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Załuki, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Załuki () is a settlement in the administrative district of Gmina Sorkwity, within Mrągowo County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately east of Sorkwity, west of Mrągowo, and east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (East Prussia).
References
Category:Villages in Mrągowo County
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Camp Carleton
Camp Carleton was the largest of several military camps to be maintained at various times in the vicinity of San Bernardino. It was established in the fall of 1861 by Captain William A. McCleave and a detachment of the 1st California Cavalry to check any successionest activities in San Bernardino County. After the camp was flooded in the Great Flood of 1862, the camp's garrison was moved to El Monte, where they established New Camp Carleton.
References
Camp Carleton
Category:El Monte, California
Category:1861 establishments in California
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Nikos Mourkogiannis
Nikos Mourkogiannis (, born March 9, 1952) is a business consultant, lawyer and writer. He is Member of the Board of the Stelios Philanthropic Foundation and Honorary Visiting Professor of Practice at Cass Business School. He is known as the author of the book "Purpose: The Starting Point of Great Companies", which is taught in universities and is considered an important asset for all businesses. It is a book about leadership and business strategy, in which there is a full analysis of the four primary business purposes: Discovery, Helping, Achievement, and Heroism. During his presidency of the Greek National Opera, the application of a restructuring program and the reorganization of GNO's financial situation, saved the organization's operation, leading to its continuous progress until today with great success.
Studies
1991-1993 Harvard Business School, MBA
1974-1978 Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government, PhD Program in Political Economy
1969-1974 Athens Law School: LL.B. (Summa cum Laude), Athens Bar Association – Current Member
1970-1972 French Academy of Athens: Diploma in French Literature, Valedictorian
1963-1969 Varvakion School, Valedictorian
Career
Nikos Mourkogiannis, after graduating as a valedictorian from the Varvakeio Experimental Gymnasium, he received an LL.B. (summa cum laude) from the Law School of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He pursued PhD studies in Political Economy and Government at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and obtained his MBA degree from Harvard Business School.
In 1976 he helped establish the field of Negotiations at Harvard University with Professor Roger Fisher (academic), author of Getting to Yes. Nikos Mourkogiannis developed the curriculum of the first course on negotiations taught at Harvard University, "Cooping with Conflict", which he taught for 5 years. He was a co-founder of the Harvard Negotiation Project and conducted seminars about settling several international conflicts, including that of the Middle East. He made important contributions to the work on the Camp David Accords.
In 1981 Nikos Mourkogiannis joined Westinghouse Electric Corporation, reporting to the President of Europe, Africa and Middle East until 1983, when he moved to General Dynamics where he became the only non-engineer Director of F16 Programs.
In 1992 he joined Monitor Company Group LP, now Monitor Deloitte, where he became Chairman and CEO for Europe, Africa and Middle East. During his tenure the number of Monitor's consultants employed in the region quadrupled.
In 2005 he moved to Booz Allen Hamilton as Senior Advisor on Strategic Leadership, and he also founded and became Chairman of PantheaLeadership Advisors, in which Booz Allen Hamilton was a shareholder.
In 2010 he came back to Greece, after receiving an invitation by the former Minister of Culture and Tourism, to undertake the presidency of the Board of the Greek National Opera, aiming to reorganize its financial situation which threatened the organization's operation.
In 2011 he became Director of Strategic Restructuring at Roland Berger, and in 2012 he was elected Member of the Board of the European Union Agency for Network and Information Security (ENISA). From 2013 till 2014, he advised the European Commissioner for Digital Agenda, Neelie Kroes, on cypersecurity.
Since 2016, Nikos Mourkogiannis is Trustee & Member of the Board of the Stelios Philanthropic Foundation.
Authorship career
Nikos Mourkogiannis belongs to the school of Teleology, according to which, concepts, in the four fields he studies and writes about (Law, Economics, Political Science, Management), can be understood only in connection with what Aristotle called "Telos", which in English is translated as "Purpose".
Nikos Mourkogiannis has been featured in many academic journals of leadership. His book entitled 'Purpose: The Starting Point of Great Companies', was endorsed by 32 Presidents and CEOs of many global organizations such as Deutsche Börse, the Maersk Oil, the Campbell Soup Company, Braun and Whole Foods. He has also received positive reviews from prestigious publications such as: The New York Times, The Financial Times and The Times.
Nikos Mourkogiannis's work has been praised by several business and thought leaders such as Jacob Rothschild, Josef Ackermann, Rosabeth Moss Kanter and Jeffrey Sonnenfeld.
He has authored several articles in publications such as Strategy+Business magazine, Leader to Leader, The Conference Board Review, Leadership Excellence and Ivey Business Journal. Nikos Mourkogiannis has been invited to write for the Harvard Business Review Online and the Business Week Online.
Personal life
Nikos Mourkogiannis was married to Janet Sherbow, a professional photographer, from 1983 until her death in 2013. His only daughter, Ceci Mourkogiannis, is Co-Founder and CEO of Papero Inc., a San Francisco-based media company.
Conscious Capitalism Movement
Based on the book "Purpose: The Starting Point of Great Companies" by Nikos Mourkogiannis, John Mackay ( John Mackey (businessman) ) has founded the Conscious Capitalism movement, as he states in his speeches and personal blog.
Companies and people refer to the concept of Conscious Capitalism and choose to pursue a sustainable business strategy for both humans and the environment.
The Conscious Capitalism has its principles in 4 parts; the Higher Purpose, the Stakeholder Orientation, the Conscious Leadership and the Conscious Culture.
References
External links
Personal Website
Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century Greek writers
Category:Harvard Business Publishing publications
Category:Financial writers
Category:Harvard Business School alumni
Category:John F. Kennedy School of Government alumni
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List of schools in Harford County, Maryland
Here is a list of schools in Harford County, Maryland. Both public schools and independent schools are included, but parochial schools are not listed.
Elementary schools
Abingdon Elementary School
Bakerfield Elementary School
Bel Air Elementary School
Church Creek Elementary School
Churchville Elementary School
Darlington Elementary School
Deerfield Elementary School
Dublin Elementary School
Edgewood Elementary School
Emmorton Elementary School
Forest Hill Elementary School
Forest Lakes Elementary School
Fountain Green Elementary School
George D. Libby Elementary School at Hillsdale
Hall's Cross Road Elementary School
Harford Christian School
Harford Day School
Harford Friends School
Havre de Grave Elementary School
Hickory Elementary School
Homestead/Wakefield Elementary School
Jarrettsville Elementary School
John Archer School
Joppatowne Elementary School
Liberty Leadership - An Acton Academy
Magnolia Elementary School
Meadowvalle Elementary School
Norrisville Elementary School
Northbend Elementary School
North Harford Elementary School
Prospect Mill Elementary School
Red Pump Elementary School
Ring Factory Elementary School
Riverside Elementary School
Roye-Williams Elementary School
Trinity Lutheran Elementary School
William Paca Elementary School/Old Post Road Elementary School
William S. James Elementary School
Youth's Benefit Elementary School (YBES)
Middle schools
Aberdeen Middle School
Bel Air Middle School
Edgewood Middle School
Fallston Middle School
Harford Christian School
Harford Day School
Harford Friends School
Havre de Grace Middle School
Magnolia Middle School
North Harford Middle School
Patterson Mill Middle School
Southampton Middle School
High schools
Aberdeen High School
Bel Air High School
C. Milton Wright High School
Edgewood High School
Fallston High School
Harford Technical High School
Havre de Grace High School
Joppatowne High School
Patterson Mill High School
North Harford High School
Private High Schools
Harford Christian School
The John Carroll School
New Covenant Christian School
Notable Almini
Farhad Siddique
Maryland, Harford County
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Drumcliffe/Rosses Point GAA
Drumcliffe/Rosses Point is a Gaelic Athletic Association club based in north County Sligo, Republic of Ireland, including the villages of Drumcliffe, Rosses Point, Rathcormac and Carney.
Honours
Sligo Intermediate Football Championship: (2)
1992, 2013
Sligo Junior Football Championship: (4)
1934, 1958, 1990, 2006
Sligo Senior Football League (Division 2): (1)
2016
Sligo Under 20 Football Championship: (1)
1991
Sligo Minor Football Championship: (4)
1988, 1989, 1990, 1992
Sligo Under-16 Football Championship: (3)
1986, 1989, 1990
Sligo Under-14 Football Championship: (4)
1987, 1989, 1993, 2016
Sligo Under-15 Football Championship: (2)
1985, 1988
Sligo Intermediate Football League Division 3 (ex Div. 2): (2)
1991, 2009
Benson Cup: (2)
1990, 2006
Sligo U-12 A Football Championship: (2)
1986, 1988
Notable players
Niall Canning - TG4 Underdogs Player 2018. They played 4 in a row All-Ireland Senior Champions Dublin in Parnell park October 2018
Category:Gaelic Athletic Association clubs in County Sligo
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Stupid Hoe
"Stupid Hoe" is a song by American rapper and singer Nicki Minaj. The song was written by Minaj and Tina Dunham. It was produced by DJ Diamond Kuts and released through Cash Money Records on December 20, 2011, from Minaj's second studio album, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (2012), two weeks after the release of the album's first promotional single "Roman in Moscow".
Following the release of Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded, critics suggested that the track may have contained attacks directed at Lil' Kim due to many of the song's derogatory lyrics. Kim later suggested in an interview with 105's Breakfast Club that the song "Automatic" was similar to her unreleased material, also calling Minaj "obnoxious and catty".
An accompanying music video for the song was shot and directed by Hype Williams. The video broke the record for the most views by a single artist within 24 hours of its release on Vevo. In the following week of the song's release, it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 81. After the video's release, the song peaked at number 59.
Background and composition
"Stupid Hoe" is described as an anthem to Minaj's female haters. The song has a minimal arrangement of double-quick drum claps and strange squeaking sound effects, with Minaj performing in a quick rapping style. In the song, Minaj hints at her performance at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show in the lines "Put ya cape on, you a super hoe/2012, I’m at the Super Bowl." Minaj also references Brad Pitt, Angelina Jolie and Jennifer Aniston. Compared to previous mixtape release "I Get Crazy" by Erika Ramirez of Billboard, Minaj takes jabs at longtime rival Lil' Kim, stating "Bitch talkin' she the queen when she looking like lab rat", only to later sing in the song's outro "Stupid hoes is my enemy/ Stupid hoes is so wack/ Stupid hoe should have be-friended me/ Then she could have probably came back." Minaj growls ferociously as she states "These bitches is my sons and I don't want custody!" The song features Minaj singing the words "stupid hoe" in falsetto vocals. Vocally, Minaj performs her verses in different pitches, slowing down and speeding up her bars and stretching out some syllables, similar to the remix of Big Sean's single "Dance (A$$)". In the song's chorus, her intonation makes her appear to be singing "You a stupid how", rather than "You a stupid hoe", without the typical American English pronunciation. The song ends with Minaj stating "I am the female Weezy", a line borrowed from her past feature "Y.U. Mad" with Lil Wayne and Birdman.
Critical reception
Rap-Up stated that Minaj comes out with "guns blazing" in the single, noting the thinly-veiled shots at Lil' Kim, stating "the fire has been reignited". Describing the song as a diss track, Robbie Daw complimented Minaj's "rhyming acrobatics" as "interesting" and joked about daring to call the song "cute". Erika Ramirez of Billboard gave the song a positive review, comparing it to Minaj's previous mixtape sounds such as "I Get Crazy".
Michael Cragg of The Guardian states that "Stupid Hoe" features one-liners that "tend to work well as part of a frantic cameo on someone else's song, but here it sounds more like she's run out of ideas." While commenting that the song sounds like something from an early mixtape, Cragg favored the song's production. Mike Barthel of The Village Voice described the song as "weak" while taking into account that the song stands as a diss track. Barthel went on to compliment the track itself as minimal, loud, and aggressive, but showed a disregard for the song's structure as a diss track towards Lil' Kim, stating that past features and leaked tracks stand strong against "Stupid Hoe." Demetria L. Lucas of VIBE Vixen negatively described the song as "just plain... stupid", when compared to stronger tracks such as "Monster" and the Eminem-assisted "Roman's Revenge".
Music video
Background and synopsis
The music video for "Stupid Hoe" was directed by Hype Williams and was shot on December 19 and December 20, 2011. It was released via Minaj's Vevo on January 20, 2012. Prior to the video's release, Minaj revealed via Twitter that the video's premiere should be viewed in its explicit form, stating "Can't premiere on a network b/c its important that my art is not tampered with, or compromised prior to you viewing it for the 1st time." Minaj's longtime partner and hype man Safaree Samuels, also known as S.B., appears in the video, wearing a shirt promoting Minaj's second album Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded with its original release date February 14, 2012.
The video begins with a close-up of Minaj's mouth syncing the words of the song as the background and color of her lips change to the song beat. Scenes of dancers jump roping with Minaj and Hype Williams's names are rapidly intercut with the scene. Minaj is then shown pulling her leg over the back of her head, while wearing extreme blue eye make-up, clearly mimicking the cover to the 1985 Grace Jones album Island Life. Minaj is then shown sitting in a hot pink Lamborghini Aventador, noticeably avoiding eye-contact with the camera. As the song chorus begins, rapid intercutting continues, featuring Minaj angrily growling at the camera and a plastic doll with a more than voluptuous figure. Adorned in pink attire, Minaj continues to angrily rap the songs lyrics in pink wigs including a curly banged style, and a tight ponytail. As the second verse starts, a leopard is shown in a cage, a reference to Shakira in "She Wolf", which later transforms into Minaj, also in the cage. To coincide with Minaj's transformation, she is adorned in "huge fake eyelashes". As Minaj continuously transforms back and forth between a large predator cat and back into herself she strikes advanced yoga poses. As the video ends, Minaj is seen adorned in childlike clothing while standing on an oversized pink chair, as a reference to Jessie J in "Price Tag". As the camera pans closer to Minaj, her eyes begin to grow in an animated way, referencing Lady Gaga in "Bad Romance". Sarah Bull noted that Minaj takes inspiration from Bratz dolls in the scene. As the video ends, the clip shows a "Super Bowl 2012" ad with color splashing in the background, referring to the album cover for Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded, and closes with Minaj lying in the cage calmly after finishing an eccentric dance. The whole video has scenes flashing rapidly in and out of view.
Reception
Upon its release, the video set a record by accumulating 4.8 million views during its first 24 hours of being uploaded to Vevo. The record was broken by Rihanna's "Where Have You Been", which garnered 4.9 million, and later by Justin Bieber's "Boyfriend" which amassed more than 8 million views in 24 hours.
The music video received positive critical reviews. A writer of Complex said that the video was Nicki "colorfully animated" and "explicitly wild". Rap-Up favored Minaj's wild and wacky looks in the explicit clip. Andrew Martin of Prefix Magazine described the video as "over the top", positively stating that the video is nothing short of entertaining." Jokingly commenting that the video resembles Grace Jones getting lost in one of Katy Perry's wonkafied adventures, Christopher R. Weingarten of Spin showed disdain for Hype Williams' "epilepsy-inducing strobes". The Boombox stated that Minaj has outdone herself with the visuals for her Diamond Kuts-produced track, later describing it as the "perfect match for Minaj's manic stage persona". Consequence of Sound described the video as "schizophrenic as the lady rapper herself", adding that "in just under four minutes, Minaj presents a visual tour de bizareness, a feast for the eyes of the most insane things floating around in her brain, all wrapped in a nice Dayglo sheen." The Huffington Post described the video as eccentric as well as pointless and mind-numbing, yet favored Minaj's booty-dancing, writhing in a cage and wearing all sorts of different makeup. Billboard commented on Minaj's use of animals, stating that none are "wilder than the rapper herself." Sam Lansky from MTV gave the video a negative review, stating that Minaj "does no favors in honoring your recent predecessors while striking uncanny resemblances to Shakira's 'She Wolf', Lady Gaga's 'Bad Romance' and Jessie J's 'Price Tag'." Describing Minaj's ass-clapping and pelvic thrusting as "joyless", he adds "you've perfected the art of the goofy, theatrics in your videos, but there ain't no whimsy in "Stupid Hoe." In fact, it feels decidedly un-fun for a pastel-hued video with lots of OOC costumes, set to a track that features one of the nastiest beats ever".
Due to its explicit content, BET refused to air the video.
Charts
Release history
References
External links
Category:Nicki Minaj songs
Category:Songs written by Nicki Minaj
Category:2011 singles
Category:Cash Money Records singles
Category:Music videos directed by Hype Williams
Category:Diss tracks
Category:2011 songs
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Rød
Rød is the Norwegian and Danish word for the color "red". It is also a shortened version of the Norwegian dialect word røddning (or rødning), meaning a cleared place.
Rød may also refer to:
People
Rød (surname), a list of many people with this surname
Places
Rød, Arendal, a village in Arendal municipality in Aust-Agder county, Norway
Rød, Gjerstad, a village in Gjerstad municipality in Aust-Agder county, Norway
Rød, Østfold, a village in Hvaler municipality in Østfold county, Norway
Other
Rød Valgallianse, a former far-left party in Norway
Rød pølse, red, boiled pork sausage common in Denmark
Rød snø, a Norwegian/Swedish thriller television series
See also
Rod (disambiguation)
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Kordan, Alborz
Kordan (, also Romanized as Kordān and Kurdan) is a village in Chendar Rural District, Chendar District, Savojbolagh County, Alborz Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 3,697, in 1,018 families.
Geography
List of popular places:
Kordan mosque
Kordan Police station
Shahzade Hossein Shrine
Sharbanoo Shrine
Isar sport Complex
Sangesoo mountain
Barekat Road
Kordan Islamic council
Soleimani slaughter-house
Kordan duct and river
Horsemanship
Sports fields
Mountaineering : Kordan area has suitable mountain connected from east to Talaghan and north to Karaj city. Sangeso is one of mountaineering team in Kordan village.
(horse) riding : It's traditional sport in Kordan. athletes develop many sorts of horses. There are horse trading and horse keeping in horse riding club. There are more than 15 horse riding club in Kordan village.
Aviation : Mehr is first aviation club in Kordan village.
Map
Religious attractions
Imamzadeh Hossein (/huːˈseɪn/; Arabic: حُسَين Ḥusayn) : It had made in 10th centuries in Christian Calendar and people can find that shrine in the Kordan Cemetery. That shrine has 1 wood door and people can see some beauteous handwriting in front of that door. There are some kind of trees like buttonwood and mulberry.
Kordan Mosque : It's not very old shrine. It has 2 out doors,1 elevator ,and 2 indoors. Most pilgrims and mourners prepare 2,3 thousands foods and give them to people in Ashura (Arabic: عاشوراء ʻĀshūrā') and Tasu'a events in that shrine.
Population
According to the population census, households and housing in 2016. 1,883 of the total Kordan population belong to women and 1,912 of the total Kordan population belong to men.
Galleries
References
3.https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_30_r.xlsx Kordan Population in 2016 (Excel file) , (.xlsx format)
Category:Populated places in Savojbolagh County
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Simon Levack
Simon Levack (born 1965) is a British author of historical mystery novels.
Career
To date he has published four books: Demon of the Air, Shadow of the Lords, City of Spies and Tribute of Death.
All are set in Precolumbian Mexico on the eve of the Spanish colonization of the Americas and feature as the protagonist Yaotl, a fictitious slave to Tlilpotonqui, the Cihuacóatl or chief minister in the Aztec state of Tenochtitlan under Hueyi Tlatoani, or Emperor, Moctezuma II. Demon of the Air won the Debut Dagger Award, given by the UK Crime Writers' Association, in 2000.
He has also published short stories in Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine featuring the same character and setting.
His work has been noted for its historical detail, complex plotting, humour and often graphic violence.
He has acknowledged Australian historian and anthropologist Inga Clendinnen and the work of Bernardino de Sahagún, compiler of the Florentine Codex, as influences; he has also (in an interview with the Criminal History ezine) indicated that science fiction has been an influence on his work.
Bibliography
Aztec
Demon of the Air (2004)
Shadow of the Lords (2005)
City of Spies (2006)
Tribute of Death (2007)
Short fiction
"The Coming of the Gods" (2006)
"Jade Skirt" (2006)
External links
Author's website
Criminal History Ezine
Category:British historical novelists
Category:Writers of historical mysteries
Category:Writers of historical novels set in Early Modern period
Category:Living people
Category:1965 births
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Galen Rowell
Galen Avery Rowell (August 23, 1940 – August 11, 2002) was a wilderness photographer, adventure photojournalist and climber. Born in Oakland, California, he became a full-time photographer in 1972.
Early life and education
Rowell was introduced to the wilderness at a very young age and began climbing mountains at the age of ten. For the next 52 years, he climbed mountains and explored landscapes. He began taking pictures on excursions into the wild so he could share his experiences with friends and family. After graduating from Berkeley High School in 1958, he stayed in Berkeley to study physics at the University of California but dropped out after four years to pursue his love of climbing. He was never formally trained as a photographer.
“Galen Rowell was a man who went into the mountains, into the desert, to the edge of the sea, to the last great wild places in the world to be absorbed by their grace and grandeur. That is what he did for himself. For the rest of us, he shared his vision with—click—the release of a shutter, creating photographs as timeless, as stunning, and as powerful as nature itself.”
–Tom Brokaw, from the foreword of
Galen Rowell: A Retrospective
Career
In 1972 Rowell sold his small automotive business and became a full-time photographer. Within a year, he had completed his first major assignment, a cover story for National Geographic. The story, originally initiated by an invitation from fellow photographer Dewitt Jones to help him on an assignment, came about when Jones was called away and Rowell suggested an ascent of Yosemite National Park's Half Dome that he documented on his own. When National Geographic got the pictures, they decided to do a story separate from Jones's and thus Rowell got his start. He pioneered a new kind of photography in which he was not merely an observer, but considered himself a participant in the scenes that he photographed – he considered the landscape part of the adventure, and the adventure part of the landscape.
He won the Ansel Adams Award for Conservation Photography in 1984. He had numerous photographic assignments for Life, National Geographic, Outdoor Photographer, and various other publications. Rowell was also a highly regarded writer on subjects ranging from photography, humanitarian and environmental issues, human visual cognition, and mountaineering, publishing numerous magazine articles and eighteen books in his lifetime. His In the Throne Room of the Mountain Gods about the history of mountaineering on K2 (1977) is considered a classic of mountaineering literature, and his 1986 book Mountain Light: In Search of the Dynamic Landscape is one of the best selling how-to photo books of all time. Also an energetic advocate for the causes in which he believed, Rowell served on multiple advisory and directors' boards for organizations ranging from the Committee of 100 for Tibet to the World Wildlife Fund.
Rowell was particularly keen on seeking out and photographing optical phenomena in the natural world. He referred to his landscape photographs as "dynamic landscapes," due to both the fast-changing nature of light and conditions and his energetic pursuit of the best camera position at the optimal moment. Rowell wrote about the quest for such images in his books Mountain Light (1986), Galen Rowell's Vision (1993), and Inner Game of Outdoor Photography (2001).
A major retrospective book on his life, career, and impact on the various worlds he touched was published by Sierra Club Books.
Photography techniques and equipment
From 1968 on, he used 35mm Nikon cameras and lenses almost exclusively for their reliability and portability. His main media choice was color slide film, beginning with Kodachrome in the 1970s and 1980s and Fuji Velvia following its introduction in 1990.
Rowell conceived a technical approach of extending the dynamic range to be captured on film. He developed a set of graduated neutral density filters and had them produced by Singh-Ray, a filter manufacturer. They were sold under his name and became a standard for dealing with high contrast scenes.
Galen Rowell also mastered the technique of using balanced fill flash which allowed him to lighten the deepest shadows in a subtle way to match the relatively narrow dynamic range of color reversal film.
Death
Rowell, his wife, photographer, author and pilot Barbara Cushman Rowell, pilot Tom Reid, and Reid's friend Carol McAffee were all killed in a plane crash in Inyo County near Eastern Sierra Regional Airport in Bishop, California, at 01:23 am on August 11, 2002. The Rowells were returning from a photography workshop in the Bering Sea area of Alaska on a flight that had originated in Oakland, California. The National Transportation Safety Board determined (NTSB report LAX02FA251) that Reid had only 52 hours in the Aero Commander 690 and only 1.6 hours at night. He was not current for carrying passengers at night at the time of the accident. The plane was observed to be in distress, several miles short of the airport, and crashed shortly after the sighting.
Climbing and adventuring accomplishments
More than 100 first ascents of technical climbs in the Sierra Nevada
First one-day ascent of Denali (on which his camera froze)
First ski circumnavigation of Denali
First one-day ascent of Kilimanjaro
First ascent of Great Trango Tower in Pakistan's Karakoram Himalaya
Second ascent of the Amne Machin peak in 1981 with Harold Knutsen and Kim Schmitz, reporting its true altitude at 20,610 feet.
First ascent of Cholatse, the final major peak climbed in the Everest region
First ascents of numerous lesser-known but challenging peaks around the world, including the Andes, Alaska, Pakistan's Karakoram Himalaya, Tibet, Nepal, China, Greenland, etc.
Oldest person to climb Yosemite's El Capitan in one day at age 57
Notes
Rowell's work is on display at the Mountain Light Photography, in the Eastern Sierra Nevada town of Bishop.
Rowell was the winner of the Sierra Club's Francis P. Farquhar Mountaineering Award for 1977.
Rowell was posthumously inducted in the fellowship of the International League of Conservation Photographers as an Honorary Fellow in 2009.
See also
Nature photography
Wildlife photography
References
External links
Galen Rowell's Sierra Nevada – slideshow by Life magazine
Mountain Light Photography
Galen Rowell's Books
The Rowell Award
Galen A. Rowell, On and Around Anyemaqen
50 for Tibet
The Rowell Fund for Tibet
Retrospective Show from the Royal Alberta Museum
Category:Nature photographers
Category:American mountain climbers
Category:20th-century American photographers
Category:Berkeley High School (Berkeley, California) alumni
Category:Artists from Oakland, California
Category:Artists from Berkeley, California
Category:People from Inyo County, California
Category:1940 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Sierra Club awardees
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Church of Saint Margaret of Antioch, Kopčany
Church of Saint Margaret of Antioch, near Kopčany, Slovakia, is one of still standing churches for which the Greater Moravian origin is considered. It belongs to the oldest churches in Slovakia. The church was built probably in the 9th or 10th century and was first mentioned in 1329. It was used until the 18th century when a new church was built in the village of Kopčany.
Description
The church is an original pre-Romanesque building. It is a single-cell church with small rectangular chancel to the east chancel. The recent excavations have shown that the original church had a rectangular narthex at the west end of the church, and this contained a large stone lined tomb for the founding figure of the church. When the narthex was pulled down, the Gothic arch which formed the entry at the west end was inserted.
Since 1995, the church has been listed under Slovak cultural heritage. The outside of the church is openly accessible to the public. It stands in a field to the east of Kopčany and it is about 1.6 km from the major Greater Moravian site at Mikulčice, which is on the other side of the Morava river. It is approached by a road and is fairly close to the ruins of a 16th-17th-century building which may have been a farm or manor house.
History of the research
The small church near the Czech-Slovak border has long been considered a baroque chapel and its dating had a stormy development. The first architectural survey of the church was conducted in 1964 and refined dating to gothic period. In 1996, Viktor Ferus published a hypothesis about the Great Moravian origin of the building. During investigations in 2004, three graves and jewellery from the times of Great Moravia were found outside the church. The position of graves already respected the position of the church and the graves contained mortar from the building and the size and shape of fragments indices that they originate from the construction phase and not later destruction. In that times, the church was considered to be the only one still standing Great Moravian building in Czech and Slovak republics. The key challenge is to validate if the mortar could be introduced to the older horizon during excavating of the younger graves. In 2013, a collective of authors analysed a piece of wood from the building by dendrochronology, declaring that it can be dated to 951 what shifts the construction phase to the 2nd part of the 10th century, between the fall of the Great Moravia and the foundation of the Kingdom of Hungary. Neither these results were universally accepted and are under further validation.
Currently, archaeological research is focused on the reconstruction of the historical landscape and its settlements. Also during this period the church has undergone further restoration work and the old render has been stripped from the walls. This now shows that the two arched windows on the north side of the nave are original while the windows on the south side were altered in the later Romanesque period.
Gallery
References
Sources
External links
Research on the church (in Slovak)
The church on the official site of Kopčany (in Slovak)
Profile of the church (in Slovak)
Category:Churches in Slovakia
Category:Great Moravia
Category:Romanesque architecture in Slovakia
Category:9th-century architecture in Slovakia
Category:10th-century architecture in Slovakia
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Swan River (Western Australia)
The Swan River is a river in the south west of Western Australia. Its Aboriginal Noongar name is the Derbarl Yerrigan. The river runs through the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia's capital and largest city.
Course of river
The Swan River estuary flows through the city of Perth. Its lower reaches are relatively wide and deep, with few constrictions, while the upper reaches are usually quite narrow and shallow.
The Swan River drains the Avon and coastal plain catchments, which have a total area of about . It has three major tributaries, the Avon River, Canning River and Helena River. The latter two have dams (Canning Dam and Mundaring Weir) which provide a sizeable part of the potable water requirements for Perth and the regions surrounding. The Avon River contributes the majority of the freshwater flow. The climate of the catchment is Mediterranean, with mild wet winters, hot dry summers, and the associated highly seasonal rainfall and flow regime.
The Avon rises near Yealering, southeast of Perth: it meanders north-northwest to Toodyay about northeast of Perth, then turns southwest in Walyunga National Park – at the confluence of the Wooroloo Brook, it becomes the Swan River.
The Canning River rises not far from North Bannister, southeast of Perth and joins the Swan at Applecross, opening into Melville Water. The river then narrows into Blackwall Reach, a narrow and deep stretch leading the river through Fremantle Harbour to the sea.
The Noongar people believe that the Darling Scarp represents the body of a Wagyl (also spelt Waugal) – a snakelike being from Dreamtime that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways and lakes. It is thought that the Wagyl/Waugal created the Swan River.
The estuary is subject to a microtidal regime, with a maximum tidal amplitude of about , although water levels are also subject to barometric pressure fluctuations.
Geology
Before the Tertiary, when the sea level was much lower than at present, the Swan River curved around to the north of Rottnest Island, and disgorged itself into the Indian Ocean slightly to the north and west of Rottnest. In doing so, it carved a gorge about the size of the Grand Canyon. Now known as Perth Canyon, this feature still exists as a submarine canyon near the edge of the continental shelf.
Geography
The Swan River drains the Swan Coastal Plain, a total catchment area of over in area. The river is located in a Mediterranean climate, with hot dry summers and cool wet winters, although this balance appears to be changing due to climate change. The Swan is located on the edge of the Darling Scarp, flowing downhill across the coastal plain to its mouth at Fremantle.
Sources
The Swan begins as the Avon River, rising near Yealering in the Darling Range, approximately from its mouth at Fremantle. The Avon flows north, passing through the towns of Brookton, Beverley, York, Northam and Toodyay. It is joined by tributaries including the Dale River, the Mortlock River and the Brockman River. The Avon becomes the Swan as Wooroloo Brook enters the river near Walyunga National Park.
Tributaries
More tributaries including Ellen Brook, Jane Brook, Henley Brook, Wandoo Creek, Bennett Brook, Blackadder Creek, Limestone Creek, Susannah Brook, and the Helena River enter the river between Wooroloo Brook and Guildford; however, most of these have either dried up or become seasonally flowing due to human impacts such as land clearing and development.
Swan coastal plain
Between Perth and Guildford the river goes through several loops. Originally, areas including the Maylands Peninsula, Ascot and Burswood, through Claise Brook and north of the city to Herdsman Lake were swampy wetlands. Most of the wetlands have since been reclaimed for land development. Heirisson Island, upon which The Causeway passes over, was once a collection of small islets known as the Heirisson Islands.
Perth Water and Melville Water
Perth Water, between the city and South Perth, is separated from the main estuary by the Narrows, over which the Narrows Bridge was built in 1959. The river then opens up into the large expanse of the river known as Melville Water. The Canning River enters the river at Canning Bridge in Applecross from its source south-east of Armadale. The river is at its widest here, measuring more than from north to south. Point Walter has a protruding spit that extends up to into the river, forcing river traffic to detour around it.
Narrowing and Fremantle
The river narrows between Chidley Point and Blackwall Reach, curving around Point Roe and Preston Point before narrowing into the harbour. Stirling Bridge and the Fremantle Traffic Bridge cross the river north of the rivermouth. The Swan River empties into the Indian Ocean at Fremantle Harbour.
Notable features
Fremantle Harbour
Point Brown
Rous Head
Arthur Head
Victoria Quay
Point Direction
Preston Point
Rocky Bay
Point Roe
Chidley Point
Blackwall Reach
Butler's Hump
Point Walter
Mosman Bay
Keanes Point
Freshwater Bay
Point Resolution
Melville Water
Lucky Bay
Point Waylen
Alfred Cove
Point Dundas
Waylen Bay
Point Heathcote
Quarry Point
Mounts Bay
Point Lewis
Mill Point
Point Belches
Elizabeth Quay
Pelican Point
Matilda Bay
The Narrows
Perth Water
Point Fraser
Heirisson Island
Claise Brook
Maylands Peninsula
Ron Courtney Island
Swan Valley
Kuljak Island
Flora and fauna
Plant and animal life found in or near the Swan-Canning Estuary include:
Over 130 species of fish including bull sharks (Carcharhinus leucas), rays, cobblers (Cnidoglanis macrocephalus, also known as Swan River catfish), herring (Elops machnata), pilchard (Sardinops neopilchardus), bream (Kyphosus sydneyanus), flatheads, leatherjackets and blowfish (Tetraodontidae)
Jellyfish including Phyllorhiza punctata and Aurelia aurita
Bottlenose dolphins
Crustaceans including prawns and blue manna crabs
Amphipod Melita zeylanica kauerti described based on specimen that was collected from under middle swan bridge.
Molluscs including Mytilidae, Galeommatidae
Birds including the eponymous black swan, silver gull, cormorants (locally referred to as 'shags'), twenty-eight parrots, rainbow lorikeet, kingfisher, red-tailed black cockatoo, Australian pelican, Australian magpie, heron and ducks.
History
The river was named Swarte Swaene-Revier by Dutch explorer, Willem de Vlamingh in 1697, after the famous black swans of the area. Vlamingh sailed with a small party up the river to around Heirisson Island.
A French expedition under Nicholas Baudin also sailed up the river in 1801.
Governor Stirling's intention was that the name "Swan River" refer only to the watercourse upstream of the Heirisson Islands. All of the rest, including Perth Water, he considered estuarine and which he referred to as "Melville Water". The Government notice dated 27 July 1829 stated "... the first stone will be laid of a new town to be called 'Perth', near the entrance to the estuary of the Swan River."
Almost immediately after the Town of Perth was established, a systematic effort was underway to reshape the river. This was done for many reasons:
to alleviate flooding in winter periods;
improve access for boats by having deeper channels and jetties;
removal of marshy land which created a mosquito menace;
enlargement of dry land for agriculture and building.
Perth streets were often sandy bogs which caused Governor James Stirling in 1837 to report to the Secretary of State for Colonies:
At the present time it can scarcely be said that any roads exist, although certain lines of communication have been improved by clearing them of timber and by bridging streams and by establishing ferries in the broader parts of the Swan River ...
Parts of the river required dredging with the material dumped onto the mud flats to raise the adjoining land. An exceptionally wet winter in 1862 saw major flooding throughout the area – the effect of which was exacerbated by the extent of the reclaimed lands. The first bucket dredge in Western Australia was the Black Swan, used between 1872 and 1911 for dredging channels in the river, as well as reclamation.
Notable features
A number of features of the river, particularly around the city, have reshaped its profile since European settlement in 1829:
Claise Brook – named Clause's Brook on early maps, after Frederick Clause. This was a fresh water creek which emptied the network of natural lakes north of the city. Before an effective sewerage system was built, it became an open sewer which dumped waste directly into the river for many years during the 1800s and early 1900s. The area surrounding has been mainly industrial for most of the period of European settlement and it has a long history of neglect. Since the late 1980s, the East Perth redevelopment has dramatically tidied up the area and works include a landscaped inlet off the river large enough for boats. The area is now largely residential and the brook exists in name only with the lakes having been either removed or managed by man-made drainage systems.
Point Fraser – early maps showed this as a major promontory on the northern side of the river west of the Causeway. It disappeared between 1921 and 1935 when land fill was added on both sides, straightening the irregular foreshore and forming the rectangular 'The Esplanade'.
The Esplanade – the northern riverbank originally ran close to the base of the escarpment generally a single block width south of St Georges Terrace. Houses built on the southern side of St Georges Terrace included market gardens which ran to the waters edge.
Heirisson Islands – a series of mudflats that were slightly more upstream from today's single man-made island which has deep channels on each side.
Burswood – early in the settlement the Perth flats restricted the passage of all but flat bottom boats travelling between Perth and Guildford. It was decided that a canal be built to bypass these creating Burswood Island. In 1831 it took seven men 107 days to do the work. Once completed, it measured about in length by an average top width of nearly which tapered to at the bottom; the depth varied between nearly one metre and six metres. Further improvements were made in 1834. The area on the south side of the river upstream from the causeway was filled throughout the 1900s, reclaiming an area five-times the area of the Mitchell Interchange/Narrows Bridge works.
Point Belches – later known as Mill Point, South Perth. Originally existed as a sandy promontory surrounding a deep semi-circular bay. This was later named Millers Pool and was eventually filled in and widened to become the present-day South Perth peninsula to which the Narrows Bridge and Kwinana Freeway adjoin.
Point Lewis (also known as 'One-Tree Point' after a solitary tree that stood on the site for many years) – the northern side of the Narrows Bridge site, and now beneath the interchange.
Mounts Bay – a modest reclamation was done between 1921 and 1935. In the 1950s works involving the Narrows Bridge started and in 1957 the bay was dramatically reduced in size with works related to the Mitchell Interchange and the northern approaches to the Narrows. An elderly Bessie Rischbieth famously protested against the project by standing in the shallows in front of the bulldozers for a whole day in 1957. She succeeded in halting progress – for that one day.
Bazaar Terrace/Bazaar Street – in the early days of the settlement this waterfront road between William Street and Mill Street was an important commercial focus with port facilities including several jetties adjoining. It is now approximately where Mounts Bay Road is today and set well back from the foreshore. It had a prominent limestone wall and promenade built using material quarried from Mount Eliza.
River mouth at Fremantle – the harbour was built in the 1890s and the limestone reef blocking the river was removed at the same time, after 70 years of demands. The dredging of the area to build the Harbour effectively changed the river dynamics from a winter flushing flow to a tidal flushing estuary. It was also at this time that the Helena River was dammed as part of C. Y. O'Connor's ambitious and successful plan to provide water to the Kalgoorlie Goldfields.
Environmental issues
The river has been used for the disposal all kinds of waste. Even well into the 1970s various local councils had rubbish tips on the mud flats along the edge of the river. Heavy industry also contributed its share of waste into the river from wool scouring plants in Fremantle to fertiliser and foundries sited in the Bayswater – Bassendean area. Remedial sites works are still ongoing in these areas to remove the toxins left to leach into the river.
During the summer months there are problems with algal blooms killing fish and caused by nutrient run-off from farming activities as well as the use of fertilisers in the catchment areas. The occasional accidental spillage of sewage and chemicals has also caused sections of the river to be closed to human access. The river has survived all this and is in relatively good condition considering on-going threats to its ecology.
In 2010 the Western Australian government imposed restrictions on phosphorus levels in fertilisers due to concerns about the health of the Swan and Canning river system.
The Perth Water location on the river adjacent to the City of Perth is a popular place for viewing the annual Australia Day fireworks, with over 400,000 people crowding the foreshore, Kings Park and boats on the river.
Flood events
Data collection of flood events in the estuary have been recorded since European arrival in 1829. In July 1830, barely a year after the establishment of the colony, the river rose 6 metres above its normal level. New settlers were still arriving in steady numbers and few permanent buildings had been constructed, with most living in tents and other temporary accommodation. These included caves along the river's edge and many found their belongings washed away and livestock drowned. Other abnormal floods events occurred in the winters of 1847 and 1860, while the most recent flooding occurred in 2017. Later events have since been assessed for probability of recurrence:
* ARI (Average recurrence interval) is the average interval in years which would be expected to occur between exceedances of flood events of a given magnitude.
The largest recorded flood event was in July 1872 which had a calculated ARI of 100. This approximately equates to a 100-year flood event. At the Helena River, the 1872 flood level was two feet 3 inches higher that the 1862 event (ARI=60). An account in The Perth Gazette and Western Australian Journal on 26 July 1872 reported
In and about Perth, the water owing to the force of the incoming seas at the mouth of the river presented a scene of a great lake, all the jetties were submerged, the high roads to Fremantle covered, and passage traffic rendered impossible quantities of sandalwood lying along the banks of river were washed away, and the inhabitants of the suburban villas on the slopes of Mount Eliza obliged to scramble up the hill sides to get into Perth.
The flood of July 1926 (ARI=30) resulted in the washing away of the Upper Swan Bridge and a section of the Fremantle Railway Bridge. The Fremantle bridge partially collapsed on 22 July 1926, five minutes after a train containing schoolchildren had passed over. No one was injured in the collapse, however it created major disruption to commerce for several months. Repairs were completed and the bridge reopened on 12 October 1926.
Governance
The Swan River Trust is a state government body, within the ambit of the Department of Environment and Conservation (Western Australia) – that was constituted in 1989 after legislation passed the previous year, that reports to the Minister for the Environment. It brings together eight representatives from the community, State and local government authorities with an interest in the Swan and Canning rivers to form a single body responsible for planning, protecting and managing Perth's river system.
The Trust meets twice a month to provide advice to the Minister for the Environment, the Western Australian Planning Commission and river border related local government bodies to guide development of the Swan and Canning rivers.
Human uses
Transport
In the earliest days of the Swan River Settlement, the river was used as the main transport route between Perth and Fremantle. This continued until the establishment of the Government rail system between Fremantle and Guildford via Perth.
Bridges
There are currently 22 road and railway bridges crossing the Swan River. These are (from Fremantle, heading upstream):
Fremantle Railway Bridge, North Fremantle to Fremantle (Fremantle railway line)
Fremantle Traffic Bridge, North Fremantle to Fremantle
Stirling Bridge (Stirling Highway), North Fremantle to East Fremantle
Narrows Bridge, South Perth to Perth (Kwinana Freeway and Mandurah railway line; 2001) – northbound
Narrows Bridge, Perth to South Perth (Mandurah railway line)
Narrows Bridge, Perth to South Perth (Kwinana Freeway; 1959) – southbound
The Causeway (north), Perth to Heirisson Island
The Causeway (south), Heirisson Island to South Perth
Matagarup Bridge, East Perth to Perth Stadium, Burswood (pedestrian bridge)
Goongoongup Bridge, East Perth to Burswood (Armadale railway line)
Windan Bridge, East Perth to Burswood, (Graham Farmer Freeway)
Garratt Road Bridge, Bayswater to Ascot – northbound
Garratt Road Bridge, Ascot to Bayswater (Garratt Road and Grandstand Road) – southbound
Redcliffe Bridge, Bayswater to Ascot (Tonkin Highway)
Bassendean Bridge, Bassendean to Guildford (Guildford Road and Bridge Street)
Guildford Railway Bridge, Bassendean to Guildford (Midland railway line)
Barkers Bridge, Guildford to Caversham (Meadow Street and West Swan Road)
Whiteman Bridge, Caversham to Middle Swan (Reid Highway and Roe Highway)
Maali Bridge, Henley Brook to Herne Hill (pedestrian bridge; formerly called the Barrett Street Bridge)
Yagan Bridge, Belhus to Upper Swan (Great Northern Highway; formerly called the Upper Swan Bridge)
Upper Swan railway bridge, Upper Swan (unnamed)
Bells Rapids bridge, Upper Swan to Brigadoon (unnamed)
Rowing clubs
The earliest club was the West Australian Rowing Club. The Swan River Rowing Club started in 1887. The Fremantle Rowing Club had started by the 1890s.
Yacht clubs
There are currently fifteen yacht clubs along the Swan River, with most on Melville Water, Freshwater Bay and Matilda Bay. Royal Perth Yacht Club, on Pelican Point in Matilda Bay, staged the unsuccessful 1987 America's Cup defence, the first time in 132 years it had been held outside of the United States. RPYC and the Royal Freshwater Bay Yacht Club are the only two clubs to be granted a royal charter. There are also many anchorages and marinas along the lower reaches near Fremantle.
Cultural significance
There have been some north of the river or south of the river distinctions in the Perth metropolitan region over time, especially in the time up to the completion of the Causeway and Narrows bridges, due to the time and distances to cross the river.
The river is a significant part of Perth culture, with many water sports such as rowing, sailing, and swimming all occurring in its waters.
It is also the site of the City of Perth Skyworks, a fireworks show held each year on Australia Day.
See also
Matagarup Bridge
List of islands of Perth, Western Australia
References
Further reading
Thompson, James (1911) Improvements to Swan River navigation 1830–1840 [cartographic material] Perth, W.A. : Western Australian Institution of Engineers, 1911. (Perth : Govt. Printer) Battye Library note: – Issued as Drawing no. 1 accompanying Inaugural address by Thompson 31 March 1910 as first president of the Western Australian Institution of Engineers, – Cadastral base map from Lands and Surveys Dept with additions by Thompson showing river engineering works from Burswood to Hierrison [i.e., Heirisson] islands and shorelines as they existed 1830–1840; includes Aboriginal place names along Swan River Estuary.
External links
Swan River Trust
Bridging to South Perth by Lloyd Margetts A copy of his speech given to the South Perth Historical Society.
Historical map of the Swan River
University of Western Australia – Center for Water Research
Category:Rivers of Western Australia
Category:Geography of Perth, Western Australia
Category:Swan Coastal Plain
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Miguel Ángel Llera Bello
Miguel Ángel Llera Bello (born 30 January 1948) is a Mexican physician and politician affiliated with the National Action Party. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress representing Veracruz.
References
Category:1948 births
Category:Living people
Category:Politicians from Veracruz
Category:Mexican physicians
Category:Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Category:National Action Party (Mexico) politicians
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Anatoma austrolissa
Anatoma austrolissa is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc or micromollusc in the family Anatomidae.
Description
Distribution
References
Geiger D.L. & Sasaki T. (2008) Four new species of Anatomidae (Mollusca: Vetigastropoda) from the Indian Ocean (Reunion, Mayotte) and Australia, with notes on a novel radular type for the family. Zoosymposia 1: 247-164.
Geiger D.L. (2012) Monograph of the little slit shells. Volume 1. Introduction, Scissurellidae. pp. 1-728. Volume 2. Anatomidae, Larocheidae, Depressizonidae, Sutilizonidae, Temnocinclidae. pp. 729–1291. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History Monographs Number 7.
External links
Category:Anatomidae
Category:Gastropods described in 2008
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List of automobile manufacturers of Sweden
Major current manufacturers
Koenigsegg (1994–present)
NEVS (Based on SAAB) (2012–present)
Uniti (2016–present)
Volvo (1927–present)
Saab (1945-present)
Current and defunct automobile manufacturers of Sweden
Allvelo (1903–1907)
AB Nyköpings Automobilfabrik (assembly, 1937–1960)
AB Thulinverken (1920–1928)
AMG (1903–1906)
Arlöfs (in or around 1902)
Åtvidaberg (1910–1911)
Boes Motor & Mekanik (unknown)
Caresto (2004–present)
Esther (1987–present)
Fram King Fulda (1957–1962)
GEA (one in 1905)
HB (in or around 1925)
Hult Healey (1984–1990)
Husqvarna (one in 1943)
Jösse Car (1997–1998)
Kalmar (1969–1971)
LT (in 1909 and in 1923)
LMV (one in 1923)
Mania Spyder (unknown)
Mascot (around 1920)
OBC (one in 1974)
Racing Plast Burträsk (1965–1971)
Reva (1964–1968)
Rengsjöbilen (1914–1916)
Saab (1947–2012)
Self (1916–1922)
SAF (1919–1921)
Scania (1903–1911)
Scania-Vabis (1911–1929)
Svensk Elektrobil (around 1945)
Söderbloms Gjuteri & Mekaniska Verkstad (1901–unknown)
Södertelje Verkstäder (1901–1906)
Tidaholm (1903–ca. 1932)
UNO (around 1990)
Vabis (1897–1911)
Von Braun Holding Company (2014–present)
See also
List of automobile manufacturers
List of car brands
List of motorcycle manufacturers
List of truck manufacturers
Category:Lists of automobile manufacturers
Cars
Automobile manuf
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Holloway Road
Holloway Road is a road in London, in length. It is one of the main shopping streets in North London, and carries the A1 road as it passes through Holloway, in the London Borough of Islington. The road starts at the Archway, near Archway Underground station, then heads south-east, past Upper Holloway railway station, Whittington Park, past the North London campus of London Metropolitan University near Nag's Head, past Holloway Road Underground station, and the main campus of the university, and then becomes Highbury Corner, near Highbury & Islington station.
Name
The origins of the name are disputed; some believe that it derives from "hollow" due to the dip in the road from the cattle that made their way along the route to the cattle markets in London, whilst some believe it derives from "hallow" and refers to the road's historic significance as part of the pilgrimage route to Walsingham. No documentary evidence can be found to support either derivation.
History
The earliest record giving the name of the road as The Holloway dates from 1307. The main stretch of Holloway Road runs through the site of the villages of Tollington and Stroud. The exact time of their founding is not known, but the earliest record of them dates from 1000. The names ceased to be used by the late 17th century, but are still preserved in the local place names "Tollington Park" and "Stroud Green"; since that time, the area has been known as Holloway.
Description
Holloway Road is one of north London's shopping streets, containing major stores as well as numerous smaller shops. Holloway Road is the site of the main campus of the much-renamed London Metropolitan University (formerly Northern Polytechnic Institute, the Polytechnic of North London and University of North London), and includes the Orion Building, designed by Daniel Libeskind, which can be seen along the central stretch of Holloway Road, and of the headquarters of the National Union of Students and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament. Most of the shops are clustered in the Nag's Head area, near the junction with Seven Sisters Road. North of the Seven Sisters Road is the Nambucca pub and music venue, which burned down in 2008 and reopened two years later.
Archway
The northern point of Holloway Road is the complex interchange at Archway, where the A1 leaves the historic route of the Great North Road. The traditional Great North Road heads northwest up Highgate Hill (now the B519) before turning north at North Road, Highgate to cross the current A1 route. The A1 heads north along the relatively recently built Archway Road. The construction of the interchange left a few buildings isolated in the centre of the roundabout, including the Archway Tavern, which appears on the cover of The Kinks' 1971 album Muswell Hillbillies.
Churches
Holloway Road contains two significant London churches. St Mary Magdalene is situated in St Mary Magdalene Gardens near the southern end of the road. Built by William Wickings in 1814, it is one of the best preserved early 19th century churches in London. Charles Barry, Jr.'s St John's Church is a leading example of Gothic architecture and dominates the northern end of the road.
Railway stations
As one of London's primary transport routes during the 19th century railway boom, Holloway Road contains a number of railway stations.
Highbury Corner is the site of Highbury & Islington station, one of London's most important transport interchanges. The Victoria line, Northern City Line (now part of Govia Thameslink Railway) and the London Overground North London Line converge at this location. It is also the northern terminus of the London Overground East London Line.
The station building was badly damaged by a V-1 flying bomb in 1944 and never rebuilt. The remainder of the building was demolished in 1966 in preparation for the construction of the Victoria line; the only surface building is a small entrance hall, set back from the main road and hidden from view behind a post office.
Holloway Road station opened with the Piccadilly line in 1906, next door to an existing Great Northern Railway main line station built in 1852. The main line station closed in 1915. Although Holloway Road is the nearest station to the Emirates Stadium, trains do not stop here on match days due to concerns about overcrowding.
Upper Holloway station was built in 1868 as part of the Tottenham & Hampstead Junction Railway. It is served by trains on the Gospel Oak to Barking Line, which now forms part of the London Overground network.
Archway station is not actually situated on Holloway Road, but approximately 10 m off the main road on Junction Road, underneath the architecturally striking Archway Tower. Originally known as "Highgate", it was the original northern terminus of the Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway and until 1940 was the northern terminus of the Northern line.
In popular culture
Record producer Joe Meek, responsible amongst other things for Telstar by The Tornados, a massive UK and US no. 1 record in 1962, and the highly influential 1959 album I Hear a New World, lived, worked, and committed suicide at 304 Holloway Road, where he is commemorated by a plaque. Sex Pistols singer John Lydon (Johnny Rotten) claims to have been born and raised in side-street Benwell Road, although no documentary evidence survives of this. The road also features heavily as the home of a fictionalised Meek in Jake Arnott's The Long Firm trilogy, and was the setting for George and Weedon Grossmith's Diary of a Nobody.
A row of Victorian houses, numbers 726–732, opposite Upper Holloway station, stands at the described location of the fictional Brickfield Terrace in Diary of a Nobody. The architecture is typical for buildings on this stretch of the road.
Former pirate radio station Kiss FM would base their studios and offices at 80 Holloway Road when they first launched as a legal radio station.
References
Holloway Road
Holloway Road
Category:A1 road (Great Britain)
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Sennertionyx
Sennertionyx is a genus of mites in the family Acaridae.
Scientific name: Sennertionyx
Rank: GENUS
Lineage
cellular organisms
Eukaryota
Opisthokonta
Metazoa
Eumetazoa
Bilateria
Coelomata
Protostomia
Panarthropoda
Arthropoda
Chelicerata
Arachnida
Acari
Acariformes
Sarcoptiformes
Astigmata
Acaroidea
Acaridae
Horstiinae
Species
Sennertionyx manicati (Giard, 1900)
References
Category:Acaridae
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Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs
The Minnesota Duluth Bulldogs are the athletic teams that represent the University of Minnesota Duluth. They were first named Bulldogs in 1933. Their colors are maroon and gold. The school competes in the NCAA's Division II in all sports except ice hockey. The men's team competes in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference, and the women's hockey program compete in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. Both hockey conferences are Division I. They are also known for having a strong club sports program, especially in ultimate frisbee, lacrosse, rugby, alpine skiing and ice hockey.
On 13 December 2008, the undefeated Bulldogs won the NCAA Division II National Football Championship—the first Division II championship in any sport at the school. On December 18, 2010, the Bulldogs won their second Division II national title in football. On April 9, 2011, the Bulldogs men's ice hockey program won its first NCAA Division I national championship, beating Michigan 3-2 in overtime. The Bulldog women's ice hockey program has won five NCAA Division I national titles.
Intercollegiate programs
The UMD Bulldogs compete in the 14 following sports:
Men's ice hockey
The Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs men's hockey program plays at the NCAA Division I level as a member of the National Collegiate Hockey Conference. The Bulldogs play off campus in downtown Duluth, Minnesota at the new Duluth Entertainment Convention Center. The team has been successful with numerous Frozen Four appearances, including a 4-overtime loss to Bowling Green in the 1984 Championship game- the longest championship game in the NCAA tournament's history, and a championship in 2011.
Women's ice hockey
The Minnesota–Duluth Bulldogs women's hockey team also plays at the NCAA Division I level as a member of the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. The women's program has been one of the top women's teams in the nation winning 5 NCAA DI ice hockey championships, including the 2010 championship.
Softball
Minnesota–Duluth's softball team appeared in two Women's College World Series in 1970 and 1971.
National championships
NCAA Women's Ice Hockey Championship (Division I)
2001
2002
2003
2008
2010
NCAA Division II National Football Championship
2008
2010
NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship (Division I)
2011
2018
2019
Facilities
Griggs Field at James S. Malosky Stadium: Football, Soccer, Softball, Track and Field
AMSOIL Arena (2011) (off-campus): Hockey
Romano Gymnasium: Basketball, Volleyball
Bulldog Park/Wade Stadium: Baseball
Non-varsity sports clubs
Rugby
UMD has fielded a college rugby team since 1975. UMD plays in USA Rugby's Division II, and in 2013 reached the DII national playoffs. UM Duluth rugby offers limited scholarships to select players. UMD graduate Graham Harriman has played for the United States national rugby team.
Alpine skiing
UMD has produced an Alpine Ski team since the 60's. UMD Alpine Ski teams (both men and women's) compete together in the U.S. Collegiate Ski and Snowboard Association (USCSA). The USCSA comprises over 170 Colleges and Universities competing in Alpine, Snowboard, Free-style & Cross-Country Skiing (Nordic). UMD Alpine has qualified a team to the USCSA National Championships every year since 2004 (Men's, women's or both). UMD Alpine is one of 2 colleges in its division to hold that distinction out of 20 colleges.
Discontinued intercollegiate programs
UMD, at one time, also sponsored a number of other successful varsity programs such as men's tennis, men's golf, women's golf, wrestling, men's and women's swimming and diving, and men's and women's cross country skiing.
References
External links
*
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Turama–Kikorian languages
The Turama–Kikorian languages are a family identified by Arthur Capell (1962) and part of the Trans–New Guinea languages (TNG) family in the classifications of Stephen Wurm (1975) and Malcolm Ross (2005). The family is named after the Turama River and Kikori River of southern Papua New Guinea.
Languages
The four languages are clearly related, though Rumu is divergent. Ross states that Rumu links the other (Turama) languages to TNG.
Turama–Kikorian family
Rumu (Kairi) isolate
Turama branch: Omati, Ikobi
Fauna names
Below are some turtle names, with additional names in Porome, Kiwaian, and Kutubuan languages also provided for comparison:
Names for Emydura subglobosa and Elseya novaeguineae are generally identical or similar.
See also: Yam languages#Fauna names.
References
External links
Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–Rumu – Omati River
(ibid.) Proto–Omati River
Category:Kikorian languages
Category:Languages of Gulf Province
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Nicolaos Matussis
Nicolaos Matussis, Nicolae Matussi (; 1899 – 1991) was a Greek Aromanian lawyer, politician and leader of the Vlach "Roman Legion", a collaborationist, separatist Aromanian paramilitary unit active during World War II in Central Greece.
Early life
Nicolaos Matussis was born in the village of Samarina in 1899, into an Aromanian (Vlach) family. After graduating from the Gymnasium in Trikala, he studied law at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. He then went on to work as a lawyer in Larissa. He was a devoted Aromanian nationalist and became an early member of the Communist Party of Greece, even becoming a member of its central committee before being expelled from it in 1926. He then returned to Larissa where he was active in Ioannis Sofianopoulos's Agrarian Party.
World War II
With the beginning of the Axis occupation of Greece, Matussis reestablished his links with Alcibiades Diamandi whom he had first met in 1920. Together they founded the Aromanian separatist state of the Principality of the Pindus, spanning from Thessaly to Epirus and Macedonia, and encompassing all Vlach populated areas within Greece. Matussis, Demosthenes Tsoutras and Konstantinos Tahas confounded the Italian-sponsored Vlach "Roman Legion" which became the state's official military force. In 1942, after Diamandi suddenly left Greece to go to Romania, Matussi became leader of the so-called Roman Legion. Then, when the Legion collapsed since their Italian supporters left and were replaced by the Germans and the Greek resistance grew more active, he went to Athens, where his attempt to court the German occupational authorities failed and he was denied a cabinet seat in the government of the Hellenic State. Having abandoned his ambitions of a Vlach state, he founded a pro-German collaborationist organization Organization of Pioneers of New Europe (OPNE). In late 1943 or early 1944, he followed Diamandi's footsteps, fleeing to Romania.
Following King Michael's Coup, the Romanian Communist Party seized power in the country, sentencing Matussis to 20 years in prison on a Danube island. In 1964, following his requests and also the request of the Greek government, he was released to the hands of Greek authorities, who put him to prison and took him to court, accused of treason (like several members of the "Roman Legion" in the courts just after the war in 1945–1947). In this court (which took place in Athens, far from Larissa where he was active) and with the support of defense witnesses he was declared innocent of war crimes. In 1976 his civil rights were completely restored by a Greek court. He subsequently lived in Athens, Loutraki and from 1966 in Larissa where he died in 1991.
Family
In 1920, he married Sofia Balodimou (-1984). Together they had a daughter Xeni (Polyxeni), painter (1927 – 28 September 1985).
References
Category:1899 births
Category:1991 deaths
Category:National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Category:Aromanian people
Category:Greek politicians
Category:Greek lawyers
Category:Greek people of World War II
Category:Separatists
Category:Communist Party of Greece politicians
Category:Greek collaborators with Fascist Italy
Category:Greek people of Aromanian descent
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George Hadfield (architect)
George Hadfield (1763 – 6 February 1826) was born in Livorno, Italy of English parents, who were hotel-keepers. He studied at the Royal Academy, and worked with James Wyatt for six years before emigrating to the United States. He was also the brother of Maria Cosway, a famous painter who is best noted for her alleged affair with Thomas Jefferson, when he was the Ambassador to France between 1785–1789.
Life and career
He was appointed superintendent of the United States Capitol's construction on 15 October 1795, and continued in that position until June 1798, resigning after an argument with William Thornton. He is credited with part of the design of the original Capitol building such as the north wing, but little of the related papers remain.
He is buried in Congressional Cemetery in Washington, D.C.
List of works
Original Treasury Department building, drew plans in 1798, completed in 1800; partially destroyed by fire in 1801 and burned by British forces in 1814
Navy Department, 1800
Washington Jail, 1801, later converted to a hospital, burned in 1861
Marine Corps Commandant's House, 1801–1805
Arlington House (Custis-Lee Mansion), 1818
District of Columbia City Hall, 1820
Van Ness Mausoleum
Possible works
Historic Huntley
Other
There are other works. However they are not easily identified, since they are not in the Greek Revival style. For example, Hadfield is credited with alterations to The Octagon House.
Gallery
See also
Étienne Sulpice Hallet
James Hoban
Benjamin Latrobe
Notes
References
External links
Historical Marker for Executive Office Building
Historical Marker for Huntley
Library of Congress Built in America (Search "George Hadfield")
District of Columbia City Hall, 451 Indiana Avenue Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, DC
Category:1763 births
Category:1826 deaths
Category:18th-century American architects
Category:18th-century English architects
Category:Burials at the Congressional Cemetery
Category:People from Livorno
Category:English emigrants to the United States
Category:19th-century American architects
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Bernard Miyet
Bernard Miyet, born 16 December 1946 in Bourg-de-Péage, is a former French diplomat and public servant. He served as the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations from January 1997 to September 2000, and was the first French to be nominated to the position. Miyet is the current president of the French Association for the United Nations (AFNU).
Biography
Early life
Miyet attended the Grenoble Institute of Political Studies. He later graduated from the École nationale d'administration in 1976.
Career
In 1976, Miyet entered the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he joined the United Nations desk of the ministry. In 1979, he became First Secretary at the permanent mission of France to the United Nations in Geneva. In 1981, he left the diplomatic service to become the Chief of staff of the Minister of Communications of France, Georges Fillioud. He left the position in 1983 and became the president of Sofirad, a French public company whose mandate was the oversight of the French state's involvement in radio broadcasting and television, where he stayed until 1985. In the spring of that year, he joined Schlumberger Ltd as special advisor to Jean Riboud, where he was tasked with the creation of the TV channel La Cinquième (now France 5).
Following his work in the audiovisual sector, he served as Consul-General of France to Los Angeles from 1986 to 1989. Miyet then returned to France as deputy Director General of cultural, scientific and technical relations of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, where he stayed until 1991. He then moved to Geneva to become the Permanent representative to the United Nations for France. In 1993, then minister Jack Lang put him in charge of negotiating the Cultural exception during the 1993 GATT negotiations. Miyet then became Ambassador of France to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) in November 1994.
On 28 January 1997, Kofi Annan announced the nomination of Miyet to Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations. This decision was reached after the United States used their veto to block a second term to Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali and pushed to elect Kofi Annan as Secretary General instead, which France initially opposed. Resistance was overcome when the French were promised the Under-Secretary-General seat, which was filled by Miyet, instead of the former advisor of Annan, Iqbal Riza. Miyet was the first French person in the position, and since his term all of the Under-Secretary-Generals for Peacekeeping Operations have been French nationals.
Published works
"Les Nations unies et la lutte contre les mines antipersonnel : au-delà d'Ottawa". In: Politique étrangère, n°4 – 1997 – 62nd year. pp. 629–639. ("The United Nations and the fight against landmines: beyond Ottawa").
See also
United Nations Department of Peace Operations
References
Category:French diplomats
Category:French officials of the United Nations
Category:Under-Secretaries-General of the United Nations
Category:Living people
Category:1946 births
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József Berényi
József Berényi (born 6 June 1967) is the Chairman of the Party of the Hungarian Coalition of Slovakia.
Biography
From 1994 to 1995, Berényi was a researcher for The New School. In 1995, he became a foreign political secretary for Fidesz. Later, he served as an advisor to the Minister of Construction and Region Development and Director of the Regional Development Department of Slovakia. In 2002, Berényi became State Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Berényi is married with two children.
References
Category:Members of the National Council (Slovakia)
Category:Party of the Hungarian Community politicians
Category:Comenius University alumni
Category:Central European University alumni
Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
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Mad About Boys
Mad About Boys was a monthly magazine in the United Kingdom aimed at girls aged between nine and twelve. First launched in January 2001 by Planet Three Publishing, it attracted controversy over what many saw as adult content, and was banned from many chain stores, including Woolworths and WH Smith. It ceased publication after four issues due to poor sales.
The editor of the magazine, Maria Landolfi, told PR Week: "Our USP is that we feature 12 teen boys aged 13 to 17 and get our readers to vote for the 'boy of the month' by post or on our website".
Barney Dow, one of the 'hunky babes' featured in the magazine, was due to become 'Boy of the month', encouraging the magazine's young audience to vote for each contestant. However, the magazine was banned before he could be 'crowned'. Other unsuccessful candidates included Thomas Ellum, Nicky Thomas, Thomas Williams and other 15-year-old boys. They were offered 'vouchers' as payment for the privilege of 'becoming a pin up' in the magazine, and were led to believe the magazine would launch their modelling careers. Most of the copies were destroyed, but there are still rare copies circulating in the Maldon area where some of the models came from.
See also
Moral panic
References
Category:2001 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:2001 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Category:British children's magazines
Category:British monthly magazines
Category:Defunct magazines of the United Kingdom
Category:Magazines established in 2001
Category:Magazines disestablished in 2001
Category:Teens' magazines
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Eriocottidae
Eriocottidae or Old World spiny-winged moths is a family of insects in the order Lepidoptera whose position relative to other members of the superfamily Tineoidea is currently unknown. There are two subfamilies, Compsocteninae and Eriocottinae.
Systematics
Eriocottinae
Crepidochares
Dacryphanes
Deuterotinea
Eriocottis
Tetracladessa
Compsocteninae Dierl, 1970
Cathalistis
Compsoctena
Eucryptogona
Former genera
Picrospora (transferred to Psychidae)
References
External links
Tree of Life
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Category:Moth families
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He Lives
"He Lives" is a Christian hymn, otherwise known by its first line, "I Serve a Risen Savior". It was composed in 1933 by Alfred Henry Ackley (1887-1960), and remains popular today within certain Evangelical and Pentecostal traditions.
The hymn discusses the experience claimed by Christians that Jesus Christ lives within their hearts. It is disliked or excluded by some Calvinists, on the grounds that the subjective appeal to experience is less reliable than the words of scripture.
Uses in other media
The hymn is sung by church members in Oranges Are Not the Only Fruit, a screen adaptation of Jeanette Winterson's novel of the same name.
References
External links
Lyrics and melody (MIDI)
Category:American Christian hymns
Category:1933 songs
Category:Songs about Jesus
Category:20th-century hymns
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Stella Dadzie
Stella Dadzie (born in 1952, London) is a British educationalist, activist, writer and historian. She is best known for her involvement in the UK's Black Women's Movement, being a founding member of the Organisation of Women of African and Asian Descent (OWAAD) and co-authoring The Heart of the Race: Black Women's Lives in Britain with Suzanne Scafe and Beverley Bryan.
Early life and career
Dadzie was born in London to an English mother and Ghanaian father. She is a founder member of Organisation of Women of African and Asian Descent. The Heart of the Race: Black Women’s Lives in Britain was published in 1985 by Virago Press. The book had been commissioned by the publisher five years before in 1980. The authors relied on interviews and their stories are woven together to address the experiences of Black women in Britain and the development of the UK's Black Women's Movement. The Heart of the Race won the 1985 Martin Luther King Award for Literature. The book was reissued by Verso (with a new foreword by Lola Okolosie) in 2018.
Dadize has written widely on curriculum development and good practice with black adult learners, and the development of anti-racist strategies with schools, colleges and youth services.
Selected works
The Heart of the Race: Black Women's Lives in Britain, with Beverley Bryan, Suzanne Scafe; Virago, 1985, . New edition, Verso, 2018,
Essential Skills for Race Equality Trainers, with Andy Forbes, Gurnam Heire; National Institute of Adult Continuing Education, 1992,
Older and Wiser: A Study of Educational Provision for Black and Ethnic Minority Elders, National Institute of Adult Continuing Education, 1993,
Blood, Sweat and Tears: A Report of the Bede Anti-Racist Detached Youth Work Project, National Youth Agency, 1997,
Toolkit for Tackling Racism in Schools Trentham, 2000,
References
External links
Stella Dadzie's papers at Black Cultural Archives
Stella Dadzie interviews as part of the Sisterhood and After: the Women's Liberation Oral History Project at British Library
Category:Living people
Category:English people of Ghanaian descent
Category:British women activists
Category:Black British writers
Category:1952 births
Category:20th-century British women writers
Category:21st-century British women writers
Category:21st-century English writers
Category:Writers from London
Category:English educational theorists
Category:Women educational theorists
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Dillard
Dillard may refer to:
People
Dillard (name)
Places in the United States
Dillard, Alabama
Dillard, Georgia
Dillard, New Orleans, Louisiana
Dillard, Missouri
Dillard, North Carolina
Dillard, Oklahoma
Dillard, Oregon
Arts, entertainment, and media
Dillard & Clark, a country-rock duo
The Dillards, an American bluegrass band
Brands and enterprises
Dillard House, a restaurant
Dillard's, a department store chain in the United States
Education
Dillard High School, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, U.S.A.
Dillard University, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A.
See also
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List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, March 2010
March 2010
See also
References
*List of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States, 2010
Category:2010 in the United States
2010
Category:March 2010 events in the United States
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The Who's Tommy
The Who's Tommy is a rock musical with music and lyrics by Pete Townshend and book by Townshend and Des McAnuff, based on The Who's 1969 rock opera Tommy.
Productions
The musical opened at La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego, California, on 1 July 1992. The Broadway theatre debut was at the St. James Theatre on 29 March 1993 with 27 previews running through 10 April. The show then officially opened on 22 April 1993 and closed on 17 June 1995, after 899 performances. Produced by Sir George Martin and directed by Des McAnuff, with choreography by Wayne Cilento, the original cast included Michael Cerveris (Tommy), Marcia Mitzman (Mrs. Walker), Jonathan Dokuchitz (Captain Walker) and Cheryl Freeman (The Gypsy/Acid Queen), plus an ensemble that included Alice Ripley, Christian Hoff, Norm Lewis, Paul Kandel, Tracy Nicole Chapman, Michael Gardner and Sherie Rene Scott. The play subsequently was produced by various touring companies throughout North America and Europe.
This musical inspired Data East's production of a pinball machine called The Who's Tommy Pinball Wizard, which used music, sound effects and artwork based on the original Broadway production.
A Canadian Production opened at the Elgin Theatre in Toronto on 1 March 1995, and played throughout the year. The production featured an entirely Canadian cast, and the lead character of Tommy was played by Tyley Ross.
Once the Toronto run ended, the production went on a Canadian tour.
A production ran in the West End at the Shaftesbury Theatre from 5 March 1996 until 8 February 1997, featuring Paul Keating (Tommy) and Kim Wilde (Mrs. Walker).
The original Broadway cast performed a one night only reunion benefit concert at the August Wilson Theatre in New York City on 15 December 2008. Produced by The Path Fund/Rockers on Broadway, the concert was a benefit for Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, the Broadway Dreams Foundation and the Bachmann-Strauss Dystonia and Parkinson Foundation.
Des McAnuff revived the musical at the Stratford Festival of Canada from 4 May until 19 October 2013 at the Avon Theatre in Stratford, Ontario.
Aria Entertainment and Greenwich Theatre revived the show in London at the Greenwich Theatre from 29 July until 23 August 2015.
A new production by New Wolsey Theatre, Ipswich (in co-production with Ramps on the Moon) began touring from March 2017 in Ipswich before heading to Nottingham Playhouse, West Yorkshire Playhouse, Birmingham Repertory Theatre, Theatre Royal Stratford East and Sheffield Theatres. It is directed by Kerry Michael and features original West End cast member Peter Straker as the Acid Queen (after previously playing the Narrator).
A production featuring Andy Mientus as Tommy opened on 27 April 2018 at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts.
A limited production opened at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts on 24 April 2019. The production starred Casey Cott as Tommy, Christian Borle as Captain Walker, and Mandy Gonzalez as Mrs. Walker. The production ran through 29 April 2019.
A Broadway revival of the musical will premiere in 2021, in a production directed by Des McAnuff.
Plot
Note that there are several plot differences between the album, the film, and the stage production, though the general storyline is largely the same.
Prologue
An opening montage of London is presented, beginning in 1940 with the initial meeting and then marriage of the Walkers. Amidst World War II, the husband, Captain Walker, parachutes into Germany, where he is captured as a prisoner of war by the Nazis ("Overture"). Back in London at 22 Heathfield Gardens, the captain's brother Ernie delivers a care package to the pregnant Mrs Walker just as two officers arrive at the home to announce the disappearance and presumed death of her husband ("Captain Walker").
Act I
The following year, two nurses gently hand Mrs Walker her newborn son, Tommy; later, in 1945, American troops liberate Captain Walker's POW camp, proclaiming the end of the war ("It's a Boy" / "We've Won"). Mrs Walker has since attained a new lover, and they celebrate her twenty-first birthday and discuss marriage together with four-year-old Tommy ("Twenty-One"). To their surprise, Captain Walker enters the house and a fight erupts between Captain Walker and the boyfriend. Mrs Walker turns Tommy away, but he watches his father shoot the boyfriend to death through a large mirror. Captain and Mrs Walker embrace but soon realise what Tommy has witnessed, and violently shake him, telling him he did not see or hear anything ("What About the Boy"). The police arrive; Tommy simply gazes at the mirror in silence. A narrator—Tommy's older self—appears to the audience, introducing and framing the story of his exceptional childhood ("Amazing Journey").
Captain Walker is tried for murder but found not guilty by reasons of self-defense. However, Tommy fails to celebrate his father's release, and his family quickly realizes that he has apparently gone deaf, mute, and blind. Tommy's parents have him undergo a battery of medical tests, to no avail ("Sparks"). At ten years of age, Tommy's unresponsive state remains unchanged ("Amazing Journey – Reprise"). The Walkers all go to church and host a Christmas family dinner, though the family is unnerved that Tommy does not know that it is Christmas or understand its significance ("Christmas"). Everyone is stunned when Tommy responds only to his uncle Ernie's playing the French horn. Mr Walker, in a desperate attempt to reach his son, shouts "Tommy, can you hear me?" multiple times. Older Tommy, only visible to young Tommy, who persistently stares at the mirror, sings to him ("See Me, Feel Me").
The Walkers leave Tommy with a slew of vicious babysitters, including alcoholic and sexually abusive Uncle Ernie ("Do You Think It's Alright?" and "Fiddle About"), as well as his cousin Kevin, a sadistic bully ("Cousin Kevin"). Cousin Kevin and his friends take Tommy to a youth club where, to everyone's astonishment, Tommy plays pinball brilliantly ("Sensation"). Meanwhile, another doctor, a psychiatrist, tests Tommy yet again with no success ("Sparks – Reprise"). The desperate Captain Walker is approached by The Hawker and Harmonica Player ("Eyesight to the Blind") who promise a miraculous cure for Tommy. They take young Tommy to the Isle of Dogs to find a prostitute called The Gypsy, who tries to convince Captain Walker to let her spend time alone with Tommy, introducing him to drugs ("The Acid Queen"). Horrified by her methods, Captain Walker snatches Tommy away. By 1958, Tommy has apparently become a pinball-playing expert as Cousin Kevin and a group of adolescents await 17-year-old Tommy's appearance at the amusement arcade, where his rise to local popularity has begun ("Pinball Wizard").
Act II
By 1960, Tommy has become the local pinball champion and hero of the neighborhood lads ("Underture"). Captain Walker persists unsuccessfully in seeking doctors and a cure for Tommy ("There's a Doctor" and "Go to the Mirror!"). One doctor discovers that Tommy's senses do function but not at a self-aware or openly expressive level. On the street, a group of local louts surround Tommy ("Tommy, Can You Hear Me?") and carry him home. The Walkers, at their wits' end, passionately confront each other in an effort to reconcile and face the reality that Tommy might never be cured ("I Believe My Own Eyes"). Captain Walker leaves Mrs. Walker with Tommy. Tommy stares into the mirror blankly as his mother tries desperately to reach him one last time, before smashing the mirror in a rage ("Smash the Mirror"). With the mirror in pieces, Tommy suddenly becomes fully lucid and interactive for the first time since the age of four, and he leaves home ("I'm Free"). Through 1961 to 1963, news of Tommy's miraculous regaining of full consciousness receives huge media attention ("Miracle Cure"), Tommy is idolized by the public and the press ("Sensation – Reprise"), and he begins appearing in packed stadiums, playing pinball with a helmet that temporarily blinds and deafens him ("Pinball Wizard – Reprise"). Uncle Ernie tries to capitalise on Tommy's newfound stardom, by selling cheap souvenirs for a grand opening party of Tommy's new holiday camp, resulting from Tommy's cult-like following ("Tommy's Holiday Camp"). That night, an adolescent fan named Sally Simpson falls from the stage in her eagerness to touch Tommy and is pummeled by guards ("Sally Simpson"). Tommy, in horror, stops the show and tends to Sally. He says he has had enough and decides to go home.
Realizing how caught up in celebrity he has become, Tommy wishes to do something in return for his fans and invites them all back to his house ("Welcome"). Once there, the population of fans keeps growing, though Tommy generously, but naïvely, wishes to welcome everyone equally. Sally then asks Tommy how she can be more like him and less like herself ("Sally Simpson's Question"). He is confused, and insists that there is no reason for anyone to be like him, when everyone else already possesses the amazing gifts that he was deprived of most of his life. He suddenly realises that he had thought his fame came from his miraculous recovery, when it in fact arose due to his fans desire for a spiritual leader, hoping he could communicate wisdom from his experience of not being able to hear, see, or talk for so long. Now, disenchanted with their hero for failing to provide the answers they wanted to be told to them, the crowd turns on him in anger and eventually leaves ("We're Not Gonna Take It"), leaving Tommy with just his family surrounding him. Tommy hears the voice of his ten-year-old self from the mirror ("See Me, Feel Me") and for a moment, to the horror of his family, seems to be reverting to his old state. Instead, he turns to his family, whom he has ignored during his stardom, and embraces them in acceptance, before he climatically reunites with his younger selves onstage ("Listening to You/Finale").
Plot differences between the three versions
The original 1969 album was much more ambiguous in its specific plot points than the stage musical and film versions. Originally, the song "Twenty-One" was called "1921" as the album version took place in a post-World War I setting. In the film, the story was changed to be post-World War II and the song was changed to "1951". In both the album and stage versions, the father comes home and kills the lover in the confrontation. Ken Russell's film made a reversal and killed Mr. Walker's character, having the lover then assume the role of a step-father to Tommy.
Pete Townshend made a number of lyrical changes to songs for the film version, many of which were utilized in the stage musical (these include revisions made to "It's a Boy", "Amazing Journey", and "Tommy's Holiday Camp", among others). The new pieces created for the film, however ("Bernie's Holiday Camp", "Champagne", "Mother and Son"), were not retained for the stage production. Instead, Townshend wrote a new piece called "I Believe My Own Eyes" in which the Walkers resign themselves to accepting Tommy's fate after years of trying.
Tommy's experience with the Acid Queen (Scene 11) is also handled differently between the Album, Movie, and Stage productions. In both the album and movie, Tommy appears to have taken a drug from the Acid Queen which produced a visceral response in the otherwise mostly catatonic child. In the musical, his father brings him to see the Acid Queen, then changes his mind and leaves before Tommy partakes of her "charms."
The most fundamental difference in the story is the finale, which was rewritten in 1993. Originally, Tommy instructs his followers to become deaf, mute, and blind themselves to find a heightened state of enlightenment. The crowd rejects this and turns on him. In the stage version, Tommy tells them the opposite: to not try to emulate him, but to rather live out their own normal lives. Upon hearing this message, the crowd still rejects him out of a desire to hear a bolder message from him.
Characters
Principals
Tommy, age 16–25, A young pinball genius. Tenor.
Captain Walker age: 25–35, Tommy's guilty father. Tenor.
Mrs. Walker, age: 18–30, Tommy's weary mum. Pop Mezzo-soprano.
Other Tommys
Tommy, age 3–7: child Tommy
Tommy, age 8–12: preadolescent Tommy
Supporting roles
Cousin Kevin, age: 15–20, Tommy's evil babysitting cousin. A young, loutish nuisance. Baritone.
Uncle Ernie, age: 30–45, Tommy's perverted uncle. A lecherous bachelor. Tenor.
The Lover, age: 25–30, Mrs. Walker's lover, killed by Captain Walker
The Hawker, age: 20–50, An unsavory street man. Baritone
The Acid Queen, age: 20–35, A drug dealer and prostitute.
The Specialist, age: 30–50, A very modern doctor who has new theories on how to cure Tommy. Baritone.
Sally Simpson, age: 13–20, A typical teenybopper. Soprano.
Song list
Act One
"Overture" – Company
"Captain Walker" – Officers
"It's a Boy" / "We've Won" – Nurses and Mrs. Walker / Captain Walker and Allied Soldiers
"Twenty-One" / "What About the Boy?" – Mrs. Walker and Boyfriend / Captain Walker and Mrs. Walker
"Amazing Journey" – Tommy
"Courtroom Scene" – Judge
"Sparks" – Instrumental
"Amazing Journey" (Reprise) – Tommy
"Christmas" / "See Me, Feel Me" – Captain Walker, Mrs. Walker, Minister, Minister's Wife and Ensemble / Tommy
"Do You Think It's Alright?" – Captain Walker and Mrs. Walker
"Fiddle About" (music and lyrics by John Entwistle) – Uncle Ernie and Ensemble
"See Me, Feel Me" (Reprise) – Tommy
"Cousin Kevin" (music and lyrics by John Entwistle) – Cousin Kevin and Ensemble
"Sensation" – Tommy and Ensemble
"Sparks (Reprise)"
"Eyesight to the Blind" (lyrics by Sonny Boy Williamson II, music and additional lyrics by Pete Townshend) – Hawker, Harmonica Player and Ensemble
"The Acid Queen" – The Gypsy
"Pinball Wizard" – Local Lads, Cousin Kevin and Ensemble
Act Two
"Underture (Entr'acte)" – Ensemble
"It's a Boy (Reprise)" / "There's a Doctor" – Captain Walker and Mrs. Walker
"Go to the Mirror!" / "Listening to You" – Specialist, Specialist's Assistant, Captain Walker and Mrs. Walker / Tommy, Tommy (Age 10) and Tommy (Age 4)
"Tommy, Can You Hear Me?" – Local Lads
"I Believe My Own Eyes" – Captain Walker and Mrs. Walker
"Smash the Mirror" – Mrs. Walker
"I'm Free" – Tommy
"Streets of London 1961–3 (Miracle Cure)" – News Vendor and Local Lads
"Sensation (Reprise)" – Tommy and Ensemble
"I'm Free" (Reprise) / "Pinball Wizard" (Reprise) – Tommy and Company
"Tommy's Holiday Camp" (music and lyrics by Keith Moon) – Uncle Ernie
"Sally Simpson" – Cousin Kevin, Security Guards, Sally Simpson, Mr. Simpson and Mrs. Simpson
"Welcome" – Tommy and Ensemble
"Sally Simpson's Question" – Sally Simpson, Tommy
"We're Not Gonna Take It" – Tommy and Ensemble
"See Me, Feel Me" (Final Reprise) / "Listening to You" (Reprise) – Tommy and Company
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
Original London production
References
External links
Plot and production information at the Guide to Musical Theatre
The Who's Tommy at the Music Theatre International website
Category:Tommy (rock opera)
Category:Rock musicals
Category:Broadway musicals
Category:Plays and musicals about disability
Category:Sung-through musicals
Category:Laurence Olivier Award-winning musicals
Category:Plays set in the 1940s
Category:Plays set in the 1950s
Category:Plays set in the 1960s
Category:Plays set in England
Category:Pete Townshend
Category:Adultery in theatre
Category:1993 musicals
Category:Tony Award-winning musicals
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Sabrina Jaquet
Sabrina Jaquet (born 21 June 1987 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland) is a Swiss Badminton player. Jaquet competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. She qualified for the Games by reaching the quarter finals of the 2012 European Championship in Karlskrona, Sweden. She also competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Achievements
European Championships
Women's singles
BWF Grand Prix
The BWF Grand Prix has two level such as Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold. It is a series of badminton tournaments, sanctioned by Badminton World Federation (BWF) since 2007.
Women's singles
BWF Grand Prix Gold tournament
BWF Grand Prix tournament
BWF International Challenge/Series
Women's singles
Women's doubles
Mixed doubles
BWF International Challenge tournament
BWF International Series tournament
BWF Future Series tournament
References
External links
Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from La Chaux-de-Fonds
Category:Swiss female badminton players
Category:Olympic badminton players of Switzerland
Category:Badminton players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Badminton players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Category:Badminton players at the 2019 European Games
Category:European Games competitors for Switzerland
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Berlese
Berlese may refer to:
Antonio Berlese (1863 – 1927), Italian entomologist
Augusto Napoleone Berlese (1864 – 1903), Italian botanist and mycologist
Lorenzo Berlèse (1784 – 1863), Italian botanist
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Willem de Vlamingh
Willem Hesselsz de Vlamingh (November 1640 – ) was a Dutch sea captain who explored the central west coast of New Holland in the late 17th century. The mission proved fruitless, but he charted parts of the continent's western coast.
Early life
Willem de Vlamingh was born in Oost-Vlieland in the Dutch Republic. He was baptised on 28 November 1640. In 1664, De Vlamingh sailed to Novaya Zemlya and discovered Jelmerland. In 1668, he married; his profession was skipper in whaling, and he still lived on the island Vlieland. In 1687, he and his wife sold their "apartment" in the Jordaan.
De Vlamingh joined the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1688, and made his first voyage to Batavia in the same year. Following a second voyage, in 1694, he was asked, on request of Nicolaes Witsen, to mount an expedition to search for the , a VOC capital ship that was lost with 325 passengers and crew on its way to Batavia in 1694. VOC officials believed it might have run aground on the west coast of Terra Australis.
Rescue mission
In 1696, De Vlamingh commanded the rescue mission to Australia's west coast to look for survivors of the Ridderschap van Holland that had gone missing two years earlier, and had admiral Sir James Couper on board . There were three ships under his command: the frigate Geelvink, captained by De Vlamingh himself; the Nijptang, under Captain Gerrit Collaert; and the galiot Weseltje, under Captain Cornelis de Vlamingh, son of Willem de Vlamingh. The expedition departed Texel 'strictly incognito' on 3 May 1696 and, because of the Nine Years' War with France, sailed around the coast of Scotland to Tristan da Cunha. In early September the three ships arrived at Cape of Good Hope, where they stayed for seven weeks because of scurvy among the crew. There, Cornelis de Vlamingh took command after Laurens T. Zeeman died. On 27 October, they left using the Brouwer Route on the Indian Ocean route from the African Cape of Good Hope to the Dutch East Indies. On their way east they checked Île Saint-Paul and Île Amsterdam, but no wreckage or survivors were found. On 5 December they sailed on.
On 29 December 1696, De Vlamingh's party landed on Rottnest Island. He saw numerous quokkas (a native marsupial), and thinking they were large rats he named it t Eylandt 't Rottenest ("Rats' Nest Island"). He afterwards wrote of it in his journal: "I had great pleasure in admiring this island, which is very attractive, and where it seems to me that nature has denied nothing to make it pleasurable beyond all islands I have ever seen, being very well provided for man's well-being, with timber, stone, and lime for building him houses, only lacking ploughmen to fill these fine plains. There is plentiful salt, and the coast is full of fish. Birds make themselves heard with pleasant song in these scented groves. So I believe that of the many people who seek to make themselves happy, there are many who would scorn the fortunes of our country for the choice of this one here, which would seem a paradise on earth".
On 10 January 1697, he ventured up the Swan River. He and his crew are believed to have been the first Europeans to do so. They are also assumed to be the first Europeans to see black swans, and De Vlamingh named the Swan River (Zwaanenrivier in Dutch) after the large number they observed there. The crew split into three parties, hoping to catch an Aborigine, but about five days later they gave up their quest to catch a "South lander".
On 22 January, they sailed through the Geelvink Channel. The next days they saw ten naked, black people. On 24 January they passed Red Bluff. Near Wittecarra they went looking for fresh water. On 4 February 1697, he landed at Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia, and replaced the pewter plate left by Dirk Hartog in 1616 with a new one that bore a record of both of the Dutch sea-captains' visits. The original plate is preserved in the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
De Vlamingh, with his son and Collaert, commanded a return fleet from the Indies on 3 or 11 February 1698, which arrived in his hometown, Amsterdam, on 16 August. However, it is not certain that De Vlamingh was still alive at that point, and burial records from Vlieland around this time do not exist. On an earlier retourship, De Vlamingh had sent Witsen a box with seashells, fruits and vegetation from New Holland (Australia), as well as eleven drawings that Victor Victorsz had made on the expedition. De Vlamingh also included some black swans, but they died on the voyage. Witsen offered the drawings to Martin Lister. Witsen, who had invested in the journey, was disappointed the men had been more interested in setting up trade than in exploring. In 1699, William Dampier would explore the coast of Australia and New Guinea.
References
External links
Category:17th-century Dutch explorers
Category:1640 births
Category:1690s deaths
Category:Dutch polar explorers
Category:Explorers of Western Australia
Category:Maritime exploration of Australia
Category:People from Vlieland
Category:Sailors on ships of the Dutch East India Company
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Greek ship Lemnos
Three ships of the Hellenic Navy have borne the name Lemnos or Limnos (), named after the island of Lemnos and the First Balkan War Battle of Lemnos:
(1914–1932), a Mississippi-class pre-dreadnought battleship
(1943–1977), an LST1-class landing ship
(1982–present), a Kortenaer/Elli-class frigate
Category:Hellenic Navy ship names
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Aechmea 'Sarah'
'Sarah' is a hybrid cultivar of the genus Aechmea in the Bromeliad family.
References
BSI BCR Entry for 'Sarah'
Category:Bromeliaceae cultivar
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1956 United States presidential election in Kansas
The 1956 United States presidential election in Kansas took place on November 6, 1956, as part of the 1956 United States presidential election. Voters chose eight representatives, or electors, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.
Kansas was won by incumbent President Dwight D. Eisenhower (R–Pennsylvania), running with Vice President Richard Nixon, with 65.44% of the popular vote, against Adlai Stevenson (D–Illinois), running with Senator Estes Kefauver, with 34.21% of the popular vote. Eisenhower, as expected, had no trouble carrying his boyhood home state, having spent his formative years in Abilene.
With 65.44% of the popular vote, Kansas proved to be Eisenhower's fifth strongest state after Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire and Nebraska.
Results
Results by county
Notes
References
Kansas
1956
Category:1956 Kansas elections
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Hello (Masaharu Fukuyama song)
"Hello" is the tenth single by Japanese artist Masaharu Fukuyama. It was released on February 6, 1995. It was used as the theme song to the drama Saikō no Kataomoi: White Love Story.
Track listing
Hello
Pa Pa Pa
Hello (Original karaoke)
(Original karaoke)
Pa Pa Pa (Original karaoke)
Oricon sales chart (Japan)
References
Category:1995 singles
Category:Masaharu Fukuyama songs
Category:Oricon Weekly number-one singles
Category:Japanese television drama theme songs
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Marquette, MI µSA
REDIRECT Marquette County, Michigan
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New York's congressional districts
The U.S. state of New York currently comprises 27 congressional districts. Each district elects one member of the United States House of Representatives who sits on its behalf. The state was redistricted in 2013, following the 2010 U.S. Census; it lost two seats in Congress.
Current districts and representatives
List of members of the New York United States House delegation, district boundaries, and district political ratings according to the CPVI. The delegation has a total of 27 members, with 21 Democrats and 6 Republicans as of 2018.
Historical district locations
Note A: There are now 62 counties in New York (state). The counties that are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized.
Note B: For the 1789 through 1796 elections, districts were named by the counties that comprised them, without applying a numbering system. For those elections, numbers were retroactively back-numbered for the districts.
1789 elections
On January 27, 1789, the New York State Legislature divided the State of New York into six congressional districts which were not numbered.
: Kings, Queens, Richmond and Suffolk counties.
: New York City, and Westchester County except the towns of Salem, North Salem, Cortland, Yorktown and Stephentown.
: Dutchess County and the abovementioned towns in Westchester.
: Orange and Ulster counties.
: Albany County east of the Hudson River, Columbia, Clinton and Washington counties.
: Albany County west of the Hudson River, and Montgomery and Ontario counties.
1790 elections
The districts remained the same as for the previous elections in March 1789.
1793 elections
On December 18, 1792, the Legislature divided the State into ten districts, which were still not numbered, taking into account the new counties created in 1791.
: Kings, Queens and Suffolk counties.
: New York County.
: Westchester and Richmond counties.
: Orange and Ulster counties.
: Dutchess County.
: Columbia County.
: Clinton and Rensselaer counties.
: Albany County.
: Washington and Saratoga counties.
: Montgomery, Ontario, Herkimer, Otsego and Tioga counties.
1794 elections
The congressional districts remained at this election the same as at the previous election, only inside the tenth district a new county, Onondaga, was created in 1794.
: Kings, Queens and Suffolk counties.
: New York County.
: Westchester and Richmond counties.
: Orange and Ulster counties.
: Dutchess County.
: Columbia County.
: Clinton and Rensselaer counties.
: Albany County.
: Washington and Saratoga counties.
: Montgomery, Ontario, Herkimer, Otsego, Tioga and Onondaga counties.
1796 elections
The geographical area of the congressional districts remained at this election the same as at the previous election in December 1794. A new county was created, Schoharie County Most of the new Schoharie County was taken from Albany County, and remained in the 8th district, a part was taken from Otsego County, and remained in the 10th district. Besides, inside the 10th district a new county had been created: Steuben County.
: Kings, Queens and Suffolk counties.
: New York County.
: Westchester and Richmond counties.
: Orange and Ulster counties.
: Dutchess County.
: Columbia County.
: Clinton and Rensselaer counties.
: Albany and Schoharie counties.
: Washington and Saratoga counties.
: Montgomery, Ontario, Herkimer, Otsego, Tioga, Onondaga and Steuben counties.
1798 elections
On March 27, 1797, the Legislature re-apportioned the districts, taking into account the new counties which had been created in the meanwhile, and for the first time the districts were numbered.
: Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties.
: The first six wards of New York County.
: The 7th Ward of New York County, and Westchester and Rockland counties.
: Orange, Ulster and Delaware counties.
: Dutchess County.
: Columbia and Rensselaer counties.
: Clinton, Saratoga and Washington counties.
: Albany and Schoharie counties.
: Herkimer, Montgomery, Chenango and Oneida counties.
: Ontario, Otsego, Tioga, Onondaga and Steuben counties.
1800 elections
The districts remained the same as at the previous election in April 1798, but two new counties were created in 1799: in the 7th district, Essex County was split from Clinton County; and in the 10th district, Cayuga County was split from Onondaga County.
: Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties.
: The first six wards of New York County.
: The 7th Ward of New York County, and Westchester and Rockland counties.
: Orange, Ulster and Delaware counties.
: Dutchess County.
: Columbia and Rensselaer counties.
: Clinton, Saratoga, Washington and Essex counties.
: Albany and Schoharie counties.
: Herkimer, Montgomery, Chenango and Oneida counties.
: Ontario, Otsego, Tioga, Onondaga, Steuben and Cayuga counties.
1802 elections
Until the previous elections, there had been ten congressional districts. After the U.S. census of 1800, Congress re-apportioned the seats, and New York's representation was increased to 17. On March 30, 1802, the New York State Legislature re-apportioned the congressional districts, dividing New York County seemingly at random into two districts.
: Queens and Suffolk counties.
: The 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th Ward of New York County; and Kings and Richmond counties.
: The 4th, 6th and 7th Ward of New York County.
: Westchester and Rockland counties.
: Orange County.
: Dutchess County.
: Ulster and Greene counties.
: Columbia County.
: Albany County.
: Rensselaer County.
: Clinton, Saratoga and Essex counties.
: Washington County.
: Montgomery and Schoharie counties.
: Delaware and Otsego counties.
: Herkimer and Oneida counties.
: Chenango, Tioga and Onondaga counties.
: Ontario, Steuben and Cayuga counties.
1804 elections
After the election of one Democratic-Republican and one Federalist in 1802, the Democratic-Republican majority in the State Legislature gerrymandered the two districts together in an Act passed on March 20, 1804, so that two congressmen would be elected on a general ticket by the voters of both districts, assuring the election of two Democratic-Republicans.
Besides, Seneca County was split from Cayuga County inside the 17th district.
: Queens and Suffolk counties.
and (two seats): New York, Kings and Richmond counties.
: Westchester and Rockland counties.
: Orange County.
: Dutchess County.
: Ulster and Greene counties.
: Columbia County.
: Albany County.
: Rensselaer County.
: Clinton, Saratoga and Essex counties.
: Washington County.
: Montgomery and Schoharie counties.
: Delaware and Otsego counties.
: Herkimer and Oneida counties.
: Chenango, Tioga and Onondaga counties.
: Ontario, Steuben, Cayuga and Seneca counties.
1806 elections
Three new counties had been created since the last elections in 1804: inside the 15th district, Jefferson County was split off from Oneida County; in the 16th district, Madison County from Chenango County; and in the 17th district, Allegany County from Genesee County The area of the districts remained the same.
: Queens and Suffolk counties.
and (two seats): New York, Kings and Richmond counties.
: Westchester and Rockland counties.
: Orange County.
: Dutchess County.
: Ulster and Greene counties.
: Columbia County.
: Albany County.
: Rensselaer County.
: Clinton, Saratoga and Essex counties.
: Washington County.
: Montgomery and Schoharie counties.
: Delaware and Otsego counties.
: Herkimer, Oneida and Jefferson counties.
: Chenango, Tioga, Onondaga and Madison counties.
: Ontario, Steuben, Cayuga, Seneca and Allegany counties.
1808 elections
On April 8, 1808, the State Legislature re-apportioned the districts again, separating the 2nd and the 3rd district, and creating two districts with two seats each to be filled on a general ticket: the 2nd and the 6th.
David Thomas had been elected in the old 12th district which had comprised only Washington County, so the vacancy was filled by a special election held only in this county, while at the same time two representatives were elected on a general ticket in the new 6th district to which Washington County had been re-districted together with Columbia County and Rensselaer County.
Due to the double-seat districts, there were then only 15 districts; the 16th and 17th were eliminated.
: Kings, Queens and Suffolk counties.
(two seats): New York, Richmond and Rockland counties.
: Orange and Westchester counties.
: Dutchess County.
: Ulster, Greene counties.
(two seats): Columbia, Rensselaer and Washington counties.
: Albany County.
: Clinton, Saratoga and Essex counties.
: Montgomery and Schoharie counties.
: Herkimer, St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties.
: Oneida and Madison counties.
: Delaware and Otsego counties.
: Chenango, Onondaga, Broome and Cortland counties.
: Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga and Seneca counties.
: Ontario, Genesee and Allegany counties.
Note: There are now 62 counties in the State of New York. The counties which are not mentioned in this list had not yet been established, or sufficiently organized, the area being included in one or more of the above-mentioned counties.
1810 elections
The districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1808. Only four new counties were created inside some districts: in the 5th district, Sullivan County was split from Ulster County; in the 7th district, Schenectady County was split from Albany County; in the 8th district, Franklin County was split from Clinton County; and in the 15th district, Niagara County was split from Genesee County.
: Kings, Queens and Suffolk counties.
(two seats): New York, Richmond and Rockland counties.
: Orange and Westchester counties.
: Dutchess County.
: Ulster, Greene and Sullivan counties.
(two seats): Columbia, Rensselaer and Washington counties.
: Albany and Schenectady counties.
: Clinton, Saratoga, Essex and Franklin counties.
: Montgomery and Schoharie counties.
: Herkimer, St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties.
: Oneida and Madison counties.
: Delaware and Otsego counties.
: Chenango, Onondaga, Broome and Cortland counties.
: Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga and Seneca counties.
: Ontario, Genesee, Allegany and Niagara counties.
1812 elections
Due to the increase in seats, the previously eliminated 16th and 17th district were re-established, and four more districts were created. Six districts had two members, elected districtwide on a general ticket.
(two seats): The 1st and 2nd Ward of New York County, and Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties.
(two seats): The other eight wards of New York County.
: Westchester and Rockland counties.
: Dutchess County, except the towns of Rhinebeck and Clinton; and Putnam County.
: Columbia County; and Rhinebeck and Clinton in Dutchess County.
: Orange County.
: Ulster and Sullivan counties.
: Delaware and Greene counties.
: Albany County.
: Rensselaer County.
: Saratoga County.
(two seats): Clinton, Essex, Franklin and Washington counties.
: Schenectady and Schoharie counties.
: Montgomery County.
(two seats): Chenango, Broome and Otsego counties.
: Oneida County.
: Herkimer and Madison counties.
: St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties.
: Onondaga and Cortland counties.
(two seats): Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga and Seneca counties.
(two seats): Ontario, Genesee, Allegany, Niagara and Chautauqua counties.
1814 elections
For the 1814 elections, the districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1812, only one new county was created: in the 12th district, Warren County was split from Washington County.
(two seats): The 1st and 2nd Ward of New York County, and Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties.
(two seats): The other eight wards of New York County.
: Westchester and Rockland counties.
: Dutchess County, except the towns of Rhinebeck and Clinton; and Putnam County.
: Columbia County; and Rhinebeck and Clinton in Dutchess County.
: Orange County.
: Ulster and Sullivan counties.
: Delaware and Greene counties.
: Albany County.
: Rensselaer County.
: Saratoga County.
(two seats): Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Washington and Warren counties.
: Schenectady and Schoharie counties.
: Montgomery County.
(two seats): Chenango, Broome and Otsego counties.
: Oneida County.
: Herkimer and Madison counties.
: St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties.
: Onondaga and Cortland counties.
(two seats): Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga and Seneca counties.
(two seats): Ontario, Genesee, Allegany, Niagara and Chautauqua counties.
1816 elections
For the 1816 elections, there was no change.
1818 elections
For the 1818 elections, the geographical area of the districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1816. Two new counties were created: Tompkins inside the 20th district; and Cattaraugus inside the 21st district. In 1817, the Town of Danube was separated from the Town of Minden in Montgomery County, and transferred to Herkimer County, but Danube remained in the 14th district.
(two seats): The 1st and 2nd Ward of New York County, and Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties.
(two seats): The other eight wards of New York County.
: Westchester and Rockland counties.
: Dutchess County, except the towns of Rhinebeck and Clinton; and Putnam County.
: Columbia County; and Rhinebeck and Clinton in Dutchess County.
: Orange County.
: Ulster and Sullivan counties.
: Delaware and Greene counties.
: Albany County.
: Rensselaer County.
: Saratoga County.
(two seats): Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Washington and Warren counties.
: Schenectady and Schoharie counties.
: Montgomery County and the Town of Danube in Herkimer County.
(two seats): Chenango, Broome and Otsego counties.
: Oneida County.
: Herkimer County, except the Town of Danube, and Madison County.
: St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties.
: Onondaga and Cortland counties.
(two seats): Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga, Seneca and Tompkins counties.
(two seats): Ontario, Genesee, Allegany, Niagara, Chautauqua and Cattaraugus counties.
1821 elections
For the 1821 elections, except for the split of the 21st district, the geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1818. Five new counties had been created. Hamilton County was split from Montgomery County inside the 14th district. Oswego County was created from parts of Oneida and Onondaga counties, but the parts remained in their previous congressional districts. On March 9, 1821, the New York State Legislature divided the 21st district in two districts: Ontario County and the newly created Monroe County remained as the 21st district; the remainder became the new 22nd district, including the new counties of Erie and Livingston.
(two seats): The 1st and 2nd Ward of New York County, and Kings, Queens, Suffolk and Richmond counties.
(two seats): The other eight wards of New York County.
: Westchester and Rockland counties.
: Dutchess County, except the towns of Rhinebeck and Clinton; and Putnam County.
: Columbia County; and Rhinebeck and Clinton in Dutchess County.
: Orange County.
: Ulster and Sullivan counties.
: Delaware and Greene counties.
: Albany County.
: Rensselaer County.
: Saratoga County.
(two seats): Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Washington and Warren counties.
: Schenectady and Schoharie counties.
: Montgomery County and the Town of Danube in Herkimer County.
(two seats): Chenango, Broome and Otsego counties.
: Oneida County and the ex-Oneida part of Oswego County.
: Herkimer County, except the Town of Danube; and Madison County.
: St. Lawrence, Jefferson and Lewis counties.
: Onondaga and Cortland counties, and the ex-Onondaga part of Oswego County.
(two seats): Tioga, Steuben, Cayuga, Seneca and Tompkins counties.
: Ontario and Monroe counties.
: Genesee, Allegany, Niagara, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, Erie and Livingston counties.
1822 elections
On April 17, 1822, the New York State Legislature re-apportioned the congressional districts according to the figures of the 1820 United States census. The number of district was increased to 30, creating eight new districts; the number of seats was increased to 34, creating for the first time a triple-seat district, and keeping two double-seat districts.
: Queens and Suffolk counties.
: Kings, Richmond and Rockland counties.
(three seats): New York County.
: Westchester and Putnam counties.
: Dutchess County.
: Orange County.
: Ulster and Sullivan counties.
: Columbia County.
: Rensselaer County.
: Albany County.
: Delaware and Greene counties.
: Schenectady and Schoharie counties.
: Otsego County.
: Oneida County.
: Herkimer County.
: Montgomery County.
: Saratoga County.
: Washington County.
: Clinton, Essex, Franklin and Warren counties.
(two seats): St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Lewis and Oswego counties.
: Chenango and Broome counties.
: Madison and Cortland counties.
: Onondaga County.
: Cayuga County.
: Tioga and Tompkins counties.
(two seats): Ontario and Seneca counties.
: Monroe and Livingston counties.
: Steuben, Allegany and Cattaraugus counties.
: Genesee County.
: Niagara, Chautauqua and Erie counties.
1824 elections
The geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1822. Two new counties were created within the 26th district: Wayne County and Yates County.
: Queens and Suffolk counties.
: Kings, Richmond and Rockland counties.
(three seats): New York County.
: Westchester and Putnam counties.
: Dutchess County.
: Orange County.
: Ulster and Sullivan counties.
: Columbia County.
: Rensselaer County.
: Albany County.
: Delaware and Greene counties.
: Schenectady and Schoharie counties.
: Otsego County.
: Oneida County.
: Herkimer County.
: Montgomery County.
: Saratoga County.
: Washington County.
: Clinton, Essex, Franklin and Warren counties.
(two seats): St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Lewis and Oswego counties.
: Chenango and Broome counties.
: Madison and Cortland counties.
: Onondaga County.
: Cayuga County.
: Tioga and Tompkins counties.
(two seats): Ontario, Seneca, Wayne and Yates counties.
: Monroe and Livingston counties.
: Steuben, Allegany and Cattaraugus counties.
: Genesee County.
: Niagara, Chautauqua and Erie counties.
1826 elections
The geographical area of the congressional districts remained the same as at the previous elections in 1824. Only one new county was created: in the 29th district, Orleans County was split from Genesee County.
: Queens and Suffolk counties.
: Kings, Richmond and Rockland counties.
(three seats): New York County.
: Westchester and Putnam counties.
: Dutchess County.
: Orange County.
: Ulster and Sullivan counties.
: Columbia County.
: Rensselaer County.
: Albany County.
: Delaware and Greene counties.
: Schenectady and Schoharie counties.
: Otsego County.
: Oneida County.
: Herkimer County.
: Montgomery County.
: Saratoga County.
: Washington County.
: Clinton, Essex, Franklin and Warren counties.
(two seats): St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Lewis and Oswego counties.
: Chenango and Broome counties.
: Madison and Cortland counties.
: Onondaga County.
: Cayuga County.
: Tioga and Tompkins counties.
(two seats): Ontario, Seneca, Wayne and Yates counties.
: Monroe and Livingston counties.
: Steuben, Allegany and Cattaraugus counties.
: Genesee and Orleans counties.
: Niagara, Chautauqua and Erie counties.
2002 elections
Obsolete districts
New York's 28th congressional district, obsolete since the 2010 U.S. Census.
New York's 29th congressional district, obsolete since the 2010 U.S. Census.
New York's 30th congressional district, obsolete since the 2000 U.S. Census.
New York's 31st congressional district, obsolete since the 2000 U.S. Census.
New York's 32nd congressional district, obsolete since the 1990 U.S. Census.
New York's 33rd congressional district, obsolete since the 1990 U.S. Census.
New York's 34th congressional district, obsolete since the 1990 U.S. Census.
New York's 35th congressional district, obsolete since the 1980 U.S. Census.
New York's 36th congressional district, obsolete since the 1980 U.S. Census.
New York's 37th congressional district, obsolete since the 1980 U.S. Census.
New York's 38th congressional district, obsolete since the 1980 U.S. Census.
New York's 39th congressional district, obsolete since the 1980 U.S. Census.
New York's 40th congressional district, obsolete since the 1970 U.S. Census.
New York's 41st congressional district, obsolete since the 1970 U.S. Census.
New York's 42nd congressional district, obsolete since the 1960 U.S. Census.
New York's 43rd congressional district, obsolete since the 1960 U.S. Census.
New York's 44th congressional district, obsolete since the 1950 U.S. Census.
New York's 45th congressional district, obsolete since the 1950 U.S. Census.
See also
New York's at-large congressional seat
List of United States congressional districts
List of United States Representatives from New York
United States congressional delegations from New York
Elections in New York
References
External links
New York Public Library: New York Congressional Districts
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The King of the Kickboxers
The King of the Kickboxers (also known as Karate Tiger IV and No Retreat, No Surrender 4) is a 1990 martial arts film directed by Lucas Lowe and starring Loren Avedon as Jake Donahue and Billy Blanks as Khan.
Plot
1981, Bangkok, Thailand. Sean Donahue is in the kickboxing ring against the current Thai champion. In his corner is his little brother Jake, who is cheering Sean on. Sean is able to overpower his opponent and wins after a spin kick knocks the Thai fighter out. Sean is rewarded with the championship. En route to their hotel after the fight, Jake and Sean are ambushed by some armed men. Sean is able to fight them off until he is shot at by Khan, who warned Sean he was not to have won the fight. Sean admits that it wasn't his intention but the opponent wasn't much of a contender. Khan, angry with the decision, fights Sean and obliterates him in front of young Jake. Khan performs a triple kick combination starting with a double jump kick to the head, followed by a double jump kick to the chest and a jump spinning back kick, which kills Sean. Jake, saddened and angry, races towards Khan who beats Jake up and knocks him out.
It has been ten years and Jake is now a New York City detective who has gone undercover to bust a drug deal in an abandoned warehouse. Jake mocks the dealer and tells the dealer that he is a cop. The dealer laughs it off at first, until Jake reveals his badge and wire, which infuriates his fellow officers. The dealer and his two men attempt to begin fighting Jake, who resorts to a street fighting style to ultimate stop the dealer and his men. SWAT arrives and the team leader is unhappy with Jake for his actions. Back at the office, Jake is getting reamed out by Captain O'Day, who tells Jake the dealer may have a chance to call police brutality due to his actions. However, O'Day makes Jake a deal that could get him out of his potential bind. Interpol has contacted NYPD about an operation involving snuff films and wants Jake to take on the operation. When Jake learns the operation is in Thailand, Jake refuses to take the assignment. However, that night, while viewing one of the films, he learns the man who stars in the film is Khan, which triggers the flashback of his brother's death. When Jake gets a call from O'Day to let him off the hook, Jake tells him he's taking the assignment.
Upon his arrival in Thailand, Jake meets his contact Anderson, who tells him that the men behind the snuff films look around for fighters to star in their films. Therefore, Jake must find a way to get attention. While this is going on, an American fighter, Dan Handel, is the latest star of Khan's new film, in which he learns the hard way about what filming is like. When Dan is cut for real and then shot at, he is shocked to discover the body of a dead woman. Khan arrives and beats up Dan before impaling him on a hook, causing his death. Jake's first attempt at a Muay Thai school proves to be unsuccessful. However, his actions grab the attention of Thasi, a Thai-American Muay Thai fighter. That night, as a reward for his latest actions, Khan is given a chance to choose a woman to spend the night with and chooses Molly, an American who came to Thailand to start a modeling career only to find herself duped with nowhere else to go. When she tricks Khan into doing a tradition of washing up for him, she escapes. When Khan sends men after her, Jake comes to her rescue and the two form a bond.
The next day, Thasi follows Jake, Jake confronts him only to be beaten up. Jake is convinced that he will need more than street smarts if he plans to defeat Khan. Thasi, knowing Jake will not be able to stand a chance against Khan with his current skill, recommends a fighter named Prang, who is the only man to come close to defeating Khan. Since the devastating loss, Prang has resorted to becoming a hermit living off the Mekong River. When Jake arrives to Prang's place, Prang is completely drunk and blows Jake off. As Jake sets off to leave, Prang's chimpanzee steals Jake's passport. The next day, Jake heads to Prang to retrieve his passport and sees Prang getting mugged. Jake's attempt proves unsuccessful with Prang showcasing his martial arts skills, knocking out all of the muggers and sending them away. He admits the mugging was a ruse to see how well Jake can fight and invites him to dinner.
That night, Prang tells his story of how he fought and ultimately lost to Khan. The loss caused Prang to become a drunken hermit, and yet he had wanted revenge on Khan for a long time. When Jake reveals how Khan had killed his brother ten years ago, Prang is at first reluctant to teach Jake for revenge. However, Prang sees the opportunity as redemption and decides to put Jake through a painful regiment of training. When Jake grows tired of the pain he must endure at the hands of Prang, a confrontation leads to Jake almost leaving Prang, only to apologize and decides to take the training seriously. Molly looks for Jake and must escape Khan's men. Eventually, Molly does reach Jake and the two start a romance. Jake becomes more proficient in martial arts and proves his mettle in an underground fight. When Jake begins winning his fights, it grabs the attention of Mr. McKinney, the scout for the snuff films. Jake accepts McKinney's offer. However, that night, while having dinner with Molly, Jake is stunned by the arrival of both Anderson and Capt. O'Day, who learns Jake's real reason why he accepted the mission. O'Day wants Jake off the mission, but Jake has told them he made contact and he makes his "movie" the next day. Anderson fully decides to side with Jake and at first reluctant, O'Day agrees as well.
The next day, Jake is ready and heads to the location, which consists of a booby-trapped dome made of bamboo. However, when he leaves, Khan has Molly kidnapped and Prang killed. As Jake, wearing the mask of Hanuman makes his way through the first round of goons in the dome, he plays it off pretending like he doesn't know what's going on and even throws his mask to the ground. However, Khan, wearing a black mask, arrives and has Molly tied up and throws Prang's body to the bottom, watery lake where Jake is shocked. Khan and Jake start out with a sword fight until Jake is hit in the side and Khan's mask is sliced off, revealing his face. A visibly upset Jake reveals the photo of Sean from ten years ago and throws it to Khan. Khan knows who Jake is now and promises to send him to Hell. Jake says he has been there for ten years and the two go one-on-one with both nearly equally matching their skills. Khan gets the upper hand and almost sends Jake to death via impalement on a ground spike only for Jake to barely hang on to the cage. When Khan breaks a piece of bamboo as a staff to knock Jake down, Jake grabs the staff and jumps up and begins his assault on Khan. Khan attempts the triple death kick combination only to learn that thanks to Prang's training, Jake has learned to counter the three kicks. Jake finally defeats Khan, to the shock of everyone on set. When Jake attempts to get Molly, Khan gets up and runs towards Jake, who kicks Khan to the dome entryway, which falls on Khan. In his last breath, Khan grabs the rope in an attempt to send Molly to a grounded spike in the water only for Jake to rescue her.
The Thai authorities arrive with O'Day and Anderson. Jake is relieved to see the film finally get shut down. The Thai authorities blow up the bamboo dome as Molly and Jake celebrate as they can start their lives over together.
Cast
Loren Avedon - Jake Donahue
Billy Blanks - Khan
Richard Jaeckel - Captain O'Day
Don Stroud - Anderson
Keith Cooke - Prang
Sherrie Rose - Molly
William Long - Big Boss
John Kay - Mr. Director
David Michael Sterling - McKinney
Michael DePasquale Jr. - Sean Donahue
Jerry Trimble - Drug Dealer
Vincent Lyn - Warehouse Fighter #1
Steve Tartalia - Warehouse Fighter #2
Dean Harrington -
Production
According to an interview with actor Loren Avedon, he shot his scenes independently with his scenes involving Richard Jaeckel as his boss. In addition, in the scene where Avedon's character does the Stallone-like scream after seeing Khan and remember the death of his brother, Avedon told director Lo he wanted to just toss the tape into the fire in anger. However, the director didn't allow it so Avedon ended doing the scream. He also did not get along well with Sherrie Rose, who played his girlfriend in the film. Avedon claimed Rose was acting like a prima donna and told her to "shut up" and she had bad mouthed him afterwards.
According to an interview with screenwriter/producer Keith W. Strandberg, actress Sherrie Rose had issues with a scene where she was to go topless in a love scene with co-star Loren Avedon. She replaced an actress who refused to do the nudity scene but she also had complained once it was time to shoot the scene. However, the filmmakers were careful in only getting a few seconds of the nudity in the scene. Strandberg also confirmed that Billy Blanks' character of Khan is actually the son of a Thai mother abandoned by his American serviceman father, thus Khan having a hatred for Americans.
The film has some noticeable similarities to the Jean-Claude Van Damme film Kickboxer, which was released a year earlier and features similar locations, plot and general atmosphere.
Sequels
King Of The Kickboxers was actually the fourth film In the No Retreat No Surrender/Karate Tiger Film series, preceded by No Retreat No Surrender, No Retreat No Surrender 2 Raging Thunder and No Retreat No Surrender 3 Blood Brothers.
In 1991 Seasonal Films released American Shaolin which was marketed as being King Of The Kickboxers Part II, So there was speculation that it was No Retreat No Surrender 5 until in 2017 when the film The Town Monger by Kufewa Acrobatics was released in Malawi it was announced that that was No Retreat No Surrender 5, making American Shaolin its own standalone film outside the No Retreat No surrender canon and The Town Monger essentially being No Retreat No Surrender 5 The Town Monger or The King of The Kickboxers Part II.
Influence
James Goddard, former member of Research and Development at Capcom confirmed in an interview with Capcom Unity that Blanks' character of Khan was the inspiration for his creating the character of Dee Jay in the video game Super Street Fighter II in 1993.
References
External links
Interview with Loren Avedon at cityonfire.com
Category:1990 films
Category:1990s action thriller films
Category:Kickboxing films
Category:Underground fighting films
Category:Snuff films in fiction
Category:Martial arts tournament films
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Use Your Head
"Use Your Head" is a soulful pop song written by Barrett Strong, Wade Flemons and The Dells' Chuck Barksdale and released as a single by former Motown singer Mary Wells on the 20th Century Fox label.
Overview
Song information
The single showcases the narrator telling her lover to think before he made some costly decisions based on advice given to him by one of his best friends warning her lover to "use his head" before he ends up "losing the best love he ever had".
Release and reaction
The song was one of the few successful post-Motown singles Wells recorded. The song registered at number 34 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 13 on the R&B singles chart.
Personnel
Lead vocal by Mary Wells
Background vocals by assorted singers
Instrumentation by assorted musicians
References
Category:1964 singles
Category:20th Century Fox Records singles
Category:Mary Wells songs
Category:Songs written by Barrett Strong
Category:1964 songs
Category:Songs written by Wade Flemons
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Nemanja Protić
Nemanja Protić (; born August 13, 1986) is a Serbian professional basketball player. He is a 1.82 m (6 ft 0 in) tall point guard.
References
External links
Nemanja Protić at aba-liga.com
Nemanja Protić at eurobasket.com
Nemanja Protić at euroleague.net
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:ABA League players
Category:Basketball League of Serbia players
Category:BC Khimik players
Category:BC Levski Sofia players
Category:BC Nizhny Novgorod players
Category:EWE Baskets Oldenburg players
Category:KK Borac Čačak players
Category:KK Budućnost players
Category:KK FMP Železnik players
Category:KK Metalac Valjevo players
Category:KK MZT Skopje players
Category:OKK Spars Sarajevo players
Category:Point guards
Category:Serbian men's basketball players
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Bulgaria
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Germany
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Hungary
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Montenegro
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Russia
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in North Macedonia
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Turkey
Category:Serbian expatriate basketball people in Ukraine
Category:Sportspeople from Čačak
Category:Universiade medalists in basketball
Category:Universiade gold medalists for Serbia
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Office of Consumer Affairs (Canada)
The Office of Consumer Affairs (OCA; ) is a Government of Canada agency under Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada, which is responsible for consumer protection and promotion. The OCA is mandated to these responsibilities by building trust in the marketplace so that consumers can both protect themselves and be able to confidently and knowledgeably drive demand for innovative products and services at competitive prices.
References
External links
Office of Consumer Affairs website
Canadian Consumer Information Gateway
Category:Canadian federal departments and agencies
Category:Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada
Category:Consumer protection in Canada
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Hemvägen
Hemvägen is the first release by Detektivbyrån released on the band's own label Danarkia. The band made the songs "E18", "Nattöppet" and "Dansbanan" available on their website. Nattöppet was used in a holiday-themed Sprint commercial in 2007.
Track listing
"E18" - 3:29
"Hemvägen" - 4:03
"Nattöppet" - 3:20
"Monster" - 2:49
"Dansbanan" - 3:49
"Granmon" - 2:19
"Vänerhavet" - 4:06
References
Category:2006 EPs
Category:EPs by Swedish artists
Category:Detektivbyrån albums
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Tsuruga, Fukui
is a city located in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 66,123 in 28,604 households and the population density of 260 persons per km². The total area of the city was .
Geography
Tsuruga is located in central Fukui Prefecture, bordered by Shiga Prefecture to the south and Wakasa Bay of the Sea of Japan to the north. Tsuruga lies some 50 km south of Fukui, 90 km northwest of Nagoya, 40 km northwest of Maibara, 115 km northeast of Osaka, 75 km northeast of Kyoto, and 65 km east of Maizuru. Among cities on the Sea of Japan coast, Tsuruga is the nearest city to the Pacific Ocean. The distance between Tsuruga and Nagoya is only 115 km. Tsuruga and Nagoya are historically close to Shiga Prefecture and Kyoto.
Neighbouring municipalities
Fukui Prefecture
Echizen
Mihama
Shiga Prefecture
Takashima
Nagahama
Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Tsuruga has remained steady over the past 40 years.
Climate
Tsuruga has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with hot summers and cool winters. Precipitation is plentiful throughout the year, and is particularly heavy in December and January. The average annual temperature in Tsuruga is 14.7 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2312 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 27.1 °C, and lowest in January, at around 3.7 °C.
History
Although Tsuruga promotes itself as the leading city of the "Wakasa region", the city is actually has always been of ancient Echizen Province. A settlement at Tsuruga is mentioned in the Nara period Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles. Kanagasaki Castle was the site of major battles during the early Muromachi period and the Sengoku period, Under the Edo period Tokugawa shogunate, large portions of the city were part of the holdings of Obama Domain and Tsuruga Domain, and prospered as a major port on the kitamaebune shipping routes between western Japan and Hokkaido. Following the Meiji restoration, the area became part of Tsuruga District of Fukui Prefecture. With the creation of the modern municipalities system, the town of Tsuruga was founded on April 1,1889.
An Imperial decree in July 1899 established Tsuruga as an open port for trading with the United States and the United Kingdom.
Tsuruga merged with the neighbouring village of Matsubara and was incorporated as a city on April 1, 1937. Tsuruga was the only Japanese port opened to the Polish orphans in 1920, and to the Jewish refugees in 1940 thanks to Jan Zwartendijk, the Dutch Consul in Kaunas, who issued visa for Curaçao and Surinam, Mr. Chiune Sugihara, Vice-Consul for the Empire of Japan in Lithuania who issued transit visa for Japan. These events are detailed at the Port of Humanity Tsuruga Museum. However, much of the city centre was destroyed in 1945 during the Bombing of Tsuruga during World War II,
The city expanded on January 15, 1955 by annexing the neighbouring villages of Arachi, Awano, Togo, Nakago and Higashiura.
Government
Tsuruga has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city legislature of 26 members.
Economy
Tsuruga has a very healthy mixed economy focused on providing services to the Wakasa region, and also features a container port, a bulk terminal, a coal-fired power plant, two textile mills, a large furniture factory, a playground equipment manufacturer, and a Panasonic (Matsushita) facility. Education and energy research also drive the economy.
Tsuruga is also known for its two nuclear power facilities - the Monju demonstration nuclear plant and the Tsuruga Nuclear Power Plant.
Education
Tsuruga has 13 public elementary schools and five middle schools operated by the city government, and two public high schools operated by the Fukui Prefectural Board of Education. There is also one private high school and one private middle/high school. Tsuruga Nursing University is also located in the city.
Transportation
Railway
JR West - Hokuriku Main Line (Kosei Line)
,
JR West - Obama Line
, ,
Highway
Hokuriku Expressway
Maizuru-Wakasa Expressway
Seaport
Tsuruga Port
Sister city relations
Donghae, South Korea, since April 13, 1981
Taizhou, Zhejiang, China, since November 13, 2001
Nakhodka, Primorsky Krai, Russia, since October 11, 1982
Local attractions
Kehi Shrine, a large shrine complex built in 702. It hosts Kehi festival every year. Kehi shrine was also visited by the poet Matsuo Basho in 1689.
Kanegasaki-gū, a Shinto shrine
Tsuruga Red Brick Warehouse, Meiji-period port building
Nakagō Kofun Cluster, a National Historic Site
Kanagasaki Castle site, a National Historic Site
Grave of Takeda Kounsai, a National Historic Site
About twenty or so bronze statues – each perhaps four or five feet tall – of characters and scenes from the popular 1970s anime Uchū Senkan Yamato (Space Battleship Yamato or, in the United States, Star Blazers) and Galaxy Express 999 were erected in the city's downtown area in 1999. Though the creator of these shows, Leiji Matsumoto, was born elsewhere, an exhibit of his artwork was held in the city in 1999 as part of the city's 100th anniversary celebration, accompanied by the erection of the statues.
Activities
Well-known Japanese DJ Chikashi Nishiwaki also founded his eclectic club, Tree, here. The club has been host to many national and international celebrity guests such as Jazztronik, Gilles Peterson, Toshio Matsuura from UFO, DJs Ravi, Julien Love and Two Dee, and Soil and Pimp Sessions. He has also mixed music with Tyronne Noonan, former frontman of George.
References
.
External links
Galaxy Express 999 and Space Battleship Yamato statues in Tsuruga
Category:Cities in Fukui Prefecture
Category:Port settlements in Japan
Category:Populated coastal places in Japan
Category:Tsuruga, Fukui
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Joseph Dancis
Joseph Dancis (March 19, 1916 – March 30, 2010) was an American pediatrician at Bellevue Hospital in New York City known for his research contributions to neonatology and placentology. He received the John Howland Award in 1988.
Early life
Dancis was born on March 19, 1916, in Brooklyn and was raised in the Bronx. He attended Columbia College from 1931 to 1934 and received an M.D. from Saint Louis University School of Medicine in 1938. After graduating, he returned to New York City to complete a rotating internship and a residency in pediatrics at Queens General Hospital. He served in the U.S. Army from 1941 to 1945 before completing his training in pediatrics at Bellevue Hospital.
Career and research
Dancis was appointed as an academic in the Bellevue Hospital pediatrics department led by L. Emmett Holt Jr. In the early 1950s, in order to advance his understanding of biochemistry, metabolism and radioisotopes, Dancis spent a year each at the New York University Department of Biochemistry and the Sloan Kettering Institute. He noticed that none of the staff members at Bellevue were particularly interested in neonatology, or study of the newborn, and so decided to "fill the vacuum" himself. He made significant contributions to the research of inborn errors of metabolism; this included identifying with colleagues the enzyme defect that causes maple syrup urine disease. He also published important research on familial dysautonomia, Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, and retinopathy of prematurity. He was particularly interested in the placenta, studying its role in synthesis as well as transport of substances from mother to fetus.
Dancis was appointed chairman of the pediatrics department at the New York University School of Medicine in 1974. He was elected president of the American Pediatric Society in 1983 and received the APS's most prestigious award, the John Howland Award, in 1988. During his career, he authored a total of 258 publications.
Death
Dancis died in New York City on March 30, 2010. On the day that he died, he had attended the pediatrics grand rounds at NYU before collapsing while walking home to his apartment.
References
Category:1916 births
Category:2010 deaths
Category:American pediatricians
Category:American medical researchers
Category:Physicians from New York City
Category:New York University School of Medicine faculty
Category:Saint Louis University alumni
Category:Presidents of the American Pediatric Society
Category:United States Army personnel
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Ilisha (genus)
Ilisha is a genus of ray-finned fishes in the family Pristigasteridae. The genus contains 16 species. It is similar to Pellona but lacks a toothed hypo-maxilla. The genus has a worldwide distribution in tropical and subtropical coastal waters and estuaries. Some species also enter rivers, and I. amazonica and I. novacula are largely–if not entirely–restricted to tropical rivers.
Fisheries
Two Ilisha species are individually reported in the FAO catch statistics: Ilisha elongata off coasts of China and Korea and Ilisha africana off West African coasts. Other species may be reported as simply clupeoids.
Species
There are currently 16 recognized species in this genus:
Ilisha africana (Bloch, 1795) (West African ilisha)
Ilisha amazonica (A. Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920) (Amazon ilisha)
Ilisha compressa J. E. Randall, 1994
Ilisha elongata (Anonymous (referred to E. T. Bennett), 1830) (Elongate ilisha)
Ilisha filigera (Valenciennes, 1847) (Coromandel ilisha)
Ilisha fuerthii (Steindachner, 1875) (Pacific ilisha)
Ilisha kampeni (M. C. W. Weber & de Beaufort, 1913) (Kampen's ilisha)
Ilisha lunula Kailola, 1986 (Longtail ilisha)
Ilisha macrogaster Bleeker, 1866 (Kalimantan ilisha)
Ilisha megaloptera (Swainson, 1839) (Bigeye ilisha)
Ilisha melastoma (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) (Indian ilisha)
Ilisha novacula (Valenciennes, 1847) (Burmese River ilisha)
Ilisha obfuscata Wongratana, 1983 (Hidden ilisha)
Ilisha pristigastroides (Bleeker, 1852) (Javan ilisha)
Ilisha sirishai Seshagiri Rao, 1975 (Lobejaw ilisha)
Ilisha striatula Wongratana, 1983 (Banded ilisha)
References
External links
Category:Pristigasteridae
Category:Ray-finned fish genera
Category:Taxa named by John Richardson (naturalist)
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Heel stick wound
Heel stick wounds are a cutaneous condition characterized by a break in the skin caused by neonatal heel prick. The heel stick is traumatic for the child and causes pain.
See also
Hydroa vacciniforme
List of cutaneous conditions
References
Category:Skin conditions resulting from physical factors
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Sexual bimaturism
Sexual bimaturism describes a difference in developmental timing between males and females of the same species. Sexual bimaturism can result in sexual dimorphism, but sexual dimorphism could also develop through differential rates of development. In many insects, the larval period of females is longer than that of males, and as a result of this extended growth period, these female insects are larger than their male conspecifics.
Male simian primates are generally larger than females of the same species due in part to extended growth periods.
Gorillas demonstrate a particularly high degree of sexual bimaturism.
Bimaturism can refer to developmental differences within a sex related to secondary sex characteristics. For example, male orangutans reach sexual maturity around age 15 but undergo an additional period of development later in life before they exhibit cheek flanges. Flanged males are generally preferred by females so that unflanged males need different mating strategies to compete with flanged males.
The onset of this second developmental phase varies greatly and may be influenced by the proximity of other flanged males.
In humans, sexual bimaturism is evident in that males begin puberty later than females. This may be related to selection for later maturation in males in a polygynous mating system.
References
Category:Human sexuality
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Thomas Luke
Squadron Leader Thomas Carlyon Luke (21 July 1891 – 1 July 1935) was a British World War I flying ace credited with six aerial victories.
Biography
World War I
Luke was born in Plymouth, Devon, the son of Epænetus Ernest Luke and Ida Mary (née Mabley). On the outbreak of war he enlisted into the Royal Engineers, rising to the rank of corporal, eventually being commissioned as a second lieutenant on 1 April 1916. He soon transferred to the Royal Flying Corps, and was granted Royal Aero Club Aviators' Certificate No. 7740, and appointed a flying officer on 4 January 1917. After completing his training, he was assigned to No. 66 Squadron RFC, flying a Sopwith Pup. He gained his first victory on 23 May 1917 by driving down out of control a Type C reconnaissance aircraft, repeating the feat on 28 May. On 15 June he destroyed an Albatros D.III west of Houthem, and sent down another in flames on 28 July, east of Roeselare, but was then himself also shot down and wounded.
Luke was awarded the Military Cross, which was gazetted on 24 August 1917. His citation read:
Temporary Second Lieutenant Thomas Carlyon Luke, RE and RFC.
"For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty in aerial combats. On several occasions he attacked hostile formations and dispersed them, although they were in superior numbers, showing great dash and fearlessness in engaging them at close range. He has taken part in thirty-five offensive patrols, at all times setting a fine example of courage and devotion to duty."
He was promoted to lieutenant on 1 October 1917. Luke returned to active duty, being posted to No. 209 Squadron RAF, flying a Sopwith Camel, in mid-1918. On 8 August he shared in the shooting down in flames of a Halberstadt C reconnaissance aircraft over Harbonnières with Captain Robert Foster, and Lieutenants Cedric Edwards, Kenneth M. Walker and M. A. Harker. He was appointed a flight commander with the rank of temporary captain on 13 August. His sixth and last aerial victory came on 25 August, when he destroyed a Fokker D.VII over Baissy. His final tally was two enemy aircraft burnt, two destroyed and two driven down out of control.
Post-war career
Luke remained in the Royal Air Force postwar, being granted a permanent commission as a lieutenant on 1 August 1919, and was promoted to flight lieutenant on 1 January 1921. On 1 November 1922 Luke was transferred from the RAF Depot (Inland Area) to No. 56 Squadron (Inland Area) to serve as adjutant. In July 1923 he took part in the fourth RAF Aerial Pageant at Hendon Aerodrome, competing in the "low bombing" event in which five Sopwith Snipes took turns to attack a target representing a "temporarily disabled tank" with dummy bombs. Luke won the event, with Flying Officer Alan Jerrard coming second.
On 18 September 1924 Luke was posted to the headquarters of the Basrah Group, in RAF Iraq Command, then served at the headquarters of Iraq Command from 1 November 1925. On 23 November 1927 he was posted to No. 45 Squadron RAF, serving in the Middle East. He eventually returned to the UK, and was posted to the headquarters of No. 21 Group, based at RAF West Drayton, on 1 November 1929.
On 5 November 1930 Luke was promoted to Squadron Leader, and was posted to No. 7 Squadron RAF, based at RAF Worthy Down two weeks later. He moved to the Station Flight at RAF Andover on 23 January 1931, then to No. 18 Squadron RAF, based at RAF Upper Heyford on 20 October 1931, assuming command of the squadron on 19 November 1932. In the annual Air Exercises of July 1933 Luke commanded No. 18 Squadron's Hawker Harts from RAF Martlesham Heath as part of the forces of "Southland", commanded by Air Vice-Marshal Sir Tom Webb-Bowen, attacking the territory of "Northland", commanded by Air Vice-Marshal Frederick Bowhill. Luke relinquished command of No. 18 Squadron on 21 January 1935, and was posted to the Air Armament School at RAF Eastchurch, for the Specialist Armament Course, on 4 March 1935. He was awarded the Air Force Cross on 3 June 1935.
Squadron Leader Luke died on 1 July 1935 in Princess Mary's RAF Hospital at RAF Halton, Buckinghamshire, England.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Category:1891 births
Category:1935 deaths
Category:People from Plymouth
Category:Royal Engineers officers
Category:Royal Flying Corps officers
Category:Royal Air Force officers
Category:Recipients of the Military Cross
Category:Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
Category:British World War I flying aces
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William P. Jones
William P. Jones (1870 – 1953) was a Welsh international footballer. He was part of the Wales national football team between 1889 and 1890, playing 4 matches. He played his first match on 23 February 1889 against England and his last match on 22 March 1890 against Scotland. At club level, he played for Druids.
See also
List of Wales international footballers (alphabetical)
References
Category:1870 births
Category:1953 deaths
Category:Welsh footballers
Category:Wales international footballers
Category:Druids F.C. players
Category:Place of birth missing
Category:Date of death missing
Category:Association footballers not categorized by position
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Norin 10 wheat
is a semi-dwarf wheat cultivar with very large ears that was bred by Gonjiro Inazuka at an experimental station in Iwate Prefecture, Japan. In 1935, it was registered as a numbered cultivar by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry . Norin 10 grew to just two feet tall, instead of the usual four, which made it less prone to wind damage.
Norin 10 provided two very important genes, Rht1 and Rht2, that resulted in reduced-height wheats, thus allowing better nutrient uptake and tillage (when heavily fertilised with nitrogen, tall varieties grow too high, become top-heavy, and lodge).
Cecil Salmon, a biologist and wheat expert on General Douglas MacArthur's team in Japan after 1945, collected 16 varieties of wheat including Norin 10, and sent these seeds to Orville Vogel. These samples were used in 1952 by Norman Borlaug and collaborators and crossed with Mexican traditional varieties. They obtained the high-output varieties which were tested in India (Lerma Rojo 64 and Sonora 64) during the Green Revolution.
Norin 10 helped developing countries, such as India and Pakistan, to increase the productivity of their crops by approximately 60% during the Green Revolution.
See also
Biodiversity
Monkombu Sambasivan Swaminathan
References
External links
Rht1 gene
Ears of plenty: The story of wheat, The Economist, December 20, 2005
Category:Wheat cultivars
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Rasmus Bøgh Wallin
Rasmus Bøgh Wallin (born 2 January 1996) is a Danish cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam .
Major results
2014
3rd Road race, National Junior Road Championships
2016
3rd Time trial, National Under–23 Road Championships
2017
1st Kalmar Grand Prix
5th ZLM Tour
6th Overall Ronde van Midden-Nederland
8th Skive–Løbet
2018
1st Skive–Løbet
3rd Ronde van Midden-Nederland
4th Omloop Mandel-Leie-Schelde
6th Overall Olympia's Tour
References
External links
Category:1996 births
Category:Living people
Category:Danish male cyclists
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Sosnovsky
Sosnovsky (masculine), Sosnovskaya (feminine), or Sosnovskoye (neuter) may refer to:
People
Vladimir Sosnovsky (1922–1990), Ukrainian artist
Sergey Sosnovski (b. 1981), Belarusian association football player
Adrian Sosnovschi (b. 1977), Moldovan association football player
Places
Sosnovsky District, several districts in Russia
Sosnovsky Urban Settlement (or Sosnovskoye Urban Settlement), several municipal urban settlements in Russia
Sosnovsky (inhabited locality) (Sosnovskaya, Sosnovskoye), several inhabited localities in Russia
Plants
Heracleum sosnowskyi or Sosnowskyi Hogweed, a flowering plant in the family Apiaceae
See also
Sosnovo
Sosnovka
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After Dark (1915 film)
After Dark is a 1915 British silent crime film directed by Warwick Buckland and starring Flora Morris, Harry Royston and Harry Gilbey. It is an adaptation of the 1868 play of the same name by Dion Boucicault.
Premise
A baronet's son marries a barmaid in order to qualify under the inheritance terms of a will.
Cast
Flora Morris as Eliza Medhurst
Harry Royston as Charles Dalton
Harry Gilbey as Gordon Chumley
Beatrice Read as Rose Egerton
B.C. Robinson as Chandos Bellingham
References
Bibliography
Goble, Alan. The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.
External links
Category:1915 films
Category:1910s crime films
Category:British crime films
Category:British films
Category:British silent short films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films directed by Warwick Buckland
Category:British films based on plays
Category:Films set in England
Category:British black-and-white films
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Censi
Censi may refer to:
Censi (surname), including a list of people with the name
Les Censi, a 1935 film by Antonin Artaud
Censuses, owing to its plural form in Latin
See also
Capite censi, the "head count" of ancient Rome
Cenci (disambiguation)
The Cenci, by Percy Bysshe Shelley, sometimes written Censi
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Gerald Hough
Captain Gerald de Lisle Hough (14 May 1894 – 29 September 1959) was an English amateur cricketer who played for Kent County Cricket Club. He served in the Royal West Kent Regiment during World War I and worked as Manager and Secretary of Kent Cricket between 1933 and 1949. As of 2017, he is one of only three Kent players to have taken a wicket with his first ball in first-class cricket.
Early life
Hough was born at Brompton in London in 1894, the second son of Alfred and Mildred Hough. His father was born in British India and had been a colonial administrator with the British Burma Commission and in Karachi. He taught Burmese at University College London.
Hough was educated at Winchester College where he was in the school cricket XI between 1911 and 1913, captaining the team in his final year. He also played association football for Winchester.
Military service
Hough volunteered at the start of World War I and was commissioned as a temporary Second lieutenant in November 1914. He joined the 8th battalion Royal West Kent Regiment (RWK) soon afterwards and was appointed as a Bombing Officer. After a period of training the battalion embarked for France in August 1915. Hough fought at the Battle of Loos in September 1915 and was wounded near the village of Hulluch. He spent nearly a year recovering from his wounds in England and played in a fundraising cricket match for his regiment against Southwark Park Cricket Club in 1916. His batting was described as "brilliant" during the match.
On returning to France in July 1916, Hough joined the 6th Battalion of the RWK at Vauchelles. He was wounded by artillery fire in August, a day after moving into the front line, and spent the remainder of the war in the UK.
After being appointed temporary Lieutenant in July 1917 he served in a Special Reserve battalion at Wendover and as Assistant Provost marshal in Cambridge and Bovington, ending the war with the rank of Captain. He was Mentioned in Dispatches for his work on the home front and resigned his commission in September 1921, retaining the rank of Captain.
Cricket career
Hough played 14 times in first-class matches for Kent in 1919 and 1920 and was awarded his county cap in 1920. He made his first-class cricket debut in May 1919 for Lionel Robinson's XI against the Australian Imperial Force Touring XI at Old Buckenham Hall in Norfolk, scoring 30 not out and 87 not out in the match. Seven Kent players were on the same team, including Lionel Troughton the Kent captain, and Hough was invited to play for the county side the following month, qualifying through his regimental connections with the RWK. Troughton had also served in the RWK and had captained the regimental team in the war time match in which Hough had played in 1916.
Considered mainly as an "aggressive batsman", Hough took his only wicket in first-class cricket with the first ball he bowled on his Kent debut against Essex at Leyton - one of only three Kent players to take a wicket with his first ball in first-class cricket. His war wounds restricted his bowling action and he only bowled seven overs of off-spin in his first-class career. He played twice for Kent's Second XI in the Minor Counties Championship - once in 1920 and once in 1934 - and played in other matches for MCC.
Later life
After working as a teacher at Bradfield College for ten years, Hough took over the position of Manager at Kent in 1933 following the death of Lionel Troughton. From 1935 he combined this with the role of Secretary, working in these capacities for the club until 1949 when he was forced to retire due to ill-health. In his final years working at the club he was largely responsible for the installation of new wrought iron gates at the entrance to the St Lawrence Ground in Canterbury as a memorial to the club players who died during World War II. Hough died in hospital at Canterbury in 1959 aged 65.
References
External links
Category:1894 births
Category:1959 deaths
Category:English cricketers
Category:Kent cricketers
Category:L. G. Robinson's XI cricketers
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Amfikleia-Elateia
Amfikleia–Elateia () is a municipality in the Phthiotis regional unit, Central Greece, Greece. The seat of the municipality is the town Kato Tithorea. The municipality has an area of 533.320 km2.
Municipality
The municipality Amfikleia–Elateia was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 3 former municipalities, that became municipal units:
Amfikleia
Elateia
Tithorea
References
Category:Municipalities of Central Greece
Category:Populated places in Phthiotis
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Saanand Verma
Saanand Verma is an Indian film and television actor. He has appeared in a number of serials as well as advertising films. He is currently playing the role of "Anokhe Lal Saxena" in &TV sitcom Bhabiji Ghar Par Hain!.
Filmography
Television
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:People from Bihar
Category:Indian male film actors
Category:1972 births
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Ronald Richards (lawyer)
Ronald Richards is a Beverly Hills, California based criminal defense and civil litigation attorney who has made national media appearances as a legal expert commentator. He was the first lawyer to be cited on California Proposition 215 (1996), the medical marijuana statute, and worked as a professor of law at the San Fernando Valley College of Law from 2006 to 2007. Since 2011 Richards has sat as a temporary judge on the Los Angeles Superior Court.
Early and personal life
Educated at Beverly Hills High School, he later gained a BA in Political Science at University of California, Los Angeles. While studying at the University of La Verne College of Law, he was elected Student Faculty Representative, and acted as advocate for students facing discipline. He also won the American Jurisprudence Award in bankruptcy. He also is an alumnus of the Anderson School of Management at UCLA and has a certificate of management. He is a lifelong resident of Beverly Hills, California and is very active in the community, including the Beverly Hills Police Officers Association.
He was married to Louise Linton.
He is currently married to Lauren Boyette-Richards.
Career
In 2004, Richards was the NBC News Legal Analyst for the Michael Jackson trial.
From August 2006 to January 2007, Richards also worked as a professor of law at the San Fernando Valley College of Law.
In 2011 he obtained a $630,000 settlement against Tom Cruise's ex-wife for a client, and won a $1,000,000 judgment against a real estate developer at trial in Las Vegas, Nevada.
In 2012, Richards won over $40 million in commercial guaranty and borrower enforcement judgments. He collected far over that amount through ADR and pretrial resolutions. The firm successfully closed over $100 million in debt transactions. Richards had a decision published in the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals that dramatically improved the rights of persons who contested forfeiture proceedings.
On September 9, 2014, the United States Patent and Trademark Office approved Ronald Richards & Associates' trademark.
In December of 2019, Richards was admitted into the D.C. Bar.
Notable cases
In 2000 in U.S v. Orgad, Richards represented Jacob "Cookie" Orgad (No. 00-344 FMC) and had the charges dismissed in Los Angeles due to government violating the Speedy Trial Act. The case was dismissed with prejudice. Subsequent to this rare procedural victory, Orgad was indicated in New York on related charges. Richards was disqualified as trial counsel only due to the fact that Richards may have been a witness in the case. Ultimately, Mr. Orgad pleaded guilty without the aid of Richards in his New York case after he had lost the attorney who had won his case in Los Angeles. This was a play out of the John Gotti playback where the government disqualified Bruce Cutler causing Gotti to lose his trusted advocate. Ironically, the trial court judge now a defense attorney was the prosecutor who used the same tactic against Bruce Cutler.
In 2003, in U.S. v. Tamer Adel IBRAHIM (9th Cir. 2008) 522 F.3d 1003 (No. 07-50153), Richards represented alleged drugs courier and dealer Tamer Adel Ibrahim. During the search of Ibrahim's apartment in 1999, state and federal law enforcement officers seized nearly $500,000 in cash; Ibrahim was eventually convicted and sentenced to 188 months in prison, and ordered to pay $9 million in fines and restitution. Shortly after the seizure, the United States moved to forfeit the money seized from Ibrahim's apartment, but sent the notice to Ibrahim's cousin John instead. In 2006, Tamer Ibrahim filed for return of property, as he had never received proper notice of forfeiture from the government. The motion for return of property was denied in district court, and Richards, representing Tamer Ibrahim, successfully argued to overturn the seizure ruling before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. After the forfeiture order was reversed, the government settled the case with Ibrahim and released him five years early.
In February 2011, in People v. Troyer (2011) 51 Cal.4th 599, Richards filed an amicus curiae brief to the case, stating that "judges evaluating police searches must look at whether police had an objectively reasonable basis to believe there was an emergency", citing the conflict between People v. Ray (1999) and Brigham City v. Stuart. The Supreme Court of California ruled that the entry of local police in Sacramento County into the bedroom of Albert Troyer without a warrant was legal, covered by the emergency-aid exception to the Fourth Amendment's legal protections against unreasonable search and seizure.
In 2011, Richards represented former venture capitalist Russell Armstrong in numerous matters. He was married to Taylor Armstrong, a cast member of the Bravo TV series The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills. After allegations of money troubles and claims of domestic violence surfaced within the show, Russell committed suicide, found by his landlord and Taylor on August 15, 2011.
In June 2014, Richards successfully represented Navabeh Borman in the California Court of Appeal in suing her ex-attorney Hillel Chodos in Chodos v. Borman (2014) 227 Cal.App.4th 76. Borman was being sued by Chodos for unpaid attorney fees relating to Borman's divorce and subsequent Marvin action, which had resulted in a tax-free $26 million settlement to Borman. Justice Richard Mosk said that Judge Barbara Ann Meiers in her original ruling should not have allowed the jury to consider a multiplier, and hence reduced Chodos's payment from $7.8 million to $1.8 million, which the court said represented a reasonable hourly rate of $1,000 for the 1,800 hours the jury found Chodos had worked on the case.
References
Category:American lawyers
Category:Criminal defense lawyers
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Lawyers from Los Angeles
Category:People from Beverly Hills, California
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Hillary Echesa
Hillary "Fordy" Echesa (born 9 September 1981 in Kenya) is a Kenyan international footballer, currently playing for Chemelil Sugar in the Tusker Premier League.
References
External links
Hillary Echesa Odada at liga-indonesia.co.id
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Kenyan footballers
Category:Kenya international footballers
Category:Kenyan expatriate footballers
Category:Young Africans S.C. players
Category:Rayon Sports F.C. players
Category:Simba S.C. players
Category:Tusker F.C. players
Category:Deltras F.C. players
Category:Liga 1 (Indonesia) players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Tanzania
Category:Expatriate footballers in Rwanda
Category:Expatriate footballers in Malaysia
Category:Expatriate footballers in Indonesia
Category:Kenyan expatriate sportspeople in Tanzania
Category:Kenyan expatriate sportspeople in Rwanda
Category:Kenyan expatriate sportspeople in Malaysia
Category:Kenyan expatriate sportspeople in Indonesia
Category:Sofapaka F.C. players
Category:Chemelil Sugar F.C. players
Category:Association football midfielders
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Garrison, Montana
Garrison is a census-designated place (CDP) in Powell County, Montana, United States. The population was 112 at the 2000 census.
The traditional Salish name for Garrison Junction is snx̣ʷq̓pusaqs. Groups would split up here, with some going towards Helena, others towards Butte.
History
A post office called Garrison was established in 1883, and remained in operation until 1980. The community was named for William Lloyd Garrison, an abolitionist. who was also the father-in-law of Henry Villard, the man who finally pushed the Northern Pacific Railroad to completion in 1883. Garrison is just east of Gold Creek, Montana, where the 'golden spike' was driven on Sept. 8, 1883 to mark the completion of the line. Among others present for the occasion was former President Ulysses S. Grant.
Geography
Garrison is located at (46.537526, -112.826435).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 112 people, 50 households, and 34 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 11.7 people per square mile (4.5/km²). There were 63 housing units at an average density of 6.6 per square mile (2.5/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.96% White, 4.46% Native American, and 3.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.79% of the population.
There were 50 households out of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.0% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 24.0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.62.
In the CDP, the population was spread out with 20.5% under the age of 18, 4.5% from 18 to 24, 23.2% from 25 to 44, 31.3% from 45 to 64, and 20.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46 years. For every 100 females, there were 119.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.1 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $33,250, and the median income for a family was $32,656. Males had a median income of $16,250 versus $28,250 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $12,678. There were 35.5% of families and 36.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 90.0% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.
References
Category:Census-designated places in Powell County, Montana
Category:Census-designated places in Montana
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The Rape of the Sabine Women (Rubens)
The Rape of the Sabine Women is a painting by Peter Paul Rubens. It is now in the . It was commissioned by Philip IV of Spain in 1639 but was still incomplete on Rubens' death a year later. It was completed by the Brussels painter Gaspar de Crayer.
Another version of this painting is now held by the National Gallery, London.
References
Bibliography
Palais des Beux-Arts de Lille (2004) RUBENS.
category:1640 paintings
category:Paintings by Peter Paul Rubens
Category:Paintings in Belgium
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Reprise (Angel)
"Reprise" is episode 15 of season 2 in the television show Angel. Written by Tim Minear and directed by James Whitmore, Jr., it was originally broadcast on February 20, 2001 on the WB network. In this episode, Angel learns that during the impending Wolfram & Hart 75-Year Review, the firm is visited by one of the demonic Senior Partners. The demon wears a ring with the power to transport to the firm’s hellish Home Office, which Angel steals with the aid of a magically protective glove. When Angel travels to the Home Office, he learns it is on Earth, and depressed, seeks solace in Darla's arms. Meanwhile, Kate's life falls apart when she is fired from the police force.
Plot
Angel prevents a sacrificial ritual from being performed by two Wolfram & Hart employees, who are nervous about something called "the Review". He asks Kate for information about the Review, but Kate - under investigation due to her involvement with odd cases - bitterly refuses, showing him crime scene photos from Holland Manners' wine cellar illustrating his involvement in the slaughter. Angel turns to Lorne, who is having a busy night as Caritas is full of Wolfram & Hart lawyers wanting to have their destinies read. Lorne tells Angel that a Wolfram & Hart Senior Partner (manifesting in the form of a lower demon) is coming to earth for the historically deadly Review, and that the sacrifices and rituals are simply the lawyers trying to get brownie points with the Senior Partner before he shows up. Lorne also tells Angel that anything that can manifest itself in our dimension can be killed and that something called the Band of Blacknil is important. Angel goes to leave but Lorne stops him and tells him one last thing... that pretty much every lawyer in the club really wants to see him dead, but you don't need to be a psychic to know that, given that everyone in the club is giving Angel hostile stares.
Meanwhile, at Angel Investigations, the team have successfully removed the third eye from the back of Stephanie Sharp's head. However Mrs. Sharp tells the gang that she has no intention of paying the bill and that as far as she is concerned Angel Investigations are running a scam since it is 'impossible' for a third eye to grow out the back of a skull, despite the fact that it was she who approached them with the problem. She and her daughter leave having successfully stiffed the gang for payment and an exasperated Gunn leaves.
Lindsey finds Darla waiting for him at home and she weakly tells him that Drusilla is not returning to L.A.. He gives her a container of human blood; she stops feigning weakness and searches his briefcase while he is in the shower. Meanwhile, at the hotel Angel attempts to look up the Band of Blacknil but doesn't have much research material given that it all left along with Wesley. Angel then shows up at the office of his former employees uninvited and unwelcome, barely acknowledges his former friends and helps himself to a book. Cordelia refuses to let him take it and grabs it off him, but Angel grows cold and deadly and it is clear he is willing to use force to get the book back. Wesley rises from his wheelchair and tells Cordy to let Angel have the book so he can remove himself from the premises. She finally gives him the book and Angel leaves without a second thought. Cordelia vents about Angel until Wesley catches her attention: stitches from his healing gunshot wound have torn in the confrontation.
Angel returns to the bookstore he visited fifty years ago in search of information on the Senior Partner. A decades-older Denver tells Angel that it wears a ring that allows passage to Hell. To take the ring, Angel needs a one-of-a-kind magic glove that would allow him to strangle the Senior Partner without being incinerated. Denver gets the glove from the back room, but before he can give it to Angel, Darla stabs him with a sword and takes the glove.
Facing a review board during an Internal Affairs investigation, Kate is unceremoniously fired. She self-destructively deals with her dismissal by drinking and knocking her accolades to the floor, pausing to cry at a picture of her father. Virginia talks with Wesley about how much danger he's always in. With heartbreaking insight, Wesley acknowledges how difficult it must be for her - to break up with him. Wesley and Cordelia talk on the phone, both depressed about their lives and lack of work. Wesley tells Cordy that things are going to get better, but it is clear neither believes it. Cordelia gets a call from Mrs. Sharp, claiming to have changed her mind and offering to pay; what Cordelia doesn't know is that Mrs. Sharp was threatened into calling by a demon that kills her after she tells him Cordelia is on her way.
Angel arrives at the Review, and when he spots Darla in the crowd the two fight while the Senior Partner materializes. Security guards attack Darla after Angel exposes her as a vampire by dousing her with holy water. In the confusion, Angel gets the glove away from Darla, dons it and flies at the Senior Partner's throat. The Senior Partner implodes, but the force of Angel's leap carries him crashing out the window. When he hits the ground, Angel puts on the ring, causing elevator doors to open in the foundation of the Wolfram & Hart building. Holland (whose contract extends well beyond death) offers Angel a one-way trip down to the "Home Office," which Angel assumes is Hell. After passing through nether realms of darkness and fire, the elevator comes to a stop and its doors open - right back where they started. The "Home Office" is Earth, the implication being that Angel can never rescue humanity because humanity is its own worst enemy.
Angel walks away, witnessing the despair around him. Returning to the hotel, he hangs up on a message from Kate, who is drunk and overdosing on pills. Angel finds Darla waiting for him and, realizing that he wants to feel something, anything, Angel kisses her. At first, she pushes him away, but he takes her roughly and soon the two are having sex. Later, as a storm crashes outside, Angel wakes with a gasp.
Production
The Wolfram & Hart exterior is an office building in downtown Culver City, located across the street from the main Sony Studios lot.
Acting
One of the people sacrificing goats at the beginning of the episode is writer/producer David Fury, who later has a larger acting role in the fifth season episode "Smile Time".
Writing
In her essay entitled "Why We Love Lindsey," M.S. West points out a conversation in this episode that illuminates Lindsey's character. Darla asks Lindsey why he always showers when he comes home from work. "You're never dirty," she says. His reply - "I'm always dirty" - gives "insight into Lindsey, or perhaps a clear nod to the fact he doesn't lie to himself, either," West writes.
Arc significance
Angel's characterization descends into existential angst beginning with "Reunion", when his inability to stop Darla being turned into a vampire causes him to reevaluate the meaningfulness of his existence. Despairing, Angel edges closer to his Angelus side, which is explicitly noted by Cordelia in this episode after Angel threatens her over a book: "I don't even know what you are anymore." He continues to search for meaning by deciding to destroy Wolfram & Hart - he tells Lorne, "Getting to these Senior Partners... that's my destiny" - but once again loses meaning after being shown that hell is on Earth, which causes him to reach the peak of his existential misery. In this episode, Angel's metaphorical descent becomes a literal one, via the elevator to the Home Office.
Angel kills one of Wolfram & Hart's Senior Partners.
Angel learns that Wolfram & Hart's Home Office, the hell from which the Senior Partners supposedly come, is actually everyday life on Earth.
Kate is fired from the LAPD, and apparently attempts suicide with booze and pills.
Wesley and Virginia end their relationship.
Reception
IGN says that in most television shows, a hero is brought to the edge of darkness, but pulls back before going too far; Angel writers have the courage to instead, "push its hero right over... He all but becomes a villain, dismissing the help of his friends and ignoring what is left of his conscience."
References
External links
Category:Angel (season 2) episodes
Category:2001 American television episodes
Category:Television episodes in multiple parts
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Riverboat
A riverboat is a watercraft designed for inland navigation on lakes, rivers, and artificial waterways. They are generally equipped and outfitted as work boats in one of the carrying trades, for freight or people transport, including luxury units constructed for entertainment enterprises, such as lake or harbour tour boats. As larger water craft, virtually all riverboats are especially designed and constructed, or alternatively, constructed with special-purpose features that optimizes them as riverine or lake service craft, for instance, dredgers, survey boats, fisheries management craft, fireboats and law enforcement patrol craft.
Design differences
These vessels are usually less sturdy than ships built for the open seas, with limited navigational and rescue equipment, as they do not have to survive the high winds or large waves characteristic to large lakes, seas or oceans. They can thus be built from light composite materials. They are limited in size by width and depth of the river as well as the height of bridges spanning the river. They can be designed with shallow drafts, as were the paddle wheel steamers on the Mississippi River that could operate in water under two metres deep.
While a ferry is often used to cross a river, a riverboat is used to travel along the course of the river, while carrying passengers or cargo, or both, for revenue. (Vessels like 'riverboat casinos' are not considered here, as they are essentially stationary).
The significance of riverboats is dependent on the number of navigable rivers and channels as well as the condition of the road and rail network. Generally speaking, riverboats provide slow but cheap transport especially suited for bulk cargo and containers.
History
As early as 20,000 BC people started fishing in rivers and lakes using rafts and dugouts. Roman sources dated 50 BC mention extensive transportation of goods and people on the river Rhine. Upstream, boats were usually powered by sails or oars. In the Middle Ages, towpaths were built along most waterways to use working animals or people to pull riverboats. In the 19th century, steamboats became common.
The most famous riverboats were on the rivers of the midwestern and central southern United States, on the Mississippi, Ohio and Missouri rivers in the early 19th century. Out west, riverboats were common transportation on the Colorado, Columbia, and Sacramento rivers. These American riverboats were designed to draw very little water, and in fact it was commonly said that they could "navigate on a heavy dew".
Australia has a history of riverboats. Australia's biggest river, the Murray, has an inland port called Echuca. Many large riverboats were working on the Murray, but now a lower water level is stopping them. The Kalgan River in Western Australia has had two main riverboats, the Silver Star, 1918 to 1935, would lower her funnel to get under the low bridge. Today, the Kalgan Queen riverboat takes tourists up the river to taste the local wines. She lowers her roof to get under the same bridge.
It is these early steam-driven river craft that typically come to mind when "steamboat" is mentioned, as these were powered by burning wood, with iron boilers drafted by a pair of tall smokestacks belching smoke and cinders, and twin double-acting pistons driving a large paddlewheel at the stern, churning foam. This type of propulsion was an advantage as a rear paddlewheel operates in an area clear of snags, is easily repaired, and is not likely to suffer damage in a grounding. By burning wood, the boat could consume fuel provided by woodcutters along the shore of the river. These early boats carried a brow (a short bridge) on the bow, so they could head in to an unimproved shore for transfer of cargo and passengers.
Modern riverboats are generally screw (propeller)-driven, with pairs of diesel engines of several thousand horsepower.
The standard reference for the development of the steamboat is Steamboats on Western Rivers: An Economic and Technological History by Louis C. Hunter (1949).
Modern riverboats
Many of the riverboats shown below were operating on the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang).
Luxury tourist transport
Some large riverboats are comparable in accommodation, food service, and entertainment to a modern oceanic cruise ship. Tourist boats provide a scenic and relaxing trip through the segment they operate in.
On the Yangtze River, typically employees have double duties: both as serving staff and as evening-costumed dancers.
Smaller luxury craft (without entertainment) operate on European waterways - both rivers and canals, with some providing bicycle and van side trips to smaller villages.
High-speed passenger transport
High-speed boats such as those shown here had a special advantage in some operations in the free-running Yangtze. In several locations within the Three Gorges, one-way travel was enforced through fast narrows. While less maneuverable and deeper draft vessels were obliged to wait for clearance, these high-speed boats were free to zip past waiting traffic by running in the shallows.
Local and low-cost passenger transport
Smaller riverboats are used in urban and suburban areas for sightseeing and public transport. Sightseeing boats can be found in Amsterdam, Paris, and other touristic cities where historical monuments are located near water.
The concept of local waterborn public transport is known as water taxi in English-speaking countries, vaporetto in Venice, water/river tramway in former Soviet Union and Poland (although sightseeing boats can be called water tramways too). Local waterborne public transport is similar to ferry.
The transport craft shown below is used for short-distance carriage of passengers between villages and small cities along the Yangtze, while larger craft are used for low-cost carriage over longer distance, without the fancy food or shows seen on the tourist riverboats. In some cases, the traveller must provide their own food.
Goods transport
Multimodal
As the major rivers in China are mostly east-west, most rail and road transport are typically north-south. As roads along the rivers are inadequate for heavy truck transport and in some cases extremely dangerous, drive-on/drive-off ramp barges are used to transport trucks. In many cases the trucks transported are new and are being delivered to customers or dealers. Perhaps unique to China, the new trucks observed traveling upstream were all blue, while the new trucks traveling downstream were all white.
Bulk cargo
Low-value goods are transported on rivers and canals worldwide, since slow-speed barge traffic offers the lowest possible cost per ton mile and the capital cost per ton carried is also quite low compared to other modes of transport.
History
Terrace, British Columbia, Canada, celebrates "Riverboat Days" each summer. The Skeena River passes through Terrace and played a crucial role during the age of the steamboat. The first steam-powered vessel to enter the Skeena was the Union in 1864. In 1866 the Mumford attempted to ascend the river but was only able to reach the Kitsumkalum River. It was not until 1891 that the Hudson's Bay Company sternwheeler the Caledonia successfully negotiated through the Kitselas Canyon and reached Hazelton. A number of other steamers were built around the turn of the century, in part due to the growing fish industry and the gold rush.
The WT Preston, a museum ship that was once a specialised river dredge, also called a "snagboat".
See also
Barge
Chain boat
Life on the Mississippi
Ferryboat
Fireboat
Charles T. Hinde, a riverboat captain in the 1800s.
Hydrofoil
Keelboat
List of steamboats on the Columbia River
McKenzie River dory
Murray-Darling steamboats
Narrowboat
P.A. Denny (ship)
Paddle steamer
River cruise
Sampan
Shitik
Steamboat
Steamboats of the Mississippi
Steamboats of the Columbia River
Steamboats of the upper Columbia and Kootenay Rivers
Steamboats of the Willamette River
Tourist sternwheelers of Oregon
Towboat
Tugboat
Frederick Way, Jr.
Lewis and Clark's Keelboat
References
Further reading
Crump, Thomas, Abraham Lincoln's World: How Riverboats, Railroads, and Republicans Transformed America. (New York: Continuum, 2009) 272 pp. .
Nolan, John Matthew. 2,543 Days: A History of the Hotel at the Grand Rapids Dam on the Wabash River
Nautical terminology specific to towboating and inland waterways.
Category:Boat types
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Kawasaki Heavy Industries Rolling Stock Company
is the rolling stock production division of Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Since beginning operations in 1906, the company has produced more than 90,000 railroad cars.
Products
As indicated by the company name, the company mainly produces railroad vehicles. Recently Kawasaki has received orders from customers in foreign countries, including Ireland and the United States. All products manufactured for the US rail market are sold through Kawasaki Rail Car Inc., another division of Kawasaki Heavy Industries. An assembly plant in Lincoln, Nebraska produces fully completed cars and "knocked down" cars. Because of substantial sales to the New York City Subway and various commuter lines, an additional assembly plant was established in Yonkers, New York in 1986 for final assembly of cars built in Lincoln.
Kawasaki may exit this line of business citing very heavy losses from same recently.
Japan Railways Group
Products produced for the Japan Railways Group, or JR Group, include:
Shinkansen： All types except 800 series
JR / JNR local lines:
Former JNR: 103 series, 211 series EMUs
JR Central: 311 series, 371 series, 383 series EMUs
JR East: 651 series, 209 series, E231 series, E233 series, E331 series, E501 series, E531 series, 701 series, E721 series EMUs
JR Hokkaido: 721 series, 731 series, 785 series, 789 series EMUs
JR West: 281 series, 283 series, 285 series, 287 series, 681 series, 683 series, 207 series, 323 series, 223 series, 225 series, 227 series, 521 series, 125 series EMUs, 87 series (KiSaINe 86 type Sleeping cars) Hybrid MU
JR Shikoku: 5000 series (5000 type cab cars, 5200 type intermediate cars), 8600 series EMUs
JR Kyushu: JR Kyushu Class DF200-7000 diesel locomotive, YC1 series Hybrid MU
JR Freight: JR Freight Class EF510 electric locomotives, JR Freight Class DF200 diesel locomotives
Major private railway corporation
Production for the following private railways include:
Hanshin Electric Railway
Keihan Electric Railway
Keihin Electric Express Railway
Nishi-Nippon Railroad
Odakyu Electric Railway
Tokyo Metro
Other railway companies in Japan
Hokushin Kyuko Electric Railway (All cars)
Kobe Electric Railway (All cars)
Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company (All cars)
Saitama Railway
Sanyo Electric Railway (All cars)
Semboku Rapid Railway
Tokyo Waterfront Area Rapid Transit (All cars)
Osaka Metro (30000 series)
Public transportation bureaus
Fukuoka City Transportation Bureau
Kobe Municipal Transportation Bureau (All cars)
Osaka Municipal Transportation Bureau
Sapporo City Transportation Bureau (All subways, some tramways)
Sendai City Transportation Bureau
Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation
Yokohama City Transportation Bureau (Yokohama Municipal Subway 10000 series)
Monorails & ATGs
Production for Monorails and Automated guideway transits (ATG) include:
Hiroshima Rapid Transit
Kobe New Transit (All cars)
Kitakyushu Urban Monorail
Okinawa Urban Monorail
Osaka Monorail
Saitama New Urban Transit
Tama Toshi Monorail
Overseas clients
Chinese Ministry of Railways – Type 6K, Type CRH2
Iarnród Éireann (Irish Railways)
Hong Kong MTR – SP1900 EMU
Hong Kong MTR Light Rail – Phase II LRV power cabs/trailers
Long Island Rail Road – C-3 bilevel cars, M9/M9A cars
MARC – bilevel commuter cars
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority – bilevel commuter cars
New York City Subway – R62, R68A, R110A, R142A, R143, R160B, R188, future R211 cars
Metro-North Railroad – M8, future M9/M9A cars
PATH – PA4 and PA5 cars
Panama Canal Authority – Towing locomotives along with Toyo Denki Seizo K.K., Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Singapore Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) – C151 with Kinki Sharyo, Tokyu Car and Nippon Sharyo, C751B with Nippon Sharyo, C151A with CSR Sifang, C151B with CSR Sifang, (C151C with CRRC Sifang, CT251 with CSR Sifang
Keretapi Tanah Melayu – Class 24
SEPTA – Broad Street Subway Class B-IV cars; LRV Series 100 Subway-Surface/Suburban trolleys
Taipei Rapid Transit System – C301, C371, C381
Taoyuan Airport MRT
Taiwan High Speed Rail – Type 700T
Virginia Railway Express – bilevel commuter cars
Washington Metro – 7000 series cars
References
External links
Rolling Stock official webpage
Official website
Category:Kawasaki rolling stock
Category:Rolling stock manufacturers of Japan
Category:Manufacturing companies based in Kobe
Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1906
Category:Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Category:1906 establishments in Japan
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Metelen Land station
Metelen Land station is located in Metelen in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia on the Münster–Enschede railway. The station is operated by the Metelen Land Railway Museum.
The station was opened by the Royal Westphalian Railway Company (Königlich-Westfälische Eisenbahn, KWE) on 30 September 1875, along with the Münster–Enschede railway. The station was originally called Metelen and received its current name on 1 October 1902.
Metelen Land station is served by the following Regionalbahn service:
Metelen Land Railway Museum
The station is operated by the Eisenbahn-Interessengemeinschaft Metelen e. V. (Metelen railway community of interest, EIG). It includes, among other things, the Metelen Land Railway Museum (, which has a uniform and hat collection. The station’s fully functional mechanical signal box, a section of railway track with a crossover, a local and long distance barrier, homemade hand-operated inspection trolley, a salon car, workshop wagons, track maintenance equipment, a ticket printing machine, a weighing scale with card issuance, an industrial diesel locomotive and model railways can also be viewed.
Notes
Category:Railway stations in North Rhine-Westphalia
Category:Railway stations opened in 1875
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Valeriy Borzov
Valeriy Pylypovych Borzov (, , Valeriy Filippovich Borzov; born 20 October 1949) is a Ukrainian former sprint athlete who competed for the Soviet Union. He is a two-time Olympian, a former president of the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine, and Minister for Youth and Sports of Ukraine.
In 1972 he won the 100 and 200 metres sprint events for the Soviet Union at the Olympic Games in Munich.
Career
Born in Sambir, Drohobych Oblast, Soviet Union, Borzov started his track and field career in 1968. He became a household name in the Track and Field circles after having won the sprint-double at the 1971 European Championships in Helsinki. He had already won the 100 m championship in 1969, when he equalled Armin Hary's nine-year-old European record of 10.0 seconds.
At the 1972 Munich Olympics, two of the Americans, Eddie Hart and Rey Robinson, missed the 100 m quarterfinals due to a misunderstanding about the starting time of the heats. Coincidentally Borzov almost missed his own quarter-final as well, having fallen asleep in the stadium, his coach waking him up just as the race was about to start. Borzov won the 100 m sprint with relative ease in a time of 10.14 seconds.
Borzov then won the 200 m in great style. The picture, featuring Borzov winning the 200 m heats at the 1972 Summer Olympics was selected for the Voyager Golden Record and later launched into space aboard two Voyager spacecraft in 1977. He also won silver as part of the Soviet 4 × 100 relay team, leaving Munich with three medals and the title of the fastest human in the world.
Between the 1972 and the 1976 Olympics, Borzov spent more time on his studies and soccer. Still, this did not stop him from winning his third successive 100 m title at the European Championships in 1974. At the 1976 Montreal Olympics, he finished third in the 100 m race behind Caribbean sprinters Hasley Crawford and Donald Quarrie, in a time of 10.14, his fourth Olympic medal. In the 4 × 100 m relay, his team won another bronze.
A persisting injury forced Borzov to abandon his hopes to participate in his third Olympic Games. He ended his career in 1979. He married Ludmilla Tourischeva, a four-time Olympic champion in gymnastics, in 1977.
Political career
Borzov's political career started back in 1970s as a member of the Communist Youth League in Ukraine Komsomol of Ukraine. In 1980–1986 he was one of secretaries of the Central Committee of Komsomol of Ukraine. From 1991 to 1998, Borzov served as the president of the Ukrainian Olympic Committee. He has been a member of the International Olympic Committee since 1994. He has also held a Youth and Sports cabinet minister position with the Government of Ukraine from 1990 till 1997. From 1998 until 2006, he was a member of the Ukrainian parliament. Soon after being elected on the party list for People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) in 1998 he changed from the Rukh faction to the faction "Reforms Center" in 1998–1999. Yet after dissolution of the parliamentary faction of Hromada, in 1999 Borzov became one of the first who joined the newly created parliamentary faction Batkivshchyna (today known as All-Ukrainian Union "Fatherland") in Verkhovna Rada, with which he stayed almost to the end of the third parliamentary convocation. Sometimes in 2001 Borzov decided to change sides again and joined the parliamentary faction of Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united). He stayed with the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united)
for the next elections in 2002 and eventually became a member of the party in 2003.
Gallery
Bibliography
References
Category:Government of Leonid Kuchma
Category:Government of Vitaliy Masol
Category:1949 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Sambir
Category:People from Drohobych Oblast
Category:Ukrainian male sprinters
Category:Soviet male sprinters
Category:Dynamo sports society athletes
Category:Olympic athletes of the Soviet Union
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Category:International Olympic Committee members
Category:Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union
Category:Olympic silver medalists for the Soviet Union
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union
Category:Burevestnik (sports society) athletes
Category:Chevaliers of the Order of Merit (Ukraine)
Category:Komsomol of Ukraine members
Category:Third convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Category:Fourth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada
Category:People's Movement of Ukraine politicians
Category:Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) politicians
Category:European Athletics Championships medalists
Category:Honoured Masters of Sport of the USSR
Category:Recipients of the Order of Friendship of Peoples
Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Category:Youth and sport ministers of Ukraine
Category:Ukrainian State Committee chairmen of Youth, Physical Culture and Sport
Category:Presidents of the National Olympic Committee of Ukraine
Category:Medalists at the 1976 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 1972 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Olympic silver medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Olympic bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)
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Samuel Pierpont Langley
Samuel Pierpont Langley (August 22, 1834 – February 27, 1906) was an American astronomer, physicist, inventor of the bolometer and aviation pioneer.
Life
He was born in Roxbury, Boston on 23 August 1834.
He attended Boston Latin School, graduated from English High School of Boston, was an assistant in the Harvard College Observatory, then moved to a job ostensibly as a professor of mathematics at the United States Naval Academy, but actually was sent there to restore the Academy's small observatory. In 1867, he became the director of the Allegheny Observatory and a professor of astronomy at the Western University of Pennsylvania, now known as the University of Pittsburgh, a post he kept until 1891 even while he became the third Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in 1887. Langley was the founder of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. In 1888 Langley was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society. In 1898, he received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France, the French astronomical society.
Allegheny Observatory
Langley arrived in Pittsburgh in 1867 to become the first director of the Allegheny Observatory, after the institution had fallen into hard times and been given to the Western University of Pennsylvania. By then, the department was in disarray – equipment was broken, there was no library and the building needed repairs. Through the friendship and aid of William Thaw, a Pittsburgh industrial leader, Langley was able to improve the observatory equipment and build additional apparatuses. One of the new instruments was a small transit telescope used to observe the position of the stars as they cross the celestial meridian.
He raised money for the department in large part by distributing standard time to cities and railroads. Up until then, correct time had only occasionally been sent from American observatories for public use. Clocks were manually wound in those days and time tended to be imprecise. Exact time had not been especially necessary. It was enough to know that at noon the sun was directly above the head. That changed with the arrival of railroads, which made the lack of standard time dangerous. Trains ran by a published schedule, but scheduling was chaotic. If the timepieces of an engineer and a switch operator differed by even a minute or two, trains could be on the same track at the same time and collide.
Using astronomical observations obtained from the new telescope, Langley devised a precise time standard, including time zones, that became known as the Allegheny Time System. Initially he distributed time signals to Allegheny city business and the Pennsylvania Railroad. Eventually, twice a day, the Allegheny time signals gave the correct time via 4,713 miles of telegraph lines to all railroads in the US and Canada. Langley used the money from the railroads to finance the observatory. From about 1868 revenues from Allegheny Time continued to fund the observatory, until the US Naval Observatory provided the signals via taxpayer funding in 1883.
Once funding was secure, Langley devoted his time at the Observatory initially in researching the sun. He used his draftsman skills—from his first job out of high school—to produce hundreds of drawings of solar phenomena, many of which were the first the world had seen. His 1873 remarkably detailed illustration of a sun spot, observed while using the observatory's 13-inch Fitz-Clark refractor became a classic. It is featured on page 21 of his book, The New Astronomy, and was also widely reprinted in the Americas and Europe.
In 1886, Langley received the inaugural Henry Draper Medal from the National Academy of Sciences for his contributions to solar physics. His publication in 1890 of infrared observations at the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh together with Frank Washington Very along with the data he collected from his invention, the bolometer, was used by Svante Arrhenius to make the first calculations on the greenhouse effect. In 1898, Langley received the Prix Jules Janssen, the highest award of the Société astronomique de France (the French astronomical society).
Aviation work
Langley attempted to make a working piloted heavier-than-air aircraft. His models flew, but his two attempts at piloted flight were not successful. Langley began experimenting with rubber-band powered models and gliders in 1887. (According to one book, he was not able to reproduce Alphonse Pénaud's time aloft with rubber power but persisted anyway.) He built a rotating arm (functioning like a wind tunnel) and made larger flying models powered by miniature steam engines. Langley realised that sustained powered flight was possible when he found that a 1 lb. brass plate suspended from the rotating arm by a spring, could be kept aloft by a spring tension of less than 1 oz.
Langley understood that aircraft need thrust to overcome drag from forward speed, observed higher aspect ratio flat plates had higher lift and lower drag, and stated in 1902 "A plane of fixed size and weight would need less propulsive power the faster it flew", the counter-intuitive effect of induced drag.
He met the writer Rudyard Kipling around this time, who described one of Langley's experiments in his autobiography:
His first success came on May 6, 1896 when his Number 5 unpiloted model weighing made two flights of and after a catapult launch from a boat on the Potomac River. The distance was ten times longer than any previous experiment with a heavier-than-air flying machine, demonstrating that stability and sufficient lift could be achieved in such craft.
On November 11 that year his Number 6 model flew more than . In 1898, based on the success of his models, Langley received a War Department grant of $50,000 and $20,000 from the Smithsonian to develop a piloted airplane, which he called an "Aerodrome" (coined from Greek words roughly translated as "air runner"). Langley hired Charles M. Manly (1876–1927) as engineer and test pilot. When Langley received word from his friend Octave Chanute of the Wright brothers' success with their 1902 glider, he attempted to meet the Wrights, but they politely evaded his request.
While the full-scale Aerodrome was being designed and built, the internal combustion engine was contracted out to manufacturer Stephen M. Balzer (1864–1940). When he failed to produce an engine to the power and weight specifications, Manly finished the design. This engine had far more power than did the engine for the Wright brothers' first airplane—50 hp compared to 12 hp. The engine, mostly the technical work of men other than Langley, was probably the project's main contribution to aviation.
The piloted machine had wire-braced tandem wings (one behind the other). It had a Pénaud tail for pitch and yaw control but no roll control, depending instead on the dihedral angle of the wings, as did the models, for maintaining roughly level flight.
In contrast to the Wright brothers' design of a controllable airplane that could fly against a strong wind and land on solid ground, Langley sought safety by practicing in calm air over the Potomac River. This required a catapult for launching. The craft had no landing gear, the plan being to descend into the water after demonstrating flight which if successful would entail a partial, if not total, rebuilding of the machine. Langley gave up the project after two crashes on take-off on October 7 and December 8, 1903.
In the first attempt, Langley said the wing clipped part of the catapult, leading to a plunge into the river "like a handful of mortar," according to one reporter. On the second attempt the craft broke up as it left the catapult (Hallion, 2003; Nalty, 2003). Manly was recovered unhurt from the river both times. Newspapers made great sport of the failures, and some members of Congress strongly criticized the project.
The Aerodrome was modified and flown a few hundred feet by Glenn Curtiss in 1914, as part of his attempt to fight the Wright brothers' patent, and as an effort by the Smithsonian to rescue Langley's aeronautical reputation. Nevertheless, courts upheld the patent. However, the Curtiss flights emboldened the Smithsonian to display the Aerodrome in its museum as "the first man-carrying aeroplane in the history of the world capable of sustained free flight". Fred Howard, extensively documenting the controversy, wrote: "It was a lie pure and simple, but it bore the imprimatur of the venerable Smithsonian and over the years would find its way into magazines, history books, and encyclopedias, much to the annoyance of those familiar with the facts." (Howard, 1987). The Smithsonian's action triggered a decades-long feud with the surviving Wright brother, Orville, who objected to the Institution's claim of primacy for the Aerodrome.
Unlike the Wright brothers with their invention of three-axis control, Langley had no effective way of controlling an airplane too big to be maneuvered by the weight of the pilot's body. So if the Aerodrome had flown stably, as the models did, Manly would have been in considerable danger when the machine descended, uncontrolled, for a landing—especially if it had wandered away from the river and over solid ground.
Bolometer
In 1880 Langley invented the bolometer, an instrument initially used for measuring far infrared radiation. The bolometer has enabled scientists to detect a change of temperature of less than 1/100,000 of a degree Celsius. It laid the foundation for the measurements of the amount of solar energy on the Earth. He published an 1881 paper on it, "The Bolometer and Radiant Energy". He made one of the first attempts to measure the surface temperature of the Moon, and his measurement of interference of the infrared radiation by carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere was used by Svante Arrhenius in 1896 to make the first calculation of how climate would change from a future doubling of carbon dioxide levels.
Commercial time service
Starting with his tenure at Allegheny Observatory in the Pittsburgh area in the late 1860s, Langley was a major player in the development of astronomically derived and regulated time distribution services in America through the later half of the 19th century. His work with the railroads in this area is often cited as central to the establishment of the Standard Time Zones system. His very successful and profitable time sales to the Pennsylvania Railroad stood out among the many non-government-based observatories of the day who were largely subsidizing their research by time-service sales to regional railroads and the cities they served. The United States Naval Observatory's increasing dominance in this field threatened these regional observatories' livelihoods and Langley became a leader in efforts to preserve the viability of their commercial programs.
Death
Langley held himself responsible for the loss of funds after the June 1905 discovery that Smithsonian accountant William Karr was embezzling from the Institution. Langley refused his salary in the aftermath. In November he suffered a stroke. In February 1906 he moved to Aiken, South Carolina to recuperate, but had another stroke and died on February 27. He was buried in Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston.
Legacy
Air and sea craft, facilities, a unit of solar radiation, and an award have been named in Langley's honor, including:
Langley Gold Medal by the Smithsonian Institution
NASA Langley Research Center (NASA LaRC), Hampton, Virginia
Langley Air Force Base
Langley Hall at the University of Pittsburgh
Langley High School in Pittsburgh
Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory
Langley unit of solar radiation
Mount Langley in the Sierra Nevada
, laid down 10 July 1942 and renamed Hammann on 1 August 1942
Seadrome Langley, intended as one in a chain of Atlantic aviation way-stations, cancelled due to the Depression
, U.S. Liberty Ship
Samuel P. Langley Elementary School in Hampton, VA.
Media
In the 1978 film The Winds of Kitty Hawk, he was portrayed by actor John Hoyt.
See also
Manly-Balzer engine
References
Notes
Bibliography
A Dream of Wings: Americans and the Airplane, 1875-1905, by Dr. Tom D. Crouch, W. W. Norton, 1981
Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity through the First World War, by Dr. Richard P. Hallion, Oxford University Press, 2003
Wilbur and Orville: A Biography of the Wright Brothers, by Fred Howard, Dover, 1987
A Heritage of Wings, An Illustrated History of Naval Aviation, by Richard C. Knott, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland, 1997
Winged Shield, Winged Sword: 1907-1950: A History of the United States Air Force, by Bernard C. Nalty, University Press of the Pacific, 2003
Aviation, The Pioneer Years, edited by Ben Mackworth-Praed, Studio Editions, Ltd., London, 1990
To Conquer The Air—The Wright Brothers and the Great Race for Flight, by James Tobin, Free Press, division of Simon & Schuster, 2003
"Vita ed opere dell'astronomo e costruttore aeronautico Samuel Pierpont Langley", by Giuseppe Ciampaglia. Rivista Storica; Gennaio 1996.
Selling the True Time: nineteenth-century timekeeping in America, by Ian R. Bartky, Stanford University Press, 2000
External links
Finding Aid to Samuel P. Langley's Papers at the Smithsonian Institution Archives
Finding Aid to the Samuel P. Langley Collection at the National Air and Space Museum Archives Division
Samuel Pierpont Langley, Flying Machines
Samuel Pierpont Langley, Invention of the Airplane
Centennial of Flight
Allegheny Observatory – "UNDAUNTED: The Forgotten Giants of the Allegheny Observatory?"
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
Category:1834 births
Category:1906 deaths
Category:American aerospace engineers
Category:American astronomers
Category:19th-century American inventors
Category:Aviation inventors
Category:Aviation pioneers
Category:Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Category:Harvard University staff
Category:Recipients of awards from the United States National Academy of Sciences
Category:People from Boston
Category:Scientists from Pittsburgh
Category:Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution
Category:Steam-powered aircraft
Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty
Category:English High School of Boston alumni
Category:Members of the American Antiquarian Society
Category:Engineers from Pennsylvania
Category:Harvard College Observatory people
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Mottahedeh & Company
Mottahedeh & Company is a company in New York City that makes tableware and decorative accessories. The company has made porcelain for the President of the United States, the U.S. State Department and the Diplomatic Corps. The company, over 85 years old, was purchased from the Mottahedeh estate in 1992 by Wendy and Grant Kvalheim with a minor partnership with Jeffrey and Pamela Mondschein. Mildred Mottahedeh continued to collaborate at Mottahedeh for five more years and died in February, 2000. Today Wendy Kvalheim is the CEO and Design Director of the company. Mottahedeh is the recognized leader in antique reproductions and adaptations in luxury ceramics, primarily hard porcelain, and metals. It specializes in Chinese Export porcelain and early European porcelain. It holds licenses with Metropolitan Museum of Art, Colonial Williamsburg Foundation, Historic Charleston Foundation, Mount Vernon Ladies Association, Winterthur Museum and Gardens, and Tony Duquette, and has a history of working with many more. The most recent license is with National Geographic Society.
The qualities that distinguish Mottahedeh porcelains are a large selection of complex shapes produced in small quantities, clarity of body both in bright white and historic gray body, and delicate, bold, and complex colors. The industry average for colors is 4 to 8. Mottahedeh starts with 4 and may use as many as 27, with the average number of colors on an item being 16. The original inspirations were made for kings and nobility in a non-industrial age. Mottahedeh products are primarily manufactured in Europe, with the largest production in Portugal. Mottahedeh hard porcelain items are durable and can be placed in the dishwasher and oven.
The company manufactures and/or distributes these brands of tableware and decorative accessories: Mottahedeh, R. Haviland & C. Parlon, Jars, and Milestone by Mottahedeh.
See also
Mildred Mottahedeh
References
Mottahedeh web page.
External links
http://www.mottahedeh.com
Category:Companies based in New York City
Category:Kitchenware brands
Category:Porcelain of the United States
Category:Ceramics manufacturers of the United States
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Harry Gardiner (politician)
John Henry "Harry" Gardiner (25 May 1907 – 8 April 1974) was an Australian politician, who served as a Member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, Mayor of Redfern and Chairman of the Sydney County Council.
Early life and career
He was born in Redfern to businessman Edward Felix Gardiner. He was educated at Haberfield Public School and Fort Street High School before becoming a motor parts manufacturer. Around 1928 he married Dora Elizabeth Saunders, with whom he had three children.
Political career
In January 1932, Gardiner was first elected as a Labor Party candidate to a seat on Redfern Ward of the Redfern Municipal Council and soon rose to be mayor of the council in December 1934. Gardiner was appointed mayor by the Minister for Local Government, Eric Spooner, which was due to the deadlocked nature of the council, which was split equally between Labor and independents, and the council up until then had been unable to settle on a candidate for mayor. Taking office as mayor at age 26, Gardiner was the youngest mayor in Sydney and served until January 1936. Gardiner continued to serve on Redfern council until his defeat at the December 1941 elections.
In August 1935, Gardiner was elected to the No.2 Constituency of the Sydney County Council and faced an unsuccessful legal challenge from his main conservative opponent, who disputed the results. In January 1938, he was elected chairman of the county council and served for a single term. Defeated as a county councillor in 1945, Gardiner was elected in September 1947 to fill a vacancy in the council caused by the retirement of Stanley Parry. He served on the county council until the election in February 1949 when he was defeated, along with many other Labor councillors.
From 1960 to 1974 he was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, during which time he was associated with the Independent Labor Group. Gardiner died in office in 1974.
References
Category:1907 births
Category:1974 deaths
Category:Australian Labor Party mayors
Category:Mayors of Redfern
Category:Australian Labor Party councillors
Category:Independent Labor Group politicians
Category:Members of the New South Wales Legislative Council
Category:20th-century Australian politicians
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Socratic Puzzles
Socratic Puzzles is a 1997 collection of essays by the philosopher Robert Nozick.
Summary
Nozick disclaims the title "political philosopher" and characterizes his Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974) as "an accident" that came about because he was "getting nowhere" working on the problem of free will. He discusses his reverence for Socrates, and his intellectual debts to Sidney Morgenbesser and Carl Hempel. At "the most consequential party I ever attended," someone told him about a problem posed by a physicist in California, William Newcomb. Nozick brought this problem into the literature of decision theory ("rational choice theory"). He describes the influence of decision theory on Anarchy, State, and Utopia'''s derivation of the state from individuals' actions, and its game-theoretic analysis of utopia; and especially in The Nature of Rationality'' (1993), where he proposed a "decision value" alternative to maximizing expected utility and also extended decision theory to issues about rational belief.
He concludes the introduction by talking about philosophy as a way of life. Although "being philosophical" in the ordinary sense wasn't his motivation for entering philosophy, he found himself being philosophical when diagnosed with stomach cancer and informed about the dire statistics, adding parenthetically an anecdote about the operation in which much of his stomach was removed, I maintain it was not a complaint when the first words I said to the surgeons upon coming up from anaesthesia after seven hours were, "I hope we don't have to do this again. I don't have the stomach for it." Nietzsche's demand, that you should lead a life you would be willing to repeat infinitely often, seems "a bit stringent", but philosophy constitutes a way of life worth continuing to its end. He did exactly that, according to his friend Alan Dershowitz.
References
Category:1997 non-fiction books
Category:American essay collections
Category:Books by Robert Nozick
Category:English-language books
Category:Harvard University Press books
Category:Libertarian books
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Bruno Pires
Bruno Manuel Pires Silva (born 15 May 1981) is a Portuguese former professional road bicycle racer, who competed professionally between 2002 and 2016.
Born in Redondo, Portugal, Pires began his professional career at the ASC-Vila do Conde team and was part of Milaneza–Maia and , before joining his first foreign team, , in 2011. He then competed for four years with , and his final season in 2016 was with .
Major results
2004
8th Overall Volta ao Alentejo
2005
4th Overall Volta ao Alentejo
5th Overall Vuelta a Asturias
2006
1st Road race, National Road Championships
2nd Overall Troféu Joaquim Agostinho
7th Overall Volta a Portugal
10th Overall Volta ao Alentejo
2007
1st Stage 4 Volta ao Alentejo
3rd Overall GP Internacional Paredes Rota dos Móveis
1st Stage 4
2008
2nd Prueba Villafranca de Ordizia
3rd Overall Vuelta a Asturias
5th Overall Volta ao Alentejo
1st Stage 4
7th Subida al Naranco
2009
2nd Overall Volta Ciclística de São Paulo
9th Overall Volta a Portugal
2010
6th Overall Volta ao Alentejo
1st Stage 2
2011
9th Overall USA Pro Cycling Challenge
2012
4th Overall Tour of Slovenia
2014
10th Overall USA Pro Cycling Challenge
2016
7th Overall Tour d'Azerbaïdjan
References
External links
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Portuguese male cyclists
Category:Vuelta a España cyclists
Category:Giro d'Italia cyclists
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Wenhua Qiaoliang Trilingual National School
Wenhua Qiaoliang Trilingual National School (文化桥梁三语国民学校 Wenhua Qiaoliang Sanyu Guomin Xuexiao, literally "Cultural Bridge Three-language National School") in Bali, Indonesia, is the first government-established Chinese-using school in Indonesia. It was founded with some 300 students in 1966. The three languages used are Chinese, Indonesian and English. The students body is mainly composed of overseas Chinese, ethnic Indonesians, and those of European descent.
External links
http://old.gxi.gov.cn/feature/nbh/yn/2004628175544.htm
Category:Educational institutions established in 1966
Category:1966 establishments in Indonesia
Category:Trilingual schools
Category:Schools in Bali
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Vincent Moon
Vincent Moon (real name Mathieu Saura, born 25 August 1979) is an independent filmmaker, photographer, and sound artist from Paris. He was the main director of the Blogotheque's Take Away Shows, a web-based project recording field work music videos of indie rock related musicians as well as some notable mainstream artists like Tom Jones, R.E.M., or Arcade Fire.
Vincent Moon is known for traveling around the globe with a camera in his backpack, documenting local folklores, sacred music and religious rituals, for his label Collection Petites Planètes. He works alone or with people he finds on the road, and most of the time without money involved in the projects. He shares much of his work, films and music recordings, for free on internet, under Creative Commons license. In 2009 his documentary on artist Kazuki Tomokawa, La Faute Des Fleurs, won the Sound & Vision Award at the Copenhagen International Documentary Festival, and his film Esperando el Tsunami was nominated for the same award in 2011.
Music career
Early Period (2000–2005)
Growing up in Paris, Vincent Moon studied photography for 3 years at the Atelier Reflexe in Montreuil, where he met the photographers Michael Ackerman and Antoine d’Agata, who informed Vincent Moon’s experiments of style//approach and visual experiments. Working as a photographer at the time, he used to put his photos in motion, using simple slideshow techniques and music to tell stories. In 2003, he started the photography blog Les Nuits de Fiume, documenting Parisian nightlife.
As a result of his encounter with the work of experimental filmmakers Peter Tscherkassky and Stephen Dwoskin, Vincent Moon started to move toward films in 2005. He made short films, mixing intimate storytelling experiment with various techniques, from super 8 to cellphone cameras. He was quick to grasp the various possibilities the internet offered for releasing and sharing his work online and freely. Getting closer and closer to the music world, he encountered the band The National in one of their shows in Paris. Their friendship gave birth to various projects, his photos being used on the cover of The National’s third album, 'Alligator', and he made for them 2 music videos. At this time, he also initiated other projects related to music, directing lo-fi videos for Clogs, Sylvain Chauveau and Barzin.
The Take Away Shows (2006–2009)
In 2006, inspired by the film Step Across the Border on the English guitarist Fred Frith and pushed by its desire to record music in a more creative way, Vincent Moon created with Christophe 'Chryde' Abric the 'Concert à Emporter / Take Away Shows' project, La Blogotheque's popular video podcast. The Take Away Shows is a series of improvised outdoor video sessions with musicians, set in unexpected locations and broadcast freely on the web. In four years, they managed to shoot over two hundred videos with bands like REM, Arcade Fire, Sufjan Stevens, Tom Jones, Beirut, Grizzly Bear, and Sigur Ros and many more, always in the field of rock and pop music, mostly focused on north-American music. Vincent Moon perfected his style: an immediately recognizable intimacy, always with fragile and dancing long shots, often filmed in one take without rehearsal.
The Take Away Shows quickly gathered a large online following and The New York Times presented its impact as 'Vincent Moon reinvented the music video'. An entire new generation of young filmmakers around the world recognized the influence of the whole concept, this natural organic approach to music. A study from 2010 showed that more than 100 online film projects were directly inspired by La Blogothèque's Take Away Shows.
The large amount of clips is the result of a very fast filming process with mostly one take recordings in a way comparable to the Dogme 95 concept. Comparable with the field recordings of Alan Lomax or the Peel Sessions of John Peel, Moon has set up a large collection of unique single take recordings enhanced with artistic filmed video footage. The fast filming process he uses is a form of guerrilla film making. The sessions are usually two or three tracks filmed improvised in an unusual environment and as such they often had a rough and ready, demo-like feel, somewhere between a live performance and a finished music video. These live, unusually staged performances differ from the artifice of traditional music videos in favor of single-take, organic and primarily acoustic sessions.
Other musical collaborations (2007–2010)
Following the success of the Blogotheque project, many artists, more established, asked Moon to work on longer films. Most of those projects became new explorations in relationship between music and sound, and a defiance towards pre-established formats of music films.
Michael Stipe became aware of the works of Moon and as a fan he asked him to make a film project for his band. In 2007 and 2008, Moon collaborated with Michael Stipe and R.E.M. on several video and web projects related to their album 'Accelerate.' The various experimental projects that came out of this collaboration include the 48min essay 6 DAYS, the experimental ninety-days-long web project called 90 NIGHTS, the video and the website for the single SUPERNATURAL SUPERSERIOUS, and the acclaimed THIS IS NOT A SHOW (co-directed by Jeremiah), a live movie on their Dublin performances in the summer of 2007.
The project ninetynights.com was a website dedicated to reveal little by little the new R.E.M. album, in the beginning of 2008. Over a period of 90 days, one shot would appear everyday on the website, at first very mysterious and without music, then little by little showing the band members and the songs. Each video was downloadable in high resolution, to let anybody make its own edit. Moon and Jeremiah's edit resulted in SIX DAYS, a semi-experimental approach of the music of REM. For the "Supernatural Superserious" project, Moon and Jeremiah shot a series of 12 clips published on a special website for free download as well as on YouTube. The music video was shot in various locations around New York City. On 12 February 2008 the website supernaturalsuperserious.com was launched, containing ten takes of the video available for download in high definition as well as a YouTube page for users to upload their own versions of the video. Afterwards Moon also directed the music video of the single "Until the Day Is Done".
Other projects at the time included a one-hour film with Beirut in collaboration with La Blogotheque, CHEAP MAGIC INSIDE, a film about Beirut (band). All the 12 songs from the new album 'The Flying Club Cup' were filmed in the streets of Brooklyn, in a one-take experiment.
From 2005 to 2009, Vincent Moon recorded the ATP Music Festival, an independent rock festival from the UK. His images ended up in the film ALL TOMORROW'S PARTIES (2009, 90min), co-directed by Jonathan Caouette, and was released to critical acclaims. Vincent Moon's series of 7 experimental gonzo films from the same festival were released later under the name FROM ATP.
In November 2008, Vincent Moon traveled to Prague with longtime collaborators Antoine Viviani and Gaspar Claus to document the mythical Havlovi, a couple of musicians who dedicated their life to their instruments, the ancient viola da gamba. The result, LITTLE BLUE NOTHING (2009, 50min) has been screened in several cities around the world, and was released in 2014 on limited-series DVD.
In March 2009, cellist Gaspar Claus and Vincent Moon embarked on a journey to Japan to portray the cult poet, musician and painter Kazuki Tomokawa. The film LA FAUTE DES FLEURS, sometimes considered Moon's best work, has won the Sound & Vision Award at the documentary film festival CPH DOX 2009 in Denmark. A rare thing for Moon, as he never submits his work for competitions.
In April 2009, he organized and recorded a concert of singer Lhasa de Sela in Montreal, to promote her new album. This concert was Lhasa's last one in Canada, as she died later that year. The films were later released online.
Later that month, Moon was working with the cult post rockers from Glasgow, Mogwai, around their live show in New York City. BURNING, a 50' live film from that performance, co-directed by Nathanael Le Scouarnec, represents a radical vision of live music, a unique attempt in documenting music on stage, and has been considered one of the best music films in history.
During the year 2009, Moon started to explore other approaches to music, leaving a little bit the Take Away Shows project to other filmmakers, and created his own blog Fiume Nights, where he started to write ideas about media, culture and creation in the 21st century, and continued to make short films.
His last project in the field of rock music would be AN ISLAND, recorded in August 2010 with Danish band Efterklang on their native island of Als. Vincent Moon and Efterklang released the film exclusively online in January 2011, developing of a new method of film distribution called 'private-public screenings' – people who want to see the film have to organize their own screenings. The massive success of the operation (over 1100 home screenings to date) led to a new concept in online cinema.
In March 2011, Vincent Moon teamed up with the electronic folk duo Lulacruza to explore the musical cultures of urban and provincial Colombia. The resulting work, Esperando El Tsunami, has been released in November 2011, using the distribution system of 'private-public screenings', first used in An Island.
Collection Petites Planètes, exploring the world of sound (2009–2014)
On December 2008, Vincent Moon left Paris and most of his previous work behind to explore new horizons. He quit La Blogothèque soon after, even though he continued from time to time to contribute with some films, and decided to set up his new personal ‘nomadic’ label – Collection Petites Planètes.
Under this new project, he explored and recorded traditional music, religious rituals, relationships between music and trance over the five continents. These 'experimental ethnography' films mark a clear departure from his earlier line of work on alternative and indie music scenes – the films are more subtle, the camera more quiet, the form evolves towards some unique bridge between the work of Robert Gardner and the recordings of Alan Lomax.
Everywhere he went, he relied on local connections and never collaborated with standard production companies, instead working as much as possible with people who contacted him in the years of La Blogothèque.
Moon has been traveling in Chile, Argentina, Cambodia, Egypt, Poland, Iceland, Brazil, Colombia, Turkey, Sardinia, Indonesia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, the Philippines, Croatia, Ethiopia, Russia, Uruguay, Peru, the Caucasus, Vietnam and Laos for the Collection Petites Planètes since 2010. Always making films with and of the local people, and constantly sharing them under a Creative Commons licence on the internet.
Collection Petites Planètes is funded almost exclusively through donations on his website, and through the screenings and workshops given during his travels. Rejecting traditional professionalism in favor of twenty-first century amateurism, he collaborates with local creators and young talent all over the world. Vincent Moon is currently traveling the world, questioning the established norms of visual representations of the 'other'.
Into the sacred (2014–present)
At the turn of the year 2014, after 5 years traveling, Vincent Moon switched his way of living and working to explore deeper into one subject—the renewal of sacred in our generation. His first project is the feature-length film HIBRIDOS, set up in Brazil, and exploring the various cults in the country, from afro-Brazilian beliefs to more recent syncretic aspects, weaving a very complex idea of where human and spirits stands amongst the fast pace of nowadays world.
Awards
Filmography
Feature films
Further reading
Interviews
An Interview with Vincent Moon by SoundsandColors
Take Away Videos: New York Times
A fortuitous rendez-vous with Vincent Moon Written by: Gabi Leașcu
Filmographies
See also
Music video directors
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:Film directors from Paris
Category:French music video directors
Category:1979 births
Category:French experimental filmmakers
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Story of Yanxi Palace
Story of Yanxi Palace () is a Chinese period drama series created by Yu Zheng. It is an original screenplay written by Zhou Mo, and later developed into a novel by Xiao Lian Mao. Starring Wu Jinyan, Charmaine Sheh, Qin Lan, Nie Yuan, Tan Zhuo and Xu Kai, the series premiered on iQiyi from July 19, 2018 to August 26, 2018, during its run it was streamed more than 15 billion times.
Distributed in more than 70 markets worldwide, Story of Yanxi Palace has since become a huge hit, especially in Asia. It has been named the world's most Googled TV show in 2018.
A spinoff and sequel to the series, Yanxi Palace: Princess Adventure, aired on Netflix December 31, 2019.
Synopsis
In 18th century Beijing (18 March 1741), a young firecracker by the name of Wei Yingluo enters the court of the Qianlong Emperor, Aisin Gioro Hongli, as one of the palace embroiderers to secretly investigate her beloved sister's mysterious death and find the truth. At first believing the imperial guard Fuca Fuheng to be the prime suspect, Yingluo schemes to approach his sister, the Empress Fuca Rongyin, and succeeds in getting transferred from her embroidery unit to the Empress's Changchun Palace as her maid. Over time, she learns that the Fuca siblings are honest and kindhearted people, innocent of the crime, and even develops romantic affections for Fuheng, who is admired by many around the Palace, including Qianlong's Consort Chun who allies herself to Empress Fuca because of a deep-seated crush on her brother.
Though Yingluo is not noble by birth and is illiterate, the kindhearted Empress Fuca teaches her how to read and write, along with all the proper etiquette and mannerisms for noblewomen at the time. Yingluo also helps Empress Fuca survive a series of maneuvers by her chief rivals, becoming a trusted friend and confidant while never forgetting her own agenda of avenging her sister's murder. In time, Yingluo discovers that the actual murderer is a Consort of the late Emperor Yongzheng and mother of Qianlong's half brother, and hatches a plot to drive the culprit to her untimely death. Empress Fuca, for fear of Qianlong's fury over Yingluo's outrageous action, quickly banishes her to the palace sanitation unit to escape from his decree of punishment. There, Yingluo befriends and becomes sworn brothers with a handsome but conniving eunuch, Yuan Chunwang, who is subsequently revealed to be a bastard son of Emperor Yongzheng.
Without Yingluo, Empress Fuca falls victim to the machinations of Noble Consort Gao that puts her in a coma. News reaches Yingluo who hurriedly steals midnight visits into Empress Fuca's chamber to sit by her mistress's side and care for her. Yingluo's devotion to Empress Fuca convinces Qianlong to relent on his tough stance towards her and eventually allows her to return as maid. Empress Fuca is able to wake from her coma, and even becomes pregnant again. She goes through almost life-ending labor to give birth to another son, who is immediately the target of assassination by the duplicitous Consort Chun, devastated for having been rejected by Fuheng. Empress Fuca is driven to suicide when she is not able to save her newborn in a bizarre fire that rose overnight. After Empress Fuca's death, Yingluo is sent to live and guard over her mistress's grave at the Old Summer Palace. She stays there for a number of years with Yuan Chunwang until one year (1750), during an imperial visit by Qianlong and his consorts to Fuca's grave, Yingluo unexpectedly learns that Consort Chun was responsible for her late mistress's suicide. She decides once again to enter the Forbidden City and exact retribution on the evildoers.
In order to achieve the goal, Yingluo knows she needs the hand of authority so she soon sets her eyes on the Emperor. She skillfully charms Qianlong, becoming part of his harem, and is bestowed a title, Consort Ling. With meticulous planning, she topples her rivals one after another, including the villainess, now Noble Consort Chun, even insofar as exposing her role in Empress Fuca's death, which incidentally leads to her fall from grace at the hands of Yingluo's archrival, the newly-named Empress Hoifa-Nara (1751). Yingluo's captivation of Qianlong brings her numerous threats, such as from newcomer Concubine Shun, a beautiful and cunning woman dead set to even the score with Qianlong and Fuheng for having been forced into political marriage in the Forbidden City. Framing Yingluo for attempted assassination, Concubine Shun deftly teams up with Empress Hoifa-Nara to put Yingluo under house arrest and pull strings to starve her nearly to death. Nevertheless, Yingluo is able to reverse her situation, reveal Shun's treachery, and restore Qianlong's affections for her. Having reached stalemate at this point, Yingluo negotiates for a truce with Hoifa-Nara on the condition that they both not harm any children of the palace in spite of the rivalry.
A decade later (1765), however, the nihilistic Yuan Chunwang betrays Yingluo and joins Hoifa-Nara, causing a series of mishaps in the palace that even force the Empress's hand and break her hold on power. Hongzhou, the Emperor's brother, at the same time plots to sabotage Qianlong's Southern river tour. On a chosen night, a band of rebels suddenly storms onto the royal vessel just as a fire engulfs the Empress Dowager's cabin, prompting Qianlong to charge into the flaming cabin to save his mother, seemingly perishing himself in the process.
The next morning, as Hongzhou gallantly appears to restore order from the overnight coup, Qianlong and the Empress Dowager emerge safely from a secret passageway that had been purposely designed by Fuheng and expose Hongzhou's plan of treachery. After Qianlong sentences Hongzhou to death, Yuan Chunwang gets on his knees in front of the Emperor and claims he is a long-lost son of the Yongzheng Emperor. The Empress Dowager denies this, ever so slyly, which drives Yuan Chunwang into utter madness while leaving others unable to determine whether or not it is to protect Qianlong. At this time, Consort Ling comes out of hiding under the protection of the Emperor's guards, prompting Hoifa-Nara to protest once and for all the Emperor's lavished attention for Yingluo alone. In a fit of rage and jealousy, she cuts off her own hair, a taboo in Manchu tradition analogous to an outcry for divorce, effectively cursing the entire Aisin Gioro clan.
At the end, Empress Hoifa-Nara is permitted to keep her title, but loses all of the Emperor's affections. Wei Yingluo is elevated to a new title, 'Imperial Noble Consort', the highest possible rank for someone of non-noble birth. Remembering Empress Fuca's teachings, she embodies all the qualities of a virtuous consort, and supports the Emperor until death.
Cast
Main
Supporting
Qianlong's Harem
Female servants
Male servants
Imperial Family
Production
Many of the film props and costumes use as centerpieces exquisitely made articles from traditional Chinese crafts that are dying out with few master-level experts remaining to pass on their skills to the next generation. The acquisition of these skills requires a lifetime commitment to perfect, since they are unsurprisingly labor-intensive, demanding a sharp eye and tireless hands in order to replicate in painstaking detail the exclusive nature of their beauty.
Velvet flowers (ronghua)
The velvet flower headwear used by the main characters was designed based on historical documents or antiques housed in the Palace Museum. Each adornment is created according to the characteristics of individual palace women. Zhao Shuxian, one of the few craftsmen still making velvet flowers, created all the headwear in the show using the art of making velvet flower (ronghua). This technique dates back to the Tang Dynasty (618-907) and refers to the creation of not only floral displays, but also animal shapes made by silk on a twisted wire frame.
Jeweled hairpins (tian-tsui)
Worn by the Empress and Consorts as status symbols of opulence, these are hairpins of a particular vibrant blue hue, made from the preserved feathers of the wings and back of the kingfisher bird. The technique resembles cloisonné, and when inlaid with pearls and other gemstones, are especially eye-catching the way a peacock dazzles fanning its tail.
The success of the drama is due in no small part to the contributions of numerous artisans and craftspeople behind the scenes that lend to the authenticity of Qing era fashion and style visible in every frame.
Reception
The series has generated buzz online for its engaging plot of a "Cinderella" tale with Chinese characteristics. It set the single-day online viewership record in China with a total of 530 million views, and has attracted a cumulative over 13 billion views since August 2018. The drama is the most viewed Chinese language drama of 2018. The drama was also the most Googled show on earth in 2018.
Many viewers praised the story, because unlike the usual amicable heroines, the main character Wei Yingluo fights fire with fire and outmaneuvers her opponents. It also received praise for its well-developed cast of characters and exciting interpretation by the actors; beautiful cinematography and intricate costume design; as well as its accurate portrayal of history and Qing-dynasty settings. Owing to its success, there has been an increased number of visitors to the Palace Museum in Beijing, which is where all the main characters in the show used to live in times gone by.
Controversy
There was uproar in China after a Vietnamese website managed to acquire episodes not yet shown in China and asked visitors to the website to answer questions confirming their Vietnamese identity before the website loads. “This service is for Vietnamese people only. Please answer the following questions: To which country do the Hoang Sa (Paracel Islands) belong? Vietnam, China, Philippines or Japan?”. The only correct answer to the question, according to the website, is Vietnam. The islands are disputed territory. Copies of the episodes were later removed from the platform.
Soundtrack
Awards and nominations
International broadcast
References
External links
Category:Chinese historical television series
Category:Television series by Huanyu Film
Category:2018 Chinese television series debuts
Category:IQiyi original programming
Category:Chinese web series
Category:Television programs based on Chinese novels
Category:2018 Chinese television series endings
Category:2018 web series debuts
Category:Television series set in the Qing dynasty
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Panda tea
Panda tea or panda dung tea is a type of tea cultivated in the mountains of Ya'an, Sichuan and fertilized by the dung of pandas. When it officially went on the market in April 2012, it was reputedly the world's most expensive tea and 50 grams (approximately 16 cups of tea) sold for $3,500 (£2,200), or about $200 (£130) a cup. An Yanshi, a local panda tea entrepreneur, argues that the tea is healthy given that pandas only consume wild bamboo and absorb only about 30% of the nutrients and that it encourages "the culture of recycling and using organic fertilizers."The huge rise in price is certainly due to the loss in pandas.
Impacts of Health
Health claims include that the green tea will help people lose weight and protect them from radiation.
Bamboo, similar to green tea, contains a cancer preventative. Considering that about 70 percent of bamboo is left in the panda excrement, which would be used to fertilize the tea, the supposition is that the tea will provide cancer-preventative effects.
See also
Insect tea
Kopi luwak, civet-dung coffee
Black Ivory Coffee, elephant-dung coffee
References
Category:Chinese tea grown in Sichuan
Category:Foods and drinks produced with excrement
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Holiday Lake, Iowa
Holiday Lake is a census-designated place located in Brooklyn Township in Poweshiek County in the state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census the population was 433.
Holiday Lake is located north of the city of Brooklyn. The community surrounds a lake of the same name.
References
Category:Populated places in Poweshiek County, Iowa
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Bogan Shire
Bogan Shire is a local government area in the Orana region of New South Wales, Australia. The Shire is located adjacent to the Mitchell and Barrier highways and its only significant town is Nyngan.
The Municipality of Nyngan was proclaimed on 17 February 1891 with Nyngan having a population of 1,355. Bogan Shire was proclaimed on 7 May 1906. Bogan Shire absorbed the Municipality of Nyngan on 1 January 1972..
The Mayor of Bogan Shire Council is Cr. Ray Donald, who is unaligned with any political party.
Incomes
According to the Australian Bureau of Statistics during 2003-04 there:
were 798 wage and salary earners (ranked 151st in New South Wales and 484th in Australia, less than 0.1% of both New South Wales's 2,558,415 and Australia's 7,831,856)
was a total income of $26 million (ranked 150th in New South Wales and 484th in Australia, less than 0.1% of both New South Wales's $107 billion and Australia's $304 billion)
was an estimated average income per wage and salary earner of $32,823 (ranked 99th in New South Wales and 338th in Australia, 79% of New South Wales's $41,407 and 85% of Australia's $38,820)
was an estimated median income per wage and salary earner of $29,413 (ranked 111th in New South Wales and 388th in Australia, 83% of New South Wales's $35,479 and 86% of Australia's $34,149).
Council
Current composition and election method
Bogan Shire Council is composed of nine Councillors elected proportionally as a single ward. All Councillors are elected for a fixed four-year term of office. The Mayor is elected by the Councillors at the first meeting of the Council. The most recent election was held on 10 September 2016, and the makeup of the Council is as follows:
The current Council, elected in 2016, in order of election, is:
Meteorology
Bogan Shire is supported by agricultural production, grazing of sheep and cattle and cropping, primarily wheat. The area averages about per year. However, there is great variability in the rainfall. In 1888 Nyngan had only recorded, while in 1950 it had nearly .
References
Category:Local government areas of New South Wales
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Gamabuo
Gamabuo is a village in Central District of Botswana. The village is located 50 km south-west of Serowe, and the population was 605 in 2001 census.
References
Category:Populated places in Central District (Botswana)
Category:Villages in Botswana
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Ramathaim-Zophim
Ramathaim-Zophim (), also called Ramah () and Ramatha in the Douay-Rheims (Ramathaimsophim in the Vulgate), is a town that has been tentatively identified with the modern Palestinian village of Nabi Samwil (traditionally held to be the resting place of the prophet Samuel), about 5 miles north-west of Jerusalem. The site comprises what is now the Nebi Samuel National Park in Israel, with its most prominent feature being a two-storey Crusader fortress, now used as an Orthodox synagogue. Others suggest that Ramathaim-Zophim may have been located where Ramallah is now built.
The home of Elkanah, Samuel’s father (1 Samuel 1:19 ; 2:11 ), the birthplace of Samuel and the seat of his authority (1 Sam. 2:11; 7:17), the town is frequently mentioned in the history of that prophet and of David (15:34; 16:13; 19:18-23). Here Samuel died and was buried (25:1).
Benjamin of Tudela visited the site when he traveled the land in 1173, noting that the Crusaders had found the bones of Samuel in a Jewish cemetery in Ramla on the coastal plain and reburied here, overlooking the Holy City.
Identification
The historian Josephus distinguishes between Ramathaim, "a city of the tribe of Ephraim," and Ramah, the burial place of Samuel the prophet. Ramah, according to Eusebius' Onomasticon, was located 6 milestones north of Jerusalem (Ailia), opposite Bethel. Accordingly, Ramah is now thought by many historical geographers to be Er Ram, about 8 km north of Jerusalem.
The traditional tomb site of Samuel the prophet, which became known as Neby Samwil (“the prophet Samuel”), may have been Mizpah in Benjamin, where Samuel was appointed leader of the Israelites (1 Sam. 7:5-6). Conder and Kitchener of the Palestine Exploration Fund described the site in their days as being "a small hamlet of mud hovels."
Judas Machabeus, preparing for war with the Syrians, gathered his men at Mizpah, over against Jerusalem: for in Mizpah was a place of prayer heretofore in Israel.
Some, e.g. Petrus Comestor (ca. 1100-1179) in his Historia Scholastica, Cap. CLXXX: De sepultura Domini, have identified Ramathaim-Zophim as Arimathea of the New Testament.
References
External links
Nebi Samuel Park, Israel Nature and Parks Authority
Category:Hebrew Bible cities
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McClellan Township, Benson County, North Dakota
McClellan Township is a civil township in Benson County, North Dakota, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 34.
References
Category:Townships in Benson County, North Dakota
Category:Townships in North Dakota
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Christin Senkel
Christin Senkel (born August 31, 1987) is a German bobsledder who has competed since 2008. Her best World Cup finish was third in the two-woman event at Königssee in January 2010.
Senkel also finished seventh in the team event at the FIBT World Championships 2009 in Lake Placid, New York.
She finished fourth in the two-woman event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver.
References
External links
Category:1987 births
Category:Bobsledders at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Category:Bobsledders at the 2014 Winter Olympics
Category:German female bobsledders
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic bobsledders of Germany
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Piano Quartet No. 1
Piano Quartet No. 1 may refer to:
Piano Quartet No. 1 (Brahms), by Johannes Brahms
Piano Quartet No. 1 (Fauré), by Gabriel Fauré
Piano Quartet No. 1 (Mendelssohn), by Felix Mendelssohn
Piano Quartet No. 1 (Mozart), by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Piano Quartet No. 1 (Enescu), by George Enescu
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Csépa
Csépa is a village in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county, in the Northern Great Plain region of central Hungary.
Geography
It covers an area of and has a population of 1642 people (2015).
References
External links
Official site in Hungarian
Category:Populated places in Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok County
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Official Dreamcast Magazine (UK magazine)
The Official Dreamcast Magazine (commonly abbreviated as ODCM) was a video game magazine published by Dennis Publishing in the United Kingdom between 1999 and 2001. The magazine featured news, reviews, previews and features on Dreamcast games. The magazine held the official magazine license for the Dreamcast in the UK and featured a DreamOn demo disc on almost every cover. The magazine also featured complete games Sega Swirl and Planet Ring on its front cover. The magazine also covered fashion related to Dreamcast gaming but this feature was dropped in later issues. The magazine was published monthly but towards the end of its life issues were sold bimonthly due to not enough content being made available for the demo discs.
Planet Ring
Planet Ring is a video game developed and published by Sega for the Dreamcast home game console on December 4, 2000 in Europe only. The disc was distributed for free in the United Kingdom through the Official Dreamcast Magazine and was one of the few games released in PAL regions to support the Dreamcast Microphone as well as the Dreamcast Keyboard.
The Planet Ring game experience is like an online community as it is one of the first video games to require the user to be connected to the internet at all times, predating Microsoft's Xbox Live. The game contains four online minigames to help promote the Dreamcast's internet features. These minigames include "Dream Dorobo", "Ball Bubble", "SOAR" and "Splash". Up to 32 players could compete in online events. Before being allowed to play online for the very first time, the player must design a small character with various specifics like sex, hair design, clothing, age, intelligence and a few other factors. This character represents the player in the world of Planet Ring. The character can be seen on the planet surface and can run around the entire globe visiting the varying attractions.
Unlike other games that allowed the use of the Dreamcast Broadband Adapter (BBA), this game was dial-up only. The game was playable across the whole continent of Europe so players in the UK could play people from France, Spain, Germany, etc. Although the original Dreamcast online servers were shut down in 2002, the game has been brought back online due to a homebrew server development in June 2013. This new server was due to an open-source server project called Earthcall which was developed by using the SDL.net library.
See also
DC-UK
References
External links
Official Dreamcast Magazine article on Dreamcast Scene
Planet Ring at MobyGames
Category:1999 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:2001 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Category:British bi-monthly magazines
Category:British monthly magazines
Category:British video game magazines
Category:Defunct British computer magazines
Category:Magazines established in 1999
Category:Magazines disestablished in 2001
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Office of Public Engagement
The Office of Public Engagement (OPE) at the United States Department of Labor is an office under the direction of the Secretary of Labor. It works to advance the secretary's mission by making the department inclusive, transparent, accountable and responsible. The office coordinates the outreach efforts of individual agencies within the department to ensure a broad cross-section of stakeholder participation in all facets of the department's efforts. The office works with the Office of Intergovernmental Affairs and the Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships to form the secretary's outreach team.
References
External links
OPE Home Page
Public
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Félix Sesúmaga
Félix Sesúmaga Ugarte (born 12 October 1898 – 24 August 1925) was a Spanish (Basque) footballer during the 1910s and the 1920s. Born in Lejona, Vizcaya, he played as a forward for Arenas Club de Getxo, FC Barcelona, Racing de Sama de Langreo, Athletic Bilbao and Spain. Sesúmaga won the Copa del Rey three times with three clubs and also played in two successive finals for two clubs. In 1920 Sesúmaga was also a member of the very first Selección that played at the Olympic Games in Belgium. He scored twice as Spain beat the Netherlands 3–1 in the play-off for the silver medal. He played 8 times for Spain, scoring 4 goals between 1920 and 1923.
In the 1919 Copa del Rey final, Sesúmaga scored a hat-trick for Arenas Club de Getxo as they beat FC Barcelona 5–2. FC Barcelona were impressed enough to sign him and in the 1920 Copa final he helped his new club beat Athletic Bilbao 2–0. He was a member of the legendary FC Barcelona team, coached by Jack Greenwell, that also included Paulino Alcántara, Sagibarba, Ricardo Zamora and Josep Samitier. During his time at the club he also helped them win three Championat de Catalunya titles. After a season at Racing de Sama de Langreo, he joined Athletic Bilbao and won the Copa del Rey for a third time in 1923 when they beat CE Europa 1–0.
He died from tuberculosis at the age of 26.
Honours
Arenas Club de Getxo
Copa del Rey: 1 1919
Campeonato Norte: 1 1916–17
FC Barcelona
Copa del Rey: 1 1920
Catalan Championship: 3 1918–19, 1919–20, 1920–21
Athletic Bilbao
Copa del Rey: 1 1923
Campeonato de Viscaya: 1 1922–23
Spain
Olympic Games: Silver medallist 1920
References
External links
La Liga stats
International stats
Category:1898 births
Category:1925 deaths
Category:Spanish footballers
Category:Spain international footballers
Category:Basque footballers
Category:La Liga players
Category:Arenas Club de Getxo footballers
Category:FC Barcelona players
Category:Athletic Bilbao footballers
Category:Footballers at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic footballers of Spain
Category:Olympic silver medalists for Spain
Category:Olympic medalists in football
Category:Medalists at the 1920 Summer Olympics
Category:Association football forwards
Category:20th-century deaths from tuberculosis
Category:People from Greater Bilbao
Category:Sportspeople from Biscay
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Hattusa
Hattusa (also Ḫattuša or Hattusas ; Hittite: URUḪa-at-tu-ša) was the capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age. Its ruins lie near modern Boğazkale, Turkey, within the great loop of the Kızılırmak River (Hittite: Marashantiya; Greek: Halys).
Hattusa was added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1986.
Surroundings
The landscape surrounding the city included rich agricultural fields and hill lands for pasture as well as woods. Smaller woods are still found outside the city, but in ancient times, they were far more widespread. This meant the inhabitants had an excellent supply of timber when building their houses and other structures. The fields provided the people with a subsistence crop of wheat, barley and lentils. Flax was also harvested, but their primary source for clothing was sheep wool. They also hunted deer in the forest, but this was probably only a luxury reserved for the nobility. Domestic animals provided meat.
There were several other settlements in the vicinity, such as the rock shrine at Yazılıkaya and the town at Alacahöyük. Since the rivers in the area are unsuitable for major ships, all transport to and from Hattusa had to go by land.
Early history
Before 2000 BC, the apparently indigenous Hattian people established a settlement on sites that had been occupied even earlier and referred to the site as Hattush. The Hattians built their initial settlement on the high ridge of Büyükkale. The earliest traces of settlement on the site are from the sixth millennium BC. In the 19th and 18th centuries BC, merchants from Assur in Assyria established a trading post there, setting up in their own separate quarter of the city. The center of their trade network was located in Kanesh (Neša) (modern Kültepe). Business dealings required record-keeping: the trade network from Assur introduced writing to Hattusa, in the form of cuneiform.
A carbonized layer apparent in excavations attests to the burning and ruin of the city of Hattusa around 1700 BC. The responsible party appears to have been King Anitta from Kussara, who took credit for the act and erected an inscribed curse for good measure:
The Hittite imperial city
Only a generation later, a Hittite-speaking king chose the site as his residence and capital. The Hittite language had been gaining speakers at the expense of Hattic for some time. The Hattic Hattush now became the Hittite Hattusa, and the king took the name of Hattusili, the "one from Hattusa". Hattusili marked the beginning of a non-Hattic-speaking "Hittite" state and of a royal line of Hittite Great Kings, 27 of whom are now known by name.
After the Kaskas arrived to the kingdom's north, they twice attacked the city to the point where the kings had to move the royal seat to another city. Under Tudhaliya I, the Hittites moved north to Sapinuwa, returning later. Under Muwatalli II, they moved south to Tarhuntassa but assigned Hattusili III as governor over Hattusa. Mursili III returned the seat to Hattusa, where the kings remained until the end of the Hittite kingdom in the 12th century BC.
At its peak, the city covered 1.8 km² and comprised an inner and outer portion, both surrounded by a massive and still visible course of walls erected during the reign of Suppiluliuma I (circa 1344–1322 BC (short chronology)). The inner city covered an area of some 0.8 km² and was occupied by a citadel with large administrative buildings and temples. The royal residence, or acropolis, was built on a high ridge now known as Büyükkale (Great Fortress).
To the south lay an outer city of about 1 km2, with elaborate gateways decorated with reliefs showing warriors, lions, and sphinxes. Four temples were located here, each set around a porticoed courtyard, together with secular buildings and residential structures. Outside the walls are cemeteries, most of which contain cremation burials. Modern estimates put the population of the city between 40,000 and 50,000 at the peak; in the early period, the inner city housed a third of that number. The dwelling houses that were built with timber and mud bricks have vanished from the site, leaving only the stone-built walls of temples and palaces.
The city was destroyed, together with the Hittite state itself, around 1200 BC, as part of the Bronze Age collapse. Excavations suggest that Hattusa was gradually abandoned over a period of several decades as the Hittite empire disintegrated. The site was subsequently abandoned until 800 BC, when a modest Phrygian settlement appeared in the area.
Discovery
In 1833, the French archaeologist Charles Texier (1802–1871) was sent on an exploratory mission to Turkey, where in 1834 he discovered ruins of the ancient Hittite capital of Hattusa. Ernest Chantre opened some trial trenches at the village then called Boğazköy, in 1893–94. Since 1906, the German Oriental Society has been excavating at Hattusa (with breaks during the two World Wars and the Depression, 1913–31 and 1940–51). Archaeological work is still carried out by the German Archaeological Institute (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut). Hugo Winckler and Theodore Makridi Bey conducted the first excavations in 1906, 1907, and 1911–13, which were resumed in 1931 under Kurt Bittel, followed by Peter Neve (site director 1963, general director 1978–94).
Cuneiform royal archives
One of the most important discoveries at the site has been the cuneiform royal archives of clay tablets, known as the Bogazköy Archive, consisting of official correspondence and contracts, as well as legal codes, procedures for cult ceremony, oracular prophecies and literature of the ancient Near East. One particularly important tablet, currently on display at the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, details the terms of a peace settlement reached years after the Battle of Kadesh between the Hittites and the Egyptians under Ramesses II, in 1259 or 1258 BC. A copy is on display in the United Nations in New York City as an example of the earliest known international peace treaties.
Although the 30,000 or so clay tablets recovered from Hattusa form the main corpus of Hittite literature, archives have since appeared at other centers in Anatolia, such as Tabigga (Maşat Höyük) and Sapinuwa (Ortaköy). They are now divided between the archaeological museums of Ankara and Istanbul.
Sphinxes
A pair of sphinxes found at the southern gate in Hattusa were taken for restoration to Germany in 1917. The better-preserved was returned to Turkey in 1924 and placed on display in the Istanbul Archaeology Museum, but the other remained in Germany where it was on display at the Pergamon Museum from 1934, despite numerous requests for its return.
In 2011, threats by Turkish Ministry of Culture to impose restrictions on German archaeologists working in Turkey finally persuaded Germany to return the sphinx, and it was moved to the Boğazköy Museum outside the Hattusa ruins, along with the Istanbul sphinx - reuniting the pair near their original location.
See also
Ancient settlements in Turkey
Cities of the Ancient Near East
Hittites
List of megalithic sites
Short chronology timeline
Yazılıkaya
Notes
Bibliography
W. Dörfler et al.: Untersuchungen zur Kulturgeschichte und Agrarökonomie im Einzugsbereich hethitischer Städte. (MDOG Berlin 132), 2000, 367-381. ISSN 0342-118X
Further reading
Bryce, Trevor. Life and Society in the Hittite World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
--. Letters of the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East: The Royal Correspondence of the Late Bronze Age. London: Routledge, 2003.
--. The Kingdom of the Hittites. Rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
Collins, Billie Jean. The Hittites and Their World. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2007.
Neve, Peter. “The Great Temple in Boğazköy-H ̮attuša.” In Across the Anatolian Plateau: Readings in the Archaeology of Ancient Turkey. Edited by David C. Hopkins, 77–97. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research, 2002.
Kuhrt, Amelie. “The Hittites.” In The Ancient Near East, c. 3000–330 BC. 2 vols. By Amelie Kuhrt, 225–282. London: Routledge, 1994.
Singer, Itamar. “A City of Many Temples: H ̮attuša, Capital of the Hittites.” In Sacred Space: Shrine, City, Land: Proceedings of the International Conference in Memory of Joshua Prawer, Held in Jerusalem, 8–13 June 1992. Edited by Benjamin Z. Kedar and R. J. Z. Werblowsky, 32–44. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1998.
Yazıcı, Çağlan. The Hittite Capital Hattusa, Alacahöyük and Shapinuwa: A Journey to the Hittite World In Hattusa, Alacahöyük, Shapinuwa, Eskiapar, Hüseyindede, Pazarlı and the Museums of Boğazköy, Alacahöyük and Çorum. 1st edition. Istanbul: Uranus Photography Agency and Publishing Co., 2013.
External links
Excavations at Hattusha: a project of the German Institute of Archaeology
Hittite version of the Peace treaty with Ramses II of 1283 BC
Pictures of the old Hittite capital with links to other sites
Hattusas
UNESCO World Heritage page for Hattusa
Video of lecture at Oriental Institute on Boğazköy
A Brief History of Hattusha/Boğazköy
Photos from Hattusa
Category:Anatolia
Category:Archaeological sites in the Black Sea Region
Category:Archaeological sites of prehistoric Anatolia
Category:Buildings and structures in Çorum Province
Category:Former populated places in Turkey
Category:Geography of Çorum Province
Category:Hattian cities
Category:History of Çorum Province
Category:Hittite cities
Category:Hittite sites in Turkey
Category:World Heritage Sites in Turkey
Category:Late Bronze Age collapse
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I Need You (LeAnn Rimes song)
"I Need You" is a song written by Dennis Matkosky and Ty Lacy. It is performed by American country pop artist LeAnn Rimes. It was released on July 18, 2000 as a single from Jesus: Music From and Inspired by the Epic Mini-Series.
The song spent 25 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 charts and peaked at number 11.
A music video was released in 2000.
Background and release
"I Need You" was released on July 18, 2000 as a single from Jesus: Music From & Inspired by the Epic Mini-Series. The song was re-released in 2002 by her label, Curb, in the album, I Need You, along with the Graham Stack Radio Edit, and included on her 2003 Greatest Hits album. Also in 2003, the song was included on CMT Most Wanted Volume 1. The song was included on her Best of album in 2004 and the Dave Aude Radio Edit was included on the remix edition. A new remix by Digital Dog was featured on Rimes' 2014 greatest hits album, Dance Like You Don't Give a.... Greatest Hits Remixes. On February 3, 2015, it was included on her All-Time Greatest Hits album.
Rimes donated her artist fees and royalties from this song to fund and build a therapeutic rehabilitation wing — the “LeAnn Rimes Adventure Gym” — at the Vanderbilt Children's Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee (Remz).
Although the single was released on July 18, 2000, it was only available as the commercial pop version. The country mix version of this song was not available until September 12, 2000 when Curb featured it on the multi-artist compilation album, "Wings Of A Dove".
Composition
"I Need You" is a Christian pop song of 3 minutes and 48 seconds. The song is written by Dennis Matkosky and Ty Lacy and is in the key of G major with Rimes' vocals spanning two octaves, from E3 to D5.
Critical reception
Entertainment Weekly music critic, David Browne, gave it a "C Plus" and states, "This schlock-deluxe ballad finds Rimes in full-diva mode, swooning and growling like a Celine Dion impersonator on Your Big Break." According to Carson James, Curb VP of Promotion, "I Need You" was used as the "primary vehicle for pre-promotion" of the "Jesus" mini-series (Country Corner, 2000) that aired on CBS in May 2000 and was the lead track featured on the album. A review by Billboard stated, "Not since her pop breakthrough "How Do I Live" almost three years ago has [LeAnn] Rimes brought forth a song so naturally beautiful and well-suited to her rich, enveloping vocal style."
Chart performance
In the US, the song spent 25 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at number 11. The song reached as high as number 8 on the Country Songs chart, as well as number 2 on the Adult Contemporary chart.
Music video
The music video for the song features Rimes singing solo in a minimally furnished, abandoned house. The first 2/3's of the video features Rimes in a tan and white shirt with tan leather pants while in the darkness lit by a spotlight that travels across the room in the background while different colored leaves are billowing about. There are close-up shots of her face as she's singing and various poses of her swaying, moving and dancing to the song. After the second verse the spotlight stops in her midsection and the scenes are flooded with light. Then her outfit changes to white but she and the music video continue as before. The video was directed by Joe Rey. On July 22, 2014, as a promotion for her Dance Like You Don't Give a.... Greatest Hits Remixes (2014) album, Rimes released the Digital Dog remix of the music video.
Track listing
Europe promo single
I Need You (original version) 3:48
Europe Maxi-CD
I Need You (Graham Stack Radio Edit) — 3:43
I Need You (Almighty Mix Edit) — 3:42
I Need You (Dave Aude Radio Edit) — 4:23
I Need You (Dataluxe Club Mix Edit) — 5:45
UK Single
I Need You (Original Version) 3:48
I Need You (Graham Stack Radio Edit) 3:43
UK Maxi-CD
I Need You — 3:48
I Need You (Lenny B Radio Edit) — 3:49
Sittin' on Top of the World (Aurora Borealis Radio Edit) — 4:36
Video I Need You
UK Vinyl, 12", Promo
A1 I Need You (Almighty Mix) — 6:55
A2 I Need You (Lenny B Club Mix) — 6:21
B1 I Need You (Dataluxe Club Mix Edit) — 5:45
B2 Sittin' on Top of the World (Aurora Borealis Mix) — 4:36
US CD Single
I Need You - LeAnn Rimes — 3:48
Spirit in the Sky - dc Talk — 3:43
US remix digital download
I Need You (Dave Aude Radio Edit) — 4:24
I Need You (Graham Stack Radio Edit) — 3:44
I Need You (Almighty Radio Edit) — 3:44
I Need You (Lenny B Radio Edit) — 3:49
I Need You (Lenny B Radio Edit with Intro) — 3:50
I Need You (Graham Stack Extended Mix) — 6:30
I Need You (Dave Aude Mix) — 7:48
I Need You (Bertoldo Mix) — 8:22
I Need You (Dataluxe Mix) — 9:08
I Need You (Almighty Mix) — 6:55
I Need You (Lenny B Club Mix) — 6:21
US promo single
I Need You — 3:48
Other Versions
I Need You (Digital Dog Remix) - 4:47
Covers
In 2001, Anna Fegi released the song for her album, Every Step of the Way. The song was covered again in 2003 by Christian singer, Kristy Starling, on her eponymous debut album. In 2005, Filipino singer Mark Bautista covered this song for his second studio album Dream On.
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
Jessen, Wade. "COUNTRY CORNER." Billboard 112.41 (2000):35.
External links
Category:2000 singles
Category:LeAnn Rimes songs
Category:Country ballads
Category:Capitol Records singles
Category:Curb Records singles
Category:Sparrow Records singles
Category:Songs written by Dennis Matkosky
Category:2000 songs
Category:Songs written by Ty Lacy
Category:Songs written for films
Category:Pop ballads
Category:2000s ballads
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Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics
Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics or stochastics (STS) is an exact theory of stochastic (partial) differential equations (SDEs), the class of mathematical models with the widest applicability covering, in particular, all continuous time dynamical systems, with and without noise. The main utility of the theory from the physical point of view is a rigorous theoretical explanation of the ubiquitous spontaneous long-range dynamical behavior that manifests itself across disciplines via such phenomena as 1/f, flicker, and crackling noises and the power-law statistics, or Zipf's law, of instantonic processes like earthquakes and neuroavalanches. From the mathematical point of view, STS is interesting because it bridges the two major parts of mathematical physics – the dynamical systems theory and topological field theories. Besides these and related disciplines such as algebraic topology and supersymmetric field theories, STS is also connected with the traditional theory of stochastic differential equations and the theory of pseudo-Hermitian operators.
The theory began with the application of BRST gauge fixing procedure to Langevin SDEs, that was later adapted to classical mechanics and its stochastic generalization, higher-order Langevin SDEs, and, more recently, to SDEs of arbitrary form, which allowed to link BRST formalism to the concept of transfer operators and recognize spontaneous breakdown of BRST supersymmetry as a stochastic generalization of dynamical chaos.
The main idea of the theory is to study, instead of trajectories, the SDE-defined temporal evolution of differential forms. This evolution has an intrinsic BRST or topological supersymmetry representing the preservation of topology and/or the concept of proximity in the phase space by continuous time dynamics. The theory identifies a model as chaotic, in the generalized, stochastic sense, if its ground state is not supersymmetric, i.e., if the supersymmetry is broken spontaneously. Accordingly, the emergent long-range behavior that always accompanies dynamical chaos and its derivatives such as turbulence and self-organized criticality can be understood as a consequence of the Goldstone theorem.
History and relation to other theories
The first relation between supersymmetry and stochastic dynamics was established by Giorgio Parisi and Nicolas Sourlas who demonstrated that the application of the BRST gauge fixing procedure to Langevin SDEs, i.e., to SDEs with linear phase spaces, gradient flow vector fields, and additive noises, results in N=2 supersymmetric models. Since then, the so-emerged supersymmetry of Langevin SDEs has been studied rather extensively. Relations between this supersymmetry and a few physical concepts have been established including the fluctuation dissipation theorems, Jarzynski equality, Onsager principle of microscopic reversibility, solutions of Fokker-Planck equations, self-organization, etc.
Similar approach was used to establish that classical mechanics, its stochastic generalization, and higher-order Langevin SDEs also have supersymmetric representations. Real dynamical systems, however, are never purely Langevin or classical mechanical. In addition, physically meaningful Langevin SDEs never break supersymmetry spontaneously. Therefore, for the purpose of the identification of the spontaneous supersymmetry breaking as dynamical chaos, the generalization of the Parisi-Sourlas approach to SDEs of general form is needed. This generalization could come only after a rigorous formulation of the theory of pseudo-Hermitian operators because the stochastic evolution operator is pseudo-Hermitian in the general case. Such generalization showed that all SDEs possess N=1 BRST or topological supersymmetry (TS) and this finding completes the story of relation between supersymmetry and SDEs.
In parallel to the BRST procedure approach to SDEs, mathematicians working in the dynamical systems theory introduced and studied the concept of generalized transfer operator defined for random dynamical systems. This concept underlies the most important object of the STS, the stochastic evolution operator, and provides it with a solid mathematical meaning.
STS has a close relation with algebraic topology and its topological sector belongs to the class of models known as Witten-type topological or cohomological field theory.
As a supersymmetric theory, BRST procedure approach to SDEs can be viewed as one of the realizations of the concept of Nicolai map.
Parisi–Sourlas approach to Langevin SDEs
In the context of supersymmetric approach to stochastic dynamics, the term Langevin SDEs denotes SDEs with Euclidean phase space, , gradient flow vector field, and additive Gaussian white noise,
where , is the noise variable, is the noise intensity, and , which in coordinates and , is the gradient flow vector field with being the Langevin function often interpreted as the energy of the purely dissipative stochastic dynamical system.
The Parisi-Sourlas method is a way of construction of the path integral representation of the Langevin SDE. It can be thought of as a BRST gauge fixing procedure that uses the Langevin SDE as a gauge condition. Namely, one considers the following functional integral,
where denotes the r.h.s. of the Langevin SDE, is the operation of stochastic averaging with being the normalized distribution of noise configurations,
is the Jacobian of the corresponding functional derivative, and the path integration is over all closed paths, , where and are the initial and final moments of temporal evolution.
Topological interpretation
Topological aspects of the Parisi-Sourlas construction can be briefly outlined in the following manner. The delta-functional, i.e., the collection of the infinite number of delta-functions, ensures that only solutions of the Langevin SDE contribute to . In the context of BRST procedure, these solutions can be viewed as Gribov copies. Each solution contributes either positive or negative unity: with being the index of the so-called Nicolai map, , which in this case is the map from the space of closed paths in to the space of noise configurations, a map that provides a noise configuration at which a given closed path is a solution of the Langevin SDE. can be viewed as a realization of Poincaré–Hopf theorem on the infinite-dimensional space of close paths with the Langevin SDE playing the role of the vector field and with the solutions of Langevin SDE playing the role of the critical points with index . is independent of the noise configuration because it is of topological character. The same it true for its stochastic average, , which is not the partition function of the model but, instead, its Witten index.
Path integral representation
With the help of a standard field theoretic technique that involves introduction of additional field called Lagrange multiplier, , and a pair of fermionic fields called Faddeev–Popov ghosts, , the Witten index can be given the following form,
where denotes collection of all the fields, p.b.c. stands for periodic boundary conditions, the so-called gauge fermion, , with and , and the BRST symmetry defined via its action on arbitrary functional as . In the BRST formalism, the Q-exact pieces like, , serve as gauge fixing tools. Therefore, the path integral expression for can be interpreted as a model whose action contains nothing else but the gauge fixing term. This is a definitive feature of Witten-type topological field theories and in this particular case of BRST procedure approach to SDEs, the BRST symmetry can be also recognized as the topological supersymmetry.
A common way to explain the BRST procedure is to say that the BRST symmetry generates the fermionic version of the gauge transformations, whereas its overall effect on the path integral is to limit the integration only to configurations that satisfy a specified gauge condition. This interpretation also applies to Parisi-Sourlas approach with the deformations of the trajectory and the Langevin SDE playing the roles of the gauge transformations and the gauge condition respectively.
Operator representation
Physical fermions in the high-energy physics and condensed matter models have antiperiodic boundary conditions in time. The unconventional periodic boundary conditions for fermions in the path integral expression for the Witten index is the origin of the topological character of this object. These boundary conditions reveal themselves in the operator representation of the Witten index as the alternating sign operator,where is the operator of the number of ghosts/fermions and the finite-time stochastic evolution operator (SEO), , where, is the infinitesimal SEO with being the Lie derivative along the subscript vector field, being the Laplacian, being the exterior derivative, which is the operator representative of the TS, and , where and are bosonic and fermionic momenta, and with square brackets denoting bi-graded commutator, i.e., it is an anticommutator if both operators are fermionic (contain odd total number of 's and 's) and a commutator otherwise. The exterior derivative and are supercharges. They are nilpotent, e.g., , and commutative with the SEO. In other words, Langevin SDEs possess N=2 supersymmetry. The fact that is a supercharge is accidental. For SDEs of arbitrary form, this is not true.
Hilbert space
The wavefunctions are functions not only of the bosonic variables, , but also of the Grassmann numbers or fermions, , from the tangent space of . The wavefunctions can be viewed as differential forms on with the fermions playing the role of the differentials . The concept of infinitesimal SEO generalizes the Fokker–Planck operator, which is essentially the SEO acting on top differential forms that have the meaning of the total probability distributions. Differential forms of lesser degree can be interpreted, at least locally on , as conditional probability distributions. Viewing the spaces of differential forms of all degrees as wavefunctions of the model is a mathematical necessity. Without it, the Witten index representing the most fundamental object of the model—the partition function of the noise—would not exist and the dynamical partition function would not represent the number of fixed points of the SDE (see below). The most general understanding of the wavefunctions is the coordinate-free objects that contain information not only on trajectories but also on the evolution of the differentials and/or Lyapunov exponents.
Relation to nonlinear sigma model and algebraic topology
In Ref., a model has been introduced that can be viewed as a 1D prototype of the topological nonlinear sigma models (TNSM), a subclass of the Witten-type topological field theories. The 1D TNSM is defined for Riemannian phase spaces while for Euclidean phase spaces it reduces to the Parisi-Sourlas model. Its key difference from STS is the diffusion operator which is the Hodge Laplacian for 1D TNSM and for STS . This difference is unimportant in the context of relation between STS and algebraic topology, the relation established by the theory of 1D TNSM (see, e.g., Refs.).
The model is defined by the following evolution operator , where with being the metric, is the Hodge Laplacian, and the differential forms from the exterior algebra of the phase space, , are viewed as wavefunctions. There exists a similarity transformation, , that brings the evolution operator to the explicitly Hermitian form with . In the Euclidean case, is the Hamiltonian of a N=2 supersymmetric quantum mechanics. One can introduce two Hermitian operators, and , such that . This demonstrates that the spectrum of and/or is real and nonnegative. This is also true for SEOs of Langevin SDEs. For the SDEs of arbitrary form, however, this is no longer true as the eigenvalues of the SEO can be negative and even complex, which actually allows for the TS to be broken spontanenously.
The following properties of the evolution operator of 1D TNSM hold even for the SEO of the SDEs of arbitrary form. The evolution operator commutes with the operator of the degree of differential forms. As a result, , where and is the space of differential forms of degree . Furthermore, due to the presence of TS, , where are the supersymmetric eigenstates, , non-trivial in de Rham cohomology whereas the rest are the pairs of non-supersymmetric eigenstates of the form and . All supersymmetric eigenstates have exactly zero eigenvalue and, barring accidental situations, all non-supersymmetric states have non-zero eigenvalues. Non-supersymmetric pairs of eigenstates do not contribute to the Witten index, which equals the difference in the numbers of the supersymmetric states of even and odd degrees, For compact , each de Rham cohomology class provides one supersymmetric eigenstate and the Witten index equals the Euler characteristic of the phase space.
BRST procedure for SDEs of arbitrary form
The Parisi-Sourlas method of BRST procedure approach to Langevin SDEs have also been adapted to classical mechanics, stochastic generalization of classical mechanics, higher order Langevin SDEs, and, more recently, to SDEs of arbitrary form. While there exist standard techniques that allow to consider models with colored noises, higher-dimensional "base spaces" described by partial SDEs etc., the key elements of STS can be discussed using the following basic class of SDEs, where is a point in the phase space assumed for simplicity a closed topological manifold, is a sufficiently smooth vector field, called flow vector field, from the tangent space of , and is a set of sufficiently smooth vector fields that specify how the system is coupled to the noise, which is called additive/multiplicative depending on whether 's are independent/dependent on the position on .
Ambiguity of path integral representation and Ito–Stratonovich dilemma
BRST gauge fixing procedure goes along the same lines as in case of Langevin SDEs. The topological interpretation of the BRST procedure is just the same and the path integral representation of the Witten index is defined by the gauge fermion, , given by the same expression but with the generalized version of . There is one important subtlety, however, that appears on the way to the operator representation of the model. Unlike for Langevin SDEs, classical mechanics, and other SDEs with additive noises, the path integral representation of the finite-time SEO is an ambiguous object. This ambiguity originates from non-commutativity of momenta and position operators, e.g., . As a result, in the path integral representation has a whole one-parameter family of possible interpretations in the operator representation, , where denotes an arbitrary wavefunction. Accordingly, there is a whole -family of infinitesimal SEOs, with , being the interior multiplication by the subscript vector field, and the "shifted" flow vector field being . Noteworthy, unlike in Langevin SDEs, is not a supercharge and STS cannot be identified as a N=2 supersymmetric theory in the general case.
The path integral representation of stochastic dynamics is equivalent to the traditional understanding of SDEs as of a continuous time limit of stochastic difference equations where different choices of parameter are called "interpretations" of SDEs. The choice , for which and which is known in quantum theory as Weyl symmetrization rule, is known as the Stratonovich interpretation, whereas as the Ito interpretation. While in quantum theory the Weyl symmetrization is preferred because it guaranties hermiticity of Hamiltonians, in STS the Weyl-Stratonovich approach is preferred because it corresponds to the most natural mathematical meaning of the finite-time SEO discussed below—the stochastically averaged pullback induced by the SDE-defined diffeomorphisms.
Eigensystem of stochastic evolution operator
As compared to the SEO of Langevin SDEs, the SEO of a general form SDE is pseudo-Hermitian. As a result, the eigenvalues of non-supersymmetric eigenstates are not restricted to be real positive, whereas the eigenvalues of supersymmetric eigenstates are still exactly zero. Just like for Langevin SDEs and nonlinear sigma model, the structure of the eigensystem of the SEO reestablishes the topological character of the Witten index: the contributions from the non-supersymmetric pairs of eigenstates vanish and only supersymmetric states contribute the Euler characteristic of (closed) . Among other properties of the SEO spectra is that and never break TS, i.e., . As a result, there are three major types of the SEO spectra presented in the figure on the right. The two types that have negative (real parts of) eigenvalues correspond to the spontaneously broken TS. All types of the SEO spectra are realizable as can be established, e.g., from the exact relation between the theory of kinematic dynamo and STS.
STS without BRST procedure
The mathematical meaning of stochastic evolution operator
The finite-time SEO can be obtained in another, more mathematical way based on the idea to study the SDE-induced actions on differential forms directly, without going through the BRST gauge fixing procedure. The so-obtained finite-time SEO is known in dynamical systems theory as the generalized transfer operator and it has also been used in the classical theory of SDEs (see, e.g., Refs. ). The contribution to this construction from STS is the exposition of the supersymmetric structure underlying it and establishing its relation to the BRST procedure for SDEs.
Namely, for any configuration of the noise, , and an initial condition, , SDE defines a unique solution/trajectory, . Even for noise configurations that are non-differentiable with respect to time, , the solution is differentiable with respect to the initial condition, . In other words, SDE defines the family of the noise-configuration-dependent diffeomorphisms of the phase space to itself, . This object can be understood as a collection and/or definition of all the noise-configuration-dependent trajectories, . The diffeomorphisms induce actions or pullbacks, . Unlike, say, trajectories in , pullbacks are linear objects even for nonlinear . Linear objects can be averaged and averaging over the noise configurations, , results in the finite-time SEO which is unique and corresponds to the Weyl-Stratonovich interpretation of the BRST procedure approach to SDEs, .
Within this definition of the finite-time SEO, the Witten index can be recognized as the sharp trace of the generalized transfer operator. It also links the Witten index to the Lefschetz index,, a topological constant that equals the Euler characteristic of the (closed) phase space. Namely, .
The meaning of supersymmetry and the butterfly effect
The N=2 supersymmetry of Langevin SDEs has been linked to the Onsager principle of microscopic reversibility and Jarzynski equality. In classical mechanics, a relation between the corresponding N=2 supersymmetry and ergodicity has been proposed. In general form SDEs, where physical arguments may not be applicable, a lower level explanation of the TS is available. This explanation is based on understanding of the finite-time SEO as a stochastically averaged pullback of the SDE-defined diffeomorphisms (see subsection above). In this picture, the question of why any SDE has TS is the same as the question of why exterior derivative commutes with the pullback of any diffeomorphism. The answer to this question is differentiability of the corresponding map. In other words, the presence of TS is the algebraic version of the statement that continuous-time flow preserves continuity of . Two initially close points will remain close during evolution, which is just yet another way of saying that is a diffeomorphism.
In deterministic chaotic models, initially close points can part in the limit of infinitely long temporal evolution. This is the famous butterfly effect, which is equivalent to the statement that losses differentiability in this limit. In algebraic representation of dynamics, the evolution in the infinitely long time limit is described by the ground state of the SEO and the butterfly effect is equivalent to the spontaneous breakdown of TS, i.e., to the situation when the ground state is not supersymmetric. Noteworthy, unlike traditional understanding of deterministic chaotic dynamics, the spontaneous breakdown of TS works also for stochastic cases. This is the most important generalization because deterministic dynamics is, in fact, a mathematical idealization. Real dynamical systems cannot be isolated from their environments and thus always experience stochastic influence.
Spontaneous supersymmetry breaking and dynamical chaos
BRST gauge fixing procedure applied to SDEs leads directly to the Witten index. The Witten index is of topological character and it does not respond to any perturbation. In particular, all response correlators calculated using the Witten index vanish. This fact has a physical interpretation within the STS: the physical meaning of the Witten index is the partition function of the noise and since there is no backaction from the dynamical system to the noise, the Witten index has no information on the details of the SDE. In contrast, the information on the details of the model is contained in the other trace-like object of the theory, the dynamical partition function, where a.p.b.c. denotes antiperiodic boundary conditions for the fermionic fields and periodic boundary conditions for bosonic fields. In the standard manner, the dynamical partition function can be promoted to the generating functional by coupling the model to external probing fields.
For a wide class of models, dynamical partition function provides lower bound for the stochastically averaged number of fixed points of the SDE-defined diffeomorphisms,Here, index runs over "physical states", i.e., the eigenstates that grow fastest with the rate of the exponential growth given as,, and parameter can be viewed as stochastic version of dynamical entropy such as topological entropy. Positive entropy is one of the key signatures of deterministic chaos. Therefore, the situation with positive must be identified as chaotic in the generalized, stochastic sense as it implies positive entropy: . At the same time, positive implies that TS is broken spontaneously, that is, the ground state in not supersymmetric because its eigenvalue is not zero. In other words, positive dynamical entropy is a reason to identify spontaneous TS breaking as the stochastic generalization of the concept of dynamical chaos. Noteworthy, Langevin SDEs are never chaotic because the spectrum of their SEO is real non-negative.
The complete list of reasons why spontaneous TS breaking must be viewed as the stochastic generalization of the concept of dynamical chaos is as follows.
Positive dynamical entropy.
According to the Goldstone's theorem, spontaneous TS breaking must tailor a long-range dynamical behavior, one of the manifestations of which is the butterfly effect discussed above in the context of the meaning of TS.
From the properties of the eigensystem of SEO, TS can be spontaneously broken only if . This conclusion can be viewed as the stochastic generalization of the Poincare–Bendixson theorem for deterministic chaos.
In the deterministic case, integrable models in the sense of dynamical systems have well-defined global stable and unstable manifolds of . The bras/kets of the global ground states of such models are the Poincare duals of the global stable/unstable manifolds. These ground states are supersymmetric so that TS is not broken spontaneously. On the contrary, when the model is non-integrable or chaotic, its global (un)stable manifolds are not well-defined topological manifolds, but rather have a fractal, self-recurrent structure that can be captured using the concept of branching manifolds. Wavefunctions that can represent such manifolds cannot be supersymmetric. Therefore, TS breaking is intrinsically related to the concept of non-integrability in the sense of dynamical systems, which is actually yet another widely accepted definition of deterministic chaos.
All the above features of TS breaking work for both deterministic and stochastic models. This is in contrast with the traditional deterministic chaos whose trajectory-based properties such as the topological mixing cannot in principle be generalized to stochastic case because, just like in quantum dynamics, all trajectories are possible in the presence of noise and, say, the topological mixing property is satisfied trivially by all models with non-zero noise intensity.
STS as a topological field theory
The topological sector of STS can be recognized as a member of the Witten-type topological field theories. In other words, some objects in STS are of topological character with the Witten index being the most famous example. There are other classes of topological objects. One class of objects is related to instantons, i.e., transient dynamics. Crumpling paper, protein folding, and many other nonlinear dynamical processes in response to quenches, i.e., to external (sudden) changes of parameters, can be recognized as instantonic dynamics. From the mathematical point of view, instantons are families of solutions of deterministic equations of motion, , that lead from, say, less stable fixed point of to a more stable fixed point. Certain matrix elements calculated on instantons are of topological nature. An example of such matrix elements can be defined for a pair of critical points, and , with being more stable than ,Here and are the bra and ket of the corresponding perturbative supersymmetric ground states, or vacua, which are the Poincare duals of the local stable and unstable manifolds of the corresponding critical point; denotes chronological ordering; 's are observables that are the Poincare duals of some closed submanifolds in ; are the observables in the Heisenberg representation with being an unimportant reference time moment. The critical points have different indexes of stability so that the states and are topologically inequivalent as they represent unstable manifolds of different dimensionalities. The above matrix elements are independent of as they actually represent the intersection number of -manifolds on the instanton as exemplified in the figure.
The above instantonic matrix elements are exact only in the deterministic limit. In the general stochastic case, one can consider global supersymmetric states, 's, from the De Rham cohomology classes of and observables, , that are Poincare duals of closed manifolds non-trivial in homology of . The following matrix elements, are topological invariants representative of the structure of De Rham cohomology ring of .
Applications
Supersymmetric theory of stochastic dynamics can be interesting in different ways. For example, STS offers a promising realization of the concept of supersymmetry. In general, there are two major problems in the context of supersymmetry. The first is establishing connections between this mathematical entity and the real world. Within STS, supersymmetry is the most common symmetry in nature because it is pertinent to all continuous time dynamical systems. The second is the spontaneous breakdown of supersymmetry. This problem is particularly important for particle physics because supersymmetry of elementary particles, if exists at extremely short scale, must be broken spontaneously at large scale. This problem is nontrivial because supersymmetries are hard to break spontaneously, the very reason behind the introduction of soft or explicit supersymmetry breaking. Within STS, spontaneous breakdown of supersymmetry is indeed a nontrivial dynamical phenomenon that has been variously known across disciplines as chaos, turbulence, self-organized criticality etc.
A few more specific applications of STS are as follows.
Classification of stochastic dynamics
STS provides classification for stochastic models depending on whether TS is broken and integrability of flow vector field. In can be exemplified as a part of the general phase diagram at the border of chaos (see figure on the right). The phase diagram has the following properties:
For physical models, TS gets restored eventually with the increase of noise intensity.
Symmetric phase can be called thermal equilibrium or T-phase because the ground state is the supersymmetric state of steady-state total probability distribution.
In the deterministic limit, ordered phase is equivalent to deterministic chaotic dynamics with non-integrable flow.
Ordered non-integrable phase can be called chaos or C-phase because ordinary deterministic chaos belongs to it.
Ordered integrable phase can be called noise-induced chaos or N-phase because it disappears in the deterministic limit. TS is broken by the condensation of (anti-)instantons (see below).
At stronger noises, the sharp N-C boundary must smear out into a crossover because (anti-)instantons lose their individuality and it is hard for an external observer to tell one tunneling process from another.
Demystification of self-organized criticality
Many sudden (or instantonic) processes in nature, such as, e.g., crackling noise, exhibit scale-free statistics often called the Zipf's law. As an explanation for this peculiar spontaneous dynamical behavior, it was proposed to believe that some stochastic dynamical systems have a tendency to self-tune themselves into a critical point, the phenomenological approach known as self-organized criticality (SOC). STS offers an alternative perspective on this phenomenon. Within STS, SOC is nothing more than dynamics in the N-phase. Specifically, the definitive feature of the N-phase is the peculiar mechanism of the TS breaking. Unlike in the C-phase, where the TS is broken by the non-integrability of the flow, in the N-phase, the TS is spontaneously broken due to the condensation of the configurations of instantons and noise-induced antiinstantons, i.e., time-reversed instantons. These processes can be roughly interpreted as the noise-induced tunneling events between, e.g., different attractors. Qualitatively, the dynamics in the N-phase appears to an external observer as a sequence of sudden jumps or "avalanches" that must exhibit a scale-free behavior/statistics as a result of the Goldstone theorem. This picture of dynamics in the N-phase is exactly the dynamical behavior that the concept of SOC was designed to explain. In contrast with the original understanding of SOC, its STS interpretation has little to do with the traditional critical phenomena theory where scale-free behavior is associated with unstable fixed points of the renormalization group flow.
Kinematic dynamo theory
Magnetohydrodynamical phenomenon of kinematic dynamo can also be identified as the spontaneous breakdown of TS. This result follows from equivalence between the evolution operator of the magnetic field and the SEO of the corresponding SDE describing the flow of the background matter. The so emerged STS-kinematic dynamo correspondence proves, in particular, that both types of TS breaking spectra are possible, with the real and complex ground state eigenvalues, because kinematic dynamo with both types of the fastest growing eigenmodes are known.
Transient dynamics
It is well known that various types of transient dynamics, such as quenches, exhibit spontaneous long-range behavior. In case of quenches across phase transitions, this behavior is often attributed to the proximity of criticality. At the same time, other quenches, not across a phase transition, are also known to exhibit long-range characteristics with the best known examples being the Barkhausen effect and other realizations of the concept of crackling noise. It is intuitively appealing that theoretical explanation for the scale-free behavior in quenches must be the same disregard whether the quench is across a phase transition or not. STS offers such an explanation. Namely, transient dynamics is essentially a composite instanton and TS is intrinsically broken within instantons. Even though TS breaking within instantons is not exactly the phenomenon of the spontaneous breakdown of a symmetry by a global ground state, this effective TS breaking must also result in a scale-free behavior. This understanding is supported by the fact that condensed instantons lead to appearance of logarithms in the correlation functions. This picture of transient dynamics explains computational efficiency of the digital memcomputing machines.
Low energy effective theories for dynamical chaos
In physics, spontaneous symmetry breaking is known as "ordering". For example, the spontaneous breakdown of translational symmetry in a liquid is the mathematical essence of crystallization or spatial "ordering" of molecules into a lattice. Therefore, spontaneous TS breaking picture of chaotic dynamics is in a certain sense opposite to the semantics of word "chaos". Due to its temporal character, it is actually Chronos, not Chaos, that appears to be the primordial Greek deity closest in its spirit to the TS breaking order. Perhaps, a more accurate identifier than "chaos" should be coined for TS breaking in the future. As of this moment, this qualitatively new understanding of dynamical chaos already points into a research direction that may lead to resolutions of some important problems such as turbulence and neurodynamics. Namely, as in case of any other "ordering", a simplified yet accurate description of chaotic dynamics can be achieved in terms of the low-energy effective theory for an order parameter. While the low-energy effective description of chaotic dynamics may be very case specific, its order parameter must always be a representative of the gapless fermions or goldstinos of the spontaneously broken TS.
References
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Alfred Andrew-Street
Alfred Gordon Andrew-Street (8 April 1914 – 13 December 1984), known to close friends as 'Andy', was an Australian sportsman who played first-class cricket for Victoria and Australian rules football in the Victorian Football League (VFL) with Collingwood.
Andrew-Street was a captain and life member of Collingwood Cricket Club. Born in Bondi, Sydney, he played a total of six VFL games at Collingwood, five in 1933 and the other in 1934. His only first-class cricket game came in 1937/38 against Tasmania at the Melbourne Cricket Ground where he opened the batting in both innings, making 21 and 16. His sporting career was cut short by service in the RAAF in World War II where he served as a pilot and flight instructor, largely in New Guinea. At age three, 'Andy' had lost his own father to World War I's Western Front at Ypres. Alfred Gordon Andrew took on his step-father's surname and went on to be educated at Trinity Grammar, Melbourne.
After a life in sales that took him and his family to three states, and having spent the last 26 years of his life in Balgowlah, he died in Sydney.
See also
List of Victoria first-class cricketers
References
External links
Cricinfo profile
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Mostek-Gajówka
Mostek-Gajówka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wasilków, within Białystok County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland.
References
Category:Villages in Białystok County
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Swimming at the 2018 Asian Games – Women's 50 metre butterfly
The women's 50 metre butterfly event at the 2018 Asian Games took place on 20 August at the GBK Aquatic Stadium.
Schedule
All times are Western Indonesia Time (UTC+07:00)
Records
Results
Heats
Final
References
Category:Swimming at the 2018 Asian Games
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Frances Stackhouse Acton
Frances Stackhouse Acton (née Knight; 7 July 1794 – 24 January 1881), known as Fanny, was a British botanist, archaeologist, writer and artist. Her father was noted botanist, Thomas Andrew Knight, who encouraged her education and included her in his experiments. She married an older land owner and, as they had no children, when he died she pursued her own interests, which included archaeology and architecture. She excavated a Roman villa, built a number of buildings and saved others in need of repair. She was keen on painting buildings and eventually went on to publish a charitable book The Castles & Old Mansions of Shropshire.
Early life
Stackhouse Acton was born Frances Knight, better known as Fanny, on 7 July 1794 in Elton Hall near Elton, Herefordshire. Her parents were Thomas Andrew Knight, a noted botanist, and his wife Frances Knight, whose family owned the Elton estate. She was the eldest daughter of the family, with two sisters, Elizabeth and Charlotte Knight, along with a brother, Thomas. Around 1808, her family moved to Downton Castle in Herefordshire, which had been built by her great-grandfather, Richard and was owned by her uncle Richard Payne Knight. Her father strongly encouraged her and her siblings' education, and she is quoted as remembering "the hours spent with him in his study, or in his garden, as amongst the happiest recollections".
In January 1812 when she was 18, she married the 43-year-old Thomas Pendarves Stackhouse in Old Downton Church in Downton. The couple moved into Acton Scott Hall, which was owned by Stackhouse's mother, though it was in a poor condition. Thomas Stackhouse inherited Acton Scott Hall from his mother when she died in 1834, and the couple became Mr. and Mrs. Stackhouse Acton. Her husband died the following year and as the couple had no children, Stackhouse Acton inherited his estate.
Interests
Frances Stackhouse Acton's husband died when she was just 40 years old. She had no children, and was free to follow her interests. These included diverse memberships in societies, such as archery or anti-vivisection or making donations of Silurian rocks to the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.
Botany
Stackhouse Acton was encouraged into botany by her father, who included her in his horticultural experiments in the grounds Downton Castle.
She illustrated two of her fathers publications including three illustrations in Pomona Herefordiensis and, seventy years later, jointly contributed to apple drawings in Herefordshire Pomona. She was regarded to be an "accomplished botanist and botanical artist", who influenced her cousins Emily and Charlotte to paint botanical subjects.
Archaeology
A Roman villa was discovered in the grounds of Acton Scott Hall. In 1844, Stackhouse Acton excavated the villa, along with numerous other Roman remains, writing about the project in detail to the Dean of Hereford. The building appeared to be a 31 metres long and 12.5 metres wide aisled barn which was converted into a house, including rooms heated by a hypocaust, probably a bath house. Stackhouse Acton drew up plans of the villa which included details of the hypocaust heating system. Later, she went on to reconstruct part the villa's hypocaust system in a nearby quarry. A 2009 investigation found evidence of the villa, but not in the precise location that Stackhouse Acton had described.
Buildings
Stackhouse Acton's primary interest lay in buildings. She would frequently paint historical buildings such as abbeys and stately homes, often leaving the people or animals in the image unfinished. She repaired a significant number of cottages on her estate and built a school. She also created a secret garden in the quarry where she had built the hypocaust system. Near to the secret garden, she built a Swiss-style chalet. Stackhouse Acton also spent some time updating Acton Scott Hall, replacing and extending windows, as well as bringing in some 17th-century woodwork.
She took a particular interest in Stokesay Castle, which had fallen into disrepair by the first half of the 19th century. In 1853 she convinced the owner, William Craven, to pay to restore it under her supervision. The cost was over £100 (worth approximately £70,980 in 2015). Although she managed to "clear out and secure" the castle, she did not succeed in countering the dilapidation and eventually the castle was sold.
Writings
When her father died, his family had many requests to publish his complete works. Stackhouse Acton compiled a collection of his papers and wrote a short biography in "Sketch of his life" in the introduction. Stackhouse Acton also authored a reference work, The Castles & Old Mansions of Shropshire, with the proceeds being donated to the Royal Salop Infirmary and the Eye and Ear Dispensary. The book went on to be regarded as "very valuable" to the Shropshire Archaeological and Natural History Society.
Legacy
Frances Stackhouse Acton died on 24 January 1881 in Acton Scott at the age of 86. Her obituary in The Gardeners' Chronicle noted that she had "wide knowledge of geological, botanical, horticultural and antiquarian lore"
Notes
References
External links
Gallery of her watercolours of Acton Scott Hall.
Pomona Herefordiensis preserved at the Internet Archive
LC Catalog does contain at least one record of a publication that is hers evidently, as by Acton, Frances Stackhouse, Mrs. For library records see WorldCat (as 30687493 below), which lists more 15 alternative names—none hyperlinked, so all known records should be gathered under the one name.
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Garencières
Garencières is a former commune in the Eure department in northern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of La Baronnie.
Population
See also
Communes of the Eure department
References
INSEE
Category:Former communes of Eure
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Kee Marcello
Kee Marcello (born Kjell Hilding Lövbom, 20 February 1960 in Ludvika, Sweden) is a Swedish guitarist/vocalist, best known as the former guitarist in the hard rock bands Europe and Easy Action. He is currently pursuing his solo career.
Career
Throughout the years, Marcello played in various bands such as Stetson Cody Group, Norbom Hilke and Noice, before he formed Easy Action in 1982. They released two albums, Easy Action and That Makes One. Easy Action was the first Scandinavian band to sign a worldwide major label deal with a US label, with the Warner label Sire Records in 1983. Zinny J. Zan later left the band and was replaced by Tommy Nilsson. They recorded That Makes One in 1985-1986 and released it in 1986, only months before Marcello left the band in November 1986 to join Europe, replacing their original guitarist John Norum. In 1993 he formed/joined Red Fun together with Easy Action drummer Fredrik Von Gerber and the same year they released their first and only album Red Fun. In 1995 he embarked on his solo career by the release of his first solo album Shine On. and his fifth and most recent one, Scaling Up was released by Frontiers Records in October 2016. During 2013-2014 he starred in the Swedish production of the Broadway musical Rock Of Ages (musical) in which he got to portray himself in a specially written role. Since 2015 he has participated in different versions of Rock Of 80's which did a sold out stadium tour of Sweden during the fall of 2016. He is currently on tour with the Kee Marcello Band.
Marcello had previously collaborated with Europe vocalist Joey Tempest on the hugely successful single "Give a Helpin' Hand" for the charity project 'Swedish Metal Aid'. He also produced the platinum selling record and subsequently gave Tempest his very first hit single. The success of this collaboration was probably instrumental for the decision of asking Marcello to become the new guitar player. When he joined Europe in 1986, the band had not done any extensive touring outside Sweden, but that was about to change when "The Final Countdown" eventually reached number one on the singles charts in 25 countries. In 1987, Europe embarked on "The Final Countdown World Tour", their first world tour.
In 1988, Marcello recorded his first studio album with Europe, Out of This World, at Olympic Studios in London. Later that same year they embarked on the "Out of This World Tour", which started off with a US leg together with Def Leppard. Ex-Thin Lizzy keyboardist Darren Wharton's group Dare supported the band on the European leg of the tour. Marcello, who in 1987 emigrated with the rest of the band to the Caribbean in an attempt to escape the then ferocious Swedish margin tax, was spending most of his time in Los Angeles when not in Providenciales on Turks and Caicos Islands. The writing and pre-production of the next album took place in LA and San Francisco. It was recorded in 1990-1991 at Enterprise Studios in Burbank, California. Prisoners in Paradise was released in 1991 and shortly after they embarked on the "Prisoners in Paradise World Tour". After the tour the band decided to go on hiatus in 1992.
In 1993, Marcello joined former Easy Action drummer Freddie Von Gerber in the band Red Fun, and released a self-titled album that featured a melodic metal sound with heavy blues influences. In 1995 he released his first solo album Shine On, in the singer-songwriting tradition and therefore a take off from his previous work. During 1997–2001 Marcello produced and wrote or co-wrote songs for various artists in his own studio, "GEM Studios", in Gothenburg, Sweden. Namely, Canadian band The Moffats number one hit single "Bang Bang Boom", the title song for R&R Hall of Fame inductee Percy Sledge's 2004 album Shining Through the Rain, and 3 consecutive platinum albums for Swedish singer Pandora in Japan. He also did several guest appearances as a guitar player, like on the 1999 In Flames album Colony, contributing the second guitar solo on the song "Coerced Coexistence". In 2005, he also helped and produced Supergroupies album "Supergroupies".
In 2003, Marcello released the album Melon Demon Divine under the project band name Kee Marcello's K2. The power trio consisted of Ken Sandin on bass and Snowy Shaw on drums. Over the following years of touring the band went through some member changes, with the exception of bass player Ken Sandin, who is in the band to this day. When Europe reunited with John Norum later that year, Marcello decided not to be part of the reunion. "I told them I didn't want to participate in a [new] studio album because musically, I want to go in a different kind of direction than the music Europe stands for," he said in an interview, "Then we talked for a while about doing a six-piece tour – it didn't turn out that way because of different reasons." However Marcello also made it clear he's happy that Europe reformed and are touring without him. "I think it's really great that the guys are travelling around playing all those songs to a lot of happy fans."
Easy Action reunited for a gig at the Sweden Rock Festival in 2006 and re-released their debut album Easy Action with some previously unreleased live recordings. Kee Marcello's K2 toured extensively all over Europe and the East during 2008–2009 and performed in the 2007 Swedish Eurovision song contest with Alannah Myles. In 2009, Marcello signed a management deal with Gerry Helders (TMS Management), and started working on two new albums, due for release 2011-2012. He also became an endorsee of Gibson Guitars that year.
After having more than 2,000 applicants, Marcello and TMS Management put together an audition for members to his new band at Little Halings, London, in November 2010. The band have been doing showcases at Midem in Cannes, France, and ILMC in London, and will embark on their first tour in 2012. However, this tour was cancelled because of problems with management and sponsors
On 19 October 2011 Marcello's autobiography, The Rock Star God Forgot, was released in Sweden, with graphic details about Marcello's drug use. An English translation will be released worldwide in 2012. His third solo album, Redux: Europe, was released on 11 November 2011 in Sweden, released worldwide on 13 January 2012. It contains the brand new title track as well as re-recordings of Europe and Easy Action tracks. His fourth solo album, Judas Kiss, was released on 5 April 2013.
In 2016, Marcello was signed to Italian label Frontiers Records and released a new solo album - "Scaling Up" - in the fall of 2016. Two tracks from the pre-Prisoners in Paradise demo LeBaron Boys were included on the album
Marcello is also competing in horse racing in Sweden and made the news when he was not allowed to participate in a celebrity race with sports star Patrik Sjöberg due to failing a mandatory pre-race alcohol test.
Discography
As part of Easy Action
1983: Easy Action
1986: That Makes One
As part of Europe
1988: Out of This World
1991: Prisoners in Paradise
1992: 1982-1992
1997: Definitive Collection
2004: Rock the Night: The Very Best of Europe
2009: The Final Countdown: The Best of Europe
As Kee Marcello's K2
2004: Melon Demon Divine
Solo albums
1995: Shine On
2011: Redux: Europe
2013: Judas Kiss
2016: Scaling Up
Featured with other artists
1982: Noice – Europa
1986: Mikael Rickfors – Rickfors
1991: Infra-Blue, Joey Tafolla, Shrapnel
1991: Judas River, Mikael Rickfors
1991: A Bit on the Side, Torben Schmidt, Thunderstruck Records
1992: Kosmonaut Gagarins Rapport, Edin Adahl, Viva Records
1992: Back to the Roots, Ulf Wakenius, Universal Music
1993: Walter Ego, Sy Klopps, Guitar Recordings
1993: Red Fun – Red Fun, Music For Nations
1997: Happy Man Don't Kill, Mikael Rickfors, Sonet Grammofon AB
1997: Remember my name, Sand & Gold, Base Point Media
1997: Killer Bee, World Order Revolution, Freedom Records
1999: Colony, Nuclear Blast
2001: Eclipse, The Truth and a little more, z records
2002: city boy blues, Zinny J. Zan, Fastlane Fecords
2003: Lost in Vain, LAUDAMUS, Escape Music
2003: Wake the Nations, Ken Tamplin, Song Haus Music
2003: Fire, Walk with Me, VII Gates, Sound Riot
2005: Taste Some Liberty, Pavic, Anteo Records & Publishing
2005: The race is on, Sha-Boom, AOR Heaven
2007: Andrew Bordoni & Friends, Andrew Bordoni, Awb Productions Inc
2008: No Man's Land, Myland, Valery Records
2008: Unconditioned, Pavic, Anteo Records & Publishing
2009: Aphasia, Alex Falcone, Rock Royce Records
2009: Lit Up: A Millennium Tribute to Buckcherryteaming up with Chris Catena, Versailles
2009: Glamunition, Åge Sten Nilsen, Universal Records
2009: Back to the Roots, Ulf Wakenius, Universal Records
2010: Earth Shadow, Yana Mangi, Sakuntala
2011: Unfinished Business, Eric Carr, Auto Rock Records
2012: Mountain, Nubian Rose, MBM Import Service
2014: Thomas Zwijsen - Perferct Storm (Nylonized Album), Yellowdog and Blacklake
2014: Cry Wolf, Wolfpakk, AFM Records
2015: Kingdom of Isolation, Airstream, Metalville Records
2016: Wide Eyes, Lost in the night,The Diamond ( Sincom Music Simone Cozzetto)
References
External links
Kee Marcello's Official Site
Category:1960 births
Category:People from Ludvika Municipality
Category:Europe (band) members
Category:Swedish guitarists
Category:Swedish rock guitarists
Category:Living people
Category:Lead guitarists
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China and the World Bank
China originally joined the World Bank Group(WBG) on December 27, 1945. However, after the Chinese Civil War, the World Bank recognized the Republic of China as its member, until the relationship ended in 1980, when the membership was replaced by the People's Republic of China. The People's Republic of China (PRC) did not become involved with the World Bank group until 1980, when it first joined the World Bank in April due to the market reforms known as 改革开放. Prior to the economic reform and its relation with the World Bank, according to CRS, "China maintained policies that kept the economy very poor, stagnant, centrally controlled, vastly inefficient, and relatively isolated from the global economy" Since its entry into the World Bank, China has transformed into a market-based economy and has experienced rapid economic and social development. Currently, although China has become the world's second largest economy with 1.4 billion population, it still has a close relationship with the World Bank in areas such as poverty, environmental protection and new challenges from the reform.
History
China Joining the World Bank
The partnership between China and the World Bank began in April 1980 when Deng Xiaoping first met the then president of the World Bank Robert McNamara, since then the World Bank has began its dedication in assisting China's economic development. The World Bank served as a catalytic role in kick-starting China's economic development, when the country initially received approval of its first project loan in 1981. These projects have primarily focused on financing technical assistance such as pension reform, urban housing reform, energy market reform, environmental protection, labor market development, social safety net development, interest rate liberalization and external trade liberalization. Also as important, the technical assistant from the World Bank in areas such as how to appraise and implement priority projects, how to encourage innovation and introduce new technologies, and how to develop institutions and policy instruments needed for good economic management. Since then, China has become one of the largest borrower of loans and recipient of technical assistant from the World Bank.
Relationship with the World Bank
Initially, China was a recipient of International Development Association (IDA), the Bank’s low-income country arm, and received up to $9.95 billion in concessional loans until 1999. Later when China was categorized as middle-income country, it switched to International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) as its main borrower, and had borrowed $39.8 billion until 2011. Currently China is categorized as an upper-middle-income country, and work with the World Bank mainly for funding small-scale projects. According to World Bank Group’s Country Partnership Strategy, the bank's activity is classified under five pillars: "integrating China in the world economy; reducing poverty, inequality, and social exclusion; managing resource scarcity and environmental challenges; financing sustained and efficient growth; and improving public and market institutions" Since the beginning of relation, there has been many success in development over 30 years, which includes economic performance since the market reforms of 1979, urbanization, social developments, and education & health services.
China has also been increasing its involvement in the World Bank's administration and contribution to the bank. As China grows in its economic power, it overtook large European nations in voting power at IBRD in 2010, with a jumping increase from 2.77% to 4.42%. In the end of 2019, China holds 5.05% of total votes in IBRD, behind United States (16.37%) and Japan (8.21%), while having more voting power than Germany (4.3%), UK (4%), France (4%), and India (3.11%). As of 2019, China has 2 out of 32 management members on the World Bank leadership. Financially, in 2016, China approved its first SDR bond issuer to IBRD by People's Bank of China, to serve its increasing involvement in international finances.
Project in China
From 1999 to 2011, China borrowed near $40 billion from the IBRD. Up until December 2019, there is a total of 97 ongoing projects in China by World Bank, with $12 billion committed amount of funding. Among them are primarily projects regarding to transportation, public administration, water sanitation&waste, agriculture, industry&trade, and energy&extractives. Within the World Bank Group, China is one of the largest loan-taking country. From 2016 to 2018, China was the second largest borrower with $6.19 billion in loans, a number less than India ($8.05 billion) and more than Egypt ($5.23 billion). As China's development solidifies, the World Bank has since shifted its objectives, and focusing on involvements that would support greener growth and sustainable energy, promote more inclusive development in all regions, and advance mutually beneficial relations with the world.
IDA (International Development Association)
In 1981, IDA provided $200 million as its first loan to China for higher education, since then IDA has involved with a catalytic role in China's modernization. By 2007, China was becoming a contributing partner by providing finance and policy input through the replenishment process. China has graduated from IDA in the fiscal year of 1999, and as September 2019, China shares a 2.25% of IDA votes for its increasing role in the IDA finance contribution and technical assistant.
IFC (International Finance Corporation)
Since its first investment in 1985, the International Finance Corporation (IFC) has invested and activated over $13.4 billion to support over 390 projects across 30 provinces, in which as of July 2017, IFC has committed $3.6 billion in China's portfolio. IFC invest and mobilize capital for private sector projects which supports sustainable economic development in China , particularly those that help mitigate climate change, promotes balanced rural-urban development, and promote sustainable investments in emerging markets.
MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)
Created in 1988, MIGA encourages foreign direct investment in developing nations by providing political risk insurance to foreign investors and lenders, while also provides strategies for countries to attract and retain foreign direct investments. Since 2000s, MIGA has been providing guarantees for investments into China, particularly for projects that involve sub-sovereign risk, such as water and waste. Meanwhile, MIGA also supports its Chinese partners with their outward investments abroad, including both private lenders and governmental administration.
Involvement and Controversies
China's involvement in international Finance
In 2012 at the fourth BRICS summit, the leaders of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa considered the possibility of setting up a new Development Bank to mobilize resources for infrastructure and sustainable development projects in BRICS and other emerging economies, as well as in developing countries. In 2016, the New Development Bank (NDB) has become fully operational, and has approved loans involving financial assistance of over $3.4 billion for projects in the areas of green and renewable energy, transportation, water sanitation, irrigation and other areas.
In 2016 China projected Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) as a "multilateral development bank with a mission to improve social and economic outcomes in Asia". As of 2019, it has over 100 members, a co-financing framework with the World Bank and partnership with ADB, ADF, ADB, EDB, EBRD, EIB, IADB, IAIC, IsDBG, and NDB.
In 2013, China proposed the Belt and Road Initiative, a transcontinental development project that includes 1/3 of world trade and GDP and over 60% of the world's population. According to World Bank, the string of infrastructure investment could "lift 32 million people out of moderate poverty conditions if implemented fully". However, as the World Bank report suggest, the cost of project might out-weight the economic benefits, while there has been a lack of transparency.
Controversies of World Bank Projects
One highly controversial World Bank Project was the Gansu and Inner Mongolia Poverty Reduction Project in 1999, which included a 40-meter dam that was projected to displace around 60,000 inhabitants within Qinghai Province. This led to the World Bank ruling to withdraw funding for this section of the project to stop this controversial debate. In the year 2000, the World Bank also stopped the China Western Poverty Reduction project that was originally going to resettle over 58,000 Chinese farmers into Tibet. After reports were released by inspection panel, the project was forced to be withdrawn because reports indicated that the World Bank violated social and environmental policies.
References
Category:Economy of China
Category:Finance in China
Category:World Bank Group relations
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USS Seminole (1859)
The first USS Seminole was a steam sloop-of-war in the United States Navy during the American Civil War.
Seminole was launched by the Pensacola Navy Yard on 25 June 1859; sponsored by Ms. Mary Dallas; and was commissioned there on 25 April 1860, Commander Edward R. Thomson in command.
Civil War service
Seminole sailed for Brazil on 16 July 1860 and served on the Brazil Station until called home soon after the outbreak of the American Civil War. The ship departed Rio de Janeiro on 23 May 1861 and reached Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on 6 July.
Rapidly fitted out for blockade duty, Seminole was ordered on 16 July to proceed to Hampton Roads. After reporting for duty in the Atlantic Blockading Squadron, the ship sailed, via Charleston, South Carolina, for Savannah, Georgia. Upon exhausting her coal on blockade duty off that port, the ship sailed for Hampton Roads on 19 August, towing the prize schooner Albion, and arrived off Newport News on the 23rd. A week later, on 30 August, the Confederate tug Harmony attacked the Union sailing sloop of war there. Seminole was in the vicinity and returned the fire, but her shells did not reach the Southern ship.
On 9 September, Seminole and sailed for the Potomac River to check the threat posed by the concentration of a large Confederate force on the south bank of the river below Alexandria. On the 21st, a boat from Seminole captured the sloop Maryland in the Potomac. Four days later, Seminole and engaged a Confederate battery at Freestone Point, Virginia. After repairs at the Washington Navy Yard, Seminole returned to Hampton Roads on 16 October where she awaited the arrival of Flag Officer Samuel F. Du Pont, commander of the newly established South Atlantic Blockading Squadron.
On 7 November, Seminole was in the task force which captured Port Royal, South Carolina. The ships bombarded Forts Walker and Beauregard and forced the Confederates to abandon them. This gave the Union Navy an invaluable base for blockade operations off South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. On 1 December, Seminole seized the sloop Lida off St. Simons Sound, Georgia, attempting to slip into the South laden with coffee, lead, and sugar from Havana, Cuba. Early in March, Seminole participated in the expedition which captured Fernandina, Florida.
On 25 March 1862, Seminole was ordered to Hampton Roads to strengthen Union naval forces there which were threatened by the dreaded Confederate ironclad . Control of these strategic waters was especially important at that time because General George McClellan was about to launch his Peninsula Campaign against the Southern capital, Richmond, Virginia. On 8 May, Seminole joined , , , and in shelling Confederate batteries at Sewell's Point, Virginia. In response, Virginia came out, but not far enough to be rammed. Norfolk, Virginia was soon abandoned by Southern troops. Late in June, Seminole was ordered to the New York Navy Yard for repairs.
The ship was recommissioned on 8 June 1863 and assigned to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. En route south, she captured the Confederate steamer on 11 July. On 11 September, she took the steamer Sir William Peel off the mouth of the Rio Grande. This British merchantman was carrying 1,000 bales of cotton at the time of her capture.
The high point of her service in the West Gulf Blockading Squadron came on 5 August 1864 when she participated in the Battle of Mobile Bay. She passed the forts guarding the entrance to the bay lashed to but, as the action became general, cast off from her consort. After the Southern ironclad surrendered, prisoners taken from her were taken on board Seminole.
In the days that followed, the ships of Farragut's fleet were busy clearing torpedoes from the waters and bombarding Fort Morgan until it surrendered on the 23rd.
Five days later, Seminole was ordered to Pensacola, Florida for repairs. On 14 September, the ship was sent to Galveston, Texas, and she remained active along the coast of Texas through the end of the war, taking the schooner Josephine, which was attempting to slip out of Galveston laden with cotton on 14 January 1865. Her final action of the war came on 23 May, when she sent a party on board Denbigh and helped to set the blockade runner aflame.
Seminole sailed for the North on 20 July and was decommissioned at the Boston Navy Yard on 11 August, where it was laid up until sold on 20 July 1870 to Mullen and Winchester.
See also
Union Navy
List of sloops of war of the United States Navy
Bibliography of American Civil War naval history
References
External links
Category:Sloops of the United States Navy
Category:Ships built in Florida
Category:Ships of the Union Navy
Category:Gunboats of the United States Navy
Category:American Civil War patrol vessels of the United States
Category:1859 ships
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Johann Gottfried Schicht
Johann Gottfried Schicht (29 September 1753 – 16 February 1823) was a German composer and conductor.
Schicht was born in Reichenau, in the Electorate of Saxony, and studied from 1776 at the Leipzig Rechtswissenschaft. He was the conductor of the Gewandhausorchester from 1785 to 1810, and then the cantor of the Thomanerchor until 1823, when he died, aged 69, in Leipzig.
His most important work is a great choirbook from 1819. Besides that, he wrote masses, motets, cantatas, a setting of the 100th Psalm, four Te deums, one piano concerto, sonatas and capriccio.
References
External links
Category:1753 births
Category:1823 deaths
Category:People from Bogatynia
Category:People from the Electorate of Saxony
Category:German conductors (music)
Category:German male conductors (music)
Category:Thomaskantors
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