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Clinical Neurophysiology (journal)
Clinical Neurophysiology is a monthly peer reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier. It was established in 1949 as Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology and obtained its current title in 1999. The journal covers all aspects of neurophysiology, especially as relating to the pathophysiology underlying diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. It is the official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Brazilian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Czech Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Italian Clinical Neurophysiology Society, and the International Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiology.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 3.614.
References
External links
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology
Brazilian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
Czech Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
Italian Clinical Neurophysiology Society
International Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiology
Category:Neurology journals
Category:Elsevier academic journals
Category:English-language journals
Category:Monthly journals
Category:Publications established in 1949
Category:Neurophysiology
Category:Physiology journals
Category:Academic journals associated with international learned and professional societies | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Gandabeh
Gandabeh () may refer to:
Gandabeh, Dowreh
Gandabeh, Khorramabad
Gandabeh, Azna
Gandabeh, Robat | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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William Fletcher Sapp
William Fletcher Sapp (November 20, 1824 – November 22, 1890) was a United States Attorney and later a Republican U.S. Representative from Iowa's 8th congressional district. He was a nephew of William R. Sapp, who represented a U.S. House district in Ohio between 1853 and 1857.
Born in Danville, Ohio, Sapp attended the public schools and Martinsburg Academy.
After studying law, he was admitted to the bar in 1850 and commenced practice in Mount Vernon, Ohio.
He was an unsuccessful candidate for prosecuting attorney of Knox County, Ohio in 1850, but was elected four years later (in 1854) and re-elected in 1856.
Sapp moved to Omaha, Nebraska, in 1860.
He was appointed adjutant general of Nebraska Territory in 1861 and also served as member of the Territorial legislative council.
He entered the Union Army in 1862 as lieutenant colonel of the 2nd Nebraska Cavalry and served until mustered out.
He then moved to Council Bluffs, Iowa, and resumed the practice of law.
He began serving as member of the Iowa House of Representatives in 1865. Following the conclusion of his legislative service, he was the United States Attorney for the District of Iowa from 1869 to 1873.
In 1876, Sapp was elected as a Republican to the U.S. House seat for Iowa's 8th congressional district. After serving in the 45th United States Congress, he was re-elected and then served in the 46th United States Congress.
He was a candidate for renomination in 1880 but was defeated by another former lieutenant colonel of a cavalry during the Civil War, William Peters Hepburn, after 346 ballots. In all, he served in Congress from March 4, 1877 to March 3, 1881.
After leaving Congress, Sapp resumed the practice of law in Iowa. He died in Council Bluffs, on November 22, 1890.
He was interred in Mound View Cemetery in Mount Vernon, Ohio.
References
Category:1824 births
Category:1890 deaths
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Iowa
Category:People from Danville, Ohio
Category:Union Army officers
Category:Iowa Republicans
Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Steve Amerson
Stephen "Steve" Amerson (born March 28, 1954) is a singer, songwriter, and recording artist with 19 albums.
During his 30-plus-year career, Amerson has been heard on over 175 films, countless commercials, and television shows. Additionally, Amerson has had approximately 100 compositions published by WORD Music and other publishing companies. In 1988, Amerson established Amerson Music Ministries (AMM) as a non-profit organization. He has produced and sung on 18 inspirational albums under the AMM label. Amerson has been a featured soloist with major symphonies in the United States and abroad including performances at the Hollywood Bowl and Carnegie Hall.
Career
Early life and education
A native of New Albany, Indiana, Steve Amerson began singing in children's choirs in the church. He grew up in New Albany, Columbus and Indianapolis, Indiana, and Canton, Ohio. His formal vocal training began when he was attending Lincoln High School in Canton, Ohio. He attended Taylor University in Upland, Indiana and graduated in 1976 with a BA in Music Theory and Composition. He obtained a master's degree in Church Music from Southern Seminary in Louisville, Kentucky. After earning his master's degree, he studied voice privately with Alan Rogers Lindquest in Santa Barbara, California and Nina Hinson & Shegemi Matsumoto in Los Angeles.
Sacred music
Steve has been a guest soloist for many special events, including Billy Graham Crusades in the United States and Canada, the National Religious Broadcasters Convention, the Christian Booksellers Convention, and Founders Week at Moody Bible Institute. On numerous occasions, Steve has ministered alongside well-known pastors and authors including Charles Swindoll, Jack Hayford, Ravi Zacharias, Bruce Wilkinson and David Jeremiah. He also provides music for other ministry organizations including Mission India, International Aid, American Bible Society, ALPHA and Celebrators events.
General marketplace
Steve Amerson often partners with a Broadway veteran, soprano Laurie Gayle Stephenson, who is recognized for her performance as "Christine" in "Phantom of the Opera" on Broadway.
Amerson has performed at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, at the Hollywood Bowl and at Carnegie Hall, singing in the world premiere of Missa Americana by Ed Lojeski. He has performed with symphonies and performing arts groups around the world including the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Los Angeles Master Chorale, and Filarmonica de Jalisco in Guadalajara, Mexico. Amerson recorded demonstration tapes used by Luciano Pavarotti, Plácido Domingo and José Carreras in preparation for "The 3 Tenors" performances in 1994 at Dodger Stadium, in the 1998 Paris concert and the 2002 Yokohama, Japan concert.
Amerson has contributed his voice to over 175 feature films and other productions including "La La Land," "Bridge of Spies," "Fantastic Four," "Star Wars: Rogue One," Mars Needs Moms, The Last Airbender, 2012, and Seven Pounds'''.
American patriotism
Since 2006, Amerson has performed for Congressional Medal of Honor Foundation and Society events at the New York Stock Exchange in New York City, at the Ronald Reagan Library in Simi Valley, California and also in Dallas, Chicago, Atlanta, Denver and at the dedication of the Medal of Honor Museum on board the USS Yorktown in Charleston. In 2009, Steve was presented the Bob Hope Award for Excellence in Entertainment by the Medal of Honor Society. He has also performed for events supporting the military such as The Gary Sinise Foundation, American Airline's Sky Ball and Snowball Express.
Personal life
Steve Amerson lives in Granada Hills, California. Amerson is married to Kristine Amerson and has fathered two children: Mathew Amerson and Katharine Amerson. Amerson started nonprofit Amerson Music Ministries to use music to spread his ministry. Amerson makes his living through performing at shows, recording music for commercials and motion pictures. Amerson has contributed to the soundtracks of more than 50 films and commercials. His vocals can be found on feature films like Beauty and the Beast, Men in Black, and The Hunt for Red October. Amerson has worked with Honda, Toyota, Coca-Cola, and Microsoft on commercials.
Amerson Music Ministries (AMM)
Amerson Music Ministries (AMM) is a small 501(c)(3) non-profit organization started by Amerson in 1992 based in Los Angeles, CA. Amerson continues to own it to this day, using this nonprofit to produce music and host events such as the Amerson Music Ministries (AMM) and Capitol Worship. Amerson has toured across the United States and through Europe, performing solo shows at concerts and religious conventions. In addition to performing, Amerson has continued his work as a preacher throughout his musical career, often integrating music into his sermons. Amerson works in the church and uses those connections to spread his musical ministry.
Discography
1990 — Call Upon the Lord 1990 — Is There a Place? 1991 — He Is My Strength 1994 — This Could Be the Day 1996 — Living at the Horizon 1998 — Front Row Center 1998 — To the Ends of the Earth 1999 — Hymns and Gospel Songs 2000 — It's Christmastime 2001 — The Cross in the Road 2001 — The Collection, vol. 1 2005 — Sacred Spaces 2006 — Front Row Center II 2008 — Majestic Hymns 2008 — Steve Amerson LIVE DVD
2009 — Amazed by America 2015 — Thankful 2017 – And So We Sing/Collection II 2017 – We Need a Little Christmas''
References
External links
Amazed By America website
Classic Concert Productions website
Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from New Albany, Indiana
Category:Musicians from Indiana
Category:American tenors
Category:Taylor University alumni
Category:Southern Baptist Theological Seminary alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Untitled 96
Untitled #96 is a photograph made by American visual artist Cindy Sherman in 1981. It is known as part of her Centerfold series. In May 2011, a print was auctioned for US$3.89 million, the highest price paid for a photographic print at that time, though the price has since been surpassed.
References
Category:Color photographs
Category:1981 works
Category:1981 in art
Category:Photographs of the United States
Category:1980s photographs | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Music of Your Life
Music of Your Life is a syndicated music radio network delivered over the Internet to AM/FM and HD radio stations across the United States using the Barix distribution system. Created by record executive and jingle writer Al Ham, and now under the direction of Marc Angell, Music of Your Life has been in continuous operation since 1978. On January 26, 2012, it was announced that starting on Feb. 1, stations owned by Multicultural Broadcasting in the Top 20 markets would be running Music of Your Life from 6 PM to 6 AM.
The format is hosted by well-known celebrity DJs including TV game show host and singer/entertainer Peter Marshall. Other on-air personalities include Lorri Hafer (a recording artist and member of the Hillside Singers who is also the daughter of the format's founder, Al Ham); Al Hardee; Johnny Magnus; singer Steve March Torme, son of legendary entertainer Mel Torme; and Telarc Records artist Tony DeSare.
Over the years, the Radio Network has featured a "Stars Play the Stars" on-air lineup that has included such well recognized talent as TV game show host Wink Martindale, Gary Owens from Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In and 1950s pop superstar Patti Page, as well as Southern California broadcasting's Chuck Southcott. A typical hour of music may include a wide variety of artists, ranging from Eddie Fisher to Perry Como, Frank Sinatra to Dean Martin, Nat King Cole to Tony Bennett and Ella Fitzgerald to Michael Bublé, Norah Jones, Harry Connick Jr. and Jamie Cullum, to pop songs by artists like The Beatles, The Association, Petula Clark, Elvis Presley, The Carpenters and Neil Diamond.
History
Al Ham, a veteran recording executive, decided to change careers in 1978. First he took time off from actual work, moving from New York City to Huntington, Connecticut. Realizing that many of the songs he liked could not be heard on the radio, he decided to give the many fans of nostalgia/big band music what they wanted to hear. Ham approached Dick Ferguson, general manager of Bridgeport, Connecticut radio station WDJZ, about changing the format. Ferguson agreed, and positive results followed. Ham continued to work toward improving the format, including asking listeners to submit a list of three favorite songs. With thousands of responses, Ham put together a list of 20,000 songs and "Music of Your Life" was born.
That same year, 1978, the name "Music of Your Life" was trademarked, the only radio format to do this. In fact, the original Music of Your Life jingle is one of the first sound recordings to be trademarked along with the 3-note NBC jingle.
Because the target audience of this music was listeners over 50, Ham had difficulty selling the idea of syndication. Finally Jim West listened. West and Ham had both played bass, West in Las Vegas, and Ham in the orchestras of Tex Beneke and Artie Shaw. Both men wanted to see their favorite music on the radio again.
Together, they convinced Bob Lappin of WMAS in Springfield, Massachusetts (now WHLL) to play the music. After a year, the format had three stations. But the success of the format attracted many more affiliates. The original format consisted primarily of big hits by standards artists like Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Eddie Fisher, Peggy Lee, Andy Williams, McGuire Sisters, Four Lads, Perry Como, Rosemary Clooney, Dean Martin, Mel Torme, Lena Horne, Tony Bennett, Nat "King" Cole, Patti Page, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Barbra Streisand, Vaughn Monroe, the Mills Brothers, The Ames Brothers, Jo Stafford, Margaret Whiting, Guy Mitchell and Frankie Laine among others. Also, groups from the Big Band era of the 1930s and 1940s were played several times an hour, which included such artists Glenn Miller, Duke Ellington, Tommy Dorsey, Artie Shaw, and Sammy Kaye among many others. The format also played a very limited selection of baby boomer pop. Most of these artists were quasi-rock and rollers such as Connie Francis, Jaye P. Morgan, Ray Charles, Pat Boone, Bobby Vinton, Jerry Vale, Vic Damone, Matt Monro, Teresa Brewer, the Platters, Bobby Darin, Engelbert Humperdinck, Tom Jones, and others. They played only a few songs by artists like Neil Diamond, Barry Manilow, and Elvis Presley. More of this music would be added in the late 1990s.
Ham put the best of his music on reel-to-reel tapes and used a scheduling method called matched-flow sequencing, which arranged songs according to regular chord progressions. The scheduling worked by giving local DJs a regular formula to employ. For example, one could play a song from Tape A then follow with a song from Tape C, but not from Tapes B or D. Ham's strategy worked very well. Most radio stations reported that people listened for 3 hours. Ham's stations achieved numbers four to five times that amount. More and more stations joined the network during the 1980s. Another strategy developed by Ham in the early 1980s was having recorded messages by the very stars being played, such as, "This is Perry Como, and I'd like to thank you for making us all a part of the music of Your Life." Then Ham, known for the State Farm commercials, added a theme song which the great stars also recorded.
An early success came when the format began simulcasting in Atlanta in early 1983 on Joy AM/FM (WJYA). It was the first 100,000-watt FM to carry the Music of Your Life in a major U.S. market. Under the direction of veteran broadcaster Rick Ellis, the FM predominantly covered the metropolitan Atlanta and middle-Georgia market while the AM reached the northern suburbs. Featuring the legendary John Moore of WSB fame in the mornings, the ratings initially reached a modest 2.1 overall share but in the key demographics of 35+ it was rated firmly in the top five. Beyond on-air success, the music was extensively promoted through weekly tea dances in large venues and live performances of the traveling big bands and artists such as The Glenn Miller Orchestra, Tommy Dorsey Orchestra, Rosemary Clooney, Benny Goodman, Harry James, and many others. The highlight was the final performance of "Woody Herman and the Traveling Heard" at the Atlanta Galleria with a crowd of more than 2,500. Eventually the format was changed when the stations were sold by the New York investment group in 2006.
By this time competing satellite networks of radio stations began. Stardust (later Timeless by ABC Radio) and AM Only (now Westwood One "Adult Standards," a/k/a "America's Best Music"). Ham and West had to take advantage of the new technology in order to remain successful. Unistar Radio Networks, which distributed AM Only, bought a majority interest in Music of Your Life and made it a satellite format in 1990.
Unfortunately, the new distributors of Music of Your Life wanted listeners in the 25 to 54 age group (the most desired audience for advertisers), while the music had been designed for listeners over 50. Ham, who had wanted to retire, had to take over once again. He realized that as Americans aged, perhaps advertisers would take an interest in the older audience once again. Ham redesigned the music, since someone 50 years old in the 1990s would be of a different generation than the 50-year-old he targeted in 1978. Ham then secured a distribution deal with Jones Radio Networks.
One major development that showed promise for the format was performers such as Tony Bennett showing up on MTV. Also, younger artists such as Harry Connick, Jr. were making the music popular with young people. Films such as Sleepless in Seattle, and a number of commercials, had used the music found in the adult standards format.
When Frank Sinatra died in 1998, Music of Your Life played 36 straight hours of his music. Since more people listened to this special programming than to what the format usually aired, the popularity of the music with a new audience was reinforced.
Within a few years, there were nearly 200 stations, including WGUL in the Tampa market, whose chairman Carl Marcocci held the same position with Music of Your Life. Affiliates were learning that going after over-50 listeners was nothing to be ashamed of; these people were active and had lots of money to spend, and advertisers could reach them if they just made the effort. One of the most successful was KGIL in Los Angeles. Other success stories included WLUX in Long Island.
Part of the format's success was adding more contemporary artists such as The Beatles, James Taylor, Linda Ronstadt, Rod Stewart and Beach Boys, as well as swing bands such as the Brian Setzer Orchestra and the Bill Elliott Swing Orchestra.
One of MYL's on-air slogans is "Where the Stars Play the Stars", featuring well-recognized personalities such as Wink Martindale, Gary Owens, Peter Marshall, Pat Boone and Patti Page serving as DJs, and other performers featured on "Celebrity Weekend" including Steve Allen, Lou Rawls, Glen Campbell, Shirley Jones and Marty Ingels.
In 2008, shortly after Jones terminated its distribution agreement with the network, Music of Your Life, LLC entered into a Letter of Intent with entrepreneur Marc Angell to acquire the assets of Music of Your Life - including its Music of Your Life brand and affiliates. Angell brought-in his own production and technical team, made programming and talent changes and set-out to rebuild the Music of Your Life brand. Despite a recessive economy and a faltering industry in general, Music of Your Life quadrupled its affiliate base in just two years to more than 50 AM and FM and HD radio station affiliates across the US.
Combined with a steady stream of new recordings from singers of the Great American Songbook such as Jamie Cullum, Monica Mancini, Renee Olstead, Nikki Yanofsky, Tony DeSare, Jane Monheit and a fifth installment from Rod Stewart, Music of Your Life is succeeding once again. The current on-air team is made up of entertainer Peter Marshall, best known as the former host of Hollywood Squares; Steve March-Torme, son of Mel Torme; record producer and big-band leader, Les Brown Jr.; Telarc recording sensation, Tony DeSare; Lorri Hafer, singer and daughter of MOYL founder Al Ham; radio vet Al Hardee, and Marc Angell.
In 2013, Marc Angell formed Music of Your Life, Inc. and took the company public under the ticker symbol "MYLI". Music of Your Life acquired the iRadio trademarks in January 2014 and announced plans to expand their programming to include country, rock, pop, and other contemporary music formats, all featuring celebrity DJs.
References
Category:Franchised radio formats
Category:American radio networks
Category:Adult standards radio stations in the United States | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Peter Currie (businessman)
Peter L. S. Currie (born 1956) is a business executive who was the chief financial officer for Netscape from 1995 to 1999. Currie is notable for having once been described by Wall Street Journal reporter Jessica Vascellaro as one of the "Silicon Valley wise men". He was among the advisors to Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg about business matters in 2009. He is an investor in Internet start-ups and serves on the boards of numerous firms. He is president of Currie Capital and is a charter trustee of Phillips Academy. In February 2011, he was elected as the president of the school's board of trustees, and his term began on July 1, 2012.
Early years
Currie graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover in 1974 and earned a B.A. degree from Williams College in 1978 and an M.B.A. degree from Stanford University. He worked in various capacities at Morgan Stanley including holding the title of Principal from 1982 to 1989. He held various management positions at McCaw Cellular from 1989 to 1995 before joining Netscape.
Netscape rise and fall
Netscape was a key player that "fueled the Internet revolution," according to a report in "The New York Times," and Currie was an executive vice president who worked under its CEO James L. Barksdale and founder Marc Andreessen. Netscape developed the Secure Sockets Layer Protocol or SSL for securing online communication which is still widely used as well as JavaScript. Currie became its chief financial officer in 1995 when the company went public. He was Chief Administrative Officer at Netscape from July 1997 until March 1999. In addition to financial management, Currie was responsible for human resources, information technology, facilities, and operations departments.
Currie owned at least 37,500 shares of stock in Netscape which he sold in 1996, according to one report. Netscape was valued at $5 billion in November 1995. In 1999, Netscape was bought by America Online and became a holding company.
Netscape was seen as the first Internet superstar which had a meteoric rise but the firm was undone by numerous forces including well-established software firms such as Microsoft. In a conference in 2005, Currie described how "hectic and crazy things were" during the tumultuous years in the mid 1990s. Currie looked back to the tumultuous Netscape days and commented:
Other ventures
In 1999, Currie and Barksdale and others formed a venture capital firm called Barksdale Group to invest in business start-ups, and raised at least $180 million according to one report. As an investor and consultant, he focused on the enterprise software sector of the business. Currie invested in an Internet start-up called Flipboard in 2010. Currie claims affiliations with Corsair Communications, Critical Path, Inkling, Listen.com, Kodak Imaging Network, Kontiki, IPVALUE Management, Oracle America, Tellme Networks, Zantaz, InfoSpace.com, Clearwire, CNET, Safeco, and Palamon Capital Partners. He serves on the board of directors for oilfield services giant Schlumberger. In 2016, Twitter released Currie from its board.
Currie's advice was sought by Facebook co-founder and chief executive officer Mark Zuckerberg in 2010.
References
Category:Financial advisors
Category:Silicon Valley people
Category:American Internet celebrities
Category:Phillips Academy alumni
Category:American venture capitalists
Category:Williams College alumni
Category:Stanford Graduate School of Business alumni
Category:American business executives
Category:American chief financial officers
Category:1956 births
Category:Living people
Category:Directors of Twitter | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Electoral district of Clarence
Clarence is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales.
It includes all of the Clarence Valley Council including Grafton, Maclean, Yamba, Illuka, Junction Hill, Ulmarra, Coutts Crossing and Glenreagh, as well as all of the Richmond Valley Council including Casino, Coraki, Woodburn, Evans Head and Tatham.
History
Clarence was created in 1859, replacing the New South Wales part of Clarence and Darling Downs. With the introduction of proportional representation in 1920, it was absorbed into Byron along with Lismore. It was recreated in 1927.
It has historically been a safe National seat, having been held by that party for all but seven years in its current incarnation. However, Labor has won it at high-tide elections.
Members for Clarence
Election results
References
Clarence | {
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Roslyn, Dunedin
Roslyn is a major residential and retail suburb of the New Zealand city of Dunedin. It is located above the city centre on the ridge which runs in a crescent around the central city's western edge. It is to the northwest of the city centre, immediately above the Town Belt. Roslyn's 2001 population was 3,957.
Roslyn is connected to the city's CBD via Stuart Street and City Road. The former of these runs below Roslyn under the Roslyn Overbridge, and is linked to the suburb via a complex interchange To the west of Roslyn, Stuart Street passes the suburbs of Kaikorai and Wakari before becoming Taieri Road, which eventually traverses Three Mile Hill to reach the Taieri Plains. City Road travels through Belleknowes before linking with Rattray Street and descending the City Rise, reaching the central city at The Exchange. Roslyn is also connected to the suburbs of Mornington to the southwest and Maori Hill to the northeast by way of Highgate, Roslyn's main road.
Roslyn is predominantly residential, though it does contain one of the city's peripheral retail areas at and around Roslyn Village on Highgate just to the southwest of the overbridge. One of the city's most notable single-sex girls' schools, Columba College, is located close to the suburb's border with Maori Hill.
The suburb and its neighbour, Wakari, between them lend their names to one of Dunedin's most prominent football teams, Roslyn-Wakari. This team's home ground is actually at Ellis Park in Kaikorai, immediately to the northwest of Roslyn. Also in Kaikorai is the building of the former Roslyn Woollen Mills, a company through whose products the name of Roslyn was widely known nationwide.
History
Roslyn was named after Roslin in Scotland. Many street names and some district names in Dunedin derive from like features in Edinburgh and its surrounds.
Littlebourne
The locality of Littlebourne, considered by some a separate suburb, lies in the Town Belt on the slopes immediately below and to the southeast of Roslyn. Notable features of Littlebourne include Otago Boys' High School and its sportsground, the Littlebourne Ground, and the city's main swimming pool, Moana Pool.
Cable cars
Roslyn was in earlier times served by two separate cable car lines (see Dunedin cable tramway system).
One came up Stuart Street from The Octagon, turned half right at York Place into what was then called Albert Street, continued on past the end of that street through a short section of the Town Belt, past Otago Boys' High School, across the bottom of Littlebourne Crescent, and up to Highgate at School Street, then dropped down to Kaikorai just before Nairn Street, where a turntable in the road turned cars through ninety degrees and sent them south-west into their shed if it was time to go there. The route was eventually turned into a four-lane highway, cutting Littlebourne Crescent off from Littlebourne Road, going under the new bridge and undergoing considerable widening on the Kaikorai side, restricting access to Ann Street and Oates Street.
The other line went up Rattray Street then cut through the Town Belt (where the cutting is still generally visible) past the Beverly-Begg Observatory to climb the full length of Ross Street and part of Belgrave Crescent, then descend through a cutting to the valley near Frasers Road. The western section beyond the cutting was too steep for a road link, so, when the cable cars ceased, the portion near Belgrave Crescent was redeveloped as a short street serving several houses while retaining the pedestrian walkway through to Delta Street. Trolleybuses replaced the service as far as Belgrave Crescent, using the existing City Road instead of the straight steep cutting through the Town Belt.
Category:Suburbs of Dunedin | {
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Vietnamese football league system
The Vietnamese football league system contains two professional leagues, a semi-professional league and an amateur league for Vietnamese football clubs.
System by period
Current system
* As of 2019 season
Cup eligibility
Domestic cups
All V.League 1 and V.League 2 sides qualify for the Vietnamese Cup tournament.
Super Cup
The Super Cup is the first game of the season, played between the previous years' winners of the V.League 1 and Vietnamese Cup. If the same team wins both tournaments, then the team finishing second in the previous years' V.League 1 take on the V.League 1 winners.
Continental competition
Since 2017, one Vietnamese side, the team finishing top of V.League 1, qualifies automatically for the AFC Champions League Prelim. Stage 2. The team finishing second in the V.League 1, and the winner of the Vietnamese Cup qualify for the AFC Cup Group Stage.
See also
V.League 1
V.League 2
Vietnamese National Football Second League
Vietnamese Cup
Vietnamese Super Cup
List of football clubs in Vietnam
External links
Official V.League website
Category:Football league systems in Asia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Jacob Hennessy
Jacob Hennessy (born 10 August 1996 in St Neots) is a British cyclist riding for .
Jacob specializes in classic style races and sprint finishes.
Major results
2016
1st Skipton, National Circuit Series
1st Jock Wadley Memorial Road Race
2017
1st Ghent–Wevelgem U23
1st GP Mémorial Pierre Dewailly
5th Overall Paris–Arras Tour
1st Stage 1
2019
1st Round 2 – Motherwell, Tour Series
2nd Omloop van het Waasland
7th Arno Wallaard Memorial
References
Category:1996 births
Category:Living people
Category:English male cyclists
Category:People from St Neots | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Pterolophia ferrugineotincta
Pterolophia ferrugineotincta is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1926. It is known from Príncipe.
References
Category:Pterolophia
Category:Beetles described in 1926 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gafsele
Gafsele is a small Swedish village in Åsele Municipality, Västerbotten County, in the province of Lapland in northern Sweden, old spelling Gavsele. Gafsele was founded by the Nils Andersson from Finland and his wife Brita in 1674.
Nils arrived from Finland (that was a part of Sweden at the time) as he wanted to avoid being drafted into the war with Russia. Instead, he worked his way up the Angerman river until he reached Lapland, where the government promised any man that settled to be tax-free for 10 years.
At that time, Lapplander (Sami) people already lived in the area, but as they were raising reindeers and Nils was farming, they could live together mainly without conflict.
Nils and his wife Brita are said to bring one cow, that they kept during the summer on a small island in the river called Koholmen (small cow island). Before the winter they built a small cottage on what is now called Skoludden, and settled.
Brita, Nils wife was famous for her hot temper and for bringing some non-Christian behaviors to the village, such as blessings of the crops, and was brought to justice for this, but Nils talked the court out of it. It could otherwise have been fatal, as the penalty for such behavior in principle was death.
The most famous story about Nils is the day he saw a small splinter coming down the river and he understood that there was some other settler upstream. He immediately went there and scared the person off, as he believed that everything upstream belonged to him. Later, of course, more settlements were done upstreams, but Gafsele remained one of the bigger.
Today Gafsele has seen its heyday, and have a population of around 120 people, most engaged with forestry, farming, working for the municipality or retirees. There is one potato farmer and one cow farmer. The village is spread out on both sides of the Ångerman river, with a bridge built 1967 in between. Near the bridge, on the east side, is the community house of the village, and on the west side you can visit the old sawmill that is still functional. Both places are open for many activities during the year.
Most popular sports in the village is fishing, hunting, and snow mobile riding. Other buildings of interest are the school with its park. The school is no longer in use, and is now transformed into a hostel. There is also a small village bakery with an old fashioned stone oven that is still used by the village people to bake the traditional flat bread.
External links
Gafsele Homepage
Category:Populated places in Västerbotten County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tony Ryan
Thomas Anthony "Tony" Ryan (2 February 1936 – 3 October 2007) was an Irish billionaire, philanthropist and businessman.
Through his establishment of Guinness Peat Aviation in 1975 he began a course of events which ultimately lead to the development of the international aircraft leasing industry, although he is best known in the public mind as the founder of the eponymous Ryanair with Christopher Ryan and Liam Lonergan. Ryanair was believed to be the main source of his wealth in later life: the company is now one of the biggest airlines in Europe and is valued at over 15 billion Euros as of December 2019.
Ryan held honorary doctorates from several universities, including Trinity College, Dublin, the National University of Ireland, Galway and the University of Limerick.
Business career
Born in Thurles, County Tipperary, Ryan worked for Aer Lingus, before going on to found their aircraft leasing arm, wet-leasing out their aircraft in the quieter winter months.
In 1975, with Aer Lingus and the Guinness Peat Group, he founded Guinness Peat Aviation (later GPA Group), an aircraft leasing company, with a $50,000 investment. GPA grew to be the world's biggest aircraft lessor, worth $4 billion at its peak. But its value dramatically collapsed in 1992 after the cancellation of its planned IPO. Ryan made €55m from the sale of AerFi (the successor to GPA) in 2000. Ryan was a tax exile who lived in Monte Carlo, but also owned a stud farm near his home in Dolla County Tipperary. He was the 7th wealthiest individual from Ireland in the Sunday Times Rich List 2007 with over €1.5bn(£1bn).
Ryan over the years helped nurture two successful business protégés – Denis O'Brien and Michael O'Leary – both of whom became billionaires.
Philanthropy
Ryan was an active and innovative funder of university education in Ireland. He donated a marine science institute to NUI Galway in 1993 which was named the Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute in honour of his father. He showed interest in marine science and aquaculture development in the west of Ireland. He also funded The Ryan Academy for Entrepreneurship at the Citywest park, that is run by Dublin City University.
In 2001, Ryan acquired Castleton Farm near Lexington, Kentucky from the Van Lennep Family Trust. Ryan renamed it Castleton Lyons and undertook renovations to the property while returning to its original roots as a thoroughbred operation.
At the time of his death he owned 16% of Tiger Airways, a discount carrier based in Singapore which was founded in December 2003.
Death
Ryan, who lived at Lyons Demesne in Ardclough, County Kildare, died on 3 October 2007, aged 71, following an 18-month battle with pancreatic cancer. He had other homes in London, Castleton Lyons stud in Kentucky, Château Lascombes near Bordeaux and on Ibiza. His eldest son, Cathal, died just three months later, aged 48, after being diagnosed with cancer.
See also
Ryanair
Irelandia Aviation
Guinness Peat Aviation
Tiger Airways
Viva Air Perú
Viva Air Colombia
Viva Air
References
Further reading
Ryanair: How a Small Irish Airline Conquered Europe by Siobhan Creaton – : published about Ryanair's success and Tony Ryan's earlier enterprises.
Tony Ryan: Ireland's Aviator by Richard Aldous.
External links
Short Reuters article about his death
Martin Ryan Marine Science Institute
Category:1936 births
Category:2007 deaths
Category:20th-century Irish people
Category:21st-century Irish people
Category:Businesspeople in aviation
Category:Ryanair
Category:Irish businesspeople
Category:Irish philanthropists
Category:Deaths from pancreatic cancer
Category:People from County Kildare
Category:Deaths from cancer in the Republic of Ireland
Category:People from Thurles
Category:20th-century philanthropists | {
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Sibley, Missouri
Sibley is a village in Jackson County, Missouri, United States. The population was 357 at the 2010 census. It is known as the home of Fort Osage National Historic Landmark. It is part of the Kansas City metropolitan area.
History
Sibley was platted in 1836. The village was named for George C. Sibley, the first Indian agent and postmaster of Fort Osage. A post office called Sibley has been in operation since 1842.
Geography
Sibley is located at (39.180338, -94.195940).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 357 people, 129 households, and 98 families living in the village. The population density was . There were 141 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the village was 96.4% White, 0.8% Native American, and 2.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population.
There were 129 households of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.2% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 24.0% were non-families. 19.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.77 and the average family size was 3.14.
The median age in the village was 40.1 years. 24.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.1% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 17.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.6% male and 50.4% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 347 people, 128 households, and 94 families living in the village. The population density was 332.9 people per square mile (128.8/km²). There were 133 housing units at an average density of 127.6 per square mile (49.4/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 95.97% White, 1.44% African American, 1.15% Native American, 0.29% Asian, 0.86% from other races, and 0.29% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.17% of the population.
There were 128 households out of which 37.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 70.3% were married couples living together, 2.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.8% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.18.
In the village, the population was spread out with 25.9% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 23.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.7 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $45,000, and the median income for a family was $50,417. Males had a median income of $40,313 versus $28,125 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,100. About 2.1% of families and 5.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.2% of those under age 18 and 16.7% of those age 65 or over.
References
Category:Villages in Jackson County, Missouri
Category:Missouri populated places on the Missouri River
Category:Villages in Missouri | {
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Jim Maginnis
Jim Maginnis (dates of birth and death unknown) was a professional baseball umpire.
Maginnis umpired one National League game on May 2, , as the home plate umpire. It is unknown where and when he was born and died.
References
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Year of death unknown
Category:Major League Baseball umpires | {
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Aristides Rojas Natural Monument
The Arístides Rojas Natural Monument () Also Morros de San Juan Is a protected natural space located in the Guárico State in the north-center of the South American country of Venezuela. It is a system of limestone rock formed by the deposition of marine sediments. It is located in the neighborhood of San Juan de Los Morros.
From its highest point you can see the city in a panoramic view. It was declared a natural monument in 1949 are located in the northwest of Guárico, in the vicinity of San Juan de los Morros, capital of the Guárico state. Taking the regional highway of the center are to 2 hours of Caracas. It is about hills of reef limestone rocks that rise in a toothed form which had their evolution when an ancient sea covered this area 80 million years ago. It presents the formation of numerous caves of small size.
Its main attraction is the hills, geological formations that rise up to 1,060 meters, consisting of reef limestone dating 80 million years ago. There visitors often practice climbing, a sport for which there are several schools in the town of San Juan, who are responsible for making the transfers and training necessary for such activity.
Gallery
See also
List of national parks of Venezuela
Piedra del Cocuy Natural Monument
References
Ari
Category:Protected areas established in 1949 | {
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Vladimir Dvalishvili
Vladimir "Lado" Dvalishvili (; born 20 April 1986 in Tbilisi) is a Georgian footballer who plays for Dinamo Batumi.
Career
Dvalishvili was signed by Olimpi Rustavi in June 2006.
On 7 July 2009, Dvalishvili signed a two-year contract with the Israeli champions Maccabi Haifa.
Dvalishvili made his debut on 2009–10 UEFA Champions League Second qualifying round, 15 July 2009, against Glentoran and scored two goals.
In the next round, against Aktobe, Dvalishvili scored the last two goals in Maccabi Haifa's great comeback – scoring four straight goals after falling down 3–0 in the first 15 minutes of the match.
In January 2012, Dvalishvili joined Polish club Polonia Warsaw in the Ekstraklasa on a two-and-a-half-year contract.
Dvalishvili joined Legia Warsaw on 15 February 2013 on a two-and-a-half-year contract. The club finished the 2012–13 season with the double (cup and championship).
On 12 August 2014, "Lado" left Legia under mutual agreement and, a day later, he signed a two-year contract with Odense BK. On 27 August 2015 29-year-old Dvalishvili signed 3-year contract with Pogon.
On July 2016 Dvalishvili returned to Georgia, after agreeing to a half year contract with FC Dinamo Tbilisi.
International career
He made his Georgia debut on 6 June 2009.
On 14 October 2009 he scored a goal against Bulgaria, in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers 6–2 defeat.
On 9 September 2009 Dvalishvili scored a goal in a friendly match his country lost 2–1 to Iceland.
On 10 October 2009 he scored a goal against Montenegro, in the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers.
Career statistics
Updated 1 August 2014
International goals
Scores and results list Georgia's goal tally first.
Honours
Dinamo Tbilisi
Georgian Premier League (1): 2004–05
Georgian Super Cup (1): 2005, Runner-up (1): 2007
Olimpi Rustavi
Georgian Premier League: 2006–07
Maccabi Haifa
Israeli Premier League: 2010–11, Runner-up (1): 2009-10
Israeli Football Cup Runner-up (1): 2010-11
Legia Warsaw
Polish championship (Ekstraklasa) (2): 2012–13, 2013–14
Polish Cup (1): 2012-13
Polish SuperCup Runner-up (1): 2014-15
References
External links
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Georgia (country)
Category:Georgia (country) under-21 international footballers
Category:Georgia (country) international footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers from Georgia (country)
Category:Sportspeople from Tbilisi
Category:FC Dinamo Tbilisi players
Category:FC Dinamo Batumi players
Category:FC Rustavi players
Category:Skonto FC players
Category:Maccabi Haifa F.C. players
Category:Polonia Warsaw players
Category:Legia Warsaw players
Category:Pogoń Szczecin players
Category:Odense Boldklub players
Category:FC Atyrau players
Category:Hapoel Ashkelon F.C. players
Category:FC Saburtalo Tbilisi players
Category:Erovnuli Liga players
Category:Israeli Premier League players
Category:Ekstraklasa players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Latvia
Category:Expatriate footballers in Israel
Category:Expatriate footballers in Poland
Category:Expatriate footballers in Denmark
Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan
Category:Expatriates from Georgia (country) in Latvia
Category:Expatriates from Georgia (country) in Israel
Category:Expatriates from Georgia (country) in Poland
Category:Expatriates from Georgia (country) in Kazakhstan
Category:Association football forwards | {
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Quotation mark
Quotation marks, also known as quotes, quote marks, speech marks, inverted commas, or talking marks, are punctuation marks used in pairs in various writing systems to set off direct speech, a quotation, or a phrase. The pair consists of an opening quotation mark and a closing quotation mark, which may or may not be the same character.
Quotation marks have a variety of forms in different languages and in different media.
History
The double quotation mark is older than the single. It derives from a marginal notation used in fifteenth-century manuscript annotations to indicate a passage of particular importance (not necessarily a quotation); the notation was placed in the outside margin of the page and was repeated alongside each line of the passage. By the middle sixteenth century, printers (notably in Basel, Switzerland) had developed a typographic form of this notation, resembling the modern double quotation mark pointing to the right. During the seventeenth century this treatment became specific to quoted material, and it grew common, especially in Britain, to print quotation marks (now in the modern opening and closing forms) at the beginning and end of the quotation as well as in the margin; the French usage (see under Specific language features below) is a remnant of this. In most other languages, including English, the marginal marks dropped out of use in the last years of the eighteenth century. The usage of a pair of marks, opening and closing, at the level of lower case letters was generalized.
By the nineteenth century, the design and usage began to be specific within each region. In Western Europe the custom became to use the quotation mark pairs with the convexity pointing outward. In Britain those marks were elevated to the same height as the top of capital letters (“…”).
In France, by the end of the nineteenth century, they were modified to an angular shape and were spaced out (« … »). Some authors claim that the reason for this was a practical one, in order to get a character that was clearly distinguishable from the apostrophes, the commas and the parentheses. Also, in other scripts, the angular quotation marks are distinguishable from other punctuation characters—the Greek breathing marks, the Armenian emphasis and apostrophe, the Arabic comma, decimal separator, thousands separator, etc. Other authors claim that the reason for this was an aesthetic one. The elevated quotation marks created an extra white space before and after the word that was considered aesthetically unpleasing, while the in-line quotation marks helped to maintain the typographical color, since the quotation marks had the same height and were aligned with the lower case letters. Nevertheless, while other languages do not insert a space between the quotation marks and the word(s), the French usage does insert them, even if it is a narrow space.
The curved quotation marks 66-99 usage (“…”) was exported to some non-Latin scripts, notably where there was some English influence, for instance in Native American scripts and Indic scripts. On the other hand, Greek, Cyrillic, Arabic and Ethiopic took over the angular quotation marks («…»). The Far East angle bracket quotation marks (《...》) are also a development of the in-line angular quotation marks.
In Central Europe, however, the practice was to use the quotation mark pairs with the convexity pointing inward. The German tradition preferred the curved quotation marks, the first one at the level of the commas, the second one at the level of the apostrophes („…“). Alternatively, these marks could be angular and in-line with lower case letters, but still pointing inward (»…«). Some neighboring regions adopted the German curved marks tradition with lower–upper alignment, while others made up a variant with the closing mark pointing rightward like the opening one („…”).
Sweden (and Finland) choose a convention where both marks equally pointed to the right but lined up both at the top level (”…”).
In Eastern Europe there was a hesitation between the French tradition (less the spacing: «…») and the German tradition („…“). The French tradition prevailed in North-Eastern Europe (Russia, Ukraine and Belarus), whereas the German tradition, or its modified version with the closing mark pointing rightward) has become dominant in South-Eastern Europe, i.e. the Balkan countries.
The single quotation marks emerged around 1800 as a means of indicating a secondary level of quotation. One could expect that the logic of using the corresponding single mark would be applied everywhere, but it was not. In some languages using the angular quotation marks, the usage of single ones (‹…›) became obsolete, being replaced by double curved ones (“…”); the single ones still survive, for instance, in Switzerland. In Eastern Europe, the curved quotation marks („…“) are used as a secondary level when the angular marks («…») are used as a primary level.
In English
In English writing, quotation marks are placed in pairs around a word or phrase to indicate:
Quotation or direct speech: Carol said "Go ahead" when I asked her if the launcher was ready.
Mention in another work of a title of a short or subsidiary work, like a chapter or episode: "Encounter at Farpoint" was the pilot episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation.
Scare quotes, used to mean "so-called" or to express irony: The "fresh" apples were full of worms.
In American writing, quotation marks are normally the double kind (the primary style). If quotation marks are used inside another pair of quotation marks, then single quotation marks are used. For example: "Didn't she say 'I like red best' when I asked her wine preferences?" he asked his guests. If another set of quotation marks is nested inside single quotation marks, double quotation marks are used again, and they continue to alternate as necessary (though this is rarely done).
British publishing is regarded as more flexible about whether double or single quotation marks should be used. A tendency to use single quotation marks in British writing is thought to have arisen after the invention of steam-powered presses in the mid-19th century and the consequent rise of London and New York as very separate industrialized printing centres with distinct norms. However, The King's English in 1908 noted that the prevailing British practice was to use double marks for most purposes, and single ones for quotations within quotations. Different media now follow different conventions in the United Kingdom.
Different varieties and styles of English have different conventions regarding whether terminal punctuation should be written inside or outside the quotation marks; North American printing usually puts ending punctuation to the left of the closing quotation mark, whether it is part of the original quoted material or not, while styles elsewhere vary widely and have different rationales for placing it inside or outside, often a matter of house style.
Regarding their appearance, there are two types of quotation marks:
'...' and "..." are known as neutral, vertical, straight, typewriter, dumb, or ASCII quotation marks. The left and right marks are identical. These are found on typical English typewriters and computer keyboards, although they are sometimes automatically converted to the other type by software.
‘...’ and “...” are known as typographic, curly, curved, book, or smart quotation marks. The beginning marks are commas raised to the top of the line and rotated 180 degrees. The ending marks are commas raised to the top of the line. Curved quotation marks are used mainly in manuscript, printing, and typesetting. Type cases (of any language) always have the correct quotation mark metal types for the respective language and never the vertical quotation mark metal types. Because most computer keyboards lack keys to directly enter typographic quotation marks, much typed writing has vertical quotation marks. The "smart quotes" feature in some computer software can convert vertical quotation marks to curly ones, although sometimes imperfectly.
The closing single quotation mark is identical in form to the apostrophe and similar to the prime symbol. The double quotation mark is identical to the ditto mark in English-language usage. It is also similar to—and often used to represent—the double prime symbol. However, the quotation marks, the apostrophe, and the prime serve quite different purposes.
Summary table
Other languages have similar conventions to English, but use different symbols or different placement.
Specific language features
Dutch
The standard form in the preceding table is taught in schools and used in handwriting. Most large newspapers have kept these „low-high” quotation marks, but otherwise the alternative form with single or double “English-style” quotes is now often the only form seen in printed matter. Neutral quotation marks (" and ') are used widely, especially in texts typed on computers and on websites.
Although not generally common in Dutch any more, double angle quotation marks are still sometimes used in Belgium. Examples include the Flemish HUMO magazine and the Metro newspaper in Brussels.
German
The symbol used as the left (typographical) quote in English is used as the right quote in Germany and Austria and a "low double comma" (not used in English) is used for the left quote. Its single quote form looks like a comma.
Some fonts, e.g. Verdana, were not designed with the flexibility to use the English left quote as the German right quote. Such fonts are therefore typographically incompatible with this German usage.
Double quotes are standard for denoting speech in German.
(Andreas asked me: "Have you read the 'EU Expansion' article?")
This style of quoting is also used in Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Estonian, Georgian, Icelandic, Latvian, Lithuanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Slovene and in Ukrainian. This German double-quote style is also used in the Netherlands, but is falling out of fashion nowadays with the 'English-style' quotation marks being preferred. However, it still can be found on older shop signs and in most large newspapers.
Sometimes, especially in novels, the angle quotation mark sets are used in Germany and Austria (albeit in reversed order from French): »A ›B‹?«
Andreas asked me: ‘Have you read the “EU Expansion” article?’
In Switzerland, however, the French-style angle quotation mark sets are also used for German printed text: «A ‹B›?»
Andreas asked me: ‘Have you read the “EU Expansion” article?’
Finnish and Swedish
In Finnish and Swedish, right quotes, called citation marks, ”...”, are used to mark both the beginning and the end of a quote. Double right-pointing angular quotes, »...», can also be used.
Alternatively, an en-dash followed by a (non-breaking) space can be used to denote the beginning of quoted speech, in which case the end of the quotation is not specifically denoted (see section Quotation dash below). A line-break should not be allowed between the en-dash and the first word of the quotation.
French
French uses angle quotation marks (guillemets, or duck-foot quotes), adding a quarter-em space (officially) () within the quotes. However, many people now use the non-breaking space, because the difference between a non-breaking space and a four-per-em is virtually imperceptible (but also because the Unicode quarter-em space is breakable), and the quarter-em is virtually always omitted in non-Unicode fonts. Even more commonly, many people just put a normal (breaking) space between the quotation marks because the non-breaking space cannot be accessed easily from the keyboard; furthermore, many are simply not aware of this typographical refinement. Using the wrong type of space often results in a quotation mark appearing alone at the beginning of a line, since the quotation mark is treated as an independent word.
“Would you like a sandwich, Henri?”
Sometimes, for instance on several French news sites such as Libération, Les Échos or Le Figaro, no space is used around the quotation marks. This parallels normal usage in other languages, e.g. Catalan, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, or in German, French and Italian as written in Switzerland:
(Swiss Standard German)
“This is a quote.”
Initially, the French guillemet characters were not angle shaped but also used the comma (6/9) shape. They were different from English quotes because they were standing (like today's guillemets) on the baseline (like lowercase letters), and not above it (like apostrophes and English quotation marks) or hanging down from it (like commas). At the beginning of the nineteenth century, this shape evolved to look like (( small parentheses )). The angle shape appeared later to increase the distinction and avoid confusions with apostrophes, commas and parentheses in handwritten manuscripts submitted to publishers. Unicode currently does not provide alternate codes for these 6/9 guillemets on the baseline, which are still considered as form variants implemented in older French typography (such as the Didot font design). Also there was not necessarily any distinction of shape between the opening and closing guillemets, with both types pointing to the right (like today's French closing guillemets).
They must be used with non-breaking spaces, preferably narrow, if available, i.e. U+202F which is present in all up-to-date general-purpose fonts, but still missing in some computer fonts from the early years of Unicode, due to the belated encoding of U+202F (1999) after the flaw of not giving U+2008 non-breakable property as it was given to the related U+2007 .
Legacy support of narrow non-breakable spaces was done at rendering level only, without interoperability as provided by Unicode support. High-end renderers as found in Desktop Publishing software should therefore be able to render this space using the same glyph as the breaking thin space U+2009, handling the non-breaking property internally in the text renderer/layout engine, because line-breaking properties are never defined in fonts themselves; such renderers should also be able to infer any width of space, and make them available as application controls, as is done with justifying/non-justifying.
In old-style printed books, when quotations span multiple lines of text (including multiple paragraphs), an additional closing quotation sign is traditionally used at the beginning of each line continuing a quotation; any right-pointing guillemet at the beginning of a line does not close the current quotation. This convention has been consistently used since the beginning of the 19th century by most book printers, but is no longer in use today. Such insertion of continuation quotation marks occurred even if there is a word hyphenation break. Given this feature has been obsoleted, there is no support for automatic insertion of these continuation guillemets in HTML or CSS, nor in word-processors. Old-style typesetting is emulated by breaking up the final layout with manual line breaks, and inserting the quotation marks at line start, much like pointy brackets before quoted plain text e-mail:
Unlike English, French does not set off unquoted material within a quotation by using a second set of quotation marks. Compare:
“This is a great day for Montrealers”, the minister maintained. “These investments will stimulate economic growth.”
For clarity, some newspapers put the quoted material in italics:
The French Imprimerie nationale (cf. Lexique des règles typographiques en usage à l'Imprimerie nationale, presses de l'Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 2002) does not use different quotation marks for nesting quotes:
“His ‘explanation’ is just a lie”, the deputy protested.
In this case, when there should be two adjacent opening or closing marks, only one is written:
He answered: “It's only a ‘gizmo’.”
The use of English quotation marks is increasing in French and usually follows English rules, for instance in situations when the keyboard or the software context doesn't allow the use of guillemets. The French news site L'Humanité uses straight quotation marks along with angle ones.
English quotes are also used sometimes for nested quotations:
“His ‘explanation’ is just a lie”, the deputy protested.
But the most frequent convention used in printed books for nested quotations is to style them in italics. Single quotation marks are much more rarely used, and multiple levels of quotations using the same marks is often considered confusing for readers:
Further, running speech does not use quotation marks beyond the first sentence, as changes in speaker are indicated by a dash, as opposed to the English use of closing and re-opening the quotation. (For other languages employing dashes, see section Quotation dash below.) The dashes may be used entirely without quotation marks as well. In general, quotation marks are extended to encompass as much speech as possible, including not just non-spoken text such as “he said” (as previously noted), but also as long as the conversion extends. However, the quotation marks end at the last spoken text, not extending to the end of paragraphs when the final part is not spoken.
(Dumas, Les trois mousquetaires)
“I am not speaking to you, sir”, he said.
“But I am speaking to you!” cried the young man, exasperated by this combination of insolence and good manners, of protocol and disdain.
Greek
Greek uses angled quotation marks ( – isagogiká):
and the quotation dash ( – pávla):
which translate to:
“Is he serious?” he asked Maria.
“Yes, certainly,” she replied.
A closing quotation mark (») is added to the beginning of each new quoted paragraph.
When quotations are nested, double and then single quotation marks are used:
«...“...‘...’...”...»).
Hungarian
According to current recommendation by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences the main Hungarian quotation marks are comma-shaped double quotation marks set on the base-line at the beginning of the quote and at apostrophe-height at the end of it for first level, reversed »French quotes« without space (the German tradition) for the second level, so the following nested quotation pattern emerges:
„Quote »inside« quote”
... and with third level:
„Quote »inside ’inside of inside’ inside« quote”
In Hungarian linguistic tradition the meaning of a word is signified by uniform (unpaired) apostrophe-shaped quotation marks:
die Biene ’méh’
A quotation dash is also used, and is predominant in belletristic literature.
– Merre jártál? – kérdezte a köpcös.
Polish
According to current PN-83/P-55366 standard from 1983 (but not dictionaries, see below), Typesetting rules for composing Polish text (Zasady składania tekstów w języku polskim) one can use either „ordinary Polish quotes” or «French quotes» (without space) for first level, and ‚single Polish quotes’ or «French quotes» for second level, which gives three styles of nested quotes:
„Quote ‚inside’ quote”
„Quote «inside» quote”
«Quote ‚inside’ quote»
There is no space on the internal side of quote marks, with the exception of ¼ firet (~ ¼ em) space between two quotation marks when there are no other characters between them (e.g. ,„ and ’”).
The above rules have not changed since at least the previous BN-76/7440-02 standard from 1976 and are probably much older.
However, the part of the rules that concerns the use of guillemets conflicts with the Polish punctuation standard as given by dictionaries, including the Wielki Słownik Ortograficzny PWN recommended by the Polish Language Council. The PWN rules state:
In Polish books and publications, this style for use of guillemets (also known as »German quotes«) is used almost exclusively. In addition to being standard for second level quotes, guillemet quotes are sometimes used as first level quotes in headings and titles but almost never in ordinary text in paragraphs.
Another style of quoting is to use an em-dash to open a quote; this is used almost exclusively to quote dialogues, and is virtually the only convention used in works of fiction.
Mag skłonił się. Biały kot śpiący obok paleniska ocknął się nagle i spojrzał na niego badawczo.
— Jak się nazywa ta wieś, panie? — zapytał przybysz. Kowal wzruszył ramionami.
— Głupi Osioł.
— Głupi…?
— Osioł — powtórzył kowal takim tonem, jakby wyzywał gościa, żeby spróbował sobie z niego zażartować. Mag zamyślił się.
— Ta nazwa ma pewnie swoją historię — stwierdził w końcu. — W innych okolicznościach chętnie bym jej wysłuchał. Ale chciałbym porozmawiać z tobą, kowalu, o twoim synu.
The wizard bowed. A white cat that had been sleeping by the furnace woke up and watched him carefully.
“What is the name of this place, sir?” said the wizard.
The blacksmith shrugged.
“Stupid Donkey,” he said. [original English version is "Bad Ass", but that's not a common phrase in Polish]
“Stupid—?”
“Donkey,” repeated the blacksmith, his tone defying anyone to make something of it.
The wizard considered this.
“A name with a story behind it,” he said at last, “which were circumstances otherwise I would be pleased to hear. But I would like to speak to you, smith, about your son.”
(Terry Pratchett, Equal Rites)
An en-dash is sometimes used in place of the em-dash, especially so in newspaper texts.
Portuguese
Neither the Portuguese Language regulator nor the Brazilian prescribe what is the shape for quotation marks, they only prescribe when and how they should be used.
In Portugal, the angular quotation marks (ex. «quote») are traditionally used. They are the Latin tradition quotation marks, used normally by typographers. It is that also the chosen representation for displaying quotation marks in reference sources, and it is also the chosen representation from some sites dedicated to the Portuguese Language.
The Código de Redação for Portuguese-language documents published in the European Union prescribes three levels of quotation marks representation («…“...‘…’...”…»):
E estava escrito «Alguém perguntou “Quem foi que gritou ‘Meu Deus!’?”.» na folha de papel.
And it was written “Someone asked ‘Who shouted ‘My God’!’?”. in the sheet of paper.
in black: main sentence which contains the citations;
in green: 1st level citation;
in red: 2nd level citation;
in blue: 3rd level citation;
However, the usage of English-style (ex. “quote” and ‘quote’) marks is growing in Portugal. That is probably due to the omnipresence of the English language and to the corresponding inability of some machines (mobile phones, cash registers, specific printers, calculators, etc.) to display the angular quotation marks.
In Brazil, however, the usage of angular quotation marks is little known, being used almost solely the curved quotation marks (“quote” and ‘quote’). This can be verified, for instance, in the difference between a Portuguese keyboard (which possesses a specific key for « and for ») and a Brazilian keyboard.
The Portuguese-speaking African countries tend to follow Portugal's conventions, not the Brazilian ones.
Other usages of quotation marks (“quote„ for double, ‹quote› for single) are obsolete.
Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian
In Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian, angled quotation marks are used without spaces. In case of quoted material inside a quotation, rules and most noted style manuals prescribe the use of different kinds of quotation marks. However, Russian rules allow to use the same quotation marks for quoted material inside a quotation, and if inner and outer quotation marks fall together, then one of them should be omitted.
Right:
(Pushkin wrote to Delvig: “Waiting for ‘Gypsies’, and publish at once.")
Permissible, when it is technically impossible to use different quotation marks:
(“My ‘Gypsies’ are not selling at all”, Pushkin complained.)
It is common to use quotation dashes for dialogue, as well as within quotations for the reporting clause. For more details, see the Russian Wikipedia article on this topic.
"Who's there?"
"It's me, postman Pechkin," was the reply. "I've brought news about your boy."
Spanish
Spanish uses angled quotation marks ( or ) as well, but always without the spaces.
“This is an example of how a literal quotation is usually written in Spanish”.
And, when quotations are nested in more levels than inner and outer quotation, the system is:
“Antonio told me, ‘What a piece of “junk” Julián has purchased for himself’.”
The use of English quotation marks is increasing in Spanish, and the El País style guide, which is widely followed in Spain, recommends them. Hispanic Americans often use them, owing to influence from the United States.
Chinese, Japanese and Korean quotation marks
Corner brackets are well-suited for Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages which are written in both vertical and horizontal orientations. China, South Korea, and Japan all use corner brackets when writing vertically. However, usages differ when writing horizontally:
In Japan, corner brackets are used.
In South Korea, corner brackets and English-style quotes are used.
In North Korea, angle quotes are used.
In Mainland China, English-style quotes (full width “”) are official and prevalent; corner brackets are rare today.
In Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau, where Traditional Chinese is used, corner brackets are prevalent, although English-style quotes are also used.
In the Chinese language, double angle brackets are used around titles of books, documents, musical pieces, cinema films, TV programmes, newspapers, magazines, laws, etc. When nested, single angle brackets are used inside double angle brackets. With some exceptions, this usage overlaps italics in English:
「你看過《三國演義》嗎？」他問我。
"Have you read Romance of the Three Kingdoms?", he asked me.
White corner brackets are used to mark quote-within-quote segments in case that the corner brackets are used.
Quotation dash
Another typographical style is to omit quotation marks for lines of dialogue, replacing them with an initial dash:
―Oh saints above! Miss Douce said, sighed above her jumping rose. I wished I hadn't laughed so much. I feel all wet
―Oh Miss Douce! Miss Kennedy protested. You horrid thing!
This style is particularly common in Bulgarian, French, Greek, Hungarian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, and Vietnamese. James Joyce always insisted on this style, although his publishers did not always respect his preference. Alan Paton used this style in Cry, the Beloved Country (and no quotation marks at all in some of his later work). Charles Frazier used this style for his novel Cold Mountain as well. Details for individual languages are given above.
The dash is often combined with ordinary quotation marks. For example, in French, a guillemet may be used to initiate running speech, with each change in speaker indicated by a dash, and a closing guillemet to mark the end of the quotation.
Dashes are also used in many modern English novels, especially those written in non-standard dialects. Some examples include:
James Joyce's prose
William Gaddis' prose
Trainspotting by Irvine Welsh
M/F by Anthony Burgess
The Book of Dave by Will Self, which alternates between standard English chapters, with standard quotation marks, and dialect chapters, with quotation dashes
A Scanner Darkly by Philip K. Dick (not written in dialect)
The Ægypt Sequence by John Crowley, in which events occurring in the Renaissance are indicated by quotation dashes, and events in the present by ordinary quotation marks
The Van by Roddy Doyle
You Shall Know Our Velocity by Dave Eggers, in which spoken dialogues are written with the typical English quotation marks, but dialogues imagined by the main character (which feature prominently) are written with quotation dashes
In Italian, Catalan, Portuguese, Spanish, Ukrainian, Russian, Polish, Bulgarian, Georgian, Romanian, Lithuanian and Hungarian, the reporting clause in the middle of a quotation is separated with two additional dashes (also note that the initial quotation dash is followed by a single whitespace character as well as the fact that the additional quotation dashes for the middle main clause after the initial quotation dash are all with a single whitespace character on both of their sides):
“Oh dear!” exclaimed Levin. “I think it is nine years since I went to communion! I haven’t thought about it.”
“You are a good one!” remarked Oblonsky, laughing. “And you call me a Nihilist! But it won’t do, you know; you must confess and receive the sacrament.”
from Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina (Louise and Aylmer Maude translation)
– Nem hagyják magukat, mozgásban maradnak – mondta Ron. – Ahogy mi is.
“Well, they keep on the move, don’t they?” said Ron. “Like us.”
From Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows and its Hungarian translation by Tóth Tamás Boldizsár.
In Finnish, on the other hand, a second dash is added when the quote continues after a reporting clause:
— Et sinä ole paljon minkään näköinen, sanoi Korkala melkein surullisesti, — mutta ei auta.
“You don't seem to be anything special,” said Korkala almost sadly, “but there's no help to it.”
— Frakki, älähti Huikari. — Missä on frakki?
— Räätälissä, sanoi Joonas rauhallisesti.
“Tailcoat”, yelped Huikari. “Where is the tailcoat?”
“At the tailor's”, said Joonas calmly.
The Unicode standard introduced a separate character to be used as a quotation dash. In general it is the same length as an em-dash, and so this is often used instead. The main difference between them is that at least some software will insert a line break after an em dash, but not after a quotation dash. Both are displayed in the following table.
Electronic documents
Different typefaces, character encodings and computer languages use various encodings and glyphs for quotation marks.
Typewriters and early computers
"Ambidextrous" quotation marks were introduced on typewriters to reduce the number of keys on the keyboard, and were inherited by computer keyboards and character sets. Some computer systems designed in the past had character sets with proper opening and closing quotes. However, the ASCII character set, which has been used on a wide variety of computers since the 1960s, only contains a straight single quote () and double quote ().
Many systems, such as the personal computers of the 1980s and early 1990s, actually drew these quotes like curved closing quotes on-screen and in printouts, so text would appear like this (approximately):
”Good morning, Dave,” said HAL.
’Good morning, Dave,’ said HAL.
These same systems often drew the grave accent (`, U+0060) as an open quote glyph (actually a high-reversed-9 glyph, to preserve some usability as a grave). Thus, using a grave accent instead of a quotation mark as the opening quote gave a proper appearance of single quotes at the cost of semantic correctness. Nothing similar was available for the double quote, so many people resorted to using two single quotes for double quotes, which would look like the following:
‛‛Good morning, Dave,’’ said HAL.
‛Good morning, Dave,’ said HAL.
The typesetting application TeX uses this convention for input files. The following is an example of TeX input which yields proper curly quotation marks.
``Good morning, Dave,'' said HAL.
`Good morning, Dave,' said HAL.
The Unicode slanted/curved quotes described below are shown here for comparison:
“Good morning, Dave,” said HAL.
‘Good morning, Dave,’ said HAL.
Keyboard layouts
Typographical quotation marks are almost absent on keyboards.
In typewriter keyboards, the curved quotation marks were not implemented. Instead, to save space, the straight quotation marks were invented as a compromise. Even in countries that did not use curved quotation marks, angular quotation marks were not implemented either.
Computer keyboards followed the steps of typewriter keyboards. Most computer keyboards do not have specific keys for curved quotation marks or angled quotation marks. This may also have to do with computer character sets:
IBM character sets generally do not have curved quotation mark characters, therefore, keys for the correct quotation marks are absent in most IBM computer keyboards.
Microsoft followed the example of IBM in its character set and keyboard design. Curved quotation marks were implemented later in Windows character sets, but most Microsoft computer keyboards do not have a dedicated key for the correct quotation mark characters. On keyboards with the key, they are accessible through a series of keystrokes that involve this key. Also, techniques using their Unicode code points are available; see Unicode input.
Macintosh character sets have always had the correct quotation marks. Nevertheless, these are mostly accessible through a series of keystrokes, involving the key.
In languages that use the curved “…” quotation marks, they are available in:
none
In languages that use the angular «…» quotation marks, they are available in:
Macintosh Arabic keyboard;
Armenian keyboard
Canadian keyboard
French BÉPO keyboard
Greek keyboard
Khmer keyboard
Latvian ergonomic keyboard
Pashto keyboard
Persian keyboard
Portuguese keyboard
Syriac keyboard
Uyghur keyboard
In languages that use the corner bracket 「...」 quotation marks, they are available in:
Japanese keyboard
In languages that use the angle bracket 《...》 they are available in:
Mongolian keyboard
New Tai Lue keyboard
In languages that use the curved „…“ quotation marks, they are available in:
Bulgarian keyboard
Georgian keyboard
Macedonian keyboard
In languages that use the curved „…” quotation marks, they are available in:
Romanian Standard SR 13392:2004 keyboard
In languages that use the curved ”…” quotation marks, they are available in:
none
Curved quotes within and across applications
Historically, support for curved quotes was a problem in information technology, primarily because the widely used ASCII character set did not include a representation for them.
To use non ASCII characters in e-mail and on Usenet the sending mail application generally needs to set a MIME type specifying the encoding. In most cases (the exceptions being if UTF-7 is used or if the 8BITMIME extension is present), this also requires the use of a content-transfer encoding. (Mozilla Thunderbird, however, allows insertion of HTML code such as and to produce typographic quotation marks; see below.)
The term smart quotes (“…”) is from the name in several word processors of a function aimed this problem: automatically converting straight quotes typed by the user into curved quotes, the feature attempts to be "smart" enough to determine whether the punctuation marked opening or closing. Since curved quotes are the typographically correct ones, word processors have traditionally offered curved quotes to users (at minimum as available characters). Before Unicode was widely accepted and supported, this meant representing the curved quotes in whatever 8-bit encoding the software and underlying operating system was using. The character sets for Windows and Macintosh used two different pairs of values for curved quotes, while ISO 8859-1 (historically the default character set for the Unixes and older Linux systems) has no curved quotes, making cross-platform and -application compatibility difficult.
Performance by these "smart quotes" features was far from perfect overall (variance potential by e.g. subject matter, formatting/style convention, user typing habits). As many word processors (including Microsoft Word and OpenOffice.org) have the function enabled by default, users may not have realized that the ASCII-compatible straight quotes they were typing on their keyboards ended up as something different (conversely users could incorrectly assume its functioning in other applications, e.g. composing emails).
The curved apostrophe is the same character as the closing single quote. "Smart quotes" features, however, wrongly convert initial apostrophes (as in 'tis, 'em, 'til, and '89) into opening single quotes. (An example of this error appears in the advertisements for the television show 'Til Death). The two very different functions of this character can cause confusion, particularly in British styles, in which single quotes are the standard primary.
Unicode support has since become the norm for operating systems. Thus, in at least some cases, transferring content containing curved quotes (or any other non-ASCII characters) from a word processor to another application or platform has been less troublesome, provided all steps in the process (including the clipboard if applicable) are Unicode-aware. But there are still applications which still use the older character sets, or output data using them, and thus problems still occur.
There are other considerations for including curved quotes in the widely used markup languages HTML, XML, and SGML. If the encoding of the document supports direct representation of the characters, they can be used, but doing so can cause difficulties if the document needs to be edited by someone who is using an editor that cannot support the encoding. For example, many simple text editors only handle a few encodings or assume that the encoding of any file opened is a platform default, so the quote characters may appear as "garbage." HTML includes a set of entities for curved quotes: ‘ (left single), ’ (right single or apostrophe), ‚ (low 9 single), “ (left double), ” (right double), and „ (low 9 double). XML does not define these by default, but specifications based on it can do so, and XHTML does. In addition, while the HTML 4, XHTML and XML specifications allow specifying numeric character references in either hexadecimal or decimal, SGML and older versions of HTML (and many old implementations) only support decimal references. Thus, to represent curly quotes in XML and SGML, it is safest to use the decimal numeric character references. That is, to represent the double curly quotes use “ and ”, and to represent single curly quotes use ‘ and ’. Both numeric and named references function correctly in almost every modern browser. While using numeric references can make a page more compatible with outdated browsers, using named references are safer for systems that handle multiple character encodings (i.e. RSS aggregators and search results).
Usenet and email
The style of quoting known as Usenet quoting uses the greater-than sign (>) prepended to a line of text to mark it as a quote. This convention was later standardized in RFC 3676, and is now used by email clients when automatically including quoted text from previous messages (in plain text mode).
Unicode code point table
In Unicode, 30 characters are marked Quotation Mark=Yes by character property. They all have general category "Punctuation", and a subcategory Open, Close, Initial, Final or Other (Ps, Pe, Pi, Pf, Po). Several other Unicode characters with quotation mark semantics lack the character property.
Notes
= Also sometimes used by 18th- and 19th-century printers for the small "c" for Scottish names, e.g. M‘Culloch. For a printed example see the Green Bag reference or the Dictionary of Australasian Biography, page 290 (Wikisource).
The same U+2019 code point and glyph is used for typographic (curly) apostrophes. Both U+0027 and U+2019 are ambiguous about distinguishing punctuation from apostrophes.
References
External links
"Curling Quotes in HTML, SGML, and XML", David A Wheeler (2017)
"ASCII and Unicode quotation marks" by Markus Kuhn (1999) – includes detailed discussion of the ASCII `backquote' problem
The Gallery of "Misused" Quotation Marks
"Commonly confused characters", Greg's References Pages, Greg Baker (2016)
"Smart Quotes", David Dunham (2006)
"How to type “smart quotes” (U+201C, U+201D)", on Unix/Linux, at Stack Exchange
Index of quotation-marks-related material at the EnglishGrammar website
"Œuvrez les guillemets" , Pauline Morfouace (2002) – French quotation mark typography
Category:Punctuation
Category:Typographical symbols | {
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Columbarium altocanalis
Columbarium altocanalis is a pagoda shell, a deepwater sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Turbinellidae.
Distribution
New Zealand.
References
Category:Turbinellidae
Category:Gastropods of New Zealand
Category:Gastropods described in 1956 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Puma Air
Puma Air (Puma Linhas Aéreas) was a Brazilian airline founded in 2002. In August 2011 it ceased operations.
History
The airline was founded on January 21, 2002 with a fleet of 3 Cessna 208B Grand Caravan and serving 12 cities in the state of Pará. Originally a charter and air taxi operator, later it started to operate also scheduled flights.
After a period of expansion and becoming an important regional carrier on the Amazon region, Puma Air, under severe economical difficulties, grounded its aircraft and interrupted all services in February 2009. It was then sold and re-organized.
The new share-holders composition was approved by ANAC in January 2010: 80% of the shares belong to the Brazilian company Ipiranga Obras Públicas e Privadas and to Gleison Gamboni e Souza, and 20% of the shares belong to the Angolan company Angola Air Services. Puma Air restarted its operations on April 12, 2010, with flights from Belém to Macapá and São Paulo, after being grounded between January and March 2010. Puma Air does not restrict its services anymore to the Amazon region.
The airline planned to end the year 2010 with three Boeing 737-300s and to start operating a flight between Recife and Luanda, using a Boeing 767-300ER wet-leased from Gol Airlines with Varig colors. On August 23, 2010 the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (ANAC) designated Puma Air to operate 4 weekly flights on the route. However, on July 2011 those plans were still not implemented.
After being grounded since August 16, 2011, the airline lost its operational license on July 23, 2013.
Destinations
Puma Air served the following cities:
Fleet
As of September 2011 the fleet of Puma Air included the following aircraft:
References
External links
Angola Air Services
Puma Air Photo Archive at airliners.net
Category:Defunct airlines of Brazil
Category:Airlines established in 2002
Category:Airlines disestablished in 2011 | {
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John Severin
John Powers Severin (; December 26, 1921 – February 12, 2012) was an American comics artist noted for his distinctive work with EC Comics, primarily on the war comics Two-Fisted Tales and Frontline Combat; for Marvel Comics, especially its war and Western comics; and for his 45-year stint with the satiric magazine Cracked. He was one of the founding cartoonists of Mad in 1952.
Severin was inducted into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 2003.
Early life
John Severin was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, of Norwegian and Irish descent. He was a teenager in Bay Ridge, Brooklyn, New York City, when he began drawing professionally. While attending high school, he contributed cartoons to The Hobo News, receiving payment of one dollar per cartoon. Severin recalled in 1999:
He attended the High School of Music & Art in New York City, together with future EC Comics and Mad artists Harvey Kurtzman, Will Elder, Al Jaffee and Al Feldstein. After graduating from the school in 1940, he worked as an apprentice machinist and then enlisted in the Army, serving in the Pacific during World War II.
Career
Early work: 1947–51
In a 1980 interview, Severin recalled his start as a professional artist:
Inspired by the quick money Kurtzman would make in between advertising assignments with one-page "Hey Look!" gags for editor Stan Lee at Timely Comics, Severin worked up comics samples inked by Elder. In late 1947, he recalled, the writer-artist-editor team of Joe Simon and Jack Kirby at Crestwood Publications "gave us our first job."
Since it was not standard practice to credit comics creators during this era, a comprehensive list of his early work is difficult to compile. Author and historian Jim Vadeboncoeur Jr., based on Severin's description of "a crime story about a boy and a girl who killed somebody ... I think it was their stepfather. They lived on a farm, or out in the suburbs," believes that first Severin/Elder story was the eight-page "The Clue of the Horoscope" in Headline Comics #32 (cover-dated Nov. 1948), from the Crestwood-affiliated Prize Comics. The standard reference Grand Comics Database has no credits for that story, and lists Severin's first confirmed work in comics as two stories published the same month: the ten-page Boy Commandos adventure "The Triumph of William Tell" in DC Comics' Boy Commandos #30; and the eight-page Western story "Grinning Hole in the Wall" in Prize Comics' Prize Comics Western vol. 7, #5 (each Dec. 1948), both of which he penciled and the latter of which he also inked.
Through 1955, Severin drew a large number of stories for the latter title and other Western series from Prize, and as penciler, he co-created with an unknown writer the long-running Native American feature "American Eagle" in Prize Comics Western vol. 9, #6 (Jan. 1951), inked by his high-school classmate turned fellow pro Will Elder.
Around this time, Severin did his first confirmed work for two publishers with whom he would long be associated, Marvel Comics and EC Comics. For the future Marvel Comics, he penciled the seven-page romance comic story "My Heart Had No Faith" in Timely Comics' Actual Romances #1 (Oct. 1949).
EC Comics
For EC Comics, he debuted with the seven-page "War Story" in Two-Fisted Tales #19 (Feb. 1951), continuing to work in tandem with his friend Elder as his inker, notably on science fiction and war stories. Severin drew stories for both Two-Fisted Tales and Frontline Combat. When Kurtzman dropped the war comics to devote more time to Mad, Severin became sole artist on Two-Fisted Tales for four issues and scripted some stories. He also illustrated stories written by his friend Colin Dawkins and future Mad art director John Putnam. Severin and Dawkins were the uncredited co-editors of Two-Fisted Tales #36–39.
Severin and Elder eventually split as a team at EC. They both were in the group of the five original artists who launched editor Harvey Kurtzman's landmark satiric comic book Mad, along with Kurtzman, Wally Wood and Jack Davis. Severin appeared in nine of Mad'''s first ten issues, drawing ten pieces between 1952 and 1954. According to accounts by both Severin and Kurtzman, the two had a falling out over art criticisms Kurtzman made during this period. It was Kurtzman who suggested that Severin ink with a pen as opposed to brush inking. Though Severin eventually took this advice in his later work, he was annoyed at Kurtzman at the time, for this and other remarks, and refused further work with him. Kurtzman insisted on doing the layouts for all the artists, which some resented, including Severin.
His ability to draw people of different nationalities convincingly was highly admired by his peers, as was his eye for authentic details. Upon Severin's death, writer Mark Evanier remembered, "Jack Kirby used to say that when he had to research some historical costume or weapon for a story, it was just as good to use a John Severin drawing as it was to find a photo of the real thing. They don't make 'em like that anymore."
Marvel Comics and other publishers
Following the cancellation of EC's comic book line in the wake of the Comics Code in the mid-1950s, Severin began working for Atlas Comics, the 1950s forerunner of Marvel Comics. Sergeant Barney Barker, drawn by Severin, was Atlas' answer to Sgt. Bilko. Artist and colorist Stan Goldberg, a company colleague, recalled in 2005,
After Atlas transitioned to become Marvel Comics in the 1960s, Severin did extensive work as penciler, inker or both on such series as The Incredible Hulk, Conan the Barbarian, and Captain Savage and his Leatherneck Raiders. Herb Trimpe, the primary Hulk penciler during this period comics fans and historians call the Silver Age of comic books, said in 2009, "I was kind of thrilled when John Severin inked me, because I liked his work for EC Comics, and he was one of my idols." As inker, Severin teamed with penciler Dick Ayers on an acclaimed run of the World War II series Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos, beginning with #44 (July 1967). In the 1970s, he collaborated with his sister, artist Marie Severin, on Marvel's sword and sorcery series, King Kull.
During this time he was by far the most prolific contributor to the satiric Cracked magazine, drawing television and movie parodies along with other features, including most of the magazine's covers.
For Warren Publishing in the 1970s, he drew for the black-and-white comics magazines Blazing Combat and Creepy. Severin also contributed to Topps' line of bubble gum trading cards. He was one of the artists on Joe Kubert's self-published Sojourn series in 1977. His 1980s work for Marvel included The 'Nam, What The--?!, and Semper Fi.
Circa 2000, writer Jeff Mariotte recalled in 2002, Severin phoned Scott Dunbier, a group editor at DC Comics' WildStorm imprint, "and said he was looking to do comics again" after working primarily for Cracked at the time. "I happened to pass by Scott's office as he hung up the phone, and he sounded kind of awestruck as he told me that John Severin wanted to do something with us. I said something like, 'Gee, a Desperadoes story by Severin would be great,'" referring to Mariotte's Western miniseries for DC. "Scott agreed. We needed to hurry, before he was snapped up by someone else, so I went home and worked up a proposal overnight. We had sent him, right after that first call, copies of the original Desperadoes books. That was followed up by the proposal, the next day. He liked what he saw and wanted to play along." This led to Severin drawing the sequel miniseries Desperadoes: Quiet of The Grave.
He illustrated the controversial 2003 Marvel limited series The Rawhide Kid, a lighthearted parallel universe Western that reimagined the outlaw hero as a kitschy though still formidably gunslinging gay man. Severin, who had drawn the character for Atlas in the 1950s, refuted rumors that he had not known of the subject matter, saying at the time of the premiere issue's release, "The Rawhide Kid is rather effeminate in this story. It may be quite a blow to some of the old fans of Rawhide Kid. But it's a lot of fun, and he's still a tough hombre." Also in the 2000s, Severin contributed to Marvel's The Punisher; DC Comics' Suicide Squad, American Century, Caper, and Bat Lash; and Dark Horse Comics' Conan, B.P.R.D. and Witchfinder.
Personal life
Severin's family members working in the publishing and entertainment fields include his sister Marie Severin, a comic book artist, who was the colorist for EC's comics; his son John Severin, Jr., the head of Bubblehead Publishing; his daughter, Ruth Larenas, a producer for that company; and his grandson, John Severin III, a music producer and recording engineer.
Severin died at his home in Denver, Colorado, on February 12, 2012 at the age of 90. His wife of 60 years, Michelina, survived him, as did his six children and comics artist sister Marie Severin.
Awards and honors
Severin received an Inkpot Award in 1998 and was inducted into the Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame in 2003.
With writer Gary Friedrich and penciler Dick Ayers, Severin's inking contributed to Sgt. Fury and his Howling Commandos winning the Alley Award for Best War Title of 1967 and 1968.
He was among the winners of the Cartoon Art Museum's 2001 Sparky Award.
His artwork was exhibited three times at the Words & Pictures Museum in Northampton, Massachusetts – in the grand-opening group show (October 9, 1992 – January 5, 1993), in the group exhibit "War No More" (May 18 – August 8, 1993) and in the group show "Classic Comics: A Selection of Stories from EC Comics" (December 7 – February 11, 1996).
References
Further reading
John Severin interview, Graphic Story Magazine #13, Spring 1971
John Severin interview, REH: Lone Star Fictioneer #4, Spring 1976
John Severin interview, The Comics Journal #215, August 1999, pp. 46–93; and #216, pp. 121–152, Fantagraphics Books
John Severin interview, Jack Kirby Collector #25, August 1999, TwoMorrows Publishing
External links
: Excerpts/additional material from interview in The Comics Journal'' #215, August 1999. WebCitation archive. Original page.
Shaw, Scott, , "Oddball Comics" (column) #1097, December 2, 2005.
John Severin at Mike's Amazing World of Comics
John Severin at the Unofficial Handbook of Marvel Comics Creators
Category:1921 births
Category:2012 deaths
Category:20th-century American artists
Category:21st-century American artists
Category:American army personnel of World War II
Category:American cartoonists
Category:American comics artists
Category:American people of Irish descent
Category:American people of Norwegian descent
Category:Artists from Brooklyn
Category:Artists from Jersey City, New Jersey
Category:Comics inkers
Category:DC Comics people
Category:EC Comics
Category:Golden Age comics creators
Category:Inkpot Award winners
Category:Mad (magazine) cartoonists
Category:Marvel Comics people
Category:Military personnel from New Jersey
Category:People from Bay Ridge, Brooklyn
Category:Silver Age comics creators
Category:The High School of Music & Art alumni
Category:United States Army personnel
Category:Will Eisner Award Hall of Fame inductees | {
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S. Krishnamurthi
S. Krishnamurthi (full name and details unknown) was an Indian cricketer who played for Hyderabad.
Krishnamurthi's only Ranji Trophy appearance came during the 1951-52 season, against Mysore. In the first innings of the match, Krishnamurthi scored 8 not out alongside fellow tailender, Indian Test cricketer Ghulam Ahmed, and in the second innings, he scored a duck.
Krishnamurthi's second and final first-class appearance followed five weeks later, against the MCC, during an MCC tour of India. Krishnamurthi scored 5 runs in the only innings in which he batted in the match.
Krishnamurthi took four wickets from 47 overs of bowling.
External links
S. Krishnamurthi at CricketArchive
Category:Indian cricketers
Category:Hyderabad cricketers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Sunday Times Literary Awards
The Sunday Times Literary Awards are composed of two awards, fiction and non-fiction, given by the South African newspaper the Sunday Times. The awards are the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize (formerly Sunday Times Fiction Prize 2001–14) and the Alan Paton Award for works of non-fiction (1989–present).
The prize was restructured in 2015 with the Sunday Times Fiction Prize renamed the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize, which was then merged with the Alan Paton Award to form the Sunday Times Literary Awards; the money for each prize was increased in 2015 from R75 000 to R100 000.
Barry Ronge Fiction Prize
The Barry Ronge Fiction Prize was renamed in 2015, formerly the Sunday Times Fiction Prize from 2001 to 2014. It is named for Barry Ronge, a South African journalist best known for his "Spit and Polish" column in the Sunday Times.
Recipients
2019 Siphiwe Gloria Ndlovu, The Theory of Flight
2018 Harry Kalmer, A Thousand Tales of Johannesburg
2017 Zakes Mda, Little Suns
2016 Nkosinathi Sithole, Hunger Eats a Man
2015 Damon Galgut, Arctic Summer
2014 Claire Robertson for The Spiral House
2013 Karen Jayes for For the Mercy of Water
2012 Michiel Heyns for Lost Ground
2011 Sifiso Mzobe for Young Blood
2010 Imraan Coovadia for High Low In-between
2009 Anne Landsman for The Rowing Lesson
2008 Ceridwen Dovey for Blood Kin
2007 Marlene van Niekerk for Agaat
2006 Andrew Brown for Coldsleep Lullaby
2005 Justin Cartwright for The Promise of Happiness
2004 Rayda Jacobs for Confessions of a Gambler
2003 André P Brink for The Other Side of Silence
2002 Ivan Vladislavic for The Restless Supermarket
2001 Zakes Mda for The Heart of Redness
Alan Paton Award
The Alan Paton Award is a South African literary award that been conferred annually since 1989 for meritorious works of non-fiction. Sponsored by the Johannesburg weekly the Sunday Times, recipients represent the cream of contemporary South African writers who produce works that are judged to demonstrate: compassion; elegance of writing; illumination of truthfulness, especially those forms of it that are new, delicate, unfashionable and fly in the face of power; and, intellectual and moral integrity. The award is named for Alan Paton, author of Cry, The Beloved Country. The award is given in conjunction with the Barry Ronge Fiction Prize.
Recipients
2019 – Terry Kurgan for Everyone is Present: Essays on Photography, Family and Memory
2018 – Bongani Ngqulunga for The Man Who Founded the ANC: A Biography of Pixley ka Isaka Seme
2017 – Greg Marinovich for Murder at Small Koppie: The Real Story of the Marikana Massacre
2016 – Pumla Dineo Gqola for Rape: A South African Nightmare
2015 – Jacob Dlamini for Askari: A Story of Collaboration and Betrayal in the Anti-Apartheid Struggle
2014 – Max du Preez for A Rumour of Spring: South Africa after 20 Years of Democracy
2013 – Redi Tlhabi for Endings and Beginnings
2012 – Hugh Lewin for Stones against the Mirror
2011 – Ronnie Kasrils for The Unlikely Secret Agent
2010 – Albie Sachs for The Strange Alchemy of Life and Law
2009 – Peter Harris for In a Different Time
2008 – Mark Gevisser for Thabo Mbeki – The Dream Deferred
2007 – Ivan Vladislavic for Portrait with Keys
2006 – Jointly awarded to
Edwin Cameron for Witness to AIDS
Adam Levin for AidSafari
2005 – Jonny Steinberg for The Number
2004 – Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela for A Human Being Died That Night
2003 – Jonny Steinberg for Midlands
2002 – Jonathan Kaplan for The Dressing Station
2001 – Henk van Woerden for A Mouthful of Glass
2000 – Anthony Sampson for Mandela: The Authorised Biography
1999 – Jointly awarded to
Antjie Krog for Country of My Skull
Stephen Clingman for Bram Fischer: Afrikaner Revolutionary
1998 – John Reader for Africa: A Biography of a Continent
1997 – Charles van Onselen for The Seed is Mine
1996 – Margaret McCord for The Calling of Katie Makanya
1995 – Nelson Mandela for Long Walk to Freedom
1994 – Breyten Breytenbach for Return to Paradise
1993 – Tim Couzens for Tramp Royal
1992 – Thomas Pakenham for Scramble for Africa
1991 – Albie Sachs for Soft Vengeance of a Freedom Fighter
1990 – Jeff Peires for The Dead Will Arise
1989 – Marq de Villiers for White Tribe Dreaming
References
Category:South African literary awards
Category:Fiction awards
Category:Non-fiction literary awards
Category:Awards established in 2001
Category:Awards established in 1989
Category:2001 establishments in South Africa
Category:1989 establishments in South Africa | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Trumpet tree
Trumpet tree or trumpet bush may refer to:
Several species of Cecropia, including:
Cecropia obtusifolia
Cecropia peltata
Dolichandrone spathacea, mangrove trumpet tree
The genus Handroanthus
The genus Tabebuia, including:
Tabebuia aurea - "Caribbean trumpet tree" or silver trumpet tree, native to the South American mainland
Tabebuia heterophylla - pink trumpet tree, native to Caribbean islands
Tabebuia rosea - rosy trumpet tree
See also
Angel's trumpet, several plants
Trumpetflower, several plants
Campsis, trumpet vine or trumpet creeper | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Witold Szabłowski
Witold Szabłowski () (born 1980, in Ostrów Mazowiecka) is a Polish journalist and author.
Biography
Witold Szablowski was born in Ostrów Mazowiecka. He graduated from the Department of Journalism and Political Science at the Warsaw University. He has also studied political science in Istanbul.
While working as an intern at CNN Türk, he visited all of Turkey. He began his journalistic career with TVN24, one of the leading news channels of Poland. In 2006 he began working for ”Gazeta Wyborcza” and its weekly supplement “Duży Format”, becoming the youngest reporter in its team. He worked there till 2016.
Since 2018 he has been associated with “Dzień dobry TVN”, a Polish morning show broadcast. Since April 2019 on Newonce Radio he runs his radio show about traveling.
In 2006 in Malatya he was the first Pole to interview Mehmet Ali Ağca’s family, the Turkish gunman who tried to assassinate Pope John Paul II. He also managed to get in touch with Oral Celik, the less famous organizer of the attack, who also shot Polish Pope.
In 2008 he won the 2007 Melchior Wańkowicz Award in the category of Inspiration of the Year for his “devotion to the best traditions of reportage – his honest documentation of aspects of Turkish society not widely known outside of the country, and his concise but vivid use of language”.
Also in 2008, he received an honourable mention from Amnesty International for the best human rights journalism – for his report on Turkish honour killings, "To z miłości, siostro" ("It's Out of Love, Sister"), which appeared in “Duży Format”. He wrote about the situation of women in Turkey who were subjected to rape and honour killing for the "sin" of wanting to decide their own fates.
In 2010 he was the first European journalist to interview Aung San Suu Kyi, the current Burmese Prime Minister, when she was released from home arrest (the one who helped him was Lech Wałęsa).
Also in this year he published his first book The Assassin From Apricot City. Reportages from Turkey (Czarne Publishing House, 2010) for which he was awarded Beata Pawlak Award, the book was also nominated for the 2011 Nike Literary Award. The English-language publication received the British PEN-Club Award, and “World Literature Today” acknowledged it to be one of the most important books translated into English the previous year.
In 2012 he received a special mention for the Anna Lindh Mediterranean Journalist Award in the press category for Let Us In, You Bastards!”, an article on the fall of Communism in Albania and on immigration from Albania to EU countries. To write the article about Albanian border jumpers, he crossed the border illegally himself. The jury chaired by French philosopher Edgar Morin, wrote: “Easy and pleasant to read, but if you read more closely, you realize that his articles are very profound”.
After a journey to Cuba, he wondered if something important had been lost in the change from communism to capitalism. He and his wife, Izabela Meyza, decided to live for the year of 2012 as if they were in Communist times. They wore clothes from Communist times, refrained from buying things not available in the Polish People's Republic, and sought out games and objects from the Communist era. Together they wrote a book about their experiences, Nasz mały PRL. Pół roku w M-3, z trwałą, wąsami i maluchem ("Our Little Polish People's Republic: Six Months in a Three-room Apartment with a Perm, a Moustache, and a Fiat 126p”)
In 2014 he published Tańczące niedźwiedzie ("Dancing Bears"), a collection of reportages about nations across Central Europe and their way to freedom, in which he writes about the creation of reserves for bears previously used as dancing bears to entertain people. He uses the experiences of the former dancing bears to explore differences between communist and capitalist systems. The book received rave reviews: The New York Times called it “a pearl” (in Orlando Figes’s review) and Timothy Garton Ash (from “Foreign Affairs”) wrote: “This is a Milan Kundera remake of Dances With Wolves”. The book was called one of the best books of the year 2018 by National Public Radio (NPR), the biggest public radio network of the United States. In 2019 the book was nominated for The Edward Stanford Travel Writing Awards as the only non-English book.
In 2016 Szablowski’s book Sprawiedliwi zdrajcy. Sąsiedzi z Wołynia (“Righteous Traitors. Neighbours from Volhynia”) was published. It depicts the fate of the victims and witnesses of the 1943-1944 massacres of Poles in Volhynia. Szabłowski’s main focus is on Ukrainians who at great personal risk provided help to their neighbours, Polish or Jewish. The book was awarded Terena Torańska Newseek Prize in the same year and is considered some of the best reporting of the massacres of Poles in Volhynia.
In 2018 a new edition of "The Assassin From Apricot City" was published, under the new title of Merhaba (W.A.B. Publishing House) and supplemented with author’s Turkish-Polish dictionary.
In 2019 his new book will be published in Poland and US, under the Polish title "Kucharze dyktatorów" (“Dictators’ Chef”). For the last 3 years he has been reaching and interviewing chefs who cooked for 20-th and 21-st century autocrats. The book is a result of the interviews and the recipes he collected.
Awards
Amnesty International – honourable mention for his report It's Out of Love, Sister, 2008
Melchior Wańkowicz Award in the category of Inspiration of the Year, 2008
European Parliament Journalism Prize for his reportage Today Two Corpses Will Float to This Place (2010)
Nike Literary Award – nominated for The Assassin From Apricot City, 2011
Beata Pawlak Award for The Assassin From Apricot City, 2011
Angelus Central European Literature Award for The Assassin From Apricot City, 2011
Anna Lindh Mediterranean Journalist Award in the press category for Let Us In, You Bastards!, 2012
Ryszard Kapuściński Award for Literary Reportage for The house Full of Ukrainians, 2013
British Pen Club Award for English edition of The Assassin From Apricot City, 2014
Terena Torańska Newseek Prize for Righteous Traitors. Neighbours from Volhynia, 2016
Edward Stanford Travel Writing Awards – nominated for Dancing Bears, 2019
Bibliography
Zabójca z miasta moreli (The Assassin from Apricot City),Wołowiec, Czarne, 2010.
Nasz mały PLR. Pół roku w M- 3 z trwałą, wąsami i maluchem (Our Little Polish People's Republic: Six Months in a Three-room Apartment with a Perm, a Moustache and a Fiat 126p– with Izabela Meyza), Kraków, Znak, 2012.
Tańczące niedźwiedzie (Dancing Bears), Warszawa, Agora SA, 2014.
Sprawiedliwi zdrajcy. Sąsiedzi z Wołynia, Kraków, Znak, 2016.
Merhaba, Warszawa, W.A.B., 2018.
Translations Zabójca z miasta moreli English:
The Assassin From Apricot City, transl. Antonia Lloyd-Jones, London, Stork Press, 2013.
German
Weil ich dich liebe, Schwester. Reportagen aus der Türkei, transl. Joanna Manc, Vliegen Verlag, 2015.
Russian
Убийца из города абрикосов, transl. Madina Alekseeva, Corpus, 2015.
Ukrainian
Убивця з міста абрикосів'', transl. Dzvinka Matiyash, Tempora, 2012.
References
External links
Excerpt from English translation of The Assassin from Apricot City.
Stork Press article about The Assassin from Apricot City.
Category:1980 births
Category:Polish journalists
Category:Living people
Category:Polish male writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Xatar
Xatar [ˈχatar], real name Giwar Hajabi (* December 24, 1981 in Sanandaj, Iran), is a German entrepreneur, publisher, rapper and producer of Kurdish descent. He has been with Universal Music Group since 2018. He is also founder and owner of the labels Alles oder Nix Records and Groove Attack TraX. He was also the managing director of the now closed company Kopfticker Records. Through his labels he promoted hip-hop musicians such as SSIO, Schwesta Ewa, Kalim, Eno, Mero und Sero el Mero. In addition to his musical activities, he expanded his entrepreneurial work with the Shisha bar Bar Noon, the tobacco brand Orijinal and jewelry and clothing design for Massari. He authored his autobiography Alles oder Nix: Bei uns sagt man, die Welt gehört dir (All or nothing: We say the world belongs to you) in 2015.
Career
Youth
Xatar was born in 1981 under the name Giwar Hajabi in Sanandadsch in the Iranian province of Kurdistan. His father is the music professor Eghbal Hajabi. In the early 1980s, his parents fled with him to nearby Iraq. At this time, the first Gulf War broke out between the two Middle Eastern states. After Saddam Hussein's regime attacked the Kurdish minority in Iraq his parents were also tortured and imprisoned. He himself was held prisoner for three months near Bagdad.
Musical and entrepreneurial career
Beginnings as a rapper and founding of Alles oder Nix Records
At the end of the 1990s Hajabi began using the pseudonym Xatar, the Kurdish term for "danger", to rap and produce beats in the recording room of a youth center. In 2007 he founded the label Alles oder Nix Records, which signed a distribution contract with Groove Attack. The first artists he signed were Samy and SSIO. His first album, Alles oder nix was released at the end of November 2008. In addition to his label colleagues Samy and SSIO, it also features guest contributions from La Honda, Azad, Jetsett Mehmet, Jamila and Jalaal. Less than a year after its release, Xatar's debut album was indexed by the Bundesprüfstelle für jugendgefährdende Medien (German ederal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons).
In 2011 Alles oder Nix Records signed the rapper Schwesta Ewa. He also worked on his second album, playing instrumentals on his mobile phone at night and rapping his lyrics into a voice recorder. He then sent the tapes by post to his label. Although Hajabi was finally caught and imprisoned in solitary confinement, the album was completed and supplemented by guest contributions from rappers such as Farid Bang, Nate57, Celo & Abdi, Capo and Eko Fresh and released on his label in April 2012. The album Nr. 415, named after his prisoner number, entered the German album charts at number 19. In Switzerland it reached number 23 and in Austria 52. Besides Nr. 415, Alles oder Nix Records also released the albums Spezial Material and BB.UM.SS.N by SSIO, Realität by Schwesta Ewa and Sechs Kronen by Kalim during Xatar's imprisonment.
Commercial breakthrough with Baba aller Babas and collaboration with Haftbefehl
One month after his release he released Schwesta Ewa's debut album Kurwa via his label. At the same time he started the production of his third album, for which he was again able to attract a number of well-known guests such as SSIO, Haftbefehl, Schwesta Ewa, Olexesh, Kalim, Samy and Teesy. In May 2015 Baba aller Babas came out and reached number 1 on the German charts. In Austria and Switzerland it reached number 3 respectively. In the same year Xatar, together with SSIO and two other friends, opened ther Shisha bar Bar Noon in Cologne together with SSIO. On October 12, 2015 he published his autobiography Alles oder Nix: Bei uns sagt man, die Welt gehört dir through riva Verlag. Xatar presented the book at the Frankfurt Book Fair and on stern TV. He also founded Kopfticker Records, a second label for rappers who aren't stylistically suited to Alles oder Nix Records. The first artist was Plusmacher with his album Ernte.
At the beginning of 2016, Xatar performed in Berlin's Columbia Halle as part of the benefit campaign The Voice Of The Voiceless. Azad, SSIO, Schwesta Ewa, Haftbefehl and the 187 Strassenbande also took part in the event organised by the non-profit organisation Our Bridge to fund an orphanage in northern Iraq. In the same year, Xatars main label Alles oder Nix Records released the albums 0,9, with which SSIO was able to reach Number 1 in the charts for the first time, and Odyssee 579 by Kalim. In May 2016, Xatar and Haftbefehl announced their joint album Der Holland Job with a promotion campaign as part of the television show Studio Amani and the subsequent removal of their social media profiles. The Berlin label Four Music released it on August 12, 2016. The collaborative album occupied No. 1 in the charts in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
Expansion of entrepreneurial fields and contract with Universal Music
In 2017, the albums Shäms by Samy and Thronfolger by Kalim appeared through Alles oder Nix Records, as did Xalaz by Eno, Entre 2 Mondes by Yonii, Kush Hunter by Plusmacher, Der letzte weisse König by Sylabil Spill and Favela by Levo through Kopfticker Records. In November Xatar dissolved his second label, causing the rappers Eno, Yonii, Sylabil Spill, Ajé, Joao Michel Diau, Dollar Euro Yen and Levo to lose their contracts. At the same time he announced the founding of the platform PUSH, where artists can present themselves. From 100,000 clicks on, they were to be given the opportunity to publish an album.
In the same year, Xatar started to expand his activities away from the music industry. In cooperation with Golden Pipe he founded the shisha tobacco brand Orijinal. He also started to work as a fashion and jewellery designer with the company Massari. For the brand he cooperated with DefShop. Xatar was commissioned to compile a sampler for the German gangster movie Nur Gott kann ich richten with Moritz Bleibtreu, produced by Özgür Yıldırı. It was released in January 2018 by the Warner Music Group. The sampler featured artistst such as Soufian, Lary, Disarstar, Luciano and Schwesta Ewa. Xatar also appeared in a small role in the accompanying drama. He also had an acting role in the movie Familiye and the ZDFneo-sitcom Blockbustaz.
In March 2018, Xatar signed a contract with Universal Music Group, which has since taken over the distribution of his label's releases. On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of his debut album, his fourth solo album Alles oder Nix II was released in the September. The limited box edition also includes the rapper's debut album, reduced by the number of indexed tracks. Capital Bra, Azet, Schwesta Ewa, Samy, Eno and Nu51 are featured as guest rappers. Alles oder Nix II was the third album of the artist from Bonn to reach Number 1 in the charts. In addition to his own album, Eno, who was taken over by Alles oder Nix Records, released the album Wellritzstrasse. Schwesta Ewa and Samy also released albums, Aywa and Mann im Haus in 2018. Kalim's contract with the label expired in summer. He later signed an artist contract with Urban.
Founding of Groove Attack TraX
At the end of the year Xatar founded the label Groove Attack TraX together with the distributor Groove Attack. Mero was the first artist to receive a contract. With his first three singles Baller los, Hobby Hobby and Wolke 10 as well as his album Ya Hero Ya Mero, which followed in March 2019, he reached number 1 in the German charts. Baller los also received gold records in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. This was followed in May 2019 by the release of Eno's album Fuchs by Alles oder Nix Records. The single release Ferrari with Mero occupied number 1 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
In May, the Y-Kollektiv published a documentary dealing with the manipulation of the number of downloads of streaming services and charts. The reporter Ilhan Coşkun interviewed a person appearing under the pseudonym Kai, who claimed to influence the charts on behalf of managers. He mentioned Mero and Sero el Mero, two young rappers associated with Xatar, whose numbers he said had been manipulated. The video resonated widely with the German rap scene. Xatar rejected the accusation that he had bought "fake streams". Groove Attack and Groove Attack TraX also declared that at no time did they buy clicks or make any other manipulation effort to artificially make artists famous. At the same time as the controversy Groove Attack TraX signed the Bremerhaven rapper Sero el Mero. The singles Ohne Sinn, Dein Fahrer, Nokia and Telefon were followed in mid-August by his album BabyFaceFlow.
Work
Discography
Studio albums
2008: Alles oder nix
2012: 415
2015: Baba aller Babas
2016: Der Holland Job (with Haftbefehl)
2018: Alles oder Nix II
Soundtracks
2018: Nur Gott kann mich richten
EPs
2ß18: AGB 1
2018: AGB 2
Singles
2008: § 31
2012: Interpol.com
2015: Original
2015: Iz Da
2015: Mein Mantel
2016: 500 (with Haftbefehl)
2016: Ich zahle gar nix (with Haftbefehl)
2017: Status Qou
2018: Nur Gott kann mich richten (with Samy & Gringo)
2018: Balla (with Azet)
2018: Weiter Weg (with Nu)
2018: Gaddafi
2018: Schwesterherz
Filmography
2017: Nur Gott kann mich richten
2018: Blockbustaz
2018: Familiye
Books
2015: Alles oder Nix: Bei uns sagt man, die Welt gehört dir, Riva Verlag, Munich,
Reception
Successes and awards
Xatar celebrated his first successes as an artist in 2012. With his second album Nr. 415 he entered the top 20 of the album charts. Impala, the association of independent labels, presented him with the Silver Award for selling more than 20,000 copies of the album. Baba aller Babas marked the rapper's commercial breakthrough in 2015. The album sold over 70,000 copies, making it number 1 in the German charts. Impala awarded it Double Silver. The following albums released through the distribution channels of major labels, Der Holland Job and Alles oder Nix II, also reached number 1 in the charts. Xatar also received awards for other artistic genres. As an author, he reached the top of the Spiegel bestseller list of non-fiction books in 2015 with his autobiography Alles oder Nix: bei uns sagt man man, die Welt gehört dir. In the same year, he first directed music videos with Nullkommaneun and SIM-Karte by SSIO. At the Echo Music Prize in 2016 he received a nomination in the category Best Video National for the first-mentioned production.
At the same time as his personal commercial breakthrough, Xatar was also able to celebrate his first successes as label manager of Alles oder Nix Records. While Schwesta Ewa's debut album Kurwa received the Silver Award from Impala, SSIO achieved Double Silver with his albums BB.U.M.SS.N and 0,9. He achieved even higher sales and streaming figures with his company Groove Attack TraX at the end of 2018. The debut single of his first artist Mero already entered the German and Austrian single charts at number 1. The subsequent tracks Hobby Hobby and Wolke 10 also reached the top positions of both countries. In addition, Hobby Hobby achieved 2.1 million hits on the music streaming service Spotify on the day of its release. It is the most streamed title on a single day in Germany. The third single Wolke 10 reached 4.47 million hits on YouTube, in the first 24 hours, making it "the biggest German HipHop debut on YouTube" according to the video portal. With over 200,000 sales each, all three songs achieved gold status in Germany and Austria. Mero's first album Ya Hero Ya Mero climbed to position 1 in German-speaking countries in March 2019. The German-Turkish rapper also achieved his first chart positions in the Netherlands and Belgium. Ferrari, a collaboration of Eno and Mero, also took first place in the charts of three countries.
Criticism
For the tenth anniversary of Alles oder Nix Records Michael Rubach from Hiphop.de looked back on the development of Xatar and his label. The artists on the platform were initially inspired by the G-funk and Boo-Bap-Rap of the 90s. With their "no-frills street rap", they have set themselves apart from the "trends or stylistic twists of the time," which "had their roots above all in Berlin's underground and the boys from Düsseldorf with their powerful word play". In addition, Xatar used terms such as "Baba" "long before Haftbefehl and other Frankfurters of the generation after Azad had made the mixed-cultural slang mainstream-friendly". Dennis Sand on the other hand, assessed the beginnings more critically in a portrait of Xatar in 2015. Thus the Bonn artist "at that time still quite awkwardly verbalized his half imagined, half real street life on a soundtrack.
The e-zine laut.de focused on Xatar's music from the first album after his release. Baba aller Babas and Alles or Nix II each received three of a possible five rating points. Der Holland Job scored the best with four points. According to David Maurer, Xatar, who rolls "back into the game in an armored jeep like a mighty godfather dominating everything", embraces "a powerful aura". In terms of content, however, "even after a few runs" it became apparent that "the tracks about his life before, during and after prison don't have a particularly long half-life despite a good starting position". Nevertheless, the Bonn artist showed "that a good album doesn't necessarily require complex rhyme structures and intricate storytelling". Holger Grevenbrock praised the "dynamics of fast and slow parts" with regard to Der Holland Job, which "ensure a constant tension". While Xatar "rather mimes the classic gangster", who proclaims that "negotiating is a matter for the boss", Haftbefehl "is his completely over-excited sidekick à la Robert De Niro in ‚Mean Streets'." Alles oder Nix II is, according to Lukas Rauer, "trendier and more modern...breaking with the familiar AON-Kopfnicker sound". Although "strong lead tracks like 'Iz Da' or 'Original' are missing", Xatar shows his "reflective side" in the honest song Schwesterherz."
Xatar's 2015 autobiography received mixed reviews. Tobias Rapp of Spiegel praised Alles oder Nix: Bei uns sagt man, die Welt gehört dir. He said that the book was an "Entwicklungsroman of our time," which is "exciting and well told". With Xatar's autobiography, the wish that "as street intellectuals, rappers would tell about life in a larger country and a smaller world" has come true. Even if "some of it is due to exaggeration", the story of the rapper is "still crazy enough." Dani Fromm from laut.de had a less positive opinion of the non-fiction book. Xatar presents himself "as the lonely exception, the only real criminal among would-be bandits and scoundrels". Nevertheless, "from the first page there is an oversized question in the room" as to which part is true. Thus the "multiple sweeping talk of the 'truth, as it could have been'" continued to saw "at the credibility."
Controversies
Xatar's debut album earned him the accusation of endangering young people. Since 26 February 2010, Alles oder Nix has been on List A of the indexed media. With Platz ins Geschäft, Eine Geschichte 1, Skit, Guck wie dein Herz klopft, Lauf weg, §31 and B.O.X. seven songs were classified as "youth endangering" by the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons. The songs have a "brutal" effect and incite "violence". From the point of view of the Review Board, Xatar presents the "exercise of violence as worthy of imitation" and a "violent assertion of one's own interests as an alternativeless concept of action". Due to the I-perspective used, it acquires a "model character for young recipients". The "rather descriptive, partly socially critical texts of the other songs are not able to create an overall context that would be suitable to absorb the statements relevant to indexing and give them a different meaning."
In the summer of 2016, a man in front of Xatar's Shisha bar Bar Noon was attacked by several men. In addition to knife wounds, he also suffered a fractured skull. Since the men involved were associated with Xatar and the injured man with the musician KC Rebell, some tabloid media spoke of a "rapper war". There had been public disputes between the two hip-hop musicians some time before, after Xatar had claimed that KC Rebell had wanted to join Alles or Nix Records a year earlier. After the incident, the Cologne District Court issued an arrest warrant against Xatar for attempted manslaughter and assault. He surrendered on August 23, 2016, referring to having been on his way back from a Hanover festival at the time of the crime. The arrest warrant was ultimately lifted.
References
Category:German rappers
Category:Iranian Kurdish people
Category:People from Kurdistan Province
Category:Iranian emigrants to Germany
Category:German people of Iranian descent
Category:German people of Iraqi descent
Category:German people of Kurdish descent
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Alice Rahon
Alice Phillipot (Alice Rahon) (8 June 1904 – September 1987) was a French/Mexican poet and artist, whose work contributed to the beginning of abstract expression in Mexico. She began as a surrealist poet in Europe, but began painting in Mexico. She was a prolific artist from the late 1940s to the 1960s, exhibiting frequently in Mexico and the United States, with a wide circle of friends in these two countries. Her work remained tied to surrealism, but was also innovative including abstract elements and the use of techniques such as sgraffito and the use of sand for texture. She became isolated in her later life due to health issues, and except for retrospectives at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in 1986 and at the Museo de Arte Moderno in 2009 and 2014, has been largely forgotten despite her influence on Mexican modern art.
Life
Rahon was born Alice Marie Yvonne Philppot in Chenecey-Buillon, Quingey in the east of France. Her most vivid memories of childhood were of Brittany, the house of her paternal grandparents in Roscoff, where she passed long periods of time in the summer and during the Christmas holidays. She also remembered visiting the beaches of Morlaix.
When she was about three years old, she suffered a serious accident which put her in casts and affected the rest of her life. One of the injuries was a fracture in the right hip which forced her to recuperate lying down for long periods of time. This left her isolated from other children, including her younger sister Geo, spending time in the family garden reading, writing and drawing to occupy her mind. This isolation was reinforced when she fell again at age twelve, breaking a leg. These events gave her an identity of fragility and by the time she was a teenager, she preferred solitude, creating worlds of her own imagination. For the rest of her life physically, she always walked with a slight limp and pain.
She became pregnant when she was very young, but the child had a congenital defect and died soon after birth.
When she and her sister were young women, they lived in Paris and discovered its bohemian scene. In 1931, she met artist Wolfgang Paalen and they married in 1934. With him she became involved with the Surrealism movement, published poetry under the name Alice Paalen, and met others such as Eva Sulzer, a Swiss photographer, with whom she was lifelong friends.
Her life with Paalen also introduced her to travel, which she did much of during her life. In 1933, the couple visited the cave paintings at Altamira and in 1936, she traveled to India accompanied by poet Valentine Penrose. Both of these travels had impact on her life and art, even naming two cats Vishnu and Subhashini in her late life. She traveled extensively during much of her life with later voyages to Alaska, Canada, the United States, Lebanon and in Mexico.
Rahon, Paalen and Sulzer were invited to visit Mexico by Andre and Jacqueline Breton and Frida Kahlo . They first traveled in Alaska, British Columbia and the U.S. west coast, where Paalen became fascinated by indigenous art. They finally arrived to Mexico City in 1939, at first staying in a hotel in the San Ángel neighborhood. She became friends with Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. With Frida she shared frustrations of a fragile body and the inability to have children as well as using art and writing to pass the time. The bond with Frida led to the later creation of a painting called La balada para Frida Kahlo. Both the couple's fascination with the country and the outbreak of World War II in 1939, prompted them to remain permanently in the country, with Rahon becoming a Mexican citizen in 1946.
In 1947, Alice and Paalen divorced and she named herself Rahon, married the Canadian Edward Fitzgerald. However, this relationship ended several years later after the two worked on a film together. From then, Rahon's social life revolved around friends in various artistic, intellectual and foreign exile circles, which she had begun in Europe. By the 1950s, these friendships included Rufino Tamayo, Carlos Mérida, Octavio Paz, Henry Miller, Anaïs Nin, Henry Moore, Gordon Onslow Ford and his wife, along with Kahlo and Diego Rivera. She also maintained contacts with groups of artists in New York and California. After her death, a record she kept of these people's lives and deaths was found. She also continued to travel frequently, in part because of her art exhibits in the United States and Mexico but she also visited many cities in Mexico and spent long periods in Acapulco. One reason for this was that she was a strong swimmer despite her physical problems, moving more comfortably in the water than on land.
In 1967, she had another accident, this time falling down stairs at the opening of a show at the Galería Pecanins in Mexico City. This time, she injured her spine, but she refused medical treatment, stating that doctors had tortured her enough as a child. The injury caused her to become a recluse. She was the subject of an exhibit at the Galería de Arte Mexicano in 1975, and a retrospective at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in 1986, but for the last years of her life, she lived practically in seclusion in her house in Tlaquepaque, visited by only a few friends such as Eva Sulzer and American professor Wayne Siewart, who she had known since the 1950s. She lived surrounded by mementoes of her life, including books signed by the likes of Breton, Paul Éluard, poems by Picasso, letters from Henry Moore and Anaïs Nin, paintings dedicated by Yves Tanguy and Paalen, and old photographs and souvenirs.
By 1987, she could no longer take care of herself in her home and was placed in a nursing home. Refusing food, she died four months later in September 1987.
Career
Rahon's first career was as a poet. In 1935, she became part of the Surrealist movement in Europe, meeting artists such as Paul Eluard and Max Ernst through her husband. In France, she published 'A meme la terre' with a print by Yves Tanguy, and in 1938 Sablier Couche, illustrated by Joan Miró. Both projects were supported by André Breton. She also wrote 'Muttra' and other poems while in India with Hindi influence, as well as poems related to the work of painters she admired, such as Picasso. In Mexico, Rahon gradually left poetry, but she did publish one last collection of works called 'Noir Animal', in which appears a portrait of Alice painted by Paalen. She also contributed some poems and illustrations to Wolfgang Paalen's DYN (magazine), which published writing in English and French about Mexico for foreign audiences. However, her work with DYN was mostly as editor, working with writers such as Alfonso Caso, Miguel Covarrubias and Jorge Enciso . However, even as a painter, she remained connected to poetry, illustrating the writings of others such as Chateau de Grissou by Cesar Moro .
Her career as a painter and visual artist spanned almost forty years, starting shortly after she arrived to Mexico in 1939. She was supported in this endeavor by husband Wolfgang Paalen, who helped her get her first exhibits in 1944 and 1945 at the Galería de Arte Mexicano with Inés Amor, then in California and New York. She exhibited frequently, especially from the late 1940s into the 1960s in Mexico, the United States and even in Beirut, working frequently with artists and writers living outside their native Europe.
Other artistic endeavors included theater and film. In the late 1940s, she became interested in the genre, especially puppet theater. She created the script and costume design for a production called Orion, el gran hombre del cielo; however, it was never produced during her lifetime. However, it was revived in 2009 for a retrospective of Rahon's work at the Museo de Arte Moderno by a group called Laboratorio de la Máscara. They used her original notes and sketches to create sets and choreography inspired by dances from India. She worked on a film with her second husband Edward Fitzgerald, about a magician that lived at the bottom of the sea called Les Magiciens. The main character was sometimes represented by an actor and other times by a marionette. It was a costly and long project, with Rahon making chutney and other foods in her kitchen to sell and help finance the project. Years later, the project was finished, but she had separated from Fitzgerald and the only copy of the experimental film was lost. Only a few stills from the film exist.
By the late 1960s, she painted rarely. She withdrew from the art world, with only one major exhibit of her work, a retrospective at the Palacio de Bellas Artes in 1986, sponsored by Teresa del Conde who was head of INBA at the time. Her isolation in her later years meant that no one was promoting her work and she was almost forgotten by younger generations of artists and art historians, despite her important role in the development of Mexican art . However, in 2009, the Museo de Arte Moderno held a major retrospective of her work, which, along with inclusion in a collective exhibition at the Museo Mural Diego Rivera the same year, was the first public showing of her work since 1986.
Artistry
Rahon's early artistic work was in poetry, often writing about scenes and landscapes from her childhood, as well as about her immobility and nostalgia.
However, after arriving in Mexico, she began to paint, firstly in satercolours, inspired by the colour she encountered in Mexico. Most of her later work was in oils, but she also created drawings, collages and objects. The main influences in her work are surrealism, poetry, her travels and Mexico. Her work has been described as primitive and intensely poetic, “breathing with and inner life.” Her paintings have some link to surrealism but are also tied to her experiences in Mexico and her use of colour, light and the appearance of landscapes show influence from poetry. Influence from cave paintings and tribal art from her travels can also be seen. Her works were considered mature from the beginning, with abstract elements (not accepted in Mexico at the time) but still representing something concrete, almost always natural phenomena. Her surrealist influence was mostly from Paalen, with important early influences being Moraines, Rendez-vod de vivieres and Cristales del espacio. However, she is also classed with other surrealist artists from Europe in Mexico, such as Remedios Varo and Leonora Carrington . Unlike these two, she did not confine herself to oils but experimented with techniques, especially those related to texture, showing influence from Rufino Tamayo.
Her themes include landscapes, elements from myths, legends, Mexican festivals, and elements of nature, along with mythical cities (which represent introspective worlds) and homage to various artists that she admired. Water appeared often, both in form and as the color blue. She made series of paintings related to rivers, similar to those created by Paul Klee titled El Nilo, Rio Papaloapan, Rio Papagayos and Encuentro de Rivieras (painted many years later). She created paintings to honor Giorgio de Chirico, Frida Kahlo, Diego Rivera, Joan Miró and Pablo Neruda . Two dedicated to Frida Kahlo include La balada de Frida Kahlo (made shortly after Frida's death), as well as Frida aux yeux d’hirondelle in 1956, which was reworked a decade later.
While surrealist, her work also demonstrates the beginning of abstract art in Mexico in the 1940s, along with Carlos Mérida, Gunther Gerzso and Wolfgang Paalen. She was also a pioneer in the use of sand, sgraffito and other textures on her canvases.
References
Bibliography
Deffebach, Nancy. "Alice Rahon: de poeta frances a pintora mexicana." In Alice Rahon. Una Surrealista en México 1939-1987 Exhibition catalogue. Mexico City: Museo de Arte Moderno, 2009.
Deffebach, Nancy. "Alice Rahon" Poems of Light and Shadow, Painting in Free Verse." Onthebus vol.3, no 2 and vol.4, no. 1 (December 1991); 174–96.
Category:1904 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:French women painters
Category:Mexican women painters
Category:Mexican surrealist artists
Category:French surrealist artists
Category:Women surrealist artists
Category:People from Mexico City
Category:20th-century French painters
Category:20th-century Mexican painters
Category:20th-century French poets
Category:French women poets
Category:French emigrants to Mexico
Category:20th-century French women artists
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Amsale Woldegibriel
Amsale Woldegibriel (born 8 October 1960) is an Ethiopian middle-distance runner. She competed in the women's 1500 metres at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1980 Summer Olympics
Category:Ethiopian female middle-distance runners
Category:Olympic athletes of Ethiopia
Category:Place of birth missing (living people) | {
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St. Mary Magdalene's Church
St. Mary Magdalene's Church may refer to:
Canada
St. Mary Magdalene Anglican Church, Mayne Island, British Columbia
Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Toronto), Ontario
Czech Republic
St. Mary Magdalene Church, Karlovy Vary, Karlovy Vary
France
Sainte-Madeleine, Strasbourg
La Madeleine, Paris
Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Rennes-le-Château
Abbey of la Madaleine, Vézelay
Basilica of St. Mary Magdalene, Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume
Israel
Church of Mary Magdalene, Mount of Olives, Jerusalem
Italy
St. Mary Magdalene Eremium, Montepescali
Latvia
St. Mary Magdalene's Church, Riga
Lebanon
Saint Mary Magdalene Church, North Lebanon
Malta
St. Mary Magdalene Chapel, Dingli
St. Mary Magdalene Chapel, Madliena
Church of St Mary Magdalene, Valletta
Philippines
St. Mary Magdalene Church (Kawit), Cavite
Saint Mary Magdalene Parish Church (Pililla, Rizal)
Santa Maria Magdalena Parish Church, Magdalena, Laguna
Poland
Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Tarnobrzeg
St. Mary Magdalene Church, Wrocław
Spain
Santa María Magdalena, Córdoba
Ukraine
Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Lviv
United Kingdom
Buckinghamshire
Church of St Mary Magdalene, Willen
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Boveney
Cambridgeshire
St Mary Magdalene Church, Ickleton
Cheshire
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Alsager
Cumbria
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Broughton-in-Furness
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Gilsland
Devon
Mary Magdalene, Chulmleigh
East Sussex
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Bexhill-on-Sea
St Mary Magdalen's Church, Brighton
St Mary Magdalene's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea
Gloucestershire
St Mary Magdalene Church, Elmstone Hardwicke
Hampshire
Parish Church of St Mary Magdalene, New Milton
Hertfordshire
Parish Church of St Mary Magdalene, Great Offley
Kent
Priory of St. Mary Magdalene, or Tonbridge Priory, Tonbridge
Lancashire
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Clitheroe
Lincolnshire
St Mary Magdalene, Bailgate, Lincoln
London
St Mary Magdalen Bermondsey
St Mary Magdalene's Church, East Ham
St Mary Magdalene, Enfield
St Mary Magdalene Church, Holloway Road
St Mary Magdalen, Milk Street
St Mary Magdalen Roman Catholic Church Mortlake
Church of St Mary Magdalene, North Ockendon
St Mary Magdalene, Paddington
St Mary Magdalene, Richmond
St Mary Magdalene Woolwich
Norfolk
St. Mary Magdalene Church, Sandringham
Nottinghamshire
Church of St Mary Magdalene, Hucknall
Church of St Mary Magdalene, Newark-on-Trent
Oxfordshire
St Mary Magdalen's Church, Oxford
Shropshire
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Battlefield
Somerset
Church of St Mary Magdalene, Chewton Mendip
Church of St Mary Magdalene, Stocklinch
St Mary Magdalene, Taunton
Church of St Mary Magdalene, Wookey Hole
Suffolk
Mary Magdalen, Ipswich
West Sussex
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Bolney
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Lyminster
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Tortington
Worcestershire
St Mary Magdalene's Church, Croome D'Abitot
Yorkshire
St Mary Magdalene, Campsall
St John and St Mary Magdalene Church, Goldthorpe
St Mary Magdalene, Yarm
United States
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Peter (given name)
Peter is a common masculine given name. It is derived from Greek , Petros (meaning "stone, rock", via Greek petra)
In other languages
The following names can be interpreted as Peter in English
Afrikaans: Pieter, Petrus
Albanian: Petro, Petra, Pjetër, Pjetri
Amharic: ጴጥሮስ ("Ṗeṭros")
Arabic: بطرس (Boutros), بيار ("Pierre", mainly in Lebanon), بيتر ("Peter", exact transcription)
Aragonese: Pietro, Pero, Piero, Pier.
Azerbaijani: Pyotr
Armenian: Պետրոս (Bedros in Western dialect, Petros in Eastern dialect)
Asturian: Pedru
Basque: Peru, Pello (diminutive), Pedro, Piarres, Petri (Biblical), Kepa (neologism)
Belarusian: Пётр (Piotr), Пятро (Piatro), Пятрусь (Piatruś)
Breton: Pêr
Bulgarian: Петър (Petər), Пере, Перо (Pere, Pero), Петьо, Петю (Petyo, Petyu), Пеньо, Пеню, Пенко (Penyo, Penyu, Penko), Пельо, Пелю, Пелко (Pelyo, Pelyu, Pelko), Пешо (Pesho); Камен (Kamen) ("kamen, kamək" in Bulgarian means: stone)
Catalan: Pere
Cebuano: Pedro
Standard Chinese:
Protestant: 彼得 (Bǐdé)
Catholic: 伯多祿 (Bóduōlù)
Coptic: ⲡⲉⲧⲣⲟⲥ (Ṗeṭros)
Cornish: Peder
Croatian: Petar, Pero, Periša, Pera, Pejo, Nino
Czech: Petr, Péťa
Danish: Peter, Peder, Per, Peer, Pelle
Dutch: Pieter, Peter, Piet, Pier (Note: The form "Peer" also occurs, albeit less commonly. The Biblical Peter is translated as "Petrus".)
Emiliano-Romagnolo: Pèdar
Esperanto: Petro
Estonian: Peeter, Peep, Peetrus, Pavo, Peedo
Faroese: Pætur, Petur, Per
Filipino: Pedro, Pedring (diminutive)
Frisian: Piter, Pier
Finnish: Pietari, Pekka, Petri, Petteri
French: Pierre (Note: the word for stone in French is also "pierre")
Galician: Pedro
Georgian: პეტრე (Petre)
German: Peter (Note: The form "Peer" also occurs, albeit less commonly. The Biblical Peter is translated as "Petrus".)
Greek: Πέτρος (Petros)
Guarani Peru
Gujarati: પીટર (Pīṭar)
Haitian Creole: Pyè. The name is spelled "Pierre" and pronounced "pyè"; also meaning "stone".
Hausa: Bitrus
Hindi: Pathrus, पीटर (Pīṭar)
Hebrew: פטרוס (Petros), פטר (literally Peter)
Hungarian: Péter; Petya, Peti (diminutive)
Icelandic: Pétur, Pési (diminutive)
Indonesian: Petrus
Irish: Piaras, Peadar
Italian: Pietro, Pier, Piero (Note: the word for stone in Italian is "pietra")
Khmer: Pathra
Korean: 베드로 (Bedro; or, less commonly, 페트루스; Petrus), 피터 (Pitə)
Japanese:
Protestant: ピーター (Pītā)
Catholic: ペトロ (Petoro), ペテロ (Petero),
Biblical contexts: ペトロス (Petorosu)
Konkani: Pedru
Lao: ເປໂຕ (Peot)
Latin: Petrus
Latvian: Pēteris
Lingala: Petelo
Lithuanian: Petras
Lombard: Peder
Low German: Petrus
Luganda: Petero
Luxembourgish: Pit, Pier
Macedonian: Петар (Petar), Питер (Piter), Петре (Petre), Перо (Pero), Пере (Pere), Перица (Perica)
Malayalam: പത്രോസ് (Patrōs), പീരി("Peeri", from Pierre)
Maltese: Pietru
Manx: Peddyr
Māori: Petera, Pita
Marathi: पेत्र (petrə), पेद्रो (pedro)
Mongolian: Петр (Pyetr)
Montenegrin: Petar (Петар), Pero (Перо)
Nepali: पत्रुस (Patrus)
Norman: Pierre
Northern Sami: Piera, Biera, Bierril, Bierža
Norwegian: Peter, Petter, Per, Pelle, Peder
Nahuatl: Pedro
Occitan: Pèire, Pèir, Pèr
Polish: Piotr. Diminutives/hypocoristics include Piotrek, Piotruś, and Piotrunio. Piotr has several name days in Poland.
Portuguese: Pedro, Pêro (old Portuguese)
Punjabi: ਪਤਰਸਨੂੰ (Patarasanū)
Quechua: Pidru
Romanian: Petru, Petre, Petrică (diminutive), Petrișor (diminutive)
Russian: Пётр (Pyotr), Петя (Petya) (diminutive)
Samoan: Petelo
Sardinian: Pedru, Perdu, Pretu
Scottish Gaelic: Petar, Pater
Serbian: Петар (Petar), Перо (Pero), Пера (Pera), Перица (Perica), Периша (Periša)
Serbo-Croatian: Petar (Петар), Pero (Перо), Pera (Пера), Perica (Перица), Periša (Периша),
Sicilian: Pietru
Silesian: Pyjter, Piter
Sinhala: Peduru
Slovak: Peter, Peťo
Slovene:
Spanish: Pedro
Swahili: Petero
Swedish: Peter, Petter, Peder, Per, Pehr, Pär, Pelle, Pälle (Note: The Biblical Peter is translated as "Petrus".)
Syriac: ܦܛܪܘܣ (Peṭrus)
Tamil: Pethuru, Raayappar (in biblical contexts)
Telugu: Peturu
Thai: ปีเตอร์ (Pitoer), เปโตร (Petro, in biblical contexts)
Tswana: Petere, Pitoro
Turkish: Petro, Petrus
Ukrainian: Петро (Petro), Пітер (Piter), Петрик (Petryk) (diminutive), Петрусь (Petrus') (diminutive)
Urdu: پیٹر
Uzbek: Piter
Venetian: Piero
Vietnamese: Phi Thơ, Phật Tổ
Võro: Piitre
Welsh: Pedr
West Frisian: Petrus
Yoruba: Peteru
Zulu: Petru
People named Peter (or commonly known as Peter)
List of people named Peter
See also
Pete (nickname), a list of people (excluding Peters)
Pete (given name), a list of people (with the given name)
Piotter
References
Category:Masculine given names
Category:Given names of Greek language origin
Category:English masculine given names
Category:German masculine given names
Category:Dutch masculine given names
Category:Swedish masculine given names | {
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} |
Michael Gillette
Michael Gillette may refer to:
W. Michael Gillette (born 1941), American attorney and retired judge
Michael L. Gillette (born 1945), American author and historian | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Corn snake
The corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) is a North American species of rat snake that subdues its small prey by constriction. It is found throughout the southeastern and central United States. Their docile nature, reluctance to bite, moderate adult size, attractive pattern, and comparatively simple care make them commonly kept pet snakes. Though superficially resembling the venomous copperhead and often killed as a result of this mistaken identity, corn snakes are harmless and beneficial to humans. Corn snakes lack functional venom and help control populations of wild rodent pests that damage crops and spread disease.
The corn snake is named for the species' regular presence near grain stores, where it preys on mice and rats that eat harvested corn. The Oxford English Dictionary cites this usage as far back as 1675. Some sources maintain that the corn snake is so-named because the distinctive, nearly-checkered pattern of the snake's belly scales resembles the kernels of variegated corn. Regardless of the name's origin, the corn reference can be a useful mnemonic for identifying corn snakes.
Description
Adult corn snakes have a body length of . In the wild, they usually live around six to eight years, but in captivity can live to an age of 23 years or more. The record for the oldest corn snake in captivity was 32 years and 3 months. They can be distinguished from copperheads by their brighter colors, slender build, round pupils, and lack of heat-sensing pits.
Taxonomy
Until 2002, the corn snake was considered to have two subspecies: the nominate subspecies (P. g. guttatus) described here and the Great Plains rat snake (P. g. emoryi). The latter has since been split off as its own species (P. emoryi), but is still occasionally treated as a subspecies of the corn snake by hobbyists.
P. guttatus has been suggested to be split into three species: the corn snake (P. guttatus), the Great Plains rat snake (P. emoryi, corresponding with the subspecies P. g. emoryi) and Slowinski's corn snake (P. slowinskii, occurring in western Louisiana and adjacent Texas).
P. guttatus was previously placed in the genus Elaphe, but Elaphe was found to be paraphyletic by Utiger et al., leading to placement of this species in the genus Pantherophis. The placement of P. guttatus and several related species in Pantherophis rather than Elaphe has been confirmed by further phylogenetic studies. Many reference materials still use the synonym Elaphe guttata. Molecular data have shown that corn snakes are actually more closely related to kingsnakes (genus Lampropeltis) than they are to the Old World rat snakes with which they were formerly classified. Corn snakes have even been bred in captivity with California kingsnakes to produce fertile hybrids known as "jungle corn snakes".
Natural habitat
Wild corn snakes prefer habitats such as overgrown fields, forest openings, trees, palmetto flatwoods, and abandoned or seldom-used buildings and farms, from sea level to as high as 6,000 feet. Typically, these snakes remain on the ground until the age of four months, but can ascend trees, cliffs, and other elevated surfaces. They can be found in the Southeastern United States ranging from New Jersey to the Florida Keys.
In colder regions, snakes hibernate during winter. However, in the more temperate climate along the coast, they shelter in rock crevices and logs during cold weather; they also can find shelter in small, closed spaces, such as under a house, and come out on warm days to soak up the heat of the sun. During cold weather, snakes are less active, so they hunt less.
Reproduction
Corn snakes are relatively easy to breed. Although not necessary, they are usually put through a cooling (also known as brumation) period that takes 60–90 days to get them ready for breeding. Corn snakes brumate around in a place where they cannot be disturbed and with little sunlight.
Corn snakes usually breed shortly after the winter cooling. The male courts the female primarily with tactile and chemical cues, then everts one of his hemipenes, inserts it into the female, and ejaculates his sperm. If the female is ovulating, the eggs will be fertilized and she will begin sequestering nutrients into the eggs, then secreting a shell.
Egg-laying occurs slightly more than a month after mating, with 12–24 eggs deposited into a warm, moist, hidden location. Once laid, the adult snake abandons the eggs and does not return to them. The eggs are oblong with leathery, flexible shells. About 10 weeks after laying, the young snakes use a specialized scale called an egg tooth to slice slits in the egg shell, from which they emerge at about 5 in long.
Diet and behavior
Like all snakes, corn snakes are carnivorous and in the wild, they eat every few days. While most corn snakes eat small rodents, such as the white-footed mouse, they may also eat other reptiles or amphibians, or climb trees to find unguarded bird eggs. Behavioral / chemosensory studies with corn snakes suggest that odor cues are of primary importance for prey detection, whereas visual cues are of secondary importance. Like many species of the Colubridae, corn snakes exhibit defensive tail vibration behavior.
American "rat snakes", such as P. guttatus, had venomous ancestors, which lost their venom after they evolved constriction as a means of prey capture.
In captivity
Corn snakes are one of the most popular types of snakes to keep in captivity or as pets. Their size, calm temperament, and ease of care contribute to this popularity. Captive corn snakes tolerate being handled by their owners, even for extended periods.
Variations
After many generations of selective breeding, domesticated corn snakes are found in a wide variety of different colors and patterns. These result from recombining the dominant and recessive genes that code for proteins involved in chromatophore development, maintenance, or function. New variations, or morphs, become available every year as breeders gain a better understanding of the genetics involved.
Color morphs
Normal / Carolina / Wildtype corn snakes are orange with black lines around red-colored saddle markings going down their back and with black-and-white checkered bellies. Regional diversity is found in wild-caught corn snakes, the most popular being the Miami and Okeetee Phases. These are the most commonly seen corn snakes.
Miami Phase (originates in the Florida Wildtype) These are usually smaller corn snakes with some specimens having highly contrasting light silver to gray ground color with red or orange saddle markings surrounded in black. Selective breeding has lightened the ground color and darkened the saddle marks. The “Miami” name is now considered an appearance trait.
Okeetee Phase. These corn snakes are characterized by deep red dorsal saddle marks, surrounded by very black borders on a bright orange ground color. As with the Miami Phase, selective breeding has changed the term “Okeetee” to an appearance rather than a locality. Some on the market originate solely from selectively breeding corn snakes from the Okeetee Hunt Club.
Candy-cane (selectively bred amelanistic) These are amelanistic corn snakes, bred toward the ideal of red or orange saddle marks on a white background. Some were produced using light Creamsicle (an amel hybrid from Great Plains rat snake x corn snake crosses) bred with Miami Phase corn snakes. Some Candy-canes will develop orange coloration around the neck region as they mature and many labeled as Candy-canes later develop significant amounts of yellow or orange in the ground color. The contrast they have as hatchlings often fades with maturity.
Reverse Okeetee (selectively bred amelanistic) - An amelanistic Okeetee Phase corn snake, which has the normal black rings around the saddle marks replaced with wide white rings. Ideal specimens are high contrast snakes with light orange to yellow background and dark orange/red saddles. Note: Albino Okeetees are not locale-specific Okeetees—they are selectively bred amelanistics.
Fluorescent Orange (selectively bred amelanistic) - A designer amelanistic corn snake that develops white borders around bright red saddle marks as adults on an orange background.
Sunglow (selectively bred amelanistic) - Another designer amelanistic corn snake that lacks the usual white speckling that often appears in most albinos, and selected for exceptionally bright ground color. The orange background surrounds dark orange saddle marks.
Blood Red (selectively bred “diffused”) corn snakes carry a recessive trait (known as diffused) that eliminates the ventral checkered patterns. These originated from a somewhat unicolor Jacksonville, Florida and Gainesville, Florida strain of corn snake. Through selective breeding, an almost solid ground color has been produced. Hatchlings have a visible pattern that can fade as they mature into a solid orange-red to ash-red colored snake. The earlier Blood Red corn snakes tended to have large clutches of smaller than average eggs that produce hard-to-feed offspring, though this is no longer the case.
Crimson (Hypomelanistic + Miami) corn snakes are very light high contrast corn snakes, with a light background and dark red/orange saddle marks.
Anerythristic (anerythristic type A, sometimes called "Black Albino") corn snakes are the complement to amelanism. The inherited recessive mutation of lacking erythrin (red, yellow and orange) pigments produces a corn snake that is mostly black, gray and brown. When mature, many anerythristic type A corn snakes develop yellow on their neck regions, which is a result of the carotenoids in their diet.
Charcoal corn snakes (sometimes known as anerythristic type B) can lack the yellow color pigment usually found in all corn snakes. They are a more muted contrast compared to Anerythristics.
Caramel corn snakes are another Rich Zuchowski-engineered corn snake. The background is varying shades of yellow to yellow-brown. Dorsal saddle marks vary from caramel yellow to brown and chocolate brown.
Lavender corn snakes contain a light pink background, with darker purple-gray markings. They also have ruby- to burgundy-colored eyes.
Cinder corn snakes originated with Upper Keys corn snakes and, as such, are often built slimmer than most other morphs. They may resemble anerythristics, but they have wavy borders around their saddles.
Kastanie - This gene was first discovered in Germany. Kastanie corn snakes hatch out looking nearly anerythristic, but gain some color as they mature, to eventually take on a chestnut coloration.
Hypomelanistic (or Hypo for short) corn snakes carry a recessive trait that reduces the dark pigments, causing the reds, whites and oranges to become more vivid. Their eyes remain dark. They range in appearance between amelanistic corn snakes to normal corn snakes with greatly reduced melanin.
Ultra is a hypomelanistic-like gene that is an allele to the amelanistic gene. Ultra corn snakes have light gray lines in place of black. The Ultra gene is derived from the gray rat snake (Pantherophis spiloides). All Ultra and Ultramel corn snakes have some amount of gray rat snake in them.
Ultramel is an intermediate appearance between Ultra and amel, which is the result of being heterozygous for Ultra and amel at the albino locus.
Dilute is another melanin-reducing gene in which the corn snake looks as if it is getting ready to shed.
Sunkissed is a hypo-like gene which was first found in Kathy Love's corn snake colony.
Lava is an extreme hypo-like gene which was discovered by Joe Pierce and named by Jeff Mohr. What would normally be black pigment in these corn snakes is, instead, a grayish-purple.
Pattern morphs
Motley - A corn snake with a clear belly and an “inverted” spotting pattern, it may also appear as stripes or dashes.
Striped - This morph also has a clear belly and a striping pattern. Unlike the Motley corn snake, the striped corn snake's colors will not connect, but may sometimes break up and take on a “cubed” appearance. Cubes and spots on a striped corn snake are the same as the saddle color on a similar-looking normal corn snake, unlike Motley corn snakes. Striped is both allelic and recessive to Motley, so breeding a striped corn snake and a (homozygous) Motley corn snake will result in all-Motley corn snakes and then breeding the (heterozygous) Motley corn snake offspring will result in ¾ Motley corn snakes and ¼ striped corn snakes.
Diffused diffuses the patterning on the sides and eliminates the belly pattern. It is one component of the Blood Red morph.
Sunkissed While considered a hypo-like gene, sunkissed corn snakes also have other effects, such as rounded saddles and unusual head patterns.
Aztec, Zigzag and Banded corn snakes are selectively bred multigenetic morphs that are not dependent on a single gene.
Compound morphs
There are tens of thousands of possible compound morphs. Some of the most popular ones are listed here.
Snow (amelanistic + Anerythristic) - As hatchlings, this color variation is composed of white and pink blotches. These corn snakes are predominantly white and tend to have yellow neck and throat regions when mature (due to carotenoid retention in their diet). Light blotches and background colors have subtle shades of beige, ivory, pink, green or yellow.
Blizzard (amelanistic + Charcoal) These corn snakes are totally white with red eyes, with very little to no visible pattern.
Ghost (Hypomelanistic + Anerythristic type A) These corn snakes exhibit varying shades of grays and browns on a lighter background. These often create pastel colors in lavenders, pinks, oranges and tans.
Phantom These corn snakes are a combination of Charcoal and Hypomelanistic.
Pewter (Charcoal + Diffused) These corn snakes are silvery-lavender, with very little pattern as adults.
Butter (amelanistic + Caramel) - A two-tone yellow corn snake.
Amber (Hypomelanistic + Caramel) These corn snakes have amber-colored markings on a light brown background.
Plasma (Diffused + Lavender) These corn snakes hatch out in varying shades of grayish-purple.
Opal (amelanistic + Lavender) These corn snakes look like Blizzard corn snakes once mature, with pink to purple highlights.
Granite (Diffused + Anerythristic) These corn snakes tend to be varying shades of gray as adults, with males often having pink highlights.
Fire (amelanistic + Diffused) - An albino version of the Diffused morph. These corn snakes are typically very bright red snakes, with very little pattern as adults.
Scale mutations
Scaleless corn snakes are homozygous for a recessive mutation of the gene responsible for scale development. While not completely scaleless above, some do have fewer scales than others. However, all of them possess ventral (belly) scales. They can also be produced with any of the aforementioned color morphs. The first Scaleless corn snakes originated from the cross of another North American rat snake species to a corn snake and they are therefore, technically, hybrids. Scaleless mutants of many other snake species have also been documented in the wild.
Hybrids
Hybrids between corn snakes and any other snake is very common in captivity, but rarely occurs in the wild. Hybrids within the genera Pantherophis, Lampropeltis, or Pituophis so far have been proven to be completely fertile.
Many different corn snake hybrids are bred in captivity. A few common examples include:
Jungle corn snakes are hybrids between a corn snake and a California kingsnake (Lampropeltis californiae). These show extreme pattern variations, taking markings from both parents. Although they are hybrids of different genera, they are not sterile.
Tri-color Jungle corn snakes are hybrids between a Querétaro kingsnake and a corn snake. The color is similar to that of an amelanistic corn snake.
Creamsicle corn snakes are hybrids between an albino corn snake and a Great Plains rat snake (P. emoryi). The first-generation hybrids are known as "Rootbeers". Breeding these back to each other can produce Creamsicles.
Turbo corn snakes are hybrids between a corn snake and any Pituophis species.
Corn snakes hybridized with milk are called a variety of names, depending on the subspecies of milk snake used. For example, a Honduran milk snake × corn snake is called a Cornduran, a Sinaloan milk snake × corn snake is called a Sinacorn, and a Pueblan milk snake × corn snake is called a Pueblacorn.
Brook Korn corn snakes are hybrids between a Brook's kingsnake and a corn snake. Like the jungle corn snake, these hybrids also show extreme pattern variations.
When hybrids of corn snakes are found in the wild, they have usually hybridized with other Pantherophis species whose ranges overlap with corn snakes.
References
External links
Feeding Corn Snake Video
Ians Vivarium Guide to Cornsnake Morphs
Thecornsnake.co.uk
herpFocus - video female laying egg.
Comprehensive Corn Snake care information
American Cornsnake Registry
The Cornsnake Morph Guide(R) - identification and genetic guide for collectors and breeders
Corn snake care sheet
Ians Vivarium :: Guide to Cornsnake Morphs
Corn snake genetics calculator - Genetics predication and calculations
Scientific and Standard English Names of Amphibians and Reptiles of North America North of Mexico, With Comments Regarding Confidence In Our Understanding. Edition 6.1
Corn snake
Category:Reptiles of Mexico
Category:Reptiles of the United States
Category:Fauna of the Eastern United States
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Angelli Nesma Medina
Angelli Nesma Medina (born in Mexico) is a Mexican producer.
Filmography
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:Mexican telenovela producers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
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Jim Millinder
Jim Millnder is a retired American soccer player and coach who played professionally in the North American Soccer League and Major Indoor Soccer League, American Soccer League and United Soccer League. He coached collegiate soccer for twenty-nine years.
Player
Millinder graduated from North Torrance High School. He then played soccer at El Camino College where he was a 1977 Junior College All American. He was inducted into the El Camino Athletic Hall of Fame in 1992. In 1978, he turned professional with the New York Cosmos of the North American Soccer League. He saw no first team games and in 1978, he moved to the Los Angeles Aztecs. He played four games for the Aztecs then was sent to the Tulsa Roughnecks for the 1979–1980 NASL indoor season. In June 1980, the Roughnecks sent Millinder and cash to the Fort Lauderdale Strikers in exchange for David Irving. He played no games for the Strikers before being released. In 1982, he joined the Oklahoma City Slickers of the American Soccer League. He was a 1983 ASL All Star with the Slickers. That fall, he signed with the Los Angeles Lazers of the Major Indoor Soccer League. He spent two indoor seasons with the Lazers. In 1984, he spent the summer with the Oklahoma City Stampede of the United Soccer League. In 1985, he played for the Tulsa Tornados. In 1990, he briefly played for the San Diego Nomads of the American Professional Soccer League.
In 1976, Millinder played for the United States U-20 men's national soccer team during its unsuccessful qualification campaign for the 1977 FIFA World Youth Championship.
Coach
In 1978, Millinder became an assistant coach to both the men's and women's soccer teams at El Camino College. In 1987, he was the interim head coach of the men's team as it won the California Junior College State Championship. In 1990, he was elevated to the position of head coach of the women's team and took the team to the 1990 California Junior College State Championship. He finished his tenure with a 66–8–16 record. He also coached the men's team during the 1992 and 1993 seasons to a 43–9–17 record. In 1994, Millinder became the head coach at Loyola Marymount University. He compiled am 8–27–4 record over two seasons. In May 1996, the University of Southern California hired Millinder as the head coach of the women's soccer team. On November 16, 2006, the university announced it would not renew Millinder's contract. He had compiled a 136–70–21 record, but had never taken a team past the second round of the NCAA post-season tournament. Millender became head coach of the University of San Francisco in 2012.
Millinder has also coached numerous amateur teams including Ajax, the 1992 U.S. Women's Amateur National Champion.
References
External links
NASL stats
USC: Jim Millinder
Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Salina, Kansas
Category:American soccer coaches
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McLaren's Bay
McLaren's Bay is a Dispersed rural community and unincorporated place in geographic Parkman Township in the Unorganized North Part of Nipissing District in Central Ontario, Canada. The community lies on the eponymous McLaren's Bay on the west shore of Lake Timiskaming, at the mouth of Opimika Creek. McLaren's Point is just north of the community.
A tertiary road leads from McLaren's Bay southwest to the railway point of Diver, on the Ontario Northland Railway, and—via a subsequent branching tertiary road—south to Ontario Highway 63, at a point about halfway between that highway's crossing over the Jocko River and Lake Timiskaming.
References
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Roustam Raza
Roustam Raza (1783 – 7 December 1845), also known as Roustan or Rustam, was Napoleon's mamluk bodyguard and secondary valet.
Early life
Roustam was born in Tbilisi, Georgia, to Armenian parents. At thirteen Roustam was kidnapped and sold as a slave in Cairo. The Turks gave him the name Idzhahia. The sheikh of Cairo presented him to General Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798.
In the service of Napoleon
Roustam served Napoleon for fifteen years, travelling with the First Consul and subsequent Emperor on all of his campaigns. The manluk's role was that of a personal attendant, taking care of Napoleon's weapons and clothing, and supervising the serving of his meals. Acting as a bodyguard he slept near to the emperor. On ceremonial occasions, such as the coronation of 1804, Roustom would be in attendance dressed in full "oriental" costume.
Later life
In 1814 Roustan married Mademoiselle Douville in Dourdan and refused to follow the Emperor in his exile to Elba after the first Bourbon Restoration. According to Raza's memoirs, he offered his service to Napoleon during the Hundred Days, but the recently re-crowned emperor refused to even receive him and spoke bitterly of Raza's "betrayal" in his recollections written at St. Helena. Raza later claimed that he feared Napoleon would commit suicide and that he would be blamed for his death. He cited this as the reason he left Napoleon during the marshals' revolt, just prior to the emperor's abdication.
Raza's position as second valet was filled during the Hundred Days restoration by his former assistant and the Imperial Librarian, Louis Étienne Saint-Denis; whom Napoleon took to calling Ali. Like Raza, Saint-Denis also wrote an auto-biography about his time in Napoleon's Service.
On 7 December 1845, Roustam died in Dourdan. His memoirs of his service to Napoleon were first published in 1888.
See also
List of slaves
Mamluks
References
External links
Roustam Raza's memoirs online
Souvenirs de Roustam, mamelouck de Napoléon Ier Introduction et notes de Paul Cottin
Category:First French Empire
Category:Bodyguards
Category:Egyptian slaves
Category:French slaves
Category:Ottoman emigrants to France
Category:People from Tbilisi
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Category:1845 deaths
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Category:Georgian Armenians
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Shasti
Shasti (; ''Punishment'') is a Bangladeshi Bengali-language film.<ref>The Daily Star, 27 June 2004 "Tagore's Shasti goes on celluloid", Culture, accessed: 5 May 2011</ref> It is the film presented by HSBC Bank Bangladesh. It was released in 2004 all over Bangladesh.
Cast
Ilyas Kanchan as Dukhiram
Campa as Radha
Riaz as Chhidam
Purnima as Chandora
Shahidul Alam Sachchu as Zamindar
ATM Shansuzzaman as Teacher
Nasrin (special appearance in song "Moirechhere Moirechhere")
Crew
Producer: Faridur Reza Sagar (Impress Telefilm Ltd.)
Story: Rabindra Nath Tagore (Literature)
Script: Momtaj Uddin Ahmed
Dialogue: Momtaj Uddin Ahmed
Screenplay: Chashi Nazrul Islam
Director: Chashi Nazrul Islam
Art Director: Ashok Kumar Ghosh
Cinematography: Majibul Haque Bhuyan
Editing: Atikur Rahman Mallick
Music: Imon Saha and Khandokar Nurul Alam
Lyrics: Rabindra Nath Tagore and Mohammad Rafikuzzaman
Background Sound: Imon Shaha
Distributor: Impress Telefilm Ltd.
Technical details
Format: 35 mm (color)
Reel: 15 Pans
Running Time: 143 minutes
Original Language: Bengali
Subtitle: English
Country of Origin: Bangladesh
Date of Theatrical Release: 2004
Year of the Product: 2003-2004
Technical Support: Bangladesh Film Development Corporation (BFDC)
Award and achievement
International awardsShasti won a second prize in the "Bangla Showcase" category in the 3 International Film Festival Bangladesh Award 2006.
In 2005 it was selected for "best co-actor" and "best co-actress"
National Film Awards
Won Best co-actor Elias Kanchan 2004
Won Best co-actress Campa 2004
Meril Prothom Alo Awards
Other achievements
Won Best Film: Impress Telefilm Ltd. 2005
Won Best Actor: Riaz 2005
Won Best Actress: Purnima 2005
Won Best Music Director: Khandokar Nurul Alam and Imon Shaha
Golden Jubilee Film Audience Awards
Won Best Film: Impress Telefilm Ltd. 2005
MusicShasti'''s music directors are Imon Saha and Khandokar Nurul Alam. Two, 'Tui Chhara Amar Chkhe' and 'Moirechhere Moirechhere' have lyric by Mohammad Rafikuzzam. Some songs are from Rabindra Sangeet. Playback singer are Sabina Yasmin, Andrew Kishore, Sadi Mohammad and Rezwana Chowdhury Banya.
Soundtrack
References
External links
Category:2004 films
Category:2000s drama films
Category:Bangladeshi films
Category:Bangladeshi drama films
Category:Bengali-language films
Category:Films based on Bangladeshi novels
Category:Films scored by Khandaker Nurul Alam
Category:Films scored by Emon Saha
Category:Films based on works by Rabindranath Tagore
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Kabuki syndrome
Kabuki syndrome (also previously known as Kabuki-makeup syndrome (KMS) or Niikawa–Kuroki syndrome) is a congenital disorder of genetic origin. It affects multiple parts of the body, with varying symptoms and severity, although the most common is the characteristic facial appearance.
It is quite rare, affecting roughly one in 32,000 births. It was first identified and described in 1981 by two Japanese groups, led by scientists Norio Niikawa and Yoshikazu Kuroki. It is named Kabuki syndrome because of the facial resemblance of affected individuals to stage makeup used in kabuki, a Japanese traditional theatrical form.
Signs and symptoms
Specific symptoms for Kabuki syndrome vary, with large differences between affected individuals. Most people with Kabuki syndrome have distinctive facial features that include arched eyebrows, long eyelashes, elongated eyelids with lower lids that turn out, prominent ears, a flat tip of the nose and a downward slant to the mouth.
Other common symptoms are skeletal abnormalities, short stature, heart defects, feeding difficulties and a failure to thrive, vision and hearing difficulties, weak muscle tone (hypotonia), small head size (microcephaly), and frequent infections.
Mild to moderate intellectual disability and mild to severe developmental delay are often associated with Kabuki syndrome. Infants and young children often experience difficulties relating to hypotonia, feeding issues/failure to thrive, infections, surgical repair of heart and palate defects and developmental delays.
Young children with Kabuki syndrome benefit from early intervention services. School age children tend to have less medical issues requiring hospitalization, though frequent infections, hearing loss and feeding issues occur. In addition, intellectual impairment, difficulty with visuospatial tasks and maintaining attention usually require an IEP (individualized education plan) if the child attends public school. Older children and adults report difficulties with anxiety. Endocrine abnormalities and immune system abnormalities such as ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenia) and CVID (common variable immune deficiency) are medical issues that tend to present in older children, adolescents and adults.
Causes
Kabuki syndrome is one of the Mendelian disorders of epigenetic machinery. Most cases of Kabuki syndrome occur de novo, that is, the parents are unaffected and the gene was mutated early in embryological development. It is classified as a Mendelian disorder because individuals who have a de novo mutation in a specific gene pass the mutation to offspring according to the laws of Mendelian inheritance. There are two known genes that cause Kabuki syndrome: KMT2D and KDM6A. However, about 30% of cases have no identifiable causative mutation.
It is estimated that between 55-80% of cases of Kabuki syndrome are caused by mutations in the KMT2D gene, formerly known as the MLL2 gene. This gene is located on chromosome 12. A mutation in the KMT2D gene results in a non functional lysine (K)-specific methyltransferase 2D enzyme
and demonstrates an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Another 2-6% of cases are related to mutations in the KDM6A gene, located on the X chromosome. This mutation produces a nonfunctional lysine (K)-specific demethylase 6A enzyme and demonstrates an X-linked dominant pattern of inheritance.
Pathophysiology
The KMT2D and KDM6A genes belong to a family of genes called chromatin-modifying enzymes. Specifically, these genes code for a histone methyltransferase (KMT2D) and a histone demethylase (KDM6A), and play a part in the regulation of gene expression. Under normal circumstances, these enzymes transfer methyl groups on and off histones to regulate genes via epigenetic pathways. When the genes that encode these enzymes are mutated, epigenetic activation of certain developmental genes is impaired and developmental abnormalities occur, leading to the characteristics of Kabuki syndrome patients. The specific developmental genes that are affected by the impaired epigenetic mechanisms in Kabuki syndrome are not yet fully known.
There are hundreds of different mutations that have been identified in Kabuki syndrome patients. Most of these mutations are in the KMT2D gene and involve a change in amino acid sequence that creates a shortened and nonfunctional chromatin-modifying enzyme.
Diagnosis
A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria for Kabuki syndrome (KS) was defined in December 2018 by an international group of experts. The authors propose that a definitive diagnosis can be made in an individual of any age with a history of infantile hypotonia, developmental delay and/or intellectual disability, and one or both of the following major criteria: (1) a pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant in KMT2D or KDM6A; and (2) typical dysmorphic features (defined below) at some point of life. Typical dysmorphic features include long palpebral fissures with eversion of the lateral third of the lower eyelid and two or more of the following: (1) arched and broad eyebrows with the lateral third displaying notching or sparseness; (2) short columella with depressed nasal tip; (3) large, prominent or cupped ears; and (4) persistent fingertip pads. Further criteria for a probable and possible diagnosis, including a table of suggestive clinical features, were included in the publication.
The original description of Kabuki syndrome by Niikawa et al. defined five cardinal manifestations, although some of these “cardinal manifestations” may or may not be present in a patient with Kabuki syndrome.
Typical facial features: Elongated palpebral fissures with eversion of the lateral third of the lower eyelid; arched and broad eyebrows with the lateral third displaying sparseness or notching; short columella with depressed nasal tip; large, prominent, or cupped ears
Skeletal anomalies: Spinal column abnormalities, including sagittal cleft vertebrae, butterfly vertebrae, narrow intervertebral disc space, and/or scoliosis, Brachydactyly V Brachymesophalangy Clinodactyly of fifth digits
Dermatoglyphic abnormalities: persistence of fetal fingertip pads
Mild to moderate intellectual disability
Postnatal growth deficiency
Kabuki syndrome is diagnosed clinically (through identifying symptoms, physical exams, and lab results), most commonly by a geneticist. Alternatively, it may be discovered using genetic testing (whole exome or whole genome sequencing).
Diagnosis can be difficult given the large spectrum of disease. The fact that some patients do not carry one of the two known mutations or can carry multiple mutations complicates the diagnosis further.
Screening
Due to its rarity, Kabuki syndrome is not screened for in routine prenatal testing including blood tests, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), or amniocentesis. Although not routine for the general population, if Kabuki syndrome is a specific concern (i.e. expectant mother who has been diagnosed with Kabuki syndrome or sibling with KS), it is possible to test for one of the specific mutations. This prenatal testing does require a CVS or amniocentesis. However Kabuki syndrome is usually not inherited and therefore most cases do not have a positive family history. Kabuki syndrome can have positive screening tests, such as cystic hygroma seen on nuchal translucency ultrasound screening, although these findings are non-specific and have a wide differential diagnosis.
Management
Newly diagnosed patients with Kabuki syndrome will often undergo tests that are aimed at detecting common abnormalities associated with the syndrome. They include an echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart) for detection of structural heart defects, kidney ultrasound for detection of structural renal abnormalities, immunoglobulin levels, pneumococcal titers and a hearing screening test.
Further evaluation and testing by specialists may be indicated in addition to cardiology, nephrology, allergy/immunology, audiology-mentioned above. This may include orthopedics (such as hip dysplasia), pulmonary (sleep study to rule out obstructive sleep apnea due to hypotonia), ophthalmology evaluation (vision screen), ENT evaluation (hearing evaluation), Neurology evaluation (i.e. if seizures present), Hematology evaluation (if bleeding disorder), GI evaluation (if gi abnormalities), or others as needed.
There is no specific treatment for Kabuki syndrome. Treatment plans are customized to address the symptoms the individual is experiencing. For example, someone experiencing seizures will be treated with the standard anti-epilepsy therapies. Additionally, patients with Kabuki syndrome are routinely evaluated and monitored to address problems that may develop, such as vision or hearing problems, or cognitive difficulties. If congenital heart disease is present, prophylactic antibiotics may be recommended before any procedures such as dental work that might cause infection.
Prognosis
The life expectancy of individuals with Kabuki syndrome is not shortened by the syndrome in most cases. Some patients have coexisting conditions which may shorten life expectancy, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome or kidney dysfunction. It is important that patients with cardiac, renal, or immunologic issues are identified and well-managed.
Epidemiology
Kabuki syndrome occurs about once in every 32,000 births. The disease appears to affect all population groups equally, with no differences based on sex, race, or environment.
Research
Research on Kabuki syndrome is extremely limited due to its low incidence. Despite this, several groups around the world are studying Kabuki syndrome. In the United States, these include the Epigenetics and Chromatin Clinic at Johns Hopkins University (led by Dr. Hans Bjornsson), The Roya Kabuki Program at Boston Children's Hospital, Dr. Mark Hannibal at the University of Michigan, groups at University of Colorado, University of Utah, University of South Florida and others.
History
In 1969, Norio Niikawa MD, a geneticist in Japan was treating a child patient presenting with unique facial characteristics and various health problems. Never having seen this constellation of symptoms before, Dr Niikawa wondered if he was faced with an undiagnosed condition, a disorder with a genetic basis. Over the next several years, this physician treated several other patients with the same symptoms in his outpatient genetics clinic, furthering support for a disorder never before diagnosed.
In 1979, Dr Niikawa presented his findings and hypothesis at the first Japan Dysmorphology Conference. A fellow physician at this conference, Yoshikazu Kuroki, recognised the symptoms, and realised that he had also seen several paediatric patients with this presentation; he presented two of his own cases at the second annual conference the following year. In 1981, the two doctors separately submitted articles on this new diagnosis to the Journal of Pediatrics.
Dr Niikawa coined the term ‘Kabuki syndrome’ (also known as Kabuki make-up syndrome or Niikawa–Kuroki syndrome) as a reference to traditional Japanese theatre which he respected greatly. Many of the children presenting with this diagnosis had unusual, elongated lower eyelids, and this feature was reminiscent of the theatrical make-up worn by actors in Kabuki theatre.
As reported by Dr. Niikawa "The name, “Kabuki make-up”, of the syndrome was given by myself, because the facial appearance of patients, especially eversion of their lower eyelids, is reminiscent of the makeup of actors in Kabuki, the traditional form of Japanese theater. Kabuki was founded early in the 17th century in Japan and over the next 300 years developed into a sophisticated form of theater. Kabuki actors usually apply traditional makeup to strengthen their eyes, especially in a hero play, and they are very proud of their performing art."
The individual kanji, from left to right, mean sing (歌), dance (舞), and skill (伎). Kabuki is therefore sometimes translated as "the art of singing and dancing".
Gallery
References
External links
Category:Rare syndromes
Category:Syndromes affecting the heart
Category:Genodermatoses
Category:Syndromes affecting hearing
Category:Syndromes with craniofacial abnormalities | {
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Richard Skuse
Richard Skuse (born 2 June 1980) is a Rugby union prop for Saracens in the Guinness Premiership.
Skuse was born in Bristol, and started his professional career playing for Bristol Shoguns. He joined London Irish in July 2004. An integral part of the London Irish squad, he also won representative honours with England at U21 level. Skuse's performances eventually earned him a call-up to 's squad. He joined Saracens for the 2009–10 season.
References
External links
Saracens profile
London Irish profile
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:English rugby union players
Category:Rugby union props
Category:Saracens F.C. players | {
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Tramways in Luxembourg
#REDIRECT Trams in Luxembourg | {
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Dolours Price
Dolours Price (16 December 1950 – 23 January 2013) was a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) volunteer along with her younger sister Marian.
Early life
Dolours and her sister, Marian, also an IRA member, were the daughters of Albert Price, a prominent Irish republican and former IRA member from Belfast. Their aunt, Bridie Dolan, was blinded and lost both hands in an accident handling IRA explosives.
Paramilitary activity
Price became involved in Irish republicanism in the late 1960s and joined the Provisional IRA in the early 1970s. She participated in the car bombing of the Old Bailey in London on 8 March 1973, which injured over 200 people and is believed to have contributed to the death of one person who suffered a fatal heart attack. The two sisters were arrested, along with Gerry Kelly, Hugh Feeney and six others, on the day of the bombing, as they were boarding a flight to Ireland. They were tried and convicted at the Great Hall in Winchester Castle on 14 November 1973. Although originally sentenced to life imprisonment, which was to run concurrently for each criminal charge, their sentence was eventually reduced to 20 years. Price served seven years for her part in the bombing. She immediately went on a hunger strike demanding to be moved to a prison in Northern Ireland. The hunger strike lasted for 208 days because the hunger strikers were force-fed by prison authorities to keep them alive.
On the back of the hunger-striking campaign, her father contested West Belfast at the UK General Election of February 1974, receiving 5,662 votes (11.9%). The Price sisters, Hugh Feeney, and Gerry Kelly were moved to Northern Ireland prisons in 1975 as a result of an IRA truce. In 1980 Price received the Royal Prerogative of Mercy and was freed on humanitarian grounds in 1981, purportedly suffering from anorexia nervosa due to the invasive trauma of daily force feedings.
The Price sisters remained active politically. In the late 1990s, Price and her sister claimed that they had been threatened by their former colleagues in the IRA and Sinn Féin for publicly opposing the Good Friday Agreement i.e. the cessation of the IRA's military campaign. Price was a contributor to The Blanket, an online journal, edited by former Provisional IRA member Anthony McIntyre, until it ceased publication in 2008.
Personal life
After her release in 1980, she married Irish actor Stephen Rea, with whom she had two sons, Danny and Oscar. They divorced in 2003.
Later life
In 2001, Price was arrested in Dublin and charged with possession of stolen prescription pads and forged prescriptions. She pleaded guilty and was fined £200 and ordered to attend Alcoholics Anonymous meetings. Price and Rea divorced in 2003; the couple had two sons, Danny and Oscar.
In February 2010, it was reported by The Irish News that Price had offered help to the Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains in locating graves of three men, Joe Lynskey, Seamus Wright and Kevin McKee, who were allegedly killed by the IRA and whose bodies have not been found.
Allegations against Gerry Adams
In 2010 Price claimed Gerry Adams had been her Officer Commanding when she was active in the IRA. Adams, who has always denied being a member of the IRA, denied her allegation. Price admitted taking part in the murder of Jean McConville, as part of an IRA action in 1972. She claimed the murder of McConville, a mother of 10, was ordered by Adams when he was an IRA leader in West Belfast. Adams subsequently publicly further denied Price's allegations, stating that the reason for them was that she was opposed to the Provisional Irish Republican Army's abandonment of paramilitary warfare in favour of politics in 1994, in the facilitation of which Adams had been a key figure.
Boston College tapes
Oral historians at Boston College interviewed both Dolours Price and her fellow IRA paramilitary Brendan Hughes between 2001 and 2006, the two giving detailed interviews for the historical record of the activities in the IRA, which were recorded on condition that the content of the interviews was not to be released during their lifetimes. Prior to Price's death, in May 2011, the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) subpoenaed the material, possibly as part of an investigation into the disappearance of a number of people in Northern Ireland during the 1970s. In June 2011, the college filed a motion to quash the subpoena. A spokesman for the college stated that "our position is that the premature release of the tapes could threaten the safety of the participants, the enterprise of oral history, and the ongoing peace and reconciliation process in Northern Ireland." In July 2011, US federal prosecutors asked a judge to require the college to release the tapes to comply with treaty obligations with the United Kingdom. On 6 July 2012, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit agreed with the government's position that the subpoena should stand. On 17 October 2012, the United States Supreme Court temporarily blocked the College from handing over the interview tapes. In January 2013 Price died, and in April 2013, the Supreme Court turned away an appeal that sought to keep the interviews from being supplied to the PSNI. The order left in place a lower court ruling that ordered Boston College to give the Justice Department portions of recorded interviews with Dolours Price. Federal officials wanted to forward the recordings to police investigating the murder of Jean McConville.
Death
On 24 January 2013 Price was found dead at her Malahide, County Dublin home, from a toxic effect of mixing prescribed sedative and anti-depressant medication. The inquest returned a verdict of death by misadventure.
Her body was buried at Milltown Cemetery in West Belfast.
References
Further reading
Clutterbuck, Richard. Kidnap and Ransom. Boston: Faber & Faber, 1978.
External links
Suzanne Breen interviews Marian Price
Source material (2000 Electronic Telegraph article)
On This Day: 1973: IRA gang convicted of London bombings, BBC
The Blanket
Dolours Price Archive
Category:1951 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:Irish republicans
Category:People from Belfast
Category:Provisional Irish Republican Army members
Category:Recipients of British royal pardons
Category:Republicans imprisoned during the Northern Ireland conflict
Category:People from Malahide | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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NOTECHS
NOTECHS is a system used to assess the non-technical (social and cognitive) skills of crew members in the aviation industry. Introduced in the late 1990s, the system has been widely used by airlines during crew selection process, picking out individuals who possess capable skills that are not directly related to aircraft controls or systems. In aviation, 70 percent of all accidents are induced from pilot error, lack of communication and decision making being two contributing factors to these accidents. NOTECHS assess and provide feedback on the performance of pilots' social and cognitive skills to help minimize pilot error and enhance safety in the future. NOTECHS system also aims to improve the Crew Resource Management training system.
Structure of NOTECHS
Two main non-technical skills that transfer to the aircraft are social and cognitive skills. Social skills are behaviors mostly done verbally through communication, allowing crew members to discuss possible conflicts and work together to resolve problems. It heavily emphasizes teamwork, a critical component for an effective operation of aircraft which impacts aviation safety. Examples of communication between crew members include acknowledging commands, conducting briefings, and conveying information, all essential components for a safe and efficient flight. The Federal Aviation Administration also announced that important areas of communication improvements include pre-flight briefings, and landing procedures. Cognitive skills are mental processes occurred for gaining situation awareness and selecting decisions, it includes tasks such as planning, prioritizing and decision making. This set of skill cannot be observed directly, but it can be inferred by examiners when pilot state a decision, an option has taken place. A pilot with a strong cognitive mind is more proficient in emergency situations, having a bigger mental capacity to assess the situation and monitor progression on goals.
The framework for NOTECHS is divided into three different levels.
Category
Element
Behavior Marker
Category
Social and Cognitive skills are the main non-technical skills evaluated. Both can be broken down into four different categories:
Co-operation: Skill in which a pilot is able to work and communicate actively among group members and create a mutual working environment
Leadership & Managerial: It focuses on pilots' ability to coordinate and manage a task, problem or direct an entire group. This exercise is usually in put in the views of a 'Pilot In Command'
Situation Awareness: A pilot's perception of the elements in the surrounding, including the aircraft systems, external environment, time, and "the projection of their status in the future"
Decision Making: The ability to recognize a problem, evaluate possible options and choose the final outcome.
Element
Elements are subset of a category. For example, the elements under Co-operation are: Team-building and maintaining, Considering Others, Supporting others, and Conflict Solving. All these elements tie in with the theme of being a group, communicating and cooperating as a team. The test subjects are evaluated in the following elements:
Behavior marker
NOTECHS system added the behavior markers under each element in order to "assist the examiner to describe the observed behavior in standardized and objective phraseology" It gives an indication whether a specific action in accordance to the element projects a positive or a negative impact in the overall skill.
Rating system
Individuals rated through NOTECHS are given feedback on their skill performance. The results provide an indication on which categories they thrive in, and sections that need improvements. Members are evaluated in each structure element and given a rating on a five-point scale. The scale ranges from very good, good, acceptable, poor, very poor. In addition, a final overall rating is required in each element, indicating whether it was acceptable or unacceptable.
To ensure crew members are given fair and non-accidental evaluation, the Joint Aviation Authorities implemented five operating rules to follow while using the NOTECHS for assessment.
Only observable behavior is to be assessed: A crew members' personality or emotional attitudes are ignored during the evaluation, and only visible behavior is recorded.
Need for Technical Consequence: To receive an unacceptable rating on a non technical skill, the flight safety must be compromised in relation to "Objective technical consequence."
Acceptable or Unacceptable rating required: In a situation where an examiner is ambiguous with the results of an element, a two-point rating system: ACCEPTABLE or UNACCEPTABLE, is given to finalize the test without any confusion
Repetition required: Showing of unacceptable behavior will lead the examiner to conduct multiple tries of the same skill test to verify it was not accidental. Repetition helps to conclude if there is a significant problem in a certain skill
Explanation required: For each skill given an unacceptable rating, the examiner must state why it was deemed unacceptable and how safety could have been compromised in the short and long term. A detailed explanation is helpful because it pinpoints out the specific mistakes occurred.
Usage and relation to Crew Resource Management
As an assessment tool, NOTECHS system is heavily used to evaluate crew resource management performance. CRM is designed to teach pilots about cognitive and interpersonal skills for an effective, safe flight; NOTECHS underlay as a standard guideline for crew members to follow. As NOTECHS evaluation system is based on standardized conditions of acceptable skills and behaviors organized by practitioners, it aims to improve by whether the provided guidance actually enhances the performance of crew members in the work environment.
See also
Pilot error
Aviation Safety
Pilot decision making
References
Category:Training | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Dremiel Byers
Dremiel Byers (born September 11, 1974) is an American amateur wrestler in the Greco-Roman discipline. Byers went to high school in Kings Mountain, North Carolina where he won a state championship in 1993. Byers joined the World Class Athletes Program (WCAP) in 1996, and worked his way to up to the pinnacle of his sport, becoming the 2002 World Champion representing Team USA in Greco-Roman.
Early life and education
Dremiel Byers, a native of Newark, New Jersey, attended Kings Mountain High School in Kings Mountain, North Carolina. He was an All-State wrestler, and the 1993 heavyweight wrestling state champion during high school. Byers attended North Carolina A&T for one year on a football scholarship. Byers studied Animal Science. He was forced to give up his scholarship to take care of family matters. After giving up his scholarship he signed a 2-year enlistment for the US Army.
Wrestling career
Byers joined the World Class Athletes Program (WCAP) in 1996, where he still plays a major role. He competes out of Colorado Springs, CO for the US Army in the 120 kg (264.5 lbs) weight class. He has many accomplishments and awards as a wrestler. Most recently he was awarded the USA Wrestling Wrestler of the year for 2009. Byers earned the award also in 1999 and 2002. Byers is currently tied with Matt Ghaffari for the most world medals, by achieving 3 world medals in his career.
Personal life
Dremiel Byers was raised by a single mother in Kings Mountain, NC. Byers carries a childhood nickname, "Bam" or "Big Bam" to the current day. Byers earned this nickname from when he was a toddler, he carried a 1-pound dumbbell as a toy. Byers is an avid motorcyclist. He is a member of the motorcycle club Street Soldiers out of Denver, Colorado and is the Colorado Springs Chapter commander.
Byers is a Sergeant First Class in the US Army.
References
External links
http://www.themat.com/section.php?section_id=3&page=showarticle&ArticleID=22129
http://www.krdo.com/news/report-springs-poaching-suspect-is-soldier-olympian/27507860
http://wrestling.teamusa.org/athletes/dremiel-byers
http://www.army.mil/olympics/2008/bios/byers.html
https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/beijing/usa/dremiel+byers/220319
https://web.archive.org/web/20110902213851/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=1091/bio/index.html
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Newark, New Jersey
Category:American male sport wrestlers
Category:Wrestlers at the 1999 Pan American Games
Category:Wrestlers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Category:Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Wrestlers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic wrestlers of the United States
Category:Pan American Games medalists in wrestling
Category:Pan American Games silver medalists for the United States | {
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} |
Lifestream
Lifestream can refer to:
Lifestreaming, "a time-ordered stream of documents that functions as a diary of your electronic life", coined by Eric Freeman and David Gelernter
Lifestream, a metaphysical concept from the Final Fantasy VII video game franchise, referring to the lifeblood and spirit of the planet | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ma Long
Ma Long (; born 20 October 1988) is a Chinese table tennis player. The current Olympic and World Champion, he is ranked number 3 in the world (as of December 2019) by the International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF). He has held the ranking of number 1 for a total of 64 months (and 34 consecutive months from March 2015), the most by any male player in the history of table tennis. Ma was born in Anshan, Liaoning, China. He won a record 5 straight ITTF World Tour tournaments in a row, including a streak of 35 sets, and a record total of 28 ITTF World Tour titles. Since 2014, he has been the captain of the Chinese National Table Tennis Men's Team.
After a clean sweep victory in the Men's Singles at the 2016 Rio Olympics, Ma Long became the fifth player to complete a career Grand Slam (winning the Olympics, World Championships, and World Cup), joining Sweden's Jan-Ove Waldner and China's Liu Guoliang, Kong Linghui, and Zhang Jike. Additionally, he became the first male player (and second overall) in the world to have won every singles title in table tennis. These records have led many to consider him to be the greatest player of all time.
Playing style
Arguably the best two-winged looper in table tennis history, Ma's playing style is that of the modern strategy of close-range third ball play. At the beginning of his career, his play strategy was primarily forehand-oriented, dominating play with powerful forehand loops, only using his backhand for controlled returns to set up the forehand. He still plays a forehand-oriented style, but his backhand has become more consistent, stable, and powerful as his career has progressed. Compared to when he was younger, he is much more confident using his backhand to attack and defend.
Fellow Chinese teammates have remarked that he is a very tactical player and is always searching for a solution. His serves appear to be traditional pendulum serves, but are some of the most visually deceptive in the world, with very subtle differences in spin and service motion. He is very quick on his feet, which makes it very difficult to get him out of position and allows him to track down balls and recover from situations that most other players couldn't. Ma is also the most prominent employer of the chop block on the Chinese National Team, which he uses to cross up his opponents. Initially used when he was out of position or to counter slow loops with heavy side spin, he now uses it as a tactic in games, adding another weapon he can confuse opponents with.
Career
After winning both the Asian and World Junior Championships, Ma became the youngest world champion at 17 years old after he participated in the 2006 Bremen World Team Championship. Ma developed his foundations under the tutelage of Wang Hao and former Chinese National Team coach Ma Kai Xuan before studying under Qin Zhi Jian. Before turning 22, he had great success in singles, reaching the finals of 11 ITTF World Tour tournaments (winning 8). He won the Asian Cup and World Tour Grand Finals twice, and also made it to the final round of the Asian Championships two times (losing to Wang Hao in 2007 and winning in 2009). In addition, he played in the finals of the China National Games and All China Championships, losing both matches to Wang.
Despite being the No. 1 player in the world for much of 2010–2012 stretch he was not chosen to represent China at the 2012 Olympics due to his temporary dip in ratings that happened after a 560-day win streak on the ITTF World Tour. In the first place, he suffered career setback by Japan's Koki Niwa in six games at the Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament and then subsequently lost to Lee Sang-su at the 2012 Korea Open, 4–1. Players were selected based on the ITTF World Rankings. As a result, he was not given an opportunity to win an Olympic medal in singles at the time when he was widely accepted as the best table tennis player in the world.
Chinese National Team coach Liu Guoliang remarked that Ma had all the tools necessary to be the best, yet at major tournaments, he had so far lacked sufficient mental toughness to play to his full ability when under pressure. This was evident in his losses to Timo Boll and Vladimir Samsonov in the 2008 and 2009 World Cup semi-finals as well as his defeats to Wang Hao (4–1, 4–2, 4–2) in the semi-finals of three consecutive World Championships (2009, 2011, and 2013). Although he performed well on the ITTF World Tour and in domestic competitions, Ma never made it to the final of the World Championships in his first four attempts. This led to many believing he was inferior to compatriot Zhang Jike, who completed his Grand Slam in just over a year.
After his third defeat to Wang Hao at the WTTC in 2013, Ma had a successful year. He won the China Open at two different locations (beating Wang and then Xu Xin in the final), the Asian Championships (for the third time), and the China National Games in a full-stretch match against Fan Zhendong. However, Xu defeated him 4–3 at the end of the year at the ITTF World Tour Grand Finals.
In March 2014, he won the Asian Cup for the fourth time, again defeating Fan in seven games. At the 2014 WTTC, he didn't lose a single game. In the final against Germany, he played a pivotal role, beating Timo Boll in the opening match and defeating Dimitrij Ovtcharov for the win. For his efforts, he was awarded the Victor Barna Award as the tournament's best player. He then won the China Open for the fifth time, which tied him with Wang Liqin for the most ever. Ma's first encounter with Zhang Jike at a Grand Slam competition came in October 2014, at the World Cup in Düsseldorf. Although he was leading 3–2 in sets, Ma lost the match, saving two match points in the deciding game but still losing 10–12. This led to further criticism of his inability to come through on the biggest stages at the toughest moments. In November, he reached the final of the Chinese National Championships, but was defeated by Fan, 4–2, again ending the year on a sour note.
However, 2015 would prove to be Ma's year. He won the Kuwait Open, beating Xu Xin 4–1 in the final, and then the German Open, getting revenge on Zhang Jike in an intense final after being down 3–1. But his biggest win came at the 2015 WTTC, where he did not drop more than one set until the final where he defeated tournament sensation Fang Bo in six games. This was a huge breakthrough for him, as his only other major singles title was the 2012 World Cup. After a surprising 4–1 loss to Shang Kun at the Japan Open, Ma won the China Open for a record sixth time, winning 4–1 against Xu Xin. In September, he led Ningbo over Fan Zhendong and Bayi to win the Chinese Super League championship. Injuries prevented him from competing at the Asian Championships, but he participated in the World Cup in Halmstad in October. Following a dropped set to Omar Assar in the round of 16, he did not lose another game in the competition, allowing his opponents to score an average of 6 points per set the rest of the tournament. He did not participate in the last two World Tour tournaments of the year, again due to injuries, but still was seeded first at the World Tour Grand Finals because he had won 3 other World Tour tournaments. In the final, he faced Fan again, winning 11–9 in the last game of a full-stretch match, coming back from being down 3–2 in sets (after being up 2–0), including down 8–6 in the sixth and 6–2 in the decider (when he won 8 points in a row). In 2015, Ma only lost once in international competition and just five times overall.
Ma won the German Open in January 2016, going undefeated until the final, where he beat Vladimir Samsonov 4–1. While helping China win the 2016 WTTC over Japan in Kuala Lumpur, he didn't lose a game, which extended his unbeaten streak to three straight World Team Championships. In March, he reached the final of the Kuwait Open, but was defeated 4–1 by Zhang Jike, who had recently defeated him 5–4 in China's Trials for the 2016 WTTC. However, a week later, he won the Qatar Open by defeating Fan in five games, breaking Wang Liqin's record for most ITTF World Tour singles titles by a Chinese player. In April, he directly qualified for the Olympic Singles in Rio by winning his section of the Asian Olympic Qualification Tournament, taking down Zhang and then Fan in six and five games respectively. After this, Ma remained world No. 1, despite not participating in another international competition until the middle of June. Within a span of two weeks, Xu Xin beat him twice, first in the semi-finals of the Japan Open (his second consecutive loss at that station dating back to last year) in six games, and then in the full-stretch final of the Korea Open (Xu had also beaten him the last time he participated at Korea, in the final in 2013). This was the shortest time between international losses for Ma since 2012 (when he lost to Niwa and Lee).
At the Olympics in Rio, he automatically qualified to third round in the singles due to his No. 1 ranking. He swept Denmark's Jonathan Groth, but experienced a scare in the next round when he went down 2–0 to Korea's Jung Young-sik. However, he recovered and won the next four games to advance to the quarterfinals. His next opponent was Quadri Aruna from Nigeria, who had upset Timo Boll and Chuang Chih-yuan to become the first African player to make it to the singles quarterfinals at the Olympics. Ma beat him in four straight games to face Jun Mizutani, Japan's top player, in the semi-finals. The first three games were all 11–5 wins by Ma, but Mizutani took the next game 11–7 and the fifth 12–10. Ma won the sixth, again 11–5, to set up a historic final match against reigning Olympic champion Zhang Jike. Their second meeting at a Grand Slam final was very unexpected: Ma took the gold by overpowering Zhang in a 4–0 vanquishment (14–12, 11–5, 11–4, 11–4), the first four-game sweep in an Olympic singles final.
By winning the gold medal in Rio, Ma etched himself a place as an immortal figure in table tennis history. He became the fifth male player to complete the Grand Slam, and the second male to be the defending champion of all three Grand Slam competitions simultaneously (Zhang being the first). He was the second male (after Kong Linghui) to win the ITTF World Tour Grand Finals and the three Grand Slam titles (dubbed a "Full House" in an ITTF article), being the first to win them all consecutively (therefore being the first male to be the reigning champion of all four at the same time) and the fastest to complete it (in just 467 days). In addition, he became the first male to have won every important singles competition possible, from majors to the ITTF World Tour to domestic competitions. The only other player who has done so is Deng Yaping.
As the current World Champion, he was slated to participate in the 2016 World Cup in Saarbrücken, Germany, but withdrew a month before the competition, citing exhaustion in addition to waist and knee pain. He did, however, play in the China Open in Chengdu, where his reasons for withdrawing from the World Cup were brought to light: he barely survived a seven game semifinal with Zhang Jike and was crushed in a sweep by Fan Zhendong in the finals. This marked the first time since the 2008 China Open that Ma lost in four games on the ITTF World Tour, excluding a withdraw from the 2014 Qatar Open due to injury. In December, Ma participated in the ITTF World Tour Grand Finals in Doha, Qatar, his last international event of the year. Although he entered as the first seed, he received a scare in the round of 16 from host nation's Li Ping, a former Chinese National Team member, going down 1–2. However, he won the next three games to take the match in six games, and beat both Wong Chun Ting and Jung Youngsik 4–0 to face Fan in the final for the second straight year. Just like the previous year, Ma clearly started better, winning the first three, before Fan won the next two, including three championship points, to stay in the match. But despite displaying wonderful resilience and brilliance under pressure, the 19-year-old could not extend the match to seven games. The Dragon closed the year by winning the 2016 ITTF World Tour Grand Finals, his record 5th title in the event, more than any other player. This accomplishment also marked his fifth consecutive major title won. However, that success did not carry over to domestic competitions. Despite his team, Shandong Weiqiao, being ranked No. 1 for much of the 2016 Chinese Super League, they were defeated 3–1 in the semi-finals by Bazhou and rising star Liang Jingkun, who beat Ma 3–1 to decide the match. For his accomplishments in 2016, Ma was named male athlete of the year at the China Central Television (CCTV) Sports Awards Gala in Beijing.
Ma began 2017 by winning the Qatar Open in February for the second year in a row, defeating Fan Zhendong 4–1 in the final. However, Fan would get his revenge at China's trials for the 2017 WTTC, dubbed "the Marvellous 12." Ma and Fan, No. 1 and No. 2 in the world respectively, each had 9 wins after the first 11-round stage, but Fan beat Ma in their head-to-head in an exciting three-game match that went down to the wire (6–11, 11–5, 12–14). Unfortunately, Ma injured his waist during his final match against Lin Gaoyuan and had to withdraw from the trials, missing out on one of the three guaranteed spots in the 2017 WTTC. The Dragon looked to bounce back at the Asian Championships held in Wuxi in April and, while he did contribute to a Chinese victory in the team competition, he lost to Korea's Jeong Sangeun 3–1 in the men's singles round of 32, which was the biggest upset of the tournament.
Despite his up-and-down start to 2017, Ma was given the chance to participate at the world championships held in Düsseldorf from late May to early June. Entering as the No. 1 seed, Ma progressed through the first four rounds without too much trouble, except for a tough six-game match against Sweden's Anton Kallberg, who he had never played before. In the quarterfinals, he faced the host nation's Timo Boll, who had played an excellent tournament in front of his home crowd. He then quickly booked his place in the final by sweeping teammate Xu Xin, who was making his second appearance in a WTTC singles semi-final (he was also swept by Zhang Jike in 2013). The 2017 WTTC men's singles final did not disappoint. Ma and Fan faced off once again in a major competition, having played each other at least once in every major within the last two years except the Olympics. The win put him on par with Zhang Jike and Ma Lin for the most Grand Slam titles (5) and he became the first male with 10 major titles. This also marked his sixth consecutive major title won. Since 2015, he had won every major competition he had participated in.
In June, Ma won the Japan Open in Tokyo, beating Xu (who had defeated him there last year) in 6 games and Fan in 5 on his way to the title. This was the first time he won in Japan, meaning he has won at every major station on the ITTF World Tour (Kuwait, Germany, China, Qatar, Japan, and Korea).
From late August to early September, Ma represented Beijing at the 2017 China National Games in three events: singles, doubles, and team. In the team event group stage, Ma and Beijing were put in the same division as defending champions PLA, led by Fan Zhendong. When Beijing and PLA went head to head, Ma beat Zhou Yu 3–1, but was brutally swept by Fan as PLA took the match 3–1 and finished first in the division. However, Beijing still qualified for the knockout stage by winning their other two matches and finishing second in the group. In the team quarterfinals, they faced Lin Gaoyuan and Guangdong. Ma beat Zhou Qihao 3–0, but Beijing still found themselves on the brink of elimination going into the fourth match. Ma lost to Lin in five games (9–11, 12–10, 11–5, 12–14, 4–11) and Beijing bowed out of the team tournament, a disappointing result considering they had finished 3rd in the team event in the last two National Games. The 2011 World Champion men's doubles partnership was reunited as Ma and Xu Xin were paired together in the doubles event. They cruised to the final, sweeping all of their opponents along the way, to face defending champions Fan and Zhou Yu from PLA. The match was epic and went the full seven games. Ma and Xu narrowly lost the final game by the smallest margin (9–11), settling for silver as Fan and Zhou defended their title. After the match, both pairs acknowledged that Xu had been affected by injuries sustained from playing deep into the team event, which he won with Shanghai.
The injuries eventually caused Xu to withdraw from the singles event the next day. Similarly to the doubles, Ma navigated the singles pretty easily, never dropping more than a game until the final. There, he met Fan yet again, who had received a walk over in the semi-finals due to Xu's injuries. After winning the first game, Ma found himself down 2–1, as Fan controlled the rallies with his backhand receive and backhand punch. However, Ma adjusted his tactics and Fan was unable to respond appropriately, leading to a 4–2 win and a successful defense of the men's singles title for the Dragon. With the win, he became the second male to win two singles titles at the China National Games (Wang Tao in 1987 and 1997) and is the first to win two in a row. He has played in the last three singles finals at the National Games, the first player to do so.
The next major competition that Ma participated in was 2017 World Cup, held in Liège in October. As the first seed, Ma automatically advanced to the knockout stage, where he recorded consecutive five-game wins over Omar Assar and Koki Niwa. In the semi-finals, he faced Timo Boll, who had defeated Lin Gaoyuan in an epic seven-game thriller where the German had won despite being down 10–4 in the final game. The match between Boll and Ma was significant because the two had played each other in the 2008 World Cup semi-finals, also in Liège. Even more coincidentally, the match mirrored their encounter nine years before, with Ma taking a 3–1 lead, then Boll taking the next two games to force a seventh. Just like his match with Zhang Jike in 2014 World Cup final, Ma found himself down 10–8 in the deciding game, but managed to tie it up at 10–10. Multiple histories repeated themselves, as Boll took the next two points to add to his legendary track record in Liège (where he had consecutively defeated the Chinese trio of Ma Lin, Wang Liqin, and Wang Hao to win the 2005 World Cup and reached the final in 2008 by beating Ma). The loss was a devastating blow to Ma, and that was visible during the third-place match against France's Simon Gauzy. Ma lost two of the first three games before recovering to win the match in six games. This was his last international competition in 2017, because his wife was expecting a baby. He still played in the Chinese Super League, but did not travel outside of China to play any tournaments. His son was born on 9 December 2017.
At the beginning of 2018, Ma's world ranking dropped to 9th as a result of being inactive. The ITTF had previously announced that they were implementing a new ranking system at the start of the new year, and the new system gave more weight to activity than to a player's playing strength. Because of this, the Dragon not only lost his number 1 ranking, which he had held for the last 34 months, but he also dropped out of the top five in the ITTF world ranking for the first time since 2011. Despite being lower ranked, Ma made his presence felt at the 2018 World Team Cup held in London in late February. He went undefeated in both singles and doubles throughout the entire tournament and helped China sweep Japan in the final. In March, Ma won the German Open for the fifth time over a very strong field. He defeated Maharu Yoshimura, Jun Mizutani, Timo Boll, Wong Chun Ting, and compatriot Xu Xin en route to his 25th ITTF World Tour singles title, which brought his world ranking up to 6th.
Due to the new ITTF ranking system, Team China wasn't seeded first at the 2018 WTTC held in Halmstad from late April to early May. Nevertheless, Ma and his Chinese teammates didn't experience any difficulties in the group stage, collectively going 15–0 to finish first in Group B. However, he survived a scare in the quarterfinals when Austria's Robert Gardos took the Dragon to a full five games in their first ever encounter. Ma reasserted his dominance throughout the rest of the tournament, defeating Sweden's Mattias Karlsson in straight sets in front of the latter's home crowd and then sweeping Timo Boll in the final as China swept top-seeded Germany to claim their 21st title in the event.
After China's victory in Halmstad, Ma won the China Open, defeating Lin Yun-Ju, Wang Chuqin, Liang Jingkun, Lim Jonghoon, and Fan Zhendong to win his 26th ITTF World Tour singles title. However, this would be his last successful singles event for nine months. At the Japan Open, he was defeated in six games by rising Japanese star Tomokazu Harimoto and although he won the doubles title with Xu Xin at the Bulgaria Open in August, he lost to Liam Pitchford in the men's singles round of 32. It was discovered that Ma had a knee injury, something that would keep him out of all tournaments for the rest of 2018. These included the Austrian Open, the World Cup, the Swedish Open, and the World Tour Grand Finals.
Ma's injuries persisted into 2019, preventing him from participating in the Marvellous 12, the Chinese qualifier for the 2019 WTTC in Budapest in April. Despite this, he was still included in the Chinese lineup for the championships in both singles and doubles. His long-awaited return to international competition came at the Qatar Open in late March. It wasn't clear how well he would play due to his seven-month absence from the game, and it showed when he needed six games to defeat Tristan Flore in his opening match. But after that, he appeared to be in good form. He swept Timo Boll and Jun Mizutani consecutively, then won a hard-fought six-game match against Xu Xin in the semi-finals. In the final against compatriot Lin Gaoyuan, he overcame a 0–2 deficit, including 2–7 in the fifth game, to win in six games. Immediately after winning the match, he posed in front of the camera, appearing to wipe the dust off his racket to indicate he was fine even after being inactive for so long. The victory tied him with Vladimir Samsonov for the most ITTF World Tour singles titles by a male player with 27.
However, not all was going perfectly for Ma Long, as he suffered his first loss to Fan Zhendong in international competition in years in the final of the 2019 Asian Cup, which led many to believe the Dragon's reign would soon come to an end. Though it was possible that they could soon play each other again at the World Championships, this proved not to be the case as Fan was defeated 4–2 by lower-ranked compatriot Liang Jingkun in one of the many upsets of the tournament, who was then subsequently defeated by Ma Long 4–1 in the semifinals; the second Chinese player he'd eliminated in the tournament in addition to Lin Gaoyuan. In the final, the Dragon overpowered Sweden's Mattias Falck 4–1 to win his third consecutive World Championship, becoming the first player since Wang Liqin to win three such titles and the first since Zhuang Zedong (in 1961, 1963, and 1965) to win them consecutively.
Career records
Singles (as of July 2019)
Olympic Games: winner (2016).
World Championships: winner (2015, 2017, 2019); SF (2009, 2011, 2013); round of 16 (2007).
World Cup: winner (2012, 2015); runner-up (2014); third place (2008, 2009, 2017).
ITTF World Tour winner (28): Kuwait, German Open 2007; Korea, Singapore Open 2008; Danish, Kuwait, Harmony China (Suzhou), English Open 2009; German Open 2010; Harmony China (Suzhou), Austrian, Swedish Open 2011; Hungarian Open 2012; Qatar, China (Changchun), Harmony Open (Suzhou) 2013; China (Chengdu) Open 2014; Kuwait, German, China (Chengdu) Open 2015; German, Qatar Open 2016; Qatar, Japan Open 2017; German, China (Shenzhen) Open 2018; Qatar, China (Shenzhen) Open 2019. Runner-up (14): German Open 2005; Japan, Swedish Open 2007; UAE, China (Shenzhen) Open 2011; Slovenian, China (Shanghai) Open 2012; Kuwait, Korea, UAE Open 2013; Kuwait, Korea, China (Chengdu) Open 2016; Korea Open 2019.
ITTF World Tour Grand Finals: winner (2008, 2009, 2011, 2015, 2016); runner-up (2013, 2019); SF (2007).
Asian Games: winner (2010).
Asian Championships: winner (2009, 2011, 2013); runner-up (2007).
Asian Cup: winner (2008, 2009, 2011, 2014), runner-up (2019).
China National Games: winner (2013, 2017), runner-up (2009), SF (2005).
Chinese National Championships: winner (2011); runner-up (2004, 2007, 2014); SF (2008).
World Junior Championships: winner (2004); QF (2003).
Asian Junior Championships: winner (2004)
Doubles
World Championships: winner (2011, 2019); runner-up (2009); round of 16 (2007).
World Tour winner (22): China (Harbin) Open 2005; Slovenian Open 2006; Swedish Open 2007; Danish, Qatar, English Open 2009; Kuwait, German Open 2010; China (Shenzen), Austrian Open 2011; Slovenian, Korea, China (Shanghai) Open 2012; China (Suzhou), China (Changchun) Open 2013; China (Chengdu) Open 2014; Japan Open 2015; Japan Open, China (Chengdu) Open 2016; Japan Open 2017; German, Bulgaria Open 2018Runner-up (11): China (Shenzhen) Open 2005; Singapore Open 2006; China (Shenzhen) Open 2007; Qatar, Korea Open 2008; Kuwait Open 2009; China (Suzhou) Open 2011; Kuwait, Qatar, Korea Open 2013, China (Shenzhen) Open 2019.
ITTF World Tour Grand Finals: winner (2006); runner-up (2011); SF (2007).
Asian Games: winner (2014); SF (2006).
Asian Championships: winner (2007, 2009, 2013); SF (2011).
China National Games: runner-up (2017); SF (2005).
Chinese National Championships: winner (2010, 2015); runner-up (2006, 2007, 2014); SF (2008).
World Junior Championships: runner-up (2004).
Asian Junior Championships: runner-up (2003, 2004).
Mixed doubles
Asian Games: QF (2006).
Asian Championships: winner (2009); SF (2005).
China National Games: winner (2013).
Chinese National Championships: winner (2012); runner-up (2008, 2016).
World Junior Championships: runner-up (2003, 2004).
Asian Junior Championships: winner (2004).
Team
Olympics: 1st (2012, 2016)
World Championships: 1st (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018).
World Cup: 1st (2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018, 2019).
Asian Games: 1st (2006, 2010, 2014).
Asian Championships: 1st (2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2017).
China National Games: 3rd (2009, 2013)
Chinese National Championships: 1st (2011, 2012, 2018); 3rd (2007, 2008, 2010).
Chinese Super League: 1st (2009, 2012, 2013, 2015); 3rd (2014, 2016).
World Junior Championships: 1st (2003, 2004).
Asian Junior Championships: 1st (2004).
Summary of Accomplishments
3x Olympic Champion (1 Singles, 2 Team)
12x World Champion (3 Singles, 2 Doubles, 7 Team)
9x World Cup winner (2 Singles, 7 Team)
50x ITTF World Tour winner (28 Singles, 22 Doubles)
6x ITTF World Tour Grand Finals Champion (5 Singles, 1 Doubles)
5x Asian Games winner (1 Singles, 1 Doubles, 3 Team)
13x Asian Champion (3 Singles, 2 Doubles, 1 Mixed Doubles, 7 Team)
4x Asian Cup winner (4 Singles)
3x China National Games Champion (2 Singles, 1 Mixed Doubles)
7x Chinese National Champion (1 Singles, 2 Doubles, 1 Mixed Doubles, 3 Team)
4x Chinese Super League Champion (4 Team)
3x World Junior Champion (1 Singles, 2 Team)
3x Asian Junior Champion (1 Singles, 1 Mixed Doubles, 1 Team)
2015, 2016 ITTF Male Star of the Year
2016 CCTV Sports Personality of the Year
Head to head vs. other notable players (December 2004 – present)
(boldface indicates a Chinese teammate)
Timo Boll: 16–5
Chen Chien-An: 3–0
Chen Qi: 19–2
Chuang Chih-Yuan: 17–2
Mattias Falck: 4–0
Fan Zhendong: 21–10
Fang Bo: 10–2
Marcos Freitas: 4–0
Tomokazu Harimoto: 3–2
Gao Ning: 10–0
Hao Shuai: 20–9
Jung Youngsik: 6–0
Joo Se-Hyuk: 20–3
Petr Korbel: 4–1
Kalinikos Kreanga: 3–0
Liang Jingkun: 6–1
Lin Gaoyuan: 8–2
Ma Lin: 30–14
Michael Maze: 7–0
Jun Mizutani: 16–0
Oh Sang-eun: 9–2
Dimitrij Ovtcharov: 17–0
Ryu Seungmin: 7–3
Vladimir Samsonov: 9–5
Werner Schlager: 9–0
Tang Peng: 14–0
Wang Hao: 30–27
Wang Liqin: 32–12
Wong Chun Ting : 21–1
Xu Xin: 41–11
Yan An: 8–3
Kaii Yoshida: 6–1
Zhang Jike: 31–10
Zhou Yu: 10–2
Other Records
Went unbeaten for 40 singles matches in December 2011.
Did not drop a single set in six tournaments: Swedish Open 2011, 2012 WTTC, World Team Classic 2013, 2014 and 2016 WTTC.
In singles, he has won the World Tour Grand Finals five times, the China Open eight times, the German Open five times, the Qatar Open four times, the Asian Championships three times, and the Asian Cup four times, the most ever.
One of two players to sweep all four medals in an Asian Championship (Fan Zhendong).
Most ITTF World Tour singles titles (28) by a male player.
Most major titles (11) of any male player.
First player to sweep his opponent in an Olympic Singles final since the Olympics extended matches to seven games in 2004.
Second male player to win the World Championships, World Cup, Olympics, and World Tour Grand Finals. He is the first male player to be the defending champion of all four at the same time.
Fastest player ever to win all possible singles titles (2,092 days, from 20 November 2010 to 11 August 2016).
Fastest player ever to complete a "Full House" (467 days, from 3 May 2015 to 11 August 2016).
First player, male or female, to win the ITTF Star Player of the Year award in consecutive years.
Won at least one tournament at every major station on the ITTF World Tour.
First and only male player to have won two consecutive singles titles at the China National Games.
First player to win 3 Men’s Singles titles in the World Championships since Wang Liqin. First player to win them consecutively since Zhuang Zedong.
International competitions (Results from the ITTF database)
See also
China at the 2012 Summer Olympics#Table tennis
Table tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's team
China national table tennis team
References
External links
Career profile of Ma Long Table Tennis Master
Ma Long profile at Table Tennis Guide
Ma Long Game records
Ma Long Technique and training videos
Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chinese male table tennis players
Category:Olympic table tennis players of China
Category:2016 Olympic gold medalists for China
Category:Table tennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Table tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic medalists in table tennis
Category:Table tennis players at the 2006 Asian Games
Category:Table tennis players at the 2010 Asian Games
Category:Table tennis players at the 2014 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games medalists in table tennis
Category:Asian Games gold medalists for China
Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for China
Category:Table tennis players from Anshan
Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games
Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games
Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games
Category:World Table Tennis Championships medalists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Prosipho pusillus
Prosipho pusillus is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Buccinidae, the true whelks.
Description
Distribution
References
External links
Category:Buccinidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1912 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Weil im Schönbuch
Weil im Schönbuch is a municipality in the Böblingen district, middle Neckar region, Stuttgart governmental district, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Its unusual name (weil means "because" in German) is derived from the presence of a Roman villa in the area. Two smaller villages, Neuweiler and Breitenstein, are incorporated into Weil im Schönbuch. Portions of the Schönbuch Natural Park belong to Weil im Schönbuch; the forested park has many scenic paths, ponds, streams and protected areas for animals and rare plants.
Geography
Weil im Schönbuch is located 12 km south of Böblingen in a clearing of the Schönbuch forest on the northern edge of the Schönbuch Nature Park. Highway B464, which links Böblingen and Tübingen, runs through the western edge of the town.
The oldest parts of the town are located on an east-west ridge. To the immediate north are two small brooks, the Seitenbach and the Totenbach, and to the south is a more substantial stream, the Schaich. The village has expanded along the northern slope of the ridge. The steep southern slopes remain largely undeveloped. Elevations in the town range from 432 to 487 meters.
Towns surrounding Weil im Schönbuch are, starting from the north and moving clockwise, Schönaich, Waldenbuch, Dettenhausen, the Bebenhausen district of Tübingen, Altdorf, and Holzgerlingen.
History
Traces of human activity in the area have been dated to the Neolithic and Bronze Age. A Roman settlement was established in the first century C.E. and a villa rustica was excavated near the Totenbachmühle. More Roman artifacts were discovered during renovation of the St. Martin’s church in 1904. A 90-cm-high statue of Diana was found in the town.
In the 4th century the Alamanni settled in the oldest part of the village, today's Maierhof. It is not certain whether the area was continuously inhabited after that. In 1087 was the first recorded mention of the area when a Rudolf of Breitenstein was listed as a vassal of the Counts Palatinate of Tübingen. In 1188 the town was mentioned for the first time as Weyl im Schaienbuch. In that year Count Rudolf I of Tübingen gave his share of the village to the Bebenhausen Abbey, which had been founded one year previously. The Fronhof (Maierhof), together with the serfs belonging to it, remained with his brother. By the end of the 13th century, Weil im Schönbuch, Breitenstein, and Neuweiler (mentioned for the first time in 1295) were almost completely within the territory of the Bebenhausen abbey.
The night of May 11, 1525, the Swabian League army, under its leader George, Truchsess of Waldburg, camped in the Seitenbach and Totenbach dales. The next day it advanced on Böblingen, massacring thousands of peasants in the Battle of Böblingen, one of the bloodiest conflicts of the German Peasants' War.
During the Reformation, the Bebenhausen abbey was dissolved in 1535 and Weil im Schönbuch acquired by Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg. In 1559 the whole town, including the church and city hall, was destroyed by arson. The only building that survived the disaster was the parsonage, somewhat removed from the rest of the town. The arsonist, Enderlin Seitz, was captured and condemned to death. As punishment, Seitz was forced into a barrel into which long nails had been started, and the barrel rolled down a hill. The nails were naturally driven into the barrel and killed the arsonist. In the Thirty Years War, Imperial-Catholic troops pillaged the town after the battle of Nördlingen on September 8, 1634 and, in 1635, a further disaster occurred with an outbreak of the plague. Nearly a third of the population of village lost their lives in this war.
By 1850 Weil im Schönbuch contained 2453 Protestant and 21 Catholic inhabitants, who lived and worked in 287 main and 165 auxiliary buildings. At that time, Weil was the third-largest town (after Sindelfingen and Böblingen) in the Böblingen Oberamt (not identical with today’s Landkreis Böblingen).
In the last days of the Second World War, Weil im Schönbuch was the scene of heavy fighting between German and French troops on April 21 and 22, 1945. Some of the local population were killed and 58 buildings were destroyed.
As a result of municipal reform in Baden-Württemberg, the villages of Neuweiler (July 1, 1971) and Breitenstein (April 1, 1972) were merged into Weil im Schönbuch.
Population
The numbers of inhabitants come from census results (marked in red) or the official estimates of the bureau of statistics (main domiciles only). All data since 1871 were reported by the Baden-Wuerttemberg bureau of statistics [5]; data from 1850 to 1871 are from the Oberamt Böblingen [4].
Politics
Community structure
Weil im Schönbuch consists of the three districts: Breitenstein; Neuweiler; and Weil im Schönbuch. The districts were merged in the early 70's. Breitenstein and Neuweiler are considered Ortschaften (localities) under the Baden-Württemberg municipal code with their own village councils and mayors. The Breitenstein district contains only the village of Breitenstein. The Neuweiler district contains the village of Neuweiler and the Eschmühle farm. The Weil im Schönbuch district includes the town proper and the Upper Rauhmühle, Lower Rauhmühle, and Totenbachmühle farms.
Town council
The town council comprises 20 members as of the last local election on June 7, 2009. The election turnout was 56.75%. The election had the following outcome.
Chairman of the town council is the mayor.
Coat of arms
A red stag with golden antlers springing on a green hill between two green beeches with a silver background.
Partner Cities
Since 1976 the village of Neuweiler has been partnered with Hennersdorf in Austria.
Economy and Infrastructure
Traffic
Weil im Schönbuch is connected to highway B464 by county road (Kreisstrasse) K1062. K1048 connects it to Holzgerlingen and Schönaich, K1050 to Waldenbuch, and K1062 to Dettenhausen. K1049 connects to the villages of Neuweiler and Breitenstein and K 1058 connects the suburb of Roter Berg with Weil im Schönbuch and B464. In December 1996 the Schönbuchbahn (Böblingen-Dettenhausen) was put back into operation. Three stops in Weil im Schönbuch connect the town through Böblingen to the Stuttgart regional rail network.
Local industries
Hecker Werke GmbH & Co. Rubber and sealing articles
KLW Karl Lutz GmbH. Workshop and office equipment
Brose Fahrzeugteile GmbH & CO. Automotive
Franz Hahn. Lumber and building materials transportation
Stähli Läpp-Technik GmbH. Polishing and knife sharpening equipment
Education
Primary schools (Grundschulen) are located in Weil im Schönbuch, Breitenstein, and Neuweiler. The schools in Breitenstein and Neuweiler offer only the first two years of education. A secondary school (Hauptschule) is located in Weil im Schönbuch.
Culture
Festivals
The Seenachtsfest (Lake-night Fest) is organized by the volunteer fire department at the fire-brigade lake just outside town. This celebration takes place on the first Saturday in August.
The town singing club (Gesangverein) holds a singing carnival on a yearly basis.
Sport
Artistic cycling is well known in the area. Weil im Schönbuch resident Astrid Ruckaberle was the women’s world champion in artistic cycling in 2000, 2001, and 2003.
Music
Weil im Schönbuch contains several musical groups.
Gesangverein Weil im Schönbuch, founded in 1850 as the Liederkranz. Offers a mixed choir, and a pop choir
Musikverein Original Schönbuchmusikanten Weil im Schönbuch, founded in 1931. The club has a youth band and a senior band. This provides a way for beginners to learn music.
Junges Streichorchester Weil im Schönbuch, founded in 1995. Three orchestras exist at present, the Kinderorchester (children’s orchestra), the Jugendorchester (youth orchestra), and the Streichorchester (string orchestra), as well as a cello ensemble.
Harmonika-Freunde Weil im Schönbuch (http://www.hfw-is.de), founded in 1964. The club offers accordion, guitar, and keyboard instruction. It cooperates with local schools in Weil im Schönbuch, Breitenstein and Neuweiler to offer musical education.
b!cause, a choir founded in 1981 focusing on gospel, pop, and soul music.
Religion
Weil im Schönbuch contains Protestant, Catholic, and New Apostolic congregations. There are no Islamic houses of worship in the town.
Notable Persons
Florian Toncar (born October 18, 1979). German politician (FDP) and member of the German Bundestag.
Erich Hartmann (born April 19, 1922, in Weissach, died September 20, 1993 in Weil im Schönbuch) was a Luftwaffe pilot in World War 2. With 352 confirmed kills, he was the most successful fighter pilot in the history of air combat.
Footnotes
External links
Schönbuch Nature Park (in English)
References
Category:Böblingen (district) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1864 in South Africa
The following lists events that happened during 1864 in South Africa.
Incumbents
Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for Southern Africa: Sir Philip Wodehouse.
Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal:
John Scott (until 30 December).
John Maclean (from 31 December).
State President of the Orange Free State:
Jacobus Johannes Venter (acting until 1 February).
Jan Brand (from 2 February).
President of the Executive Council of the South African Republic:
W.C. Janse van Rensburg (until 9 May).
Marthinus Wessel Pretorius (from 10 May).
Events
January
5 – The Transvaal Civil War ends with Paul Kruger's victory over Jan Viljoen's commando at the Crocodile River.
February
2 – Jan Brand is inaugurated as the fourth president of the Orange Free State.
May
10 – Marthinus Wessel Pretorius, State President of the Orange Free State from 1860 to 1863, is inaugurated as President of the Executive Council of the South African Republic for a second term.
August
Bloemhof is founded on the banks of the Vaal River when diamonds are discovered in the area.
December
19 – A railway line to Wynberg, constructed with private capital, is opened to the public.
31 – John Maclean becomes Lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Natal.
Unknown date
The Republic of New Scotland is set up in Roburnia in what is now the Amsterdam region.
Births
2 February - Jan Brand, lawyer and politician, and the fourth state president of the Orange Free State. (d. 1888)
6 November - Abraham Bailey, diamond tycoon, politician, financier and cricketer. (d. 1940)
Deaths
1 February – David Hume, explorer and big-game hunter. (b. 1796)
5 October – John Fairbairn, newspaper proprietor, educator, financier and politician. (b. 1794)
Railways
Railway lines opened
19 December – Cape Western – Salt River to Wynberg, .
Locomotives
The first of three 2-4-0 tank locomotives are acquired as motive power for the Wynberg line, one by the Wynberg Railway Company and the other two by the Cape Town Railway and Dock Company who undertakes to rent and operate the line.
References
South Africa
Category:Years in South Africa
Category:History of South Africa | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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1956 Malayan local elections
Local elections were held in the Federation of Malaya in 1956.
Municipal election
George Town
Kuala Lumpur
Malacca
Town councils election
Alor Star
Bandar Maharani, Muar
Bandar Penggaram, Batu Pahat
Bukit Mertajam
Butterworth
Ipoh-Menglembu
Johore Bahru
Kampar
Klang
Kluang
Kota Bharu
Kuala Kangsar
Kuala Trengganu
Kuantan
Pasir Mas
Pasir Puteh
Raub
Segamat
Seremban
Sungei Patani
Taiping
Teluk Anson
Tumpat
Local councils election
Kedah
References
1956
Category:1956 in Malaya
Category:1956 elections in Asia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Harunabad-e Olya
Harunabad-e Olya (, also Romanized as Hārūnābād-e ‘Olyā; also known as Hārūnābād-e Bālā) is a village in Ab Bar Rural District, in the Central District of Tarom County, Zanjan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 444, in 101 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Tarom County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1950 Liverpool City Council election
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Thursday 11 May 1950.
After the election, the composition of the council was:
Election result
Ward results
* - Councillor seeking re-election
(PARTY) - Party of former Councillor
Comparisons are made with the 1947 election results.
Abercromby
Aigburth
Allerton
Anfield
Breckfield
Brunswick
Castle Street
Childwall
Croxteth
Dingle
Edge Hill
Everton
Exchange
Fairfield
Fazakerley
Garston
Granby
Great George
Kensington
Kirkdale
Little Woolton
Low Hill
Much Woolton
Netherfield
North Scotland
Old Swan
Prince's Park
Sandhills
St. Anne's
St. Domingo
St. Peter's
Sefton Park East
Sefton Park West
South Scotland
Vauxhall
Walton
Warbreck
Wavertree
Wavertree West
West Derby
By-elections
North Scotland, Thursday 22 November 1950
Vacancy left by Cllr. Herbert F. Granby.
References
1950
Category:1950 English local elections
Category:1950s in Liverpool | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Caddonfoot
Caddonfoot () is a village on the River Tweed, in the Scottish Borders area of Scotland, on the A707, near Galashiels.
The village is at the mouth of the Caddon Water
Other places nearby include Boleside, Broadmeadows, Scottish Borders, Buckholm, Clovenfords, Darnick, Gattonside, Innerleithen, Lindean, Melrose, Selkirk, Stow, Traquair, Tweedbank, Yarrow.
The church was erected in 1861 and became the parochial church of the new parish of Caddonfoot in 1870. The church was enlarged in 1875 and in the same year that the village school was rebuilt. The school closed in 2012 as a new building was opened in Clovenfords.
Prior to 1898 Caddonfoot lay within the civil parish of Stow, on its border with Galashiels. Stow parish was mainly in Midlothian (Edinburghshire) but the southern portion, mainly the valley of Caddon Water was in Selkirkshire. Then in December 1898 a new civil parish of Caddonfoot was erected consisting of the portion of the civil parish of Stow within Selkirkshire, and the portions of the civil parishes of Selkirk, Galashiels, and Yarrow, situated within the ecclesiastical parish of Caddonfoot. The civil parish includes Clovenfords and Caddonlee and the Clovenfords and District Community Council serves roughly the same area.
Caddonfoot War Memorial stands in the parish churchyard, and was designed by Sir Robert Lorimer.
The civil parish has an area of 19,252 acres and a population of 912 (in 2011).
References
External links
RCAHMS record for Caddonfoot
SCRAN resource for Caddonfoot
Gazetteer for Scotland: Caddonfoot
Caddonfoot War memorial
Scottish Borders Council: Green flag for Caddonfoot Primary Eco-School
Category:Villages in the Scottish Borders
Category:Parishes in Selkirkshire | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hybrizyme
Hybrizyme is a term coined to indicate novel or normally rare gene variants (or alleles) that are associated with hybrid zones, geographic areas where two related species meet, mate, and produce hybrid offspring. Hybrizymes occur commonly in many, if not all, hybrid zones. Originally considered to be caused by elevated rates of mutation in hybrids, they are now believed to be the result of purifying selection: in the centre of the hybrid zone, alleles for hybrid fitness are selected, and linked alleles also increase in frequency by genetic hitchhiking. If those linked alleles happen to be rare variants, they will become more common, and their commonness will only be associated with the area where hybrids are formed.
References
Category:Genetics. | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Agapetus rossi
Agapetus rossi is a species of little black caddisfly in the family Glossosomatidae. It is found in North America.
References
Category:Glossosomatidae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Insects described in 1941 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Miasto bez imienia
Miasto bez imienia is a poetry collection by Czesław Miłosz. It was first published in 1969.
Category:1969 poetry books
Category:Polish poetry collections
Category:Poetry by Czesław Miłosz | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Imène Cherif-Sahraoui
Imène Cherif-Sahraoui (born September 14, 1995) is an Algerian sailor. She placed 37th in the Laser Radial event at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1995 births
Category:Living people
Category:Algerian female sailors (sport)
Category:Olympic sailors of Algeria
Category:Sailors at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Laser Radial
Category:Place of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hans Gross
Hans Gustav Adolf Gross or Groß (26 December 1847 – 9 December 1915) was an Austrian criminal jurist and criminologist, the "Founding Father" of criminal profiling. A criminal jurist, Gross made a mark as the creator of the field of criminality. Throughout his life, Hans Gross made significant contributions to the realm of scientific criminology. As Gross developed in his career as an examining justice, he noticed the failings of the field of law. His book, classes, institutions, and methods helped improve the justice system through his experience as a justice.
Early life and career
Gross was born on December 26, 1847 in Styria, Austria. As a young adult, Hans Gross graduated in 1870 as a jurist (Examining Justice) from his hometown's university in Upper Styria. His education resulted in two decades of learned knowledge in law. Gross served as the Examining Justice of Styria in which he served as a judge and prosecutor for all crimes presented to him. During his service, he dealt with several fraudulent charges. It was during this job that Gross realized the many shortcomings of the present justice system. Back then, the Examining Justice stood as a criminal investigator. During this time, there were very few crime investigators. Many of the law officers were volunteers or ex-police officers. As a result, jurists mainly solved and prosecuted all crimes brought before them. This proved to be a poor system as many of the magistrates relied on their personal knowledge and limited facts or evidence. This lack of organization led to Gross's active work in criminal science.
Academic impact
During his life, Gross did much to establish several institutions regarding criminology. Gross mainly did this by reiterating the practice of criminal forensics. He taught and developed several institutions that furthered the influence of the field of criminology. Throughout the years, Gross taught and engaged in constructive debate while professor at Chernivtsi University (1897 to 1902), Prague University (1902 to 1905), and the University of Graz (1905 to 1915). Later in 1898, he established the Institute of Criminology of Graz. On August 1898, he began to teach criminal law in which he presented the field of criminalities. However, many people opposed this idea developing into a study, claiming that it did not serve true beneficial value except to those involved in the justice system. Despite opposing views, Gross established the field of criminalities, branding him forever as the “Founding Father” of criminal profiling.
Contributions to criminology
Gross noticed the faults in the justice system early on in his career. His efforts focused on expanding deep investigation, professional ethics, and the scientific method. He defined criminal psychology from a technical viewpoint, considering it as pure research. Along with studying a person's behaviors, Gross stressed the use of careful judgement due to often misleading evidence. His view of research, technical evidence, and methods also led to the creation of the "crime scene." Relating the concept of the crime scene, Gross explains the necessity of balancing emotion with evidence and evidence with logic. Gross fully introduced the concept of criminalistics in 1893, a period in which the notion of criminology expanded. The concept of criminalistics is divided into two branches: crime and political science. Even though Gross found a new way in which the justice system functioned, many believed the field of criminalistics proved useless, except for examining justices. However, Gross still contributed in furthering criminology for other magistrates in law. He called for the objective use and examination of evidence. He stressed the importance of a judge remaining neutral in cases. He did this, mainly, by presenting new concepts in the examination of crime scenes, such as crime scene photography, fingerprints, microscopy, and X-rays.
Criminal Investigations, a Practical Textbook
Gross's book was written to cover philosophical and systematic aspects of criminology. In 1893, his book Criminal Investigations, a Practical Textbook (Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik) was published. The purpose of the book was to make up for a deficiency in criminalistics. He wrote it as an instructive book, focusing on human nature and the motives of a criminal. He presents his theories through psychological and material elements. Gross especially expanded on body language and the importance of the judge and the witness involved in a criminal case. He observes the behaviors of murderers, arsonists, thieves, and counterfeiters. Gross strongly focuses on the failings and inconsistencies of the judges and witnesses, the importance of materialistic evidence, and relating facts with reason. He believed that the study of psychology allowed one to understand the motives of criminals. Also, he relates chemistry, physics, botany, secret codes, and the use of blood to further determine facts and motives. He believed an overall education in these studies proved beneficial, especially to judges and investigating officers.
Summary
Hans Gross made his mark in the world as a criminologist. He is associated with being the creator of the field of criminology after establishing the study at the Institute of Criminology in Graz. Throughout his life, he assisted in advancing the crime investigation world, especially in 1893 when the practice of criminology became more widespread. Introducing new investigation and observation techniques, such as crime scene photography and examining fingerprints, changed how the justice system functioned. His book, Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik, contains revolutionary methods and ideas that greatly broadened criminal science. In memory of all of his work, stand many institutions formed because of him.
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References
Literature
Sergij Neshurbida, M. P. Djatschuk, R. W. Sabadasch, N. M. Sahorodna: Hans Gross: Werke des Wissenschaftlers und Arbeiten über ihn aus den Bücherbeständen der wissenschaftlichen Bibliothek der Nationalen Jurij Fedkowytsch Universität Czernowitz. Zum 100. Todestag. Bibliografisches Verzeichnis / Hrsg. von S. I. Neshurbida, M. P. Djatschuk, R. W. Sabadasch, N. M. Sahorodna. Wissenschaftliche Redaktion: S. I. Neshurbida, E. D. Skulysh. Einleitende Artikel: S. I. Neshurbida, K. Probst. – Czernowitz, Knyhy - XXI, 2015. – 222 S. – Serie „Wissenschaftler der Universität Czernowitz“,
Sergij Neshurbida: Hans Gross an der Franz-Josephs-Universitat Czernowitz (1899–1902): Leben Arbeit und wissenschaftliche Tatigkeit. In: Christian Bachhiesl, Sonja Bachhiesl, Johann Leitner (Hg.). Kriminologische Entwicklungslinien: Eine interdisziplinare Synopsis. LIT Verlag, S. 97-116.
Sergei Nezhurbida: До 600-річчя м. Чернівці. Курс криміналістики для офіцерів-інструкторів австрійської жандармерії. Пер. з нім. П.Жуковський. Наукова редакція перекладу і передмова С.І.Нежурбіди. Науковий вісник Чернівецького університету: Збірник наук. праць. Вип. 427: Правознавство. – Чернівці: Рута, 2007. – 128 с. – С.5-10.
Sergei Nezhurbida: Ганс Гросс: людина, вчений, вчитель. Вісник Академії прокуратури України. – 2006. - No. 3. – С.119-123.
Sergei Nezhurbida, П.В. Жуковський: Курс криміналістики Ганса Гроcса для офіцерів-інструкторів австрійської жандармерії. Кримінальне право України. – 2006. - No. 10. – С.51-54
Каэмпфферт В. Властелин преступления и как он действует. пер. с англ. Сергей Нежурбида. Криминалистъ первопечатный. – 2016. - No. 12. – С. 138-157.
See also
August Vollmer
Hans-Gross-Kriminalmuseum
Hans Gross
External links
Category:Austrian jurists
Category:Austrian criminologists
Category:1847 births
Category:1915 deaths
Category:Chernivtsi University faculty
Category:University of Graz alumni
Category:University of Graz faculty
Category:Charles University in Prague faculty | {
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Metro Station (album)
Metro Station is the debut studio album by American pop rock band Metro Station. The album was released on September 18, 2007 under Columbia/Red Ink.
Four singles were released from the album; "Shake It" and "Seventeen Forever" charted on the Billboard Hot 100. The album debuted at number 189 on the US Billboard 200, but reached a peak of 39 in June 2008. The single "Shake It" was certified Platinum in 2008. Since its release, Metro Station has sold approximately 400,000 copies in the United States.
The album was released in the UK on March 30, 2009. The version of the album released in the UK contains 2 exclusive bonus tracks including a brand new track, "After the Fall". The first UK single, "Shake It", was released a week before, on March 23, 2009.
Track listing
Personnel
Trace Cyrus – lead guitar, vocals
Mason Musso – vocals, rhythm guitar
Blake Healy – synthesizer, beats, bass
Anthony Improgo – drums
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
Category:2007 debut albums
Category:Metro Station (band) albums
Category:Columbia Records albums
Category:Albums produced by S*A*M and Sluggo | {
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Korean Christian Fundamentalist Assembly
The Korean Christian Fundamentalist Assembly is a Presbyterian and Reformed denomination in South Korea founded in 2014 under the influence of Rev. Gerald Jones who graduated from Bob Jones College and came to Korea and established the Maranatha Seminary. The Fundamentalist teaching found favorable ground in Korea. Ian Paisley and Bob Jones organised the World Fundamentalist Conference in Edinburgh.
The church adheres to the Apostles Creed and Westminster Confession. In 2004 it had 18,262 members and 116 congregations.
References
Category:Presbyterian denominations in South Korea
Category:Presbyterian denominations in Asia
Category:Fundamentalist denominations | {
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Shiraz (film)
Shiraz (Shiraz: a Romance of India) (Das Grabmal einer großen Liebe in German) is a 1928 silent film, directed by Franz Osten and starring Himansu Rai and Enakshi Rama Rau. It was adapted from a stage play of the same name by Niranjan Pal, and based on the story of the commissioning of the Taj Mahal – the great monument of a Moghul prince for his dead queen.
Production
It was an Indian/British/German co-production, and the second of three silent films made on location in India by star and producer Himansu Rai. The others are Prem Sanyas (The Light of Asia, 1926) and A Throw of Dice (Prapanch Pash, 1929). All three films draw on Indian classical legend.
Plot
Shiraz (Rai) is a potter's son, who is brought up as brother to Selima (Rau), a girl of unknown but royal lineage who was rescued from an ambush in childhood. Shiraz falls in love with Selima as a young adult and when she is kidnapped by slavers and sold to Prince Khurram, Shiraz follows her to Agra, where he will risk a horrible death to protect her and one day design her great memorial.
Cast
Himansu Rai as Shiraz
Enakshi Rama Rau as Selima/Empress Mumtaz Mahal
Charu Roy as Prince Khurram/Emperor Shah Jahan
Seeta Devi as Dalia
Restoration
Shiraz was restored from original film elements by the BFI in 2017, and had its premiere as a gala screening at the 2017 London Film Festival, accompanied by a new score composed and performed by Anoushka Shankar. The Guardian'''s film critic Peter Bradshaw praised the film as " a startlingly ambitious epic weepie-romance". The restored version subsequently played in a number of venues in India in late 2017.
References
External links
by the Financial Times discusses the restoration process for Shiraz''
Category:1928 films
Category:1920s drama films
Category:British films
Category:British silent feature films
Category:British drama films
Category:British black-and-white films
Category:German films
Category:German silent feature films
Category:German black-and-white films
Category:Indian films
Category:Indian silent films
Category:Films set in India
Category:Films directed by Franz Osten
Category:UFA films | {
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Endotricha denticostalis
Endotricha denticostalis is a species of snout moth in the genus Endotricha. It was described by George Hampson, in 1906, and is known from Borneo.
References
Category:Endotrichini
Category:Moths described in 1906 | {
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2010 Universidad San Martín season
The 2010 season is the 7th season of competitive football by Universidad San Martín de Porres.
Statistics
Appearances and goals
Competition Overload
Copa Sudamericana 2010
Second Stage
First Stage
Primera División Peruana 2010
Final Nacional
Liguilla Final - Group A
Regular Season
Category:Universidad San Martín seasons
Category:2010 in Peruvian football | {
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1890 AHAC season
The 1890 AHAC season was the fourth season of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada. Play was in challenges. The Montreal Hockey Club would win the final challenge of the season to win the Canadian championship for the third season in a row.
League business
The annual meeting of the Amateur Hockey Association was held in the rooms of the MAAA in Montreal, on November 22, 1889. The main business was whether to accept Quebec or not, and whether to change the Crystals team name to the Dominions. Representatives from most of the hockey clubs were present. The election for the ensuing year resulted as follows:
President, Mr. J. Stewart (Montreal);
first vice-president, H. Kinghorn (McGill);
second vice-president, W.G Cameron (Victorias);
secretary-treasurer, J.A Findlay (Montreal);
Council — A.E McNaughton (Montreal), W.E Stevenson (Victoria), J. McDonald (Crystals), D.B. Holden (McGill), R. Davidson (Quebec).
Regular season
The season consisted of challenge games as well as numerous exhibition matches between all the teams in the AHAC. Quebec would challenge this season. The Montreal Crystals would be known as the Dominion Hockey Club of Montreal for this season.
Overall record
Statistics are based on challenge games only and do not include stats regarding exhibition games
† National Champion
Schedule and results
Player statistics
Scoring leaders
Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals scored.
No scorer identified for 1 Montreal and Victoria goal.
Goaltender averages
Note: GP = Games played, GA = goals against, SO = Shutouts, GAA = Goals against average
References
Category:Amateur Hockey Association of Canada seasons
AHAC | {
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Pyotr Kolodin
Pyotr Ivanovich Kolodin (; born 23 September 1930) is a former Soviet cosmonaut. Although he retired in 1983 without flying in space, Kolodin served non-flying assignments on several spaceflights.
Biography
Kolodin was born in Novovasilyevka, Soviet Union (now in Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine). In 1959, he graduated from Military Academy of Engineering and Radioengineering with gold medal. Kolodin then became an engineer-officer in the Soviet Armed Forces until his selection as a cosmonaut.
He was selected as a Soviet cosmonaut as part of the TsPK Group 2 in 1963. He entered cosmonaut training in January 1963 and completed training in January 1966. After completing his training, Kolodin served non-flight (backup) roles on the Voskhod 2, Soyuz 5, Soyuz 7, Soyuz 11, and Soyuz 12 spaceflights. He trained as test engineer of the 1st crew to fly on Soyuz 11 to 1st visit the Salyut 1 space station, but the entire crew was bumped when it was suspected that flight engineer Valeri Kubasov had contracted tuberculosis. The crew that replaced them perished during their mission when their capsule depressurized during preparations for re-entry.
Then he was in the 1st crew of the 1st visitation mission to Salyut 6 space station with Vladimir Dzhanibekov as a commander (future Soyuz 27). But after the unsuccessful mission of Soyuz 25 it was decided to include in the crews cosmonauts with the flight experience, so he was replaced by Oleg Makarov.
Kolodin later worked as a flight controller until his retirement on 20 April 1983. He is married and has one son.
References
External links
Photo
Spacefacts biography of Pyotr Kolodin
Category:1930 births
Category:Living people
Category:Soviet cosmonauts | {
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RX Soori
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RX Soori () is a 2015 Indian Kannada romantic crime drama film directed and written by Sreejay, making his debut direction. It stars Duniya Vijay, Akankshaa and P. Ravi Shankar. The film is produced by Suresh of Govindaya Namaha fame. The music is composed by Arjun Janya. The film marks the acting debut for the lead actress Akankshaa. The principal photography of the film began on August 2014, and the film was released on 4 September 2015.
According to the media reports, the film is based on the life story of std kumara, a gangster in the karnataka province of bangalore,Avalahalli.
Cast
Duniya Vijay as Soori
Akankshaa
P. Ravi Shankar
Adi Lokesh
Manju Prabhas
Patre Nagaraj
Vinaya Prasad
Bullet Prakash
Sadhu Kokila
Avinash
Shobhraj
Mico Nagaraj
Rajeev Gowda
Prashanth Siddi
Thulasi Shivamani
Soundtrack
The soundtrack is composed and written by Arjun Janya. D-Beats, a company owned by musician V. Harikrishna has bought the audio rights of the film. Popular vocalist K. J. Yesudas has recorded a song for the film and this is his first song with the composer.
Track listing
References
External links
RX Soori updates at Sandalwoodking
Category:2015 films
Category:2010s crime drama films
Category:Indian gangster films
Category:Indian films
Category:Directorial debut films
Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya
Category:2010s Kannada-language films | {
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Monster/Monster (Reborn)
"Monster" is a song recorded by American Internet personality and singer Gabbie Hanna. It was independently released for digital download on October 26, 2018, simultaneously with its encore titled "Monster (Reborn)". Both tracks were written by Hanna and Some Randoms, while production was solely handled by the latter. The lyrics of "Monster" explore the theme of losing friends and self-analysis, and the song prominently features Hanna belting.
A double music video for "Monster" and "Monster (Reborn)" was uploaded to the singer's YouTube channel on the same day as the single's digital release and was directed by Ryan Parma. The video features her chasing a little girl into a house located in the woods at night, eventually setting it on fire and dousing herself in gasoline, hinting at Hanna's suicide. Commercially, "Monster" experienced minor success in the United States, peaking at number 19 on the Billboard Pop Digital Songs chart. In December 2018, Hanna became the center of a viral internet meme due to an interview with Genius she conducted earlier that year. During her interview, she performed excerpts of "Monster" a capella, prompting several users to create satirical videos where her vocals were replaced by various sounds.
Background and composition
"Monster" was independently released for digital download in various countries on October 26, 2018 simultaneously with its encore titled "Monster (Reborn)". Both were written by Hanna and Some Randoms, while production was solely handled by the latter. "Monster" includes Hanna belting the line: "So what if I'm the monster" throughout. In a Carpool Karaoke video on YouTube with Ricky Dillon, Hanna revealed that she initially chose a considerably lower key for the song. Hanna uses the lyrics to explore the theme of losing friendships—which she blames herself for—and "self-analysis". She uses the imagery of a scared little girl with "a monster under [her] bed", and also mentions her multiple origins in the line "Really they don't know what I'm made of". Hanna further elaborated on the message of "Monster":
I feel like ever since I was a child, whether it's family or groups of friends or being bullied or relationships, it feels like it's a revolving door. At the time when I was writing this song, it didn't feel like that's a normal part of life, and thankfully since then, I've realized that is a part of life. Sometimes relationships just don't work out because they don't work out. It's not my fault, and it's not your fault, it's both of us together that just doesn't work.
Internet meme
In early December 2018, Hanna became the center of a viral internet meme due to an interview with Genius for their Verified series she conducted in the November of that year. There, she belted the song's refrain a cappella with "voracity"; Hanna retrospectively explained: "Before I scream 'monster', they use the boom mic that was directly above me, and for the part where I yell, they use the audio from, I believe, the camera. So it sounded not meshed". This caused several users to create short satirical clips in which the singer's vocals were replaced by "high-pitched squeal[s]" or the "vintage Windows launch sound effect", among others. Hanna "fully embraced the craze", changing her Twitter display name to "monsTEeeEeRRRRR" and uploading a video on her YouTube as an "official response". She has since released merchandise—including shirts and pop-sockets—displaying her face while singing, which was met with mixed reactions.
Music video
An accompanying double music video for "Monster" and "Monster (Reborn)" was uploaded to Hanna's YouTube channel on October 26, 2018, which was directed and edited by Ryan Parma. The clip's first part begins with Hanna in the woods, laying on the ground in front of a house at night. Subsequently, she takes matches out of her jacket's pocket and strikes them as a little girl runs by. However, as the two make eye contact, she runs away and Hanna chases the girl as she enters the aforementioned house. The singer explores the house and peruses objects in the rooms, including pictures and a teddy bear. She finally finds the seemingly scared child in a bed and leans down to stroke her face. Hanna subsequently steps back, revealing a bloody wound on her chest which permeated through her white shirt, and the camera cuts back to the girl, who has now transformed into a monster. Hanna runs away and spreads gasoline around the house to set it on fire. Interspersed shots show her in a room, singing to the lyrics, as well as either destroying or lighting up objects in the house. During the video's second part, Hanna sits alone in a burned shell of the house. Crying, she douses herself in gasoline and strikes a match. The video subsequently cuts to black as a woosh sound is heard, hinting at her suicide.
Live performances
Hanna performed "Monster" and "Monster (Reborn)" at the First Inaugural Patreon Assembly on November 2, 2019 along with "Medicate" and two unreleased songs: "Sleepyhead" and "Today". The performance marked the first time Hanna had ever performed "Monster" and its encore live over a year after the songs were released. In the performance, "Monster (Reborn)" was not separated from its parent song but was flown into as an extra chorus.
Track listing
"Monster"
"Monster" – 2:49
"Monster (Reborn)"
"Monster (Reborn)" – 1:16
Charts
Release history
References
Category:2018 singles
Category:2018 songs
Category:Gabbie Hanna songs
Category:Music memes
Category:Internet memes introduced in 2018 | {
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Neil MacCormick
Sir Donald Neil MacCormick (27 May 1941 – 5 April 2009) was a Scottish legal philosopher and politician. He was Regius Professor of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations at the University of Edinburgh from 1972 until 2008. He was a Member of the European Parliament 1999–2004, member of the Convention on the Future of Europe, and officer of the Scottish National Party.
Life and Academic Career
MacCormick was born in Glasgow on 27 May 1941, the son of one of the SNP's founders, John MacCormick. He was educated at the High School of Glasgow. He graduated MA in Philosophy and English Literature at the University of Glasgow, before benefiting from a Snell Exhibition and taking the BA in Jurisprudence at Balliol College, Oxford. At Oxford, MacCormick came under the influence of Professor H. L. A. Hart, and developed an interest in legal philosophy. In 1982 he was awarded the research degree of LLD by the University of Edinburgh.
MacCormick was a lecturer in Jurisprudence at the School of Law, University of Dundee [which was attached to University of St Andrews at that time] from 1965-67. Following this, he was a Fellow and Tutor in Jurisprudence, Balliol College, Oxford 1968-1972, and thereafter held the Regius Chair of Public Law and the Law of Nature and Nations at the University of Edinburgh. He was also Leverhulme Research Professor at Edinburgh from 1997–1999, and from 2004-2008. In addition, he held the position of Dean of Law Faculty between 1973–76 and was sometime Provost of the Faculty Group of Law and Social Science, and Vice-Principal for International Affairs.
Professor MacCormick retired from the Regius Chair on 1 February 2008 after completing 36 years as Professor (and later Senior Professor) at the University of Edinburgh. He was accorded with the honour of a series of lectures in his name by the University's School of Law, and delivered the School of Law's opening Tercentenary Lecture, introduced by former Lord President Lord Cullen, on 18 January 2007. He gave his final lecture as Regius Professor, entitled 'Just Law', on Monday 28 January 2008. He continued thereafter in his role as President of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy.
He was president of the International Association for Philosophy of Law and Social Philosophy.
MacCormick was a member of the Broadcasting Council for Scotland, of the Economic and Social Research Council, of the Research Council of the European University Institute, and of the European Science Foundation, as well as of various government departmental committees inquiring into matters of public concern.
Political career
MacCormick stood for the SNP in the Edinburgh Pentlands constituency in 1983 and 1987, coming in fourth place both times. He stood for Argyll and Bute in 1997 and came second.
In September 1998 he was selected by delegates at the SNP's conference as a candidate for the 1999 European Parliament elections. He was elected a Member of the European Parliament, taking a leave of absence from the University of Edinburgh. Professor MacCormick was a member of the Convention on the Future of Europe from 2002–3, drafting the proposed Constitutional Treaty for the European Union. He was voted Scottish Euro MP of the Year in 2001, 2002 and 2003 at the Scottish Politician of the Year Awards, and retired from elected office in 2004 to complete his Leverhulme Research Professorship at Edinburgh.
He was elected vice president of the SNP in 1999 and remained in the position until 2004. In 2007 MacCormick was appointed as a special advisor on Europe to the newly elected SNP-led Scottish Government.
Academic works
MacCormick wrote numerous journal articles and books, concentrating both on Law in a European context and the philosophy of law. Works such as Legal Right and Social Democracy: Essays in Legal and Political Philosophy (1984), Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory (1978), Rhetoric and The Rule of Law (2005) and Institutions of Law (2007) all convey his particular brand of legal philosophy. Legal Reasoning and Legal Theory answers many of the Dworkinian critiques of the Hartian conception of law, and it is seen by some as showing a middle ground between the two. His final book was Practical Reason in Law and Morality (2008)
Honours and awards
In 1999, MacCormick was appointed Queen's Counsel 'honoris causa', and was knighted in the Queen's Birthday Honours in 2001 in recognition of services to scholarship in Law. In 2004 he was a recipient of the Royal Society of Edinburgh's Royal Gold Medal for Outstanding Achievement. He was the recipient of honorary degrees from Queen's University (Canada), Uppsala University (Sweden), University of Macerata (Italy) and Saarland University (Germany), as well as from Glasgow University, Queen Margaret University and the University of Edinburgh.
Illness and death
Just after retiring from his chair at the University of Edinburgh in 2008, MacCormick was diagnosed with inoperable cancer.
Professor MacCormick died on 5 April 2009.
References
External links
Professor Neil Walker's eulogy to Neil MacCormick at www.law.ed.ac.uk
Edinburgh Legal Theory Research Group, Law School, University of Edinburgh
Obituary, Daily Telegraph, 6 April 2009
Obituary, The Times, 6 April 2009
Obituary, The Guardian, 7 April 2009
profile at European Parliament
Category:1941 births
Category:2009 deaths
Category:People from Glasgow
Category:People educated at the High School of Glasgow
Category:Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Academics of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews
Category:Fellows of Balliol College, Oxford
Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Category:Fellows of the British Academy
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:Members of the European Parliament for Scottish constituencies
Category:MEPs for the United Kingdom 1999–2004
Category:Queen's Counsel 1901–2000
Category:Jurisprudence academics
Category:Scottish National Party MEPs
Category:Scottish knights
Category:Scottish legal scholars
Category:Scottish philosophers
Category:Scottish Queen's Counsel
Category:Legal scholars of the University of Oxford
Category:Honorary Queen's Counsel
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Basie Jam: Montreux '77
Basie Jam: Montreux '77 is a 1977 live album by Count Basie, recorded at the 1977 Montreux Jazz Festival.
Track listing
"Bookie Blues" (Count Basie, Ray Brown, Benny Carter, Vic Dickenson, Roy Eldridge, Al Grey, Zoot Sims, Jimmie Smith) – 14:48
"She's Funny That Way" (Neil Moret, Richard A. Whiting) – 6:18
"These Foolish Things (Remind Me of You)" (Holt Marvell, Jack Strachey) – 4:33
"Kidney Stew" (Leona Blackman, Eddie Vinson) – 6:59
"Trio Blues" (Count Basie) - 4:00
"I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good)" (Duke Ellington, Paul Francis Webster) – 3:56
"Jumpin' at the Woodside" (Basie) – 4:31
Personnel
Count Basie - piano
Benny Carter - alto saxophone
Zoot Sims - tenor saxophone
Vic Dickenson - trombone
Roy Eldridge - trumpet
Ray Brown - double bass
Jimmie Smith - drums
References
Category:Count Basie live albums
Category:Albums recorded at the Montreux Jazz Festival
Category:Albums produced by Norman Granz
Category:1977 live albums
Category:Pablo Records live albums | {
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Manas-vijnana
Manas-vijnana (Skt. "'मानस-विज्ञान"'; mānas-vijñāna; "mind-knowledge", compare man-tra, jñāna) is the seventh of the eight consciousnesses as taught in Yogacara and Zen Buddhism, the higher consciousness or intuitive consciousness that on the one hand localizes experience through thinking and on the other hand universalizes experience through intuitive perception of the universal mind of alayavijnana. Manas-vijnana, also known as klista-manas-vijnana or simply manas, is not to be confused with manovijnana which is the sixth consciousness.
Overlapping Pali terms for "mind"
According to Bhikkhu Bodhi, the post-canonical Pali commentary uses the three terms viññāa, mano and citta as synonyms for the mind sense base (mana-ayatana); however, in the Sutta Pitaka, these three terms are generally contextualized differently:
Viññāa refers to awareness through a specific internal sense base, that is, through the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body or mind. Thus, there are six sense-specific types of Viññāa. It is also the basis for personal continuity within and across lives.
Manas refers to mental "actions" (kamma), as opposed to those actions that are physical or verbal. It is also the sixth internal sense base (ayatana), that is, the "mind base," cognizing mental sensa (dhammā) as well as sensory information from the physical sense bases.
Citta includes the formation of thought, emotion and volition; this is thus the subject of Buddhist mental development (bhava), the mechanism for release.
Overlapping Sanskrit terms for "mind"
According to Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki (who uses the term "Manas" rather than "Manas Vijnana" for the seventh consciousness) the Lankavatara Sutra presents the Zen view of the Eight Consciousnesses rather than the Yogacara view. In his introduction to his translation of the Lankavatara Sutra he clarifies the distinction between the overlapping terms:
What may be termed Buddhist psychology in the Laṅkā consists in the analysis of mind, that is, in the classification of the Vijñānas. To understand thus the psychology of Buddhism properly the knowledge of these terms is necessary: citta, manas, vijñāna, manovijñāna, and ālayavijñāna.
To begin with Vijñāna. Vijñāna is composed of the prefix vi, meaning "to divide", and the root jñā which means "to perceive", "to know". Thus, Vijñāna is the faculty of distinguishing or discerning or judging. When an object is presented before the eye, it is perceived and judged as a red apple or a piece of white linen; the faculty of doing this is called eye-vijñāna. In the same way, there are ear-vijñāna for sound, nose-vijñāna for odour, tongue-vijñāna for taste, body-vijñāna for touch, and thought-vijñāna (manovijñāna) for ideas—altogether six forms of Vijñāna for distinguishing the various aspects of world external or internal.
Of these six Vijñānas, the Manojivñāna is the most important as it is directly related to an inner faculty known as Manas. Manas roughly corresponds to mind as an organ of thought, but in fact it is more than that, for it is also a strong power of attaching itself to the result of thinking. The former may even be considered subordinate to this power of attachment. The Manas first wills, then it discriminates to judge; to judge is to divide, and this dividing ends in viewing existence dualistically. Hence the Manas' tenacious attachment to the dualistic interpretation of existence. Willing and thinking are inextricably woven into the texture of Manas.
Citta comes from the root cit, "to think", but in the Laṅkā the derivation is made from the root ci, "to pile up", "to arrange in order". The Citta is thus a storehouse where the seeds of all thoughts and deeds are accumulated and stored up. The Citta, however, has a double sense, general and specific. When it is used in the general sense it means "mind", "mentation", "ideas", including the activities of Manas and Manovijñāna, and also of the Vijñānas; while specifically it is a synonym of Ālayavijñāna in its relative aspects, and distinguishable from all the rest of the mental faculties. When, however, it is used in the form of Citta-mātra, Mind-only, it acquires still another connotation. We can say that Citta appears here in its highest possible sense, for it is then neither simply mentation nor intellection, nor perception as a function of consciousness. It is identifiable with the Ālaya in its absolute aspect. This will become clearer later on.
Ālayavijñāna is ālaya+vijñāna, and ālaya is a store where things are hoarded for future use. The Citta as a cumulative faculty is thus identified with the Ālayavijñāna. Strictly speaking, the Ālaya is not a Vijñāna, has no discerning power in it; it indiscriminately harbours all that is poured into it through the channel of the Vijñānas. The Ālaya is perfectly neutral, indifferent, and does not offer to give judgments.
Various descriptions of "Manas-vijnana"
One of the primary functions of Manas-vijnana is to perceive the subjective position of the store consciousness and erroneously regard it as one's own ego, thereby creating ego attachment.
The basic nature of Manas-vijnana is that of thought.
There is a difference between the "thought" of this seventh consciousness, Manas-vijnana, and the sixth consciousness "thought" of cognition.
Not consciously controllable, Manas-vijnana is said to be a mind of a realm that gives rise to contradiction of conscious decisions, and to incessant self-love.
Manas-vijnana can be described as "the consciousness which sees the limits of human variation from within".
Manas-vijnana consciousness is also described as the place where good and evil are eternally accumulated.
Manas-vijnana consciousness is theorized as the connecting realm between the mano-consciousness and the ālayavijñāna. (citation or clarification needed)
Manas-vijnana as the seventh consciousness is the basis of human existence, which unceasingly continues and changes, and serves as the ground for the sixth consciousness of cognition.
In part II of Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki's Introduction, to his translation of the Lankavatara Sutra, the Manovijñāna, or "that which knows thought", is directly related to an inner faculty known as "Manas". "Manas" is a strong power that attaches to the result of thinking. From this viewpoint one could discern that the "thought-consciousness", that part of the mind that is conscious of thought, also has the power to "velcro" itself to a completed thought process. This would explain the human difficulty of observing one's own thoughts, as the "manas" or "velcro" must first be detached, so to speak.
References
Category:Buddhist philosophical concepts | {
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Jordan Wood
Jordan Wood (born 1 August 1994) is an Australian canoeist. He competed in the men's K-2 200 metres and men's K-4 1000 metres events at the 2016 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
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Mean absolute percentage error
The mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), also known as mean absolute percentage deviation (MAPD), is a measure of prediction accuracy of a forecasting method in statistics, for example in trend estimation, also used as a loss function for regression problems in machine learning. It usually expresses the accuracy as a ratio defined by the formula:
where At is the actual value and Ft is the forecast value. Note that the MAPE is also sometimes reported as a percentage, which is the above equation multiplied by 100. The difference between At and Ft is divided by the actual value At again. The absolute value in this calculation is summed for every forecasted point in time and divided by the number of fitted points n. Multiplying by 100% makes it a percentage error.
MAPE Regressions
Mean absolute percentage error is commonly used as a loss function for regression problems and in model evaluation, because of its very intuitive interpretation in terms of relative error.
Definition
Consider a standard regression setting in which the data are fully described by a random pair with values in , and n i.i.d. copies of . Regression models aims at finding a good model for the pair, that is a measurable function from to such that is “close to” .
In the classical regression setting, the closeness of to is measured via the L2 risk, also called the Mean squared error (MSE). In the MAPE regression context, the closeness of to is measured via the MAPE, and the aim of MAPE regressions is to find a model such that:
where is the class of models considered (e.g. linear models).
In practice
In practice can be estimated by the Empirical Risk Minimization strategy, leading to
From a practical point of view, the use of the MAPE as a quality function for regression model is equivalent to doing weighted Mean absolute error (MAE) regression, also known as quantile regression. This property is trivial since
As a consequence, the use of the MAPE is very easy in practice, for example using existing libraries for quantile regression allowing weights.
Consistency
The use of the MAPE as a loss function for Regression analysis is feasible both on a practical point of view and on a theoretical one, since the existence of an optimal model and the consistency of the Empirical risk minimization can be proved .
Alternative MAPE definitions
Problems can occur when calculating the MAPE value with a series of small denominators. A singularity problem of the form 'one divided by zero' and/or the creation of very large changes in the Absolute Percentage Error, caused by a small deviation in error, can occur.
As an alternative, each actual value (At) of the series in the original formula can be replaced by the average of all actual values (Āt) of that series. This alternative is still being used for measuring the performance of models that forecast spot electricity prices.
Note that this is the same as dividing the sum of absolute differences by the sum of actual values, and is sometimes referred to as WAPE (weighted absolute percentage error).
Issues
Although the concept of MAPE sounds very simple and convincing, it has major drawbacks in practical application , and there are many studies on shortcomings and misleading results from MAPE.
It cannot be used if there are zero values (which sometimes happens for example in demand data) because there would be a division by zero.
For forecasts which are too low the percentage error cannot exceed 100%, but for forecasts which are too high there is no upper limit to the percentage error.
MAPE puts a heavier penalty on negative errors, than on positive errors.. As a consequence, when MAPE is used to compare the accuracy of prediction methods it is biased in that it will systematically select a method whose forecasts are too low. This little-known but serious issue can be overcome by using an accuracy measure based on the logarithm of the accuracy ratio (the ratio of the predicted to actual value), given by . This approach leads to superior statistical properties and leads to predictions which can be interpreted in terms of the geometric mean.
To overcome these issues with MAPE, there are some other measures proposed in literature:
Mean Absolute Scaled Error (MASE)
Symmetric Mean Absolute Percentage Error (sMAPE)
Mean Directional Accuracy (MDA)
Mean Arctangent Absolute Percentage Error (MAAPE): MAAPE is a new metric of absolute percentage error, and has been developed through looking at MAPE from a different angle. In essence, MAAPE is a slope as an angle, while MAPE is a slope as a ratio.
See also
Least absolute deviations
Mean absolute error
Mean percentage error
Symmetric mean absolute percentage error
External links
Mean Absolute Percentage Error for Regression Models
Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE)
Errors on percentage errors - variants of MAPE
Mean Arctangent Absolute Percentage Error (MAAPE)
References
Category:Statistical deviation and dispersion | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ajit Prakash Shah
Ajit Prakash Shah (born 13 February 1948 at Solapur) is the former Chairman of the 20th Law Commission of India. He was the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court from May 2008 till his retirement in February 2010. Justice Shah is known for his bold judgments.
Justice Shah did his graduation from Solapur and attended Government Law College, Mumbai for his law degree. After a short span of practice at the Solapur District Court, he shifted to the Bombay High Court in 1977 and joined the chambers of the then-leading Advocate Shri S.C. Pratap. He gained experience in civil, constitutional, service and labour matters.
Justice Shah was appointed Additional Judge of Bombay High Court on 18 December 1992 and became a permanent Judge of Bombay High Court on 8 April 1994. He assumed charge as the Chief Justice of Madras High Court on 12 November 2005 and was transferred as the Chief Justice of Delhi High Court on 7 May 2008.
Since June 2011, Justice Shah has been the Chairperson of Broadcasting Content Complaints Council (BCCC), the self-regulatory body for non-news general entertainment channels (GECs) set up by the Indian Broadcasting Foundation (IBF).
RIL rejects Shah committee in ONGC dispute
On 11.Jan.2016, Reliance Industries (RIL) disputed the jurisdiction of a panel headed by Shah in the RIL-ONGC dispute. It challenged the oil ministry's decision to intervene in the dispute by setting up the panel, headed by Justice AP Shah. At the first meeting of the panel on 31 December, RIL and its partner Niko stated they would boycott its proceedings.
References
External links
Madras High Court Website
High Court of Madras Website
Tamil Nadu Government Telephone List
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Category:Chief Justices of the Madras High Court
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NA-99 (Chiniot-I)
NA-99 (Chiniot-I) () is a constituency for the National Assembly of Pakistan. It comprises Lalian Tehsil, the city of Chenab Nagar and a majority of Bhowana Tehsil. The constituency was formally known as NA-88 (Jhang-III) before the 2018 delimitations. The creation of Chiniot District in 2009 from areas previously included in Jhang District mandated this change in nomenclature.
Members of Parliament
Since 2018: NA-99 (Chiniot-I)
Election 2002
General elections were held on 10 Oct 2002. Faisal Saleh Hayat of PPP won by 76,201 votes.
Election 2008
General elections were held on 18 Feb 2008. Faisal Saleh Hayat of PML-Q won by 72,197 votes.
Election 2013
General elections were held on 11 May 2013. Ghulam Bibi Bharwana of PML-N won by 87,002 votes and became the member of National Assembly.
Election 2018
General elections were held on 25 July 2018.
See also
NA-98 (Bhakkar-II)
NA-100 (Chiniot-II)
References
External links
Election result's official website
NA-088 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Zouhair Feddal
Zouhair Feddal Agharbi (; born 1 January 1989), also known as Zou Feddal, is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Real Betis. Mainly a central defender, he can also appear as a left back or defensive midfielder.
Club career
Born in Tétouan, Feddal started playing for Moghreb Tétouan at a young age, before moving with his family to Spain when at the age of six. In 2006, after representing FC Vilamalla and CF Peralada as a youth, he joined AS Monaco FC's youth setup, but moved back to Spain with CE Mataró in the following year.
Feddal joined UE Vilajuïga in the 2008 summer, making his senior debuts with the side in Tercera División. In July 2009 he signed a three-year deal with Segunda División B side Terrassa FC, but moved to CD Teruel in the fourth tier in January of the following year.
On 13 August 2010 Feddal signed for CD San Roque de Lepe in the third division, after being previously on trial. In May of the following year he moved to RCD Espanyol, being assigned to the reserves in the same level.
Feddal was released by the Pericos in June 2012, and subsequently signed for FUS de Rabat in September. After finally making his professional debuts, he moved to Italian club Parma in August 2013, being subsequently loaned to Siena in Serie B. He picked no.11 shirt.
Feddal made his debut for the Bianconeri on 14 September 2013, starting in a 2–2 away draw against Juve Stabia. He made 27 appearances for the side before returning to his parent club.
On 2 August 2014 Feddal moved to Palermo in Serie A, with an option for the Sicilians to permanently sign him by the end of the season. He made his debut in the competition on 15 September, starting in a 1–2 loss at Hellas Verona.
Feddal's loan was cut short on 2 February 2015, and he made his Parma debut nine days later, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–1 home defeat to Chievo Verona. After the club's dissolution, he was released.
On 8 August 2015 Feddal returned to Spain, after agreeing to a three-year deal with La Liga side Levante UD. He made his debut in the category on 30 August, starting in a 0–0 away draw against UD Las Palmas.
Feddal scored his first goal in the main category of Spanish football on 22 November 2015, netting the second in a 3–0 away win against Sporting de Gijón. He was released in May 2016, after the club's relegation, due to a clause in his contract.
On 16 July 2016, Feddal signed a three-year deal with fellow top tier club Deportivo Alavés. On 24 July of the following year, he moved to fellow league team Real Betis after agreeing to a four-year deal.
International career
Feddal represented Morocco at under-23 level at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He made his full squad debut on 14 November 2012, starting in a 0–1 friendly loss against Togo.
Career statistics
Club
International
International goals
Scores and results list Morocco's goal tally first.
Personal life
Feddal acquired a Spanish citizenship in January 2012.
References
External links
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Battle of Püchen
The Battle of Püchen was fought in the summer of 919, between a Hungarian raiding army and the newly elected East Francian/German king Henry the Fowler, and ended with a Hungarian victory. This battle was a part of a long range Magyar raiding campaign, which lasted between the summer of 919 and the late winter or early spring of 920, and took part in countries like East Francia, West Francia, Burgundy and the Kingdom of Italy, resulting in victorious battles against the German king Henry the Fowler and the Burgundian king Rudolf II, while the West Francian and Lotharingian king Charles the Simple had no courage to face them.
Sources
The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg has the only account of this battle. In addition other chronicles account the Hungarian campaign against Saxony: Antapodosis, seu rerum per Europam gestarum, written by Liutprand of Cremona, Annales Corbeienses, etc.
Background
After the defeat of Pressburg in 907, resulting in the death of his father Luitpold, and of a big part of the Bavarian elite, the new duke of Bavaria, Arnulf, tried to shape a modus vivendi with the Hungarians, which consisted in paying a tribute to them, letting their armies cross his lands when they went to attack other countries, and using their help to defeat his enemies. When in 914, he was chased away by the East Francian king Conrad I from his throne, he with his family retreated to Hungary, and, after an unsuccessful attempt in 916, he regained his duchy with Magyar's help in 917. This occurred while the Hungarians, continuing their campaign towards West, occupied and burned Basel, a city which was, several months before, captured by Conrad I from the supporters of Arnulf and his ally, Burchard II, Duke of Swabia. Conrad was an enemy of the Hungarians, trying to oppose them, and was really angered by the alliance between his stepson (he was married with Arnulf's mother, Kunigunde) and the Hungarians, and by the fact, that he, instead of stopping them on his borders, he let them to cross unharmed, every time when they started a campaign to West. So, this was one of the causes of the hostility between the king and the duke. After Arnulf came back with his family, and took back his throne, Conrad again attacked Bavaria, but was defeated and wounded by Arnulf in a battle, and died on 23 December 918.
With the death of Conrad I, Arnulf, helped by Burchard II, Duke of Swabia, hoped that he could be elected as East Francian king, but as a final revenge, the king, on his death-bed, designated Henry, the duke of Saxony as new king; a choice which was confirmed also by the assembly of Fritzlar, in May 919 by the nobles from Saxonia and Franconia.
Prelude
Historians agree that the Hungarian campaign of 919-920 started from Arnulf's thirst for revenge, because of the fact that Henry the Fowler was elected as German king and not him. Liutprand of Cremona writes that the cause of the campaign was to force the new king to pay tribute, and the most persuasive instrument to convince him, was an army. Liutprand refers to the fact that Conrad I paid a tribute to the Hungarians (however, this information was not strengthened by other contemporary sources), and the Hungarians wanted this tribute to continue during Henry's reign too. This is why the Hungarians wanted to know, if the tribute received by them from the German duchies will continue or not? Because they were afraid that a strong king could change this situation, uniting against them the forces of the duchies.
Henry fought even before 919 with the Hungarians. For example, in 915, when he was just duke, they attacked Saxony, Henry or one of his commanders having been vanquished by them at Eresburg, and during the same campaign they burned the city of Bremen.
Battle
In Saxony, Henry's army faced the Hungarians at Püchen. Unfortunately, we do not have a detailed account of the battle from the Chronicon of Thietmar (the only contemporary source which mentions the battle), which reports only that King Henry wanted to stop them at Püchen, but was defeated and barely saved his life by fleeing to the above-mentioned city.
However, a secondary source can enlighten us about some aspects of the battle. Liutprand of Cremona, when he describes the Battle of Riade fought in 933 in which the same King Henry defeated the Hungarians, writes down the speech which the king delivered to his soldiers before the battle. Henry instructed his cavalry to attack the Hungarians in a single unbroken line, holding their shields to ward off the arrows of the enemy, and then to charge them without breaking ranks. Thus the Hungarian archers would be prevented from nocking their arrows and shooting again, and the lightly armored Magyars would not be able to withstand the charge of the German heavy cavalry. These great privileges and rich presents show that king Henry was in great danger to lose his life, so his defeat and losses had to be heavy. From Annales Corbeienses, we know that after the battle, the Hungarians "cruelly plundered Saxony", and took a large amount of plunder. We do not know if this battle had other consequences, e.g., the restarting of the payment of the tribute from the German king. However, in 924, after another campaign in Saxony, when the king, still remembering his defeat at Püchen and feeling himself too weak to resist further, retreated into the castle of Werla. Subsequently, the accidental falling of an important Hungarian prince or commander into the Germans' hands induced the Magyars to negotiate with Henry, after which a peace treaty was concluded in which the king accepted to pay tribute to the Magyars for nine years.
Aftermath
After the victory against Henry the Fowler, the Hungarian army continued the campaign towards West Francia, entering Lotharingia, in those times a French province, towards the end of 919. The West Francian king Charles the Simple sent an order to all the nobles and forces of the duchy to join his army, to fight against them, but besides Heribert, the archbishop of Reims, and his 1500 soldiers, nobody wanted to risk their lives. So the king had to retreat in one of his fortified towns, and let them plunder his realm; so, they pillaged Lotharingia and many parts of France.
The fact that the French king and his nobles let the Hungarians do what they please in West Francia shows how afraid they were from fighting against them in an open battle. Certainly, they heard the news of the heavy defeats suffered by the Germans, which caused so many deaths among the dukes and nobles of the neighbouring country.
In the winter of the year 920, the Hungarians appear first in Burgundy, then in the Italian Kingdom, in Lombardy, coming from North-West or West, which is West Francia. This route will be used by them in other years too, for example in 937 and 954. The majority of the historians conclude that the Italian campaign from 920 was made by the Hungarians which defeated Henry the Fowler and plundered Lotharingia and France, now in their way towards home. Besides that, Italy seemed to be an obvious return route for the Hungarians – because its emperor, Berengar I, was one of their most loyal ally. They had another reason as well–some of the Italians were discontented with Berengar, and invited the king of Upper Burgundy, Rudolf II to be their ruler. So, Rudolf II attacked Italy through Lombardy. Since Berengar paid tribute to the Hungarians, and in exchange they committed themselves to defend him against his enemies; furthermore, the emperor had many personal friends among the Hungarian commanders. It is certain that he sent envoys to the Hungarians, which were in France, to help him against Rudolf. This is why in February 920, the returning Hungarian army reached from behind the army of the Burgundian king and his Italian allies, and defeated them, and then plundered the surroundings of those Italian cities (for example Bergamo), which supported Rudolf. Despite his defeat, Rudolf II continued to be the candidate for the Italian throne, supported the Italian revolts, and attacked Italy, and Berengar used again the Hungarian troops against them. For example, in 921 Hungarian troops led by Dursac and Bogát defeated the Italian insurgents between Brescia and Verona, and on 24 March 924 the Magyar forces led by Szalárd occupied Pavia, the Italian kingdoms capital, at the request of Berengar, because the city became supporter of Rudolf II. Despite this help, Berengar I was assassinated on 7 April 924 in Verona, and finally Rudolf II was elected as king of Italy. But soon, the Italians revolted against him too, and in 926 he was defeated and forced to renounce from the Italian kingdom, by his former ally, Hugh of Arles, allied with the Hungarians. Hugh of Arles became king of Italy, and the price was that he started to pay a tribute to the Hungarians.
The Hungarian victory at Püchen assured the Hungarian military superiority in Central, Western and Southern Europe for another fourteen years (until 933, the Battle of Riade), strengthened their alliances with countries which paid them tribute (Bavaria, Swabia, Kingdom of Italy), assured, from 924, the tribute of East Francia, and widened the length and range of the Hungarian campaigns until the shores of Atlantic Ocean, borders of Spain and Southern Italy.
References
Puchen
Category:910s conflicts
Category:919
Category:10th century in Hungary
Puchen
Puchen
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2012 Atlanta Braves season
The 2012 Atlanta Braves season was the Braves' 16th season of home games at Turner Field, 47th season in Atlanta, and 142nd season overall. After a late season collapse in 2011 kept the Braves from the playoffs, the team returned to the postseason for the second time in three seasons as a Wild Card team, with a record of 94-68. They lost to the St. Louis Cardinals in the one-game Wild Card Playoff.
Offseason
Areas of interest
Following the conclusion of the 2011 season, Braves general manager Frank Wren highlighted several important areas to improve during the offseason. Since most players were committed contractually to the team in 2012, Wren acknowledged that he would likely make few major changes. One spot that was mentioned for a major overhaul was the shortstop position, where Alex González had played since the Yunel Escobar trade with Toronto in July 2010. González entered the offseason as a free agent and proved too expensive for the team. Wren ultimately allowed prospect Tyler Pastornicky the starting duties in 2012, until he was replaced by Andrelton Simmons in mid-June. When Simmons was hurt in July, Jack Wilson, Paul Janish, and Martín Prado filled in for him. While center fielder Michael Bourn returned to his position in 2012, Wren also suggested that the corner outfield positions were areas of contention. In 2011, the Atlanta outfielders finished the season last in the National League in on-base plus slugging and slugging percentage. Wren stated that right fielder Jason Heyward and left fielder Martín Prado had no guarantee of getting the starting jobs in 2012. On the day after the Braves were eliminated from the playoffs in 2011, Wren said that veteran starter Derek Lowe was unlikely to have a spot in the starting rotation in 2012, due his poor performance in 2011 and a plethora of rookie pitching talent in the Braves farm system. With Lowe guaranteed $15 million in 2012, Wren projected that any of Lowe's salary picked up by another team would significantly assist his efforts to find a shortstop or outfielder. By the end of October, Lowe was traded to the Indians.
Country Caravan
The Braves organization announced the third annual "Braves Country Caravan" on December 19, 2011. Players, coaches, and personalities of the Braves organization who participate in the Caravan will travel to twenty cities throughout the southeast United States, including ones in Georgia, Alabama, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee, from January 27 to February 9, 2012. In previous years a select few players and personnel have traveled to one venue to meet fans and sign autographs while others travel to another location. Braves president John Schuerholtz praised the Caravan as an excellent opportunity for the organization to personally thank fans for their support and to reach out to local communities. Noting that the Caravan would make over forty stops and travel over three thousand miles, the organization revealed specific venues and participating members with a press release on January 19, 2012.
New alternate uniforms
The Braves held a ceremony on February 6 unveiling new home alternate uniforms to be worn in 2012 with Chipper Jones, Dan Uggla, and Brian McCann modeling the new uniform and Hank Aaron present to help introduce it. The new is a cream color, instead of white, and has a retro look reminiscent of the uniforms from the days in Milwaukee and first two years in Atlanta with the uniform number on the front of the jersey instead of a tomahawk. The sleeve of the uniform will have a logo with two tomahawks crossing with "1876" (representing the organization's first year in the National League) above it and "Atlanta Braves" below the crossing tomahawks. The Braves also announced that the team will wear the new uniforms for all Saturday and Sunday home games. The red jerseys previously worn since 2005 for Sunday home games will now be worn for Friday home games.
Offseason additions and subtractions
†Player released during 2011 season
*Player spent entire 2011 season in Minor Leagues
**Player was non-roster invitee to Spring training (not on 40-man roster)
Timeline
Names highlighted in bold appear on the table above.
September 2011
September 29: On the day following the historic elimination of the 2011 Atlanta Braves from playoff contention, Frank Wren announced that manager Fredi González and the entire coaching staff from 2011 would return to their respective roles in 2012. The following day, however, after having a meeting with hitting coach Larry Parrish, Wren announced that Parrish would not return to the coaching staff in 2012. He stated that he would spend this offseason seeking a successor to Parrish. With Parrish's departure, the Braves will now have a third hitting coach in three seasons after removing Terry Pendleton from the role after the 2010 season.
October 2011
October 21: Three weeks after firing Larry Parrish from his hitting coach duties, the Braves announced that Parrish would be succeeded in 2012 by Greg Walker, the former hitting coach for the Chicago White Sox from 2003 to 2011. Walker had stepped down as the White Sox hitting coach immediately following the end of the 2011 season. In the nine seasons Walker served as hitting coach, the White Sox offense ranked third in the Majors in home runs and seventh in slugging percentage. On the other hand, in 2011 the White Sox offense only ranked eleventh in the American League in runs, eighth in average, and seventh in on-base percentage. In an accompanying move, the Braves hired Scott Fletcher to assist Walker in his duties and to serve as an on-site advance scout.
October 31: Three days following the conclusion of the 2011 World Series, the Braves began to make some organizational roster moves. In the first trade of the offseason in the Major Leagues, the Braves traded struggling starting pitcher Derek Lowe to the Cleveland Indians in return for High-A lefty reliever Chris Jones. In addition, the Indians agreed to pay $5 million of Lowe's guaranteed $15 million salary in 2012. Lowe served as the Atlanta Braves' Opening Day starter in 2009, 2010, and 2011. Due to his struggles in 2011, however, Lowe likely would have merely served in a middle relief role for the bullpen in 2012. On the same day, the Braves announced that they had declined the $10.65 million option for center fielder Nate McLouth, ending his lackluster tenure as an Atlanta Brave. McLouth later signed a one-year contract to return to the Pittsburgh Pirates on December 7. Additionally, the Braves decided to exercise the $1.5 million option for utility man Eric Hinske, assuring his return for the 2012 season.
November 2011
November 2: The Braves announced several internal roster moves that allowed for additional space on the forty-man roster. After spending the month of September 2011 with the Major League club, the team outrighted catcher J. C. Boscán, right-handed pitcher Stephen Marek, and outfielders Antoan Richardson and Wilkin Ramírez to the triple-A affiliate Gwinnett Braves. In addition, the Braves filled one roster spot with starting pitcher Todd Redmond, who has spent the previous three seasons pitching for Gwinnett. Accumulating a record of 10–8 with a 2.92 ERA in 2011, Redmond is unlikely to have playing time with the Major League club due to existing pitching depth.
November 3: With the beginning of free agency season, the Braves were able to remove offseason free agents from the forty-man roster. The free agents for this offseason include shortstop Alex González, infielder Jack Wilson, and veteran relievers Scott Linebrink and George Sherrill. In conjunction with the moves made on November 2, Frank Wren and his staff now have seven roster spots that will be filled with potential offseason acquisitions or prospects they wish to protect from the Rule 5 draft.
November 23: After becoming a free agent following the conclusion to the 2011 season, the Braves decided to decline arbitration to shortstop Álex González. If the team had accepted his arbitration they would have received a compensatory draft pick between the first and second rounds of the 2012 MLB draft if González signed with another team. The move made it very clear that González would not return as the starting shortstop in 2012. González looked to receive a multi-year contract on the free agent market, something the Braves were not willing to offer due to rising prospects such as Tyler Pastornicky and Andrelton Simmons. On December 8, González signed a contract with the Milwaukee Brewers for one year and a vesting option for the 2013 season.
December 2011
December 8: As a part of the Rule 5 draft at the 2012 Winter Meetings, the Braves selected left-handed relief pitcher Robert Fish from the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim in the Major League Phase. Under draft rules, Fish must be kept on the Braves 25-man Major League roster for the entire 2012 season. If waived, Fish must first be offered back to the Angels. Left-handed relief pitcher George Sherrill departs the club as a free agent, later signing with the Seattle Mariners on December 30, after serving as the left-handed specialist to the Braves in 2011. With the departure of Sherrill, Fish has the opportunity to provide that role to the bullpen in 2012. No players were selected from the Braves organization by other teams in the Draft.
December 13: Following the deadline to tender contracts to arbitration-eligible players the previous night, the Braves declined to tender 2012 contracts to relief pitcher Peter Moylan and infielder Brooks Conrad, who would later be signed to a Minor League contract by the Brewers in January. All other arbitration-eligible players on the Braves roster, including center fielder Michael Bourn, left fielder Martín Prado, starting pitcher Jair Jurrjens, and reliever Eric O'Flaherty, were tendered contracts.
January 2012
January 13: After being named in trade rumors for much of the offseason, Braves utility man and 2011 starting left-fielder Martín Prado signed a one-year contract worth $4.75 million with the Braves for the 2012 season. The move assures that Prado will not go through the salary arbitration process and will likely return to the team for the 2012 campaign.
On the same day, backup infielder Jack Wilson agreed to terms for a one-year contract worth $1 million. Wilson was acquired by the organization from the Seattle Mariners on August 31, 2011. The 34-year-old veteran will provide a dependable backup for Tyler Pastornicky, the projected starting shortstop who will be making his Major League debut. During the offseason, Wilson and Pastornicky have already been training together.
January 17: Only days after agreeing to avoid arbitration with Prado, the Braves agreed to a one-year contract worth $2.49 million with reliever Eric O'Flaherty. Making $895,000 in 2011, the left-handed pitcher posted a 0.98 ERA in 78 appearances, leading all Major League relievers. O'Flaherty also became the first pitcher in Major League history to post a sub-1.00 ERA with at least 70 appearances. Hours later, the Braves avoided arbitration on starting pitcher Jair Jurrjens and center fielder Michael Bourn, the final two arbitration-eligible players on the Braves roster, by tendering them both one-year contracts. Both clients of Scott Boras, Jurrjens will receive $5.5 million and Bourn will receive $6.845 million in 2012. Later the same day, the Braves announced the signing of free agent relief pitcher Peter Moylan to a one-year Minor League contract worth $1 million. Moylan, who suffered injuries through most of the 2011 season, was not tendered a contract by the Braves which would have allowed him to undergo the arbitration process. Expecting around $2 million through arbitration, the Braves felt Moylan's surgically repaired right shoulder posed too much of an injury risk. With his contract including an invitation to the Major League Spring training camp, Moylan will have an opportunity to prove his health.
Spring training
The Braves officially announced their 2012 Spring training schedule on November 16, 2011. Pitchers and catchers were scheduled to report on February 19 and all other players were due to report by February 24. The 34-game Spring slate began on March 3 against the Detroit Tigers in Champion Stadium, located at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex in Lake Buena Vista. Champion Stadium has been the Braves' Spring training home in Florida for the past fifteen seasons.
Non-roster invitees
The team announced on November 22, 2011 the signing of eleven Minor League free agents and invited them all to the Major League Spring training camp. Four of these players spent significant time at the Major League level in 2011, including relief pitchers Adam Russell and Dusty Hughes. Russell pitched in 36 games for the Tampa Bay Rays while Hughes pitched in 15 games for the Minnesota Twins. Infielder Drew Sutton batted .315 in 54 at-bats for the Boston Red Sox and infielder Josh Wilson served as a backup infielder for the Milwaukee Brewers during the second half of the season. Other players signed include pitchers Jason Rice and Yohan Flande, catchers J. C. Boscán and José Yépez, outfielders Luis Durango and Jordan Parraz, and infielder Ernesto Mejia. On January 13, 2011 the team extended invitations to several promising prospects. Rising third baseman Joe Terdoslavich and starting pitcher Sean Gilmartin highlight the group of promising players set to showcase their skills. Catcher Christian Bethancourt, shortstop Andrelton Simmons, center fielder Todd Cunningham, pitcher Zeke Spruill, and outfielder Stefan Gartrell will also appear as non-roster invitees.
Injuries
After dealing with increasing back pain for several seasons, Braves starter Tim Hudson underwent back surgery on November 28, 2011. Hudson stated that he had been using anti-inflammatory medication for the past two years to deal with the pain. After the procedure, Hudson's mobility has greatly improved and he anticipates that the surgery will prolong his career. Because the procedure requires three to six months for proper recovery, Hudson does not expect his 2012 debut to come until early May. In his absence Randall Delgado will occupy his rotation spot. Recovering with haste, Hudson started the final exhibition game in Florida on April 2 against the New York Mets. In two scoreless innings of work, Hudson allowed only one hit and struck out two while throwing every pitch in his arsenal.
Driving to Champion Stadium for the first day of workouts for pitchers and catchers, Braves starter Tommy Hanson was involved in a one-car accident that caused him to bump his head around seven in the morning on February 20, 2012. After arriving at the stadium, Hanson informed the medical staff of the incident, stating that he was feeling abnormal. Seeking medical attention, Hanson was diagnosed with a Grade 1 concussion, providing a delay in his Spring workouts. The Braves medical staff performed several concussion impact tests on Hanson to gauge when a return to normal workouts would be appropriate. Hanson did not expect to miss his first start of the regular season. After a full recovery and ample time for preparation during Spring training, Hanson was assigned as the Opening Day starter, making his first start against the New York Mets on April 5.
On the same day as he announced his retirement from baseball, Braves third baseman Chipper Jones also announced that he would be undergoing surgery to repair a torn meniscus in his left knee, a process that would place him on the Disabled List through Opening Day on April 5. Jones has stated repeatedly that he will make his first appearance of the season in the Home Opener on April 13 against the Milwaukee Brewers.
Spring transactions
Names highlighted in bold appear on the table above.
Nearing the end of their Spring training schedule, the Braves made three significant transactions to bolster their Opening Day roster. On March 30, the Braves signed free agent Liván Hernández only hours after he was released from the Houston Astros camp. Signed to a one-year contract, Hernández will provide a veteran presence in the bullpen and act as a long reliever and, if necessary, a spot starter in the event of an injury. On April 1, the organization traded Minor League pitching prospect J. J. Hoover to the Cincinnati Reds for third baseman Juan Francisco. Wren stated that the team had coveted Francisco for the past few years. Francisco will provide Prado a backup at third when Chipper cannot man the position. Finally, on April 3, the Braves signed veteran reliever Chad Durbin to a one-year contract after he was released from the Washington Nationals camp. Durbin will provide added depth to the bullpen.
Braves Future Stars Game
Rather than concluding Spring training with two games at Turner Field against a Major League team as had been the tradition in previous seasons, the Braves played their final exhibition game on April 3 at Coolray Field, the regular season home of the Triple-A affiliate Gwinnett Braves. The complete Major League club hosted a team composed of the top prospects in the Braves' farm system. The Braves Future Stars game is praised as an opportunity to highlight upcoming prospects. The organization announced on February 3 that former Braves manager Bobby Cox, who retired following the 2010 season, would manage the Future Stars team against the Major League club.
In the top of the first Matt Lipka, the first batter of the game, was walked by Braves pitcher Mike Minor. After stealing second and advancing on an error, Lipka scored on a groundout that gave the Future Stars an early lead. Braves starting second baseman Dan Uggla launched a solo home run in the bottom of the second off Futures starter Sean Gilmartin to tie the game at one. The home run was Uggla's seventh of the Spring, tying him for the Major League lead. Liván Hernández, who was acquired in a trade only a few days before, relieved Minor in the fourth, throwing a scoreless frame. Reliever Cristhian Martínez followed in the fifth, allowing the Futures two runs to give them a lead of 3–1. In the bottom of the inning, an RBI double by starting center fielder Michael Bourn plated Juan Francisco, also just acquired in a trade a few days prior. Martín Prado continued the scoring with an RBI triple to score Bourn and starting catcher Brian McCann followed with an RBI double to plate Prado, giving the Major League team a 4–3 advantage. After scoreless outings by Kris Medlen and Eric O'Flaherty, the remainder of the game was canceled due to rain. Manager Fredi González stated that Jonny Venters and Craig Kimbrel would have pitched the eighth and ninth innings, respectively.
April 3, 2012
7:05 p.m. (EDT) at Coolray Field in Lawrenceville, Georgia.
Regular season
Opening Day
After finishing their Spring training schedule two days prior, the Atlanta Braves began their season on Opening Day as the guests for the New York Mets home opener at Citi Field on April 5. Tommy Hanson, making the first Opening Day start of his career, faced Mets ace Johan Santana, who was making his first Major League appearance since September 2010. The first game proved to be dominated by defense and pitching. In the bottom of the sixth, Mets third baseman David Wright singled home center fielder Andrés Torres to give the Mets a 1–0 advantage, which would end up being the final score of the game. Hanson took the loss, giving up just the one earned run in five plus innings of work. Kris Medlen and Jonny Venters followed with three scoreless innings in relief, but the offense could never find the scoreboard. The Opening Day loss was only the second in the last seven seasons and the first since 2008.
Chipper Jones retirement
After nineteen seasons with the Atlanta Braves, third baseman Chipper Jones announced on March 22, 2012 that he would retire following the end of the season. Jones held a news conference the same day at Champion Stadium, the Spring training home of the team. The entire Braves team and former manager Bobby Cox were in attendance for the official announcement. Having spent the first eighteen seasons of his career with the Braves, Chipper leads all active players in years of service with one club. His first year with the team, the 1995 season, was the year the Braves won their first World Championship in Atlanta. Chipper remains as the last active player from that Championship team. After sitting out the first four games of the season due to a knee injury, Jones hit a home run in his season debut against the Houston Astros on April 10. Five days later, Jones hit a home run in his first game of the season at Turner Field.
Game log
{| align="center" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="border:1px solid #aaa"
|-
! colspan="3" | Legend
|-
! style="background:#bfb; width:125px;"| Braves Win
! style="background:#fbb; width:125px;"| Braves Loss
! style="background:#bbb; width:125px;"| Game Postponed
|}
Season standings
NL East standings
NL Wild Card
Record vs. opponents
Note that the teams not included in the wild card standings are currently leading their divisions and that the top two teams earn Wild Card berths.
Roster
Postseason
Wild Card Game
Player statistics
Batting
Note: G=Games played; AB=At Bats; R=Runs scored; H=Hits; AVG=Batting average; HR=Home Runs; RBI=Runs Batted In
Complete batting stats can be found here.
Pitching
Note: G=Games played; IP=Innings Pitched; W=Wins; L=Losses; ERA=Earned Run Average; SO= Strikeouts; WHIP=Walks and Hits Per Innings Pitched; HLD=Holds
Starting pitchers
Relief pitchers
Complete pitching stats can be found here.
Farm system
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS: Lynchburg
References
External links
2012 Atlanta Braves season at Baseball Reference
2012 Atlanta Braves season Official Site
Category:Atlanta Braves seasons
Atlanta Braves
Atlanta Braves | {
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Aliabad, Tonekabon
Aliabad (, also Romanized as ‘Alīābād) is a village in Tameshkol Rural District, Nashta District, Tonekabon County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 311, in 79 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Tonekabon County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Palaquium tenuipetiolatum
Palaquium tenuipetiolatum is a tree in the family Sapotaceae. It grows up to tall. Inflorescences bear up to three flowers. The fruits are ovoid, up to long. The specific epithet is from the Latin meaning "thin leaf stalk", referring to the petiole. Habitat is mixed dipterocarp forests. P. tenuipetiolatum is found in Borneo and the Philippines.
References
tenuipetiolatum
Category:Plants described in 1904
Category:Trees of the Philippines
Category:Trees of Borneo | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of Israeli films of 1950
A list of films produced by the Israeli film industry in 1950.
1950 releases
Notable deaths
See also
1950 in Israel
References
External links
Israeli films of 1950 at the Internet Movie Database
Israeli
Film
1950 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
HrrF RNA
HrrF RNA (Haemophilus regulatory RNA responsive to iron Fe) is a small non-coding RNA involved in iron homeostasis in Haemophilus species. Orthologues exist only among other Pasteurellacae. Iron- regulated sRNAs JA01- JA04 were identified in related Aggregatibacter. It is an analog to PrrF and RyhB RNAs. HrrF is maximally expressed when iron levels are low. Ferric uptake regulator (Fur) binds upstream of the hrrF promoter. HrrF stability is not dependent on the RNA chaperone Hfq. RNA-seq has shown that that HrrF targets are mRNAs of genes whose products are involved in molybdate uptake, deoxyribonucleotide synthesis, and amino acid synthesis.
See also
NrrF RNA
References
Category:Non-coding RNA | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Anaesthetobrium
Anaesthetobrium is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
Anaesthetobrium fuscoflavum (Matsushita, 1933)
Anaesthetobrium javanicum Breuning, 1957
Anaesthetobrium lieuae Gressitt, 1942
Anaesthetobrium luteipenne Pic, 1923
References
Category:Desmiphorini | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Guareí
Guareí is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. The population is 16,867 (2015 est.) in an area of 566 km². The elevation is 635 m.
References
Category:Municipalities in São Paulo (state) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Pioneer Union Elementary School District (Kings County)
Pioneer Union Elementary School District is a public school district in Hanford, California, United States.
History
The Pioneer district is one of the oldest in the area. According to records at the Hanford Carnegie Museum, Pioneer School was started on Aug. 5, 1870. Back then, it was a two story building with a belfry. Pioneer originally served the rural area of Grangeville, but now serves from the edge of Lemoore to Hanford.
Schools
Frontier Elementary School
Pioneer Elementary School
Pioneer Middle School
References
External links
Pioneer Union Elementary School District website
Category:School districts in Kings County, California
Category:Hanford, California
Category:Educational institutions established in 1870 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Mittag-Leffler's theorem
In complex analysis, Mittag-Leffler's theorem concerns the existence of meromorphic functions with prescribed poles. Conversely, it can be used to express any meromorphic function as a sum of partial fractions. It is sister to the Weierstrass factorization theorem, which asserts existence of holomorphic functions with prescribed zeros. It is named after Gösta Mittag-Leffler.
Theorem
Let be an open set in and a closed discrete subset. For each in , let be a polynomial in . There is a meromorphic function on such that for each , the function has only a removable singularity at . In particular, the principal part of at is .
One possible proof outline is as follows. If is finite, it suffices to take . If is not finite, consider the finite sum where is a finite subset of . While the may not converge as F approaches E, one may subtract well-chosen rational functions with poles outside of D (provided by Runge's theorem) without changing the principal parts of the and in such a way that convergence is guaranteed.
Example
Suppose that we desire a meromorphic function with simple poles of residue 1 at all positive integers. With notation as above, letting
and , Mittag-Leffler's theorem asserts (non-constructively) the existence of a meromorphic function with principal part at for each positive integer . This has the desired properties. More constructively we can let
.
This series converges normally on (as can be shown using the M-test) to a meromorphic function with the desired properties.
Pole expansions of meromorphic functions
Here are some examples of pole expansions of meromorphic functions:
See also
Riemann-Roch theorem
Liouville's theorem
Mittag-Leffler condition of an inverse limit
Mittag-Leffler summation
Mittag-Leffler function
References
.
.
External links
Category:Theorems in complex analysis | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
2005–06 Liga Gimel
The 2005–06 Liga Gimel season saw 84 clubs competing in 7 regional divisions for promotion to Liga Bet.
Upper Galilee Division
Hapoel Ironi Hatzor withdrew midway during the season and its results were annulled.
Western Galilee Division
Beitar al-Amal Nazareth and Maccabi Maghar withdrew midway during the season and their results were annulled.
Jezreel Division
Samaria Division
Sharon Division
Tel Aviv Division
Central-South Division
Ironi Lod withdrew midway during the season and its results were annulled.
External links
Liga Gimel Upper Galilee The Israel Football Association
Liga Gimel Western Galilee The Israel Football Association
Liga Gimel Jezreel The Israel Football Association
Liga Gimel Samaria The Israel Football Association
Liga Gimel Sharon The Israel Football Association
Liga Gimel Tel Aviv The Israel Football Association
Liga Gimel Central-South The Israel Football Association
6
Category:Liga Gimel seasons | {
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Lene Løseth
Lene Løseth (born 26 November 1986 in Ålesund) is a Norwegian alpine skier who races for Spjelkavik IL.
At the WC 2007 in Åre she came 38th in the giant slalom and 23rd in the slalom.
She is Mona and Nina Løseth's elder sister. In a World Cup competition in slalom in Flachau in January 2010 all three sisters qualified for the final.
References
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:Norwegian female alpine skiers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Melody (soundtrack)
Melody is the album soundtrack of the film Melody. or S.W.A.L.K. as it was named in the U.K. It was released in 1971 and is performed by the Bee Gees, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young and Barry Howard (a.k.a. Al Barry) of Desmond Dekker's backing group, the Aces. It reached No. 1 on the Japanese charts and sold 250,000 copies worldwide. The song "In The Morning" was a song recorded in 1965 by The Bee Gees, but re-recorded in 1970 for the soundtrack, changing the title to "Morning of my Life", though credited here with its original title. The songs "Melody Fair", "First of May", and "Give Your Best" were released in 1969 on their album ''Odessa.
Track listing
"In the Morning" by The Bee Gees - 3:54
"In the Morning (Instrumental)" by Richard Hewson Orchestra - 2:01
"Melody Fair" by The Bee Gees - 3:45
"Melody Fair (Instrumental)" by Richard Hewson Orchestra - 1:21
"Spicks and Specks" by Richard Hewson Orchestra With Children From Corona School - 1:41
"Romance Theme in F" by Richard Hewson Orchestra - 2:34
"Give Your Best" by The Bee Gees - 3:26
"To Love Somebody" by The Bee Gees - 2:59
"Working on It Night and Day" by Richard Hewson Orchestra With Barry Hewson - 4:06
"First of May" by Bee Gees- 2:47
"First of May (Instrumental)" by Richard Hewson Orchestra - 0:55
"Seaside Banjo" by Richard Hewson Orchestra - 1:05
"Teachers Chase" by Richard Hewson Orchestra - 2:23
"Teach Your Children" by Crosby Stills Nash & Young - 2:53
Personnel
Barry Gibb - vocals, guitar
Robin Gibb - vocals
Maurice Gibb - vocals, bass, piano, guitar
Geoff Bridgford - drums
Bill Shepherd - orchestral arrangement
Lew Hahn - engineer
Category:Film soundtracks
Category:Polydor Records soundtracks
Category:Pop soundtracks
Category:1971 soundtracks | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Jim Jacob
Jim Jacob is a composer, singer, sound engineer and guitarist in Malayalam films. He is one of the founders of the Malayalam Music composers group, 4 Musics.
References
Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian male film singers
Category:Singers from Kochi | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hidehito Shirao
is a former Japanese football player.
Club statistics
References
External links
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Kokushikan University alumni
Category:Association football people from Kagoshima Prefecture
Category:Japanese footballers
Category:J2 League players
Category:Japan Football League players
Category:Ventforet Kofu players
Category:Matsumoto Yamaga FC players
Category:V-Varen Nagasaki players
Category:FC Ryukyu players
Category:Association football forwards | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
2007 Kyoto Sanga FC season
2007 Kyoto Sanga F.C. season
Competitions
Domestic results
J. League 2
Emperor's Cup
Player statistics
Other pages
J. League official site
Kyoto Sanga F.C.
Category:Kyoto Sanga FC seasons | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1805)
The Treaty of Saint Petersburg was signed on 11 April 1805 by the British Empire and the Russian Empire and created an offensive alliance directed against Napoleon's French Empire.
The two allies were joined by Austria on 9 August 1805 and by Sweden on 3 October 1805 while France was allied to Spain and a number of France's satellite republics. Sweden joined only after Britain granted subsidies that financed almost all Swedish war costs. Sweden armed 10,000 men.
This treaty was one of the main causes of the War of the Third Coalition.
Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)
Category:Treaties of the Russian Empire
Category:Treaties of the Austrian Empire
Category:1805 treaties
Category:1805 in the Austrian Empire
Category:1805 in the Russian Empire
Category:1805 in the United Kingdom
Category:Russia–United Kingdom relations
Category:1805 in British law
Category:April 1805 events
Category:Bilateral treaties of Russia
Category:Bilateral treaties of the United Kingdom | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Robyn Léwis
Robyn Léwis (October 1929 – 12 August 2019) was a Welsh author, politician and former archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales.
Biography
Born Robyn Lewis, he studied at Pwllheli Grammar School and University College of Wales, Aberystwyth before becoming a solicitor and barrister. He became active in the Labour Party and stood, unsuccessfully, in Denbigh at the 1955 general election.
During the 1960s, Léwis left Labour and joined Plaid Cymru. He was elected to Lleyn Rural District Council, and stood for the party in Caernarfon at the 1970 general election, where he came second with more than 33% of the vote. He was subsequently elected as a Vice President of Plaid Cymru.
In 1980, Léwis won the Prose Medal at the National Eisteddfod of Wales, and in 2002 he was the first Prose Medallist to become Archdruid, under the title "Robyn Llŷn". In this role, he inducted future Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams as a Bard of the Gorsedd.
Léwis resigned from Plaid Cymru in 2006, in protest at the acceptance of an OBE by Elinor Bennett, wife of the party leader.
References
Category:1929 births
Category:2019 deaths
Category:Alumni of Aberystwyth University
Category:Bards of the Gorsedd
Category:Councillors in Wales
Category:People from Gwynedd
Category:Plaid Cymru politicians
Category:Welsh barristers
Category:Welsh-language writers
Category:Welsh solicitors
Category:Welsh-speaking politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg
Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg (27 June 1771 – 21 November 1844) was a Swiss educationalist and agronomist.
Biography
He was born at Bern. His father was of patrician family, and a man of importance in his canton, and his mother was a granddaughter of the Dutch admiral Van Tromp. From his mother and from Gottlieb Konrad Pfeffel, the blind poet of Colmar, he received a better education than falls to the lot of most boys, while the intimacy of his father with Pestalozzi gave to his mind that bent which it afterwards followed. In 1790 he entered the University of Tübingen, where he distinguished himself by his rapid progress in legal studies.
On account of his health he afterwards undertook a walking tour in Switzerland and the adjoining portions of France, Swabia and Tirol, visiting the hamlets and farmhouses, mingling in the labors and occupations of the peasants and mechanics, and partaking of their rude fare and lodging. After the downfall of Robespierre, he went to Paris and remained there long enough to be assured of the storm impending over his native country. This he did his best to avert, but his warnings were disregarded, and Switzerland was lost before any efficient means could be taken for its safety. Fellenberg, who had hastily raised a levy en masse, was proscribed; a price was set upon his head, and he was compelled to flee into Germany.
Shortly afterwards, however, he was recalled by his countrymen, and sent on a mission to Paris to remonstrate against the rapacity and cruelty of the agents of the French republic. But in this and other diplomatic offices which he held for a short time, he was witness to so much corruption and intrigue that his mind revolted from the idea of a political life, and he returned home with the intention of devoting himself wholly to the education of the young.
With this resolution he purchased in 1799 the estate of Hofwyl, near Bern, intending to make agriculture the basis of a new system which he had projected, for elevating the lower and rightly training the higher orders of the state, and welding them together in a closer union than had hitherto been deemed attainable. For some time he carried on his labors in conjunction with Pestalozzi, but incompatibility of disposition soon induced them to separate. The scheme of Fellenberg at first excited a large amount of ridicule, but gradually it began to attract the notice of foreign countries; and pupils, some of them of the highest rank, began to flock to him from every country in Europe, both for the purpose of studying agriculture and to profit by the high moral training which he associated with his educational system. For forty-five years Fellenberg, assisted by his wife, who ran the side of the school devoted to girls, continued his educational labors, and finally raised his institution to the highest point of prosperity and usefulness. He died in 1844.
Works
1808: Landwirthschaftliche Blätter von Hofwyl. 5 Hefte. Aarau: Maurhofer & Dellenbach, 1808-1817
1813: Darstellung der Armen-rziehungsanstalt in Hofwyl. Von ihrem Stifter E. v. F. Aus dem vierten Hefte der landwirthschaftlichen Blätter von Hofwyl besonders abgedruckt. Aarau
1813: Observations extraites des feuilles d’Hofwyl, sur les semoirs à grains de toute espèce et leur emploi. [Bern?]
1808: Vues relatives à l'agriculture de la Suisse et aux moyens de la perfectionner; traduit de l'Allemand par C. Pictet. Genève
1811: Vorläufige Nachricht über die Erziehungsanstalt für die höheren Stände zu Hofwyl. [Berne]
1830: Beleuchtung einer weltgerichtlichen Frage an unsern Zeitgeist. Bern: bei C. A. Jenni (Reissued by Thoemmes Press, Bristol, 1994 )
1831: Sendschreiben an den Verfassungsrath des Kantons Bern, ... April 1831. Bern: Gedruckt bei Carl Rätzer
1833: Der dreimonatliche Bildungskurs, Bern
References
This work in turn cites:
Hamm, Wilhelm von Fellenberg's Leben und Wirken: zur Erinnerung für seime Freunde, Schüler und Verehrer (Bern, 1845)
Schöni, Franz Robert Der Stifter von Hofwyl, Leben und Wirken Fellenberg's. Bern, 1871 & Schaffhausen, 1874
Further reading
H. Gilomen: Die Kinderkolonie Meikirch. Ein pädagogisches Experiment vor hundert Jahren. Beyer & Söhne, Langensalza 1929. (= Friedrich Mann's Pädagogisches Magazin. Heft 1245).
Kurt Guggisberg: Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg und sein Erziehungsstaat. Lang, Bern 1953.
Rudolf Wepfer: "Ich bin auch das Werk meiner selbst". Philipp Emanuel von Fellenberg. Biographische Skizze eines Pioniers der Pädagogik und Kämpfers für ein freies Erziehungswesen. Verl. am Goetheanum, Dornach 2000.
Denise Wittwer Hesse: Die Familie von Fellenberg und die Schulen von Hofwyl. Erziehungsideale, "Häusliches Glück" und Unternehmertum einer Bernischen Patrizierfamilie in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Historischer Verein, Bern 2002. (= Archiv des Historischen Vereins des Kantons Bern; 82)
Category:1771 births
Category:1844 deaths
Category:People from Bern
Category:Swiss educators
Category:Swiss nobility
Category:Swiss people of Dutch descent | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Service guarantee
A service guarantee is a marketing tool service firms have increasingly been using to reduce consumer risk perceptions, signal quality, differentiate a service offering, and to institutionalize and professionalize their internal management of customer complaint and service recovery. By delivering service guarantees, companies entitle customers with one or more forms of compensation, namely easy-to-claim replacement, refund or credit, under the circumstances of service delivery failure. Conditions are often put on these compensations; however, some companies provide them unconditionally.
Benefits
According to Christopher Hart, service guarantees provide the following powerful platforms for promoting and accomplish service quality:
By delivering service guarantees, firms are forced to focus on customers' want and expectation in every aspect of the service.
Guarantees establish clear standards which create a common image of what the company stands for in both customers and employees' mind. Managers are motivated to seriously concern service guarantees, because they emphasize the financial expenditure of quality failures.
With service guarantees, firms are required to build effective systems to generate meaningful customer feedback and develop corresponding courses of action.
Guarantees require service organizations to understand reasons of failure and motivate them to identify and manage potential fail points
Guarantees help customers to reduce risk in making purchase decisions and to reinforce their long-term loyalty.
For customers, service guarantees play an important role in alleviating perceived risks of the purchase. The guarantees also facilitate more ease and more likelihood for customers to complain, since they expect the front-line staff to be ready with resolutions and appropriate compensations. From companies' perspectives, according to the vice President of Hampton Inn, "Designing the guarantee made us understand what made guests satisfied, rather than what we thought made them satisfied."
Design
While no conditions are imposed on some guarantees, others have apparently been drafted by lawyers and cover many restrictions. Christopher Hart states that the following criteria should be met in designing service guarantees:
Unconditional: Promises of the guarantees must be unconditional and no elements of surprise should be made to customers
Comprehensible: The guarantees must be easy to understand and communicate so that customers can have clear awareness of the benefits of the guarantees.
Meaningful: Firms must make the guarantee important to the customers and provide adequate values to offset service failure.
Easy to invoke: The guarantee should be less dependent on the customer and more on service provider.
Easy to collect: Service providers should design an easy and problem-free guarantees collection process for customers.
Credible: Guarantees must be offered in a believable manner.
Types
Managerial implications
According to study by Wirtz (1998), a guarantee can be introduced for many different operations/quality and marketing objectives. A company with poor quality may want to focus primarily on causes of existing quality gaps, whereas a firm with high quality standards but limited market presence and quality reputation may want to focus mainly on transforming potential customers into loyal ones.
Additionally, the impact of an explicit guarantee on purchase intent was strong for the good quality provider, but there was no change in the purchase intent for the outstanding provider. There are two plausible reasons for this. First, purchase intent was already high for the outstanding provider; hence it might have been difficult to boost the ratings much further. Second, the outstanding provider might have already captured the high-end of the market, even when it did not offer an explicit guarantee. Thus, the impact of providing an explicit guarantee would be minimal and it would be difficult for, for example, a highly rated hotel to attract new customers by signaling higher quality.
Considerations in the introduction of service guarantees
Companies should conduct careful analysis about their strengths and weaknesses in the decision of introducing service guarantees. For service providers whose reputations have been strongly established, guarantees may not be necessary since they might be incongruent with their image and might create confusion in the market. On the contrary, firms which are experiencing poor service delivery must improve their quality to the level where customers invoke guarantees on a more regular basis.
In addition, service guarantees are not necessary for companies whose quality is beyond control in the presence of external factors. When realizing that there was a lack of control over its railroad infrastructure, Amtrak decided to drop a service guarantee that included the reimbursement of train fares in the event of unpunctual service.
Service guarantee is also not necessary in a market in which the perceived financial, personal or physiological risk associated with the service is little. Guarantees will then adds minor values, yet still take time and money costs to design, implement and manage. In the case where customers perceive little difference between service quality between competing firms, the first firm introducing service guarantees will be able obtain first mover-advantages and differentiate its service from the others. However, if many competitors have already employed service guarantees, introducing a highly differentiated guarantee beyond the industry's common practice is the only way to generate an impact.
See also
Guarantee
Money back guarantee
References
Category:Customer experience | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Due to High Expectations... The Flaming Lips Are Providing Needles for Your Balloons
Due to High Expectations... The Flaming Lips are Providing Needles for Your Balloons (usually referred to as Providing Needles for Your Balloons) is a compilation EP released by the American rock group The Flaming Lips in 1994.
According to the band's website, it was released because there had been new albums in 1992 and 1993, but there would not be in 1994, thus the fans were expecting new Lips material. This is probably due to the success of Transmissions from the Satellite Heart and the band's extensive promotion of that album. The EP is a collection of demos, live recordings, and covers. Despite being categorized as an EP, the release runs as long as a full album. The artwork reflects the graphic themes of Transmissions from the Satellite Heart.
Track listing
Further credits
Recorded in April 1994 by Keith Cleversley. Different mix from Clouds Taste Metallic version.
Part one can be found on the previous EP, Yeah, I Know It's a Drag... But Wastin' Pigs Is Still Radical.
Recorded for a Suicide tribute album.
Song about Wayne's brother's experience shopping at a grocery store while high.
Recorded at Northern Lights record store in Minneapolis December 6 1993.
Recorded at Northern Lights record store in Minneapolis December 6 1993 Smog cover.
Recorded at Northern Lights record store in Minneapolis December 6 1993.
Live, March 1994.
Hidden track: A short instrumental which would appear in its finished form on Zaireeka as "The Train Runs over the Camel but Is Derailed by the Gnat").
References
Category:1994 EPs
Category:The Flaming Lips EPs
Category:The Flaming Lips compilation albums
Category:1994 compilation albums
Category:Warner Records compilation albums
Category:Warner Records EPs | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Aerophilus
Aerophilus is a genus of parasitoid wasps belonging to the family Braconidae. As members of the subfamily Agathidinae, they are koinobiont endoparasitoids of caterpillars. The host is attacked as an early instar, but not consumed and killed until the host is about to pupate. Nearly all species of Aerophilus have a narrow host range, attacking only one caterpillar species. However, the host range of the genus as a whole is quite broad, including many families of Lepidoptera.
Several species have been used in biological control programs, but with minimal success.
Aerophilus has a world-wide distribution. Thirty-five species have been described from the United States and Canada.
References
Category:Braconidae genera | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Christien Anholt
Christien Alexis Anholt (born 25 February 1971) is an English stage, television and film actor best known for his role in the television series Relic Hunter. He is the son of actor Tony Anholt and resides in London.
Biography
Anholt was born in London and began his acting career in 1988 in Reunion. He was then cast as "Leonard"/"Jeremy Lands" in the Harold Pinter play Another Time. He went on to play 'Marcelus' alongside Mel Gibson in the Franco Zeffirelli film Hamlet (1990). He starred opposite Kate Beckinsale, Sam Neill and Judy Davis in the Hallmark production One Against the Wind, and alongside Stephen Dorff in The Power of One, directed by John G. Avilsden.
Steven Spielberg selected Anholt to play Clive Owen's brother in the TV series pilot Class Of '61. He appeared in the BBC's Money For Nothing. He has been featured in Seventeen opposite Rachel Weisz, and in Hard Times opposite Richard E. Grant and Sir Alan Bates and in The Harpist. This was followed by Preaching to the Perverted, The Ruby Ring, and in George Milton's Appetite. Anholt returned to the West End in Terence Rattigan's In Praise Of Love and was cast by Harold Pinter and director David Jones opposite Pinter himself, in The Hothouse.
In 1999 Anholt was cast as "Nigel Bailey" in Relic Hunter which ran for three seasons. After that Anholt guest starred in two episodes of Adventure Inc, alongside Michael Biehn, and had a cameo in The Conclave. He appeared opposite James Franco and Jean Reno in the World War One drama Flyboys, and can be seen alongside Thora Birch in Dark Corners.. In 2007 Anholt appeared in the movie, Ben 10 Race Against Time, in which he played an alien called Eon. In more recent years he appeared in several short movies such as Severed Garden, Ghosted and Meanders.
In 2014 Anholt returned to the stage and since then he has appeared in numerous plays such as Blue Bird, Wastwater, Dog Ends, Montagu, The Two Faces of Agent Lacey and Permanence. He also appeared on the small screen in Doctors and Holby City. He also does voice over work such as The Rise and Fall of Hitler etc.
Filmography
Reunion (1989) .... Hans Strauss, as a young man (a.k.a. L'Ami retrouvé (France) (a.k.a. Der wiedergefundene Freund (West Germany)
Doctor Who - "The Curse of Fenric" .... Perkins (3 episodes, 1989)
Hamlet (1990-I) .... Marcellus
Press Gang: "The Last Word" (Parts 1 and 2) .... Clown / Donald Cooper (1991)
Casualty "Humpty Dumpty" .... Jude (1 episode, 1991)
One Against the Wind (1991) (TV) .... Maurice Lindell, Mary's Son
The Power of One (1992) .... Date at Dinner (a.k.a. La Puissance de l'ange (France)
The Blackheath Poisonings (1992) (TV) .... Paul Vandervent
Class of '61 (1993) (TV) .... Terry O'Neil
Screen One: Money for Nothing .... Gary Warrell (1 episode, 1993)
Seventeen (1994) (TV)
Hard Times (1994) (TV) .... Tom
The 10 Percenters "Runner" .... Adrian (1 episode, 1996)
Cadfael "The Devil's Novice" .... Meriet Ashby (1 episode, 1996) (a.k.a. Mystery!: Cadfael (USA))
The Harpist (1997) .... Ferdinand Rupitsch (a.k.a. Die Harfenspielerin (Germany)
Preaching to the Perverted (1997) .... Peter Emery
The Ruby Ring (1997) (TV) .... Robert Langley
Appetite (1998) .... Nelson
Nightworld: 30 Years to Life (1998) (TV) .... Derek (a.k.a. 30 Years to Life (Canada: English title) (USA))
Felicity .... Paul (1 episode, 1998)
The Waiting Time (1999) (TV) .... Ben Rogers
"The Making of 'Relic Hunter III'" (2001) (TV) .... Himself
Relic Hunter .... Nigel Bailey (66 episodes, 1999–2002) (a.k.a. Relic Hunter - Die Schatzjägerin (Germany) (a.k.a. Sydney Fox l'aventurière (France) (a.k.a. Caçadora de Relíquias (Brazil)
Adventure Inc.... Brother John (2 episodes, 2003) (a.k.a. Aventure et associés (Canada: French title: dubbed version)
Dark Corners (2006) .... David Hamilton
Flyboys (2006) .... Higgins
Ben 10: Race Against Time (2007) .... Eons
Holby City (2017) (TV), series 19, episode 34 'Twist of the Knife'.... Evan Smith
References
External links
Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Male actors from London
Category:English male film actors
Category:English male television actors
Category:English expatriates in the United States
Category:English people of German descent
Category:Male actors of German descent | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Desafío en Río Bravo
Desafío en Río Bravo/Gunmen of the Rio Grande (, is a 1964 Italian, Spanish and French international co-production Spaghetti Western film directed by Tulio Demicheli. Filmed at Almería, Spain and shot in Techniscope, it stars Guy Madison as Wyatt Earp in his first leading spaghetti western role.
Plot
Saloon keeper Jennie Lee is fed up with Zack "The Snake" Williams trying to take over Clementine Hewitt's silver mine. She contacts her friend Wyatt Earp to bring justice to the Arizona Territory.
Cast
Notes
External links
Category:1964 films
Category:1960s Western (genre) films
Category:Spaghetti Western films
Category:Italian films
Category:French films
Category:Spanish films
Category:Italian-language films
Category:Cultural depictions of Wyatt Earp
Category:Films shot in Almería
Category:Films scored by Angelo Francesco Lavagnino | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Anika Apostalon
Anika Apostalon (born February 9, 1995) is an Czech-American competitive swimmer who specializes in freestyle and backstroke events. She was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico and graduated from Albuquerque Academy in 2013. Apostalon graduated from the University of Southern California in 2017 with a bachelor of arts in psychology and currently swims for the Trojan Swim Club under Dave Salo and is affiliated with USK in Prague, CZ. She is a 2016 Olympic Trials semi-finalist and a 17-time NCAA All American.
College Career
Apostalon began her collegiate career at San Diego State University, where she was a Division I dual-sport athlete in water polo and swimming. In 2014 she was named the Mountain West Swimmer of the Year and the conference's Freshman of the year. She also set the Mountain West records for 50-yard freestyle, 100-yard freestyle, and 100-yard backstroke while at SDSU.
In 2015, Apostalon transferred to the University of Southern California to focus on her swimming career. In 2016 she led the Trojans to a Pac-12 Championship. She was a member of the 2016 400 yard freestyle NCAA national championship relay. Apostalon finished her college career as a 17-time NCAA All-American and eight-time individual scorer at the NCAA national championships. However, her successes have not been limited to swimming. As a senior, Apostalon made the CoSIDA Academic All-American Division I At-Large Team and was named the Pac-12 Women's Swimming Scholar Athlete of the Year. She was also named the Trojans' female recipient of the 2016-17 Tom Hansen Medal.
US Olympic Trials
Apostalon first competed in the United States Olympic Trials in 2012, when she turned in a 66th place finish in the 100 backstroke. She returned to the Olympic Trials in 2016, and turned in a 12th place performance in the 50 yard freestyle and 24th place finish in the 100-yard freestyle.
Professional Career
In July, 2018, Apostalon qualified for the Czech Republic national team and set a national record in the 100-meter freestyle. She went on to represent the Czech Republic in the 2018 European Championships in Glasgow, Scotland. She finished 12th in the 50m Freestyle and 11th in the 100m Freestyle. Apostalon currently holds the Czech national record in the 50m Freestyle (SCM).
References
Category:American female swimmers
Category:1995 births
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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