism and morality of the South's "Lost Cause" was a driving force in Southern literature between the Civil War and World War I. The Southern Renaissance changed this by addressing three major themes in their works. The first was the burden of history in a place where many people still remembered slavery, Reconstruction, and a devastating military defeat. The second theme was to focus on the South's conservative culture, specifically on how an individual could exist without losing a sense of identity in a region where family, religion, and community were more highly valued than one's personal and social life. The final theme that the renaissance writers approached was the South's troubled history in regards to racial issues. Because of these writers' distance from the Civil War and slavery, they were able to bring more objectivity to writings about the South. They also brought new modernistic techniques such as stream of consciousness and complex narrative techniques to their works (as Faulkner did in his novel As I Lay Dying). Among the writers of the Southern Renaissance, William Faulkner is arguably the most influential and famous. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949. The emergence of a new critical spirit The Southern Renaissance in the 1920s had been preceded by a long period after the Civil War during which Southern literature was dominated by writers who supported the Lost Cause. Yet the critical spirit that characterized the Southern Renaissance did have roots in the era that preceded it. From the 1880s onwards, a few white Southern authors, such as George Washington Cable and Mark Twain (considered a Southern writer because he grew up in the slave state of Missouri and set many of his writings in the South) challenged readers by pointing out the exploitation of blacks and ridiculing other Southern conventions of the time. In the 1890s, the writings of journalist Walter Hines Page and academics William Peterfield Trent and John Spencer Bassett severely criticized the cultural and intellectual mediocrity of the men who held power in the South. In 1903, Basset, an academic at Trinity College (later Duke University) angered many influential white Southerners when he called African-American leader Booker T. Washington "the greatest man, save General Lee, born in the South in a hundred years." The most comprehensive and outspoken criticisms directed against the tenets of the "Lost Cause" before the First World War were put forth by African American writers who grew up in the South, most famously by Charles W. Chesnutt in his novels The House Behind the Cedars (1900) and The Marrow of Tradition (1901). However, before the 1970s, African-American authors from the South were not considered part of Southern literature by the white and mostly male authors and critics who considered themselves the main creators and guardians of the Southern literary tradition. The Southern Renaissance was the first mainstream movement within Southern literature to address the criticisms of Southern cultural and intellectual life that had emerged both from within the Southern literary tradition and from outsiders, most notably the satirist H.L. Mencken. In the decade before the Southern Renaissance, Mencken led the attack on the genteel tradition in American literature, ridiculing the provincialism of American intellectual life. In his 1917 essay "The Sahara of the Bozart" (a pun on a Southern pronunciation of 'beaux-arts') he singled out the South as the most provincial and intellectually barren region of the US, claiming that since the Civil War, intellectual and cultural life there had gone into terminal decline. This created a storm of protest from within conservative circles in the South. However, many emerging Southern writers who were already highly critical of contemporary life in the South were emboldened by Mencken's essay. On the other hand, Mencken's subsequent bitter attacks on aspects of Southern culture that they valued amazed and horrified them. In response to the attacks of Mencken and his imitators, Southern writers were provoked to a reassertion of Southern uniqueness and a deeper exploration of the theme of Southern identity. The Fugitives The start of the Southern Renaissance is often traced back to the activities of "The Fugitives", a group of poets and critics who were based at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, just after the First World War. The group included John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, and others. Together they created the magazine The Fugitive (1922–1925), so named because the editors announced that they fled "from nothing faster than from the high-caste Brahmins of the Old South." Yet it was the sentimentality of the Old South that predominated in their writings. The Southern Agrarians The emergence of the Southern Renaissance as a literary and cultural movement has also been seen as a consequence of the opening up of the predominantly rural South to outside influences due to the industrial expansion that took place in the region during and after the First World War. Southern opposition to industrialization was expressed in the famous essay collection I'll Take My Stand: The South and the Agrarian Tradition (1930), written by authors and critics from the Southern Renaissance who came to be known as Southern Agrarians. Legacy Many Southern writers of the 1940s, '50s, and '60s were inspired by the writers of the Southern Renaissance, including Reynolds Price, James Dickey, Walker Percy, Eudora Welty, Flannery O'Connor, John Kennedy Toole, Carson McCullers, and Harper Lee (whose novel To Kill a Mockingbird won the Pulitzer Prize in 1961), along with many others. See also African American literature Southern Gothic Southern literature Notes and references Bibliography Category:Southern United States literature Category:Cultural history of the United States Category:American literary movements Category:20th-century American literature	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mount Nansen (Antarctica) Mount Nansen is a prominent mountain, surmounting the steep eastern escarpment of the Eisenhower Range, 17 km (11 mi) south of Mount Baxter, in Victoria Land. Discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition (1901–04), and named for Fridtjof Nansen, Norwegian Arctic explorer from whom Capt. Scott obtained much practical information for his expedition. References Category:Fridtjof Nansen Category:Mountains of Victoria Land Category:Scott Coast	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Photography in Japan The history of photography in Japan begins in the 19th century and has continued to be a prominent art form into the present era. 19th-century photography Importation of Photography In 1848 (Edo era), a camera for daguerréotype was imported by a Dutch ship to Japan (Nagasaki, 長崎). It is said that this was the first camera in Japan. During Edo era, the import and the export had been prohibited (sakoku, 鎖国) by the Edo Government (Edobakufu, 江戸幕府), except that only Dutch ships had been permitted to export and import various goods at Nagasaki Port. Therefore, the first camera was introduced at Nagasaki. This camera was imported by Ueno Toshinojō (1790–1851, 上野俊之丞) and in 1849 passed to Shimazu Nariakira (1809–1858, 島津斉彬), who later would become a feudal lord (daimyō, 大名) of Satsuma Domain (薩摩藩, now Kagoshima-ken). In Satsuma Domain, detailed study with respect to photography had been done, but it took almost ten years from the acquisition of the first camera to taking the first photograph. In 1857, SHIMAZU Nariakira's photograph was taken by Ichiki Shirō (1828–1903, 市来四郎) and UJUKU Hikoemon (宇宿彦右衛門) (daguerréotype). This is said to be the first photograph taken by Japanese and still exist and can be seen at Shōko Shūseikan (尚古集成館, Kagoshima-city, Japan). In 1854, Convention of Kanagawa (日米和親条約, Nichi-Bei Washin Jōyaku, "America-Japan Treaty of Amity and Friendship") was concluded between U.S. and Japan, Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (日英和親条約, Nichi-Ei Washin Jōyaku) was concluded between Britain and Japan, and Treaty of Shimoda (日露和親条約, Nichi-Ro Washin Jōyaku) was concluded between Russia and Japan. The treaties opened the Japanese ports of Shimoda (in Shizuoka Prefecture), Hakodate (in Hokkaido Prefecture) and Nagasaki to the trade. In 1858, Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States – Japan) (日米修好通商条約).was concluded between U.S. and Japan and opened the port of Kanagawa, but soon the port of Yokohama (横浜), which is close to Kanagawa, opened for the trade with foreign countries in exchange to the port of Kanagawa. The trade based on these treaties began in 1858 at Yokohama, Nagasaki and Hakodate. This is called Kaikoku (開国, to open the nation for foreign countries and trades) in Japanese language. Thanks to Kaikoku, more and more cameras and other photography-related equipment and materials had been imported to Japan. Further some foreign photographers, such as Felix Beato came to Japan and took many photographs of Japan. In 1862, Ueno Hikoma (1838–1904, 上野彦馬) opened his photo studio in Nagasaki and Shimooka Renjo (1823–1914, 下岡蓮杖) opened his photo studio in Noge (野毛, soon later included within Yokohama), in the same year, but independently. The open of these two photo studios for portraits indicated the new era of Japanese photography. Professional Photographers in Meiji Era After the opening of Ueno Studio and Shimooka Studio, around the turning point between Edo Era and Meiji Era (1868), several new photo studios were opened, such as that of Kuichi Uchida (1844–1875, 内田九一) in 1865 in Osaka and in 1866 moved to Yokohama, that of Yohei Hori (or HORI Masumi, 1826–1880, 堀与兵衛 (堀真澄)) in 1865 in Kyoto, that of Kōkichi Kizu (1830–1895, 木津幸吉) in 1866 in Hakodate, that of Rihei Tomishige (1837–1922, 冨重利平) in Yanagawa, Chikugo in 1866 and that of Yokoyama Matsusaburō (1838–1884, 横山松三郎). Among these photographers (Shishin-shi, 写真師), Uchida Kuichi is most famous for his photographs of Meiji Emperor (明治天皇) in 1872 and 1873, which photographs have been called Goshin'ei (御真影) and were used as public portraits of Meiji Emperor. "真(shin)" means "true" and "影(ei)" means "(photographic) image" or "portrait" and "御(go)" means honorific prefix for "真影". In Meiji Era, only very limited persons, such as prime ministers, could meet Meiji Emperor in person and most Japanese people in Meiji Era had no chance to see Meiji Emperor. But Meiji Emperor's image was necessary for him to govern Japan and Japanese nations. Therefore, Meiji Government prepared "御真影" and used "御真影" for Emperor's governance and Meiji Government's governance. As other photographers, Kakoku Shima (1827–1870島霞谷) and Ryū Shima (1823–1899, 島隆) should be mentioned. They were a husband and a wife and began taking photography together around 1863 or 1864, and Ryū Shima was called the first woman professional photographer. Further, around the 1860s and 1900, Yokohama-shashin (Yokohama Photo, Photographs selling or distributing in Yokohama, 横浜写真) was very popular. Yokohama-shashin was a photograph of Japanese scenery, Japanese people (especially Japanese women) and Japanese cultures and a very widely used souvenir especially for foreign people. Among photographers for Yokohama-shashin, Felix Beato and Kusakabe Kimbei (1841–1934, 日下部金兵衛) were very famous. Because of Kaikoku, many foreign people came to Japan. Further, after Meiji Ishin (Meiji Government was established in 1868), many Japanese were able to travel within Japan without breaking laws and began to travel within Japan. Yokohama was a suitable place to visit both for foreign people and Japanese people, and Yokohama-shashin attracted such travellers very much. Two main characteristics of Yokohama-shashin were; a well-decorated album-style photographs, and hand-colored photographs. But towards the end of the 19th century, picture post cards, which were much cheaper than Yokohama-shashin, became very popular and were widely used in Japan, and many amateur photographers were emerging, who liked to take pictures by themselves than to buy expensive Yokohama-shashin. These were the major reasons for Yokohama-shashin to decline. In the 1880s, photographers in a new generation and new types began their activities. Reiji Esaki (1845–1910, 江崎礼二), who took photographs of experimental torpedo explosion in Sumida river in 1883, and Kazuma Ogawa (1860–1929, 小川一眞), who not only took photographs but also was the managers of a printing factory, were particularly famous among them. In the 1860s and 1870s, many photographs of Hokkaidō were taken, which photographs are called Hokkaidō Kaitaku Shashin (Photographs of Developments in Hokkaidō, 北海道開拓写真). In the 1860s and 1870s, Hokkaidō was under the development by the Japanese Government. The Government in Tokyo needed detailed reports of the development in writing, and they thought reports with photographs should be better and the Government requested some photographers to take photographs of the development in Hokkaidō. Such photographers included Tamoto Kenzō (1832–1912, 田本研造), Kōkichi Ida (1846–1911, 井田侾吉), Raimund von Stillfried-Ratenicz (1839–1911), Seiichi Takebayashi (1842–1908, 武林盛一) and Sakuma Hanzō (1844–1897, 佐久間範造). Emerging Amateur Photographers Around the middle of the 1880s, photographers (写真師) began to use gelatin dry plates very widely. Before the spread of gelatin dry plates, the wet collodion process (湿式コロジオン法) was ordinary process for photography in Japan and to use this process was very difficult in technical points and also it costs a considerable sum of money. It means almost no amateur photographers can exist without gelatin dry plates. Two famous examples of earliest amateur photographers in Japan were as follows; Kamei Koreaki (1861–1896, 亀井茲明), who was a count and studied aesthetics in England and Germany, took photographs of the Sino-Japanese War (日清戦争) in 1895. Kajima Seibei (1866–1924, 鹿島清兵衛) took many photographs in the 1890s, such as a life-size portrait of Manzaburō Umewaka (NO (能) actor) and a big-size photograph of Mt. Fuji. Wide spread of gelatin dry plates and small-sized cameras led to the era of prominent amateur photographers in the 20th century in Japan. Other Major Photographers HASEGAWA Kichijirō (fl. 1870s, 長谷川吉次郎) who is included in "The History of Japanese Photography" (About this source, please refer to "Further reading" below) The first half of the 20th century Era of Geijutsushashin (Era of Pictorialism) In 1904, Yūtsuzu-sha (ゆふつヾ社) was founded by Tetsusuke Akiyama, Seiichi Katō and other photographers. In 1904, Naniwa Photography Club (Naniwa Shashin Club, 浪華写真倶楽部) was founded in Osaka. In 1907, Tokyo Photographic Research Society (Tokyo Shashin Kenkyūkai, 東京写真研究会) was founded in Tokyo. In 1912, Aiyū Photography Club (Aiyū Shashin Club, 愛友写真倶楽部) was founded in Nagoya and Chotaro Hidaka (1883–1926, 日高長太郎), Aitarō Masuko (1882–1968, 益子愛太郎) and Matsutaro Ohashi (1891–1941, 大橋松太郎) actively made photographs as a member of this Club. In 1912, Yonin Kai was founded by Yasuzō Nojima (1889–1964, 野島康三) and other three photographers. In 1921, Shashin Geijutsu Sha (写真芸術社) was founded and the first issue of Shashin Geijutsu (Photographic Art, 写真芸術) was published by Shinzō Fukuhara (1883–1948, 福原信三), Rosō Fukuhara (1892–1946, 福原路草) and other photographers. In 1922, Japan Photographic Art Association (Nihon Kōga Geijutsu Kyōkai, 日本光画芸術協会) was founded by Hakuyō Fuchikami (1889–1960, 淵上白陽) and the first issue of Hakuyō (白陽) was published. In 1922, the first issue of Geijutsu Shashin Kenkyū (Art Photography Studies, 芸術写真研究) was published. In 1922, a photographic monograph Paris et la Seine, Paris and the Seine (Pari to Seinu, 巴里とセイヌ) and in 1923, another monograph, Light and its Euphony (Hikari to sone Kaichō, 光と其諧調) were published by Shinzō Fukuhara. In the early 1920s, ves-tan school (ベス単派) was formed by Masataka Takayama (1895–1981, 高山正隆), Makihiko Yamamoto (1893–1985, 山本牧彦) and Jun Watanabe. Era of Shinkōshashin (Era of New Photography) In the early and mid-1920s, there appeared some photographic tendencies called constructivism school (構成派) within Nihon Kōga Geijutsu Kyōkai members, for example, in Hakuyō Fuchikami's works. In 1923, the first issue of Asahi Graph (The Asahigraph Weekly, アサヒグラフ) was published. In 1923, there occurred Kantō Great Earthquake (Kantō Daishinsai, 関東大震災). In 1924, the first issue of Photo Times (フォトタイムス) was published. In 1926, the first issue of Asahi Camera (アサヒカメラ) was published. In 1927, Iwata Nakayama returned to Japan after several years in the U.S. and Europe, In 1930, Tampei Photography Club (Tampei Shashin Club) (February 1930-c. 1941, Osaka) (丹平写真倶楽部) was founded by Bizan Ueda and other photographers and later Nakaji Yasui (1903–1942, 安井仲治) entered this Club. In 1930, Ashiya Camera Club (芦屋カメラクラブ) was founded by Iwata Nakayama (1895–1949, 中山岩太), Kambei Hanaya (1903–1991, ハナヤ勘兵衛) and other photographers. In 1930, New Photography Research Society (Shinko Shashin Kenkyūkai, 新興写真研究会) was founded and the first issue of Shinko Shashin Kenkyū (New Photography Studies, 新興写真研究) was published by Sen'ichi Kimura. 1931: German International Traveling Photography Exhibition (独逸国際移動写真展, Doitsu Kokusai Idō Shashin Ten; This was a traveling exhibition of "Film und Foto" in Stuttgart, Germany in 1929) was held in Tokyo [April] and Osaka [July]. In 1932, the first issue of Kōga (Photography, 光画) was published by Yasuzō Nojima, Iwata Nakayama and Ihee Kimura (or Ihei Kimura). In 1932, Manchuria Photographic Artists Association (Manshū Shashin Sakka Kyōkai) (満洲写真作家協会) was founded and in 1933, Manshū Graph (Pictorial Manchuria, 満洲グラフ) was published by Hakuyō Fuchikami. In 1932, a photographic monograph, Camera, Eye x Iron, Construction (Camera, Me x Tetsu Kōsei, カメラ・眼×鉄・構成) was published by Masao Horino (1907–1999, 堀野正雄). In 1933, a photographic monograph, Early Summer Nerves (Shoka Shinkei, 初夏神経) was published by Kiyoshi Koishi (1908–1957, 小石清). In 1936, a photographic monograph, the Reason for Sleep (Nemuri no Riyū, 眠りの理由) was published by Ei-Q. In 1937, Avant-Garde Image Group (Avant-Garde Zōei Shūdan, アヴァンギャルド造影集団) was founded by Gingo Hanawa (1894–1957, 花和銀吾), Terushichi Hirai (1900–1970, 平井輝七) and other photographers. In 1938, Avant-Garde Photography Association (Zen'ei Shashin Kyōkai, 前衛写真協会) was founded by Shūzo Takiguchi and some photographers. In 1939, Nagoya Photo Avant-Garde (名古屋フォトアバンガルド) was founded by Minoru Sakata (1902–1974, 坂田稔), Kansuke Yamamoto (1914–1987, 山本悍右) and other photographers. In 1939, Société Irf (ソシエテ・イルフ) was founded in Fukuoka by Wataru Takahashi (1900–1944, 高橋渡) and other photographers. In 1940, a photographic monograph, Mesembryanthemum ("Mesem Zoku", メセム属) was published by Yoshio Shimozato. In 1940, a photographic monograph, Light ("Hikari", 光) was published by Tampei Shashin Club. In 1942, Nakaji Yasui died. Era of Hōdōshashin (Era of Photojournalism) In 1932, Yōnosuke Natori returned to Japan from Germany as a correspondent photographer of Ullstein-Verlag. In 1933, Nippon Kōbō (Japan Studio, 日本工房) was founded by Yōnosuke Natori, but in 1934 most of main members other than Natori has left Nippon Kobo and founded Chūō Kōbō (Metropolitan Studio, 中央工房). Then Natori reorganized Nippon Kōbō. In 1934, the first issue of Nippon was published by Nippon Kōbō. In 1938, the first issue of Shashin Shūhō (Photo Weekly, 写真週報) was published. In 1941, Tōhōsha (Far East Company, 東方社) was founded. In 1942, the first issue of Front was published by Tōhōsha. The second half of the 20th century History After WWII, there appeared the era of Hōdōshashin (era of photojournalism) again, mainly led by Ken Domon (1909–1990, 土門拳), Ihee Kimura (Ihei Kimura, 1901–1974, 木村伊兵衛) and Yōnosuke Natori (1910–1962, 名取洋之助), all of three were very active even during WWII. Avant-garde photography including surrealism and pictorialism photography had almost disappeared behind photojournalism after WWII because photography other than photojournalism which supported Japanese government and Japanese military powers was completely oppressed by the Japanese government during WWII. It took several years before avant-garde photography came back to the stage of the history of Japanese photography. 21st century Further reading The History of Japanese Photography, The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Yale University Press, 2003, Modern Photography in Japan 1915-1940, 2001, Category:Photography in Japan Photography Photography Category:History of art in Japan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mehmet Bozdağ Mehmet Bozdağ (; born January 1, 1983 in Kayseri) is a Turkish screenwriter, producer and director. Biography Mehmet Bozdağ made his debut as producer and screenwriter of the Turkish cinema film Ustalar, Alimler ve Sultanlar and went on producing Gönül Hırsızı, Diriliş: Ertuğrul and Yunus Emre Aşkın Yolculuğu. He currently writes and produces the TV series Kuruluş: Osman which is airing on ATV from November 2019. Filmography As producer and director Son Rüya (2009) Kardeş Şehirler (2009) Ustalar, Alimler ve Sultanlar (2010) Gönül Hırsızı (2013) Diriliş: Ertuğrul (2014 - 2019) Yunus Emre Aşkın Yolculuğu (2015-?) Mehmetçik Küt’ül - Amare (2018-2019)Kuruluş: Osman'' (2019-?) External links Category:1983 births Category:Living people Category:People from Kayseri Category:Turkish film producers Category:Turkish screenwriters	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Appcelerator Appcelerator is a privately held mobile technology company based in San Jose, California. Its main products are Titanium, an open-source software development kit for cross-platform mobile development, and the Appcelerator Platform, software that provides cross-platform native mobile app development using JavaScript, mobile backend as a service (MBaaS), mobile test automation, crash detection and performance management, and mobile analytics. Founded in 2006, Appcelerator serves industries including: retail, financial services, healthcare and government. As of 2014, it raised more than $90 million in venture capital financing. History Jeff Haynie and Nolan Wright met at Vocalocity, an Atlanta-based voice over IP company that Haynie had co-founded. After Haynie sold Vocalocity in 2006, the pair founded Web 2.0 application development company Hakano. In 2007, Hakano, renamed Appcelerator, began creating an open source platform for developing rich Internet applications (RIAs). Marc Fleury, founder of JBoss, joined the company as an advisor. In 2008, Appcelerator relocated to Mountain View, California and later released a preview of its Appcelerator Titanium product, which drew comment as a possible open source competitor to Adobe AIR. Appcelerator began to focus on mobile apps in 2009. In June, it released a public beta of Titanium, which added support for Android and iOS app development to its existing web and desktop application features. Titanium 1.0 released in March 2010. Appcelerator increased its employee count five-fold between October 2010 and 2011. The company's 2011 revenue totaled $3.4 million, a 374 percent increase from 2008. Between 2011 and 2013, Appcelerator announced acquisitions, including: Aptana, integrated development environment (IDE) company Particle Code, HTML5 mobile gaming development platform Cocoafish, backend as a service Nodeable, big data analytics company Singly, API management company in August, 2013. Appcelerator moved to its San Jose headquarters in 2015. In January 2016, Appcelerator was acquired by Axway, a company that helps enterprises handle data flows. Products Axway Appcelerator Dashboard offers real-time analytics of the lifecycle and success of apps built on the Axway Appcelerator Mobile Solution or directly via native SDK. Axway Appcelerator Studio is an open extensible development environment for building, testing and publishing native apps across mobile devices and OSs including iOS, Android. Axway API Builder is an opinionated framework for rapidly building APIs with a scalable cloud service for running them. It allows developers to connect, model transform and optimize data for both native or web app clients. API Builder and API Runtime are the backbone of the Axway Appcelerator Platform MBaaS. Axway Mobile Analytics is an Mobile Analytics offering that collects and presents information in real time about an application's user acquisition, engagement and usage. Titanium Appcelerator Titanium is an open source framework that allows the creation of native, hybrid, or mobile web apps across platforms including iOS, Android, Windows Phone from a single JavaScript codebase. As of February 2013, 10 percent of all smartphones worldwide ran Titanium-built apps. As of August in the same year, Titanium had amassed nearly 500,000 developer registrations. Alloy Alloy is an Apache-licensed model–view–controller app framework built on top of Titanium that provides a simple model for separating the app user interface, business logic and data models. Apps built with Appcelerator products are written in JavaScript. Though initially developed as a Web language, JavaScript is increasingly popular for mobility due to its ability to meet the speed, scale and user experience requirements that mobile development demands. According to Forrester Research, JavaScript adoption is setting the stage for the "biggest shift in enterprise application development" in more than a decade. Funding In December 2008, Appcelerator closed a $4.1 million first venture round led by Storm Ventures and Larry Augustin. Later, in October 2010, the company announced a partnership with PayPal and that it has raised $9 million in Series B funding from investors including Sierra Ventures and eBay. Appcelerator raised $15 million in Series C funding led by Mayfield Fund, Red Hat, and Translink Capital in November 2011, and a further $12.1 million in a round led by EDBI, the venture fund of the Singaporean government's Economic Development Board, in July 2013. On August 25, 2014, Appcelerator announced $22 million in Series D funding led by Rembrandt Venture Partners. Total funding for the mobile engagement platform to date is more than $90 million. Marketing awards 2012 The Wall Street Journal: Technology Innovation Award in Software 2012 The Wall Street Journal: The Next Big Thing 2012 Red Hat Innovation Award Winner: Extensive Partner Ecosystem 2012 Momentum Index: 100 Open Source Companies 2012 Edison Awards Winner 2012 Silicon Valley Business Journal's Best Places to Work in the Bay Area See also Appcelerator Titanium Mobile application development JavaScript Node.js Mobile Backend as a service (MBaaS) Mobile Enterprise Application Platform (MEAP) References External links Official Website Category:Software companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area Category:Privately held companies based in California Category:Development software companies Category:Mobile software programming tools Category:JavaScript libraries Category:Mobile software development Category:Android (operating system) development software Category:BlackBerry development software Category:Software companies of the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Welch–Satterthwaite equation In statistics and uncertainty analysis, the Welch–Satterthwaite equation is used to calculate an approximation to the effective degrees of freedom of a linear combination of independent sample variances, also known as the pooled degrees of freedom, corresponding to the pooled variance. For sample variances , each respectively having degrees of freedom, often one computes the linear combination where is a real positive number, typically . In general, the probability distribution of {{math\|χ}} cannot be expressed analytically. However, its distribution can be approximated by another chi-squared distribution, whose effective degrees of freedom are given by the Welch–Satterthwaite equation''' There is no assumption that the underlying population variances are equal. This is known as the Behrens–Fisher problem. The result can be used to perform approximate statistical inference tests. The simplest application of this equation is in performing Welch's t-test. See also Pooled variance References Further reading Michael Allwood (2008) "The Satterthwaite Formula for Degrees of Freedom in the Two-Sample t-Test", AP Statistics'', Advanced Placement Program, The College Board. Category:Statistical theorems Category:Equations Category:Statistical approximations	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tupolev Tu-16 The Tupolev Tu-16 (NATO reporting name: Badger) was a twin-engined jet strategic heavy bomber used by the Soviet Union. It has flown for more than 60 years, and the Chinese licence-built Xian H-6 remains in service with the People's Liberation Army Air Force. Development In the late 1940s, the Soviet Union was strongly committed to matching the United States in strategic bombing capability. The Soviets' only long-range bomber at the time was Tupolev's Tu-4 'Bull', a reverse-engineered copy of the American B-29 Superfortress. The development of the notably powerful Mikulin AM-3 turbojet led to the possibility of a large, jet-powered bomber. The Tupolev design bureau began work on the Tu-88 ("Aircraft N") prototypes in 1950. The Tu-88 first flew on 27 April 1952. After winning a competition against the Ilyushin Il-46, it was approved for production in December 1952. The first production bombers entered service with Frontal Aviation in 1954, receiving the service designation Tu-16. It received the NATO reporting name Badger-A. It had a new, large swept wing and two large Mikulin AM-3 turbojets, one in each wing root. It could carry a single massive FAB-9000 conventional bomb (the Russian equivalent of the British Grand Slam bomb) or various nuclear weapons for a range of around Although the Tu-16 began as a high-altitude, free-fall bomber, in the mid-1950s it was equipped to carry early Soviet cruise missiles. The Tu-16KS-1 (Badger-B) version could carry AS-1 missiles over a combat radius of . These very large weapons were aerodynamically similar to the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fighter, fitted with either a nuclear or conventional warhead, having a range of about . They were intended for use primarily against US Navy aircraft carriers and other large surface ships. Subsequent Tu-16s were converted to carry later, more advanced missiles, while their designations changed several times. A versatile design, the Tu-16 was built in numerous specialized variants for reconnaissance, maritime surveillance, electronic intelligence gathering (ELINT), and electronic warfare (ECM). A total of 1,507 aircraft were constructed in three plants in the Soviet Union, in 1954–1962. A civilian adaptation, the Tupolev Tu-104, saw passenger service with Aeroflot. The Tu-16 was also exported to Indonesia, Egypt, and Iraq. It continued to be used by the Air Forces and naval aviation of the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia, until 1993. Delivery of the Tu-16 to China began in 1958, and the Xi'an Aircraft Industrial Corporation (XAC) license-produced the aircraft under the Chinese designation Xian H-6. At least 120 of these aircraft remain in service. On 14 May 1965, one of the PLAAF Tu-16 bombers carried out the first airborne nuclear weapon test inside China. Variants Among the main production variants of the Badger were the Tu-16 and Tu-16A bombers and Tu-16KS and Tu-16K-10 missile carriers, Tu-16SPS, "Elka", and Tu-16Ye ECM aircraft, Tu-16R reconnaissance aircraft, and Tu-16T torpedo bombers; others were produced from conversions. Individual aircraft could be modified several times, with designations changed, especially concerning missile-carrying aircraft. "Aircraft 88" - Initial prototype. "Aircraft 97" - Twin-engined long-range bomber development project of Tu-16 with two RD-5 engines. "Aircraft 103" - Supersonic bomber development project of Tu-16 with four VD-7 AM-13 engines. Badger A (Tu-16) – This is the basic configuration of the Tu-16 bomber deployed in 1954 to replace the Tu-4. Several modified models of this variant existed, all of which were known as Badger A in the West. Tu-16A – Modified Tu-16s designed to carry nuclear bombs, one of main versions, with 453 built. Many of these were subsequently converted into other variants. Tu-16Z – An early specialized version of the Tu-16 that served as airborne tankers (a refuelling method: wing-to-wing), though retaining their medium bomber role. Tu-16G (Tu-104G) – Fast air mail model, Aeroflot aircrew training version. Tu-16N – A dedicated tanker version for Tu-22/Tu-22M bombers, with probe and drogue system. Entered service in 1963. Similar aircraft Tu-16NN converted from Tu-16Z. Tu-16T – Limited production maritime strike version (torpedo bomber), that served in the Soviet Naval Aviation, and carried torpedoes, mines and depth charges. 76 built and some more converted. All units subsequently converted into Tu-16S configuration. Tu-16S – A lifeboat carrier version used for search and rescue operations. Tu-16Ye – These were equipped with heavy electronic warfare and electronic intelligence (ELINT) equipment. Badger B (Tu-16KS) – Variant designed as a launch platform for two AS-1 Kennel/KS-1 Komet missiles. 107 built in 1954–1958, served with the Soviet Naval Aviation, Egypt and Indonesia. Soviet ones later converted with newer missiles. Badger C (Tu-16K-10) – Another Naval Aviation variant, units of this version carried a single AS-2 Kipper/K-10S anti-ship missile. 216 built in 1958–1963. It differed from other variants in having a radar in a nose. A further development, the Tu-16K-10-26, carried a single K-10S and two KSR-2 or KSR-5 AS-6 Kingfish missiles (K-26 missile complex). Some were later converted into ELINT platforms. Badger D (Tu-16RM-1) – Maritime reconnaissance model with ELINT equipment; 23 converted from Tu-16K-10. It retained its radar in a nose and could guide K-10S missiles, fired from other planes, at targets. Badger E (Tu-16R) – Reconnaissance version of the airframe, with ELINT equipment, first of all meant for maritime reconnaissance. It could guide KS missiles. Tu-16RM-2 – modified Tu-16R, serving in the Naval Aviation. It could guide KSR-2 missiles. Tu-16KRM – Launch platforms for target drones (a variant of Tu-16K-26). Badger F (Tu-16RM-2) – Another reconnaissance version based on the −16R/RM but with the addition of external ELINT equipment. Badger G (Tu-16K/Tu-16KSR) – Serving in the Naval Aviation, these were conversions from earlier models. These were designed to carry bombs in internal bays in addition to carrying air-to-surface missiles externally, such as the AS-5 Kelt and AS-6 Kingfish. There existed numerous variants, designated either from carried missile complex (K-11, K-16 and K-26) or from missiles of these complexes (KSR-11, KSR-2 and KSR-5). Following further modifications, they were also given suffixes. Main variants: Tu-16KSR-2 – carrying the K-16 complex (two KSR-2 missiles). Used from 1962. Similar aircraft, converted from other variants, were designated Tu-16K-16. Tu-16K-11-16 – carrying the K-16 complex (KSR-2 missiles) or the K-11 complex (two anti-radar KSR-11 missiles). Used from 1962. Similar aircraft were designated Tu-16KSR-2-11. Over 440 Tu-16 could carry the K-16 or K-11 complex. Tu-16K-26 – carrying the K-26 complex (two KSR-5 missiles), retaining a capability of KSR-2 and 11 missiles. Used from 1969. Similar aircraft were designated Tu-16KSR-2-5-11 or Tu-16KSR-2-5 (no KSR-11 capability). Over 240 Tu-16 could carry the K-26 complex. Tu-16K-26P – carrying the K-26P missiles (two anti-radar KSR-5P missiles, as well as KSR-5, 2 or 11). Badger H (Tu-16 Elka) – Designed for stand-off electronic warfare and electronic counter-measures support. Badger J (Tu-16P Buket) – Another electronic warfare variant configured as an ECM strike escort. Badger K (Tu-16Ye) – Believed to be a version of the Badger F configuration possessing enhanced ELINT capability. Badger L (Tu-16P) – Another version of the Badger J with more modern systems and used in ELINT role. "Aircraft 90" - Turboprop-powered project. Tu-104 - Civilian airliner version. Former operators Armenian Air Force : 30 aircraft inherited from the Soviet Union. Out of service by 1995. Azerbaijan Air Force : 10 aircraft inherited from the Soviet Union. Out of service by 1995. Belarus Air Force : 18 aircraft inherited upon the fall of the Soviet Union, out of service by 1995. People's Liberation Army Air Force : A few Tu-16s were acquired in 1959; the type was then built under license as the Xian H-6 People's Liberation Army Navy Air Force Egyptian Air Force : Operated Tu-16KS, Tu-16T, Tu-16KSR-2-11, and Tu-16R. Also operated H-6. Last retired in 2000. Georgian Air Force : 20 aircraft inherited from the Soviet Union. Out of service by 1995. Indonesian Air Force (TNI-AU) : 26 Tu-16KS-1 acquired in 1961. Used during the preparation of Operation Trikora in 1962, being the capture of Western New Guinea from the Netherlands (now Papua and Papua Barat). They were also planned to be used for attacking the Colossus class aircraft carrier, HNLMS Karel Doorman. All were based at Iswahjudi Air Force Base, Madiun, East Java, and were grounded in 1969. Removed from service in 1970. Iraqi Air Force : 8 x Tu-16 and 6 x Tu-16KSR-2-11. Also operated 4 B-6D (H-6D). One B-6D was downed during the Iran-Iraq War. Two got destroyed in Operation Desert Storm in 1991. The remaining B-6D was destroyed in 2003. Russian Air Force : Many aircraft inherited from the Soviet Union. Out of service by 1993. Russian Naval Aviation Soviet Air Force (transferred to successor states) Soviet Naval Aviation (transferred to successor states) Ukrainian Air Force : 121 aircraft inherited from USSR. All retired from service. Notable accidents On May 25, 1968 a Soviet Air Force Tu-16 Badger-F piloted by Colonel Andrey Pliyev buzzed the US Navy aircraft carrier in the Norwegian Sea. The Tu-16 made four passes, and on the last a wing clipped the sea and it crashed with no survivors. Parts of three bodies were recovered by the US. On August 28, 1978 an early model Tu-16 crashed on Hopen island in Svalbard, Norway. All seven crew were killed in the accident. It was discovered by a four-man Norwegian weather forecasting team. The USSR refused to admit the loss of an aircraft until the bodies of the crew were given to them. Norway transcribed the contents of the flight recorder over the objections of the Soviet government. On June 27, 1980 a Soviet Air Force Tu-16 Badger on a Tokyo Express flight crashed near Komatsu Air Base in Ishikawa Prefecture in the Sea of Japan. There were no survivors. The remains of three crew members were recovered by the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force ship Nemuro. Specifications (Tu-16) See also References Footnotes Bibliography Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces,edited by Pavel Podvig, The MIT Press, 2001. Soviet Military Power: 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988 Ту-16. Ракетно-бомбовый ударный комплекс Советских ВВС, Voyna v Vozduhye series no 26 EDISI KOLEKSI ANGKASA, RUDAL UDARA TRACKED AND DESTROYED, Edition of September 2006. External links Global Security.org FAS on the Tu-16 Xian H-6 Badger H-6 Medium Bomber http://airwar.ru/ – Ugolok Neba (Russian language) H-6H and H-6K Cruise Missile Bomber, AirForceWorld.com Category:1950s Soviet bomber aircraft Tu-0016 Category:Twinjets Category:Mid-wing aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 1952 Category:Soviet and Russian military tanker aircraft Category:Electronic warfare aircraft	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Judo at the 2008 Summer Paralympics The Judo competition of the 2008 Summer Paralympics was held in Beijing Workers' Gymnasium from September 7 to September 9. There were 13 events, corresponding to seven weight classes for men and six for women. At the Paralympics, judo is contested by visually impaired athletes. Events These were the 13 judo events, followed by the date they were contested. Men's 60 kg - September 7 Men's 66 kg - September 7 Men's 73 kg - September 8 Men's 81 kg - September 8 Men's 90 kg - September 9 Men's 100 kg - September 9 Men's +100 kg - September 9 Women's 48 kg - September 7 Women's 52 kg - September 7 Women's 57 kg - September 8 Women's 63 kg - September 8 Women's 70 kg - September 9 Women's +70 kg - September 9 Competitors There were 129 judoka (82 male, 47 female) taking part. Medal summary Medal table This ranking sorts countries by the number of gold medals earned by their judoka (in this context a country is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If, after the above, countries are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically. Men's events Women's events References External links Official site of the 2008 Summer Paralympics 2008 Category:2008 Summer Paralympics events Paralympics Category:Judo competitions in China	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The New Freedmen's Clinic The New Freedmen's Clinic (first opened in the summer of 2009) is a free student-run health care clinic affiliated with Howard University Hospital (HUH) and Howard University College of Medicine (HUCM). It gets its name from HUH's original name - Freedmen's Hospital. It is currently located in the heart of Washington, DC, within HUH. Project organization After attending a course in Portland, Oregon on how to organize student-run clinics, a third year student at Howard University College of Medicine found overwhelming support from both students and faculty for executing her plan to form a clinic that would be run by HUCM students. The students at the helm of the project visited area student-run clinics to observe their management and provide insight on the work needed to make their clinic a reality. Soon after, the students applied to the Association of American Medical Colleges for a grant and received one in the amount of $30,000, which went towards starting the clinic. That grant was supplemented by a large donation from the Howard University College of Medicine Alumni Foundation, a $25,000 award from the Gilead Foundation, and an astonishing $150,000 gift from an anonymous graduate of the College of Medicine's Class of 1941. Each clinic day, there are two teams of medical students supervised by a Howard University Hospital physician. The Clinic "treats patients by appointment and those referred to them by the Hospital's Emergency Department" While the clinic still accepts mainly adults, it now boasts a variety of screening tests, an expanding array of services, as well as a strong community outreach program to better address the needs of the underserved. Mission "The HUCM Student Run Free Clinic Project is dedicated to improving access to quality healthcare to the local community. While serving the underserved population, the clinic will also provide education humanistic medicine and social justice for medical student volunteers." Clinic services Primary care Physical Exams Wellness Checkups Non-urgent Care Diagnostic Tests Preventative care Colon cancer screening Diabetes screening EKG (for heart disease) HIV screening Hypertension screening Kidney function test Liver function test Pap smear (women 21–65 years old are encouraged to get one about every three years) Pregnancy tests X-rays and more. Mental health services Mental Health Disorders Substance Abuse Domestic Violence Other services Social Services Prescription Medications Language Interpretation/Translation Sponsors Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Gilead Foundation Anonymous Howard University College of Medicine Graduates References External links The New Freedmen's Clinic website New Freedmen's Clinic Washington Post article The Howard University Hilltop article Howard University Newsroom article Category:Clinics in the United States Category:Medical and health organizations based in Washington, D.C. Category:Howard University Category:2009 establishments in Washington, D.C.	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Exorcist steps The Exorcist steps are a set of stone steps in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. famous for being featured in the 1973 film The Exorcist. The steps are located at the corner of Prospect St and 36th St NW, leading down to M Street NW, and were built in 1895 during construction of the adjacent Car Barn. For The Exorcist, the steps were padded with half-inch-thick rubber to film the death of the character Father Damien Karras. Because the house from which Karras falls was set back slightly from the steps, the film crew constructed an extension with a false front to the house in order to film the scene. The stuntman tumbled down the stairs twice. Georgetown University students charged people around $5 each to watch the stunt from the rooftops. In a ceremony Halloween weekend 2015 that featured the film's director William Friedkin and screenwriter William Peter Blatty (who also wrote the book on which the film is based), the Exorcist steps were recognized as a D.C. landmark and official tourist attraction by Mayor of the District of Columbia Muriel Bowser, with a plaque unveiled at the base of the steps recognizing its importance to D.C. and film history. References External links Washington Post review of the steps Category:The Exorcist Category:Georgetown (Washington, D.C.) Category:Stairways in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
L'ultimo testimone L'ultimo testimone is the seventh studio album by the Italian rapper Bassi Maestro, released on 19 November 2004 under Vibrarecords. Track listing Link Category:2004 albums Category:Bassi Maestro albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
El Castillo del Terror (2006) El Castillo del Terror (2006) was the second annual El Castillo del Terror professional wrestling event produced by the International Wrestling Revolution Group. It took place on November 2, 2006, at Arena Naucalpan in Naucalpan, State of Mexico. The show featured the eponymous main event match; a nine-man Steel Cage Match where the last twp men in the cage were forced to wrestle each other and the loser would be forced to unmask under Luchas de Apuestas, or "Bet rules". For the 2006 event Ave Fénix, Bacteria, Fabián el Gitano, Fantasma de la Ópera, El Felino, El Hijo del Diablo, Macho II, Nitro and Xibalva all wagered their masks on the outcome of the match. The match came down to Ave Fénix and Macho II, with Fénix pinning Macho II to force him to unmask afterwards. Production Background Starting as far back as at least 2002, the Mexican wrestling promotion International Wrestling Revolution Group (IWRG; Sometimes referred to as Grupo Internacional Revolución in Spanish) has held several annual events where the main event was a multi-man steel cage match where the last wrestler left in the cage would be forced to either remove their wrestling mask or have their hair shaved off under Lucha de Apuestas, or "bet match", rules. From 2005 IWRG has promoted a fall show, around the Mexican Day of the Death, under the name El Castillo del Terror ("The Tower of Terror") to distinguish it from other Steel cage matches held throughout the year such as the IWRG Guerra del Golfo ("Gulf War"), IWRG Guerra de Sexos ("War of the Sexes") or IWRG Prison Fatal ("Deadly Prison") shows. The Castillo del Terror shows, as well as the majority of the IWRG shows in general, are held in "Arena Naucalpan", owned by the promoters of IWRG and their main arena. The 2006 Castillo del Terror show was the second year in a row that IWRG promoted a show under that name. Storylines The event featured five professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results References External links Category:2006 in professional wrestling Category:2006 in Mexico 2006 Category:November 2006 events in Mexico	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Khaled (film) Khaled is a 2001 film directed by Asghar Massombagi. It is the story of a ten-year-old boy who tries to conceal the death of his mother. Massombagi won the Best Director Award for the film at the 37th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival and the First Time Filmmaker Award at the ReelWorld Film Festival. Plot Khaled (Michael D'Ascenzo) lives in a Toronto housing project with his mother, who is French Canadian and chronically ill. His father is Moroccan and abandoned the family when Khaled was young. One day his mother dies, but Khaled attempts to carry on life as normal. His life deteriorates as his landlord harasses him for overdue rent, and neighbors begin to notice the smell of decay from his apartment. External links Canada World View MongrelMedia Category:2000s drama films Category:2001 films Category:Canadian films Category:Films directed by Asghar Massombagi Category:Films set in Toronto Category:Canadian drama films Category:Canadian Film Centre films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sarah Mae Flemming Sarah Mae Flemming Brown (June 28, 1933 – June 16, 1993) was an African-American woman who was expelled from a bus in Columbia, South Carolina, seventeen months before Rosa Parks refused to surrender her seat on an Alabama bus in 1955. Flemming's lawsuit against the bus company played an important role later in the Parks case. Early life Sarah Mae Flemming was born June 28, 1933 to Mack and Rosella Goodwin Flemming in Eastover, South Carolina. She grew up on the family's farm and completed the tenth or eleventh grade at Webber High School in Eastover before leaving school to work. She spent a year working for an uncle in Ohio before returning to South Carolina, where she moved in with a cousin and began working two jobs as a domestic worker in Columbia, South Carolina. Civil rights activism On June 24, 1954, Flemming boarded a bus to go to work. She took the only empty seat, which she believed began the rows in which black riders were allowed to sit. The driver challenged her, and humiliated, she signalled to get off at the next stop. The bus driver blocked her attempt to exit through the front of the bus and punched her in the stomach as he ordered her out the rear door. Local civil rights activists heard of ordeal and enlisted attorney Phillip Wittenberg, a white attorney in Columbia, to represent her. Flemming v. South Carolina Electric and Gas was filed on July 21, 1954, in U.S. District Court. The allegation was that Flemming's Fourteenth Amendment right to equal protection had been violated. On February 16, 1955, Federal District Judge George Bell Timmerman, Sr. dismissed the case. Ms. Flemming appealed to the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals and her case was argued on June 21, 1955. The Fourth Circuit reversed Judge Timmerman on July 14, 1955, and remanded the case for further proceedings. SCE&G appealed the decision of the Appeals Court. On April 23, 1956, the United States Supreme Court refused to review the 4th Circuit Court of Appeals decision and on June 13, 1956, Judge Timmerman dismissed the case once again. Mr. Wittenberg decided not to handle a second appeal and turned the case over to Thurgood Marshall and Robert Carter of the NAACP. For the third trial, Lincoln Jenkins, Jr. and Matthew J. Perry represented Ms. Flemming and the jury quickly found in the bus company's favor, but by that time the Montgomery bus boycott and the decision in Browder v. Gayle had been rendered, so a third appeal was not filed. Later life During her legal case, Sarah Mae Flemming married John Brown of Gaston County, North Carolina. The couple had three children. Sarah Mae Flemming Brown died of a heart attack brought on by diabetes on June 16, 1993, just before her 60th birthday. She was buried in the Goodwill Baptist Church cemetery in Eastover, South Carolina. In 2005, a documentary entitled Before Rosa: The Unsung Contribution Of Sarah Mae Flemming aired on PBS stations across the United States. Further reading References Category:1933 births Category:1993 deaths Category:Deaths from diabetes Category:People from Eastover, South Carolina Category:20th-century African-American activists Category:American women activists Category:Activists for African-American civil rights	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Thruster The Thruster (French:L'arriviste) is a 1924 French silent film directed by André Hugon and starring Pierre Blanchar, Jeanne Helbling and Ginette Maddie. Cast Pierre Blanchar as Jacques de Mirande Jeanne Helbling as Marquisette Ginette Maddie as Renée April Gilbert Dalleu as Chesnard Camille Bert as L'inconnu Henri Baudin as Claude Barsac Jean d'Yd as L'avocat général Max Charlier Georges Deneubourg Henri Deneyrieu as Le notaire Alexis Ghasne as Le Président des assises Paul Jorge as L'Abbé Bridoux Louis Monfils as Le Président de la chambre des députés References Bibliography Rège, Philippe. Encyclopedia of French Film Directors, Volume 1. Scarecrow Press, 2009. External links Category:1924 films Category:French films Category:Films directed by André Hugon Category:French silent films Category:French black-and-white films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ban Nakhem Ban Nakhem is a village in Sainyabuli Province, Laos. It is located along the main road (Route 4, south of Muang Phiang and southwest of Sainyabuli. The area and surrounding villages of Ban Fainamtan and Ban Nampoui are mainly engaged in agriculture, mainly rice farming. References Category:Populated places in Sainyabuli Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
A Fresh Air Romance A Fresh Air Romance is an American silent film produced by the Edison Company in 1912. Plot Old Dr. Fogg has been practicing medicine in the same small town for several decades when he takes his son, a recent medical school graduate, as a partner in his practice. The young doctor quickly realizes that his father's methods are outdated, and harmful, and tries to work around them. In the process, he finds romance with one of his father's patients. Release The film was released in the United States on October 12, 1912. It was exhibited in Aberaman, Wales in February, 1913. Around this same time, the film was still circulating through the United States, where it was being shown in places like the Dixie Theatre in Bryan, Texas. References External links Category:1912 films Category:1910s drama films Category:American drama films Category:American films Category:American black-and-white films Category:Medical-themed films Category:American silent short films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Swimming at the 2015 African Games – 4×100 metre medley mixed The 4×100 metre medley mixed event at the 2015 African Games took place on 10 September 2015 at Kintele Aquatic Complex. Schedule All times are Congo Standard Time (UTC+01:00) Records Results Final References External links Official website Category:Swimming at the 2015 African Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Deborah Bell Deborah Bell (1957, Johannesburg) is a South African painter and sculptor whose works are known internationally. Biography Bell earned fine arts degree from the University of Witwatersrand in 1975 and in 1986 she earned Master of Arts at the same university. Her career began in 1982 and Bell has had many solo and group exhibitions in South Africa and abroad. From 1983 to 1989 she lectured at various institutions, including the University of the Witwatersrand and the University of South Africa. She has traveled extensively in Africa, North America and Europe and in 1986 she spent two months working at the Cité Internationale des Artes in Paris. From 1986 to 1997 she collaborated with South African artists William Kentridge and Robert Hodgins on different projects. In 1997, they produced a series of images of Alfred Jarry and William Hogarth works. Together, the three artists have also created works of computer animation. Deborah Bell is a winner of several awards, her works can be found in public and private collections around the world. Solo exhibitions Alchemy, David Krut, Johannesburg, 2010 Flux, Goodman Gallery, Cape, 2009 Objects of Power: memory of metal, memory of wood, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, 2007 Crossings and Monuments, Oliewenhuis Museum, Bloemfontein, 2005 Crossings and Monuments, Aardklop Festival Potchefstroom University Library Gallery, 2005 Sentinels, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, 2004 Unearthed, Joao Ferreira Gallery, Cape Town, 2003 Unearthed, The Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, 2001 The Journey Home, Art First, London, 2000 Displacements, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, 1998 Muses and Lamentations, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg, 1995 Deborah Bell, Potchesfstroom Museum, 1989 Deborah Bell, Market Gallery, Johannesburg, 1982 Group exhibitions 2009 Contemporary Sculpture in the Landscape, Nirox Foundation Collaborations, David Krut, Johannesburg 2007 Lift Off II, Goodman Gallery Cape, Cape Town. David Krut print workshop, UNISA Art Gallery. Pretoria 2005 ART BASEL MIAMI BEACH, Miami Beach, USA, in collaboration with Goodman Gallery Works on Paper, Collaborative prints from David Krut Print Workshop, Franchise Gallery, Johannesburg David Krut Collaborations: 25 Years of Prints and Multiples, National Arts Festival, Grahamstown 2004 Earthworks/Claybodies, Sasol Museum Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 2003 Earthworks/Claybodies, Pretoria Art Museum Earthworks/Claybodies, Standard Bank Centre Gallery, Johannesburg 2000 Icons for the Millennium, Atlanta, USA. 1999 The Paper Show, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg. Emergence, Group Show, National Arts festival, Grahamstown. Artery, A.V.A Gallery, Cape Town – in conjunction with the Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg. Artists in residence, Standard Bank National Arts Festival, 25th Anniversary, Grahamstown 1998 Earth Hues – Contemporary African Art, Group Show, World Space, Washington DC, USA. 4 UNISA Lecturers, Bloemfontein . UNISA Art Lecturers, Pretoria Art Museum. 1997 Images and Form: Prints, drawings and sculpture from Southern Africa and Nigeria, Brunei Gallery, University of London and Edinburgh College of Art, U.K. The Gencor Collection, Sandton Art Gallery, and The Grahamstown Festival. Kempton Park Metropolitan Substructure Fine Arts Award Show, Kempton Park. New Art from South Africa, Talbot Rice Gallery, Edinburgh, U.K. Les Arts de la Resistance, (Fin de Siecle a Johannesburg), Galerie Convergence, Galerie Jean-Christian Fradin, Galerie Michel Luneau, Galerie les Petit Murs, Nantes, France. Not Quite a Christmas Exhibition, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg CRAM, A.V.A Gallery, Cape Town – in conjunction with The Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg Collaborations 1986–1997 (11 years of collaborative projects between artists Kentridge, Hodgins and Bell) at the Johannesburg Art Gallery, in association with the FNB Vita Awards. ‘UB101:' A portfolio of etchings done in conjunction with Kentridge and Hodgins. Exhibited at the Grahamstown Festival and at the Gertrude Posel Gallery. Exhibition curated by Fiona Rankin-Smith. 1996 Gay Rights: Rites, Re-writes, Travelling Exhibition, South Africa. Group Salon, Rose Korber representing artists at the Bay Hotel, Cape Town. Common and Uncommon Ground: South African Art to Atlanta, City Gallery East, Atlanta, USA. Vita Awards, Johannesburg Art Gallery. Tomorrow is Now, First Canadian Place and Knights Galleries International, Toronto, Canada. Barber Signs, The Standard Bank Gallery, Johannesburg Recent Drawings, Gallery on Tyrone, Johannesburg. Ceramics Biennal, Sandton Art Gallery 1995 The Bag Factory: The First Five Years, the Civic Theatre Gallery, Johannesburg. The Art of Tea, Kim Sacks Gallery, Johannesburg. Group Salon, Rose Korber representing artists at the Bay Hotel, Cape Town. 1994 Group Show, Newtown, Johannesburg. Anything Boxed, Group Show, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg.. South African works on Paper, North Western University of Illinois, Chicago, United States Memo, installation with video at the Grahamstown festival in collaboration with William Kentridge and Robert Hodgins Lamentations, Art First, Cork Street. London 1993 Gallery on Tyrone, Johannesburg. Vita Awards, Johannesburg Art Gallery. Momentum Life Exhibition, Pretoria. Internations of Millennium, Newtown Gallery, Johannesburg. Easing the Passing (of the hours), Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg. Portraits in the round, ceramic exhibition in collaboration with William Kentridge and Retief van Wyk at the Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg. 1992 ICA, 50 Johannesburg Artists, Johannesburg Paris: The Catalyst, Alliance Francaise, Durban. Looking at Art: Looking at Watercolours, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg. Vita Awards, Johannesburg Art Gallery Works made in August, Newtown Gallery, Johannesburg 1992 Easing the Passing (of the hours), Waterfront, Cape Town. Computer Animation, laser prints and drawings in collaboration with William Kentridge and Robert Hodgins. 1991 Cape Town Triennal Painted People: Painted Spaces, Newtown Galleries, Johannesburg Hand Coloured Graphics, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg. Tiny Tapestry Show, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg. Little Morals, a portfolio of etchings done in conjunction with Hodgins and Kentridge, exhibited at the Cassierer Gallery, Johannesburg, Gallery International Cape Town, Taking Liberties, Durban 1990 Women choose Women, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Art from South Africa, MOMA, Oxford, UK. Standard Bank Drawing Competition, Johannesburg. 1989 Volkskas Atelier Award Exhibition, South African Vita Awards, Johannesburg Art Gallery. African Encounters, Dome Gallery, New York and Washington, USA. The Little Big Show, Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg. 1988 CASA (Culture for Another South Africa), conference in Amsterdam, Holland. Volkskas Atelier Award exhibition, South African Association of the Arts. Pretoria. 100 Artists Protest detention without trial, in aid of DPSC, Market Theatre, Johannesburg. Artists for Human Rights Exhibition, Durban Exhibition Centre. Exhibited with Jenny Stadler and Nagel at the Goodman Gallery, Johannesburg. 1987 Hogarth in Johannesburg, a portfolio of etchings done in conjunction with Hodgins and Kentridge. This exhibition travelled to all the major centres in South Africa. 1986 Volkskas Atelier Award Exhibition, South African Association of Arts, Pretoria. 1985 Cape Town Triennal New Visions, market Gallery, Johannesburg 11 Figurative Artists, Market Gallery, Johannesburg MAFA exhibition, Rembrandt Gallery, Milner Park, Johannesburg 1983 Exhibited with Hodgins and Sassoon, Carriage House Gallery Awards Merit Prize Winner, Volkskas Atelier (1986) Life Quarterly Award, Runner-up for the main award (1991) Mamba Award for "the Most Sustained Artist" (1991) APSA Award for Best New Signature, Ceramics Biennial (1997) Bibliography Pippa Stein, Deborah Bell, Ruth Sack, Deborah Bell, Volume 10 of Taxi Art Series, David Krut Publishing, 2004. Deborah Bell, Juliet White, Deborah Bell's Alchemy, David Krut Publishing, 2010. . References Category:1957 births Category:South African women painters Category:20th-century South African painters Category:20th-century women artists Category:University of the Witwatersrand alumni Category:Living people Category:People from Johannesburg Category:21st-century South African painters Category:21st-century women artists Category:South African sculptors Category:20th-century sculptors Category:21st-century sculptors Category:South African women sculptors	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Matt Bower Matt Bower (born 11 December 1998) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Bath City. Club career Bower joined Cheltenham Town in 2010, and signed his first professional deal in July 2016 following the Robins promotion back to the Football League. Prior to this, Bower made his first-team debut for Cheltenham during their FA Trophy tie against Oxford City, replacing Cian Harries in their 2–2 draw. Bower also enjoyed a short-term loan spell at Cirencester Town between March and April 2016, where he featured ten times for the Southern League Premier Division side. On 19 August 2017, Bower made his League Two debut for Cheltenham during their 3–0 away defeat against Carlisle United, replacing Will Boyle in the 85th minute. After playing in a trial game for Stoke City in late September he then signed a new contract for the 2018-19 season on 6 February. On 28 June 2019, Bower joined Bath City. Career statistics References External links Category:1998 births Category:Living people Category:English footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Cheltenham Town F.C. players Category:Cirencester Town F.C. players Category:Weston-super-Mare A.F.C. players Category:Bath City F.C. players Category:English Football League players Category:Southern Football League players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cesarino Cervellati Cesarino Cervellati (; 15 February 1930 – 13 April 2018) was an Italian footballer and manager from Baricella in the Province of Bologna, who played as a forward, usually as a right winger. Club career Cervellati was a one club man in the truest sense of the term, spending fourteen seasons as a player at his home province side Bologna. He made his Serie A debut with the club on 21 November 1948, in an 8–2 away defeat to Lazio. Between 1948 and 1962, he scored 88 league goals for the team in 300 appearances, winning a Mitropa Cup title in 1961. International career Cervellati represented Italy at international level on 6 occasions between 1951 and 1961; he made his debut on 6 May 1951, in a 0–0 home draw against Yugoslavia. After retirement After retiring from the playing field, Cervellati was known to keep in touch with his roots at Bologna, going on to have five managerial spells at the club where he is considered in such high regard; he won a Serie A title with the club in 1964, serving as an assistant manager to Fulvio Bernardini. Honours Player Bologna Mitropa Cup: 1961 Assistant manager Serie A: 1963–64 References Category:1930 births Category:2018 deaths Category:Italian footballers Category:Italy international footballers Category:Serie A players Category:Bologna F.C. 1909 players Category:Italian football managers Category:Bologna F.C. 1909 managers Category:Association football midfielders	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Blood of the Daleks Blood of the Daleks is an audio drama based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. This audio drama was produced by Big Finish Productions; the first of two 50-minute parts was broadcast on BBC 7 on 31 December 2006, and the second was aired on 7 January 2007. It is the first original Doctor Who drama produced for BBC 7, and stars Paul McGann as the Eighth Doctor and Sheridan Smith as new companion Lucie Miller. Lucie, described as a "brash northern lass", is an unwilling passenger in the TARDIS as she has been placed with the Doctor as part of a "Time Lord witness protection programme". It is the first in a series of six stories commissioned by BBC 7 from Big Finish. The story is set on a human colony named Red Rocket Rising, and features the Daleks. Plot Part 1 To the Doctor's puzzlement and consternation, Lucie Miller appears in the TARDIS; he attempts to return her to the North of England in 2006, but finds that a temporal shield prevents him from landing there. Instead, the two find themselves on the human colony world Red Rocket Rising, which has suffered an asteroid strike and the consequent impact winter. The survivors include the colony's acting president, Eileen Klint, disgraced scientist Asha Gryvern and the apparently paranoid Tom Cardwell. Klint receives a message from a Dalek fleet offering rescue to the colony's citizens, and accepts the offer, believing the Daleks to be benevolent. Lucie reveals that the Time Lords have placed her in the Doctor's care because of something she'd seen, although she doesn't know what it is. Asha, apparently the assistant to one Professor Martez, is in reality Martez himself, who had combined dead and living humans with technology salvaged from a crashed Dalek ship in an effort to ensure survival; Martez has created a new race of Daleks. When the true Daleks land, they welcome the survivors onto their ship, and demand that Klint turn the Doctor over to them. Meanwhile, Martez orders his Daleks to open fire on the Doctor. Part 2 The Doctor tricks Martez's Daleks and escapes. Martez has summoned the Daleks for assistance with his own Dalek creations, but the true Daleks see Martez's Daleks as a threat to the purity of the Dalek race, and plan to destroy them. The Doctor allies himself temporarily with the true Daleks in order to destroy Martez's Daleks, but then works with Tom Cardwell to eliminate both Dalek groups. The Daleks reveal that they caused the asteroid strike on Red Rocket Rising, in a failed attempt to eliminate Martez's creations; they also destroyed the exodus ships carrying refugees from the disaster. Martez's Daleks, which are being birthed at a rapid rate, initially have an advantage over the true Daleks, who are weakened from another conflict. The Doctor eventually convinces Martez that a Dalek-dominated world will know only hatred, war and death. Martez, whose stolen body is breaking down, halts the birthing process; in return, his creations kill him. Eventually, the two groups of Daleks (aided by Cardwell's resistance) destroy each other. The humans are left to pick up the pieces, and Klint announces that a new offer of rescue has been received from the inhabitants of a planet whose name begins "Tel-". Lucie considers staying with the survivors on Red Rocket Rising, but the Doctor discovers that the Time Lords will not let him leave the planet without her. And elsewhere, a woman calling herself the Headhunter accepts a commission from one Mr. Hulbert, promising him that she will find Lucie Miller anywhere in space and time... Cast The Doctor — Paul McGann Lucie Miller — Sheridan Smith Computer/Headhunter — Katarina Olsson Eileen Klint — Anita Dobson Tom Cardwell — Kenneth Cranham Asha/Martez — Hayley Atwell Lowell — Gerry O'Toole Daleks — Nicholas Briggs Continuity The real reason Lucie and the Doctor are brought together is revealed in Human Resources. The Doctor refers to one of the Daleks as Dalek Fred, a popular fan nickname for the Dalek who shot the Tenth Doctor in "The Stolen Earth". However this story was broadcast more than a year before that story. At the end of the play, Klint declares that help is coming once more; she names their new saviours' home planet, but only the first part of the name, "Tel-", is heard before the signal cuts off. This implies the planet is Telos, and that Red Rocket Rising will soon be invaded by Cybermen. The Headhunter reappears in several of the following Eighth Doctor stories. She finally catches Lucie at the end of No More Lies. The Daleks talk about putting the Doctor on trial to deceive the inhabitants of Red Rocket Rising. This may refer to the TV movie in which the Daleks, out of the norm, put the Master on trial, listening to his plea, and explains why this had happened. Lucie meets the Daleks again in her last story, Lucie Miller / To the Death. Notes This is the first of a run of episodes set before the ongoing revival TV series and after the 1996 television movie. The series may be set some time after the previous and ongoing Big Finish run of stories featuring McGann and India Fisher. The Radio Times indicated that this series was the run up to Christopher Eccleston's subsequent incarnation of the Time Lord. However, according to the Beyond the Vortex episode broadcast after Human Resources part 2, Big Finish will not be doing this. This is the first time the BBC has itself supported two separate ongoing productions featuring different Doctors (although Big Finish is, itself, not part of the BBC; BBC7 is). The end of this series is the 2011 release To the Death. Part 1 was broadcast on BBC 7 less than a week after The Runaway Bride aired on BBC One, on Christmas Day; coincidentally, both stories open with the Doctor startled by the sudden, unexpected appearance of a strange woman in the TARDIS console room. Lucie asking the Doctor if his hair is real is a reference to the wig that Paul McGann wore as the Doctor in the TV movie. References External links Big Finish Productions – Blood of the Daleks Part 1 Big Finish Productions – Blood of the Daleks Part 2 Category:2006 audio plays Category:Eighth Doctor audio plays Category:Dalek audio plays Category:Radio plays based on Doctor Who Category:2006 radio dramas Category:Works by Steve Lyons	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Naashoibitosaurus Naashoibitosaurus (from Navajo —"lizard creek") is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur that lived about 73 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous, and was found in the Kirtland Formation of the San Juan Basin in New Mexico, United States. Only a partial skeleton has been found to date. It was first described as a specimen of Kritosaurus by Jack Horner, and has been intertwined with Kritosaurus since its description. Description Naashoibitosaurus, based as it is on a single partial skeleton (NMMNH P-16106), is not well known in terms of anatomy. Its skull, the most thoroughly described portion, has a low nasal crest that peaks in front of the eyes, but does not strongly arch as in Gryposaurus. Classification Naashoibitosaurus is a saurolophine hadrosaurid, a "flat-headed or solid-crested duckbill". It is closest to the solid-crested forms like Saurolophus. If it is the same as Kritosaurus, Kritosaurus would be used because it is the older name, but its position vis-a-vis other duckbills would be the same. History Befitting a genus with a confusing taxonomic history, the name of this genus is based on an error. David Gillette and David Thomas collected the type and only known specimen from what was thought to be the Naashoibito Member of the Kirtland Formation, the youngest member of the Kirtland; this was commemorated in the name. Instead, it came from the older, late Campanian-age De-na-zin Member. Horner described the skull in 1992 as that of an immature Kritosaurus, using it as evidence that Gryposaurus was different from Kritosaurus. At the same time, Hunt and Lucas were describing the postcrania as belonging to Edmontosaurus saskatchewanensis. When the disconnect became apparent, Hunt and Lucas gave the specimen its own generic name, because the skull did not agree with an edmontosaur, and they considered Kritosaurus indeterminate and thus not usable. Their assessment was challenged in 2000 by Thomas Williamson, who found the morphological differences between it and Kritosaurus to be due to the skulls in question being from individuals of different ages. Unlike Hunt and Lucas, he considered the type skull of Kritosaurus to be diagnostic and thus could compare it to Naashoibitosaurus. He returned to Horner's argument, noting as Horner had that the nasal crest in other hadrosaurines like Prosaurolophus moves back on the skull during growth. He also pointed out that the specimen's provenance was incorrect; instead of being from younger rocks than Kritosaurus, it is from rocks of about the same age. The next major review, in the second edition of The Dinosauria, again separated the two. The absence of the beak and lower jaw in the partial skull of Naashoibitosaurus makes comparison even more difficult. A 2014 study agreed with previous authors that Naashoibitosaurus is similar to Kritosaurus, but found it to be a distinct species. Paleobiology As a hadrosaurid, Naashoibitosaurus would have been a large bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating plants with a sophisticated skull that permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing. Its teeth were continually replacing and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by its broad beak, and held in the jaws by a cheek-like organ. Feeding would have been from the ground up to ~4 meters (13 ft) above. If it was a separate genus, how it would have partitioned resources with the similar Kritosaurus is unknown. See also Timeline of hadrosaur research References External links Status of fossil species PDF file on hadrosaurs Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of North America Category:Saurolophines Category:Taxa named by Spencer G. Lucas Category:Fossil taxa described in 1993 Category:Paleontology in New Mexico Category:Campanian genus first appearances Category:Campanian genus extinctions	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roy Burston Major General Sir Samuel Roy Burston, (21 March 1888 – 21 August 1960) was an Australian soldier, physician, and horse racing identity. The son of James Burston, a prominent Melbourne soldier and businessman, Burston graduated from the University of Melbourne with a Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery in 1910. After graduation, he worked with children at the Adelaide Children's Hospital and Aboriginal people in the Northern Territory. Having served with the Militia from an early age, he obtained a commission in the Australian Army Medical Corps in 1912 and served as a medical officer in the Gallipoli Campaign and on the Western Front during World War I. Burston was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order for supervising an advanced dressing station under fire during the Battle of Messines. After the war he became a foundation Fellow of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians. During World War II he served as Director of Medical Services in the Middle East and Director General of Medical Services in Australia with the rank of major general. The 9th Division was withdrawn from the Siege of Tobruk on his medical advice. He remained Director General of Medical Services until 1948. In 1945, he became Chief Commissioner of St John Ambulance Australia, serving until 1957, Burston was involved in thoroughbred racing both as a punter and as a racehorse owner. He served as Chairman of the Moonee Valley Racing Club from 1952 until his death in 1960. Burston made the W S Cox Plate the richest weight for age race in Australia, and he oversaw the construction of the Burston Grandstand, which was named in his honour. Education and early life Samuel Roy Burston was born in Melbourne on 21 March 1888, the fourth of seven children to James Burston, a businessman who served as Lord Mayor of Melbourne from 1908 to 1910, and his wife Marianne, née McBean. Roy always preferred to be known by his first name rather than as Samuel, which was the name of his grandfather. The family lived in Flinders Street, Melbourne and later in Hawthorn, Victoria. James Burston would go on to command the 7th Infantry Brigade in the Gallipoli Campaign and rise to the rank of major general. Roy was educated at Melbourne Grammar School, where he acquired the nickname "Ginger" after his red hair. He joined the Victorian Military Forces as a bugler in 1900, serving with them and the Australian Military Forces until 1905. He considered a full-time military career but this was precluded by the discovery of a heart murmur. After graduating from Melbourne Grammar in 1903, Burston entered University of Melbourne in 1905, where he lived at Trinity College and studied medicine. He graduated with his Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) degrees in June 1910, and soon after his graduation he became a resident medical officer at Adelaide Children's Hospital. In 1911 and 1912, he served in the Northern Territory as a medical inspector of Aborigines with the Aboriginal Protection Board. He returned to Adelaide where he married Helen Elizabeth Culross on 16 April 1913 in St Michael's Anglican Church at Mitcham, South Australia. He took up general practice in Mile End, South Australia. Although unable to pursue a military career, he obtained a commission as a captain in the Australian Army Medical Corps (AAMC) on 14 October 1912. World War I Burston joined the Australian Imperial Force as a major in the 4th Light Horse Field Ambulance on 26 March 1915. He embarked for Egypt on the transport Borda on 23 June 1915. In September, he went to Gallipoli with the 7th Field Ambulance, which supported his father's 7th Infantry Brigade. He served on Gallipoli from September until November, when he was evacuated to Alexandria and later England with Typhoid fever. Burston remained in hospital until September 1916, when he was posted to the 11th Field Ambulance, part of the 3rd Division, then training at Larkhill in England. He moved to France with this unit on 24 November 1916. For his conduct supervising an advanced dressing station the Battle of Messines, Burston was mentioned in despatches and awarded the Distinguished Service Order. His citation, signed by Major General John Monash, read: Later that month, Burston was appointed senior medical officer at the Australian General Base Depot at Le Havre with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel. This rank became substantive on 18 September 1917. He was made commander of the 1st Convalescent Depot on 18 April 1918 and of the 3rd General Hospital on 22 November 1918. On 7 April 1919, he became Assistant Director of Medical Services (ADMS), AIF Depots in the United Kingdom with the temporary rank of colonel. For this work, he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. He returned to Australia aboard the Orsova on 22 November 1919. Between the wars Burston was promoted to major in the AAMC on 1 July 1919, lieutenant colonel on 1 July 1920, and colonel on 1 September 1921. He assumed the post of Deputy Director of Medical Services, 4th Military District in South Australia on 1 August 1921, a post he was to hold until 12 October 1939. On returning to Adelaide in 1919, he was reappointed to the staff of the Adelaide Children's Hospital. He also resumed as an honorary assistant physician at the Royal Adelaide Hospital, a post he had been appointed to in 1914. In 1933, he travelled to Scotland to further his medical knowledge, and become a member of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. On returning to Australia, he became an honorary physician at Royal Adelaide Hospital. He also began lecturing at the University of Adelaide. He was a district officer of the St John Ambulance Brigade, and vice president of the South Australian branch of the Australian Nursing Federation. In 1937 he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, and then one of the 41 foundation Fellows of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians in 1938. He was also honorary physician to the Governor-General from 1 July 1939 to 11 February 1943. Burston was a member of the Adelaide Club, South Australian Cricket Association and the Melbourne Club. He was a committee member of the Adelaide amateur Turf Club, and made an annual trip back to Melbourne for the Melbourne Cup. A tall man at , he was awarded the Royal Humane Society of Australasia's Bronze Medal for saving the life of a youth caught in the rip while surfing at Victor Harbor, South Australia in 1927. He had three children: Samuel Gerald Wood (Sam) Burston became a grazier; Robin Archibald (Bob) Burston became a physician like his father; and Helen Elizabeth (Betty), who married Chris Sangster, an Adelaide physician on 12 January 1939. Both sons and son in law would serve in the Army during the Second World War. World War II Middle East In October 1939, the Director General of Medical Services (DGMS), Major General Rupert Downes, tapped Burston for the post of Assistant Director of Medical Services (ADMS) of the 6th Division. Burston officially joined the Second Australian Imperial Force on 13 October 1939 with the rank of colonel, and received the serial number VX2 (VX1 being Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Blamey). When I Corps was formed in April 1940, Burston was appointed to its staff as Deputy Director of Medical Services (DDMS). As such, he was promoted to Brigadier on 1 July 1940. Burston departed for the Middle East by Qantas flying boat along with Blamey and Brigadier Sydney Rowell on 12 June 1940, the party wearing civilian clothes as they were travelling through neutral countries. In November, Blamey organised a Headquarters, AIF in the Middle East and appointed Burston as its Director of Medical Services (DMS). The Australian Government had appointed Major General Rupert Downes to this post, but it deferred to Blamey. Burston was promoted to Major General on 16 February 1941. Burston believed in personal reconnaissance and leading from the front. He was at the forefront of providing the medical arrangements for Operation Compass. He attempted, in the face of equipment shortages, to anticipate medical problems and so far as possible to prevent or avoid them. He dispatched Major Ian Murray Mackerras to investigate fly breeding in order to prevent an outbreak of diarrhoea. Burston gave Mackerras a free hand to tackle hygiene problems. His participation in the Battle of Greece was of brief duration; he embarked on 10 April 1941 and was back less than two weeks later. While there, he visited the front and was caught up in an air raid at Elassona. The disaster in Greece greatly exacerbated the ongoing problem of medical equipment, as losses included the complete equipment of three field ambulances, two casualty clearing stations, a 600-bed hospital and one 1200-bed general hospital. In July 1941, Burston reported that Australians on leave in Cairo from the Siege of Tobruk were underweight, and expressed doubts that the 9th Division might have the physical stamina to resist an attack. Burston and Colonel Neil Hamilton Fairley met with the 9th Division's commander, Major General Leslie Morshead, as did Blamey, with the result that Blamey sought its relief. This led to showdowns first between Blamey and General Sir Claude Auchinleck, and then between the British and Australian governments. Burston was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath on 14 April 1942; his citation, written by Blamey, read: South West Pacific Burston departed the Middle East for Batavia on 22 January 1942. He narrowly avoided capture when it fell, departing on the Orcades on 21 February 1942. On 8 May 1942, Burston became DGMS at GHQ (Australia), which soon became Land Headquarters (LHQ). In this position, he found himself in charge of officers like Downes who were senior to him militarily, and others like Fairley and Mackerras who "were, in truth, superior to him in intellectual distinction and professional status." He made numerous visits to the front in Papua-New Guinea, during September, November and December 1942, July 1943, and June 1944. On his visit to Papua in September 1942, Blamey asked Burston to intercede with Rowell, the relationship between Blamey and Rowell having broken down as a result of the Rowell's supersession by Blamey on the orders of General Douglas MacArthur and Prime Minister John Curtin. Burston failed to placate Rowell, and Rowell was relieved. The 1942 Papuan campaign threw up a host of serious medical problems. The poor diet, mainly caused by the difficulty of supply by air or over jungle tracks, caused malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies. Poor hygiene led to dysentery. Malaria was hyperendemic, and when Fairley and Mackerras visited Papua in June 1942 they found high rates of infection among the troops even before the fighting had begun. At Milne Bay the incidence was so high in September 1942 that it looked like the garrison would be wiped out in a matter of months. The biggest killer, though, was typhus. Of the 2,839 soldiers who came down with it, 257 (9 percent) died. It fell to Burston promulgate the policies and practices that diminished the danger from disease and allowed the Australian Army to fight in New Guinea. In April 1945, Burston visited South East Asia Command, and then travelled to the United Kingdom, where he ratified a series of agreements on the exchange of information regarding the development of new drugs, and for the funding of research scholarships by the Rockefeller Foundation and Carnegie Corporation of New York. He was returning to Australia when the war ended. Later life Burston was appointed a Knight of Grace of the Venerable Order of Saint John in 1944. He became Chief Commissioner of St John Ambulance Australia in March 1945, serving until 1957, after which he became Receiver-General of the Priory in Australia. He became an Honorary Physician to the King in August 1945, and a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London. Blamey recommended Burston for a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in September 1945, along with Frank Berryman, James Cannan, John Northcott, Jack Stevens and George Wootten. The recommendation was turned down by the Labor government as it was not Labor Party policy to award knighthoods at this time. Following the election of the coalition government in the 1949 election, Blamey wrote to the new Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, again requesting honours for his generals. This time he was successful, and Burston was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (military division) in 1952. Burston remained DGMS after the war. In the immediate post-war period, he was responsible for the demobilisation of the Army Medical Services, and for providing medical support to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan. Criticism of the medical arrangements, which Burston felt might lead to the force being prematurely withdrawn, led to Burston being publicly rebuked by the Army Minister, Cyril Chambers. Burston retired as DGMS and from the Army in 1948, handing over to Kingsley Norris. He served as honorary colonel of the Royal Australian Army Medical Corps from 1952 to 1957. Rather than resume his medical practice in Adelaide, Burston chose to remain in Melbourne. In 1950, he delivered the Rupert Downes Memorial Lecture based on his book on Medical Aspects of Atomic Warfare. Burston served as director of several companies, including David Syme & Co. (the publisher of The Age newspaper), Western Mining Corporation, Great Western Consolidated, New Coolgardie, and Koolgardie Southern. He was a medical advisor to the Australian Red Cross and National Mutual Life Association. In retirement, Burston enjoyed playing golf and tennis, and was involved in thoroughbred racing, both as a punter and as a racehorse owner. He was elected Chairman of the Moonee Valley Racing Club following the death of C. F. (Charlie) Taylor in 1952. Burston increased the prize money of the Cox Plate, taking £1,000 from the Moonee Valley Cup and adding another £1,000 to give the two races equal prize money of £4,000. This made the Cox Plate the richest weight for age race in Australia. In announcing the decision, Burston described the prize money as "fitting to the class of horses competing", noting that it had drawn fields with winners such as Phar Lap in 1930 and 1931; Chatham in 1932 and 1934; Ajax in 1938; Flight in 1945 and 1946; and Hydrogen, the 1952 winner that would go on to win it again in 1953. In 1956, Burston announced a long range plan to increase the prize money to £10,000, although this would not be achieved until 1964. Crowds at the race meetings at Moonee Valley had fallen from an average of 35,000 per meeting in 1948–49 to 25,000 in 1952–53. To lure punters back, the club expanded facilities. A new public grandstand, named the Burston Grandstand in his honour, was built at a cost of £200,000. This facility was first used for the Cox Plate meeting in 1958. Burston died at his home in South Yarra from a ruptured aortic aneurysm on 21 August 1960. He was survived by his daughter Elizabeth, who was married to Dr Christopher Sangster, an Adelaide physician, and his sons Samuel (later Sir Samuel Burston), a pastoralist in the Western District of Victoria, and Robin, a physician at Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide. A military funeral was held at Christ Church, South Yarra on 25 August. Burston's pall bearers included Major Generals Leslie Beavis, George Canet, Ronald McNicoll, Kingsley Norris, William Refshauge, Robert Risson and Colin Simpson. Mourners included Lieutenant General Sir John Northcott; William Samuel Cox, representing the Moonee Valley Racing Club; and Sir Frederick Thomas, the Lord Mayor of Melbourne. Burston's remains were cremated at the Springvale Crematorium, and his ashes were placed with those of Helen, who had died in 1958, in the gardens there. A portrait by Sir William Dargie was purchased by a fund subscribed to by a large number of medical officers and presented to him at The Australasian Medical Congress in Perth, Western Australia in 1948. Today, it is at the Latchford Barracks. A 1990 portrait by Barbara August hangs in the boardroom of the Moonee Valley Racing Club. Another, by Sir Ivor Hele, is held by the Australian War Memorial. Notes References Category:1888 births Category:1960 deaths Category:Adelaide Club Category:Australian Companions of the Distinguished Service Order Category:Australian Companions of the Order of the Bath Category:Australian generals Category:Australian military doctors Category:Australian military personnel of World War I Category:Australian military personnel of World War II Category:Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:Australian racehorse owners and breeders Category:Knights of Grace of the Order of St John Category:Medical doctors from Melbourne Category:Melbourne Medical School alumni Category:Military personnel from Melbourne Category:People educated at Melbourne Grammar School	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tiggy Tiggy (born 1970 as Charlotte Vigel) is a Danish bubblegum/Eurodance artist. Tiggy's style is similar to fellow Danish bubblegum artists Aqua and Toy-Box who are famous for their childlike lyrics and catchy rhythms, although several of her songs have a more Medieval fantasy focus than other bubblegum artists. Biography Charlotte Vigel was born and brought up on the island of Bornholm where, thanks to her parents' great interest in amateur theatricals, she made her stage debut at the age of 10 years. As a result of her theatre performances, it was only natural that she developed a great interest in dancing and this led to her taking part in a number of competitions all over Denmark as well as forming her own dance group. When Tiggy turned sixteen she began to concentrate more on music. She became the lead singer in both a dance band and a rock band and performed at numerous concerts. She went on tour with Next Stop Soviet and took part in the Danish weekly magazine, Se og Hør"'s Melodi Grand Prix competition, winning a place in the finals. After an open-air concert, Tiggy was offered a record contract by a German producer from Hamburg. In 1994, after a lot of encouragement to develop her singing talent more seriously, Tiggy started taking lessons at a music school in Lund, Sweden. Shortly afterwards, she enrolled at the Copenhagen Academy of Music. In 1995, Tiggy attended an audition and was straight away taken on as member of a girl trio. In April that year their single, Surprise Surprise was released and the following month, the trio was invited to perform on "Eleva2ren", a popular Danish TV entertainment programme. Tiggy was offered the job of singer in the Danish Ny Teater production of the musical farce, "La Cage Aux Folles" and ended up both singing and dancing as well as performing a small acting role. Carried away by working, Tiggy went on to land an engagement in Betty Glosted's summer cabaret. For years now, Tiggy has been a solo singer on several "Krumme" (a popular Danish children's comedy film) soundtracks, so she was also a soloist on "Krummernes Jul" (the Christmas version of the film series). She has also been the lead singer in several bands including Street Beat and Legend. In 1996, Tiggy's collaboration with Danish label Flex Records started. This was in connection with the song Ring A Ling, written by CMN aka Christian Møller Nielsen, Heidi Lykke Larsen and Henrik Carlsen and produced by Hartmann & Langhoff, who also worked with Aqua and Me & My and other Bubblegum dance groups. The song was a smash hit, and shot to No. 1 on the official single sales list after only eight days in store. The song went platinum in record time (less than a month) and stayed at No. 1 for 8 weeks. The follow-up single Simsalabim, again produced by Hartmann & Langhoff, was released on 16 April 1997 and followed in Ring A Ling'''s footsteps by immediately zooming to No. 1 on the sales list. Tiggy's debut album, Fairy Tales was released on 7 May 1997 which was also extremely popular. This album also took Tiggy's music outside Denmark and Fairy Tales was released in several countries including Mexico, Japan, Spain, Belgium and Russia. Charlotte Vigel currently works as a radio-host on a Danish radio show Morgenhyrderne. Discography Albums 1997 - Fairy Tales1999 - Tiggy'' Singles References External links Tiggy biography, news and discography at Bubblegum Dancer Category:1970 births Category:Danish female singers Category:Living people Category:English-language singers from Denmark Category:Eurodance musicians Category:21st-century Danish singers Category:21st-century women singers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Clinton Grybas Clinton Andrew Grybas (9 February 1975 – 5 January 2008) was a leading Australian rules football and sports radio and television commentator. Career His media career began at the South East Melbourne Magic basketball team as club journalist and gameday host before he gained a key role with the ABC in Melbourne and then in Perth, where he called and presented the ABC's coverage of Australian Football League matches. He anchored or commentated National Basketball League (NBL) and National Soccer League (NSL) games as well as Hopman Cup, golf, lawn bowls and racing events. His most memorable moment on air was calling the women's water polo gold medal match at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, which was won by Australia in the final seconds. He switched to commercial radio in 2001, where he joined Rex Hunt at 3AW to form the self-proclaimed "number one calling team" in the game. He continued to cover many different sports included the Australian Open, boxing and both the Formula One and MotoGP Grand Prix events. He commentated at two Olympic Games and three Commonwealth Games and was a Torchbearer in the Melbourne 2006 Commonwealth Games Torch Relay. In 2005 he was named AFL's Radio Broadcaster of the Year. When the Fox Footy Channel began in 2002, Grybas became the new television channel's leading commentator and program host. He commentated games each week as well as hosting the nightly talkback show White Line Fever and the weekly wrap-up show The Winners. He continued to work for Fox Sports after the dedicated football channel was axed at the end of 2006. Death Grybas was found dead at his home on the morning of 5 January 2008, aged 32, after he failed to turn up at 3AW to present the midday sports radio show. Apartment staff found him lying face down on his bedroom floor and rushed to hospital, where he was formally pronounced dead. A preliminary news report theorised that Grybas died as a result of head injuries due to a sleepwalking-induced accident. An autopsy was completed but the results were not publicly released. The response to his death was generally one of shock, and many fellow commentators and players believed that he was amongst the best sports commentators in Australia. His funeral service on 15 January 2008 at CityLife Church in Wantirna South was open to the public and also broadcast on Foxtel. Over 1000 people attended, including his partner Laurenna Toulmin, parents Sandra and Vic Grybas, brother Ashley and many sporting and media personalities. He grew up in Warrandyte, is a Life Member of The Warrandyte Basketball Club and was buried in Andersons Creek cemetery in that suburb. On 25 March 2008 it was reported by 3AW's Derryn Hinch that Grybas had died of natural causes after suffering an allergic reaction to something he ate or drank the previous evening. His family, however, claim that the death was unascertained and that there has been no mention of an allergic reaction by the coroner. References Category:1975 births Category:2008 deaths Category:3AW presenters Category:Australian rules football commentators Category:Australian television presenters Category:Television personalities from Melbourne Category:Journalists from Melbourne Category:Australian tennis commentators Category:Motorsport announcers Category:Golf writers and broadcasters	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Vanishing Point (1997 film) Vanishing Point is a 1997 television film directed by Charles Robert Carner and starring Viggo Mortensen, Jason Priestley, Peta Wilson, Christine Elise, and Keith David. A remake of the 1971 cult film of the same name, it aired on the Fox television network. It features the same model 1970 Dodge Challenger R/T as the original film. Synopsis Jimmy Kowalski (Mortensen), a Gulf War veteran and former stock car racer, works as an automobile restorer and delivery driver at a shop in Idaho. He takes an assignment delivering a 1971 Plymouth Roadrunner to New Mexico, to pay his wife's mounting medical bills. While in New Mexico, he is offered another job: delivering a 426 Hemi-powered 1970 Dodge Challenger R/T to Salt Lake City, Utah. On the way, he's informed that his wife's already-difficult pregnancy has taken a turn for the worse, so he heads back home to Idaho, refusing to stop for police when flagged down for speeding. An interstate chase develops. Throughout the rest of the journey he is pursued by a relentless Utah sheriff and an FBI agent who, while trying to make a name for himself and the organization after the incidents of Ruby Ridge and the Waco Siege, becomes convinced Kowalski is either running drugs or is a domestic terrorist. Kowalski is aided in his flight by a radio shock jock called "The Voice" (Priestley), a libertarian DJ with a Gadsden flag in his studio, who is constantly giving homilies on topics such as income taxes and government oppression. The Voice, intrigued by Kowalkski's run across country, sets out to find the truth about Kowalski. As he does so, he discovers the truth of Kowalski's "drug run" and that Kowalski is really rushing home to be with his wife during her now dangerous pregnancy. Along the way, Kowalski runs into the desert where he gets lost, blows a tire, and spends the night on an Indian reservation. He finds his way back onto the road where he continues on his way to Idaho, tricking the FBI into going the opposite direction of his intended path. However, as the day rides on he falls asleep and drives into the salt flats. A woman on a motorcycle finds him just after he wakes up and informs him he has damaged his oil pan. He follows her to her hideout, where he meets her boyfriend, who is hiding from the IRS and is at first suspicious that Kowalski is from the government. After the girl and Kowalski convince the boyfriend that Kowalski is "one of them", the boyfriend offers to ride 30 miles to try to locate a replacement oil pan. He arrives back after successfully finding one but warns Kowalski that the roads and intersections are teeming with police and agents. After they help Kowalski fit the pan, the couple offers to help him with a plan to run a roadblock. Kowalski successfully gets through the roadblock by having flashing police lights mounted on his roof and rushing at the roadblock; in the dimming light the police think Kowalski's vehicle is another police car and hurriedly let him through. However, an officer fires a shot at the retreating Challenger and blows out the rear screen. Afterward, Kowalski shuts off his headlights and vanishes into the woods, using night vision goggles he bought from the guy with the scanner. The police helicopter has infrared detectors, but Kowalski evades being seen by hiding the car under a large piece of tin. He awakens from a nightmare about his wife at 7:19 a.m., finds a phone booth, and calls the hospital, speaking to the same doctor as previously. Kowalski then drives down the road to where the movie began. Upon seeing the roadblock, he stops where we first saw him in the beginning. A flashback reveals that his wife died at 7:19 a.m., from kidney failure. He then drives his car into the roadblock at full speed. An epilogue by "The Voice" reveals that although the authorities claim he died in the crash and the body was never found, and some witnesses claim Kowalski bailed out just before the crash and escaped authorities with the help of sympathetic onlookers. A scenario is given whereby his former Mexican friend finds Kowalski's tags and shows he is now living in the wilderness with his newborn daughter. Cast Viggo Mortensen as Jimmy Kowalski Christine Elise as Raphinia Kowalski Steve Railsback as Sergeant Preston Rodney A. Grant Peter Murnik as Gilmore James MacDonald as James G. MacDonald Paul Benjamin Geno Silva as Mike Mas John Doe (musician) as Sammy Peta Wilson as Motorcycle girl Keith David as Warren Taft Jason Priestley as The Voice See also Death Proof (2007 film) Grindhouse (film) (2007 film) Sons of Anarchy (season 7) finale References External links Category:1997 films Category:1990s action films Category:American films Category:American action films Category:American film remakes Category:1990s chase films Category:English-language films Category:Films about automobiles Category:1990s road movies Category:American road movies Category:Films directed by Charles Robert Carner	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Trolling (fishing) Trolling is a method of fishing where one or more fishing lines, baited with lures or bait fish, are drawn through the water. This may be behind a moving boat, or by slowly winding the line in when fishing from a static position, or even sweeping the line from side-to-side, e.g. when fishing from a jetty. Trolling is used to catch pelagic fish such as salmon, mackerel and kingfish. Trolling can be phonetically confused with trawling, a different method of fishing where a net (trawl) is drawn through the water instead of lines. Trolling is used both for recreational and commercial fishing whereas trawling is used mainly for commercial fishing. Trolling from a moving boat involves moving quite slowly through the water. This can be accomplished with the use of a special trolling motor. Multiple lines are often used, and outriggers can be used to spread the lines more widely and reduce their chances of tangling. Downriggers can also be used to keep the lures or baits trailing at a desired depth. Line-spreading trolling devices Outriggers Outriggers are poles which allow a boat to troll several lines in the water without tangling. A boat which trolls enough lines can simulate a school of fish. Downrigger Downrigger are devices used while trolling to keep a bait or lure at the desired depth. In practice, fish swim at different depths according to factors such as the temperature and amount of light in the water, and the speed and direction of water currents. A downrigger consists of a one or two metre horizontal pole which supports a weight, typically about three kilograms of lead, on a steel cable. A clip called a "line release" attaches the fishing line to the weight, and the bait or lure is attached to the release. The fishing line is reeled in by a spool powered either by manual cranking or by an electric motor. Using a downrigger can be hazardous. For example, man-made reservoirs can contain submerged trees and other structures beneath the surface which downriggers can snag. Paravanes Paravanes (underwater kites) are sometimes used as depth controlling devices, particularly in commercial tuna fishing operations. These kites have various shapes, such as arrowhead paravanes, flexi-wing paravanes, and bi-wing paravanes. The devices can place the lure or bait at designated depths and positions; and in this way multiple devices can be towed at the same time without the devices and bait interfering with each other. Spreaders "Spreaders" allow multiple baited hooks or lures to be trolled from a single line. There are many inventive spreader designs, such as devices which cause the baited hooks or lures to move in helical patterns, in a sophisticated emulation of the schooling behaviour of a group of fish. Planer boards Planer boards are trolled devices designed to spread fishing lures out away from the fishing vessel. They allow multiple lines to be trolled. They come in dual board and inline board designs. Dual board designs consist of two boards that are spaced apart and attached by a line to a mast near the front of the boat with a separate fishing line in a spring tension release clip that separates when the fishing line is set. Inline boards are attached directly to the fishing line and a spring tension clip that releases upon setting or tripping the planer board so it slides down the fishing line to a swivel tied several feet in front of the lure. Inlines are popular with walleye fishermen. Once tripped they offer much less resistance when reeling in a fish. Planer boards with direction control Planing floats with direction control Paul Lieb US Patent 6,874,271 are planer boards that flip direction when given a tug. Planer boards with direction control Shore fishing techniques using patented mini planer boards with direction control Baits and lures To be effective, trolling baits and lures must have the visual ability to attract fish and intrigue them with the way they move through the water. Most trolling lures are designed to look and behave like dying, injured, or fast moving fish. They include: Surface lures, also known as top water lures. They float and resemble prey that is on top of the water. They can make a popping sound from a concave-cut head, a burbling sound from "side fins" or scoops or a buzzing commotion from one or several propellers. Plugs are also known as crankbaits. These lures have a fishlike body shape and as they troll through the water they make various movements caused by instability due to a scoop under their heads. Swimbait, a minnow-like soft plastic bait that is reeled like a plug. Some have swimming tails. Spoon lures resemble the inside of a table spoon. They flash in the light while randomly wobbling or darting due to their shape. Spinnerbait, pieces of wire bent at about a 60 degree angle with a hook on the lower end and a flashy spinner mechanism on the upper end. Trolling baits and lures are either tied with a knot, such as the improved clinch knot, or connected with a tiny safety pin-like device called a "snap" onto the fishing line which is in turn connected to the reel. The reel is attached to a rod. The motion is of the lure is made by winding line back on to the reel, by sweeping the fishing rod, jigging movements with the fishing rod, or by trolling behind a moving boat. Lures can be contrasted with artificial flies, commonly called flies by fly fishers, which either float on the water surface, slowly sink or float underwater, in imitation some form of insect fish food. However some flies, such as the trolling tandem streamer fly, are designed for trolling behind a moving boat. As an example, marlin lures are typically 7-14 inches or more long with a shaped plastic or metal head and a plastic skirt. The design of the lure head, particularly its face, gives the lure its individual action when trolled through the water. Lure actions range from an active side-to-side swimming pattern to pushing water aggressively on the surface to, most commonly, tracking along in a straight line with a regular surface pop and bubble trail. Besides the shape, weight and size of the lure head, the length and thickness of skirting, the number and size of hooks and the length and size of the leader used in lure rigging all influence the action of the lure: how actively it will run and how it will respond to different sea conditions. Experienced anglers fine tune their lures to get the action they want. Specialized lures made specifically for trolling swordfish use plastic glow sticks. A pattern of four or more lures can be trolled at varying distances behind the boat. Lures may be fished either straight from the rod tip ("flat lines"), or from outriggers. In addition to attaching a lure to the fishing line, an oval piece of metal (often hammered or curved for reflective purposes) called a dodger is often used to attract fish from greater distances. Lures designed for trolling with downriggers include metal "spoons" that are often decorated with colour tape, and plastic or rubber "squids" with various colours. A daisy chain is a chain of plastic lures which have no hooks. Their purpose is to function as teasers which attract a school of fish closer to the lures that do have hooks. Trolling speed Baits and lures are typically trolled at speeds up to 9 knots, though speeds up to 15 knots can be used, particularly when boats are travelling to different fishing areas. The speed at which the lure is pulled through the water impacts on the fishing success. The optimum trolling speed varies with different species of fish, with weather conditions and the time of year, and other conditions. Chinook salmon can be successfully trolled at higher speeds than more docile lake trout. For these reasons fishermen use devices that accurately track speed. Trolling motors calibrate speed more accurately than large outboard motors. Trolling plates are also used with larger motors to slow the boat to the desired speed, although some anglers experience mixed results with plates. Trolling can be effective at surprisingly low speeds. Kayaks fitted with a deck-mounted bracket for holding a rod can be paddled to troll effectively for salmon. Recreational fishing In marine environments, trolling is used in big-game fishing to catch large offshore or open-water species such as tuna and marlin. Saltwater anglers also troll for inshore species such as bluefish, kingfish and various jacks. Rock fishermen can use an umbrella rig as a method of trolling without using a boat. Typically, an umbrella rig consists of four plastic neon green lures with a lead dragging behind. An additional lure is attached to the lead. Only the lure behind the lead need have hooks attached because this lure can appear to a stalking fish as a wounded or sick laggard in a school, making it a more likely target. A pattern of multiple baits or lures can be trolled at varying distances behind a boat. Lures can be fished straight from the rod tip (flat line), or from outriggers. Purpose designed sinkers exist to control the trolling depth on freshwater lakes. Freshwater anglers can also find trolling effective. Recreational fishermen can successfully troll lakes and reservoirs for salmon and trout. It can be the method of choice for catching the elusive muskie, and a useful technique for catching walleye, black bass and striped bass. For light and medium freshwater gamefishing, any reasonably robust casting or spinning rod can be used as a trolling rod. Effective trolling rods should be fairly stiff with a relatively fast action, since "whippy" slow action rods are frustrating to troll with. Commercial fishing Commercial trolling vessels catch fish by towing astern one or more trolling lines. The trolling lines are fishing lines with natural or artificial baited hooks trailed by a vessel near the surface or at a certain depth. Several lines can be towed at the same time using outriggers to keep the lines apart. The lines can be hauled in manually or by small winches. A length of rubber is often included in each line as a shock absorber. The trolling line is towed at a speed depending on the target species, from 2.3 knots up to at least 7 knots. Trollers range from small open boats to large refrigerated vessels 30 meters long. In many tropical artisanal fisheries, trolling is done with sailing canoes with outriggers for stability. With properly designed vessels, trolling is an economical and efficient way of catching tuna, mackerel and other pelagic fish swimming close to the surface. Purpose built trollers are usually equipped with two or four trolling booms raised and lowered by topping lifts, held in position by adjustable stays. Electrically powered or hydraulic reels can be used to haul in the lines. Commercial trolling for tuna is more successful near offshore banks than in open water areas, and is also enhanced in the vicinity of a fish aggregation device (FAD). Historically, in Alaska, hand hook and line trolling were used to catch king and silver salmon in salt water. This method required minimal gear-boat, lines and hooks—and was used to catch fish that were still feeding in open water before returning to spawn. Trolling was very successful in southeast Alaska and historically the catch was used by the fresh and mild-cured fish packing industries. Power boats located near feeding grounds conducted most of the trolling. Each boat had four to ten lines, extending from tall poles hung outboard when fishing; each line carried several hooks, with heavy lead sinkers and spoons or baits as lures. Trolling lengthened the fishing season, allowing fishermen to fish in early spring before spawning runs. Historical images See also Longline fishing Notes References Merriam-Webster definition 2a: "to fish by trailing a lure or baited hook from a moving boat" Instructions in trolling Hall P (1992) Trolling for Gamefish – Some Basic Techniques Fishnote No. 10. Northern Territory Government, Australia. Schultz K (2009) Ken Schultz's Essentials of Fishing: The Only Guide You Need to Catch Freshwater and Saltwater Fish John Wiley and Sons. Trolling Fact Card Seafood Watch. Retrieved 23 January 2012. Category:Recreational fishing Category:Fishing techniques and methods	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tsigaba Tsigaba may refer to: Places in Ethiopia Tsigaba, a village in the Haddinnet municipality Tsigaba, a village in the Ayninbirkekin municipality People Tsibabey, Eritrean singer Helen Meles	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Calonectria Calonectria (anamorph Cylindrocladium) is a genus of ascomycete fungi. Calonectria species are plant pathogens. Species Calonectria acicola Calonectria adianti Calonectria agnina Calonectria ambigua Calonectria angustata Calonectria apoensis Calonectria appendiculata Calonectria asiatica Calonectria atkinsonii Calonectria aurea Calonectria aurigera Calonectria australiensis Calonectria avesiculata Calonectria bahiensis Calonectria balanseana Calonectria balansiae Calonectria bambusina Calonectria belonospora Calonectria blumenaviae Calonectria brachiatica Calonectria brasiliensis Calonectria brassicae Calonectria bryophila Calonectria callorioides Calonectria camelinae Calonectria canadensis Calonectria capensis Calonectria celata Calonectria cephalosporii Calonectria cerciana Calonectria chinensis Calonectria chlorinella Calonectria chorleyi Calonectria ciliata Calonectria cinnabarina Calonectria circumposita Calonectria citri Calonectria clavata Calonectria coccidophaga Calonectria coffeae Calonectria colhounii Calonectria collapsa Calonectria colombiana Calonectria colombiensis Calonectria copelandii Calonectria coralloides Calonectria cremea Calonectria curtisii Calonectria curvata Calonectria curvispora Calonectria cyathula Calonectria dearnessii Calonectria densa Calonectria diminuta Calonectria dolichospora Calonectria duplicella Calonectria ecuadoriae Calonectria ecuadorica Calonectria effugiens Calonectria equiseti Calonectria erysiphoides Calonectria erythrina Calonectria eucalypti Calonectria eucalyptina Calonectria ferruginea Calonectria fimbriata Calonectria flavitecta Calonectria frullaniae Calonectria fuckelii Calonectria fulvida Calonectria geralensis Calonectria gigaspora Calonectria gordoniae Calonectria gracilipes Calonectria gracilis Calonectria granulosa Calonectria guarapiensis Calonectria gyalectoidea Calonectria gymnosporangii Calonectria hawksworthii Calonectria hederiseda Calonectria hendrickxii Calonectria henricotiae Calonectria hibiscicola Calonectria hippocastani Calonectria hirsutellae Calonectria hoehneliana Calonectria hongkongensis Calonectria humicola Calonectria hurae Calonectria ignota Calonectria ilicicola Calonectria inconspicua Calonectria indonesiae Calonectria indusiata Calonectria insularis Calonectria intermixta Calonectria jasmini Calonectria javanica Calonectria jimenezii Calonectria kampalensis Calonectria kurdica Calonectria kyotensis Calonectria lacustris Calonectria lagerheimiana Calonectria leguminum Calonectria leightonii Calonectria leucophaës Calonectria leucorrhodina Calonectria leucothoës Calonectria levieuxii Calonectria limpida Calonectria longisetosa Calonectria luteofusca Calonectria macroconidialis Calonectria madagascariensis Calonectria malesiana Calonectria mangiferae Calonectria massariae Calonectria meliae Calonectria meliolae Calonectria melioloides Calonectria mellina Calonectria mexicana Calonectria mindoensis Calonectria minuscula Calonectria minutissima Calonectria moravica Calonectria morganii Calonectria multiphialidica Calonectria multiseptata Calonectria muscicola Calonectria naviculata Calonectria novae-zelandiae Calonectria obtecta Calonectria obvoluta Calonectria olivacea Calonectria oodes Calonectria opalina Calonectria ophiospora Calonectria orientalis Calonectria ornata Calonectria oudemansii Calonectria ovata Calonectria pacifica Calonectria parasitica Calonectria pauciramosa Calonectria pellucida Calonectria penicilloides Calonectria perpusilla Calonectria phycophora Calonectria pini Calonectria pini-caribaeae Calonectria pithecoctenii Calonectria platasca Calonectria polizzii Calonectria polythalama Calonectria pruinosa Calonectria pseudonaviculata Calonectria pseudoreteaudii Calonectria pseudoscoparia Calonectria pseudospathiphylli Calonectria pteridis Calonectria pyrochroa Calonectria pyrrhochlora Calonectria queenslandica Calonectria quinqueseptata Calonectria rajasthanensis Calonectria rehmiana Calonectria reteaudii Calonectria richonii Calonectria rubiginosa Calonectria rubropunctata Calonectria rumohrae Calonectria rutila Calonectria sasae Calonectria sceptri Calonectria scoparia Calonectria sensitiva Calonectria soroceae Calonectria spathiphylli Calonectria squamulosa Calonectria sulawesiensis Calonectria sumatrensis Calonectria tarvisina Calonectria terrae-reginae Calonectria tessellata Calonectria trichiliae Calonectria truncata Calonectria tubaraoënsis Calonectria ugandae Calonectria ukolayi Calonectria ulicis Calonectria unicaudata Calonectria uredinophila Calonectria variabilis Calonectria varians Calonectria vernoniae Calonectria volutella Calonectria warburgiana Calonectria xantholeuca Calonectria zuluensis Notes and references Category:Nectriaceae genera Category:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
FC Aşgabat Ashgabat Football Club is a Turkmenistani football club based in Ashgabat. They play in the top division in Turkmenistan football, Turkmenistan Higher League. Their home stadium is Nisa Stadium. The club was first founded in 2006, they finished 3rd in their debut year under famous manager Ali Gurbani, who left the club following the home loss to Turan Dasoguz. After the national team coach Rahym Gurbanmämmedow took charge, the club clinched their first title in 2007, and will be representing Turkmenistan in the annual CIS Cup and the AFC club tournaments. History The first season in the Ýokary Liga FC Ashgabat started season under the leadership of coach Ali Gurbani. However, in mid-season, after the defeat of the outsider FC Turan, he was dismissed. In place of Ali Gurbani came Rahym Kurbanmämmedow, with whom the club won the bronze medal in 2006. The following year Kurbanmämmedow led the team in the same season to the championship title. The club first won the right to represent Turkmenistan in the 2008 Commonwealth of Independent States Cup, and the third largest Asian club tournament AFC President's Cup. In July 2008 FC Ashgabat took the Supercup of Turkmenistan, beating by penalties Şagadam FK. At the end of the 2008 season the club won the championship again, and again by led of Kurbanmämmedow. In 2012 the team took last place in the 2013 Ýokary Liga but continued to perform in the Ýokary Liga for the guidance of Amangylyç Koçumow. At August 2019 Turkmen specialist Saýid Seýidow has been appointed head coach of the FC Aşgabat. At this post, Seýidow was replaced Amangylyç Koçumow. Domestic Continental Honours Turkmenistan League (2) 2007, 2008 Turkmenistan Super Cup (1) 2007 Managers Amangylyç Koçumow (2016–2019) Saýid Seýidow (2019–today) References Category:Football clubs in Turkmenistan Category:2006 establishments in Turkmenistan Category:Football clubs in Ashgabat	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2013 Minnesota Vikings season The 2013 season was the Minnesota Vikings' 53rd in the National Football League. It also marked the Vikings' final season playing their home games at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome; the team played their home games at TCF Bank Stadium for the 2014 and 2015 seasons while construction of U.S. Bank Stadium, which opened in 2016, took place on the site of the Metrodome. Following a Week 9 loss to the Dallas Cowboys, the Vikings were no longer able to match their 10–6 record from 2012, and their loss to the Baltimore Ravens five weeks later sealed their elimination from playoff contention. The Vikings failed to win a road game (0–7–1) for the first time since 2001. Much like in 2001, the Vikings did moderately well (13th) on offensive yardage (344.2 yards per game) despite a quarterback carousel not present in 2001, but ranked among the worst in defensive yardage (397.6 yards per game); only the Dallas Cowboys gave up more yards on defense with 415.3 per game. The Vikings' defense also allowed the most points in the NFL in 2013 at 480 (30.0 points per game), four points shy of matching the most points the team ever allowed in a single season. It took until Week 10 for the Vikings to record their first win on American soil, their only other victory up to that point having come in the NFL International Series game against the Pittsburgh Steelers at London's Wembley Stadium in Week 4. Despite winning their last four home games to finish with an overall record of 5–10–1, the Vikings fired head coach Leslie Frazier after just over three seasons with the team. Offseason Draft Notes Seattle traded their first-round (25th overall), seventh-round (214th overall) and 2014 third-round (96th overall) selections to Minnesota in exchange for wide receiver Percy Harvin. Minnesota traded their second-, third- and seventh-round selections (52nd, 83rd and 229th overall), as well as Detroit's fourth-round pick (102nd overall), to New England to move up to the 29th overall selection. Detroit traded their 2012 seventh-round selection (219th overall—Trevor Guyton) and their 2013 fourth-round selection (102nd overall) to Minnesota for their 2012 fifth-round selection (138th overall—Tahir Whitehead) and the 2012 seventh-round selection (223rd overall—Travis Lewis) that they received from New England in the trade for Randy Moss in 2010. During the 2012 NFL Draft, Tennessee traded their 2013 sixth-round selection (176th overall) for the 2012 seventh-round selection (211th overall—Scott Solomon) that Minnesota had obtained from Cleveland. Minnesota traded Tennessee's sixth-round selection (176th overall) to Arizona for their seventh-round selection (213th overall) and CB A. J. Jefferson. Tampa Bay traded Denver's sixth-round selection (196th overall) and Minnesota's original seventh-round selection (229th overall) that they received from New England in a trade for RB LeGarrette Blount to Minnesota for their sixth-round selection (189th overall). Roster changes Denotes this is a reserve/future contract. Denotes a signing to the Practice Squad. Preseason Schedule The Vikings' preseason opponents and schedule were announced on April 4, 2013. Their preseason began with a loss to the Houston Texans at Mall of America Field on August 9, followed by road defeats against the Buffalo Bills and the San Francisco 49ers; the game against the 49ers was the Vikings' second preseason matchup against the same opposition in two years. The preseason program concluded on a positive note – a home victory against the Tennessee Titans on August 29. Game summaries Week 1: vs. Houston Texans Week 2: at Buffalo Bills Week 3: at San Francisco 49ers Week 4: vs. Tennessee Titans Regular season Schedule Team names in bold indicate Vikings' home games. # Blue/red indicates the International Series game in London. Game summaries Week 1: at Detroit Lions Week 2: at Chicago Bears Week 3: vs. Cleveland Browns Week 4: vs. Pittsburgh Steelers NFL International Series Week 6: vs. Carolina Panthers Week 7: at New York Giants Week 8: vs. Green Bay Packers With Josh Freeman ruled out after suffering a concussion in the previous game, Christian Ponder reclaimed his spot as starting quarterback. Cordarrelle Patterson got the game off to a good start for the Vikings, returning the opening kickoff 109 yards for a touchdown to tie the NFL record. However, Aaron Rodgers responded for the Packers by leading his offense on a 14-play, 90-yard drive, culminating in an 11-yard touchdown pass to Jordy Nelson. The sides then exchanged field goals before Rodgers found Nelson again in the second quarter for a 76-yard touchdown. On the Vikings' next possession, they were forced to punt, but Micah Hyde was able to return the kick 93 yards for another Packers touchdown to make the score 24–10. A controversial pass interference call against Packers cornerback Tramon Williams late in the half set the Vikings up with a first down on the Packers' 14-yard line; two plays later, Adrian Peterson had the ball in the end zone for an 8-yard touchdown, which kept the Vikings in with a chance going into the second half. But the Packers offense remained unstoppable as Rodgers again led a long drive, capped by a 1-yard touchdown run from Eddie Lacy after they had converted three times on third down and once on fourth down during the series. After another three-and-out for the Vikings, the Packers offense picked up four first downs in the space of five plays on the way to a 25-yard touchdown run for James Starks. The Vikings again went three-and-out on their next possession, but this time their defense was able to stop Green Bay at the goal line, limiting them to a 20-yard Mason Crosby field goal to make the score 41–17 with just over six minutes to play. Patterson again had a big return on the ensuing kickoff, taking it 51 yards to the Minnesota 42-yard line to set up a short field. Five plays later, Toby Gerhart narrowed the deficit to 17 points with a 13-yard touchdown run. Vikings cornerback Josh Robinson was penalized on the onside kick that followed for touching the ball before it had gone 10 yards, allowing the Packers to run down the clock before Crosby slotted another field goal, this time from 45 yards. Inside the two-minute warning, Ponder threw an incompletion on fourth down, only for Tramon Williams to again be penalized for pass interference against Patterson, allowing Ponder the opportunity for a 19-yard touchdown run two plays later. The Vikings were unable to recover the onside kick, and Green Bay knelt out the clock for a 44–31 win. Week 9: at Dallas Cowboys Following the high-scoring loss to the Packers, the Vikings, continuing with Christian Ponder as their quarterback, travel to Arlington, Texas to face the Dallas Cowboys. The first quarter was all field goals, as Dallas scored first with a 41-yarder by Dan Bailey, followed by a 23-yarder for the Vikings by Blair Walsh. In the second quarter, Bailey made another field goal from 44 yards to put the Cowboys up by 3, but the Vikings took a 10–6 lead into halftime, capping the ensuing 79-yard drive with a 6-yard run by Ponder. After the half, Cowboy quarterback Tony Romo completed two consecutive 26-yard passes to tight end Jason Witten to give them an early touchdown and restore their three-point lead. On the very next play from scrimmage, Ponder fumbled the ball as he was sacked in the end zone, and the Cowboys' Nick Hayden recovered it for a touchdown, meaning the Vikings went from 10–6 up to 20–10 down in the space of two scrimmage plays. The Vikings responded immediately with a quick, six-play drive, culminating with a 31-yard pass from Ponder to Kyle Rudolph to cut the Cowboys' lead back to three points. After a series of punts going into the fourth quarter, Adrian Peterson scored for the Vikings with an 11-yard run with almost six minutes to go, but Walsh pushed the extra point kick wide right, giving the Vikings a three-point lead over the Cowboys. Vikings cornerback A. J. Jefferson intercepted Romo on the Cowboys' ensuing drive, putting the Vikings in a position to potentially take over the game, but the offense went three-and-out and was forced to punt. The Cowboys progressed downfield quickly, never faced with a third down, and scored with a 7-yard touchdown pass from Romo to Dwayne Harris, the third time the Vikings had given up a game-winning score in 2013. With less than 30 seconds to play, but they were unable to make any significant territorial gains and Ponder's last-second hail mary fell short, giving the Cowboys a 27–23 win. Week 10: vs. Washington Redskins Week 11: at Seattle Seahawks Week 12: at Green Bay Packers The Vikings traveled to Green Bay in week 12 to face a Packers team missing quarterback Aaron Rodgers, who had suffered a fractured left collarbone three weeks earlier. After successive punts from each side started the game, the Packers were the first to score as backup QB Scott Tolzien ran in for a 6-yard touchdown, but two field goals from Blair Walsh and a 1-yard touchdown run for Adrian Peterson meant the Vikings took a 13–7 lead into halftime. They extended their lead midway through the third quarter as Christian Ponder hit tight end Rhett Ellison for a 12-yard touchdown, and Walsh made it a 16-point lead with a 29-yard field goal on the second play of the fourth quarter. The Packers pulled the struggling Tolzien after the Ellison touchdown and replaced him with the recently re-signed Matt Flynn. Flynn then led the Packers on three consecutive scoring drives in the fourth quarter, starting with a 3-yard touchdown run for Eddie Lacy. Flynn's pass to Andrew Quarless on the two-point attempt fell incomplete, but Flynn was able to find Jarrett Boykin for a 6-yard touchdown on the next drive to reduce the Vikings' lead to three points. Inside the two-minute warning, Flynn combined with James Jones for a 28-yard completion on 4th-and-6, setting up Mason Crosby for the game-tying, 27-yard field goal. The Packers won the overtime coin toss and took the opening possession down to the Minnesota 2-yard line before having to settle for a field goal, only for Walsh to respond with a 35-yard effort. The two sides then exchanged possession as neither was able to put together a significant drive and the game ended in a 26–26 tie. Week 13: vs. Chicago Bears Week 14: at Baltimore Ravens Playing in the snow in Baltimore, the Vikings sought out their first road win of the season. During the first half, Adrian Peterson injured his ankle and was dropped from the game. Despite taking the lead with a touchdown late in the fourth quarter, the Vikings were unable to hold on as the Ravens scored a game-winning touchdown with four seconds left. With the loss, the Vikings dropped to 3–9–1 and were officially eliminated from postseason contention. Week 15: vs. Philadelphia Eagles Week 16: at Cincinnati Bengals Week 17: vs. Detroit Lions In the last game to be played at the Metrodome before its demolition, the Vikings hosted their divisional rivals, the Detroit Lions. This turned out to be the only game of the Vikings' season (including preseason) in which the opposing team scored fewer than 20 points. A 50-yard run from Cordarrelle Patterson for the first score of the game put the Vikings up 7-0, where the score remained through halftime. After the half, Reggie Bush struck back with a 19-yard touchdown reception to tie the game at 7-7 in the third. The fourth quarter saw David Akers make two field goals to put the Lions in the lead 13-7. However, Matt Cassel threw a TD pass to Patterson to put the Vikings back in the lead 14-13, which they managed to hold onto for the remaining nine minutes of the game. Head coach Leslie Frazier was fired as head coach of the Minnesota Vikings the following day. His tenure ended with a record of 21–32–1 in over three years. Standings Division Conference Staff Final roster Statistics Team leaders * Vikings single season record. League rankings References External links 2013 Minnesota Vikings at ESPN 2013 Minnesota Vikings at Pro Football Reference Minnesota Category:Minnesota Vikings seasons Category:NFL International Series participants Minnesota	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
MINOM MINOM (formally the Mouvement International pour la Nouvelle Muséologie) is an affiliated organisation of the International Council of Museums. It is composed of professionals working in community museums, ecomuseums, museology institutes, groups focused on the organisation of local cultural activities, management and cultural mediation, and grass-rooted cultural institutions. MINOM's objectives are to make communities, museologists and cultural institutions aware of present major social problems, to show their connections with heritage, to organise activities relating to cultural property and to participate as a mediator in museological debates within their communities. MINOM organizes meetings and regional exchanges. Since 2007, its president is the Portuguese scholar Mário Moutinho. Vice-presidents: the scholars Paula Assunção dos Santos and Mário Chagas. The general secretary is Ana Mercedes Stoffel. Councillors are: Pierre Mayrand, Judite Primo and Raul Méndez Lugo. Among the honorary members are Hugues de Varine and François Leclerq. External links MINOM website Interactions On Line Outlook on Ecomuseums Category:Museum organizations Category:International Council of Museums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Franca Basquetebol Clube Franca Basquetebol Clube (English: Franca Basketball Club), also known as Sesi/Franca for sponsorship reasons, is a Brazilian men's professional basketball club that is based in Franca, São Paulo state. It was founded on May 10, 1959. The club won the South American Club Championship six times. History The club was a two-time FIBA Intercontinental Cup runner-up: in 1975 (as Esporte Clube Amazonas Franca), and in 1980 (as Associação Atlética Francana). Achievements and honors Worldwide FIBA Intercontinental Cup Runners-up (2): 1975, 1980 Latin America Pan American Club Championship Champions (4): 1993, 1994, 1997, 1999 (record) Runners-up (1): 1996 Continental South American Club Championship Champions (6): 1974, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1990, 1991 Runners-up (3): 1978, 1992, 1993 FIBA South American League Champions (1): 2018 Runners-up (2): 1998, 2007 National Brazilian Championship Champions (11): 1971, 1974, 1975, 1980, 1981 (II), 1990, 1991, 1993, 1997, 1998, 1999 (record) Runners-up (9): 1979, 1981 (I), 1982, 1986, 1989, 1994, 2007, 2011, 2019 Super 8 Cup Runners-up (1): 2018 Brazilian Supercup Winners (1): 2008 Regional São Paulo State Championship Champions (13): 1973, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1997, 2000, 2006, 2007, 2018, 2019 Runners-up (13): 1964, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1991, 1993, 1996, 1999, 2008, 2017 Current roster Notable players Rafael "Bábby" Araújo Fúlvio de Assis Leandrinho Barbosa Murilo Becker Vítor Benite Roberto "Robertão" José Corrêa Lucas Dias Gilson Trinidade de Jesus Marco Aurélio Pegolo dos Santos (Chuí) Wagner da Silva Josuel dos Santos Nezinho dos Santos Demétrius Ferraciú Francisco Sérgio García Zé Geraldo Jorge Guerra Rafael Hettsheimeir Rogério Klafke Marquinhos Leite Tato Lopez Didi Louzada Sílvio Malvezi Rafael Mineiro Fernando Minucci Adilson Nascimento Paulão Prestes Hélio Rubens Helio Rubens Filho Toto Anderson Varejão Marcelo Vido Marcos Mata José Vargas Eddie Basden Dexter Shouse Rocky Smith David Jackson Head coaches Pedro "Pedrocão" Morilla Fuentes: (1959–1981) Hélio Rubens: (1981–2000) Daniel Abrão Wattfy: (2000–2004) Marco Aurélio "Chuí" Pegolo dos Santos: (2004–2005) Hélio Rubens: (2005–2012) Lula Ferreira: (2012–2016) Helinho: (2016–present) Official club names The club adopted several different names during its history: Clube dos Bagres (1959–1971) Emmanuel Franca Esporte Clube (1972–1974) Esporte Clube Amazonas Franca (1975–1977) Associação Atlética Francana (1977–1984) Associação Francana de Basquetebol (1984–1988) Ravelli Franca Basquetebol (1988–1991) Franca Basquetebol Clube (1992–) Since the foundation of Franca Basquetebol Clube (the club's current form), in 1992, the club has regularly changed its name according to its name sponsor: All Star/Franca (1992) Satierf/Sabesp/Franca (1993) Cosesp/Franca (1994) Cougar/Franca (1996) Marathon/Franca (1997–2000) Unimed/Franca (2000–2001) Franca Basquetebol Clube (2001–2004, 2015-)* Franca/Petrocrystal/Ferracini (2004–2005) Franca/Mariner/Unimed (2005–2006) Unimed/Franca (2006–2008) Vivo/Franca (2008–2015) Sesi/Franca (2017–) * Without an official sponsor. References External links Official website Latinbasket.com Team Profile Category:Basketball teams in Brazil Category:Basketball teams established in 1959 Category:Novo Basquete Brasil Category:Basketball in São Paulo (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lake Evangeline Lake Evangeline is located in Glacier National Park, in the U. S. state of Montana. Lake Evangeline is situated in the Upper Camas Valley, and is northwest of Camas Lake. Nearby mountains include Longfellow Peak and Paul Bunyans Cabin to the southwest. See also List of lakes in Flathead County, Montana (A-L) References Evangeline Evangeline	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sharon Bezaly Sharon Bezaly (; born 1972) is a flutist. Bezaly was born in Israel, but lives presently in Sweden. She has been an international performer since 1997, when she began her solo flute career. She made her solo debut at 13 with Zubin Mehta and the Israel Philharmonic. Her flute was made by Muramatsu Flutes out of 24-carat gold. Appearances Sharon Bezaly has appeared with leading symphony and chamber orchestras in Japan, China, Israel, Central and Western Europe, England, North and South America, Australia and Scandinavia. She has also performed at venues including the Vienna Musikverein, Châtelet in Paris, Tokyo's Suntory Hall, and at festivals with Gidon Kremer of the Bartók Quartet. In May 2006, she appeared at Orchestra Hall (Minneapolis) with Osmo Vänskä and the Minnesota Orchestra. Dedicated works Concertante Kalevi Aho: Concerto for flute (+alto) and orchestra Sally Beamish: Concerto for flute and orchestra Daniel Börtz: Concerto for flute and orchestra Brett Dean: Concerto for flute and orchestra Sofia Gubaidulina: Concerto for flute (+alto, +bass) and orchestra Anders Hillborg: Concerto for flute and orchestra Christian Lindberg: Concerto for flute (+alto) and chamber orchestra with solo glockenspiel Uljas Pulkkis: Concerto for flute and orchestra Ge Gan-ru: Concerto for flute and orchestra Mari Takano: Concerto for flute and string orchestra Haukur Tómasson: Concerto for flute and orchestra No.2 Zhou Long: Deep, Deep Sea for alto flute, piccolo and orchestra Zhou Long: Concerto for flute and orchestra Solo Daniel Börtz: Tinted Drawings Fulvio Caldini: Bezaly Sonatine Brett Dean: Demons Carl-Axel Dominique: Songlines George Flynn: Attitudes Hans-Ola Ericsson: Schattenengel Discography Bezaly has released 24 award-winning CDs with the Swedish record company BIS. She is married to the owner Robert von Bahr. Complete discography: Pipe Dreams Aug 12 · 1789 LigAlien – Music by Mari Takano Dec 11 · CD-1453 Across the Sea – Chinese-American Flute Concertos Oct 11 · CD-1739 Beamish – Orchestral Works Jul 10 · CD-1601 Masterworks for Flute and Piano II May 10 · SACD-1729 Sharon Bezaly plays Bacri, Bernstein, Dean & Rouse Feb 10 · CD-1799 Nicolas Bacri – Sturm und Drang Sep 09 · CD-1579 Christopher Rouse – Orchestral Music II Sep 09 · CD-1586 Brett Dean – Water Music Jul 09 · CD-1576 Schnittke – Concerto grosso No.1 & Symphony No.9 Remembrance May 9 · CD-1650 Whirling Dance – Works for Flute and Traditional Chinese Orchestra Mar 09 · * SACD-1759 Spellbound - Sharon Bezaly Oct 08 · CD-1649 Barocking together Jul 08 · CD-1689 Mozart - Complete Works for Flute and Orchestra Feb 08 · SACD-1539 French Delights Oct 07 · SACD-1639 Haukur Tómasson – Concertos Jun 07 · CD-1419 Uljas Pulkkis - Enchanted Garden May 7 · SACD-1339 Seascapes Apr 07 · SACD-1447 Bridge across the Pyrenees - Flute Concertos Gubaidulina - ... The Deceitful Face of Hope and Despair Mar 06 · SACD-1449 Bezaly and Brautigam - Masterworks for Flute and Piano Jan 06 · SACD-1429 Nordic Spell - Concertos for Flute and Orchestra May 5 · CD-1499 Christian Lindberg - A composer´s portrait Mar 05 · CD-1428 Solo Flute from A to Z - Vol.3 Oct 04 · SACD-1459 Paul Kletzki - Symphony No.3 In memoriam Apr 04 · CD-1399 Chamber Music for Flute, Viola and Piano Dec 03 · CD-1439 Solo Flute from A to Z - Vol.2 Apr 03 · CD-1259 Apéritif - A French Collection for Flute and Orchestra Nov 02 · CD-1359 Takemitsu - A String Around Autumn Antal Dorati - Night Music Jun 02 · CD-1099 Café au lait - Music for Flute and Piano Dec 01 · CD-1239 Solo Flute from A to Z - Vol.1 Apr 01 · CD-1159 Bright Sheng: Flute Moon - China Dreams - Postcards Jun 00 · CD-1122 Mozart - Flute Quartets May 00 · CD-1044 Flutissimo Aug 99 · CD-103 The Israeli Connection - flute and piano Nov 98 · CD-959 Rota - Chamber Music Jun 97 · CD-870 Honors Cannes Classical Young Artist of the Year Award, 2003 Klassic Echo's Instrumentalist of the Year, 2002 BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artist 2006-2008 Sources Minnesota Orchestra's showcase concert magazine, May 6, page 41 References External links Official website Category:1972 births Category:Living people Category:Israeli classical flautists Category:Jewish classical musicians Category:Swedish Jews Category:Women flautists Category:BBC Radio 3 New Generation Artists Category:21st-century women musicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Roller Coaster (Luke Bryan song) "Roller Coaster" is a song written by Michael Carter and Cole Swindell and recorded by American country music artist Luke Bryan. It was released in June 2014 as the fifth single from Bryan’s 2013 album Crash My Party. Background and writing Cole Swindell, who formerly sold merchandise for Bryan, wrote the song with Bryan's guitarist and bandleader, Michael Carter, on October 6, 2011 in Valdosta, Georgia. The inspiration for the song was the Miracle Strip Amusement Park in Panama City, Florida, a destination that Bryan, Swindell, and Carter had visited on summer vacations. Swindell and Carter recorded a demo for Bryan, which featured Swindell singing. Upon hearing the demo, Bryan thought that Swindell had the potential to get a record deal of his own; after Swindell became a recording artist himself, Carter produced his self-titled debut album. Swindell said that he considered the song "one of my favorite songs I've ever written" and "special" because of his and Carter's friendships with Bryan. Content The song is a mid-tempo ballad about a man who encounters a woman while on vacation in Panama City. The first verse contains details specific to the area, such as Thomas Drive, a road near the former amusement park. In the song, the man befriends the woman, then states that "she's got [him] twisted like that old beach roller coaster" after she leaves. Swindell told Billboard, "Going down there, you always met a girl — like a day before you had to leave, you got up enough courage to finally talk to her, and then she's got to leave the next day." Tom Roland of Billboard described the song as "smooth and understated" and "reflective [and] melancholy". Carter noted that the melody of the chorus repeats a single note because he wanted the song to be easily sung along with by fans. The original demo featured a cold open, but Bryan and his producer, Jeff Stevens, decided to create an intro because Bryan felt that "[s]tarting with a straight-in lyric, half the time you miss the lyrics." Stevens decided to "start it off with the easy beach feel and let it ride." The song features a bass guitar line performed by Jimmie Lee Sloas, and two backing vocal tracks both sung by session vocalist Perry Coleman. The song is set in the key of A major with a moderate tempo and a primary chord pattern of A-E/G-F7-D and a vocal range of D-F. Critical reception Country music blog Taste of Country reviewed the song positively. The review contrasted it with "'Til Summer Comes Around" by Keith Urban in saying that it was more "positive" than that song, also saying that "The roller coaster metaphor is creative — it’s what separates this song from others that rely on an increasingly used country trope. Once again it’s Bryan’s natural charisma that lifts a lyric that wouldn’t work for someone less lovable. Little details like Thomas Drive feel personal. He’s becoming one of country’s top storytellers." Music video The official music video for "Roller Coaster" was directed by Michael Monaco and filmed in Panama City Beach, Florida in the spring of 2014 as part of spring break festivities. It premiered June 20, 2014. Chart performance "Roller Coaster" debuted at No. 60 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart for the week ending July 5, 2014. The same week, "Roller Coaster" re-entered at No. 47 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. For the week ending October 18, the song reached #1 on the Billboard Country Airplay chart, making it Bryan's tenth #1 hit. As of November 2014, the song had sold 583,000 copies in the US. Year-end charts References Category:2013 songs Category:2014 singles Category:Luke Bryan songs Category:Capitol Records Nashville singles Category:Songs written by Cole Swindell Category:Songs written by Michael Carter (musician) Category:Billboard Canada Country number-one singles Category:Billboard Country Airplay number-one singles Category:Country ballads	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rhinoplocephalus Rhinoplocephalus is a genus of seasnake in the family Elapidae. The genus is monotypic, containing the sole species Rhinoplocephalus bicolor, known commonly as Müller's snake, Muller's [sic] snake, and the square-nosed snake. The species is endemic to Australia. Geographic range R. bicolor is found in the Australian state of Western Australia. Reproduction Little is known about reproduction in R. bicolor. It is not known for certain whether it is oviparous or viviparous. References Further reading Cogger HG (2014). Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia, Seventh Edition. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. xxx + 1,033 pp. . Müller F (1885). "Fierter Nachtrag zum Katalog der herpetologischen Sammlung des Basler Museums ". Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel 7: 668-717. (Rhinoplocephalus, new genus, p. 690; R. bicolor, new species, pp. 690-692 + Plate IX, figures f-i ). (in German). Wilson, Steve; Swan, Gerry (2013). A Complete Guide to Reptiles of Australia, Fourth Edition. Sydney: New Holland Publishers. 522 pp. . Category:Elapidae Category:Monotypic snake genera Category:Snakes of Australia Category:Reptiles described in 1885	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Andreas Štrauch Andreas Štrauch (born 22 February 1994) is a Slovak professional ice hockey player who currently plays professionally in Slovakia for HKm Zvolen of the Slovak Tipsport Liga. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs References External links Category:1994 births Category:Living people Category:HK Poprad players Category:HKM Zvolen players Category:HC Nové Zámky players Category:Slovak ice hockey right wingers Category:Sportspeople from Poprad	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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