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Purdilnagar
Purdil Nagar is a town and a nagar panchayat in Hathras district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is famous for handcrafted beads.
Demographics
India census, Purdilnagar had a population of 19,039. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Purdilnagar has an average literacy rate of 48%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 58%, and female literacy is 37%. In Purdilnagar, 28% of the population is under 6 years of age.
References
Category:Cities and towns in Hathras district | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Episcopal Baptists
Although most Baptist groups are congregationalist in polity, some have different ecclesiastical organization and adopt an episcopal polity governance. In those churches the local congregation has less autonomy and the bishop oversees them, assigning pastors and distributing funds.
Evangelical Baptist Union of Georgia
The Evangelical Baptist Union of Georgia historically have an episcopal polity, with an archbishop as the primate. Archbishop Malkhaz Songulashvili, pastor of the Cathedral of Tbilisi is a charismatic figure and social activist.
Union of Baptist Churches in Latvia
The Baptists of Latvia are result from a revival among German and Latvian Lutherans and organized their first church in 1861. The union is headed by a bishop.
Episcopal Baptist Church in Congo
The Église Épiscopale Baptiste is a Baptist denomination in Democratic Republic of the Congo. It began with evangelical missionaries who accepted the Baptist doctrines and organized this denomination retaining the episcopal polity. The Church became autonomous in 1956.
In 2007 there were ten bishops, and 105,000 baptized members in 110 territorial parishes. Most of them were in the nine provinces of DRC and some in Angola and Zambia. The pastor are under supervision from the bishops, who assign them a church.
The EPB is a member of the World Council of Churches and the Église du Christ au Congo.
Among African-American Baptists
A few African-American Baptist congregations have ordained or started calling their senior minister bishop, but without changing congregational polity.
India
The uniting Church of North India received Baptists when in its constitution and had the Baptist Samson Das ordained Bishop of Cuttack in 2006.
References
External links
Evangelical Baptist Church of Georgia
Bishop ordained in Virginia
Category:Baptist denominations
Category:Christian denominations established in the 19th century
Category:Christian denominations established in the 20th century
Category:Protestantism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Category:Protestantism in Georgia (country) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Here and Now Tour
The Here and Now Tour is a series of concert tours, which began in 2001, featuring groups and singers famous in the 1980s. The Tour takes in arenas and theatres around the UK and still runs today. The tours are organised by Tony Denton Promotions. The tour has now progressed to countries such as Japan and Australia as well as several European countries.
Artists who have performed
1927
A Flock of Seagulls
ABC
Altered Images
Bananarama
The Beat
Belinda Carlisle
Belle Stars
Billy Ocean
Boy George
Brother Beyond
Bucks Fizz
Captain Sensible
Chas & Dave
Chesney Hawkes
China Crisis
Curiosity Killed the Cat
Cutting Crew
Doctor and the Medics
Five Star
Go West
Hazel O'Connor
Heaven 17
Howard Jones
The Human League
Imagination
Jason Donovan
Jimmy Somerville
Johnny Hates Jazz
Kajagoogoo
Katrina Leskanich
Kid Creole and the Coconuts
Kim Wilde
Limahl
Living in a Box
Marc Almond
Midge Ure
Modern Romance
Mondo Rock
Nick Heyward
Nik Kershaw
Odyssey
Paul Young
Pepsi & Shirlie
Rick Astley
Sinitta
The Three Degrees
T'Pau
Tony Hadley
Toyah
Visage
The Weather Girls
References
External links
Official website
"Many happy returns" The Guardian
'The Eighties artists are back for Here and Now', Johnny Davis, The Times, 16 May 2009
Category:Concert tours
Category:Recurring events established in 2001 | {
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Lake Owhareiti
Lake Owhareiti is a lake in the Northland Region of New Zealand.
See also
List of lakes in New Zealand
References
Owhareiti
Category:Far North District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Strasburg Historic District
Strasburg Historic District may refer to:
Strasburg Historic District (Strasburg, Pennsylvania), listed on the NRHP in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Strasburg Historic District (Strasburg, Virginia), listed on the NRHP in Shenandoah County, Virginia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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WXKS (AM)
WXKS (1200 AM) – branded Talk 1200 – is a commercial news/talk radio station licensed to Newton, Massachusetts, serving the Greater Boston area. Owned by iHeartMedia, Inc., WXKS serves as the Boston affiliate for Fox News Radio, The Glenn Beck Program, The Rush Limbaugh Show, The Sean Hannity Show, The Buck Sexton Show and The Mark Levin Show; and the home of syndicated personalities Clay Travis, Bill Handel, Ron Wilson, Gary Sullivan and Leo Laporte. The WXKS studios are located in the Boston suburb of Medford, while the station transmitter resides in Newton. Besides its main analog transmission, WXKS streams online via iHeartRadio.
History
WKOX (AM)
On April 21, 1947, the station signed on as WKOX, a daytime-only station on 1190 kHz in Framingham. WKOX would be paired with an FM adjunct, WKOX-FM (105.7), on February 10, 1960. Fairbanks Communications purchased WKOX and WKOX-FM in 1970. In 1985, WKOX switched frequencies to 1200 kHz and received authorization to broadcast around the clock. For many years, WKOX functioned as a full service station oriented towards the MetroWest region.
Following stints with satellite-fed oldies and talk radio, WKOX became a partial simulcast of their FM sister station, then known as country-formatted WCLB (105.7 FM), on March 1, 1993. The only deviation from this simulcast was morning drive, which continued to be programmed separately. That August, WKOX switched to ABC Radio/Satellite Music Network's "Real Country" format, featuring classic country to complement the more contemporary country sound on WCLB.
Another attempt at talk, including a show hosted by former WEEI (590 AM) and WRKO host Gene Burns, was made on October 2, 1995. By this point, WKOX had begun to orient itself to the Boston market as a whole rather than MetroWest. WKOX's talk format was replaced with brokered programming on October 1996, mostly consisting of ethnic and foreign language shows. Notably, Contemporary Christian music station WJLT (1060 AM) leased out WKOX's overnight hours to extend its programming schedule, since WJLT was bound at the time to daytime-only operations.
As early as 1995, WKOX pursued options to upgrade its power and serve the entire Boston area. The FCC approved plans to have the station change its city of license to Newton and move their transmitter site to a site also utilized by WUNR, where it would operate at 50,000 watts. Community opposition delayed this series of moves for nearly 13 years, and also significantly delayed attempts by Fairbanks Communications to divest WKOX. While Westinghouse Broadcasting and B-Mass Holding Company had expressed interest, by 1998, WKOX was the last remaining radio station in the Fairbanks portfolio. After Richard M. Fairbanks died in August 2000, WKOX was finally sold a few months later to Clear Channel Communications (now iHeartMedia).
The brokered format, by then primarily consisting of Spanish-language religious programming, was retained until 2004, when the station began simulcasting a progressive talk format with the original WXKS (1430 AM). Both stations switched to a Spanish tropical format, branded as "Rumba", on December 21, 2006. WKOX completed the transmitter/city of license move to Newton in the fall of 2008, and began broadcasting at 50,000 watts full-time in April 2009. That September 4th, WXKS (1430 AM) broke from the WKOX simulcast and flipped to a Spanish adult hits format, branded as "Mia 1430".
WXKS (2010–present)
Clear Channel announced in January 2010 that WKOX would once again change to a talk format in April, the launch was stepped up to March 8th after WRKO dropped The Rush Limbaugh Show from its line-up. With this format change, WKOX changed call letters to WXKS (AM) that March 1st; WXKS (1430 AM) concurrently changed their calls to WKOX. Coast to Coast AM was the first talk program to air on the station, moving from WRKO in February 2010, several weeks before the full format change. "Rumba" programming ceased on March 5, at which time the station began stunting. For the first year of the talk format, WXKS was branded as "Rush Radio 1200", named for Limbaugh; similar branding was utilized at WRNO-FM/New Orleans, WRDU/Raleigh-Durham, and WPTI/Greensboro, North Carolina. Less than a year later, on February 28, 2011, WXKS re-branded itself as "Talk 1200 Boston."
Local hosts Jeff Katz and Jay Severin were both dismissed from WXKS on August 6, 2012, Katz was reassigned to then-co-owned WRVA/Richmond, Virginia, while Severin joined TheBlaze Radio Network; that same day, both Rush Limbaugh and Coast to Coast AM returned to WRKO's lineup. For the next four days, WXKS continued with the remainder of their syndicated programming before stunting with a 10-minute loop of political gaffes; this led into a format switch to comedy radio that August 13th as the Boston affiliate for 24/7 Comedy Radio. Branded "Matty's Comedy 1200" in honor of WXKS-FM morning host Matt Siegel—who announced the launch on both his show and on WXKS—the comedy format began with a routine from Cambridge native Dane Cook.
On February 27, 2013, Clear Channel announced that WXKS would begin to carry Bloomberg Radio's financial news and information programming as of March 1. The comedy format continued on the HD2 channel of WXKS-FM until December 2013. The simulcast of 1200 AM, which had previously been on 107.9-HD2, moved to the HD2 subchannel of WJMN, replacing old-school hip hop. In September 2013, WXKS began broadcasting Harvard University football, men's hockey, and men's basketball games. The broadcasts would be produced by an independent packager who would pay for the airtime.
Bloomberg L.P. announced on July 3, 2017 that the following day, Bloomberg Radio would move its programming to WRCA and its FM translator at 106.1 MHz. WXKS continued to simulcast the Bloomberg programming for several months.
After Bloomberg's local marketing agreement with WXKS ended on March 1, 2018, the station took on the conservative talk programming that had been on WKOX, including Rush Limbaugh. WXKS also returned to the "Talk 1200" branding. WKOX returned to a tropical music format and was moved into a trust ownership, pending a sale.
References
External links
Category:Radio stations established in 1947
XKS (AM)
Category:Newton, Massachusetts
Category:Media in Middlesex County, Massachusetts
Category:Talk radio stations in the United States
Category:1947 establishments in Massachusetts
Category:IHeartMedia radio stations | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Bard-e Pahn Abdol Latif
Bard-e Pahn Abdol Latif (, also Romanized as Bard-e Pahn ʿAbdol Laṭīf; also known as Bard-e Pahn, Bard Pahnī, and Sang-e Pahn) is a village in Sepidar Rural District, in the Central District of Boyer-Ahmad County, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49, in 8 families, 6.1 people per family.
References
Category:Populated places in Boyer-Ahmad County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ian Hobson
Ian Hobson (born 7 August 1952) is an English pianist, conductor and teacher, and is a professor at University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. His pianistic repertoire spans the baroque to the contemporary, but he specialises in the Romantic repertoire.
Biography
Hobson was born in Wolverhampton in 1952. He studied at King_Henry_VIII_School,_Coventry, Royal Academy of Music, Magdalene College, Cambridge, and Yale University in the United States. His teachers included Claude Frank, Ralph Kirkpatrick and Menahem Pressler.
Hobson made his London debut in 1979. He won silver medals in the Arthur Rubinstein and Vienna-Beethoven competitions and first prize in the 1981 Leeds International Pianoforte Competition. His United States debut came in 1983, and he has since performed in concert and recital in many countries and with many orchestras. He frequently conducts from the keyboard.
His piano repertoire includes:
J.S. Bach: Goldberg Variations
Mozart: Piano Concertos
Beethoven: Piano Sonatas
Mendelssohn: works for piano and orchestra
Robert Schumann: Piano Sonatas
Clara Schumann: Piano Concerto
Moscheles: Piano Concertos
Liszt: 2-piano arrangements of music by Saint-Saëns
Brahms: Variations
Rachmaninoff: 17 Études-Tableaux, comprising Études-Tableaux, Op. 33 and Études-Tableaux, Op. 39, 24 Preludes, and transcriptions
Paderewski: Piano Concerto
Godowsky: Studies on Chopin's Études, and transcriptions of Schubert lieder
David Johnson: 12 Preludes and Fugues
concertos by Huss and Schelling
contemporary works by Benjamin Lees, Kevin Oldham, Ridout, Liptak and Gardner, some of which were written for him.
He has appeared in duo recital with his then wife Claude Edrei Hobson.
He has attracted world class instrumental soloists to appear with the Sinfonia da Camera, which he founded in 1984. His opera conducting activities include works from Giovanni Battista Pergolesi to Richard Strauss. For his own Zephyr label, he performed the world premiere of a new concert edition of John Philip Sousa's operetta El Capitan, with the Sinfonia da Camera, and also recorded the work. His other recordings include Stravinsky's Histoire du soldat and Walton's Façade, with the baritone William Warfield.
Prior to joining the faculty at Florida State University, Hobson served as a music professor at the faculty of the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. He has been a juror on a number of international music competitions. Hobson is the father of NPR Here & Now host Jeremy Hobson
Sources
Bach Cantatas: Ian Hobson
Ian Hobson website
References
Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:English classical pianists
Category:English conductors (music)
Category:British male conductors (music)
Category:British music educators
Category:Piano pedagogues
Category:Florida State University faculty
Category:Alumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge
Category:Alumni of the Royal Academy of Music
Category:Yale School of Music alumni
Category:Classical piano duos
Category:Pupils of Maria Curcio
Category:21st-century conductors (music)
Category:21st-century classical pianists
Category:21st-century British male musicians | {
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Executive Transport Wing (German Air Force)
The Executive Transport Wing of the Federal Ministry of Defence (, abb.: FlBschftBMVg or FBS BMVg, literally translated as Flight Readiness [Service] of the Federal Ministry of Defence) is a flying formation of the German Air Force with a wide variety of tasks. Occasionally it is ambiguously listed as the Special Air Missions Wing in English language articles. The wing is based at Cologne Bonn Airport with Berlin Tegel Airport used as a location for its helicopters. It is planned to bring the two operating locations together at Berlin Brandenburg Airport (the expansion of Berlin Schönefeld) once its construction is finished.
History
The Flugbereitschaft was formed On April 1, 1957 at the Nörvenich Air Base as a small unit providing liaison flights to the Defence Ministry. In July 1959 it relocated to Cologne Bonn Airport and reformed as the 3. Squadron of the Air Force's Transport Wing 62 (3./LTG-62). In April 1963 it became an independent unit with its status raised from a squadron to a group. In 1974 its status was upgraded to a full wing (Geschwader).
As a legacy from the Second World War the role of the German military was a very sensitive topic and the Bundeswehr was constituted as a strictly defensive force within the borders of West Germany. Correspondingly the Flugbereitschaft was limited to providing government transport to federal government of defence ministry officials. With the end of the Cold War, the German reunification and the country's increased involvement in peacekeeping and humanitarian aid missions overseas at the end of the twentieth and the beginning of the twenty-first centuries came a need for air-to-air refueling and long range transport aircraft. With the addition of Airbus A310 MRTT to the Flugbereitschaft an informal distinction was introduced for its aircraft. The government transport aircraft are called the "white fleet" (die weiße Flotte), painted in white with a thin black-red-yellow stripe and a Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Federal Republic of Germany) inscription. The military transport and tanker aircraft are called the "grey fleet" (die graue Flotte), painted in grey with a Luftwaffe (German Air Force) inscription. The helicopters make an exception of this rule, sporting the retro look of the white fleet, with two tones of blue stripes on a white body and a Luftwaffe inscription. The grey fleet is subordinated to the European Air Transport Command.
West Germany had its capital in Bonn, while East Germany's capital was Berlin. With the reunification it was decided that Berlin will be the sole capital city of the country. As the institutions of the united Germany were based on the West-German ones in Bonn and could not be moved in short time, the Flugbereitschaft played an important role executing shuttle flights (Pendelflüge) for federal government officials and parlamentarians between the two cities. Additionally the wing keeps a VIP aircraft in flight readiness in Berlin detached to from its MOB at Cologne Bonn IAP. The German government and Federal Ministry of Defence plan to consolidate the wing at Berlin Brandenburg Airport.
Mission
The Flugbereitschaft carries out missions in the following areas:
Air Transport:
transport of Bundeswehr personnel and materiel
VIP transport of government officials, members of parliament and high-ranking Bundeswehr officers
humanitarian aid and disaster relief flights, evacuation of civilians
MedEvac flights
Air-to-Air Refueling:
formation and training of tanker air crews, operational refueling flights in support of Luftwaffe and allied fighter jets
strategic deployment of Bundeswehr and allied forces for exercises and operations
participation in international NATO-led exercises
Passenger and Cargo Handling, Logistic Support
passenger control and preparaion
cargo handling for own, allied and civilian-chartered aircraft, supply of Bundeswehr forces overseas
ground support of German and allied aircraft
Maintenance and Overhaul:
technical maintenance and overhaul of the Einsatzbereitschaft's fleet
training and skill development of flight and ground personnel
Host Nation Support:
transport of foreign dignitaries and high-ranking officials on official state visits to Germany
ground support of foreign official state aircraft of visiting official delegations
ground support for foreign delegations at Cologne Bonn Airport and Berlin Tegel Airport
Organisation
The Flugbereitschaft operates a diverse fleet of aircraft. Its main operating base is the military area of Cologne Bonn Airport with Berlin Tegel Airport used as a secondary location for its helicopters.
Executive Transport Wing of the Federal Ministry of Defence (Flugbereitschaft des Bundesministeriums der Verteidigung) (Cologne Bonn Airport)
Wing Headquarters
Flight Group (Fliegende Gruppe)
Flight Group Headquarters
1. Air Transport Squadron (1. Lufttransportstaffel) (grey fleet)
Airbus A310 MRT 10+23 „Kurt Schumacher“
4x Airbus A310 MRTT 10+24 „Otto Lilienthal“, 10+25 „Hermann Köhl“, 10+26 „Hans Grade“, 10+27 „August Euler“)
2. Air Transport Squadron (2. Lufttransportstaffel) (white fleet)
2x Airbus A340-313X VIP (16+01 „Konrad Adenauer“, 16+02 „Theodor Heuss“)
Airbus A321-231 15+04 (ex. „Neustadt an der Weinstraße“ D-AISE of Lufthansa)
3x Airbus A319-133X CJ (15+01 - 15+03)
4x Bombardier Global Express 5000 (14+01 - 14+04)
3. Air Transport Squadron (3. Lufttransportstaffel) (white fleet) (Berlin Tegel Airport)
3x Eurocopter AS 532U2 Cougar (82+01 - 82+03)
Technical Group (Technische Gruppe)
Technical Group Headquarters
1. Technical Squadron (1. Technische Staffel) (maintains Airbus A310)
2. Technical Squadron (2. Technische Staffel) (maintains Airbus A319CJ, A321, A340-313X and Bombardier G5000)
Airfield Squadron (Flugplatzstaffel)
Due to the geographical detachment of the 3. Air Transport Squadron from the wing's main operating location at Cologne Bonn IAP and due to the specifics of its helicopter operations, the squadron is an integrated unit, which also includes ground technical personnel in addition to its air crews.
Aircraft
Current Fleet
Current Orders
Retired Fleet
References
Executive Transport
Category:Military units and formations established in 1974 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
John Raymond
John Raymond may refer to:
Politicians
John Raymond Jr. (1665–1737), member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from Norwalk
John B. Raymond (1844–1886), delegate from Dakota Territory to the United States House of Representatives
John Raymond (died 1782), British Member of Parliament for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis
John Raymond (MP for Reading) in 1529, MP for Reading
John Raymond (died 1560), MP for Maldon
Others
John Howard Raymond (1814–1878), American educator, university president and professor
John T. Raymond (1836–1887), American stage actor
John W. Raymond, U.S. Space Force general
John Raymond, 20th century literary critic for The Sunday Times
John Raymond, contestant on Survivor: Thailand in 2002
See also | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bașeu
The Bașeu is a right tributary of the river Prut in Romania. It discharges into the Prut near Ștefănești, on the border with Moldova. Its length is and its basin size is . It flows through the villages and towns Dămileni, Suharău, Bașeu, Hudești, Havârna, Gârbeni, Tătărășeni, Balinți, Galbeni, Negreni, Știubieni, Săveni, Vlăsinești, Sârbi, Hănești, Moara Jorii, Mihălășeni, Negrești, Păun, Năstase, Ștefănești.
Tributaries
The following rivers are tributaries to the river Bașeu (from source to mouth):
Left: Ursoi, Podriga, Bodeasa, Avrămeni, Sărata, Popoaia
Right: Podul Popii, Ciolac, Pâșcov, Balinți, Glodul Alb, Răchita
References
Trasee turistice – județul Botoșani
Category:Rivers of Romania
Category:Rivers of Botoșani County
Category:Tributaries of the Prut | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Isotropic radiation
Isotropic radiation is radiation that has the same intensity regardless of the direction of measurement, such as would be found in a thermal cavity. The radiation may be electromagnetic, sound or may be composed of elementary particles.
Category:Radiation | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Leslie Dreyer
Leslie Dreyer is a Bay Area-based artist, educator and organizer. She designs creative action, art, and media strategies for social justice initiatives, largely focused on global real estate speculation, hyper-gentrification, displacement, and the tech industry's impact on housing and inequality. The collaborative work often fuses public installation, guerrilla theatre, tactical media and smart mobs.
Career and work
Dreyer was the director of Parallax View: The Political Economy of Images for Cinematexas International Short Film Festival from 2003-2007 and also curated international and political films for Ann Arbor Film Festival in 2006 and 2007. She was a writer for ArtThreat from 2007-2010. In 2013, she directed and edited the documentary Ghosts of the River: Out of the Shadows for ShadowLight Productions.
Throughout 2011, Dreyer was an organizing artist with US Uncut's San Francisco chapter, which used creative direct action to draw attention to corporate tax avoidance and its links to social spending cuts.
From 2013-2016 she was an artist and member of Heart of the City Collective, which initiated the San Francisco tech bus protests. This fast-growing network of private shuttles that ferry tech workers to Silicon Valley are linked to rent increases and evictions in neighborhoods they serve. The first action resulted in over a hundred articles in local and international media and set off a series of tech bus blockades led by both Heart of the City and other grassroots groups. According to Berkeley professor Abigail De Kosnik, the resulting protests can be viewed as "synecdoches for the anger that many San Francisco residents feel towards technological privilege and its facilitation of a widening of a class divide in the city."
Since 2015 Dreyer has worked as an artist and anti-eviction organizer in collaboration with Housing Rights Committee of San Francisco, San Francisco Anti-Displacement Coalition, and Coalition on Homelessness. Dreyer has organized collaborative creative interventions at AirBnB's headquarters, in a burned-out affordable housing complex, and outside tech conferences.
Dreyer also lectures and organizes workshops focused on housing justice, techno-capitalism, surveillance, displacement, tactical performance, creative direct action, and media strategies rooted in on-the-ground movement work. She has presented work at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts, the DeYoung Museum, Berkeley Center for New Media, and the San Francisco Art Institute among others.
Awards
2018 San Francisco Arts Commission Grant in collaboration with Coalition on Homelessness for Stolen Belonging, a year-long initiative working in collaboration with San Francisco homeless residents to archive and spotlight personal items stolen and trashed by SF Police Department and City workers during their ongoing homeless sweeps.
2016 and 2018 UC Berkeley American Cultures Engaged Scholarship Artist in Residence.
2015-16 East Bay Fund for Artists Grant for Boom: The Art of Resistance gallery show
2014 The Murphy and Cadogan Contemporary Arts Award, SF Bay Area, CA
References
External links
Official website
Heart of the City Collective
Reclaim Disrupt
Boom the Art of Resistance exhibit
Take This Hammer: Art and Media Activism from the Bay Area at Yerba Buena Center for the Arts
Category:American artists
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Pirahã language
Pirahã (also spelled Pirahá, Pirahán), or Múra-Pirahã, is the indigenous language of the isolated Pirahã of Amazonas, Brazil. The Pirahã live along the Maici River, a tributary of the Amazon River.
Pirahã is the only surviving dialect of the Mura language, all others having become extinct in the last few centuries, as most groups of the Mura people have shifted to Portuguese. Suspected relatives, such as Matanawi, are also extinct. It is estimated to have between 250 and 380 speakers. It is not in immediate danger of extinction, as its use is vigorous and the Pirahã community is mostly monolingual.
The Pirahã language is most notable as the subject of various controversial claims; for example, that it provides evidence for linguistic relativity. The controversy is compounded by the sheer difficulty of learning the language; the number of linguists with field experience in Pirahã is very small.
Phonology
The Pirahã language is one of the phonologically simplest languages known, comparable to Rotokas (New Guinea) and the Lakes Plain language Obokuitai. There is a claim that Pirahã has as few as ten phonemes, one fewer than Rotokas, but this requires analyzing as an underlying . Although such a phenomenon is odd cross-linguistically, Ian Maddieson has found in researching Pirahã data that does indeed exhibit an unusual distribution in the language.
The 'ten phoneme' claim also does not consider the tones of Pirahã, at least two of which are phonemic (marked by an acute accent and either unmarked or marked by a grave accent in Everett), bringing the number of phonemes to at least twelve. Sheldon (1988) claims three tones, high (¹), mid (²) and low (³).
Phoneme inventory
When languages have inventories as small and allophonic variation as great as in Pirahã and Rotokas, different linguists may have very different ideas as to the nature of their phonological systems.
Vowels
Consonants
The segmental phonemes are:
is written .
Everett posits that is an allophone of the sequence .
Women sometimes substitute for .
The number of phonemes is thirteen, matching Hawaiian, if is counted as a phoneme, and there are just two tones; if is not phonemic, there are twelve phonemes, one more than the number found in Rotokas. (English, by comparison, has thirty to forty-five, depending on dialect.) However, many of these sounds show a great deal of allophonic variation. For instance, vowels are nasalized after the glottal consonants and (written h and x). Also,
: the nasal after a pause, the trill before .
: the nasal (an apical alveolar nasal) after a pause; is a lateral alveolar–linguolabial double flap that has only been reported for this language, where the tongue strikes the upper gum ridge and then strikes the lower lip. However, it is only used in certain special types of speech performances, and so might not be considered a normal speech sound.
: in women's speech, occurs as before , and "sometimes" elsewhere.
: in men's speech, word-initial and are interchangeable. For many people, and may be exchanged in some words. The sequences and are said to be in free variation with and , at least in some words.
Because of its variation, Everett states that is not a stable phoneme. By analyzing it as , he is able to theoretically reduce the number of consonants to seven.
Pirahã is sometimes said to be one of the few languages without nasals, with the voiced stops analyzed as underlyingly and :
However, an alternative analysis is possible. By analysing the voiced stops as underlyingly and , and the as , it could also be claimed to be one of the very few languages without velars:
The bilabially trilled affricate
In 2004, Everett discovered that the language uses a voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop, . He conjectures that the Pirahã had not used that phoneme in his presence before because they were ridiculed whenever non-Pirahã heard the sound. The occurrence of in Pirahã is all the more remarkable considering that the only other languages known to use it are the unrelated Chapacuran languages, Oro Win, and Wari’, spoken some west of the Pirahã area. Oro Win is a nearly extinct language (surviving only as the second language of a dozen or so members of the Wari’ tribe), which was discovered by Everett in 1994.
Lexicon
Pirahã has a few loan words, mainly from Portuguese. Pirahã "kóópo" ("cup") is from the Portuguese word "copo", and "bikagogia" ("business") comes from Portuguese "mercadoria" ("merchandise").
Kinship terms
Everett (2005) says that the Pirahã culture has the simplest known kinship system of any human culture. A single word, baíxi (pronounced ), is used for both mother and father (like English "parent" although Pirahã has no gendered alternative), and they appear not to keep track of relationships any more distant than biological siblings.
Numerals and grammatical number
According to Everett in 1986, Pirahã has words for 'one' (hói) and 'two' (hoí), distinguished only by tone. In his 2005 analysis, however, Everett said that Pirahã has no words for numerals at all, and that hói and hoí actually mean "small quantity" and "larger quantity". Frank et al. (2008) describes two experiments on four Pirahã speakers that were designed to test these two hypotheses. In one, ten spools of thread were placed on a table one at a time and the Pirahã were asked how many were there. All four speakers answered in accordance with the hypothesis that the language has words for 'one' and 'two' in this experiment, uniformly using hói for one spool, hoí for two spools, and a mixture of the second word and 'many' for more than two spools.
The second experiment, however, started with ten spools of thread on the table, and spools were subtracted one at a time. In this experiment, one speaker used hói (the word previously supposed to mean 'one') when there were six spools left, and all four speakers used that word consistently when there were as many as three spools left. Though Frank and his colleagues do not attempt to explain their subjects' difference in behavior in these two experiments, they conclude that the two words under investigation "are much more likely to be relative or comparative terms like 'few' or 'fewer' than absolute terms like 'one'".
There is no grammatical distinction between singular and plural, even in pronouns.
A 2012 documentary aired on the Smithsonian Channel reported that a school had been opened for the Pirahã community where they learn Portuguese and mathematics. As a consequence, observations involving concepts like the notion of quantity (which has a singular treatment in Pirahã language), became impossible, because of the influence of the new knowledge on the results. According to FUNAI the school is the responsibility of the Ministry of Education of Brazil.
Color terms
There is also a claim that Pirahã lacks any unique color terminology, being one of the few cultures (mostly in the Amazon basin and New Guinea) that only have specific words for light and dark. Although the Pirahã glossary in Daniel Everett's Ph.D. thesis includes a list of color words (p. 354), Everett (2006) now says that the items listed in this glossary are not in fact words but descriptive phrases (such as "(like) blood" for "red").
Syntax
Pronouns
The basic Pirahã personal pronouns are ti "I, we", gi or gíxai "you", hi "(s)he, they, this". These can be serially combined: ti gíxai or ti hi to mean "we" (inclusive and exclusive), and gíxai hi to mean "you (plural)", or combined with xogiáagaó 'all', as in "we (all) go".
There are several other pronouns reported, such as 'she', 'it' (animal), 'it' (aquatic animal), and 'it' (inanimate), but these may actually be nouns, and they cannot be used independently the way the three basic pronouns can. The fact that different linguists come up with different lists of such pronouns suggests that they are not basic to the grammar. In two recent papers, Everett cites Sheldon as agreeing with his (Everett's) analysis of the pronouns.
Sheldon (1988) gives the following list of pronouns:
Pronouns are prefixed to the verb, in the order SUBJECT-INDOBJECT-OBJECT where INDOBJECT includes a preposition "to", "for", etc. They may all be omitted, e.g., hi³-ti³-gi¹xai³-bi²i³b-i³ha³i¹ "he will send you to me".
For possession, a pronoun is used in apposition (zero-marking):
Thomason & Everett (2001) note the pronouns are formally close to those of the Tupian languages Nheengatu and Tenharim, which the Mura had once used as contact languages:
Both the Tupian and Pirahã 3rd-person pronouns can be used as demonstratives, as in Pirahã hi xobaaxai ti "I am really smart" (lit. "This one sees well: me"). Given the restricted set of Pirahã phonemes, the Pirahã pronouns ti and gi are what one would expect if the Tupian pronouns were borrowed, and hi differs only in dropping the a.
Verbs
Pirahã is agglutinative, using a large number of affixes to communicate grammatical meaning. Even the 'to be' verbs of existence or equivalence are suffixes in Pirahã. For instance, the Pirahã sentence "there is a paca there" uses just two words; the copula is a suffix on "paca":
Pirahã also uses suffixes that communicate evidentiality, a category lacking in English grammar. One such suffix, -xáagahá, means that the speaker actually observed the event in question:
(The suffix -sai turns a verb into a noun, like English '-ing'.)
Other verbal suffixes indicate that an action is deduced from circumstantial evidence, or based on hearsay. Unlike in English, in Pirahã speakers must state their source of information: they cannot be ambiguous. There are also verbal suffixes that indicate desire to perform an action, frustration in completing an action, or frustration in even starting an action.
There are also a large number of verbal aspects: perfective (completed) vs. imperfective (uncompleted), telic (reaching a goal) vs. atelic, continuing, repeated, and commencing. However, despite this complexity, there appears to be little distinction of transitivity. For example, the same verb, xobai, can mean either 'look' or 'see', and xoab can mean either 'die' or 'kill'.
The verbs are, however, zero-marked, with no grammatical agreement with the arguments of the verb.
According to Sheldon (1988), the Pirahã verb has eight main suffix-slots, and a few sub-slots:
Slot A:
intensive ba³i¹
Ø
Slot B:
causative/incompletive bo³i¹
causative/completive bo³ga¹
inchoative/incompletive ho³i¹
inchoative/completive hoa³ga¹
future/somewhere a²i³p.
future/elsewhere a²o³p
past a²o³b
Ø
Slot C:
negative/optative sa³i¹ + C1
Slot C1:
preventive ha³xa³
opinionated ha³
possible Ø
positive/optative a³a¹ti³
negative/indicative hia³b + C2
positive/indicative Ø + C2
Slot C2:
declarative a¹
probabilistic/certain i³ha³i¹
probabilistic/uncertain/beginning a³ba³ga³i¹
probabilistic/uncertain/execution a³ba³i¹
probabilistic/uncertain/completion a³a¹
stative i²xi³
interrogative1/progressive i¹hi¹ai¹
interrogative2/progressive o¹xoi¹hi¹ai¹
interrogative1 i¹hi¹
interrogative2 o¹xoi¹hi¹
Ø
Slot D:
continuative xii³g
repetitive ta³
Ø
Slot E:
immediate a¹ha¹
intentive i³i¹
Ø
Slot F:
durative a³b
Ø
Slot G:
desiderative so³g
Ø
Slot H:
causal ta³i¹o³
conclusive si³bi³ga³
emphatic/reiterative koi + H1
emphatic ko³i¹ + H1
reiterative i³sa³ + H1
Ø + H1
Slot H1:
present i³hi¹ai³
past i³xa¹a³ga³
pastImmediate a³ga³ha¹
These suffixes undergo some phonetic changes depending on context. For instance, the continuative xii³g reduces to ii³g after a consonant, e.g., ai³t-a¹b-xii³g-a¹ → ai³ta¹bii³ga¹ "he is still sleeping".
Also an epenthetic vowel gets inserted between two suffixes if necessary to avoid a consonant-cluster; the vowel is either i³ (before or after s, p, or t) or a³ (other cases), e.g., o³ga³i¹ so³g-sa³i¹ → o³ga³i¹ so³gi³sa³i¹ "he possibly may not want a field".
Conversely, when the junction of two morphemes creates a double vowel (ignoring tones), the vowel with the lower tone is suppressed: si³-ba¹-bo³-ga³-a¹ → si³ba¹bo³ga¹ "he caused the arrow to wound it".
For further details, see Sheldon's 1988 paper.
Embedding
Everett originally claimed that in order to embed one clause within another, the embedded clause is turned into a noun with the -sai suffix seen above:
The examples of embedding were limited to one level of depth, so that to say "He really knows how to talk about making arrows", you would need to use more than one sentence.
Everett has also concluded that because Pirahã does not have number-words for counting, does not allow recursive adjective-lists like "the green wealthy hunchbacked able golfer", and does not allow recursive possessives like "The child's friend's mother's house", a Pirahã sentence must have a length limit. This leads to the additional conclusion that there is a finite number of different possible sentences in Pirahã with any given vocabulary.
Everett has also recently reinterpreted even the limited form of embedding in the example above as parataxis. He now states that Pirahã does not admit any embedding at all, not even one level deep. He says that words that appear to form a clause in the example are actually a separate unembedded sentence, which, in context, expresses the same thought that would be expressed by a clause in English. He gives evidence for this based on the lack of specialized words for clause-formation, the pattern of coreferring tokens in the purported clause-constructions, and examples where the purported clause is separated from the rest of the sentence by other complete sentences.
Everett stated that Pirahã cannot say "John's brother's house" but must say, "John has a brother. This brother has a house." in two separate sentences.
According to Everett the statement that Pirahã is a finite language without embedding and without recursion presents a challenge for proposals by Noam Chomsky and others concerning universal grammar—on the grounds that if these proposals are correct, all languages should show evidence of recursive (and similar) grammatical structures.
Chomsky has replied that he considers recursion to be an innate cognitive capacity that is available for use in language but that the capacity may or may not manifest itself in any one particular language.
However, as Everett points out, the language can have recursion in ideas, with some ideas in a story being less important than others. He also mentions a paper from a recursion conference in 2005 describing recursive behaviors in deer as they forage for food. So to him, recursion can be a brain property that humans have developed more than other animals. He points out that the criticism of his conclusions uses his own doctoral thesis to refute his knowledge and conclusions drawn after a subsequent twenty-nine years of research.
Everett's observation that the language does not allow recursion has also been vigorously disputed by other linguists, who call attention to data and arguments from Everett's own previous publications, which interpreted the "-sai" construction as embedding. Everett has responded that his earlier understanding of the language was incomplete and slanted by theoretical bias. He now says that the morpheme -sai attached to the main verb of a clause merely marks the clause as 'old information', and is not a nominalizer at all (or a marker of embedding). More recently, the German linguist Uli Sauerland of the Zentrum für Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft at Humboldt University (Berlin) has performed a phonetic reanalysis of experimental data in which Pirahã speakers were asked to repeat utterances by Everett. Sauerland reports that these speakers make a tonal distinction in their use of "-sai" that "provides evidence for the existence of complex clauses in Piraha".
Recent controversy
Daniel Everett, over the course of more than two dozen papers and one book about the language, has ascribed various surprising features to the language, including:
One of the smallest phoneme inventories of any known language and a correspondingly high degree of allophonic variation, including two very rare sounds, and .
An extremely limited clause structure, not allowing for nested recursive sentences like "Mary said that John thought that Henry was fired".
No abstract color words other than terms for light and dark (though this is disputed in commentaries by Paul Kay and others on Everett (2005)).
The entire set of personal pronouns appears to have been borrowed from Nheengatu, a Tupi-based lingua franca. Although there is no documentation of a prior stage of Pirahã, the close resemblance of the Pirahã pronouns to those of Nheengatu makes this hypothesis plausible.
Pirahã can be whistled, hummed, or encoded in music. In fact, Keren Everett believes that current research on the language misses much of its meaning by paying little attention to the language's prosody. Consonants and vowels may be omitted altogether and the meaning conveyed solely through variations in pitch, stress, and rhythm. She says that mothers teach their children the language through constantly singing the same musical patterns.
Daniel Everett claims that the absence of recursion, if real, falsifies the basic assumption of modern Chomskyan linguistics. This claim is contested by many linguists, who claim that recursion has been observed in Pirahã by Daniel Everett himself, while Everett argues that those utterances that superficially seemed recursive to him at first were misinterpretations caused by his earlier lack of familiarity with the language. Furthermore, some linguists, including Chomsky himself, argue that even if Pirahã lacked recursion, that would have no implications for Chomskyan linguistics.
Pirahã and linguistic relativity
The concept of linguistic relativity postulates a relationship between the language a person speaks and how that person understands the world. The conclusions about the significance of Pirahã numeracy and linguistic relativity in Frank et al. (2008) are quoted below. In short, in this study the Pirahã were – by and large – able to match exact quantities of objects set before them (even larger quantities), but had difficulty matching exact quantities when larger quantities were set before them and then hidden from view before they were asked to match them.
A total lack of exact quantity language did not prevent the Pirahã from accurately performing a task which relied on the exact numerical equivalence of large sets. This evidence argues against the strong Whorfian claim that language for number creates the concept of exact quantity. […] Instead, the case of Pirahã suggests that languages that can express large, exact cardinalities have a more modest effect on the cognition of their speakers: They allow the speakers to remember and compare information about cardinalities accurately across space, time, and changes in modality. […] Thus, the Pirahã understand the concept of one (in spite of having no word for the concept). Additionally, they appear to understand that adding or subtracting one from a set will change the quantity of that set, though the generality of this knowledge is difficult to assess without the ability to label sets of arbitrary cardinality using number words. (emphasis added)
Being concerned that, because of this cultural gap, they were being cheated in trade, the Pirahã people asked Daniel Everett to teach them basic numeracy skills. After eight months of enthusiastic but fruitless daily study with Everett, the Pirahã concluded that they were incapable of learning the material and discontinued the lessons. Not a single Pirahã had learned to count up to ten or even to add 1 + 1.
Everett argues that test-subjects are unable to count for two cultural reasons and one formal linguistic reason. First, they are nomadic hunter-gatherers with nothing to count and hence no need to practice doing so. Second, they have a cultural constraint against generalizing beyond the present, which eliminates number-words. Third, since, according to some researchers, numerals and counting are based on recursion in the language, the absence of recursion in their language entails a lack of counting. That is, it is the lack of need that explains both the lack of counting-ability and the lack of corresponding vocabulary. However, Everett does not claim that the Pirahãs are cognitively incapable of counting.
Knowledge of other languages
Everett states that most of the remaining Pirahã speakers are monolingual, knowing only a few words of Portuguese. The anthropologist Marco Antonio Gonçalves, who lived with the Pirahã for 18 months over several years, writes that "Most men understand Portuguese, though not all of them are able to express themselves in the language. Women have little understanding of Portuguese and never use it as a form of expression. The men developed a contact 'language' allowing them to communicate with regional populations, mixing words from Pirahã, Portuguese and the Amazonian Língua Geral known as Nheengatu."
In recent work, Jeanette Sakel of the University of Manchester studied the use of Portuguese by Pirahã speakers. Everett states that the Pirahã use a very rudimentary Portuguese lexicon with Pirahã grammar when speaking Portuguese and that their Portuguese is so limited to very specific topics that they are rightly called monolingual, without contradicting Gonçalves (since they can communicate on a very narrow range of topics using a very restricted lexicon). Future research on developing bilingualism (Pirahã-Portuguese) in the community, along the lines of Sakel and Gonçalves, will provide valuable data for the discussion on speakers' grammatical competence (e.g. regarding the effect of culture). Although Gonçalves quotes whole stories told by the Pirahã, Everett (2009) claims that the Portuguese in these stories is not a literal transcription of what was said, but a free translation from the pidgin Portuguese of the Pirahã.
References
Bibliography
Dixon, R. M. W. and Alexandra Aikhenvald, eds., (1999) The Amazonian Languages. Cambridge University Press.
Everett, D. L. (1992) A Língua Pirahã e a Teoria da Sintaxe: Descrição, Perspectivas e Teoria (The Pirahã Language and Syntactic Theory: Description, Perspectives and Theory). Ph.D. thesis. (in Portuguese). Editora Unicamp, 400 pages; .
Everett, Daniel, (1986) "Piraha". In the Handbook of Amazonian Languages, vol I. Desmond C. Derbyshire and Geoffrey K. Pullum (eds). Mouton de Gruyter.
Everett, Daniel (1988) On Metrical Constituent Structure in Piraha Phonology. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 6: 207–246
Everett, Daniel and Keren Everett (1984) On the Relevance of Syllable Onsets to Stress Placement. Linguistic Inquiry 15: 705–711
Everett, Daniel 2005. Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language. Current Anthropology 46:621–646
Keren Everett (1998) Acoustic Correlates of Stress in Pirahã. The Journal of Amazonian Languages: 104–162. (Published version of University of Pittsburgh M.A. thesis.)
Sauerland, Uli. (2010). "[http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/001095 Experimental Evidence for Complex Syntax in Pirahã"]".
Sheldon, Steven N. (1974) Some Morphophonemic and Tone Perturbation Rules in Mura-Pirahã. International Journal of American Linguistics, v. 40 279–282.
Sheldon, Steven N. (1988) Os sufixos verbais Mura-Pirahã (= Mura-Pirahã verbal suffixes). SIL International, Série Lingüística Nº 9, Vol. 2: 147–175 PDF.
Thomason, Sarah G. and Daniel L. Everett (2001) Pronoun Borrowing. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistic Society 27. PDF.
Michael Frank (2008) "Number as a Cognitive Technology: Evidence from Pirahã Language and Cognition". PDF.
External links
Piraha Alphabet (at Omniglot)
Everett, Daniel. Home page ()
Pirahã language - by Professor Marco Antonio Gonçalves (UFRJ) in Encyclopedia of Indigenous People in BrazilPirahã Dictionary/ Dicionário Mura-Pirahã ()
Mura-Pirahã Dictionary
Etnolinguistica.Org: discussion list on native South American languages
NPR: Tribe Helps Linguist Argue with Prevailing Theory
Unlocking the Secret Sounds of Language: Life Without Time or Numbers — article in The IndependentBrazil's Pirahã Tribe: Living without Numbers or Time — Spiegel''
New Yorker article 'The Interpreter' (abstract)
Audio sample of sung Pirahã — two boys singing about a day's events
BBC Radio 4, The Material World: The Language of the Piraha — Prof. Daniel Everett discusses the linguistic significance of the language with Prof. Ian Roberts.
Daniel Everett: Endangered Languages and Lost Knowledge (video), presentation for the Rosetta Project
Sample1 and Sample2 of Pirahã, spoken by native speakers.
Audio recordings of words lists in Pirahã, spoken by native speakers.
Category:Agglutinative languages
Category:Muran languages
Category:Whistled languages
Category:Tonal languages | {
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Multi-field dictionary
A multi-field dictionary is a specialized dictionary that has been designed and compiled to cover the terms within two or more subject fields. Multi-field dictionaries should be contrasted with single-field dictionaries and sub-field dictionaries.
The typology consisting of these three dictionaries is important for a number of reasons. First of all, a multi-field dictionary is an example of the ordinary technical dictionary, covering numerous subject fields, e.g. banking, economics, finance, insurance and marketing.
The main problem with multi-field dictionaries is that they tend to cover one or two subjects extensively, whereas the vast majority of subject are only represented by a limited number of terms.
Secondly, the typical multi-field dictionary tends to be a minimizing dictionary, i.e. it covers only a limited number of terms within the subjects covered.
Thirdly, if the lexicographers intend to make a bilingual, maximizing multi-field dictionary they run into problems with the large amount of data that has to be included in the dictionary.
Consequently, the best coverage of linguistic and extra-linguistic aspects within the subject field covered by a dictionary will be found in a single-field dictionary.
Further reading
Sandro Nielsen: "Contrastive Description of Dictionaries Covering LSP Communication". In: Fachsprache/International Journal of LSP 3-4/1990, 129–136.
Category:Dictionaries by type | {
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Caitlin Brunell
Caitlin Brunell (born May 17, 1992 in Seattle, Washington) from Great Falls, Virginia won the Miss America's Outstanding Teen 2008 title in August 2007. In 2014, she was crowned Miss Alabama and represented the state at the Miss America 2015 competition where she was a Top Ten semi-finalist and the Quality of Life Award winner.
Early life
Brunell is the daughter of Stacey and Mark Brunell, a former NFL quarterback. She was home schooled through middle school and spent her freshman year at Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School. She attended high school at Providence School. She is a 2014 graduate of the University of Alabama.
Pageants
In 2007, Brunell won the Miss Greater Richmond's Outstanding Teen title and then the Miss Virginia's Outstanding Teen title. She represented Virginia in the third Miss America's Outstanding Teen pageant held on August 11, 2007 and won the title. She also won a preliminary evening gown award earlier in the week. In 2008, Caitlin also won the Miss Jacksonville's Teen USA 2008 in Florida.
She was also crowned Queen Shenandoah LXXXIV at the 84th Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival on April 30, 2011, in Winchester, Virginia. In 2012, she was chosen as Miss University of Alabama. In 2013, she was crowned Miss Rocket City and was a top-11 semi-finalist for Miss Alabama 2013.
In June 2014, competing as Miss Leeds Area, Brunell was crowned Miss Alabama. In September 2014, she represented the state at the Miss America 2015 pageant. She made the initial cut and competed in the swimwear, evening wear, and talent competitions to place in the top ten contestants as a semi-finalist but she was not one of the five finalists. Brunell won a Quality of Life Award for her community work with Caitlin's Closet.
Personal life
Brunell runs her own non-profit organization called "Caitlin's Closet", which collects donated prom gowns and distributes them to those in need.
References
External links
Miss Virginia's Outstanding Teen official website
Miss America's Outstanding Teen official website
Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School alumni
Category:Miss Alabama winners
Category:Miss America 2015 delegates
Category:Miss America's Outstanding Teen delegates
Category:People from Seattle
Category:People from Great Falls, Virginia
Category:University of Alabama alumni | {
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Mercer Raceway Park
Mercer Raceway Park is a 3/8-mile dirt oval located in Findley Township, Mercer County, just outside the northeast borough limits of Mercer, Pennsylvania. It is currently owned by Bill Altman. In 2018 the speedway has played host to a few events. The remaining event with be the 19th Annual Little Guys Nationals, October 5th and 6th.
Today, Mercer Raceway Park is one of the region's top dirt tracks running Saturday nights beginning late March and continuing into early October. Regular racing divisions included the 410 Sprints, 358 Modifieds, Outlaw Sprint Warriors, Mod Lites, Stock Cars and Mini Stocks. Touring series that visit the track include the: UFO Late Models, Auto Racers for Kids Charities, All Star Sprint Circuit of Champions, All-American Sprint Nationals Pulling, BRP Modified Tour, and ARDC Sprint Midgets.
Purchase and Management
Bill Altman is the current owner of the track, having purchased it from longtime owner and promoter Vicki Emig on April 30, 2010. Emig owned and operated the facility from 1999 through the start of 2010. Upon purchasing the track, Altman immediately increased the Sprint Car purse by over $1,000 to support the division.
Location
Mercer Raceway Park is located at 555 Fairground Road in Mercer, PA.
Western PA Sprint Championship
The event began in 1966 with a 100-lap endurance sprint race, seeing Ralph Quarterson as its first winner. Quarterson went on to win the next three events until the race was canceled in 1970. The Western PA Sprint Championship was revived in 1971 and remained a 100-lap event until 1977, where it was reduced to 50 laps.
The 1978 Western PA Sprint Championship was sanctioned by the World of Outlaws and was won by Johnny Beaber of Gibsonburg, OH. The race dropped to 40 laps in 1981 and was run once more in 1982 before a hiatus until 2004, during which the track was closed for nearly 11 years from 1982 - 1994.
As of 2010, there have been 21 races with 11 different winners: Ralph Quarterson (5), Bobby Allen (4), Johnny Beaber(2), Ed Lynch, Jr. (2), Brian Ellenberger (2), Kenny Weld (1), Jan Opperman (1), Buddy Cochran (1), Lynn Paxton (1), Lou Blaney (1), Carl Bowser (1).
History
Mercer Raceway Park is the site of the former Mercer County Fair and is one of the oldest dirt tracks in the nation with horse racing dating back to the 19th century. Mercer ran its first auto race on July 26, 1951.
References
External links
Mercer Raceway Park homepage
Category:Motorsport venues in Pennsylvania
Category:Buildings and structures in Mercer County, Pennsylvania
Category:Tourist attractions in Mercer County, Pennsylvania | {
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Ignatiana
Ignatiana may refer to:
a Syriac version of the Bible
a variant of the given name Tatyana
Species Latin names
Ignatiana philippinica, Loureiro, a synonym for Strychnos ignatia, a bean tree native to the Philippines and parts of China
Amphisbaena ignatiana, Vanzolini, 1991, a worm lizard species in the genus Amphisbaena found in Brazil | {
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Sin Piedad (2007)
Sin Piedad (2007) (Spanish for "No Mercy") was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) produced by Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL), which took place on December 7, 2007 in Arena México, Mexico City, Mexico. The 2007 Sin Piedad was the sixth event under that name that CMLL promoted as their last major show of the year, always held in December. The main event of Sin Piedad was originally supposed to be a tag team Lucha de Apuesta, hair vs. hair match between the teams of Shocker and Rey Bucanero and Black Warrior teaming with Lizmark Jr. but in the week before the show the partners were switched around to a relevos increíbles match where a Tecnico ("fan favorite") teams up with a "villain" so that Shocker teamed with Lizmark Jr. and Rey Bucanero teamed with Black Warrior. In the end Shocker forced Black Warrior to submit while Lizmark Jr. pinned Rey Bucanero to win the match. Following the match Rey Bucanero and Black Warrior were both shaved bald. The undercard featured a very intense singles match between L.A. Park and Perro Aguayo Jr. that had begun when L.A. Park returned to CMLL some months earlier and involved Aguayo Jr.'s group Los Perros del Mal. Los Perros ended up costing their leader the match as they attacked LA Park during the third and final match, causing a disqualification. The featured four additional matches, all Six-man "Lucha Libre rules" tag team matches with no major storyline build to it.
Production
Background
The Mexican wrestling company Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (Spanish for "World Wrestling Council"; CMLL) has held a number of major shows over the years using the moniker Sin Piedad ("No Pity" or "No Mercy"). CMLL has intermittently held a show billed specifically as Sin Piedad since 2000, primarily using the name for their "end of the year" show in December, although once they held a Sin Piedad show in August as well. CMLL has on occasion used a different name for the end-of-year show but Sin Piedad is the most commonly used name. All Sin Piedad shows have been held in Arena México in Mexico City, Mexico which is CMLL's main venue, its "home". Traditionally CMLL holds their major events on Friday Nights, which means the Sin Piedad shows replace their regularly scheduled Super Viernes show. The 2007 Sin Piedad show was the seventh show to use the name.
Storylines
The event featured six professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds, plots and storylines. Wrestlers were portrayed as either heels (referred to as rudos in Mexico, those that portray the "bad guys") or faces (técnicos in Mexico, the "good guy" characters) as they followed a series of tension-building events, which culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.
Results
References
Category:2007 in professional wrestling
Category:CMLL Sin Piedad | {
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Midnight Express
Midnight Express may refer to:
Books
Midnight Express (book), a 1977 book by Billy Hayes and William Hoffer
Film and TV
The Midnight Express (film), a 1924 romantic film
Midnight Express (film), a 1978 film dramatization of the book
Music
Midnight Express, a ballet dance show by Peter Schaufuss at London Coliseum
Albums
Midnight Express, the soundtrack album to the film Midnight Express by Giorgio Moroder
Midnight Express, alternate title of the album Oh, Boy! by Brotherhood of Man; also a song on the album
Midnight Express (EP), an extended play album by the band Gyroscope
Songs
"Midnight Express", by Brotherhood of Man from the album Oh, Boy!
"Midnight Express", an instrumental by rock band Extreme from Waiting for the Punchline
Other
The Midnight Express (professional wrestling), a professional wrestling tag team in the 1980s
Midnight Express (military operation), a 1993 rescue operation conducted by the Sri Lanka Army, led by Sarath Fonseka
Midnight Express (Transformers), several fictional characters in the various Transformers series in the Transformers robot superhero franchise. | {
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Jaisidhesvar Swami
Jaisidhesvar Swami is an Indian politician and a member of parliament to the 17th Lok Sabha from Solapur Lok Sabha constituency, Maharashtra. He won the 2019 Indian general election being a Bharatiya Janata Party candidate.
References
Category:17th Lok Sabha members
Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra
Category:Living people
Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:People from Solapur | {
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L'arène des rumeurs
L'Arène des rumeurs is the first album of the French rock group Zebda, released in 1992.
Liste des titres
Arabadub
Baudis
Mala diural
Minot des minorités
CNN
Singing
Le Masque au rade
La Bague à Danièle
Le Miroir
La France
Mala diural (À la Skabyle)
Baïonettes
D'Ève à Lise
References
Category:Zebda albums
Category:1992 debut albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Spoilum
Spoilum (active 1765–1805; Chinese name: Guan Zuolin) was a Chinese artist active in Guangzhou between 1785 and 1810, during the Old China Trade. He was the earliest oil painter in Canton. He painted portraits of Chinese and Western merchants and sea captains in the Western style painting with oil on canvas rather than ink on paper or silk in the Chinese style. He created paintings of Chinese hong merchants Eshing (silk merchant) and Puan Kee Qua. His portraits of Western merchants typically required a two- or three-hour sitting, and cost $10. He also mastered the European technique of reverse glass painting. Little is known of his life, although he was one of a family of painters, including his grandson Lam Qua, and is said to have traveled extensively in the West.
References
Further reading
Category:18th-century Chinese painters
Category:19th-century Chinese painters
Category:Artists from Guangzhou
Category:Chinese portrait painters
Category:Painters from Guangdong
Category:Qing dynasty painters | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Àngel Llàcer
Àngel Llàcer Pinós (born on 16 January 1974 in Barcelona, Spain) is a Spanish actor, television presenter and drama teacher.
He attended the Institut del Teatre de Barcelona (1996–1997), and completed his education in San Miniato (Italy) and Berlin. He has worked as a drama teacher at ESADE and on the TV show Operación Triunfo and made his directorial debut with A Midsummer Night's Dream.
Theatre
"Mala Sang" (1997)
"El Somni de Mozart" (1998)
"Mesura per Mesura" (1999)
"Corre la Veu" (1999)
"Mein Kampf" (1999)
"La botiga dels horrors" (2000)
"A Little Night Music" (2000–2001)
"The Full Monty" (2001).
"Salinger" (2002)
"El somni d'una nit d'estiu" (2002)
"Ja en tinc 30" (2004)
"Teatre sense animals" (2004)
"La màgia dels Kikids" (2005)
"Tenim un problema" (2005)
"Ya van 30" (2007)
"Què, el nou musical" (2008)
"Boeing, Boeing" (2009)
"La doble vida d'en John" (2010)
"Geronimo Stilton" (2010)
"Madame Melville" (2011)
Prizes
Premi Butaca 1998: Best Actor in a Musical: "El somni de Mozart".
Premi Butaca 2000: Best Actor in a Supporting Role: "Mein Kampf".
Nominated for Max award in 2002 "The Full Monty".
References
External links
Àngel Llàcer in IMDb
Category:Spanish male stage actors
Category:ESADE faculty
Category:Male actors from Barcelona
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Welcome to the Show (album)
Welcome to the Show is the debut album from the Danish band Evil Masquerade.
Track listing
"Intro (Ride of the Valkyries/Grand Opening)" – 1:42
"Welcome to the Show" – 3:10
"The Wind Will Rise" – 4:53
"Oh Harlequin" – 5:05
"Surprises in the Dark" – 5:35
"But You Were Smiling..." – 4:05
"Children of the Light" – 4:19
"Lucy the Evil" – 6:09
"Badinerie" – 1:36
"Deliver Us" – 5:17
"Evil Masquerade" – 4:07
The Japanese version of the album contains the bonus track:
Kimi ga Yo (君が代).
Personnel
Evil Masquerade
Henrik Flyman – guitar, vocals
Henrik Brockmann – lead vocals
Dennis Buhl – drums
Kasper Gram – bass
Additional musicians
Mats Olausson – keyboard
André Andersen – keyboard
Richard Andersson – keyboard
Lars Boutrup – keyboard
Stenbroens Drengekor – choir
Sanna Thor – laughter
Anders Juhl Nielsen – trumpet
Katja Handberg – pizzo violin
Monika Pedersen – vocals
Tommy Hansen – moog & bongo
Additional personnel
Written, composed, arranged and produced by Henrik Flyman.
First part of "Intro" is a newly arranged version of Richard Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries, "Badinerie" origins from the Orchestral Suite (BWV 1067) No. 2 in B minor for flute and strings by Johann Sebastian Bach,
"Deliver Us" by Göran Jacobsson/Henrik Flyman.
Recorded by Henrik Flyman at Digital Bitch, drums recorded by Peter Brander and Henrik Flyman at Media Sound.
Mixed by Steen Mogensen at Media Sound.
Mastered by Andy Horn at Famous Kitchen.
Paintings by Katja Handberg
Photos by Thomas Trane
Artwork by Gunbarrel Offensive Design
Originally released by Marquee/Avalon. Re-released by Dark Minstrel Music
Category:Evil Masquerade albums
Category:2004 debut albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Dingle Peninsula
The Dingle Peninsula (; anglicised as Corkaguiny, the name of the corresponding barony) is the northernmost of the major peninsulas in County Kerry. It ends beyond the town of Dingle at Dunmore Head, the westernmost point of Ireland and arguably Europe.
Name
The Dingle Peninsula is named after the town of Dingle. The peninsula is also commonly called Corca Dhuibhne (Corcu Duibne) even when those referring to it are speaking in English. Corca Dhuibhne, which means "seed or tribe of Duibhne" (a Goddess, a Gaelic clann name), takes its name from the túath (people, nation) of Corco Dhuibhne who occupied the peninsula in the Middle Ages and who also held a number of territories in the south and east of County Kerry.
Geography
The peninsula exists because of the band of sandstone rock that forms the Slieve Mish mountain range at the neck of the peninsula, in the east, and the Brandon Group of mountains, and the Mountains of the Central Dingle Peninsula further to the west. Ireland's highest mountain outside MacGillycuddy's Reeks, Mount Brandon at 951 m, forms part of a high ridge with views over the peninsula and North Kerry.
Conor Pass, which runs from Dingle on the south-western end of the peninsula towards Brandon Bay and Castlegregory in the north-east, is the highest mountain pass in Ireland, a narrow, twisting road; it weaves its way around the sharp cliff faces and past the high corrie lakes.
The Blasket Islands lie off the west coast. They are known for the literary and linguistic heritage of the former inhabitants. However, these remote islands have been uninhabited since the 1950s following an evacuation.
Culture and language
The western end of the peninsula is a Gaeltacht (Irish-speaking area) that has produced a number of nationally notable authors and poets; Ó Siochfhradha and Peig Sayers among others. This is the westernmost part of Ireland, and the village of Dún Chaoin is often jokingly referred to as "the next parish to America."
Archaeology
The peninsula is the location of numerous prehistoric and early medieval remains including:
Glanfahan, site of ancient dry-stone huts (clocháns)
Caherdorgan North, with medieval stone buildings
Ballywiheen, containing an ancient stone fort and monastic settlement
Kilmalkedar, monastic settlement with Ogham stone
Ferriter's Cove, at the western tip of the peninsula; and
Gallarus Oratory in the very west of the peninsula near the village of Baile an Fheirtéaraigh in Ard na Caithne.
Músaem Chorca Dhuibhne, situated in the village of Baile an Fheirtéaraigh (Ballyferriter) has exhibitions detailing the archaeology and history of the peninsula. Some of the exhibitions include Ogham stones, artefacts from the excavations at the nearby monastic site of Riasc (Reask) and objects on loan from the National Museum of Ireland.
Places of interest
The peninsula is known for the MV Ranga, a Spanish cargo vessel that wrecked on the coast in 1982.
Gallaunmore is a standing stone and National Monument.
Rahinnane Castle is a 15th-century castle built on a medieval ringfort.
In film
David Lean's 1970 film Ryan's Daughter takes place at a village on the Dingle Peninsula in the immediate aftermath of the 1916 Easter Rising, and was partly shot on location near Dún Chaoin, Coumeenole Beach, Slea Head and Inch Strand. Far and Away, a 1992 film directed by Ron Howard, was partly filmed on the peninsula.
The film Leap Year is partly set in the Dingle Peninsula, but none of the filming took place in the area.
Gallery
See also
Beara Peninsula
Eask tower
Iveragh Peninsula
Mount Brandon
Munster Irish
References
External links
2007 Comprehensive Gaeltacht Linguistic study
Destination Ireland: Dingle. Ireland's Homes Interiors & Living. No. 225. March 2014.
Category:Peninsulas of County Kerry
Category:Important Bird Areas of the Republic of Ireland
Category:Dingle | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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The Dig
The Dig may refer to:
The Dig (band), American rock band
The Dig (2018 film), a 2018 film
The Dig (upcoming film), a film due for 2020 release
"The Dig" (House), a 2011 episode of House
The Dig (novel), a 2007 novel by John Preston
The Dig (video game), a 1995 video game by LucasArts
See also
Dig (disambiguation) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Final Exit
Final Exit (fully titled Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying) is a 1991 book written by Derek Humphry, a British-born American journalist, author, and assisted suicide advocate who co-founded the now-defunct Hemlock Society in 1980 and co-founded the Final Exit Network in 2004. The book was first published in 1991 by the Hemlock Society USA in hardback. Next year its 2nd edition was published by Dell in trade paperback. The current updated edition was published in 2010.
The book, often described as a "suicide manual", describes the means that the terminally ill may use to end their lives. The book further outlines relevant laws, techniques, and living wills. Final Exit was perceived as controversial, and the book drove debate regarding the right to die. Another concern was that people who were mentally ill could use the information found in the book to end their lives. Despite the controversy, Final Exit reached #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list in August of 1991.
Final Exit Network claims that approximately 750,000 copies have been sold in the United States and Canada and approximately 500,000 elsewhere. The book is banned in France. Final Exit is Derek Humphry’s third book on the subject of self-euthanasia; it was preceded by Jean's Way (1978) and The Right to Die: Understanding Euthanasia (1986)
Success of the book
In 1991, Final Exit spent 18 weeks on The New York Times non-fiction Best Seller list, it reached #1 in August and was 25th on USA Today's April 2007 list of 25 books that leave a legacy.
It has been translated into 12 languages. The original English language version is in its third edition.
In 2000, Derek Humphry recorded a VHS video version of the information in the book; a DVD version and a Kindle version were released in 2006 and 2011, respectively. A 4th edition, 'Final Exit 2020' has been released as an Ebook.
The ethicist Peter Singer included it on a list of his top ten books in The Guardian.
References in pop culture
Industrial metal band Fear Factory uses quotes from Humphry's video in the last track, "Final Exit", of their seventh studio album Mechanize.
In a Christmas episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 Dr. Forrester gives TV's Frank a copy of the book as a gift after he reveals that he stole Frank's blood to pay for it.
In episode 11 of the sixth season of Married... with Children, Al Bundy can be seen reading this book while in bed.
In episode 6 of the first season of The Powers That Be (1992), Theodore Van Horne (David Hyde Pierce) reads this book in bed ticking off the methods he's tried.
Bill Hicks incorporated this book in several of his bootleg shows as a build-up to one of his controversial sketches on how euthanasia can make movies more interesting and believable, quoting a phrase "Put 'em in the movies...
In episode 10 of season one of the Showtime TV show Huff, Beth Huffstodt finds a copy of the book in her mother-in-law's closet and worries that her mother-in-law is planning to kill herself.
In the novel All My Puny Sorrows, suicidal Elfrieda orders a copy of this book and her husband and sister debate whether or not to dispose of it.
The book is mentioned in the novel The Treatment (where it is found in the house of a man who has committed suicide)
Humphry summarizes the world reaction to Final Exit in his memoir Good Life, Good Death (Carrel Books, NY, 2017)
On episode 14 of the final season of Golden Girls (“Old Boyfriends”), Rose is reading the personals column of their local newspaper for Sophia. One of the ads makes a reference to the Final Exit as one of the hobbies of an individual seeking a date partner.
The book is in the bathroom in the 2016 movie Sister Cities in which the mother, suffering from ALS planned her own exit.
See also
Euthanasia device
Final Exit Network
Suicide
Suicide methods
The Complete Manual of Suicide by Wataru Tsurumi
The Peaceful Pill Handbook by Philip Nitschke
References
Docker, Chris "Five Last Acts II and The Exit Path"
Humphry, Derek (1991). Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying. .
Humphry, Derek (2000). Supplement to Final Exit.
Humphry, Derek (2002). Final Exit: The Practicalities of Self-Deliverance and Assisted Suicide for the Dying, 3rd edition. . Delta Trade Paperback. Revised and updated.
Humphry, Derek (2002). Let Me Die Before I Wake & Supplement to Final Exit.
Humphry, Derek (2008) Good Life, Good Death: Memoir of an investigative reporter and pro-choice advocate. Hardcopy and eBook.
Sutherland, John (2008) Curiosities of Literature
External links
Category:1992 non-fiction books
Category:Books about suicide
Category:Suicide methods
Category:Self-help books
Category:Euthanasia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Duane Vermeulen
Daniel Johannes "Duane" Vermeulen (born 3 July 1986) is a rugby union player for the South Africa national team and Kubota Spears in the Japanese Top League, having previously represented the , and in South African domestic rugby, the , and in Super Rugby and in the Top 14. He was an instrumental part of South Africa winning the 2019 Rugby World Cup and received the Man of the Match award for his monumental effort in the final..
Career
Vermeulen plays as a Number eight but he is equally adept at playing both blindside and openside flanker.
He began his career in the Free State, playing for the Free State Cheetahs in the Currie Cup and the Cheetahs in the Super 14. He eventually followed his former coach Rassie Erasmus and joined the much larger and more competitive Western Province rugby union in 2009 after three seasons with the Free State.
Although putting in some strong displays for the Stormers in the 2010 Super 14 season, where the Stormers made it all the way to the final, and looking like being a certain selection for the Springboks, Vermeulen was not called into the Springbok squad that faced Wales, Italy and France. He was also omitted from the Springboks 2010 Tri Nations Series squad.
Before his first full international cap, he represented South Africa at the second level of international rugby, appearing for the Emerging Springboks. One highlight of his appearances for the Emerging Boks was being in the squad that performed against the British and Irish Lions, holding them to a 13–13 draw, during their tour to South Africa in 2009.
After a stand out Currie Cup domestic Rugby Season, Vermeulen was named as part of the 39-man preliminary training squad ahead of the 2010 end of year grand slam tour to the Northern Hemisphere. He was once again overlooked for selection in the final squad. Injuries plagued Vermeulen's 2011 and early 2012 seasons, however, after playing just 9 games of Super Rugby, was selected as part of Heyneke Meyer's squad for the away leg of the Rugby Championship.
Vermeulen has twice won the Currie Cup, in 2007 with the Free State and in 2012 with Western Province. In 2014, he was one of five nominees for the IRB Player of the Year award. He was then named captain of the Stormers for the 2015 Super Rugby season. Whilst out with a neck injury, in June 2015 Vermeulen flew to France to be unveiled as a post-2015 Rugby World Cup signing for Top 14 club RC Toulonnais.
After a short spell in Japan with Kubota Spears, Vermeulen travelled back to his home nation of South Africa as a -player, signing in October 2018.
International career
On 8 September 2012, Vermeulen made his international debut for South Africa, where he formed part of the starting lineup going up against Australia. He was selected again to start the following week against New Zealand in Dunedin, where South Africa lost by 10 points. On 29 September 2012, South Africa beat Australia 31 – 8, a victory which marked Vermeulen's first Springbok win.
He was selected for the Springboks' 2012 Northern Hemisphere tour. Vermeulen received a man of the match award for his performance against England at Twickenham during this tour, based on a number of vital turnovers on the ground, 15 hard tackles, and his role of primary ball carrier on the day.
On 2 November 2019, Vermeulen played in the 2019 Rugby World Cup Final against England. He was part of the South African team that won their third World Cup at the Yokohama Stadium in Japan. He was awarded a man of the match award for his performance where he made a number of vital contributions, including 10 carries, making 49 meters (both the most in the match) and 2 turnovers.
Test Match Record
Pld = Games Played, W = Games Won, D = Games Drawn, L = Games Lost, Tri = Tries Scored, Pts = Points Scored
International Tries
Super Rugby Statistics
References
External links
Stormers profile
WP rugby profile
itsrugby profile
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Mbombela
Category:South African rugby union players
Category:South Africa international rugby union players
Category:Stormers players
Category:Western Province (rugby team) players
Category:Cheetahs (rugby union) players
Category:Free State Cheetahs players
Category:Pumas (rugby team) players
Category:Rugby union flankers
Category:Rugby union number eights
Category:White South African people
Category:Super Rugby players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Pomerantsev
Pomerantsev () is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alexander Pomerantsev (1849—1918), Russian architect
Boris Ivanovich Pomerantsev (1903-1939), Russian acarologist
Peter Pomerantsev (born 1977), Soviet-born British journalist, author and TV producer
Category:Russian-language surnames | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Adrapsa despecta
Adrapsa despecta is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Francis Walker in 1865. It is found in India and Sri Lanka.
References
External links
Category:Moths of Asia
Category:Moths described in 1865
Category:Herminiinae | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Steve Dignan
Stephen E. Dignan (May 16, 1859 – July 11, 1881) was an American Major League Baseball outfielder from Boston, Massachusetts, who played for the Boston Red Caps and Worcester Ruby Legs during the season. He died in his hometown of Boston at the age of 22, and is interred at Mount Calvary Cemetery, in Roslindale, Boston, Massachusetts.
References
External links
Category:1859 births
Category:1881 deaths
Category:Baseball players from Massachusetts
Category:Major League Baseball right fielders
Category:Boston Red Caps players
Category:Worcester Ruby Legs players
Category:19th-century baseball players
Category:Nationals of Washington players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ricardo Valter da Costa
Ricardo Valter da Costa (born 1 May 1981 in Goiânia) is a Brazilian football player, who currently plays for UFC Strallegg.
Career
Ricardo played for Atlético Goianiense before joined Zrinjski Mostar in summer 2003. He was on loan to Hajduk Split in January 2005. In this period he had a short spell with FC Metalurh Donetsk during the first half of the 2005-06 season. In January 2006, he was transferred to NK Međimurje and signed after one and a half year with NK Široki Brijeg. After four and a half year in Bosnia last with NK Široki Brijeg, joined in January 2009 to SC Weiz, he played six months in the Austrian Regional League Central with the team, before signed for League rival WAC St. Andrä in July 2009.
References
External sources
Ricardo at ogol.com.br
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Brazilian footballers
Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Category:Atlético Clube Goianiense players
Category:HŠK Zrinjski Mostar players
Category:NK Međimurje players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Croatia
Category:NK Široki Brijeg players
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Expatriate footballers in Austria
Category:Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Austria | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Borchardt
Borchardt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Alice Borchardt (1939-2007), American writer of historical fiction, fantasy and horror
Carl Wilhelm Borchardt (1817-1880), German mathematician
Dietrich Borchardt (1916-1997), Australian librarian and bibliographer
Erich Borchardt (1913-1944), Oberfeldwebel in the Wehrmacht
Francis J. Borchardt, American politician
Georges Borchardt, American literary agent
Herbert Borchardt (1914-1944), Leutnant of the Reserves in the Wehrmacht
Hugo Borchardt (1844-1924), German firearms inventor and engineer
Jan-Christoph Borchardt (born 1989), German open source interaction designer
Jon Borchardt (born 1957), American football guard
Julian Borchardt (1868-1932), socialist activist
Mark Borchardt (born 1966), American independent filmmaker
Curtis Borchardt (born 1980), American basketball player
Karol Olgierd Borchardt (1905-1986), Polish writer and captain
Knut Borchardt (born 1929), German researcher
Ludwig Borchardt (1863-1938), German Egyptologist
Paul Borchardt (1886-1953), German archaeologist
Siegfried Borchardt (born 1953), German neo-Nazi politician
Susan King Borchardt (born 1981), American basketball player
See also
7.65×25mm Borchardt,
Borchardt C-93 (1844-1921)
Sharps-Borchardt Model 1878
STS Kapitan Borchardt, Polish sail training ship
Burchard (disambiguation) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Susie Cagle
Susie Cagle is an American journalist and editorial cartoonist whose work has appeared in The American Prospect, AlterNet, The Awl, GOOD, and others. Cagle is based in Oakland, California.
She has reported on subjects including the experience of living in California's "wildfire country" and the effect of climate change on drought cycles, Drug Enforcement Administration raids of California medical marijuana facilities, the emergence of "sharing economy" start-up companies as a form of "disaster capitalism," and the Occupy Oakland portion of Occupy Wall Street.
Early life and education
Cagle is the daughter of editorial cartoonist Daryl Cagle. She went to high school in Calabasas, California, and is a graduate of the University of California, Santa Barbara's College of Creative Studies (2005) and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism (2006).
Career
She was a cartoonist at The San Francisco Appeal from 2010 to 2011, and later worked as a staff writer and illustrator at Grist.
Despite holding a press pass while covering Occupy Oakland, Cagle was arrested on two separate occasions—making her the first professional journalist to be arrested more than once while covering Occupy-related events. After her first arrest, the Society of Professional Journalists sent a letter to the Oakland Police Department condemning the action. Her second arrest occurred during a kettle at an Occupy Oakland event. At the time, she carried an active press credential from the Freelancers' Guild and an expired press credential issued by the Oakland Police Department.
Cagle's work was the subject of a solo show at San Francisco Cartoon Art Museum in 2012. She was selected by the International Women's Media Foundation for a 2013 Women Entrepreneurs in the Digital News Frontier grant.
She has a John S. Knight Journalism fellowship at Stanford University for 2015-16, with a focus on "How can we better support the growing field of professional media freelancers?"
References
External links
LocalWiki: Oakland: Susie Cagle
Prison Legal News: articles by Susie Cagle
Category:American editorial cartoonists
Category:American women journalists
Category:Artists from Oakland, California
Category:Artists from the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism alumni
Category:Living people
Category:People from Calabasas, California
Category:People from Oakland, California
Category:Artists from Stamford, Connecticut
Category:University of California, Santa Barbara alumni
Category:Writers from the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Saint Sarah (disambiguation)
Saint Sarah may refer to:
Saint Sarah, Sara-la-Kali, patron saint of the Roma
Sarah, wife of the patriarch Abraham
Saint Sarah (Hannah Montana), a recurring character in the television show Hannah Montana
See also
Sarah (female name)
Sarah | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Quasi-realism
Quasi-realism is the meta-ethical view which claims that:
Ethical sentences do not express propositions.
Instead, ethical sentences project emotional attitudes as though they were real properties.
This makes quasi-realism a form of non-cognitivism or expressivism. Quasi-realism stands in opposition to other forms of non-cognitivism (such as emotivism and universal prescriptivism), as well as to all forms of cognitivism (including both moral realism and ethical subjectivism).
Overview
Simon Blackburn derived quasi-realism from a Humean account of the origin of our moral opinions, adapting Hume's genealogical account in the light of evolutionary game theory. To support his case, Blackburn has issued a challenge, Blackburn's Challenge, to anyone who can explain how two situations can demand different ethical responses without referring to a difference in the situations themselves. Because this challenge is effectively unmeetable, Blackburn argues that there must be a realist component in our notions of ethics.
However, argues Blackburn, ethics cannot be entirely realist either, for this would not allow for phenomena such as the gradual development of ethical positions over time. In his 1998 book, Ruling Passions, Blackburn likens ethics to Neurath's boat, which can be changed plank by plank over time, but cannot be refitted all at once for risk of sinking. Similarly, Blackburn's theory can explain the existence of rival ethical theories, for example as a result of differing cultural traditions - his theory allows both to be legitimate, despite their mutual contradictions, without dismissing both views through relativism. Thus, Blackburn's theory of quasi-realism provides a coherent account of ethical pluralism. It also answers John Mackie's concerns, presented in his argument from queerness, about the apparently contradictory nature of ethics.
Quasi-realism, a meta-ethical approach, enables ethics based on actions, virtues and consequences to be reconciled. Attempts have been made to derive from it a comprehensive theory of ethics, such as Iain King's quasi-utilitarianism in his book How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time (2008).
Criticisms
Despite gaining some of the better qualities of the component theories from which it is derived, quasi-realism also picks up vulnerabilities from these different components. Thus, it is criticised in some of the ways that moral realism is criticised, for example by Fictionalism (see below); it is also attacked along with expressivism and other non-cognitive theories (indeed it has been regarded by some as a sub-category of expressivism).
Fictionalism
It has been claimed that Blackburn's programme is fictionalist, which he himself disputes. However, there are certainly continuities between both approaches. Blackburn argues that moral fictionalism is tantamount to us claiming to hold attitudes that we do not really have; that we are in some way insincere. In support of his argument, Blackburn invokes Locke's theory of colour, which defines colours as dispositional (that is, in the eye of the beholder) but in some way reliant upon facts about the world. Blackburn buttresses these arguments by further examples of quasi-realism in our understanding of the world beyond ethics.
This means that, though the moral fictionalist is in some ways having cake and eating it, the quasi-realist has a seemingly even more difficult position to defend. They may feel secure in disagreeing with Bentham that talk of natural rights is "nonsense upon stilts" but they would also argue that such rights could not be said to exist in a realist sense. Quasi-realism captures in some important ways the structure of our ethical experience of the world and why we can assert claims such as "It is wrong to be cruel to children" as if they were facts even though they do not share the properties of facts; namely the inference of independent truth-values.
From this position, Blackburn's "way forward" is to re-assert Hume's 'common point of view', or the ethical discourse common to mankind. Blackburn's thought is that though relativists and realists can agree that certain statements are true within a certain discourse, a quasi-realist investigates why such discourses have the structures that they do.
Frege–Geach problem
The coherence of Blackburn's quasi-realism has been challenged most notably by the Frege–Geach problem, which assert Blackburn's position is self-contradictory. Advocates of Blackburn's view, however, would contend that quasi-realism in fact provides an antidote to the Frege–Geach problem by placing different moral claims in context. There is an important difference, claim the quasi-realists, between saying It is wrong to tell lies, and It is wrong to get your brother to tell lies. Indeed, say the quasi-realists, the Frege–Geach argument exposes the insensitivity of some moral realist discourse to the complexity of ethical statements.
References
Category:Meta-ethics
Category:Ethical theories
Category:Philosophical realism | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Victoria Botanical Gardens
The Victoria Botanical Gardens (also called Mont Fleuri Botanical Gardens Seychelles) in Seychelles was established in 1901 by Mr. Paul Evenor Rivalz Dupont (Director of Agricultural Services and Naturalist of Seychelles). Today the Ministry of Environment is responsible for the Botanical Gardens and has its headquarters in it. The main objective of the gardens is to contribute towards the national efforts in environmental education, plant conservation, landscape management, passive recreation and eco-tourism.
External links
section of Seychelles Ministry of Environment.
The Botanical Garden of Victoria an article and photos.
Category:Victoria, Seychelles | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Neale Burgess
Neale Ronald Burgess (born 17 August 1956) is an Australian politician. He has been a Liberal Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since 2006, representing the electorate of Hastings.
Political career
Burgess was preselected as the Liberal candidate for the Labor-held seat of Hastings for the 2006 state election, and succeeded in winning back the traditionally conservative district for the Liberal Party.
Voted against the Abortion Law Reform Bill 2008.
Burgess voted for banning anti abortion protesters from protesting outside abortion clinics. In May 2018 he revealed he had changed his mind on the issue and now is opposed buffer zones.
Burgess is opposed to the AGL Energy proposal for a floating storage regasification unit at Crib Point. Burgess supports electrification of the train line from Frankston to Baxter. Burgess also stated his support for electrifying the train line to Stony point after it has been done at Baxter, as extending to Baxter is only the first stage.
The claim from the Leader of the Victorian Opposition Matthew Guy that those who attended the Lobster Cave dinner that alleged Mafia member Tony Madafferi attended, had not given donations to the Liberals was contradicted by one of the dinner's guests, Frank Lammatina, being present at an event for Burgess.
In April 2015 Burgess and Opposition police spokesman Edward O'Donohue were accused by Police Minister Wade Noonan of misleading the public over the status of the new Somerville police station.
Burgess supports the ban on plastic bags.
In May 2018 Burges claimed the Andrews Labor government had destroyed multiple small cleaning organisations and replaced it with something that "rips off workers."
Burgess supported his community by writing to Labor Minister Luke Donnellan about the Hawkins road near Baxter regarding the condition of the road.
Personal life
Burgess was born in Melbourne and grew up in Tocumwal. He is the father of three children.
In 1994, Burgess completed a Bachelor of Laws (with Honours) at the Queensland University of Technology, and was later admitted to the Bar. He worked for a number of years as a criminal law barrister. He operated a technology consulting business before entering politics.
References
External links
Parliamentary voting record of Neale Burgess at Victorian Parliament Tracker
Category:1956 births
Category:Liberal Party of Australia members of the Parliament of Victoria
Category:Members of the Victorian Legislative Assembly
Category:Living people
Category:Queensland University of Technology alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Nihon Ad Systems
, NAS for short, is a Japanese anime production and character merchandising company, a wholly owned subsidiary of the advertising agency Asatsu-DK. The "Ad" in its title is an abbreviation for "Animation Development". Along with animation studios Sunrise, Toei Animation and TMS Entertainment, it is co-founder and shareholder of the Japanese anime television network Animax. It has its headquarters in Toranomon Hills, Minato, Tokyo.
List of productions
TV series
Chikkun Takkun
High School! Kimengumi
Tsuide ni Tonchinkan
Dragon Quest
Genji Tsūshin Agedama
Hime-chan's Ribbon
Akazukin Chacha
Captain Tsubasa J
Dino Adventure Jurassic Tripper
Ai Tenshi Densetsu Wedding Peach
Nurse Angel Ririka SOS
Neon Genesis Evangelion
Mizuiro Jidai
Kodomo no Omocha
Kero Kero Chime
Beast Wars II: Super Life-Form Transformers
Super Life-Form Transformers: Beast Wars Neo
Hatsumei Boy Kanipan
Cho Hatsumei Boy Kanipan
Maso Kishin Cybuster
Medarot
Bikkuriman 2000
Kyoro-chan
Transformers: Car Robots
Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters
Medarot Damashii
The Powerpuff Girls (TV Tokyo version)
Fruits Basket
Ask Dr. Rin!
Shaman King
Dennō Bōkenki Webdiver
The Prince of Tennis
Forza! Hidemaru
Bakuto Sengen Daigunder
Rockman.EXE
Full Moon o Sagashite
Bomberman Jetters
Shin Megami Tensei: D-Children - Light & Dark
Dragon Drive
Super Robot Life-Form Transformers: Legend of the Microns
Boken Yuki Pluster World
Tank Knights Portriss (co-production)
Transformers: Superlink
Sgt. Frog
Get Ride! Amdriver
Onmyō Taisenki
Kappa no Kaikata
Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters GX
Eyeshield 21
Twin Princess of Wonder Planet
Ginga Legend Weed
Kotencotenco
Humanoid Monster Bem
Twin Princess of Wonder Planet Gyu!
Kōtetsu Sangokushi
Kamichama Karin
Zombie-Loan
Dragonaut: The Resonance
Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's
Vampire Knight
Natsume's Book of Friends
Natsume's Book of Friends Continued
Mainichi Kaasan
Pretty Rhythm: Aurora Dream
Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal
Natsume's Book of Friends Three
Kimi to Boku.
New Prince of Tennis
Natsume's Book of Friends Four
Kuroko no Basuke
Sengoku Collection
Ginga e Kickoff!!
Chōyaku Hyakunin isshu: Uta Koi
My Little Monster
Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal II
Day Break Illusion
Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V
Bakumatsu Rock
Akame ga Kill!
Gugure! Kokkuri-san
Sengoku Musou
Blood Blockade Battlefront
Rokka no Yuusha
Kamisama Minarai: Himitsu no Cocotama
Hacka Doll The Animation
Dance with Devils
Cheer Boys!!
Matoi the Sacred Slayer
Natsume's Book of Friends Five
Nanbaka
ACCA: 13-Territory Inspection Dept.
Anonymous Noise
Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS
Natsume's Book of Friends Six
Aho-Girl
Tsuredure Children
Ore-tacha Yokai Ningen
School Babysitters
Hinomaru Sumo
Magical Sempai
Are You Lost?
In/Spectre
Films
Battle Fighters Garou Densetsu (TV film)
Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo: The Movie
Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari Kōen-mae Hashutsujo: The Movie 2: UFO Shūrai! Tornado Daisakusen!!
Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters: Pyramid of Light
Keroro Gunsō the Super Movie
Chō Gekijōban Keroro Gunsō 2: Shinkai no Princess de Arimasu!
Forest of Piano
Keroro Gunso the Super Movie 3: Keroro vs. Keroro Great Sky Duel
Yu-Gi-Oh! The Movie: Super Fusion! Bonds That Transcend Time
Yu-Gi-Oh!: The Dark Side of Dimensions
Wakaokami wa Shogakusei!
Web series
Penguin Musume
7 Seeds
Kengan Ashura
References
External links
Official site
Category:Animax
Category:Anime companies
Category:Media companies established in 1975
Category:1975 establishments in Japan
Category:Media companies based in Tokyo
Category:Business services companies established in 1975 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sanctuaries in Silesia
The following is a list of sanctuaries in Silesia.
In the last 20 years there has been a noticeable increase in the pilgrimage movement in Poland, triggered by the papacy of John Paul II. The main sanctuary of Poland is the Pauline Monastery on Jasna Góra in Częstochowa. Millions of pilgrims from Poland and all over the world make their way there every year. There are also many other sacred places which people can visit:
Piekary Slaskie
Dabrowa Gornicza
Katowice Bugocice
Katowice Panewniki
Mstow
Myszkow Mrzyglod
Pszow
Skoczow
Turza
Żarki Lesniow
External links
travel guide
Category:Christianity in Poland
Category:Silesia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lycée Alfred Kastler (Dourdan)
Lycée Alfred Kastler is a senior high school in Dourdan, Essonne, France, in the Paris metropolitan area.
History
The lycée professionnel de Dourdan opened in 1972. Its current building began construction in 1983, finished construction in January 1985, and opened with its current name in February 1985. It became a comprehensive (polyvalent) school in 1991.
References
External links
Lycée Alfred Kastler
Category:1972 establishments in France
Category:Educational institutions established in 1972
Category:Lycées in Essonne | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
Sardar Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan (also known as ʻAbdul Qayyūm K̲h̲ān, Urdu:سردار محمد عبدالقيوم) was a Kashmiri politician who also served as the President and the Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK). He also remained President of All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference for over 20 years.
Early life and career
Sardar Abdul Qayyum was born on 4 April 1924 in Ghaziabad, Bagh tehsil (Poonch jagir), then part of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. After completing his secondary education in Jammu, he joined the Engineers Corps of the British Indian Army and served in Africa and the Middle East.
1947 Kashmir conflict
He actively participated in the Kashmiri freedom struggle. His title Mujahid-e-Awwal (the first holy warrior) is based on the belief that he is the person who fired the first shot in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.
Political career
In 1951, he joined the All Jammu and Kashmir Muslim Conference. He was elected president of this body a record 14 times during his lifetime.
He was elected as President of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) state three times in 1956, 1971 and 1985. "Towards the end of his term, his relations with then Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto started turning sour. As a result in 1974, Sardar Abdul Qayyum Khan was removed from the office of the president through a vote of no confidence."
He also remained Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir from 1991 to 1996. In 2002, he was made chairman of the National Kashmir Committee. His son Sardar Attique Ahmed Khan also became Prime Minister of Azad Kashmir in 2006 and then again in 2010.
Writer
He is the author of dozens of books on the Kashmir Freedom Struggle (Kashmir conflict). He also wrote on political, mystic, spiritual and religious topics. Some of the publications include:
Kashmir seeks attention
Kashmir problem : options for settlement? : a geopolitical analysis
Kashmīr bane gā Pākistān.
Āzād Kashmīr men̲ Islāmī qavānīn kā nafāz̲, on the enforcement of Islamic laws in Azad Kashmir during 1971–1975; speeches and articles previously published separately in various journals.
Muqaddamah-yi Kashmīr, a historical study on the Kashmir dispute.
Death and legacy
He died in Rawalpindi on 10 July 2015. The Azad Kashmir government announced a three-day mourning period on his death.
See also
Presidents of Kashmir
Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas
References
Category:1924 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:People from Azad Kashmir
Category:Presidents of Azad Kashmir
Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Kashmir
Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Denis Renaud
Denis Renaud (born 20 September 1974) is a French football manager. Following a modest playing career, he took up his first managerial position at the age of 22. After a brief spell at Vertou, Renaud spent 12 seasons at Carquefou, leading the team to three promotions during his reign. His first taste of professional football management came in 2015 when he was appointed manager of Paris.
Playing career
Renaud came through the youth system at his hometown club, Nantes, but never broke into the senior team. After playing several games for the reserve side during the 1990–91 season, he transferred to Championnat de France Amateur (CFA) club Cholet in the summer of 1991. He stayed there for just one season before joining Vertou, where he played for two seasons before retiring from playing in 1994 to take up studies in physical education.
Managerial career
After almost becoming a teacher, Renaud began his managerial career at the age of 22 when he joined French lower-league club La Haye-Fouassière. In 2001, he returned to his former club Vertou as manager, but left after one season to join Carquefou. While at Carquefou he guided the team to promotion to the CFA twice, in 2004 and again in 2009. In 2008 the team reached the quarter-finals of the Coupe de France, beating established sides including Marseille before being knocked out by Paris Saint-Germain. A highly successful 2011–12 season in which the team amassed 105 points saw the club promoted to the Championnat National, the third tier of French football, for the first time in their history. Carquefou spent two seasons in the division before being demoted to the regional leagues after experiencing financial difficulties, signalling the end of Renaud's reign.
On 5 June 2015, Renaud was appointed manager of newly promoted Ligue 2 side Paris FC, replacing Christophe Taine. Under his guidance, the team won only one of their first sixteen games of the season, a 3–0 home victory against Le Havre. On 28 November 2015, Renaud was dismissed from his post and replaced by Jean-Luc Vasseur. After spending several months without a job, it was announced on 9 May 2016 that Renaud would take up the position of head coach at Chamois Niortais following the departure of Régis Brouard.
References
Category:1974 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Nantes
Category:Association football defenders
Category:French footballers
Category:SO Cholet players
Category:USSA Vertou players
Category:French football managers
Category:USSA Vertou managers
Category:USJA Carquefou managers
Category:Paris FC managers
Category:Chamois Niortais F.C. managers
Category:Footballers from Brittany | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dülmen station
Dülmen station is one of two operating tower stations (of six that formerly operated) in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is located in Dülmen in western Münsterland. It is at the crossing of the Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg and the Dortmund–Enschede railways.
History
The Cologne-Minden Railway Company (, CME) received a concession on 28 May 1866 to build a railway from Wanne to Osnabrück. This would be part of the inter-regional Hamburg–Venlo railway, which in turn would be part of an international Paris–Hamburg railway. On 1 January 1870, the CME started passenger operations on the first section between Wanne station (now Wanne-Eickel Central Station (Hauptbahnhof)) on its trunk line and Münster station (now Münster (Westfalen) Hauptbahnhof) and it opened the first Dülmen station at the same time.
Germany and the Netherlands agreed on 13 November 1874 to establish a direct rail link between Enschede and Dortmund. The Dortmund-Gronau-Enschede Railway Company (Dortmund-Gronau-Enscheder Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft, DGE) was established for this purpose and the first section was opened to Lünen station (now Lünen Nord) already on 25 November 1874. Dülmen DGE station was opened half a kilometre northwest of the Cologne-Minden station on 15 June 1875 and a grade-separated crossing was created during the building of the next section of the DGE to Dülmen. On 1 August 1875, the line was extended to the Coesfeld (Westf) station. After the nationalisation of the (nominally) private railway companies and their absorption by the Prussian state railways, Dülmen DGE station was renamed Dülmen Ost (east) station, although it was just west of the Cologne-Minden station.
With the construction of a curve north of the station between the two previously independent lines connecting the lines towards Coesfeld and Münster, the station became a junction station in practice. In the 1950s, passengers operations were moved from Dülmen Ost station to a high-level platform built at Dülmen station, so that Dülmen station was now a “tower” station (Turmbahnhof, that is a station with superimposed platforms on two levels). The connecting curve was closed and dismantled in the 1990s.
East of the station there was formerly a connecting curve connecting the lines towards Münster and Lünen. This was destroyed in the Second World War and was never rebuilt; the rest of the track is still used as a siding. Neither connecting curves were used for passenger services.
The station building that was opened on 20 May 1964 is located on the corner of the intersection that is north of the Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg line and west of the Dortmund–Enschede line. The station building built by the Cologne-Minden Railway Company was demolished in 1977.
Train services
The station is served by the following services:
Local service Rhein-Haard-Express Düsseldorf - Duisburg - Essen - Recklinghausen - Dülmen - Münster
Local service Niers-Haard-Express Münster – Haltern am See – Recklinghausen – Gelsenkirchen – Essen – Mülheim – Duisburg – Krefeld – Viersen – Mönchengladbach
Local service Westmünsterland-Bahn Enschede - Gronau - Coesfeld - Dülmen - Lünen - Dortmund
Notes
External links
Category:Railway stations in North Rhine-Westphalia
Category:Railway stations opened in 1870
Category:Buildings and structures in Coesfeld (district)
Category:1870 establishments in Germany | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Zearchaea
Zearchaea is a genus of spiders in the Mecysmaucheniidae family. It was first described in 1946 by Wilton. , it contains 2 species from New Zealand.
References
Category:Mecysmaucheniidae
Category:Araneomorphae genera
Category:Spiders of New Zealand | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lugenge
Lugenge is a town and ward in Njombe Urban District in the Njombe Region of the Tanzanian Southern Highlands.
Notes
Category:Populated places in Njombe Region
Category:Wards of Tanzania | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
AGM-88 HARM
The AGM-88 HARM (High-speed Anti-radiation Missile) is a tactical, air-to-surface anti-radiation missile designed to home in on electronic transmissions coming from surface-to-air radar systems. It was originally developed by Texas Instruments as a replacement for the AGM-45 Shrike and AGM-78 Standard ARM system. Production was later taken over by Raytheon Corporation when it purchased the defense production business of Texas Instruments.
Description
The AGM-88 can detect, attack and destroy a radar antenna or transmitter with minimal aircrew input. The proportional guidance system that homes in on enemy radar emissions has a fixed antenna and seeker head in the missile's nose. A smokeless, solid-propellant, booster-sustainer rocket motor propels the missile at speeds over Mach 2.0. The HARM missile was a program led by the U.S. Navy, and it was first carried by the A-6E, A-7, and F/A-18A/B aircraft, and then it equipped the EA-6B aircraft. RDT&E for use on the F-14 aircraft was begun, but not completed. The U.S. Air Force (USAF) put the HARM onto the F-4G Wild Weasel aircraft, and later on specialized F-16s equipped with the HARM Targeting System (HTS). The HTS pod, used by the USAF, only, allows F-16 to detect and automatically target radars with HARMs instead of relying on the missile's sensors alone.
History
Deployment
The HARM missile was approved for full production in March 1983, obtained initial operating capability (IOC) on the A-7E Corsair II in late 1983 and then deployed in late 1985 with VA-46 aboard the aircraft carrier USS America. In 1986, the first successful firing of the HARM from an EA-6B was performed by VAQ-131. It was soon used in combat—in March 1986 against a Libyan SA-5 site in the Gulf of Sidra, and then during Operation Eldorado Canyon in April. HARM was used extensively by the Navy, Marine Corps, and the Air Force in Operation Desert Storm during the Persian Gulf War of 1991.
During the Gulf War, the HARM was involved in a friendly fire incident when the pilot of an F-4G Wild Weasel escorting a B-52 bomber mistook the latter's tail gun radar for an Iraqi AAA site. (This was after the tail gunner of the B-52 had targeted the F-4G, mistaking it for an Iraqi MiG.) The F-4 pilot launched the missile and then saw that the target was the B-52, which was hit. It survived with shrapnel damage to the tail and no casualties. The B-52 was subsequently renamed In HARM's Way.
"Magnum" is spoken over the radio to announce the launch of an AGM-88. During the Gulf War, if an aircraft was illuminated by enemy radar a bogus "Magnum" call on the radio was often enough to convince the operators to power down.
This technique would also be employed in Serbia during air operations in 1999.
In 2013 President Obama offered the AGM-88 to Israel for the first time.
AGM-88E AARGM
The newest upgrade, the AGM-88E Advanced Antiradiation Guided Missile (AARGM), features the latest software, enhanced capabilities intended to counter enemy radar shutdown, and passive radar using an additional active millimeter-wave seeker. It was released in November 2010, and it is a joint venture by the US Department of Defense and the Italian Ministry of Defense, produced by Orbital ATK.
In November 2005, the Italian Ministry of Defense and the U.S. Department of Defense signed a Memorandum of Agreement on the joint development of the AGM-88E AARGM missile. Italy was providing $20 million of developmental funding as well as several million dollars worth of material, equipment, and related services. The Italian Air Force was expected to buy up to 250 missiles for its Tornado ECR aircraft. A flight test program was set to integrate the AARGM onto Tornado ECR's weapon system.
The U.S. Navy demonstrated the AARGM's capability during Initial Operational Test and Evaluation (IOT&E) in spring 2012 with live firing of 12 missiles. Aircrew and maintenance training with live missiles was completed in June.
The Navy authorized Full-Rate Production (FRP) of the AARGM in August 2012, with 72 missiles for the Navy and nine for the Italian Air Force to be delivered in 2013. A U.S. Marine Corps F/A-18 Hornet squadron will be the first forward-deployed unit with the AGM-88E.
In September 2013, ATK delivered the 100th AARGM to the U.S. Navy. The AGM-88E program is on schedule and on budget, with Full Operational Capability (FOC) planned for September 2014. The AGM-88E was designed to improve the effectiveness of legacy HARM variants against fixed and relocatable radar and communications sites, particularly those that would shut down to throw off anti-radiation missiles, by attaching a new seeker to the existing Mach 2-capable rocket motor and warhead section, adding a passive anti-radiation homing receiver, satellite and inertial navigation system, a millimeter-wave radar for terminal guidance, and the ability to beam up images of the target via a satellite link just seconds before impact.
This model of the HARM will be integrated onto the F/A-18C/D, F/A-18E/F, EA-18G, and Tornado ECR aircraft, and later on the F-35 (externally).
In September 2015, the AGM-88E successfully hit a mobile ship target in a live-fire test, demonstrating the missile's ability to use antiradiation homing and millimeter-wave radar to detect, identify, locate, and engage moving targets.
In December 2019, the German Air Force ordered the AARGM.
AGM-88F HCSM
Although the US Navy/Marine Corps chose the Orbital ATK-produced AGM-88E AARGM, Raytheon developed its own update of the HARM called the AGM-88F HCSM (HARM Control Section Modification), tested in conjunction with and ultimately for the US Air Force. It incorporates similar upgrade features to the AARGM, and although it is not yet listed for export, existing HARM users have shown interest.
AGM-88G AARGM-ER
The Navy's FY 2016 budget included funding for an extended range AARGM-ER that uses the existing guidance system and warhead of the AGM-88E with a solid integrated rocket-ramjet for double the range. Development funding will last to 2020. In September 2016, Orbital ATK unveiled its extended-range AARGM-ER, which incorporates a redesigned control section and -diameter rocket motor for twice the range and internal carriage on the Lockheed Martin F-35A and F-35C Lightning II. Internal carriage on the F-35B isn't possible due to internal space limitations. The U.S. Navy awarded Orbital ATK a contract for AARGM-ER development in January 2018. The USAF has formally joined the AARGM-ER program, and is involved in internal F-35A/F-35C integration work.
The AARGM-ER would serve as the basis for the land-attack Stand in Attack Weapon (SiAW).
Operators
Current operators
: AGM-88E variant ordered; to be used on EA-18G Growlers. On 28 April 2017, the Defense Security Cooperation Agency stated that Australia intended to purchase 70 AGM-88B and 40 AGM-88E missiles.
: AGM-88E variant.
: AGM-88B/C/E variant.
: AGM-88B variant.
:
United States Air Force
United States Marine Corps
United States Navy
See also
ALARM missile
AGM-122 Sidearm
Chinese LD-10
DRDO Anti-Radiation Missile
MAR-1
Kh-28
Kh-58
Kh-31
List of missiles
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
AGM-88 data sheet (PDF format) from Raytheon
Information on AGM-88 HARM from FAS
AGM-88 HARM information by Globalsecurity.org
AGM-88@Designation-Systems
AGM-88 HARM by Carlo Kopp
Category:Anti-radiation missiles
AGM-088
Category:Alliant Techsystems
Category:Anti-radiation missiles of the Cold War
AGM-088
Category:Raytheon products
Category:Texas Instruments
Category:Weapons of the United States | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
A630 road
The A630 is an A road in the United Kingdom. It runs between Sheffield city centre and junction 4 of the M18 motorway passing through Rotherham and Doncaster on the way. The road is entirely in South Yorkshire.
Route
The road starts at the A57 just outside Sheffield City Centre which forms part of the Sheffield Parkway, then runs to the M1 at Junction 33. Beyond the roundabouts it heads west to Rotherham which it passes as the dual carriageway, four-lane Centenary Way, turning north and northeast towards Conisbrough and Doncaster, passing Conisbrough Castle. Between Warmsworth and Balby it meets the A1(M) at Junction 36. From there it heads east to Doncaster, then passing Armthorpe it heads to the M18 at Junction 4 where the road terminates.
Motorway junctions
The A630 has a junction with M1 at Junction 33 at Catcliffe, another with A1(M) at Junction 36 at Warmsworth, and finally at M18 at Junction 4 at Armthorpe where the road terminates.
References
Category:Roads in Yorkshire
Category:Roads in Sheffield
Category:Transport in South Yorkshire | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tuin, Kičevo
Tuin (, ) is a village in the municipality of Kičevo, North Macedonia.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 1476 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
Albanians 1465
Macedonians 8
Others 3
References
External links
Category:Villages in Kičevo Municipality
Category:Villages in North Macedonia
Category:Albanian communities in North Macedonia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Deep Impact (spacecraft)
Deep Impact was a NASA space probe launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on January 12, 2005. It was designed to study the interior composition of the comet Tempel 1 (9P/Tempel), by releasing an impactor into the comet. At 05:52 UTC on July 4, 2005, the Impactor successfully collided with the comet's nucleus. The impact excavated debris from the interior of the nucleus, forming an impact crater. Photographs taken by the spacecraft showed the comet to be more dusty and less icy than had been expected. The impact generated an unexpectedly large and bright dust cloud, obscuring the view of the impact crater.
Previous space missions to comets, such as Giotto, Deep Space 1, and Stardust, were fly-by missions. These missions were able to photograph and examine only the surfaces of cometary nuclei, and even then from considerable distances. The Deep Impact mission was the first to eject material from a comet's surface, and the mission garnered considerable publicity from the media, international scientists, and amateur astronomers alike.
Upon the completion of its primary mission, proposals were made to further utilize the spacecraft. Consequently, Deep Impact flew by Earth on December 31, 2007 on its way to an extended mission, designated EPOXI, with a dual purpose to study extrasolar planets and comet Hartley 2 (103P/Hartley). Communication was unexpectedly lost in August 2013 while the craft was heading for another asteroid flyby.
Scientific goals
The Deep Impact mission was planned to help answer fundamental questions about comets, which included what makes up the composition of the comet's nucleus, what depth the crater would reach from the impact, and where the comet originated in its formation. By observing the composition of the comet, astronomers hoped to determine how comets form based on the differences between the interior and exterior makeup of the comet. Observations of the impact and its aftermath would allow astronomers to attempt to determine the answers to these questions.
The mission's Principal Investigator was Michael A'Hearn, an astronomer at the University of Maryland. He led the science team, which included members from Cornell University, University of Maryland, University of Arizona, Brown University, Belton Space Exploration Initiatives, JPL, University of Hawaii, SAIC, Ball Aerospace, and Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik.
Spacecraft design and instrumentation
The spacecraft consists of two main sections, the copper-core "Smart Impactor" that impacted the comet, and the "Flyby" section, which imaged the comet from a safe distance during the encounter with Tempel 1.
The Flyby spacecraft is about long, wide and high. It includes two solar panels, a debris shield, and several science instruments for imaging, infrared spectroscopy, and optical navigation to its destination near the comet. The spacecraft also carried two cameras, the High Resolution Imager (HRI), and the Medium Resolution Imager (MRI). The HRI is an imaging device that combines a visible-light camera with a filter wheel, and an imaging infrared spectrometer called the "Spectral Imaging Module" or SIM that operates on a spectral band from 1.05 to 4.8 micrometres. It has been optimized for observing the comet's nucleus. The MRI is the backup device, and was used primarily for navigation during the final 10-day approach. It also has a filter wheel, with a slightly different set of filters.
The Impactor section of the spacecraft contains an instrument that is optically identical to the MRI, called the Impactor Targeting Sensor (ITS), but without the filter wheel. Its dual purpose was to sense the Impactor's trajectory, which could then be adjusted up to four times between release and impact, and to image the comet from close range. As the Impactor neared the comet's surface, this camera took high-resolution pictures of the nucleus (as good as ) that were transmitted in real-time to the Flyby spacecraft before it and the Impactor were destroyed. The final image taken by the Impactor was snapped only 3.7 seconds before impact.
The Impactor's payload, dubbed the "Cratering Mass", was 100% copper, with a weight of 100 kg. Including this cratering mass, copper formed 49% of total mass of the Impactor (with aluminium at 24% of the total mass); this was to minimize interference with scientific measurements. Since copper was not expected to be found on a comet, scientists could ignore copper's signature in any spectrometer readings. Instead of using explosives, it was also cheaper to use copper as the payload.
Explosives would also have been superfluous. At its closing velocity of 10.2 km/s, the Impactor's kinetic energy was equivalent to 4.8 tonnes of TNT, considerably more than its actual mass of only 372 kg.
The mission coincidentally shared its name with the 1998 film, Deep Impact, in which a comet strikes the Earth.
Mission profile
Following its launch from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station pad SLC-17B at 18:47 UTC on January 12, 2005, the Deep Impact spacecraft traveled in 174 days to reach comet Tempel 1 at a cruising speed of . Once the spacecraft reached the vicinity of the comet on July 3, 2005, it separated into the Impactor and Flyby sections. The Impactor used its thrusters to move into the path of the comet, impacting 24 hours later at a relative speed of . The Impactor delivered s of kinetic energy—the equivalent of 4.7 tons of TNT. Scientists believed that the energy of the high-velocity collision would be sufficient to excavate a crater up to wide, larger than the bowl of the Roman Colosseum. The size of the crater was still not known one year after the impact. The 2007 Stardust spacecraft's NExT mission determined the crater's diameter to be .
Just minutes after the impact, the Flyby probe passed by the nucleus at a close distance of , taking pictures of the crater position, the ejecta plume, and the entire cometary nucleus. The entire event was also photographed by Earth-based telescopes and orbital observatories, including Hubble, Chandra, Spitzer, and XMM-Newton. The impact was also observed by cameras and spectroscopes on board Europe's Rosetta spacecraft, which was about from the comet at the time of impact. Rosetta determined the composition of the gas and dust cloud that was kicked up by the impact.
Mission events
Before launch
A comet-impact mission was first proposed to NASA in 1996, but at the time, NASA engineers were skeptical that the target could be hit. In 1999, a revised and technologically upgraded mission proposal, dubbed Deep Impact, was accepted and funded as part of NASA's Discovery Program of low-cost spacecraft. The two spacecraft (Impactor and Flyby) and the three main instruments were built and integrated by Ball Aerospace & Technologies in Boulder, Colorado. Developing the software for the spacecraft took 18 months and the application code consisted of 20,000 lines and 19 different application threads. The total cost of developing the spacecraft and completing its mission reached .
Launch and commissioning phase
The probe was originally scheduled for launch on December 30, 2004, but NASA officials delayed its launch, in order to allow more time for testing the software. It was successfully launched from Cape Canaveral on January 12, 2005 at 1:47 pm EST (1847 UTC) by a Delta II rocket.
Deep Impact state of health was uncertain during the first day after launch. Shortly after entering orbit around the Sun and deploying its solar panels, the probe switched itself to safe mode. The cause of the problem was simply an incorrect temperature limit in the fault protection logic for the spacecraft's RCS thruster catalyst beds. The spacecraft's thrusters were used to detumble the spacecraft following third stage separation. On January 13, 2005, NASA announced that the probe was out of safe mode and healthy.
On February 11, 2005, Deep Impact rockets were fired as planned to correct the spacecraft's course. This correction was so precise that the next planned correction maneuver on March 31, 2005, was unnecessary and canceled. The "commissioning phase" verified that all instruments were activated and checked out. During these tests it was found that the HRI images were not in focus after it underwent a bake-out period. After mission members investigated the problem, on June 9, 2005, it was announced that by using image processing software and the mathematical technique of deconvolution, the HRI images could be corrected to restore much of the resolution anticipated.
Cruise phase
The "cruise phase" began on March 25, 2005, immediately after the commissioning phase was completed. This phase continued until about 60 days before the encounter with comet Tempel 1. On April 25, 2005, the probe acquired the first image of its target at a distance of .
On May 4, 2005, the spacecraft executed its second trajectory correction maneuver. Burning its rocket engine for 95 seconds, the spacecraft speed was changed by . Rick Grammier, the project manager for the mission at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, reacted to the maneuver stating that "spacecraft performance has been excellent, and this burn was no different... it was a textbook maneuver that placed us right on the money."
Approach phase
The approach phase extended from 60 days before encounter (May 5, 2005) until five days before encounter. Sixty days out was the earliest time that the Deep Impact spacecraft was expected to detect the comet with its MRI camera. In fact, the comet was spotted ahead of schedule, 69 days before impact (see Cruise phase above). This milestone marks the beginning of an intensive period of observations to refine knowledge of the comet's orbit and study the comet's rotation, activity, and dust environment.
On June 14 and 22, 2005, Deep Impact observed two outbursts of activity from the comet, the latter being six times larger than the former. The spacecraft studied the images of various distant stars to determine its current trajectory and position. Don Yeomans, a mission co-investigator for JPL pointed out that "it takes 7½ minutes for the signal to get back to Earth, so you cannot joystick this thing. You have to rely on the fact that the Impactor is a smart spacecraft as is the Flyby spacecraft. So you have to build in the intelligence ahead of time and let it do its thing." On June 23, 2005, the first of the two final trajectory correct maneuvers (targeting maneuver) was successfully executed. A velocity change was needed to adjust the flight path towards the comet and target the Impactor at a window in space about wide.
Impact phase
Impact phase began nominally on June 29, 2005, five days before impact. The Impactor successfully separated from the Flyby spacecraft on July 3 at 6:00 UTC (6:07 UTC ERT). The first images from the instrumented Impactor were seen two hours after separation.
The Flyby spacecraft performed one of two divert maneuvers to avoid damage. A 14-minute burn was executed which slowed down the spacecraft. It was also reported that the communication link between the Flyby and the Impactor was functioning as expected. The Impactor executed three correction maneuvers in the final two hours before impact.
The Impactor was maneuvered to plant itself in front of the comet, so that Tempel 1 would collide with it. Impact occurred at 05:45 UTC (05:52 UTC ERT, +/- up to three minutes, one-way light time = 7m 26s) on the morning of July 4, 2005, within one second of the expected time for impact.
The impactor returned images as late as three seconds before impact. Most of the data captured was stored on board the Flyby spacecraft, which radioed approximately 4,500 images from the HRI, MRI, and ITS cameras to Earth over the next few days. The energy from the collision was similar in size to exploding five tons of dynamite and the comet shone six times brighter than normal.
A mission timeline is located at Impact Phase Timeline (NASA).
Results
Mission control did not become aware of the Impactor's success until five minutes later at 05:57 UTC. Don Yeomans confirmed the results for the press, "We hit it just exactly where we wanted to" and JPL Director Charles Elachi stated "The success exceeded our expectations."
In the post-impact briefing on July 4, 2005, at 08:00 UTC, the first processed images revealed existing craters on the comet. NASA scientists stated they could not see the new crater that had formed from the Impactor, but it was later discovered to be about 100 meters wide and up to deep. Lucy McFadden, one of the co-investigators of the impact, stated "We didn't expect the success of one part of the mission [bright dust cloud] to affect a second part [seeing the resultant crater]. But that is part of the fun of science, to meet with the unexpected." Analysis of data from the Swift X-ray telescope showed that the comet continued outgassing from the impact for 13 days, with a peak five days after impact. A total of of water and between of dust were lost from the impact.
Initial results were surprising as the material excavated by the impact contained more dust and less ice than had been expected. The only models of cometary structure astronomers could positively rule out were the very porous ones which had comets as loose aggregates of material. In addition, the material was finer than expected; scientists compared it to talcum powder rather than sand. Other materials found while studying the impact included clays, carbonates, sodium, and crystalline silicates which were found by studying the spectroscopy of the impact. Clays and carbonates usually require liquid water to form and sodium is rare in space. Observations also revealed that the comet was about 75% empty space, and one astronomer compared the outer layers of the comet to the same makeup of a snow bank. Astronomers have expressed interest in more missions to different comets to determine if they share similar compositions or if there are different materials found deeper within comets that were produced at the time of the Solar System's formation.
Astronomers hypothesized, based on its interior chemistry, that the comet formed in the Uranus and Neptune Oort cloud region of the Solar System. A comet which forms farther from the Sun is expected to have greater amounts of ices with low freezing temperatures, such as ethane, which was present in Tempel 1. Astronomers believe that other comets with compositions similar to Tempel 1 are likely to have formed in the same region.
Crater
Because the quality of the images of the crater formed during the Deep Impact collision was not satisfactory, on July 3, 2007, NASA approved the New Exploration of Tempel 1 (or NExT) mission. The mission utilized the already existing Stardust spacecraft, which had studied Comet Wild 2 in 2004. Stardust was placed into a new orbit so that it passed by Tempel 1 at a distance of approximately on February 15, 2011, at 04:42 UTC. This was the first time that a comet was visited by two probes on separate occasions (1P/Halley had been visited by several probes within a few weeks in 1986), and it provided an opportunity to better observe the crater that was created by Deep Impact as well as observing the changes caused by the comet's latest close approach to the Sun.
On February 15, NASA scientists identified the crater formed by Deep Impact in images from Stardust. The crater is estimated to be in diameter, and has a bright mound in the center likely created when material from the impact fell back into the crater.
Public interest
Media coverage
The impact was a substantial news event reported and discussed online, in print, and on television. There was a genuine suspense because experts held widely differing opinions over the result of the impact. Various experts debated whether the Impactor would go straight through the comet and out the other side, would create an impact crater, would open up a hole in the interior of the comet, and other theories. However, twenty-four hours before impact, the flight team at JPL began privately expressing a high level of confidence that, barring any unforeseen technical glitches, the spacecraft would intercept Tempel 1. One senior personnel member stated "All we can do now is sit back and wait. Everything we can technically do to ensure impact has been done." In the final minutes as the Impactor hit the comet, more than 10,000 people watched the collision on a giant movie screen at Hawaii's Waikīkī Beach.
Experts came up with a range of soundbites to summarize the mission to the public. Iwan Williams of Queen Mary University of London, said "It was like a mosquito hitting a 747. What we've found is that the mosquito didn't splat on the surface; it's actually gone through the windscreen."
One day after the impact, Marina Bay, a Russian astrologer, sued NASA for for the impact which "ruin[ed] the natural balance of forces in the universe." Her lawyer asked the public to volunteer to help in the claim by declaring "The impact changed the magnetic properties of the comet, and this could have affected mobile telephony here on Earth. If your phone went down this morning, ask yourself Why? and then get in touch with us." On August 9, 2005 the Presnensky Court of Moscow ruled against Bay, although she did attempt to appeal the result. One Russian physicist said that the impact had no effect on Earth and "the change to the orbit of the comet after the collision was only about 10 cm (3.9 in)."
Send Your Name To A Comet campaign
The mission was notable for one of its promotional campaigns, "Send Your Name To A Comet!". Visitors to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's website were invited to submit their name between May 2003 and January 2004, and the names gathered—some 625,000 in all—were then burnt onto a mini-CD, which was attached to the Impactor. Dr. Don Yeomans, a member of the spacecraft's scientific team, stated "this is an opportunity to become part of an extraordinary space mission ... when the craft is launched in December 2004, yours and the names of your loved-ones can hitch along for the ride and be part of what may be the best space fireworks show in history." The idea was credited with driving interest in the mission.
Reaction from China
Chinese researchers used the Deep Impact mission as an opportunity to highlight the efficiency of American science because public support ensured the possibility of funding long-term research. By contrast, "in China, the public usually has no idea what our scientists are doing, and limited funding for the promotion of science weakens people's enthusiasm for research."
Two days after the US mission succeeded in having a probe collide with a comet, China revealed a plan for what it called a "more clever" version of the mission: landing a probe on a small comet or asteroid to push it off course. China said it would begin the mission after sending a probe to the Moon.
Contributions from amateur astronomers
Since observing time on large, professional telescopes such as Keck or Hubble is always scarce, the Deep Impact scientists called upon "advanced amateur, student, and professional astronomers" to use small telescopes to make long-term observations of the target comet before and after impact. The purpose of these observations was to look for "volatile outgassing, dust coma development and dust production rates, dust tail development, and jet activity and outbursts." By mid-2007, amateur astronomers had submitted over a thousand CCD images of the comet.
One notable amateur observation was by students from schools in Hawaii, working with US and UK scientists, who during the press conference took live images using the Faulkes Automatic Telescope in Hawaii (the students operated the telescope over the Internet) and were one of the first groups to get images of the impact. One amateur astronomer reported seeing a structureless bright cloud around the comet, and an estimated 2 magnitude increase in brightness after the impact. Another amateur published a map of the crash area from NASA images.
Musical tribute
The Deep Impact mission coincided with celebrations in the Los Angeles area marking the 50th anniversary of "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley & His Comets becoming the first rock and roll single to reach No. 1 on the recording sales charts. Within 24 hours of the mission's success, a 2-minute music video produced by Martin Lewis had been created using images of the impact itself combined with computer animation of the Deep Impact probe in flight, interspersed with footage of Bill Haley & His Comets performing in 1955 and the surviving original members of The Comets performing in March 2005. The video was posted to NASA's website for a couple of weeks afterwards.
On July 5, 2005, the surviving original members of The Comets (ranging in age from 71–84) performed a free concert for hundreds of employees of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to help them celebrate the mission's success. This event received worldwide press attention. In February 2006, the International Astronomical Union citation that officially named asteroid 79896 Billhaley included a reference to the JPL concert.
Extended mission
Deep Impact embarked on an extended mission designated EPOXI (Extrasolar Planet Observation and Deep Impact Extended Investigation) to visit other comets, after being put to sleep in 2005 upon completion of the Tempel 1 mission.
Comet Boethin plan
Its first extended visit was to do a flyby of Comet Boethin, but with some complications. On July 21, 2005, Deep Impact executed a trajectory correction maneuver that allows the spacecraft to use Earth's gravity to begin a new mission in a path towards another comet.
The original plan was for a December 5, 2008, flyby of Comet Boethin, coming within of the comet. Michael A'Hearn, the Deep Impact team leader, explained "We propose to direct the spacecraft for a flyby of Comet Boethin to investigate whether the results found at Comet Tempel 1 are unique or are also found on other comets." The $40 million mission would provide about half of the information as the collision of Tempel 1 but at a fraction of the cost. Deep Impact would use its spectrometer to study the comet's surface composition and its telescope for viewing the surface features.
However, as the December 2007 Earth gravity assist approached, astronomers were unable to locate Comet Boethin, which may have broken up into pieces too faint to be observed. Consequently, its orbit could not be calculated with sufficient precision to permit a flyby.
Flyby of Comet Hartley 2
In November 2007 the JPL team targeted Deep Impact toward Comet Hartley 2. However, this would require an extra two years of travel for Deep Impact (including earth gravity assists in December 2007 and December 2008). On May 28, 2010, a burn of 11.3 seconds was conducted, to enable the June 27 Earth fly-by to be optimized for the transit to Hartley 2 and fly-by on November 4. The velocity change was .
On November 4, 2010, the Deep Impact extended mission (EPOXI) returned images from comet Hartley 2. EPOXI came within of the comet, returning detailed photographs of the "peanut" shaped cometary nucleus and several bright jets. The probe's medium-resolution instrument captured the photographs.
Comet Garradd (C/2009 P1)
Deep Impact observed Comet Garradd (C/2009 P1) from February 20 to April 8, 2012, using its Medium Resolution Instrument, through a variety of filters. The comet was from the Sun and from the spacecraft. It was found that the outgassing from the comet varies with a period of 10.4 hours, which is presumed to be due to the rotation of its nucleus. The dry ice content of the comet was measured and found to be about ten percent of its water ice content by number of molecules.
Possible mission to asteroid (163249) 2002 GT
At the end of 2011, Deep Impact was re-targeted towards asteroid (163249) 2002 GT which it would reach on January 4, 2020. At the time of re-targeting, whether or not a related science mission would be carried out in 2020 was yet to be determined, based on NASA's budget and the health of the probe. A 71-second engine burn on October 4, 2012, changed the probe's velocity by to keep the mission on track. Also, there was a 140-second burn on November 24, 2011. Distance of a flyby would not be more than 400 kilometers.
Comet C/2012 S1 (ISON)
In February 2013, Deep Impact observed Comet ISON. The comet remained observable until March 2013.
Contact lost and end of mission
On September 3, 2013, a mission update was posted to the EPOXI mission status website, stating "Communication with the spacecraft was lost some time between August 11 and August 14 ... The last communication was on August 8. ... the team on August 30 determined the cause of the problem. The team is now trying to determine how best to try to recover communication."
On September 10, 2013, a Deep Impact mission status report explained that mission controllers believe the computers on the spacecraft are continuously rebooting themselves and so are unable to issue any commands to the vehicle's thrusters. As a result of this problem, communication with the spacecraft was explained to be more difficult, as the orientation of the vehicle's antennas is unknown. Additionally, the solar panels on the vehicle may no longer be positioned correctly for generating power.
On September 20, 2013, NASA abandoned further attempts to contact the craft. According to chief scientist A'Hearn, the reason for the software malfunction was a Y2K-like problem. August 11, 2013, 00:38:49, was 232 tenth-seconds from January 1, 2000, leading to speculation that a system on the craft tracked time in one-tenth second increments since January 1, 2000, and stored it in an unsigned 32-bit integer, which then overflowed at this time, similar to the Year 2038 problem.
See also
Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) – Satellite that impacted Earth's Moon in 2009 in an attempt to eject water
Timeline of Solar System exploration
List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft
List of missions to minor planets
List of missions to comets
References
External links
Deep Impact website at NASA.gov
EPOXI website at NASA.gov
EPOXI Mission Archive at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node
Deep Impact website by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Deep Impact legacy site by NASA's Solar System Exploration
Deep Impact website by Ball Aerospace
Deep Impact Mission Archive at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node
Category:NASA space probes
Category:Missions to comets
Category:Discovery Program
Category:University of Maryland, College Park research projects
Category:Artificial satellites orbiting the Sun
Category:Derelict space probes
Category:Space probes launched in 2005
Category:Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
Category:Missions to asteroids
Category:Impactor spacecraft
Category:Space probes decommissioned in 2013 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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1993–94 Blackburn Rovers F.C. season
During the 1993–94 English football season, Blackburn Rovers F.C. competed in the FA Premier League.
Season summary
It was another strong season for a resurgent Blackburn, who were in the higher reaches of the Premier League all season long and, at one stage in early April, were level on points with leaders Manchester United, who had led the league almost from start to finish and entered 1994 with a 16-point lead. The return of Alan Shearer from a long-term injury saw him make a swift return to his superb form of old, with the 23-year-old hitman scoring 31 goals in the league, including both of Blackburn's goals in an early April win over Manchester United at Ewood Park. Before the start of the season, Blackburn had been pipped by Manchester United to the signature of Nottingham Forest midfielder Roy Keane for a national record fee of £3.75million.
In the end, though, it wasn't quite enough to snatch the title crown off Manchester United, who had returned to their winning ways before the end of April, after Blackburn took their turn to drop points, and Kenny Dalglish's men had to settle for runners-up spot and a UEFA Cup place. This meant that Blackburn would be competing in Europe for the very first time in their history, although in the UEFA Cup rather than the European Cup as would have happened if they had won the league. Blackburn's fourth-place finish a year earlier had not been enough for a UEFA Cup place due to English clubs still not having all their UEFA Cup places back despite their ban from European competitions arising from the Heysel disaster having been lifted for the 1990-91 season.
Blackburn fans were thrilled after the end of the season when 21-year-old Norwich City striker Chris Sutton joined the club for an English record fee of £5 million, following competition from the likes of Arsenal and Manchester United for his signature. With the most expensive striker-partnership in the country, the club's fans were given all the more reason to expect their team to succeed in at least one of the four major competitions that they would be contesting next season.
Kit
Japanese company Asics manufactured Blackburn's kit this season. British brewery McEwan's Lager were the kit sponsors.
Final league table
Results
Blackburn Rovers' score comes first
Legend
FA Premier League
FA Cup
League Cup
Squad
Left the club during season
References
Category:Blackburn Rovers F.C. seasons
Blackburn Rovers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Human rights in Albania
Current issues concerning human rights in Albania include domestic violence, isolated cases of torture, and police brutality, the general condition of prisons, human and sex trafficking and LGBT rights.
History
During Enver Hoxha leadership (1944-1985) communist Albania was labeled as one of the most repressive countries in East Europe, however, from 1992 under the leadership of Democratic Party several liberalizing reforms had been conducted.
Human trafficking
There has been a growing awareness of human trafficking as a human rights issue in Europe (see main article: Human trafficking in Albania). The end of communism has contributed to an increase in human trafficking, with the majority of victims being women forced into prostitution.
Albania is a country of origin and country of transit for persons, primarily women and children, trafficked for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The Albanian government has shown some commitment to combat trafficking but has been criticised for not fully complying with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and failing to develop effective measures in witness protection.
Torture and Death by the Authorities
Since the beginning of 1994, Amnesty International has received reports of incidents in which members of the Albanian police are alleged to have ill-treated people during arrest or detention, some even died due to this treatment.
Detainees are reported frequently to have suffered injuries, such as bruising, broken teeth or cuts which have needed medical treatment or even admission to hospital. Some cases of ill-treatment have amounted to torture. Many of these violations have been directed at members or supporters of the Socialist Party (the renamed communist party). Other victims include homosexuals, members of the Greek minority and former political prisoners. Prosecution of police officers for torture or ill-treatment appears to be rare.
Also, Amnesty International mention that torture and ill-treatment of detainees are common in Albania even today.
Violence and discrimination against women
Nearly 60% of women in rural areas suffer physical or psychological violence and nearly 8% are victims of sexual violence.
Protection orders are often violated.
In 2014 the Albanian Helsinki Committee (AHC) reported that the number of female murder victims is still high.
The Commissioner for Protection from Discrimination has raised concerns regarding the family registration law that discriminates against women. As a result heads of households, who are overwhelmingly men have the right to change family residency without their partners’ permission.
Violence against children
In 2015 UNICEF reported that 77% of children have been subjected to some form of violent punishment at home. Hundreds of children are being forced to beg or subjected to other forms of forced labour within the country and even abroad.
Revenge Attacks
At least 70 families are in a self-imposed confinement due to fear of revenge attacks.
Human rights violations of Greek minority
Human rights in Albania are violated by the Government which have targeted the Greek minority population via police and secret service according to Human Rights organisations. Greek communities have been targeted by development projects and had their homes demolished in alleged ethnic targeting of Northern Epirus Greeks from Southern Albania, where homes are systematically demolished. Also, according to Amnesty International there were cases of mistreatment of members of Greek minority by the authorities.
Also, the ethnic Greek minority complained about the government’s unwillingness to recognize ethnic Greek towns outside communist-era “minority zones,” to utilize Greek in official documents and on public signs in ethnic Greek areas, or to include more ethnic Greeks in public administration. In 2008, the government inserted several new road signs in the Himara district written in Albanian and English but not Greek. The ethnic Greek mayor of Himara ordered the removal of these signs and the government charged him of destruction of government property.
The 2012 USA annual report mention that the emergence of strident nationalist groups like the Red and Black Alliance (RBA) increased ethnic tensions with the Greek minority groups.
See also
Freedom of religion in Albania
Internet censorship and surveillance in Albania
Lëvizja Zgjohu
LGBT rights in Albania
References | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Jamie Hawkesworth
Jamie Hawkesworth is a British fashion and documentary photographer.
Hawkesworth's first photography project was made in Preston bus station as a member of the collective Preston is My Paris. The work was published in their 2010 self-published newspaper as well as in his own 2017 book, both called Preston Bus Station. That experience has influenced his work since, shooting fashion campaigns, catalogues and editorials.
He has had solo exhibitions at The Hepworth Wakefield in Wakefield, UK; Red Hook Labs in Brooklyn, New York City; and Huis Marseille in Amsterdam; the latter showing a mix of his personal as well as his commercial photography.
In 2014 the British Journal of Photography pronounced Hawkesworth "One to Watch". In 2017 The New York Times said he is "feted as one of the most talented fashion photographers of his generation". His images have been described by I.D. as being "defined by their romantic warmth, simple beauty, and emotional openness". In 2018 he received the Award for Editorial, Advertising and Fashion Photography, from the Royal Photographic Society.
Life and work
Hawkesworth grew up in Ipswich. He first used a camera in 2007 as part of his studies for a forensic science degree at the University of Central Lancashire in Preston. He subsequently switched to a photography degree, graduating in 2009.
His first completed photography project was Preston Bus Station, street photography, portraits of people, and a short film made over three years in Preston bus station in North West England, including one whole month spent there. It was made as a member of the collective Preston is My Paris. The photographs were included in the group's 2010 self-published newspaper, as well as in Hawkesworth's own 2017 monograph. He has said of the project "it informed how I understand light, how I approach people. It’s at the heart of the way I see things."
His fashion work has included shooting campaigns and catalogues for JW Anderson and Loewe (both in collaboration with Jonathan Anderson), and editorials for Vogue, Fantastic Man, and T: The New York Times Style Magazine.
Hawkesworth uses the same Mamiya RB 67 medium format film camera and lens for all his work, and develops and makes his own prints.
Publications
Publications by Hawkesworth
Preston Bus Station. New York City: Dashwood, 2017. . Edition of 2000 copies.
On Keeping a Notebook. The Gould Collection Volume 4. Gould, 2019. Photographs and drawings by Hawkesworth and an essay by Joan Didion. . Edition of 1000 copies.
Lookbooks photographed by Hawkesworth
Loewe Spring Summer 2015 Menswear Collection. Edition of 1200 copies.
Publication No. 8. Loewe, 2015. Loewe Spring Summer 2016. Edition of 1000 copies.
Publication No. 9. Loewe, 2016. Loewe Autumn Winter 2016.
Publication No. 11. Loewe, 2016. Loewe Spring Summer 2017 Menswear Collection.
Loewe Spring Summer 2017 Paula's Ibiza.
Publication No. 12. Loewe, 2016. Loewe Spring Summer 2017 Womens Collection.
Publication No.15. Loewe, 2017. Loewe Fall Winter 2017/2018
Loewe Spring Summer 2018 Menswear Collection.
Newspapers made as a member of Preston is My Paris
Preston Bus Station. Preston: Preston is My Paris, 2010. By Hawkesworth, Adam Murray, Robert Parkinson, and Aidan Turner-Bishop. Newspaper format. Edition of 500 copies. Photographs of Preston bus station and the people that use it.
Derby. Preston: Preston is My Paris, 2011. By Hawkesworth, Murray, and Parkinson. Newspaper format. Edition of 1000 copies. Photographs taken in Derby, commissioned for Format International Photography Festival 2011.
Industria, Virtus, et Fortitudo. Preston: Preston is My Paris, 2011. By Hawkesworth, Murray, and Parkinson. Accompanies Derby. Edition of 100 copies. Photographs of people, streets and urban landscapes taken in Derby 21–23 January 2011.
Publications with contributions by Hawkesworth
Fashion Photography Next. London: Thames & Hudson, 2014. Edited by Magdalene Keaney and Eleanor Weber. .
Self Publish, Be Happy: A DIY Photobook Manual and Manifesto. New York City: Aperture, 2015. By Bruno Ceshel. .
North: Volume One. Preston: University of Central Lancashire, 2015. Edited by Brian Morrison, John Aitken, and Adam Murray. .
Disobedient Bodies: JW Anderson at The Hepworth Wakefield. London: InOtherWords, 2017. Edited by Andrew Bonacina. . Edition of 2000 copies.
Films
Preston Bus Station (2013) – short film
Exhibitions
Solo exhibitions
Wakefield Kids, The Hepworth Wakefield, Wakefield, UK, 2017.
A Short, Pleasurable Journey: 51 Photographs by Jamie Hawkesworth, Red Hook Labs, Brooklyn, New York City, 2016.
An Endless Rhythm, JW Anderson Workshops, London, 2016. "Scenes and people Hawkesworth encountered on a trip to Russia ... alongside charcoal drawings he made during his time there."
Landscape with Tree, Huis Marseille, Amsterdam, 2017. Various personal and commercial work including Preston Bus Station.
A blue painted fence, Aylesbury Street, London, December 2018. Includes "film, drawings, and writing, as well as new photographs from Kenya, Louisiana and Romania".
Group exhibitions
Four Versions of Three Routes, 40 site-specific street posters at various locations, Brighton Photo Biennial, Brighton, UK, 2012. Directed by Adam Murray and with photographs by the Preston is My Paris photographers Murray, Robert Parkinson, Hawkesworth, and Theo Simpson.
North: Identity, Photography, Fashion, Open Eye Gallery, Liverpool, UK; North: Fashioning Identity, Somerset House, London, 2017. Curated by Lou Stoppard and Adam Murray.
Awards
2018: Award for Editorial, Advertising and Fashion Photography, Royal Photographic Society, Bath
References
External links
Hawkesworth's profile at M.A.P
Preston Bus Station (2013) short film by Hawkesworth
Gallery of Loewe Autumn Winter 2016 Womens Collection lookbook photographs by Hawkesworth
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:People from Ipswich
Category:20th-century births
Category:English photographers
Category:Fashion photographers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
HCLS1
Hematopoietic lineage cell-specific protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCLS1 gene.
Interactions
HCLS1 has been shown to interact with Caspase 3.
References
Further reading | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Maximum demand indicator
A Maximum Demand Indicator (MDI) is an instrument which measures the maximum amount of electrical energy required by a specific consumer during a given period of time.
Construction
MDI instruments are designed in such a way that they record the base load requirement of electrical energy. They can also measure the peak load but are unable to record sudden short circuit or High motor Starting Currents.
Its main construction parts are:
A Dial connected with moving system
A pointer on dial
Reset device
Fraction device
Indicating pin
Maximum demand indicator is often available as a built in feature of three phase energy meters, included in a single case.
Maximum Demand is calculated by
Maximum Demand(KW)=
References
Category:Energy measurement
Category:Electric power distribution | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Swimming at the 1998 Commonwealth Games
The 'swimming events of the 1998 Commonwealth Games' were held at the National Aquatics Centre at the National Sports Complex, Malaysia from 12–17 September 1998.
Medalists
Men's events
Women's events
Medal table
See also
List of Commonwealth Games records in swimming
References
Commonwealth Games Federation Results Database
1998 XVI Commonwealth Games Kuala Lumpur Malaysia: Aquatics Results
1998
Category:1998 in swimming
Category:1998 Commonwealth Games events | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Aureusidin synthase
Aureusidin synthase (, AmAS1) is an enzyme with systematic name 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone 4'-O-beta-D-glucoside:oxygen oxidoreductase.
Aureusidin synthase has two main enzymatic tasks: hydroxylation at the 3-position on the B-ring of chalcones, and the oxidative cyclization of chalcones to form aurones. The chalcones modified are typically glucosylated 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone (THC) and 2',3,4,4',6'-pentahydroxychalcone (PHC). These aurones, particularly auresidin, form pigments for coloration in flowers. These pigments may have been developed to attract and guide bees for pollination, but they also provide protection from viruses, pests and fungus.
Enzyme structure
Aureusidin synthase is a 39 kDa monomeric glycoprotein containing binuclear copper. The addition of phenylthiourea, which competitively binds to binuclear copper, inhibits the enzyme's productivity overall. Because of this, it is likely that the active site contains the binuclear copper.
Aureusidin synthase is homologous to plant polyphenol oxidase (PPO), but contains certain significant modifications. While PPO has a highly conserved N-terminal amino acid sequence in order to facilitate transport to the plastid lumen, aureusidin synthase lacks this sequence and thus is not localized to the plasmid. Much like PPOs, aureusidin synthase is likely first synthesized as a larger ~60 kDa protein and then undergoes proteolytic cleavage to remove transport groups.
Enzyme mechanism
Aureusidin synthase catalyzes the creation of aurones from chalcones through hydroxylation and oxidative cyclization. This class of reactions includes:
(1) 2',4,4',6'-tetrahydroxychalcone 4'-O-beta-D-glucoside + O2 aureusidin 6-O-beta-D-glucoside + H2O
(2) 2',3,4,4',6'-pentahydroxychalcone 4'-O-beta-D-glucoside + 1/2 O2 aureusidin 6-O-beta-D-glucoside + H2O
(3) 2',3,4,4',6'-pentahydroxychalcone 4'-O-beta-D-glucoside + O2 bracteatin 6-O-beta-D-glucoside + H2O
While the protein is named for the yellow aureusidin pigment it often produces, it may produce a number of similar aurones including sulfuretin, bracteatin, and 3',4',5',6-tetrahydroxyaurone. In order to modify the chalcone to an aurone, the chalcone must undergo an oxidative cyclization to form a five-member heterocycle fused to the a-ring of the aurone. This step may not proceed unless the 3-position on the chalcone's B-ring is oxygenated. From this and the protein's homology with PPO, the current proposed mechanism for aureusidin synthase is shown in Fig. 2. The first step in the process results in a hydroxylation in the 3 position (for THC) and an oxidation to a diketone ring. This mechanism is generally assumed to be the same as that of tyrosinase. This assumption is based on the homology of the two structures and similar functionality. This product then undergoes an oxidative cyclization and then an isomerization to give the final product, but it is possible that these steps take place outside the enzyme. This mechanism can only produce aurones with 3',4'-dihydroxy or 3',4',5'-trihydroxy functionalization, but there have been aurones reported with one or no hydroxyl groups on the B-ring. It is unclear whether this aurone formation is due to an alternative mechanism or another protein.
Biological function
Aureusidin is a plant flavonoid that provides yellow coloration in several plants, including snapdragons and cosmos. It also provides various protective benefits from disease and parasites. Auresidin synthase is active only in the vacuole, and it is transported directly from the endoplasmic reticulum to the vacuole via Golgi body. In vitro studies have shown that aurone synthesis proceeds much more quickly when the chalcone is first glucosylated, and in vivo studies have shown that yellow coloration is not expressed without the coexpression of the UDP glucuronosyltransferase UGT88D3 to first glucosylate the chalcone. This glucosylation aids in aurone production by metabolically channelling the modified chalcones to the vacuole.
Industrial relevance
The genetic modification of flowering plants to express colors not possible by natural breeding has been one of the main goals of the floricultural industry. Aureusidin synthase has been introduced into plants with naturally blue flowers to form new transgenic yellow flowers in Torenia species. This is accomplished by coexpressing Aureusidin synthase and UDP-glucose:chalcone 4'-O-glucosyltransferase in flowers and using RNA interference to block the expression of natural pigment production.
In addition to its importance to the floricultural industry, aureusidin synthase is a relatively new target for biomedical research. Aurones have been found to have antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer effects. Aureusidin synthase is of particular attractiveness in creating genetically modified plants that may confer medicinal properties, and the creation of transgenic lettuce and tobacco leaves with improved antioxidant properties has already been demonstrated.
References
External links
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Bombyx mori
Bombyx mori, the domestic silkmoth, is an insect from the moth family Bombycidae. It is the closest relative of Bombyx mandarina, the wild silkmoth. The silkworm is the larva or caterpillar of a silkmoth. It is an economically important insect, being a primary producer of silk. A silkworm's preferred food is white mulberry leaves, though they may eat other mulberry species and even Osage orange. Domestic silkmoths are closely dependent on humans for reproduction, as a result of millennia of selective breeding. Wild silkmoths are different from their domestic cousins as they have not been selectively bred; they are thus not as commercially viable in the production of silk.
Sericulture, the practice of breeding silkworms for the production of raw silk, has been under way for at least 5,000 years in China, whence it spread to India, Korea, Japan, and the West. The domestic silkmoth was domesticated from the wild silkmoth Bombyx mandarina, which has a range from northern India to northern China, Korea, Japan, and the far eastern regions of Russia. The domestic silkmoth derives from Chinese rather than Japanese or Korean stock.
Silkmoths were unlikely to have been domestically bred before the Neolithic Age. Before then, the tools to manufacture quantities of silk thread had not been developed. The domesticated B. mori and the wild B. mandarina can still breed and sometimes produce hybrids.
Domestic silkmoths are very different from most members in the genus Bombyx; not only have they lost the ability to fly, but their color pigments have also been lost.
Types
Mulberry silkworms can be categorized into three different but connected groups or types. The major groups of silkworms fall under the univoltine ("uni-"=one, "voltine"=brood frequency) and bivoltine categories. The univoltine type is generally linked with the geographical area within greater Europe. The eggs of this type hibernate during winter due to the cold climate, and cross-fertilize only by spring, generating silk only once annually. The second type is called bivoltine and is normally found in China, Japan, and Korea. The breeding process of this type takes place twice annually, a feat made possible through the slightly warmer climates and the resulting two life cycles. The polyvoltine type of mulberry silkworm can only be found in the tropics. The eggs are laid by female moths and hatch within nine to 12 days, so the resulting type can have up to eight separate life cycles throughout the year.
Process
Eggs take about 14 days to hatch into larvae, which eat continuously. They have a preference for white mulberry, having an attraction to the mulberry odorant cis-jasmone. They are not monophagous, since they can eat other species of Morus, as well as some other Moraceae, mostly Osage orange. They are covered with tiny black hairs. When the color of their heads turns darker, it indicates they are about to molt. After molting, the larval phase of the silkworms emerge white, naked, and with little horns on their backs.
After they have molted four times, their bodies become slightly yellow, and the skin becomes tighter. The larvae then prepare to enter the pupal phase of their lifecycle, and enclose themselves in a cocoon made up of raw silk produced by the salivary glands. The final molt from larva to pupa takes place within the cocoon, which provides a vital layer of protection during the vulnerable, almost motionless pupal state. Many other Lepidoptera produce cocoons, but only a few—the Bombycidae, in particular the genus Bombyx, and the Saturniidae, in particular the genus Antheraea—have been exploited for fabric production.
If the animal is allowed to survive after spinning its cocoon and through the pupal phase of its lifecycle, it releases proteolytic enzymes to make a hole in the cocoon so it can emerge as an adult moth. These enzymes are destructive to the silk and can cause the silk fibers to break down from over a mile in length to segments of random length, which seriously reduces the value of the silk threads, but not silk cocoons used as "stuffing" available in China and elsewhere for doonas, jackets, etc. To prevent this, silkworm cocoons are boiled. The heat kills the silkworms and the water makes the cocoons easier to unravel. Often, the silkworm itself is eaten.
As the process of harvesting the silk from the cocoon kills the larva, sericulture has been criticized by animal welfare and rights activists. Mahatma Gandhi was critical of silk production based on the Ahimsa philosophy "not to hurt any living thing". This led to Gandhi's promotion of cotton spinning machines, an example of which can be seen at the Gandhi Institute. He also promoted Ahimsa silk, wild silk made from the cocoons of wild and semiwild silkmoths.
The moth – the adult phase of the lifecycle – is not capable of functional flight, in contrast to the wild B. mandarina and other Bombyx species, whose males fly to meet females and for evasion from predators. Some may emerge with the ability to lift off and stay airborne, but sustained flight cannot be achieved. This is because their bodies are too big and heavy for their small wings. However, some silkmoths can still fly. Silkmoths have a wingspan of and a white, hairy body. Females are about two to three times bulkier than males (for they are carrying many eggs), but are similarly colored. Adult Bombycidae have reduced mouthparts and do not feed, though a human caretaker can feed them.
Cocoon
The cocoon is made of a thread of raw silk from 300 to about 900 m (1,000 to 3,000 ft) long. The fibers are very fine and luscious, about 10 μm (0.0004 in) in diameter. About 2,000 to 3,000 cocoons are required to make 1 pound of silk (0.4 kg). At least 70 million pounds of raw silk are produced each year, requiring nearly 10 billion cocoons.
Research
Due to its small size and ease of culture, the silkworm has become a model organism in the study of lepidopteran and arthropod biology. Fundamental findings on pheromones, hormones, brain structures, and physiology have been made with the silkworm. One example of this was the molecular identification of the first known pheromone, bombykol, which required extracts from 500,000 individuals, due to the very small quantities of pheromone produced by any individual silkworm.
Currently, research is focusing on the genetics of silkworms and the possibility of genetic engineering. Many hundreds of strains are maintained, and over 400 Mendelian mutations have been described. Another source suggests 1,000 inbred domesticated strains are kept worldwide. One useful development for the silk industry is silkworms that can feed on food other than mulberry leaves, including an artificial diet. Research on the genome also raises the possibility of genetically engineering silkworms to produce proteins, including pharmacological drugs, in the place of silk proteins. Bombyx mori females are also one of the few organisms with homologous chromosomes held together only by the synaptonemal complex (and not crossovers) during meiosis.
Kraig Biocraft Laboratories
has used research from the Universities of Wyoming and Notre Dame in a collaborative effort to create a silkworm that is genetically altered to produce spider silk. In September 2010, the effort was announced as successful.
Researchers at Tufts developed scaffolds made of spongy silk that feel and look similar to human tissue. They are implanted during reconstructive surgery to support or restructure damaged ligaments, tendons, and other tissue. They also created implants made of silk and drug compounds which can be implanted under the skin for steady and gradual time release of medications.
Researchers at the MIT Media Lab experimented with silkworms to see what they would weave when left on surfaces with different curvatures. They found that on particularly straight webs of lines, the silkworms would connect neighboring lines with silk, weaving directly onto the given shape. Using this knowledge they built a silk pavilion with 6,500 silkworms over a number of days.
Silkworms have been used in antibiotics discovery, as they have several advantageous traits compared to other invertebrate models. Antibiotics such as lysocin E, a non-ribosomal peptide synthesized by Lysobacter sp. RH2180-5 and GPI0363 are among the notable antibiotics discovered using silkworms.
Domestication
The domestic species, compared to the wild species, has increased cocoon size, body size, growth rate, and efficiency of its digestion. It has gained tolerance to human presence and handling, and also to living in crowded conditions. The male domestic silkmoth cannot fly, so it needs human assistance in finding a mate, and it lacks fear of potential predators. The native color pigments have also been lost, so the domestic silkmoths are leucistic, since camouflage is not useful when they only live in captivity. These changes have made the domesticated strains entirely dependent upon humans for survival. The eggs are kept in incubators to aid in their hatching.
Silkworm breeding
Silkworms were first domesticated in China over 5,000 years ago. Since then, the silk production capacity of the species has increased nearly tenfold. The silkworm is one of the few organisms wherein the principles of genetics and breeding were applied to harvest maximum output . It is second only to maize in exploiting the principles of heterosis and crossbreeding.
Silkworm breeding is aimed at the overall improvement of silkworms from a commercial point of view. The major objectives are improving fecundity (the egg-laying capacity of a breed), the health of larvae, quantity of cocoon and silk production, and disease resistance. Healthy larvae lead to a healthy cocoon crop. Health is dependent on factors such as better pupation rate, fewer dead larvae in the mountage, shorter larval duration (this lessens the chance of infection) and bluish-tinged fifth-instar larvae (which are healthier than the reddish-brown ones). Quantity of cocoon and silk produced are directly related to the pupation rate and larval weight. Healthier larvae have greater pupation rates and cocoon weights. Quality of cocoon and silk depends on a number of factors, including genetics.
Hobby raising and school projects
In the U.S., teachers may sometimes introduce the insect life cycle to their students by raising domestic silkmoths in the classroom as a science project. Students have a chance to observe complete life cycles of insects from eggs to larvae to pupae to moths.
The domestic silkmoth has been raised as a hobby in countries such as China, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Iran. Children often pass on the eggs, creating a non-commercial population. The experience provides children with the opportunity to witness the life cycle of silkmoths. The practice of raising silkmoths by children as pets has, in non-silk farming South Africa, led to the development of extremely hardy landraces of silkmoths, because they are invariably subjected to hardships not encountered by commercially farmed members of the species. However, these worms, not being selectively bred as such, are possibly inferior in silk production and may exhibit other undesirable traits.
Genome
The full genome of the domestic silkmoth was published in 2008 by the International Silkworm Genome Consortium. Draft sequences were published in 2004.
The genome of the domestic silkmoth is mid-range with a genome size around 432 megabase pairs.
High genetic variability has been found in domestic lines of silkmoths, though this is less than that among wild silkmoths (about 83 percent of wild genetic variation). This suggests a single event of domestication, and that it happened over a short period of time, with a large number of wild silkworms having been collected for domestication. Major questions, however, remain unanswered: "Whether this event was in a single location or in a short period of time in several locations cannot be deciphered from the data". Research also has yet to identify the area in China where domestication arose.
Cuisine
Silkmoth pupae are eaten in some cultures.
In Assam, they are boiled for extracting silk and the boiled pupae are eaten directly with salt or fried with chili pepper or herbs as a snack or dish.
In Korea, they are boiled and seasoned to make a popular snack food known as beondegi (번데기).
In China, street vendors sell roasted silkmoth pupae.
In Japan, silkworms are usually served as a tsukudani (佃煮), i.e., boiled in a sweet-sour sauce made with soy sauce and sugar.
In Vietnam, this is known as .
In Thailand, roasted silkworm is often sold at open markets. They are also sold as packaged snacks.
Silkworms have also been proposed for cultivation by astronauts as space food on long-term missions.
Silkworm legends
China
In China, a legend indicates the discovery of the silkworm's silk was by an ancient empress named Leizu, the wife of the Yellow Emperor, also known as Xi Lingshi. She was drinking tea under a tree when a silk cocoon fell into her tea. As she picked it out and started to wrap the silk thread around her finger, she slowly felt a warm sensation. When the silk ran out, she saw a small larva. In an instant, she realized this caterpillar larva was the source of the silk. She taught this to the people and it became widespread. Many more legends about the silkworm are told.
The Chinese guarded their knowledge of silk, but, according to one story, a Chinese princess given in marriage to a Khotan prince brought to the oasis the secret of silk manufacture, "hiding silkworms in her hair as part of her dowry", probably in the first half of the first century AD.About AD 550, Christian monks are said to have smuggled silkworms, in a hollow stick, out of China and sold the secret to the Byzantine Empire.
Vietnam
According to a Vietnamese folk tale, silkworms were originally a beautiful housemaid running away from her gruesome masters and living in the mountain, where she was protected by the mountain god. One day, a lecherous god from the heaven came down to Earth to seduce women. When he saw her, he tried to rape her but she was able to escape and hidden by the mountain god. The lecherous god then tried to find and capture her by setting a net trap around the mountain. With the blessing of Guanyin, the girl was able to safely swallow that net into her stomach. Finally, the evil god summons his fellow thunder and rain gods to attack and burn away her clothes, forcing her to hide in a cave. Naked and cold, she spitted out the net and used it as a blanket to sleep. The girl died in her sleep, and as she wished to continue to help other people, her soul turned into silkworms.
Silkworm diseases
Beauveria bassiana, a fungus, destroys the entire silkworm body. This fungus usually appears when silkworms are raised under cold conditions with high humidity. This disease is not passed on to the eggs from moths, as the infected silkworms cannot survive to the moth stage. This fungus, however, can spread to other insects.
Grasserie, also known as nuclear polyhedrosis, milky disease, or hanging disease, is caused by infection with the Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (aka Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus, genus Alphabaculovirus). If grasserie is observed in the chawkie stage, then the chawkie larvae must have been infected while hatching or during chawkie rearing. Infected eggs can be disinfected by cleaning their surfaces prior to hatching. Infections can occur as a result of improper hygiene in the chawkie rearing house. This disease develops faster in early instar rearing.
Pébrine is a disease caused by a parasitic microsporidian, Nosema bombycis. Diseased larvae show slow growth, undersized, pale and flaccid bodies, and poor appetite. Tiny black spots appear on larval integument. Additionally, dead larvae remain rubbery and do not undergo putrefaction after death. N. bombycis kills 100% of silkworms hatched from infected eggs. This disease can be carried over from worms to moths, then to eggs and worms again. This microsporidium comes from the food that the silkworms eat. Female moths pass the disease to the eggs, and 100% of silkworms hatching from the diseased eggs will die in their worm stage. To prevent this disease, it is extremely important to rule out all eggs from infected moths by checking the moth's body fluid under a microscope.
Flacherie infected silkworms look weak and are colored dark brown before they die. The disease destroys the larva's gut and is caused by viruses or poisonous food.
Several diseases caused by a variety of funguses are collectively named Muscardine.
See also
Cocoonase
History of silk
Silk Road
List of animals that produce silk
Samia cynthia
Thai silk
Lao silk
Japanese silk
References
Further reading
External links
Student page on silkworm
WormSpit, a site about silkworms, silkmoths, and silk
Information about silkworms for classroom teachers with many photos
SilkBase Silkworm full length cDNA Database
Silk worm Life cycle photos
Silkworm School Science Project Instruction
Life Cycle Of A Silkworm 1943 article with first photographic study of subject
Category:Moths described in 1758
Category:Bombycidae
Category:Domesticated animals
Category:Insects as food
Category:Moths of Japan
Category:Moths of Africa
Category:Moths of Canada
Category:Silk
Category:Sericulture
Category:Traditional Chinese medicine
Category:Moths of New Zealand
Category:Insects of Turkey
Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
Category:Insects in culture | {
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Grand Marais Road (Windsor, Ontario)
Grand Marais Road (French for "Big Marsh Road") is a road that travels through Windsor, Ontario. Its use and significance has dwindled considerably following the completion of the E.C. Row Expressway.
History
The intersection with Walker Road is the site where the Tornado of 1946 touched down for a second time and reached its peak intensity of F4.
Grand Marais Road used to be in one piece, linking Huron Church Road in the southwest with Pillette Road in the east, following Turkey Creek fairly closely (hence the name "Big Marsh Road").
Once E.C. Row Expressway was constructed, parts of the road were closed off and torn up. They are listed below, heading westbound:
Just east of the intersection with Plymouth Drive and Walker Road, Grand Marais Road turns quickly south to meet Plymouth (which was intended to handle through traffic towards the east end of Windsor in the 1970s), with two lanes being closed off and used as a parking space for residents nearby. The pavement on the northernmost two westbound lanes is much older than the rest, showing evidence of this (despite one lane being torn up and grassed over, a sidewalk being laid down along the road...)
Intersection with Walker Road, east-bound-only traffic could exit the road. Memorial Drive to the north is now a bike trail. nearby residential streets allow access for drivers wanting to continue along Grand Marais Rd. In the early 2000s, the eastbound-only portion of Grand Marais Rd. was completely closed off.
West of Howard Avenue, the road leads to Zalev's Scrap Yard. It used to meet the tracks at a grade crossing, until E.C. Row Expressway's bridges were constructed. The road was truncated to Zalev's in the east, and is now a driveway to the shopping plaza to the west. It continues as West Grand Boulevard following Turkey Creek very closely through built-up residential areas, with signs leading drivers back to Grand Marais Road (which it parallels closely as well).
At the Dougall Road interchange with E.C. Row Expressway, the road's traffic is diverted onto Bruce Avenue (a quiet residential street), while a small segment of the road continues to a hotel parking lot. it was closed when the interchange's cloverleaf ramps were built in the late 1960s, due to how close the road is to the ramps.
From Bruce Avenue, the road continues much as it did before the expressway was built, with bike lanes along much of its path to its terminus with Huron Church Road.
Today
The road is lightly used, and is a collector road that feeds major arterial roads nearby. It travels through several residential neighbourhoods, such as South Windsor.
West Grand Boulevard
West Grand Boulevard is a derivative street that parallels Grand Marais (located just north of Turkey Creek) between Huron Church Road and Dougall Avenue. The road ranges from a collector road to a driveway, a bike path and a sidewalk. The road is discontinuous in sections, linked by trails and sidewalks. The road changes sides (from the south bank to the north bank) near Rankin Avenue (a residential street), with the street on the south bank named "West Grand Court".
See also
List of Essex County Roads
County Road 20
Former Provincial Highways
Highway 2
Highway 18
Highway 18A
Highway 98
Highway 107
Highway 114
External links
Amherstburg town website
Highway 18 at TheKingsHighway.ca
Category:Streets in Windsor, Ontario | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ho-jun
Ho-jun, also spelled Ho-joon, is a Korean masculine given name. Its meaning differs based on the hanja used to write each syllable of the name. There are 49 hanja with the reading "ho" and 34 hanja with the reading "jun" on the South Korean government's official list of hanja which may be registered for use in given names.
People with this given name include:
Ri Ho-jun (born 1946), North Korean sports shooter
Lee Ho-joon (born 1976), South Korean baseball player
Kim Ho-jun (born 1984), South Korean footballer
Son Ho-jun (born 1984), South Korean singer and actor
Yoo Ho-joon (born 1985), South Korean football player
Kim Ho-jun (born 1990), South Korean snowboarder
Jeon Ho-joon (born 1993), South Korean singer, member of Topp Dogg
See also
List of Korean given names
References
Category:Korean masculine given names | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Giuseppe Bastianini
Giuseppe Bastianini (8 March 1899 – 17 December 1961) was an Italian politician and diplomat. Initially associated with the hard-line elements of the fascist movements he later became a member of the dissident tendency.
Early years
Bastianini was born in Perugia. At an early age he became a local fascist leader in Umbria where he garnered a reputation as a member of the hard-line intransigenti wing of the movement. Following the seizure of power Bastianini was appointed head of the Fasci Italiani all'Estero, a movement aimed at co-ordinating the activities of Italian fascists not currently living in Italy. He called on members to seek to diffuse proper Italian fascist ideas wherever they were living. This group gained a considerable following amongst Italian expatriates in the mid-1920s. Indeed, in 1925 he submitted a report to the Fascist Grand Council claiming to have groups in 40 countries worldwide.
Bastianini's activities brought him into conflict with Italian diplomats, who felt that his movement was overtly politicising their work. For his part Bastianini called for a complete reform of the diplomatic service, insisting that the only true Italians were also fascists and that therefore all diplomats should be convinced fascists. In the end Benito Mussolini pursued a middle ground by dismissing diplomats who had not declared for the National Fascist Party but also limiting the power of Bastianini's movement, which was taking on many of the functions of foreign affairs for itself, to ideological instruction, sport and charity work by restoring power to the Italian consuls. Bastianini resigned from his position as head of the Fasci Italiani all'Estero in late 1926.
Diplomat
Somewhat inevitably following his drive to replace established diplomats with fascists Bastianini entered the diplomatic service himself. In 1927 he became Consul General in the Tangier International Zone. From August 10, 1928 to November 14, 1929 he was Italian envoy to Lisbon. In 1932 he became Italian ambassador to Poland and as a consequence he was one of those who helped to convince Mussolini to delay entry into the Second World War, knowing that Roman Catholic Poland was a country admired by many Italians. It was around this time that he also served as ambassador to the United Kingdom.
Dalmatia
In 1941 Bastianini was appointed Governor of Dalmatia. In this role Bastianini oversaw the deportation of a number of the region's Jews, including many refugees fleeing the German-occupied areas of Yugoslavia, to concentration camps in Italy. Bastianini also established a policy of Italianisation, changing place names from Croatian to Italian, insisting that the press had to publish in Italian and bringing in a number of teachers from Italy to take lessons in Dalmatian schools. To those Croats who resented the changes he offered one piece of advice: emigrate.
Bastianini would spend the latter part of his period as governor in conflict with elements of the Italian military, in particular Generals Quirino Armellini and Mario Roatta. Armellini had concentrated his troops in Split, a move Bastianini feared would breed fear and resentment amongst the inhabitants. Roatta declared that the civilian administration must have no saw in troop deployment although he and Bastianini eventually reached a compromise whereby local authorities would be consulted before large scale troop movements. Bastianini also managed to secure the removal of Armellini, with whom he did not get along. Bastianini was recalled in January 1943 after a government reshuffle in Rome and was replaced as governor the following month by Francesco Giunta.
Foreign Ministry
He was appointed undersecretary at the Foreign Ministry in February 1943, effectively replacing Galeazzo Ciano. Mussolini himself was the official Foreign Minister although his ill health and plethora of other roles meant that Bastianini effectively acted as minister. In his role he suggested two possible approaches that he felt could help to frustrate the Allied invasion of Italy, although neither seemed likely to occur. On the one hand he felt that Mussolini could get Adolf Hitler to negotiate a settlement with the Soviet Union and that German forces could then be redeployed in Italy, a tactic that he felt would force the western Allies to accept a compromise peace settlement. His other idea was for Mussolini to convince Hitler to allow Italy to leave the war altogether and declare neutrality. Both suggestions however had no hope of success as Hitler would never be convinced and Mussolini had no desire to attempt to convince him. Bastianini sold the notion of Mussolini as the man who could end the war to the governments of Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary as these minor Axis powers were also desperate for an exit as they were facing destruction at the hands of the advancing Red Army.
Mussolini's refusal to even attempt to reason with Hitler at the meeting held in Feltre with the German dictator on 19 July 1943 saw him challenged by Bastianini, Dino Alfieri and General Vittorio Ambrosio for his failure to try to get Italy out of the war. The incident damaged Mussolini's credibility and provided impetus to Dino Grandi, who soon launched an attempt to oust Mussolini. Bastianini was present at the Fascist Grand Council meeting held on July 25, 1943 at which the mood was decidedly anti-Mussolini as Grandi made his play. Although he was not overly enthusiastic about the plot Bastianini stated that Mussolini had ruined Italy through his inaction and so gave Grandi his support. Nonetheless who refused to follow the likes of Giuseppe Bottai in being openly condemnatory of Il Duce, preferring to continue to promote his aim of seeing Italy negotiating a separate peace as quickly as possible.
Bastianini died in Milan, aged 62.
Notes
References
Hibbert, Christopher Benito Mussolini: The Rise and Fall of Il Duce, Penguin Books, 1965
External links
Category:1899 births
Category:1961 deaths
Category:People from Perugia
Category:Italian fascists
Category:Ambassadors of Italy to Portugal
Category:Ambassadors of Italy to Poland
Category:Ambassadors of Italy to the United Kingdom
Category:History of Dalmatia
Category:Government ministers of Italy
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Betanja
Betanja () is a small settlement above Matavun in the Municipality of Divača in the Littoral region of Slovenia.
References
External links
Betanja at Geopedia
Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Divača | {
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The Hits Collection (video)
The Hits Collection is a collection of music videos released in 1993 to accompany the Prince's greatest hits collection, The Hits/The B-Sides. Being a single VHS cassette/DVD, the collection is only an hour long and excludes many tracks from the audio release. Many of his biggest hits like "When Doves Cry", "Batdance" and "U Got the Look" were left off the collection, while the karaoke-style video for "Sign o' the Times" was included. The collection included some of Prince's earliest videos, which are rarely seen on television.
Track listing
"Peach" (directed by Parris Patton)
"Uptown" (director unknown)
"1999" (directed by Bruce Gowers)
"Alphabet St." (directed by Patrick Epstein)
"Sign o' the Times" (directed by Bill Konersman)
"Diamonds and Pearls" (directed by Rebecca Blake)
"Controversy" (directed by Bruce Gowers)
"Dirty Mind" (director unknown)
"I Wanna Be Your Lover" (director unknown)
"Little Red Corvette" (directed by Bryan Greenberg)
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Philosophy of religion
Philosophy of religion is "the philosophical examination of the central themes and concepts involved in religious traditions". Philosophical discussions on such topics date from ancient times, and appear in the earliest known texts concerning philosophy. The field is related to many other branches of philosophy, including metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics.
The philosophy of religion differs from religious philosophy in that it seeks to discuss questions regarding the nature of religion as a whole, rather than examining the problems brought forth by a particular belief-system. It can be carried out dispassionately by those who identify as believers or non-believers.
Overview
Philosopher William L. Rowe characterized the philosophy of religion as: "the critical examination of basic religious beliefs and concepts." Philosophy of religion covers alternative beliefs about God (or gods), the varieties of religious experience, the interplay between science and religion, the nature and scope of good and evil, and religious treatments of birth, history, and death. The field also includes the ethical implications of religious commitments, the relation between faith, reason, experience and tradition, concepts of the miraculous, the sacred revelation, mysticism, power, and salvation.
The term philosophy of religion did not come into general use in the West until the nineteenth century, and most pre-modern and early modern philosophical works included a mixture of religious themes and non-religious philosophical questions. In Asia, examples include texts such as the Hindu Upanishads, the works of Daoism and Confucianism and Buddhist texts. Greek philosophies like Pythagoreanism and Stoicism included religious elements and theories about deities, and Medieval philosophy was strongly influenced by the big three monotheistic Abrahamic religions. In the Western world, early modern philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and George Berkeley discussed religious topics alongside secular philosophical issues as well.
The philosophy of religion has been distinguished from theology by pointing out that, for theology, "its critical reflections are based on religious convictions". Also, "theology is responsible to an authority that initiates its thinking, speaking, and witnessing ... [while] philosophy bases its arguments on the ground of timeless evidence."
Some aspects of philosophy of religion have classically been regarded as a part of metaphysics. In Aristotle's Metaphysics, the necessarily prior cause of eternal motion was an unmoved mover, who, like the object of desire, or of thought, inspires motion without itself being moved. Today, however, philosophers have adopted the term "philosophy of religion" for the subject, and typically it is regarded as a separate field of specialization, although it is also still treated by some, particularly Catholic philosophers, as a part of metaphysics.
Basic themes and problems
Ultimate reality
Different religions have different ideas about ultimate reality, its source or ground (or lack thereof) and also about what is the "Maximal Greatness". Paul Tillich's concept of 'Ultimate Concern' and Rudolf Otto's 'Idea of the Holy' are concepts which point to concerns about the ultimate or highest truth which most religious philosophies deal with in some way. One of the main differences among religions is whether the ultimate reality is a personal God or an impersonal reality.
In Western religions, various forms of theism are the most common conceptions, while in Eastern religions, there are theistic and also various non-theistic conceptions of the Ultimate. Theistic vs non-theistic is a common way of sorting the different types of religions.
There are also several philosophical positions with regard to the existence of God that one might take including various forms of theism (such as monotheism and polytheism), agnosticism and different forms of atheism.
Monotheism
Monotheism is the belief in a single deity or God, who is ontologically independent. Keith Yandell outlines roughly three kinds of historical monotheisms: Greek, Semitic and Hindu. Greek monotheism holds that the world has always existed and does not believe in creationism or divine providence, while Semitic monotheism believes the world was created by a God at a particular point in time and that this God acts in the world. Indian monotheism meanwhile teaches that the world is beginningless, but that there is God's act of creation which sustains the world.
The attempt to provide proofs or arguments for the existence of God is one aspect of what is known as natural theology or the natural theistic project. This strand of natural theology attempts to justify belief in God by independent grounds. Perhaps most of philosophy of religion is predicated on natural theology's assumption that the existence of God can be justified or warranted on rational grounds. There has been considerable philosophical and theological debate about the kinds of proofs, justifications and arguments that are appropriate for this discourse.
Non-theistic conceptions
Eastern religions have included both theistic and other alternative positions about the ultimate nature of reality. One such view is Jainism, which holds a dualistic view that all that exists is matter and a multiplicity of souls (jiva), without depending on a supreme deity for their existence. There are also different Buddhist views, such as the Theravada Abhidharma view, which holds that the only ultimately existing things are transitory phenomenal events (dharmas) and their interdependent relations. Madhyamaka Buddhists such as Nagarjuna hold that ultimate reality is emptiness (shunyata) while the Yogacara holds that it is vijñapti (mental phenomena). In Indian philosophical discourses, monotheism was defended by Hindu philosophers (particularly the Nyaya school), while Buddhist thinkers argued against their conception of a creator god (Sanskrit: Ishvara).
The Hindu view of Advaita Vedanta, as defended by Adi Shankara, is a total non-dualism. Although Advaitins do believe in the usual Hindu gods, their view of ultimate reality is a radically monistic oneness (Brahman without qualities) and anything which appears (like persons and gods) is illusory (maya).
The various philosophical positions of Taoism can also be viewed as non-theistic about the ultimate reality (Tao). Taoist philosophers have conceived of different ways of describing the ultimate nature of things. For example, while the Taoist Xuanxue thinker Wang Bi argued that everything is "rooted" in Wu (non-being, nothingness), Guo Xiang rejected Wu as the ultimate source of things, instead arguing that the ultimate nature of the Tao is "spontaneous self-production" (zi sheng) and “spontaneous self-transformation” (zi hua).
Traditionally, Jains and Buddhists did not rule out the existence of limited deities or divine beings, they only rejected the idea of a single all powerful creator God or First cause posited by monotheists.
Knowledge and belief
All religious traditions make knowledge claims which they argue are central to religious practice and to the ultimate solution to the main problem of human life. These include epistemic, metaphysical and ethical claims.
Evidentialism is the position that may be characterized as "a belief is rationally justified only if there is sufficient evidence for it". Many theists and non-theists are evidentialists, for example, Aquinas and Bertrand Russell agree that belief in God is rational only if there is sufficient evidence, but disagree on whether such evidence exists. These arguments often stipulate that subjective religious experiences are not reasonable evidence and thus religious truths must be argued based on non-religious evidence. One of the strongest positions of evidentialism is that by William Kingdon Clifford who wrote: "It is wrong always, everywhere, and for anyone, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence". His view of evidentialism is usually read in tandem with William James's article A Will to Believe (1896), which argues against Clifford's principle. More recent supporters of evidentialism include Antony Flew ("The Presumption of Atheism", 1972) and Michael Scriven (Primary philosophy, 1966). Both of them rely on the Ockhamist view that in the absence of evidence for X, belief in X is not justified. Many modern Thomists are also evidentialists in that they hold they can demonstrate there is evidence for the belief in God. Another move is to argue in a Bayesian way for the probability of a religious truth like God, not for total conclusive evidence.
Some philosophers however, argue that religious belief is warranted without evidence and hence are sometimes called non-evidentialists. They include fideists and reformed epistemologists. Alvin Plantinga and other reformed epistemologists are examples of philosophers who argue that religious beliefs are "properly basic beliefs" and that it is not irrational to hold them even though they are not supported by any evidence. The rationale here is that some beliefs we hold must be foundational and not be based on further rational beliefs, if this is not so we risk an infinite regress. This is qualified by the proviso that they can be defended against objections (this differentiates this view from fideism). A properly basic belief is a belief that one can reasonably hold without evidence, such as a memory, a basic sensation or a perception. Plantinga's argument is that belief in God is of this type, because within every human mind there is a natural awareness of divinity.
William James in his essay "The Will to Believe" argues for a pragmatic conception of religious belief. For James, religious belief is justified if one is presented with a question which is rationally undecidable and if one is presented with genuine and live options which are relevant for the individual. For James, religious belief is defensible because of the pragmatic value it can bring to one's life, even if there is no rational evidence for it.
Some work in recent epistemology of religion goes beyond debates over evidentialism, fideism, and reformed epistemology to consider contemporary issues deriving from new ideas about knowledge-how and practical skill; how practical factors can affect whether one could know whether theism is true; from formal epistemology's use of probability theory; or from social epistemology (particularly the epistemology of testimony, or the epistemology of disagreement).
For example, an important topic in the epistemology of religion is that of religious disagreement, and the issue of what it means for intelligent individuals of the same epistemic parity to disagree about religious issues. Religious disagreement has been seen as possibly posing first-order or higher-order problems for religious belief. A first order problem refers to whether that evidence directly applies to the truth of any religious proposition, while a higher order problem instead applies to whether one has rationally assessed the first order evidence. One example of a first order problem is the Argument from nonbelief. Higher order discussions focus on whether religious disagreement with epistemic peers (someone whose epistemic ability is equal to our own) demands us to adopt a skeptical or agnostic stance or whether to reduce or change our religious beliefs.
Faith and reason
While religions resort to rational arguments to attempt to establish their views, they also claim that religious belief is at least partially to be accepted through faith, confidence or trust in one's religious belief. There are different conceptions or models of faith, including:
The affective model of faith sees it as a feeling of trust, a psychological state
The special knowledge model of faith as revealing specific religious truths (defended by Reformed epistemology)
The belief model of faith as the theoretical conviction that a certain religious claim is true.
Faith as trusting, as making a fiducial commitment such as trusting in God.
The practical doxastic venture model where faith is seen as a commitment to believe in the trustworthiness of a religious truth or in God. In other words, to trust in God presupposes belief, thus faith must include elements of belief and trust.
The non-doxastic venture model of faith as practical commitment without actual belief (defended by non-realists like J. L. Schellenberg and Don Cupitt). In this view, one need not believe in literal religious claims about reality to have religious faith.
The hope model, faith as hoping
There are also different positions on how faith relates to reason. One example is the belief that faith and reason are compatible and work together, which is the view of Thomas Aquinas and the orthodox view of Catholic natural theology. According to this view, reason establishes certain religious truths and faith (guided by reason) gives us access to truths about the divine which, according to Aquinas, "exceed all the ability of human reason."
Another position on is Fideism, the view that faith is "in some sense independent of, if not outright adversarial toward, reason." This view was famously defended by the theologian Tertullian (c.160–230 CE). Modern philosophers such as Kierkegaard, William James, and Wittgenstein have been associated with this label. Kierkegaard in particular, argued for the necessity of the religious to take a non-rational leap of faith to bridge the gulf between man and God. Wittgensteinian fideism meanwhile sees religious language games as being incommensurate with scientific and metaphysical language games, and that they are autonomous and thus may only be judged on their own standards. The obvious criticism to this is that many religions clearly put forth metaphysical claims.
Several contemporary New Atheist writers which are hostile to religion hold a related view which says that religious claims and scientific claims are opposed to each other, and that therefore religions are false.
The Protestant theologian Karl Barth (1886–1968) argued that religious believers have no need to prove their beliefs through reason and thus rejected the project of natural theology. According to Barth, human reason is corrupt and God is utterly different from his creatures, thus we can only rely on God's own revelation for religious knowledge. Barth's view has been termed Neo-orthodoxy. Similarly, D.Z. Phillips argues that God is not intelligible through reason or evidence because God is not an empirical object or a 'being among beings'.
As Brian Davies points out, the problem with positions like Barth's is that they do not help us in deciding between inconsistent and competing revelations of the different religions.
Science
The topic of whether religious beliefs are compatible with science and in what way is also another important topic in the philosophy of religion as well as in theology. This field draws the historical study of their interactions and conflicts, such as the debates in the United States over the teaching of evolution and creationism. There are different models of interaction that have been discussed in the philosophical literature, including :
Conflict thesis which sees them as being in constant conflict, such as during the reception of the theory of evolution and the current debate over creationism.
Independence model, both have separate domains, or non-overlapping magisteria
Dialogue model, some overlap between the fields, they remain separate but share some concepts and presuppositions
Integration or unification model includes projects like natural theology and process theology
The field also draws the scientific study of religion, particularly by psychologists and sociologists as well as cognitive scientists. Various theories about religion have arisen from these various disciplines. One example is the various evolutionary theories of religion which see the phenomenon as either adaptive or a by-product. Another can be seen in the various theories put forth by the Cognitive science of religion. Some argued that evolutionary or cognitive theories undermine religious belief,
Religious experience
Closely tied to the issues of knowledge and belief is the question of how to interpret religious experiences vis-à-vis their potential for providing knowledge. Religious experiences have been recorded throughout all cultures and are widely diverse. These personal experiences tend to be highly important to the individuals who undergo them. Discussions about religious experiences can be said to be informed in part by the question: "what sort of information about what there is might religious experience provide, and how could one tell?"
One could interpret these experiences either veridically, neutrally or as delusions. Both monotheistic and non-monotheistic religious thinkers and mystics have appealed to religious experiences as evidence for their claims about ultimate reality. Philosophers such as Richard Swinburne and William Alston have compared religious experiences to everyday perceptions, that is, both are noetic and have a perceptual object, and thus religious experiences could logically be veridical unless we have a good reason to disbelieve them.
According to Brian Davies common objections against the veridical force of religious experiences include the fact that experience is frequently deceptive and that people who claim an experience of a god may be "mistakenly identifying an object of their experience", or be insane or hallucinating. However, he argues that we cannot deduce from the fact that our experiences are sometimes mistaken, hallucinations or distorted to the conclusion that all religious experiences are mistaken etc. Indeed, a drunken or hallucinating person could still perceive things correctly, therefore these objections cannot be said to necessarily disprove all religious experiences.
According to C. B. Martin, "there are no tests agreed upon to establish genuine experience of God and distinguish it decisively from the ungenuine", and therefore all that religious experiences can establish is the reality of these psychological states.
Naturalistic explanations for religious experiences are often seen as undermining their epistemic value. Explanations such as the fear of death, suggestion, infantile regression, sexual frustration, neurological anomalies ("it's all in the head") as well as the socio-political power that having such experiences might grant to a mystic have been put forward. A hostile position was famously taken by Bertrand Russell who have compared the veridical value of religious experiences to the hallucinations of a drunk person: "From a scientific point of view, we can make no distinction between the man who eats little and sees heaven and the man who drinks much and sees snakes. Each is in an abnormal physical condition, and therefore has abnormal perceptions." However, as William L. Rowe notes:
The hidden assumption in Russell's argument is that bodily and mental states that interfere with reliable perceptions of the physical world also interfere with reliable perceptions of a spiritual world beyond the physical, if there is such a spiritual world to be perceived. Perhaps this assumption is reasonable, but it certainly is not obviously true.
In other words, as argued by C.D. Broad, "one might need to be slightly 'cracked'" or at least appear to be mentally and physically abnormal in order to perceive the supranormal spiritual world.
William James meanwhile takes a middle course between accepting mystical experiences as veridical or seeing them as delusional. He argues that for the individual who experiences them, they are authoritative and they break down the authority of the rational mind. Not only that, but according to James, the mystic is justified in this. But when it comes to the non-mystic, the outside observer, they have no reason to regard them as either veridical nor delusive.
The study of religious experiences from the perspective of the field of phenomenology has also been a feature of the philosophy of religion. Key thinkers in this field include William Brede Kristensen and Gerard van der Leeuw.
Types
Just like there are different religions, there are different forms of religious experience. One could have "subject/content" experiences (such as a euphoric meditative state) and "subject/consciousness/object" experiences (such as the perception of having seen a god, i.e. theophany). Experiences of theophany are described in ancient Mediterranean religious works and myths and include the story of Semele who died due to her seeing Zeus and the Biblical story of the Burning bush. Indian texts like the Bhagavad Gita also contain theophanic events. The diversity (sometimes to the point of contradiction) of religious experiences has also been used as an argument against their veridical nature, and as evidence that they are a purely subjective psychological phenomenon.
In Western thought, religious experience (mainly a theistic one) has been described by the likes of Friedrich Schleiermacher, Rudolf Otto and William James. According to Schleiermacher, the distinguishing feature of a religious experience is that "one is overcome by the feeling of absolute dependence." Otto meanwhile, argued that while this was an important element, the most basic feature of religious experiences is that it is numinous. He described this as "non-rational, non-sensory experience or feeling whose primary and immediate object is outside the self" as well as having the qualities of being a mystery, terrifying and fascinating.
Rowe meanwhile defined a religious experience as "an experience in which one senses the immediate presence of the divine." According to Rowe, religious experiences can be divided in the following manner:
Religious experiences in which one senses the presence of the divine as being distinct from oneself.
Mystical experiences in which one senses one's own union with a divine presence.
The extrovertive way looks outward through the senses into the world around us and finds the divine reality there.
The introvertive way turns inward and finds the divine reality in the deepest part of the self.
Non-monotheistic religions meanwhile also report different experiences from theophany, such as non-dual experiences of oneness and deeply focused meditative states (termed Samadhi in Indian religion) as well as experiences of final enlightenment or liberation (moksha, nirvana, kevala in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism respectively).
Another typology, offered by Chad Meister, differentiates between three major experiences:
Regenerative experiences, in which an individual feels reborn, transformed or changed radically, usually resulting in religious conversion.
Charismatic experiences, in which special gifts, abilities, or blessings are manifested (such as healing, visions, etc.)
Mystical experiences, which can be described using William James qualifications as being: Ineffable, Noetic, transient and passive.
Perennialism vs Constructivism
Another debate on this topic is whether all religious cultures share common core mystical experiences (Perennialism) or whether these experiences are in some way socially and culturally constructed (Constructivism or Contextualism). According to Walter Stace all cultures share mystical experiences of oneness with the external world, as well as introverted "Pure Conscious Events" which is empty of all concepts, thoughts, qualities, etc. except pure consciousness. Similarly Ninian Smart argued that monistic experiences were universal. Perennialists tend to distinguish between the experience itself, and its post experience interpretation to make sense of the different views in world religions.
Some constructivists like Steven T. Katz meanwhile have argued against the common core thesis, and for either the view that every mystical experience contains at least some concepts (soft constructivism) or that they are strongly shaped and determined by one's religious ideas and culture (hard constructivism). In this view, the conceptual scheme of any mystic strongly shapes their experiences and because mystics from different religions have very different schemas, there cannot be any universal mystical experiences.
Religion and ethics
All religions argue for certain values and ideas of the moral Good. Non-monotheistic Indian traditions like Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta find the highest Good in nirvana or moksha which leads to release from suffering and the rounds of rebirth and morality is a means to achieve this, while for monotheistic traditions, God is the source or ground of all morality and heaven in the highest human good. The world religions also offer different conceptions of the source of evil and suffering in the world, that is, what is wrong with human life and how to solve and free ourselves from these dilemmas. For example, for Christianity, sin is the source of human problems, while for Buddhism, it is craving and ignorance.
A general question which philosophy of religion asks is what is the relationship, if any, between morality and religion. Brian Davies outlines four possible theses:
Morality somehow requires religion. One example of this view is Kant's idea that morality should lead us to believe in a moral law, and thus to believe in an upholder of that law, that is, God.
Morality is somehow included in religion, "The basic idea here is that being moral is part of what being religious means."
Morality is pointless without religion, for one would have no reason to be moral without it.
Morality and religion are opposed to each other. In this view, belief in a God would mean one would do whatever that God commands, even if it goes against morality. The view that religion and morality are often opposed has been espoused by atheists like Lucretius and Bertrand Russell as well as by theologians like Kierkegaard who argued for a 'teleological suspension of the ethical'.
Monotheistic religions who seek to explain morality and its relationship to God must deal with what is termed the Euthyphro dilemma, famously stated in the Platonic dialogue "Euthyphro" as: "Is the pious (τὸ ὅσιον, i.e. what is morally good) loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?" Those who hold that what is moral is so because it is what God commands are defending a version of the Divine command theory.
Another important topic which is widely discussed in Abrahamic monotheistic religious philosophy is the problem of human Free will and God's omniscience. God's omniscience could presumably include perfect knowledge of the future, leading to Theological determinism and thus possibly contradicting with human free will. There are different positions on this including libertarianism (free will is true) and Predestination.
Miracles
Belief in miracles and supernatural events or occurrences is common among world religions. A miracle is an event which cannot be explained by rational or scientific means. The Resurrection of Jesus and the Miracles of Muhammad are examples of miracles claimed by religions.
Skepticism towards the supernatural can be found in early philosophical traditions like the Indian Carvaka school and Greco-Roman philosophers like Lucretius. David Hume, who defined a miracle as "a violation of the laws of nature", famously argued against miracles in Of Miracles, Section X of An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding (1748). For Hume, the probability that a miracle hasn't occurred is always greater than the probability that it has because "as a firm and unalterable experience has established these laws [of nature], the proof against a miracle, from the very nature of the fact, is as entire as any argument from experience can possibly be imagined" (Enquiry. X. p. 173). Hume doesn't argue that a miracle is impossible, only that it is unreasonable to believe in any testimony of a miracle's occurrence, for evidence for the regularity of natural laws is much stronger than human testimony (which is often in error).
According to Rowe, there are two weaknesses with Hume's argument. First, there could be other forms of indirect evidence for the occurrence of a miracle that does not include testimony of someone's direct experience of it. Secondly, Rowe argues that Hume overestimates "the weight that should be given to past experience in support of some principle thought to be a law of nature." For it is a common occurrence that currently accepted ideas of natural laws are revised due to an observed exception but Hume's argument would lead one to conclude that these exceptions do not occur. Rowe adds that "It remains true, however, that a reasonable person will require quite strong evidence before believing that a law of nature has been violated. It is easy to believe the person who claimed to see water run downhill, but quite difficult to believe that someone saw water run uphill."
Another definition of a miracle is possible however, which is termed the Epistemic theory of miracles and was argued for by Spinoza and St. Augustine. This view rejects that a miracle is a transgression of natural laws, but is simply a transgression of our current understanding of natural law. In the Tractatus Theologico-Politicus, Spinoza writes: "miracles are only intelligible as in relation to human opinions, and merely mean events of which the natural cause cannot be explained by a reference to any ordinary occurrence, either by us, or at any rate, by the writer and narrator of the miracle" (Tractatus p. 84). Similarly, R.F. Holland has defined miracle in a naturalistic way in a widely cited paper. For Holland, a miracle need only be an extraordinary and beneficial coincidence interpreted religiously.
Brian Davies notes that even if we can establish that a miracle has occurred, it is hard to see what this is supposed to prove. For it is possible that they arise due to agencies which are unusual and powerful, but not divine.
Afterlife
World religions put forth various theories which affirm life after death and different kinds of postmortem existence. This is often tied to belief in an immortal individual soul or self (Sanskrit: atman) separate from the body which survives death, as defended by Plato, Descartes, Monotheistic religions like Christianity and many Indian philosophers. This view is also a position on the mind body problem, mainly, dualism. This view then must show not only that dualism is true and that souls exist, but also that souls survive death. As Kant famously argued, the mere existence of a soul does not prove its immortality, for one could conceive that a soul, even if it is totally simple, could still fade away or lose its intensity. H. H. Price is one modern philosopher who has speculated at length about what it would be like to be a disembodied soul after death.
One major issue with soul beliefs is that since personhood is closely tied to one's physical body, it seems difficult to make sense of a human being existing apart from their body. A further issue is with continuity of personal identity, that is, it is not easy to account for the claim that the person that exists after bodily death is the same person that existed before.
Bertrand Russell put forth the general scientific argument against the afterlife as follows:
Persons are part of the everyday world with which science is concerned, and the conditions which determine their existence are discoverable...we know that the brain is not immortal, and that the organized energy of a living body becomes, as it were, demobilized at death and therefore not available for collective action. All the evidence goes to show that what we regard as our mental life is bound up with brain structure and organized bodily energy. Therefore it is rational to suppose that mental life ceases when bodily life ceases. The argument is only one of probability, but it is as strong as those upon which most scientific conclusions are based.
Contra Russell, J. M. E. McTaggart argues that people have no scientific proof that the mind is dependent on the body in this particular way. As Rowe notes, the fact that the mind depends on the functions of the body while one is alive is not necessarily proof that the mind will cease functioning after death just as a person trapped in a room while depending on the windows to see the outside world might continue to see even after the room ceases to exist.
Buddhism is one religion which, while affirming postmortem existence (through rebirth), denies the existence of individual souls and instead affirms a deflationary view of personal identity, termed not-self (anatta).
While physicalism has generally been seen as hostile to notions of an afterlife, this need not be the case. Abrahamic religions like Christianity have traditionally held that life after death will include the element of bodily resurrection. One objection to this view is that it seems difficult to account for personal continuity, at best, a resurrected body is a replica of the resurrected person not the same person. One response is the constitution view of persons, which says persons are constituted by their bodies and by a "first-person perspective", the capacity to think of oneself as oneself. In this view, what is resurrected is that first person perspective, or both the person's body and that perspective. An objection to this view is that it seems difficult to differentiate one person's first person perspective from another person's without reference to temporal and spatial relations. Peter van Inwagen meanwhile, offers the following theory:
Perhaps at the moment of each man's death, God removes his corpse and replaces it with a simulacrum which is what is burned or rots. Or perhaps God is not quite so wholesale as this: perhaps He removes for "safekeeping" only the "core person"—the brain and central nervous system—or even some special part of it. These are details. (van Inwagen 1992: 245–46)
This view shows how some positions on the nature of the afterlife are closely tied to and sometimes completely depend upon theistic positions. This close connection between the two views was made by Kant, who argued that one can infer an afterlife from belief in a just God who rewards persons for their adherence to moral law.
Other discussions on the philosophy of the afterlife deal with phenomena such as near death experiences, reincarnation research, and other parapsychological events and hinge on whether naturalistic explanations for these phenomena is enough to explain them or not. Such discussions are associated with philosophers like William James, Henry Sidgwick, C.D. Broad, and H.H. Price.
Diversity and pluralism
The issue of how one is to understand religious diversity and the plurality of religious views and beliefs has been a central concern of the philosophy of religion.
There are various philosophical positions regarding how one is to make sense of religious diversity, including exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism, relativism, atheism or antireligion and agnosticism.
Religious exclusivism is the claim that only one religion is true and that others are wrong. To say that a religion is exclusivistic can also mean that salvation or human freedom is only attainable by the followers of one's religion. This view tends to be the orthodox view of most monotheistic religions, such as Christianity and Islam, though liberal and modernist trends within them might differ. William L Rowe outlines two problems with this view. The first problem is that it is easy to see that if this is true, a large portion of humanity is excluded from salvation and it is hard to see how a loving god would desire this. The second problem is that once we become acquainted with the saintly figures and virtuous people in other religions, it can be difficult to see how we could say they are excluded from salvation just because they are not part of our religion.
A different view is inclusivism, which is the idea that "one's own tradition alone has the whole truth but that this truth is nevertheless partially reflected in other traditions." An inclusivist might maintain that their religion is privileged, they can also hold that other religious adherents have fundamental truths and even that they will be saved or liberated. The Jain view of Anekantavada ('many-sidedness') has been interpreted by some as a tolerant view which is an inclusive acceptance of the partial truth value of non-Jain religious ideas. As Paul Dundas notes, the Jains ultimately held the thesis that Jainism is the final truth, while other religions only contain partial truths. Other scholars such as Kristin Beise Kiblinger have also argued that some of the Buddhist traditions include inclusivist ideas and attitudes.
In the modern Western study of religion, the work of Ninian Smart has also been instrumental in representing a more diverse understanding of religion and religious pluralism. Smart's view is that there are genuine differences between religions.
Pluralism is the view that all religions are equally valid responses to the divine and that they are all valid paths to personal transformation. This approach is taken by John Hick, who has developed a pluralistic view which synthesizes components of various religious traditions. Hick promotes an idea of a noumenal sacred reality which different religions provide us access to. Hick defines his view as "the great world faiths embody different perceptions and conceptions of, and correspondingly different responses to, the Real or the Ultimate." For Hick, all religions are true because they all allow us to encounter the divine reality, even if they have different deities and conceptions of it. Rowe notes that a similar idea is proposed by Paul Tillich's concept of Being-itself.
The view of perennialism is that there is a single or core truth or experience which is shared by all religions even while they use different terms and language to express it. This view is espoused by the likes of Aldous Huxley, the thinkers of the Traditionalist School as well as Neo-Vedanta.
Yet another way of responding to the conflicting truth claims of religions is Relativism. Joseph Runzo., one of its most prominent defenders, has argued for henofideism which states that the truth of a religious worldview is relative to each community of adherents. Thus while religions have incompatible views, each one is individually valid as they emerge from individual experiences of a plurality of phenomenal divine realities. According to Runzo, this view does not reduce the incompatible ideas and experiences of different religions to mere interpretations of the Real and thus preserves their individual dignity.
Another response to the diversity and plurality of religious beliefs and deities throughout human history is one of skepticism towards all of them (or even antireligion), seeing them as illusions or human creations which serve human psychological needs. Sigmund Freud was a famous proponent of this view, in various publications such as The Future of an Illusion (1927) and Civilization and Its Discontents (1930). According to Freud, "Religion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desires."
While one can be skeptical towards the claims of religion, one need not be hostile towards religion. Don Cupitt is one example of someone who, while disbelieving in the metaphysical and cosmological claims of his religion, holds that one can practice it with a "non-realist" perspective which sees religious claims as human inventions and myths to live by.
Religious language
The question of religious language and in what sense it can be said to be meaningful has been a central issue of the philosophy of religion since the work of the Vienna circle, a group of philosophers who, influenced by Wittgenstein, put forth the theory of Logical positivism. Their view was that religious language, such as any talk of God cannot be verified empirically and thus was ultimately meaningless. This position has also been termed theological noncognitivism. A similar view can be seen in David Hume's An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, where he famously wrote that any work which did not include either (1) abstract reasoning on quantity or number or (2) reasoning concerning matter of fact and existence was "nothing but sophistry and illusion".
In a similar vein, Antony Flew, questioned the validity of religious statements because they do not seem to be falsifiable, that is, religious claims do not seem to allow any counter evidence to count against them and thus they seem to be lacking in content. While such arguments were popular in the 1950s and 60s, the verification principle and falsifiability as a criterion for meaning are no longer as widely held. The main problem with verificationism is that it seems to be self refuting, for it is a claim which does not seem to be supported by its own criterion.
As noted by Brian Davies, when talking about God and religious truths, religious traditions tend to resort to metaphor, negation and analogy. The via negativa has been defended by thinkers such as Maimonides who denied that positive statements about God were helpful and wrote: "you will come nearer to the knowledge and comprehension of God by the negative attributes." Similar approaches based on negation can be seen in the Hindu doctrine of Neti neti and the Buddhist philosophy of Madhyamaka.
Wittgenstein's theory of language games also shows how one can use analogical religious language to describe God or religious truths, even if the words one is using do not in this case refer to their everyday sense, i.e. when we say God is wise, we do not mean he is wise in the same sense that a person is wise, yet it can still make sense to talk in this manner. However, as Patrick Sherry notes, the fact that this sort of language may make sense does not mean that one is warranted in ascribing these terms to God, for there must be some connection between the relevant criteria we use in ascribing these terms to conventional objects or subjects and to God. As Chad Meister notes though, for Wittgenstein, a religion's language game need not reflect some literal picture of reality (as a picture theory of meaning would hold) but is useful simply because its ability to "reflect the practices and forms of life of the various religious adherents." Following Wittgenstein, philosophers of religion like Norman Malcolm, B. R. Tilghman, and D. Z. Phillips have argued that instead of seeing religious language as referring to some objective reality, we should instead see it as referring to forms of life. This approach is generally termed non-realist.
Against this view, realists respond that non-realism subverts religious belief and the intelligibility of religious practice. It is hard to see for example, how one can pray to a God without believing that they really exist. Realists also argue that non-realism provides no normative way to choose between competing religions.
Analytic philosophy of religion
In Analytic Philosophy of Religion, James Franklin Harris noted that
As with the study of ethics, early analytic philosophy tended to avoid the study of philosophy of religion, largely dismissing (as per the logical positivists view) the subject as part of metaphysics and therefore meaningless. The collapse of logical positivism renewed interest in philosophy of religion, prompting philosophers like William Alston, John Mackie, Alvin Plantinga, Robert Merrihew Adams, Richard Swinburne, and Antony Flew not only to introduce new problems, but to re-open classical topics such as the nature of miracles, theistic arguments, the problem of evil, (see existence of God) the rationality of belief in God, concepts of the nature of God, and many more.
Plantinga, Mackie and Flew debated the logical validity of the free will defense as a way to solve the problem of evil. Alston, grappling with the consequences of analytic philosophy of language, worked on the nature of religious language. Adams worked on the relationship of faith and morality. Analytic epistemology and metaphysics has formed the basis for a number of philosophically-sophisticated theistic arguments, like those of the reformed epistemologists like Plantinga.
Analytic philosophy of religion has also been preoccupied with Ludwig Wittgenstein, as well as his interpretation of Søren Kierkegaard's philosophy of religion. Using first-hand remarks (which would later be published in Philosophical Investigations, Culture and Value, and other works), philosophers such as Peter Winch and Norman Malcolm developed what has come to be known as contemplative philosophy, a Wittgensteinian school of thought rooted in the "Swansea tradition" and which includes Wittgensteinians such as Rush Rhees, Peter Winch and D. Z. Phillips, among others. The name "contemplative philosophy" was first coined by D. Z. Phillips in Philosophy's Cool Place, which rests on an interpretation of a passage from Wittgenstein's "Culture and Value." This interpretation was first labeled, "Wittgensteinian Fideism," by Kai Nielsen but those who consider themselves Wittgensteinians in the Swansea tradition have relentlessly and repeatedly rejected this construal as a caricature of Wittgenstein's considered position; this is especially true of D. Z. Phillips. Responding to this interpretation, Kai Nielsen and D.Z. Phillips became two of the most prominent philosophers on Wittgenstein's philosophy of religion.
See also
List of philosophers of religion
Comparative theology
Definition of religion
Evolutionary origin of religions
Evolutionary psychology of religion
Issues in Science and Religion
Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion by Hegel
Major world religions
Phenomenology of religion
Soteriology
Theories of religion
Worldview
Notes
References
Further reading
Al-Nawawi Forty Hadiths and Commentary, by Arabic Virtual Translation Center; (2010) (Philosophy of Religion from an Islamic Point of View)
The London Philosophy Study Guide offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject: Philosophy of Religion
William L. Rowe, William J. Wainwright, Philosophy of Religion: Selected Readings, Third Ed. (Florida: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1998)
Religious Studies is an international journal for the philosophy of religion. It is available online and in print and has a fully searchable online archive dating back to Issue 1 in 1965. It currently publishes four issues per year.
Shokhin, Vladimir K., "The Pioneering Appearances of Philosophy of Religion in Europe: François Para du Phanjas on the Nature of Religion", Open Theology 2015, 1: 97-106. Open Access: http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/opth.2014.1.issue-1/opth-2014-0008/opth-2014-0008.xml?format=INT
Yandell, Keith E. PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION A contemporary introduction, Routledge, 2002.
External links
An introduction to the Philosophy of Religion by Paul Newall
Philosophy of Religion Useful annotated index of religious philosophy topics
Philosophy of Religion .Info Introductory articles on philosophical arguments for and against theism
The Australasian Philosophy of Religion Association
Introductory Articles Into the Philosophy of Religion from University of Notre Dame
Hume on Miracles, commentary by Rev Dr Wally Shaw | {
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Scala Theatre
The Scala Theatre was a theatre in Charlotte Street, London, off Tottenham Court Road. The first theatre on the site opened in 1772, and the theatre was demolished in 1969, after being destroyed by fire. From 1865 to 1882, the theatre was known as the Prince of Wales's Theatre (not to be confused with Prince of Wales Theatre).
Origins
The theatre began on this site as The New Rooms where concerts were performed, in Charlotte Street, in 1772, under the management of Francis Pasquali. Popularity, and royal patronage led to the building's enlargement by James Wyatt, and its renaming as the King's Concert Rooms (1780–1786). It then became Rooms for Concerts of Ancient Music and Hyde's Rooms (1786–1802, managed by The Directors of Concerts and Ancient Music).
In 1802, a private theatre club, managed by Captain Caulfield, the "Pic-Nics" occupied the building and named it the Cognoscenti Theatre (1802–1808). It became the New Theatre (1808–1815, under Saunders and Mr J. Paul) and was extended and fitted out as a public theatre with a portico entrance, on Tottenham Street.
It continued under a succession of managers as the unsuccessful Regency Theatre (1815–1820), falling into decline. The theatre then reopened as the West London Theatre (1820–1831, under Brunton), Queen's Theatre (1831–1833, 1835–1837, and again 1839-1865), and Fitzroy Theatre (1833–1835 and 1837–1839). The lessee of the theatre from 1843 to 1869 was a scenic artist, Charles James James, and the theatre became the home of lurid melodrama, being nicknamed The Dusthole.
Prince of Wales's Royal Theatre 1865–1882
In 1865, the theatre was renovated and named the Prince of Wales's Royal Theatre and this continued until it went dark in 1882. It was demolished in 1903. In 1865, in partnership with Henry Byron, Effie Marie Wilton assumed the management of the theatre, having secured as a leading actor Squire Bancroft. He starred in J. P. Wooler's A Winning Hazard, among other works. Wilton provided the capital, and Byron wrote a number of plays. His first was a burlesque of La sonnambula. However, Wilton wanted to present more sophisticated pieces. She agreed to produce three more burlesques by Byron, while he agreed to write his first prose comedies, War to the Knife (a success in 1865) and A Hundred Thousand Pounds (1866). By 1867, Byron left the partnership.
The house soon became noted for the successful domestic drama-comedies by Thomas William Robertson, including his series of groundbreaking realist plays, Society (1865), Ours (1866), Caste (1867), Play (1868), School (1869), and M.P. (1870). In 1867, Wilton married Squire Bancroft and took his surname as Mrs. Effie Bancroft and regularly took the principal female parts in these pieces opposite her husband. Other plays were W. S. Gilbert's Allow Me To Explain (1867; this ran as a companion piece to Robertson's Caste) and Sweethearts (1874), as well as Tame Cats (1868), Lytton's Money (1872), The School for Scandal (1874), a revival of Boucicault's London Assurance (1877), and Diplomacy (Clement Scott's 1878 adaptation of Sardou's Dora). A number of prominent actors played at the theatre during this period, among them John Hare, Charles Coghlan, the Kendals, and Ellen Terry.
A big success in 1881 was F. C. Burnand's The Colonel, which went on to run for 550 performances, transferring to the Imperial Theatre. In 1882, the theatre went dark, and from 1886 the theatre buildings were used as a Salvation Army Hostel, until it was demolished in 1903. Another theatre near Leicester Square, London, began to use the name Prince of Wales Theatre in 1886.
Scala Theatre 1905–1969
In 1903, Dr. Edmund Distin Maddick bought the property, and adjoining properties, and enlarged the site. The main entrance was now in Charlotte Street, and the old portico in Tottenham Street became the stage door. The new theatre, designed by Frank Verity, opened in 1905, as The Scala Theatre, seating 1,139 and boasting a large stage. The new venture was not particularly successful, and became a cinema from 1911–1918, run by Charles Urban. In 1918, F. J. Nettlefold took over and ran the premises as a theatre again.
It became known as the New Scala in 1923, with D. A. Abrahams as licensee for staging plays and showing films; he became owner in 1925. Amateur productions and pantomime were performed, and for a while the theatre became home to the Gang Show. During World War II, it again housed professional theatre, reverting to the Scala Theatre. After the war, under the management of Prince Littler, amateur productions returned, with Peter Pan being the annual pantomime. This continued until 1969 when, after a fire, it was demolished for the building of offices, known as Scala House. In 1964, the theatre was used by The Beatles for the concert sequences in the film A Hard Day's Night.
References
Further reading
Baker, Henry Barton. History of the London stage and its famous players (1576-1903). London: Routledge, 1904.
Howard, Diana. London Theatres and Music Halls 1850-1950. London: The Library Association, 1970.
Leacroft, Richard. The Development of the English Playhouse. Ithica: Cornell University Press, 1976.
Mander, Raymond & Mitchenson, Joe. The Lost Theatres of London. New York: Taplinger Publishing Company: 1968.
Mander, Raymond & Mitchenson, Joe. The Theatres of London. London: Harvest, 1963
External links
University of Kent, History of Scala Theatre accessed 12 Mar 2007
Photos and historical information about the theatre accessed 12 Mar 2007
University of Kent, Theatre Collection accessed 12 Mar 2007
University of Massachusetts, Theatre chronology accessed 12 Mar 2007
Category:Theatres completed in 1772
Category:1905 establishments in England
Category:1969 disestablishments
Category:Former theatres in London
Category:Former buildings and structures in the London Borough of Camden
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Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project
The Sedgeford Historical and Archaeological Research Project (SHARP) is a long-term, multidisciplinary research project based in north-west Norfolk, United Kingdom. It is involved in the investigation of the local history and archaeology, with a strong emphasis on community involvement, practical training and education. The Project attracts volunteer excavators and students from all over the world.
History
In 1957-58, Peter Jewell of the University of Cambridge excavated small trenches on the "Boneyard Field" and recorded a number of human burials and features.
SHARP was founded in 1996, initially focussing on the same Anglo-Saxon cemetery located to the south of the modern village of Sedgeford. Since that time, SHARP has investigated many other sites within the parish using a variety of methods: open-area excavation, test-pitting, geophysical survey, fieldwalking and metal detection, and the analysis of historical documents.
Organization
SHARP is made up of a team of directors, supervisors, trustees and committee members, along with up to 70 excavators during June-August.
Education
The Project is one of the largest training digs in the UK, providing practical training in excavation and recording as well as running taught courses on aspects of the site: e.g. skeletal remains, artefacts, and Anglo-Saxon history. However, unlike most training sites, it is independent from any one academic institution and operates as a registered UK charity (number 1064553).
Sites and finds of interest
Over the years a number of particularly unusual discoveries have been made:
part of The Sedgeford Torc - discovered by SHARP in 2004, the missing gold Iron Age torc terminal of the main body of the Sedgeford torc (found in 1965) has been reunited with the rest of the artefact in the British Museum.
The Sedgeford Hoard - recovered during the 2003 excavation season. This Iron Age hoard of Gallo-Belgic gold staters was hidden in a cow bone and identified by x-ray.
Iron Age horse burial - discovered on the same day as the hoard of coins.
The Body in the Oven - unexpectedly found in 2006 from a Roman site. This human skeleton had been burned in a feature believed to be a fire-pit for a grain-dryer or malting oven. Several unusual aspects of the find led to it being described as "an unsolved murder" in the local and national press. There are few equivalent cremation/inhumations from this period anywhere in Europe.
Boneyard - the whole site, excavated from 1996–2007, revealed part of an extensive cemetery. Almost 300 articulated human inhumations were lifted, reflecting only a portion of the actual number buried. In addition SHARP recovered a huge quantity of disarticulated human bone (charnel). The size of this burial site, particularly as there is no large population centre known nearby, makes it a very unusual skeletal archive.
Chalkpit Field - Settlement associated with the inhumation cemetery within 'Boneyard'.
Late Neolithic/ Early Bronze Age Crouched burial - Found in 2009 within the excavations looking at the settlement within the Chlkpit field. Radiocarbon dated between 2458 – 2200 cal BC.
Middle Iron Age Crouched burial - Found the following year in 2010, 25m from the late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age Burial. Radiocarbon dated between 373 and 203 BC.
Category:Archaeology of England
Category:Archaeological sites in Norfolk
Category:Archaeological projects | {
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Fedir Krychevsky
Fedir Krychevsky (; May 22, 1879 in Lebedyn, in the Kharkov Governorate of the Russian Empire – July 30, 1947 in Irpin, in Kiev Oblast, in the Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union) was an influential Ukrainian early modernist painter. He was the brother of graphic designer Vasyl Krychevsky.
Biography
Krychevsky was born in Lebedyn to the family of a Jewish country doctor who converted to Orthodox Christianity and married a Ukrainian woman. He graduated from the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in 1901 and the Saint Petersburg Academy of Arts in 1910. He traveled in Western Europe for a year, and studied briefly with Gustav Klimt in Vienna. He moved to Kiev, where he served as professor and director at the Kiev Art School from 1914–18.
In 1917, he was one of the founders and a rector (from 1920–22) of the Ukrainian State Academy of Arts. When the academy was abolished, he worked as a professor at the Kiev State Art Institute, eventually becoming its rector. He remained in Kiev at the onset of the Second World War, and kept his position at the Institute, trying to save it in difficult conditions during the German occupation of Kiev. He served as the chairman of the Union of Ukrainian Artists that tried to improve the conditions of artists during the occupation. He was extremely popular among the artist-colleagues, faculty at the institute and the students, and no one betrayed his Jewish origins to the German authorities, saving him from the Babi Yar massacre.
He moved to Königsberg in the summer of 1943, to join his brother Vasyl. He attempted to flee west to escape the advancing Soviet troops, but the train in which he was traveling was overtaken. Krychevsky was arrested by the NKVD as a collaborator, but his interrogations have elicited nothing that could incriminate him, so he was stripped of all his titles and honors and sent to internal exile to the village of Irpin near Kiev where he died of starvation during the famine in 1947, despite the food help that was receiving from his student Tetyana Yablonska.
Twelve years after his death Krychevsky was "rehabilitated." In 1959 the first exhibition of his works was held in Kiev, and information about his work began to be published.
Works
In total, he produced close to a thousand works, including narrative compositions, portraits, landscapes, drawings.
His early work remains the most valuable and appreciated part of his oeuvre. It was formed under the influence of Gustav Klimt and Ferdinand Hodler and combined Secessionist aesthetic principles with folk and Icon sensibilities. Krychevsky draftsmanship is considered to be equal to that of Adolph Menzel. His later work, although solid in execution, suffered from ideological constraints of Socialist Realism.
For 30 years Krychevsky was one of the leading figures in Ukrainian art. In 1911 and 1913 he organized the first strictly Ukrainian art exhibitions. Beginning in 1897, his work was exhibited at over 34 shows in and outside Ukraine. He was also a successful teacher, whose students included many famous Ukrainian artists.
Krychevsky's triptych "Life" remains one of the iconic examples of Ukrainian modernism. The work combines the elements Art Nouveau and Ukrainian Religious paintings. Each painting contains respectively eternal themes of life - love, achievement and loss. Krychevsky's modern touch to the pictures, like planar-linear rhythm and harmony of colors enriched the paintings' classical interpretation.
Influence
Krychevsky had many students throughout his long career, notably Boris Kriukow, Tetyana Yablonska.
There is a street in Kiev named in his honor.
References
Category:1879 births
Category:1947 deaths
Category:People from Lebedyn
Category:People from Kharkov Governorate
Category:19th-century Ukrainian painters
Category:20th-century Ukrainian painters
Category:Ukrainian Jews
Category:Symbolist painters
Category:Art Nouveau painters
Category:Soviet rehabilitations
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Bupyeong District
Bupyeong District (Bupyeong-gu) is one of the 10 administrative divisions (eight municipal districts and two counties) that comprise Incheon, South Korea. Bupyeong-gu comprises an area of 12.35 square miles (31.98 square km), and has a population of 544,606. It is located north of Namdong-gu, east of Seo-gu, and south of Gyeyang-gu. The city of Bucheon, in neighboring Gyeonggi Province, comprises its eastern limit.
History
Bupyeong-gu was created as its own district in 1995 when 'Buk-gu' was split into 'Gyeyang-gu' and 'Bupyeong-gu' due to rapid growth in the region. Before the 1970s, much of the area was rich farmland. However, with rapid industrial development and the construction of large apartment complexes, the farmland quickly disappeared leaving what is today a large urban district.
History of "old Bupyeong"
Old Bupyeong was an administrative district, distinctive from Incheon, before 1914, when the Japanese colonial government merged it with outer parts of old Incheon into Bucheon County. Bupyeong Metropolitan Prefecture (i.e. Buyeong Dohobu, 부평도호부) consisted of today's Bupyeong-gu, Gyeyang-gu, Seo-gu(excepting Geomdan) in Incheon, Bucheon City in Gyeonggi, and western part of Guro-gu in Seoul. In 1895, Bupyeong Metropolitan Prefecture was degraded to Bupyeong County. The city centre was in Gyesan-dong, Gyeyang-gu. The two remaining buildings of the Bupyeong prefecture office are located in Bupyeong Elementary School.
Only Sipjeong-dong was part of Juan township of old Incheon, other than old Bupyeong.
Old Bupyeong was traditionally a district of higher hierarchy than old Incheon in the administrative district system before Incheon became a metropolitan prefecture in early Joseon, and was a military centre for coastal Gyeonggi area, covering old Incheon, Tongjin, Gimpo, Yangcheon, Ansan, Siheung, Gwacheon, and so on.
January 1, 1968 Establishment of Buk-gu, Incheon, Gyeonggi-do.
July 1, 1981 Buk-gu, Incheon Direct Control City
January 1, 1988 Transfer of its western parts such as Geomam-dong and Yeonhui-dong to Seo-gu.
May 1, 1988 Elevated to autonomous district.
January 1, 1989 Gyeyang-myeon, Gimpo-gun, Gyeonggi-do included in Buk-gu.
January 1, 1995 Buk-gu, Incheon Metropolitan City
March 1, 1995 Name change from Buk-gu to Bupyeong-gu, and creation of Gyeyang-gu by dividing part of Bupyeong-gu.
April 20, 2006 Sub-division of Samsan-dong to Samsan-1-dong and Samsan-2-dong.
Overview
At the core of the district is Bupyeong Station. The station lies at the intersection of the Incheon Subway Line 1 and Seoul Subway Line 1, instantly making it one of the busiest subway stations in all of Korea. It is also possible to reach Bupyeong-Gu Office via Seoul Subway Line 7 and Incheon Subway Line 1.
The area around Bupyeong Station includes the Bupyeong Underground Market, which boasts hundreds of small shops selling mostly clothing and make-up, and the Bupyeong Cultural Street, a walking street which holds several performances and cultural events throughout the year. The area also contains many restaurants and bars, making it a popular weekend destination for residents of Incheon. Nearby is Bupyeong Market, a large traditional market where vendors sell fresh meat, produce, and traditional medicine.
GM Korea, formerly Daewoo Motors, has its company headquarters and largest automobile manufacturing plant in Bupyeong. The GM Korea Design Center, which is said to "play an important role in GM's Global Design organization," is located there.
Incheon's professional basketball team, the ET Land Elephants, plays at Samsan Gymnasium in Bupyeong.
Camp Market
Bupyeong District is also home to Camp Market, a small United States Army depot.
Administrative divisions
The administrative divisions of Bupyeong District consist of 22 dongs. Bupyeong District is approximately 3.09% of the area of Incheon with an area of 31.98 km2.
References
External links
Official Website
Incheon Bupyeong Pungmul Festival
Category:Districts of Incheon | {
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Diplomoceratidae
Diplomoceratidae is a family of ammonites included in the order Ammonitida. Fossils of species within this genus have been found in the Cretaceous sediments.(age range: from 99.7 to 66.043 million years ago).
Genera
Chesapeakella Kennedy and Cobban, 1993
Diplomoceras Hyatt, 1900
Glyptoxoceras Spath, 1925
Neancyloceras Spath, 1926
Scalarites Wright and Matsumoto, 1954
Neoglyptoxoceras Collignon, 1969
Phylloptychoceras Spath, 1953
Oxybeloceras Hyatt, 1900
Polyptychoceras Yabe, 1927
Pseudoxybeloceras Wright and Matsumoto, 1954
Solenoceras Conrad, 1860
References
Category:Ammonitida families
Category:Turrilitoidea | {
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Married Bachelor (1982 film)
Married Bachelor () is a 1982 Soviet comedy film directed by Vladimir Rogovoy.
Plot
Sergey and Tamara met on the train. According to Tamara, she goes to her family, and with her husband has developed, but does not want to talk about it with relatives. Sergey, in turn, decides to introduce herself as her husband, but it was not so simple.
Cast
Larisa Udovichenko as Tamara
Yuriy Grigorev as Sergey Petrov
Aleksandr Pshenichnov as Kote (as Sasha Pshenichnov)
Baadur Tsuladze as Guram Otarovich
Vera Vasileva as Marya Semyonova
References
External links
Category:1982 films
Category:Russian-language films
Category:Soviet comedy films
Category:Soviet films | {
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1937 Icelandic parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Iceland on 29 June 1937. Although the Independence Party won a plurality of votes, the Progressive Party emerged as the largest party in the Lower House of the Althing, winning 12 of the 33 seats.
Results
References
Category:Elections in Iceland
Category:1937 elections in Europe
Category:1937 in Iceland
Category:June 1937 events | {
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Neckargemünd
Neckargemünd is a town in Germany, in the district of Rhein-Neckar-Kreis, state of Baden-Württemberg. It lies on the Neckar, 10 km upriver from Heidelberg at the confluence with the river Elsenz. This confluence of the two rivers is the origin of the name, as Neckargemünd means confluence of the Neckar. As of 2006, there were 14,122 inhabitants.
History
The region has been occupied by people for a half a million years as shown by the find of Homo heidelbergensis in nearby Mauer in 1907. Stone shards and stone axes have been found from the Early Stone Age. During Roman times the area was settled by Celts and Suebi. Grave stones from the 2nd and 3rd century in Kleingemünd show Celtic names. From the end of the 5th century the Franks held sway over the region. An iron spear tip and two iron arrow heads were left behind in Neckargemünd.
Neckargemünd was founded in the 10th century, most likely as a fishing village. Neckargemünd was first mentioned by name in documents in 988. Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor enfeoffed Hildebald, Bishop of Worms, with the royal forests around Wimpfen and Neckarbischofsheim. Neckargemünd was named as the northwest corner of this area: a loco Gemundi ubi Elisinzia fluvius influit Neccaro fluvio. The counts of Lauffen also played a role in the region after making Dilsberg the seat of their domain. Neckargemünd became a free town in 1286. In 1395 it passed to the elector palatine and, together with the surrounding district, became part of Baden in 1814.
Population development
Neckargemünd with Kleingemünd
Neckargemünd with current boroughs
Boroughs
Neckargemünd includes a number of boroughs (Ortsteile) not part of the core settlement Neckargemünd.
Kleingemünd (1 January 1907) – independent from 1860-1906
Dilsberg (1 January 1973) - a small historic village with a medieval castle ruin, the village includes Neuhof, Dilsbergerhof and Rainbach
Waldhilsbach (1 January 1974)
Mückenloch (1 January 1975)
Mayors
1855–1861: Georg Reibold
1862–1867: Julius Friedrich Menzer
1867–1873: Carl Heckmann
1873–1899: Carl Thilo
1899–1902: Carl Wittmann
1903–1909: Franz Heeg
1909–1910: Wilhelm Steinbrunn
1910–1917: Georg Schneider
1917–1919: Carl Kirchmayer
1919–1928: Dr. Emil Leist
1928–1939: Georg Müßig
1939–1942: Wilhelm Cloos
1942–1945: Gottfried Kramer (first vice mayor, then mayor)
1945–1948: Georg Lampertsdörfer
1948–1966: Heinrich Held (1948–1951 temporary)
1966–1984: Kurt Schieck
1984–2000: Oskar Schuster
2000-2016: Horst Althoff (CDU)
since August 2016: Frank Volk
International relations
Neckargemünd is twinned with the following cities:
Evian-les-Bains, France, since 1970
Valeč, Czech Republic, since 1965
Missoula, Montana, United States, since 1993
Jindřichův Hradec, Czech Republic, since 1996
Romeno, Italy, since 1996
Sons and daughters of the town
Rainer Ohlhauser (born 1941), born in Dilsberg, football player
References
External links
Official Website
Category:Towns in Baden-Württemberg
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David Beard
David Beard may refer to:
David Beard (volleyball) (born 1973), Australian volleyball player
David Beard (Canadian football) (born 1993), Canadian football offensive lineman | {
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A la Primera Persona
"A la Primera Persona" () is a love song recorded by the Spanish singer-songwriter Alejandro Sanz. It was released as the first single from his album El Tren de los Momentos (2006). The song reached the number-one spot on the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks and Latin Pop Airplay charts.
Music video
The music video of the song starts with a scene in which a train is seen passing during sunrise. Then, Alejandro is seen walking alone on the street. He then picks up a newspaper from a garbage can and starts to read it. He continues to walk and suddenly sees some objects lying in the middle of the street. He picks up a guitar, which is also thrown there. It is then revealed that he owns the objects, and that his girlfriend was the one who threw them there after an argument with him.
Chart performance
References
External links
"A la Primera Persona" lyrics
Category:2006 singles
Category:Billboard Hot Latin Songs number-one singles
Category:Number-one singles in Spain
Category:Spanish-language songs
Category:Alejandro Sanz songs
Category:Songs written by Alejandro Sanz
Category:2006 songs
Category:Warner Music Latina singles | {
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USS Momo
USS Momo (SP-49) was an armed motorboat that served as a United States Navy patrol vessel from 1917 to 1919.
Momo was built as the private motorboat Elsie IV by the New York Yacht, Launch, and Engine Company at Morris Heights, New York. By 1917 she had been renamed Momo. The U.S. Navy acquired her for World War I service on a free lease from her owner, C. H. Crane, on 11 July 1917, and commissioned her as patrol boat USS Momo (SP-49) on 17 September 1917.
Momo was assigned to patrol boat service in the section patrol off the United States East Coast, serving in this role through the end of World War I.
Momo was stricken from the Navy List and returned to Crane on 11 February 1919.
References
Momo (SP 49) at navsource.org
Category:Patrol vessels of the United States Navy
Category:World War I patrol vessels of the United States
Category:Ships built in Morris Heights, Bronx | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Chico Olympio
Chico Olympio (died 1886) was an Afro-Brazilian trader who helped expand Lomé, the future capital of Togoland and Togo. Son of Francisco Olympio Sylvio, Chico Olympio worked with his brothers Octaviano and Cesar at a branch office of the British trading firm A. and F. Swanzy. In 1882, Chico and Octaviano were commissioned to open a new branch office in the growing trading center of Bey Beach on the Gulf of Guinea. The office was immediately successful, allowing the founding of the Olympio family dynasty in the city. However, Chico died in 1886.
External links
History of the Olympio family
Category:1886 deaths
Category:Brazilian emigrants to Togo
Category:Year of birth missing | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Di Asa
Di Asa is a reality show that is telecast on Atinka TV. The reality show engage plus sized woman who are market women from the sixteen regions of Ghana to compete together by showing their dancing skills and the winners would be rewarded at the end of the show or program.
Winner
References
Category:Ghana-related lists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tarenna quadrangularis
Tarenna quadrangularis is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Tanzania.
Sources
Category:Flora of Tanzania
Category:Tarenna
Category:Vulnerable plants
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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One Lincoln Street
One Lincoln Street, also known as State Street Financial Center, is a skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts on the edge of both the Financial District and neighborhood of Chinatown. Completed in 2003, it was built using Boston Redevelopment Authority (BRA) guidelines. Standing at 503 feet (153 m) tall, One Lincoln Street is the 17th-tallest building in Boston. The skyscraper has a five-level underground garage that provides parking for 900 cars. It contains 1 million square feet (93,000 square meter) of office space.
The building was designed by TRO Jung Brannen. During the topping off ceremony Mayor Thomas M. Menino stated "One Lincoln will be a tremendous addition to the City and will become a signature gateway to the Financial District". The skyscraper is also the headquarters of the State Street Corporation.
History
Two Lincoln Street was the first speculative office building developed in downtown Boston since the late 1980s. Originally approved in 1990, One Lincoln was to be the first downtown office building to be developed through the City's Linkage Program which included the investment and participation of a group of City-designated local minority partners, Columbia Plaza Associates. Due to the downturn in the real estate market in the early 1990s, the project was put on hold.
As the market recovered and the office vacancy rate dropped, Gale International, backed by Morgan Stanley Real Estate Funds and The State Teachers Retirement System of Ohio entered into a development joint venture with Columbia Plaza Associates in the fall of 1999. The team then completed the design, approval and permitting work for the project and began construction of this $350 million project in April 2000.
On January 2, 2007, American Financial Realty Trust, which owned 70% of the office tower in a partnership with State Street, sold the building to Fortis Property Group for the disclosed sum of $889 million.
Architectural details
The exterior consists of polished and unpolished gray granite for the first two floors. Matching pre-cast panels cover the remaining 35 floors. An aluminum and glass curtain-wall run the center of the building. The top floors step in to provide interest . The ground floors contain retail space. The interior lobby consists of brown, tan, cream French and Italian marble. It is accented with modern Art Deco brushed nickel lighting fixtures.
Awards
The Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) Boston Building of the Year 2003.
Construction
The site was previously occupied by a city-owned parking garage, two four story brick buildings, and a parking lot. After demolition of these structures, a slurry wall was installed around the perimeter, in panels 8–22 feet long. The soil within the slurry was then excavated, and internal bracing installed, with tiebacks along some of the wall. Once the excavation was completed, large spread footings were placed for the internal columns. The below grade parking garage floors were then placed, while erection of the steel frame commenced above. This is known as the up-up approach (as opposed to up-down). As each floor was placed and cured, the internal bracing was removed. This method allowed the foundation to be installed within feet of the existing structures, without any settlement of those structures.
Neighboring buildings
The adjacent Bedford Building is a five-story historic brownstone built in 1876. The rigid three-foot-thick slurry wall installed along the two sides abutting the new construction preserved its structural integrity.
See also
1 Lincoln Plaza, a similarly named high-rise in New York City
List of tallest buildings in Boston
References
External links
Emporis profile
MIT Urban Study on One Lincoln’s Office Rentals
Category:Skyscraper office buildings in Boston
Category:Office buildings completed in 2003
Category:Jung Brannen buildings | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ernesto Juan Castellanos
Ernesto Juan Castellanos is a Cuban freelance author, translator, educator, journalist, producer, filmmaker, and researcher who currently lives and works in Miami. Before moving to Florida in late 2011, Ernesto was a fixture in the Havana cultural scene, serving as the Cuban producer for concerts by the Manic Street Preachers, Asian Dub Foundation, Audioslave, Simply Red, and Kool & the Gang, in addition to production work with Peter Frampton, Mick Fleetwood, Gladys Knight, Bonnie Raitt and other US artists who traveled to Cuba as part of the Music Bridges songwriting workshop in 1999.
In the mid 90’s, Ernesto Juan led an effort to rehabilitate The Beatles in Cuba, following a '60s ban on their music by the Fidel Castro communist government. He was the main organizer of a series of Beatles conventions held in Cuba between 1996 and 1999, which culminated in December 2000 with the dedication of a life-size bronze statue of John Lennon in Havana’s John Lennon Park during a ceremony led by Castro and Cuban musical icon Silvio Rodríguez.
In July 2007, Ernesto Juan was part of the production team at the Live Earth concert at Wembley Stadium in London, which included acts such as Genesis, John Legend, Duran Duran, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Metallica, Beastie Boys, The Pussycat Dolls, Foo Fighters, Madonna and many others. He has also worked as a fixer, producer, and location manager for international radio and film crews in Havana, most notably CNN (Jim Acosta), PBS (Ray Suarez), HD-Net, Al Jazeera, CBS, and the BBC (Michael Palin, Steve Leonard, Rhod Sharp, Simon Reeve).
In 2011, Ernesto was named the artistic director of Submarino Amarillo (Yellow Submarine), a Beatles-themed rock club in Havana. Later that year, he traveled to London to deliver a master class at The Institute of Contemporary Music Performance about the influence of Latin music and instruments on The Beatles and other British acts. From London, he flew directly to Miami with his family, where he settled down and created his own video production company, ZuDhan Productions, Inc, which he manages together with his job as an English professor at Miami Dade College.
Ernesto Juan Castellanos filmed, produced and directed the documentary Descalzo Sobre Abbey Road (Barefoot on Abbey Road). He is currently at work on a documentary about the incredible 1979 music festival that brought together Billy Joel, Stephen Stills, the Weather Report, the Trio of Doom, Kris Kristofferson, Rita Coolidge, the Fania All-Stars, and leading Cuban musicians Irakere, Pablo Milanés, Elena Burke, Los Papines, Tata Güines, and Orquesta Aragón, among others, all on the stage of Havana's Karl Marx Theatre.
He is the author of four non-fiction books:
Los Beatles en Cuba: Un viaje mágico y misterioso (Ediciones Unión, Havana, 1997)
El sargento Pimienta vino a Cuba en un submarino amarillo (Letras Cubanas, Havana, 2000)
La guerra se acaba –si tú quieres (Ediciones Extramuros, Havana, 2001)
John Lennon en La Habana with a little help from my friends (Ediciones Unión, Havana, 2005)
See also
John Lennon Park - the statue of Lennon is featured in Castellanos's 2005 book
External links
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2822/is_1_27/ai_113805218
https://web.archive.org/web/20071013073445/http://www.cubanow.net/global/loader.php?&secc=4&c=2&item=1063
Category:1963 births
Category:People from Havana
Category:Cuban journalists
Category:Male journalists
Category:Cuban translators
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Mike Carroll (skateboarder)
Michael Shawn Carroll (born August 24, 1975) is a professional skateboarder from Daly City, California, United States. He is the co-founder and vice-president of Girl Skateboards and the co-founder of Lakai Limited Footwear. He was also instrumental in the creation of the Chocolate Skateboards subdivision of Girl. Furthermore, Carroll is known for being in the vanguard of innovative, technical, and stylish street skateboarding in the early 1990s and beyond. The success of skateboarding videos like Hokus Pokus, Ban This! and Video Days firmly ensconced street as the premier variation of skating (a position formally held by freestyle and especially vert skateboarding).
Career
Carroll's first sponsors were H-Street skateboards, Concrete Jungle and FTC skate shop in San Francisco. When Concrete Jungle closed in 1988, Carroll became a founding member of the FTC skate shop team along with brother Gregg Carroll, Jovontae Turner, and Rick Ibaseta. H-Street was a skateboard company founded by Tony Magnusson and Mike Ternasky. Carroll was featured in video parts on H-Street's Shackle Me Not (1988), Hokus Pokus (1989) and This Is Not The New H-Street Video (1990) In 1991, Carroll joined the prestigious Plan B team that Ternasky left H-Street to form. After the foreclosure of H-Street and the death of Plan B owner Mike Ternasky, Carroll started Girl Skateboards in 1993 with fellow Plan B rider Rick Howard. Carroll explained in 2013 that, at the time, Plan B was continually "retiring" team members and he experienced a decrease in stress in regard to his future following the decision to launch Girl.
Following his recruitment to the Vans skate shoe team in 1994, Carroll was often seen in his early team ads skating in Half Cabs. In 1996, Carroll released a signature model, a technically more advanced shoe based on the Half Cab with a modern internal looped lacing system, but left the company in 1997 and moved to DC Shoes. In 1998, DC Shoes released a Mike Carroll signature model shoe called the "Cosmo". Not long afterwards Carroll left DC Shoes in 1999 along with Girl Skateboards team member and founder Rick Howard and they started the shoe company, Lakai.
Carroll is globally known for his skating at the Embarcadero plaza (also known as Justin Herman Plaza), in San Francisco, U.S. As of 2012, the area continues to be a popular location for skateboarders all thanks to a local skate crew which contributed to the locations notoriety today. They called themselves "EMB" (Embarcadero's Most Blunted). Carroll is said to have discovered the famous San Francisco skateboard landmark 3rd and Army.
Sponsors
As of July 2014, Carroll is sponsored by FTC, Fourstar Clothing, Girl, Lakai Limited Footwear, Diamond Supply Co., Royal Truck Company, Glassy Sunhaters, Grizzly Griptape and Bones Bearings.
Awards
Carroll won Thrasher magazine's Skater of the Year award in 1994.
In December 2011, Carroll was selected as one of "The 30 Most Influential Skaters Of All Time" by Transworld Skateboarding. Carroll was number 16 in the list, following Jamie Thomas and preceding Guy Mariano. In the corresponding interview with Skin Phillips, uploaded in September 2012, Carroll listed Jason Lee and Julian Stranger as the two skateboarders who have been the most influential in his life.
Videography
H-Street: Shackle Me Not (1988)
H-Street: Hokus Pokus (1989)
Plan B: Questionable (1992)
Plan B: Virtual Reality (1993)
Girl: Gold Fish (1993)
Girl: Mouse (1996)
Transworld: Modus Operandi (2000)
Girl: Yeah Right (2003)
Lakai: Fully Flared (2007)
Girl: Pretty Sweet (2012)
Video game appearances
Carroll is a playable character in the Electronic Arts video games; Skate, Skate 2 and Skate 3.
References
External links
crailtap.com
Category:American skateboarders
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from San Francisco
Category:1975 births
Category:Sportspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area | {
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Hans-Jürgen Döscher
Hans-Jürgen Döscher (born November 18, 1943 in Eberswalde, Province of Brandenburg) is a German historian. Döscher has written many articles about Nazism and anti-Semitism, mostly for the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. He has made nine television documentaries including programs about foreign minister Joachim von Ribbentrop in the 1997 series Hitler's Helpers on German TV network ZDF.
Döscher studied history, political science and romance studies in Hamburg and Bordeaux from 1968 to 1973. He earned his doctorate at the University of Hamburg. Since 2006 he has been Honorary Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Osnabrück. According to the news magazine Der Spiegel his two studies of the Foreign Office during the Third Reich in 1987 qualify as the "standard works on the wartime ministry". He has been described by one commentator as "Germany's foremost authority" on the events of November 9, 1938, known as Kristallnacht.
Works
Döscher's books and articles include:
The Foreign Office during the Third Reich. Diplomacy in the shadow of the "Final Solution." Siedler Verlag, Berlin, 1987, .
"Kristallnacht". The pogroms of November 1938. 1 Edition. Econ, Frankfurt, 1988, .
Conspirators society. The Federal Foreign Office under Adenauer between new beginning and continuity. Academy, Berlin 1995, .
Cliques. The repressed past the Foreign Ministry. Propylaea, Berlin 2005, .
"Struggle against Judaism". Gustav Stille 1845-1920. Anti-Semite in the German Empire. Metropol, Berlin 2008, .
References
External links
Literature by and about Hans-Jürgen Döscher in the catalog of the German National Library
Profile of Hans-Jürgen Döscher at the University of Osnabrück
Category:German historians
Category:1943 births
Category:Living people | {
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Jean-Pierre Ferland
Jean-Pierre Ferland, (born June 24, 1934 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian singer and songwriter.
Life and career
Ferland began work with Radio-Canada in 1956 as an accountant, but his career there was short lived. Shortly after, he began taking guitar lessons with Stephen Fentock and began to fall in love with music, writing his first musical pieces. After two years of work with Radio-Canada, in February 1958, he began recording the first songs that would eventually comprise his first album Jean-Pierre. However, it was not until 1961 that he became known to the public, with the release of his second album, Rendez-vous à La Coda.
From 1962 to 1970, Ferland spent much time in Europe (mainly in France and Belgium), writing music and recording albums, as well as performing at a multitude of venues, including shows in Olympia and Bobino. In 1968 he won the Académie Charles Cros Award.
In 1970 he launched a disc Jaune which sold 60 000 copies within a year and was followed by live shows at the Montreal's Place des Arts. In 1974 his song T'es mon amour, t'es ma maîtresse recorded with Ginette Reno became a hit.
In 1976 Ferland was one of the 5 performers (along with Claude Léveillée, Gilles Vigneault, Robert Charlebois et Yvon Deschamps) in the giant outdoor concert for the National Holiday on June 21 in Quebec and on June 23 in Montreal, titled 1 fois 5. The album of the same name followed and in 1977 it received the Académie Charles Cros Award.
In the 1980s Ferland combined songwriting and touring with a career as a television presenter for several popular shows: Station soleil (Radio Québec, 1981-1987), Tapis rouge (SRC, 1986), L'autobus du showbusiness (SRC, 1987) et Ferland/Nadeau (Télé-Métropole, 1990).
Later career
On October 12, 2006 Jean-Pierre Ferland had a stroke caused by fatigue and stress, causing him to cancel his final concert at the Bell Centre the following day. He did recover quickly, allowing him to give his farewell concert on January 13, 2007. Since retiring from the spotlight, Ferland has made an appearance on the plains of Abraham to perform with Céline Dion on August 22, 2008. Other guest stage appearances, radio and television engagements followed, including coaching in La Voix (season 1). In 2017 Jean-Pierre Ferland released an album La vie m'emeut l'amour m'etonne.
Acclaim
In 1996, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada, in recognition of his 30 albums released and 450 songs written. In 2003, he was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec.
In 2005, Jean-Pierre Ferland was honoured by the AV Trust of Canada for the album Jaune with collaboration of Michael Georges. In 1999, Ferland was the recipient of the National Achievement Award at the annual SOCAN Awards held in Montreal. On 5 August 2000, Ferland performed at the wedding of the Hell's Angel René Charlebois, and at the same wedding posed for photographs with Maurice "Mom" Boucher, the leader of the Angels in Quebec at the time.
Discography
Jean-Pierre - 1959
Rendez-vous à La Coda - 1961
J'aime, j'estime, j'amoure - 1962
Jean-Pierre Ferland à Bobino - 1963
M'aimeras-tu, m'aimeras-tu pas - 1964
Jean-Pierre Ferland vol 4 - 1965
Jean-Pierre Ferland vol 5 - 1966
Je reviens chez nous - 1968
Un Peu Plus Loin - 1969
Jaune - 1970 (with notable, at the time very young, American session musicians Tony Levin and David Spinozza)
Soleil - 1971
Les Vierges du Québec - 1974
Le Showbusiness - 1975
Quand on Aime on a Toujours 20 Ans - 1975
1 Fois 5 - 1976
La Pleine Lune - 1977
Jean-Pierre Ferland - 1980
Y'a pas deux chansons pareilles - 1981
Androgyne - 1984
Bleu blanc blues - 1992
Écoute pas ça - 1995
L'amour c'est d'l'ouvrage- 1999
Bijoux de famille - 2009
Jaune/Les Noces D'or - 2011 #51 CAN
Chansons Jalouses - 2016
La vie m'emeut l'amour m'etonne - 2017
References
External links
Jean-Pierre Ferland (contains video clip) AV Trust.ca MasterWorks recipient 2005
Category:1934 births
Category:Canadian male singer-songwriters
Category:French Quebecers
Category:French-language singers of Canada
Category:Knights of the National Order of Quebec
Category:Living people
Category:Officers of the Order of Canada
Category:Singers from Montreal
Category:Songwriters from Quebec
Category:Writers from Montreal | {
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Song Shi Jishi
Song Shi Jishi (, "Recorded Occasions of Song Poetry") is a compilation of historical accounts about poets of the Song dynasty. It was edited by the prominent Qing dynasty poet Li E. According to the author's preface, the process of compilation started from 1725, and took about 20 years to finish. The book comprises 100 volumes, discuss about 3812 Song Dynasty poets. Its style and structure imitated that of the 12th century book Recorded Occasions of Tang Poetry, there is one chapter for every poet, including a biography, several representative poems and comments.
The book preserved a lot of literature materials about Song poetry, and opened a pass for similar works such as Recorded Occasions of Liao Poetry, Recorded Occasions of Jin Poetry, Recorded Occasions of Yuan Poetry, Recorded Occasions of Ming Poetry and Recorded Occasions of Qing Poetry. Lu Xinyuan, a book collector of late Qing era, composed a book named Supplement to the Recorded Occasions of Song Poetry (宋詩紀事補遺, 100 volumes), discuss about another 3000 poets. Qian Zhongshu, a 20th-century Chinese scholar, wrote Emendations of Recorded Occasions of Song Poetry (宋詩紀事補正), corrected many mistakes and added more materials about Song poets to the original book.
References
Category:Chinese literary works
Category:Qing dynasty literature
Category:1746 books
Category:Song poetry | {
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Evergestis comstocki
Evergestis comstocki is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Munroe in 1974. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California and Oregon.
References
Category:Evergestinae
Category:Moths described in 1974
Category:Moths of North America | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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4721st Air Defense Group
The 4721st Air Defense Group is a discontinued group of the United States Air Force. Its last assignment was with the 4700th Air Defense Wing at Larson Air Force Base, Washington, where it was last active in 1959.
The group was formed to provide a single command and support organization for the two fighter interceptor squadrons of Air Defense Command (ADC), that were tenants at Larson, a Tactical Air Command (TAC) base. It was discontinued after the 322d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron moved in 1959, leaving only a single fighter squadron at Larson.
History
The 4721st Air Defense Group was organized in December 1956 at Larson Air Force Base, Washington to centralize supervision and support of the 322d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron (FIS) and the 538th FIS. Both squadrons were already stationed at Larson, flying radar equipped and Mighty Mouse rocket armed North American F-86D Sabre interceptor aircraft, and assigned directly to the 9th Air Division. The 4721st was a tenant of Tactical Air Command (TAC)'s 62d Air Base Group (ABG), the host organization at Larson.
In July 1957, the base transferred from TAC to Military Air Transport Service, although the 62d ABG remained the host unit. In the summer of 1957, both the 322d FIS and the 538th FIS upgraded to later model Sabres equipped with data link to tie them directly into the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment command and control system. About June 1958, the 538th FIS converted to Lockheed F-104 Starfighters, armed with the M61 Vulcan 20mm rotary cannon and AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles.
In April 1959, the 322nd FIS moved to Kingsley Field, Oregon and was reassigned out of the group as part of ADC's drawdown at Larson. The following month, the 4721st was discontinued and its remaining squadron, the 538th FIS, was assigned directly to the 4700th Air Defense Wing.
Lineage
Designated as the 4721st Air Defense Group and organized on 1 December 1956
Discontinued on 1 May 1959
Assignments
9th Air Division, 1 December 1956
25th Air Division, 15 August 1958
4700th Air Defense Wing, 1 September 1958 – 1 May 1959
Components
322d Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 December 1956 – 1 April 1959
538th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, 1 December 1956 – 1 May 1959
Stations
Larson Air Force Base, Washington, 1 December 1956 – 1 May 59
Aircraft
F-86D 1956–1957
F-86L 1957–1959
F-104A 1958–1959
Commanders
Col. Louis W. Ford, unknown – ca. 30 June 1958
Lt Col. John E. Gaffnery, ca. 1 July 1958 – unknown
See also
List of United States Air Force Aerospace Defense Command Interceptor Squadrons
List of Sabre and Fury units in the US military
List of Lockheed F-104 Starfighter operators
References
Notes
Bibliography
Further reading
Category:Air defense groups of the United States Air Force
Category:Aerospace Defense Command units
Category:Four digit groups of the United States Air Force
Category:Military units and formations established in 1956
Category:Military in Washington (state)
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1959
Category:1956 establishments in Washington (state)
Category:1959 disestablishments in Washington (state) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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1959 Nippon Professional Baseball season
The 1959 Nippon Professional Baseball season was the tenth season of operation of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).
Regular season
Standings
Postseason
Japan Series
League leaders
Central League
Pacific League
Awards
Baseball Hall of Fame
Matsutaro Shoriki
Hiroshi Hiraoka
Yukio Aoi
Shin Hashido
Kiyoshi Oshikawa
Jiro Kuji
Eiji Sawamura
Iso Abe
Most Valuable Player
Motoshi Fujita, Yomiuri Giants (CL)
Tadashi Sugiura, Nankai Hawks (PL)
Rookie of the Year
Takeshi Kuwata, Taiyo Whales (CL)
Isao Harimoto, Toei Flyers (PL)
Eiji Sawamura Award
Minoru Murayama, Osaka Tigers (CL)
See also
1959 Major League Baseball season
References
* | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Pennsylvania Plaza
Pennsylvania Plaza (Penn Plaza) is the office, entertainment and hotel complex occupying and near the site of Pennsylvania Station, between 31st and 34th streets and Seventh and Eighth avenues in New York City.
It includes the current Madison Square Garden and its Theater, opened in 1968; the current below-ground Pennsylvania Station; and the One Pennsylvania Plaza and Two Pennsylvania Plaza office buildings. (Eleven Penn is the headquarters of the MSG Network and Two Penn is the headquarters of Cumulus Media New York and their radio stations WABC, WNSH and WPLJ, the Association for Computing Machinery and Information Builders.)
Other buildings around the complex use the Pennsylvania Plaza name as an alternate address, such as the 5 Penn Plaza office building on Eighth Avenue, to the northwest; the Pennsylvania Building at 225 West 34th Street (14 Penn Plaza), north of the station; and the Hotel Pennsylvania at 401 Seventh Avenue (15 Penn Plaza), east of the station. The numbering of the Penn Plaza addresses around the area does not follow a consistent pattern.
The Penn Plaza complex remains one of the most controversial in New York City history because it involved the destruction, beginning in 1963, of the original McKim, Mead and White-designed Penn Station (1910), a revered piece of New York architecture. Its replacements were what architects and civic purists regard as mediocre office and entertainment structures.
The demolition of the first Penn Station led to the city's landmarks preservation movement and helped save another landmark of railway architecture, Grand Central Terminal.
With the sports arena and railroad station at its hub and 34th Street retailers (including Macy's) nearing the complex, Pennsylvania Plaza remains one of the busier transportation, business and retailing neighborhoods in Manhattan.
Tenants
AMC Networks
Compuware
Cosentini Associates
Fuse
Macy's
McGraw-Hill
MSG Networks
Schoology
Information Builders
References
External links
2 Pennsylvania Plaza - Prime Office Centers
Category:Midtown Manhattan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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2015 TCR Series seasons
This article describes all the 2015 seasons of TCR Series across the world.
Calendar
This table indicates the race number of each TCR Series according to weekend dates.
TCR International Series
TCR Russian Touring Car Championship
The 2015 TCR Russian Touring Car Championship season was the first season of the TCR Russian Touring Car Championship, which formed part of the Russian Circuit Racing Series, organised by SMP Racing Series. The series ran alongside the Super 2000 TC2 and the Super Production cars. Aleksey Dudukalo won the drivers' championship, driving a SEAT León Cup Racer, winning 9 of the season's 14 races, and reached the podium in them all. Lukoil Racing Team won the teams' championship.
The 2015 calendar consisted of seven rounds, with all events held in Russia. The fifth round was scheduled to be held at Autodrom Moscow, but it was later moved to the Smolensk Ring. The seventh round was scheduled to be held at Sochi Autodrom, but it was later moved to the Kazan Ring.
Drivers' championship
All races were held in Russia, with all teams and drivers Russian-registered. The Lukoil Racing Team used the SEAT León Cup Racer car, while the Ralf-Car Team used a Renault Clio RS at races 3–6 and a Renault Mégane RS at races 11–14. Yokohama was the official tyre supplier.
Scoring system
(key)
Teams' Championship
Notes
TCR Italian Series
The 2015 TCR Italian Series season was the first season of the TCR Italian Series. It was part of the Campionato Italiano Turismo Endurance, as the third division of the series. Valentina Albanese won the championship, winning 12 out of a possible 14 races, driving a SEAT León Cup Racer. Jordi Gené was the only driver to defeat her in the final race of the season at Mugello, while there was no winner in a race at Enna, as Albanese – the only starter – failed to finish.
The provisional 2015 schedule was announced on 27 January 2015, with all events scheduled to be held in Italy. On 9 February, the Monza round was postponed to 31 May due to organisational problems. For the same reasons, on 22 April the Magione round was also postponed to 14 June.
Drivers' championship
All races were held in Italy. All teams and drivers were Italian-registered, except for Spanish driver Jordi Gené. All teams used the SEAT León Cup Racer car, with Yokohama tyres.
Scoring system
(key)
TCR Asia Series
TCR Portuguese Series
The 2015 TCR Portuguese Series season was the first season of the TCR Portuguese Series. It was part of the Campeonato Nacional de Velocidade, organised by FullEventos, as one of the six categories of the touring class. Francisco Mora was the only competitor in the class, driving a SEAT León Cup Racer, and therefore won the championship unopposed.
The 2015 schedule was announced on 17 March 2015 and consisted of six rounds. Subsequently, the Jarama round scheduled for 31 May was cancelled, so the official schedule consisted of five rounds, all to be held in Portugal. However, the first three rounds – held at Braga, Portimão and Vila Real – did not see any TCR entries.
Drivers' championship
All races were held in Portugal. Portuguese driver Francisco Mora used a SEAT León Cup Racer car with Michelin tyres.
Scoring system
(key)
References
External links
TCR Series
Category:TCR Series | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Navigation Catalyst Systems
Navigation Catalyst Systems, previously known as Vendare, First Look, and qsrch.net, is a pay-per-click advertising company that specializes in monetizing parked domain names and registrars' wildcard DNS records. Navigation Catalyst Systems is a subsidiary of New.net and an affiliate of the ICANN-accredited registrar Basic Fusion.
Lawsuit
In 2007, Navigation Catalyst Systems, along with its affiliate registrar Basic Fusion, was sued by Verizon for the registration and domain tasting of 1,392 domain names incorporating Verizon's trademarks (Verizon California, Inc. v. Navigation Catalyst Systems, Inc., 2008 WL 2651163 (C.D. Cal. June 30, 2008). Navigation argued that it did not register the domain names in bad faith because it had used a proprietary software tool that, through both manual and automatic means, "scrubbed" its registered domains for registered trademarks. It claimed that it was merely "reserving" the domain names by taking advantage of Basic Fusion's Add Grace Period. Basic Fusion attempted to argue that it was not the same legal entity as Navigation Catalyst Systems, but the court stated that they were the same for the purposes of a preliminary injunction motion.
Navigation further asserted an unclean hands defense, arguing that Verizon used a similar pay-per-click program to monetize its wildcard DNS records. The court rejected both arguments and ultimately granted a preliminary injunction against Navigation Catalyst Systems. In so doing, the court held that Navigation Catalyst Systems had intended to profit in bad faith from the typographical errors of Internet users that mistyped Verizon's trademarks in the URL bar of their web browsers:
It is clear that their intent was to profit from the poor typing abilities of consumers trying to reach Plaintiffs' sites: what other value could there be in a name like ve3rizon.com? Further, the sites associated with these names often contained links to products directly competitive with Plaintiffs' cellphone and internet businesses, potentially diverting consumers who would otherwise have purchased goods or services from Plaintiffs away from Plaintiffs.
References
The Proof is in the Registration - There is No Way to Scrub the Label of Cybersquatter
June Court Decision Detrimental to Domaining Practices
Verizon vs. Navigation Catalyst Systems
Category:Online advertising services and affiliate networks | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Shooting Star (Modern Talking song)
"Shooting Star" is a song by Modern Talking that was first released on the Dieter: Der Film soundtrack (2006), almost three years after the band's second split. The song was produced by Dieter Bohlen and consists of fragments of older Modern Talking songs set to a new melody. It features the falsetto choruses characteristic of the band and samples Louis Armstrong's voice in the beginning.
Background
In 2003, three years before "Shooting Star" was released, Modern Talking dissolved for the second time in controversial fashion. Bohlen had announced the end of the band during a June concert in Rostock, to the shock of lead singer Thomas Anders and of the audience. The relationship between Bohlen and Anders further deteriorated following the publication of Bohlen's second autobiography Hinter den Kulissen (English: "Behind the Scenes") in October 2003, in which he accused Anders of stealing money from him. In 2005, Anders won the process for libel and succeeded in having certain passages removed, but lost the process for compensation.
In 2006, Bohlen produced Dieter: Der Film, which is based on his first autobiography Nichts als die Wahrheit (English: "Nothing But the Truth"), released in 2002. The film's soundtrack contains a previously unreleased Modern Talking song, "Shooting Star", which consists of fragments of older songs of the band such as "Don't Take Away My Heart", "Cosmic Girl", "Fly to the Moon", "Time Is on My Side", "Send Me a Letter from Heaven", "I'm Not Guilty", or "After Your Love Is Gone". The song contained only the typical falsetto choruses, because Anders was not available for this production.
In 2017, Bohlen released a Modern Talking album titled Back for Gold. It contains new versions of the band's first six singles produced by him, as well as a remastered version of "Shooting Star".
References
Category:2006 songs
Category:Modern Talking songs
Category:Songs written by Dieter Bohlen
Category:Song recordings produced by Dieter Bohlen
Category:Hansa Records singles | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vehicle registration plates of Ontario
The Canadian province of Ontario first required its residents to register their motor vehicles in 1903. Registrants provided their own licence plates for display until 1911, when the province began to issue plates. Plates are currently issued by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario (MTO).
The location of plates and renewal stickers is specified by the Highway Traffic Act and Regulation 628 under the Act.
The Crown
The symbol of a crown representing the Crown of Canada has appeared on almost all Ontario licence plates since 1937, when it was first used to commemorate the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Exceptions include the 1951 plates, and farm series plates issued in the 1980s and 1990s. Toronto politician and Orange Order leader Leslie Saunders led protests against a proposal to remove the crown in 1948, a decision the government overturned.
Passenger baseplates
1911 to 1972
In 1956, Canada, the United States, and Mexico came to an agreement with the American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators, the Automobile Manufacturers Association and the National Safety Council that standardized the size for licence plates for vehicles (except those for motorcycles) at in height by in width, with standardized mounting holes. The 1954 (dated 1955) issue was the first Ontario licence plate that complied with these standards.
1973 to present
After 1973 Ontario ceased to issue plates annually. Instead, validation was indicated by means of stickers affixed to the plates. All Ontario licence plates issued since 1973 remain valid for display, provided they have been continuously registered.
In April 2019, the Government of Ontario announced that the plates would be redesigned. The plates' design includes a surficial laminate layer manufactured by 3M. The plates have a two-tone blue background with white letters and numbers flanking a stylized white trillium, below which is the motto "A Place to Grow", taking inspiration from Ontario's unofficial anthem "A Place to Stand, a Place to Grow. Issue of the new plates began on 1 February 2020.
Serial numbers reserved for government officials
Green vehicle plates
Historic vehicles
Vehicles more than 30 years old and substantially unchanged since manufacture may qualify for a "Historic" registration.
Annual fees are much lower ($18 vs $120 for a passenger car in 2019), but historic vehicles may not be used as conventional transportation. They legally may only be driven to and from events and parades where the vehicle is on display, to garages for maintenance, and other similar use cases. Annual renewal stickers are affixed to the rear plate, as with passenger vehicles.
Historic plates are not to be confused with year-of-manufacture plates.
Commercial plates 1980 to present
Unlike passenger cars, plate validation stickers for commercial vehicles are placed on the front plate, instead of the rear. This placement is consistent between trucks with visible rear plates, and tractor units where the rear plate is obscured by a trailer. Ontario vehicles registered in the International Registration Plan receive special commercial plates with "PRP" screened vertically at the left.
All pickup trucks are legally considered commercial vehicles and thus require commercial plates. However, if used strictly as a passenger vehicle ("personal-use vehicle"), a truck may be exempt from some conditions imposed on commercial vehicles, indicated by a white or red "PERSONAL USE ONLY" sticker affixed in the top left corner of the front plate.
Farm plates
Vehicles over 3000 kg owned by farmers and used for farm-related purposes, such as working the soil, building maintenance, and the transportation of farm products, may qualify for a farm plate. Farm-plated trucks and towed trailers may also be used by a farmer for personal transportation.
To qualify, a farmer must meet a series of criteria, including membership in farming organisations and a minimum amount of income that derives from farming. Fees for farm plates are substantially lower than for passenger or commercial plates. The Highway Traffic Act also exempts farm vehicles from several requirements imposed on commercial vehicles.
Farm plates are black on white with a black crown separator, in a pattern similar to commercial plates. They have the word "FARM" written vertically on the left of the plate. Validation stickers are the same as for other vehicles, and are affixed to the front plate, as with commercial plates.
Other non-passenger plates
Trailer plates
All trailers in Ontario are considered separate vehicles and must have a permit and be plated. New owners of a trailer must register with the MTO within six days of purchase. They are then issued with a permit and a plate. Trailer plates are not renewed annually, but may be replaced if lost, damaged or stolen. Plates are affixed to the rear of the trailer. There is no front plate.
All trailers, whether used by commercial operators or others, use a same model plate. Plates are blue on white with crown separator, in a pattern and colour similar to that of passenger vehicles, with the word "TRAILER" written vertically on the left of the plate. However, they do not follow the same numbering system as other vehicles.
Dealer and service licence plates
In Ontario, motor vehicle dealers licensed under the Motor Vehicle Dealers Act use a single portable plate with the word "DEALER" on the left side and red alpha-numeric characters on a white background. It is for exclusive use by motor vehicle dealers only on motor vehicles owned as part of the dealer's inventory of vehicles for sale. It may also be used for private use vehicles that are owned as part of the dealer's inventory of vehicles for sale.
Service providers, including anyone who repairs, customizes, modifies, manufactures or transports motor vehicles or trailers use yellow and black DLR series plates (Dealer and Service Plate).
A service plate may be used:
on a trailer or motor vehicle other than a motorcycle or motor-assisted bicycle for purposes related to the repair, road testing, customization or modification of the vehicle, if the vehicle is in the possession of the person to whom the service plate is issued, or
for the purpose of transporting the vehicle by a person engaged in the business of transporting vehicles, or
for purposes related to the manufacturing or sale of a trailer, or
for the purpose of towing the vehicle by a person engaged in the business of transporting vehicles, or
to tow a vehicle to a location where its load will be removed or to an impound facility.
Private use of motor vehicles or trailers with a service plate is not permitted.
Vanity licence plates
Along with regular series plates, the province also offers vanity plates for passenger and commercial vehicles. A personalized licence plate message may contain almost any combination of letters and numbers from two to eight characters. The plates can also include one of 60 different graphics, with two to six characters. Available graphics have changed over the years, with some becoming available, while others have been withdrawn or modified. Owners selecting a graphic but no custom message are generally assigned a registration with a 12XY34 pattern, where the XY is a code indicating the design (i.e.: LN and LM = Loon, CF = Canadian Flag, etc.).
The province reserves the right to refuse or withdraw plates for a variety of reasons, including:
Sexual messages
Abusive, obscene language and derogatory slang
Promotion or denunciation of religion and religious figures
Promotion of use of drugs or alcohol
Messages relating to politics, political figures, negative statements on institutions and persons, public personalities, or police badge numbers
Advocating or promoting violence or crime
Any discriminatory statement
Ambiguous or confusing numbers, or which may be mistaken for another existing plate (about 1 in 3 rejections)
Messages which may infringe on copyright and intellectual property
While criteria have existed since the introduction of personalized plates, accusations of excessive zeal led the McGuinty government to set up a review committee in August 2008. The eight-member committee meets weekly to review submissions. In the first half of 2013, it had rejected 3% of requests. Plates have also been withdrawn after issue.
The ownership of plates with graphic elements associated with particular groups, such as veterans or firefighters, may be restricted and require proof of eligibility.
Personalized plates with two to five characters are also available for motorcycles.
Manufacturing
Ontario licence plates were formerly manufactured by prison inmates at the Millbrook Correctional Centre in Cavan-Millbrook-North Monaghan. Upon Millbrook's closure in 2003, manufacture was moved to the Central East Correctional Centre in Lindsay, Ontario. Since 1991, all Ontario plates have been manufactured for the MTO by Trilcor Industries, owned by the province's Ministry of the Solicitor General.
Defective plates from 2012
In 2012, reports began to appear of plates deteriorating earlier than otherwise expected. The reflective layers detached themselves from the metal plate, making the plate unreadable. Approximately 1% of licence plates issued have this defect. The defect has appeared in both front and rear plates. Trilcor Industries and the MTO offer a five-year warranty on plates and will replace the defective plates at no cost. Plate replacement for other reasons (theft, damage, wear, etc.) is done at a cost.
Conventional plates can be replaced "over-the-counter" at a license office, but the complete process for personalized plates takes over six months.
Driving with an illegible plate is an offence punishable by fine, under the Highway Traffic Act.
In 2015, the Ministry of Community Safety and Correctional Services hired Canada's National Research Council to identify the root cause of licence plate de-lamination. The NRC's report indicated that the reflective material adhered poorly to the aluminium plates, and that embossing process stressed the materials to the point that the reflective layer would puncture and de-laminate. At that point, water and other contaminants could slip between the layers. Also, road de-icing materials contributed to the de-lamination. The report found that this problem was present in samples from all types of plates, except for motorcycle plates.
The report recommended that Trilcor work with its supplier of laminating layer to resolve the problem, and indicated that a thicker layer of material would likely perform better.
In 2016, an increase in the rate of defective plates combined with an increase in the number of registered vehicles led to the Ontario Ministry of Transport unable to keep up with demand for plates. It placed an order for 100,000 units from the Waldale Irwin Holdson Group, the largest licence plate manufacturer in North America. Plates are produced by the Waldale Manufacturing facility in Amherst, Nova Scotia.
Plates from the first batch of 35,000 can be identified due to the use of embossed letters and numbers from Nova Scotia plates, which differ in appearance from Ontarian fonts.
Defective plates from 2020
On 15 February 2020, two weeks after the province began issuing plates with the new design, off-duty Kingston Police Sergeant Steve Koopman posted a photo on Twitter showing a vehicle with the new plate at night, stating that "they're virtually unreadable at night". Government spokesperson Lisa Thompson, the Minister of Government and Consumer Services, stated in a news conference that the new design had undergone a "rigorous testing program", that the government had consulted with "key stakeholders" including law enforcement, and that the plates were not problematic. She also criticized the earlier "Liberal plates", referring to a batch of plates issued during a previous government that peeled. Thompson stated that manufacturing and quality control are the responsibility of 3M. The redesigned plates also cause problems for photo radar cameras, which have difficulty reading the name of the jurisdiction. The name is rendered in a smaller font size than earlier plates. The president of the Toronto Police Association stated that the organization had not been consulted on the new design. The Ford Government had insisted for days that there was not an issue with the plates, however, on February 20, it announced that 3M would make a "enhanced licence plate" to be available in less than three weeks. Those who had already been issued the new plates will receive the enhanced version in the mail.
See also
Canadian veteran vehicle registration plates
References
External links
R.R.O. 1990, Regulation 628 which prescribes vehicle registration
Highway Traffic Act, R.S.O. 1990, c. H.8
Ontario licence plates 1969-present
Category:1903 establishments in Ontario
Category:1903 introductions
Ontario
Category:Transport in Ontario
Category:Ontario-related lists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Chumysh River
The Chumysh () is a river in Russia, a right branch of the Ob River. It enters the Ob downriver from Barnaul. The Chumysh begins at the confluence of the Kara-Chumysh and the Tom-Chumysh rivers in Kemerovo Oblast. The Chumysh is long, and it drains a basin of .
About 68 percent of its right-side basin is known as the Salair Ridge () and the Pre-Salair plains.
Main tributaries
Left
Kara-Chumysh River (), length
Sary-Chumysh (), length
Kashkaragaikha River (), length
Taraba River (), length
Yama River (), length
Angurep River (), length
Right
Tom-Chumysh River (), length
Uksunay River (), length
Alambay River (), length
Sungay River (), length
Talmenka River (), length
Kamenka River (), length
References
Category:Rivers of Kemerovo Oblast
Category:Rivers of Altai Krai | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Trifolium willdenovii
Trifolium willdenovii, the tomcat clover, is a species of plant in the pea family Fabaceae. This species occurs in the western part of North America. As an example occurrence, it is found in the California Coast Ranges in such places as Ring Mountain, California, where it is found in association with cup clover.
References
C. Michael Hogan. 2008. Ring Mountain, The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham
John Harry Wiersema and Blanca León. 1999. World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference, Published by CRC Press, , , 749 pages
External links
Calflora Database: Trifolium willdenovii (Tomcat clover)
Jepson Manual eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Trifolium willdenovii
UC CalPhotos gallery: Trifolium willdenovii
willdenovii
Category:Flora of California
Category:Flora of British Columbia
Category:Flora of the Northwestern United States
Category:Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)
Category:Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands
Category:Natural history of the California Coast Ranges
Category:Natural history of the Central Valley (California)
Category:Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
NA31 experiment
NA31 is a CERN experiment which was proposed in 1982 as a "Measurement of |η00 /η+-|2 by the CERN-Edinburgh-Mainz-Pisa-Siegen collaboration. It took data between 1986 and 1989, using a proton beam from the SPS through the K4 neutral beam-line. Its aim was to experimentally prove direct CP-violation.
CP violation
While charge symmetry and parity symmetry are both violated for any transformation under the weak interaction, the CP violation is known only to appear in particular phenomena - kaon and B-meson decays - under the weak interaction.
CP-violation was first theoretically developed for the Standard Model by Kobayashi and Maskawa in 1973 when they introduced a third generation of quark (bottom and top) and thus extended the Cabibbo matrix to the 3x3 CKM matrix, parameterizing the couplings between quark-mass eigenstates and the charge weak gauge bosons.CP violation then appears through the presence of complex parameters in this matrix.
Determined from the relative decay rates of short- and long-lived neutral kaons into two neutral and charged pions, respectively, the so-called ε'/ε ratio which expresses the relative strength of direct CP-violation was known to be small but expected to be different from zero in the Standard Model. The measurement of this small deviation from zero was the aim of NA31 in order to prove the existence of direct CP-violation in kaon decays under weak interaction.
Evolution of the experiment
NA31 found the first evidence for direct CP violation in 1988 with a ratio deviating about three standards form zero. However, shortly after, another experiment – E731 at Fermilab – reported a measurement consistent with zero. A better precision was needed by both NA31 and Fermilab to find consistent results and thus to allow a final conclusion. A new generation of detectors were thus built, both at CERN (for what became the NA48 experiment) and at Fermilab (KTeV). Finally, in 1999, the two new experiments confirmed both direct CP violation in the decay of neutral kaons (CERN Courier September 1999 p32), a discovery which was later recognized by honours, as one of the most important discoveries made at CERN. In particular the 2005 European Physics Society High Energy and Particle Physics Prize was awarded jointly to the NA31 Collaboration and its spokesman Heinrich Wahl.
The detector
The detector was compounded by wire chambers combined with calorimetry in order to determine K0 parameters (e.g. energy, decay vertex). A great precision on these parameters is required to define well the phase space for all the decay modes which are to be compared. It consists of :
an evacuated decay region.
proportional wires chambers to measure the charged pion direction.
liquid argon calorimeter with a good energy and position resolution to measure the photons from the pion decay.
a hadron calorimeter to measure the energy of the charged pions.
a plane of scintillation counters serving as muon identifiers.
See also
List of SPS experiments
NA48
NA62
References
External links
NA31 CERN record
Category:CERN experiments
Category:Particle experiments
Category:1980s in science | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Prep Bowl
Prep Bowl may refer to:
the Minnesota Prep Bowl, the high school football championship in Minnesota
the Chicago Prep Bowl, an annual football game between the Chicago Catholic League and the Chicago Public League | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vanderbeck House (Mahwah, New Jersey)
Vanderbeck House is a historic house located in Mahwah, Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. Built in 1760, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Bergen County, New Jersey
References
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New Jersey
Category:Houses completed in 1760
Category:Houses in Bergen County, New Jersey
Category:Mahwah, New Jersey
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Bergen County, New Jersey
Category:New Jersey Register of Historic Places | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
F420H2DH family
The H+-translocating F420H2 Dehydrogenase (F420H2DH) Family (TC# 3.D.9) is a member of the Na+ transporting Mrp superfamily. A single F420H2 dehydrogenase (also referred to as F420H2:quinol oxidoreductase) from the methanogenic archaeon, Methanosarcina mazei Gö1, has been shown to be a redox driven proton pump. The F420H2DH of M. mazei has a molecular size of about 120 kDa and contains Fe-S clusters and FAD. A similar five-subunit enzyme has been isolated from Methanolobus tindarius. The sulfate-reducing Archaeoglobus fulgidus (and several other archaea) also have this enzyme.
Function
Reduction of 2-hydroxyphenazine by F420H2DH is accompanied by the translocation of 1 H+ per 2 electrons transferred.
Transport Reaction
The overall vectorial reaction catalyzed by F420H2DH is
Reduced donor (2e−) + H+ (in) ⇌ oxidized acceptor (2e−) + H+ (out)
Role in Methanogenesis
Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis has been isolated from the human gut and requires H2 and methanol or methylamines to produce methane. The organism lacks cytochromes, indicating that it cannot couple membrane-bound electron transfer reactions with the extrusion of protons or sodium ions using other known methanogenic pathways. Furthermore, M. luminyensis contains a soluble MvhAGD/HdrABC complex, as found in obligate hydrogenotrophic methanogens, but the energy conserving methyltransferase (MtrA-H) is absent. Evidence has been presented that M. luminyensis uses two types of heterodisulfide reductases (HdrABC and HdrD) in an energy conserving process. RT-qPCR studies revealed that genes coding for both heterodisulfide reductases were expressed at high levels. Other genes with high transcript abundance were fpoA as part of the operon encoding the 'headless' F420H2 dehydrogenase and atpB as part of the operon encoding the A1Ao ATP synthase. High activities of the soluble heterodisulfide reductase HdrABC and the hydrogenase MvhADG were found in the cytoplasm. Also, heterologously produced HdrD could reduce CoM-S-S-CoB using reduced methylviologen as electron donor. It is proposed that membrane-bound electron transfer is based on the conversion of two molecules of methanol and the concurrent formation of two molecules of the heterodisulfide CoM-S-S-CoB. First, the HdrABC/MvhADG complex catalyzes the H2-dependent reduction of CoM-S-S-CoB and the formation of reduced ferredoxin. Second, reduced ferredoxin is oxidized by the 'headless' F420H2 dehydrogenase, thereby translocating up to 4 H+ across the membrane, and electrons are channeled to HdrD for the reduction of the second heterodisulfide.
Homology
The gene cluster encoding the F420H2DH includes 12 genes, fpoABCDHIJKLMNO. Several of the subunits are related to those of the mitochondrial 'complex I' NDH family members (TC# 3.D.1). Thus, the gene products, FpoA, H, J, K, L, M and N, are highly hydrophobic and are homologous to subunits that form the membrane integral module of NDH-1. FpoB, C, D and I have their counterparts in the amphipathic membrane-associated module of NDH-1. However, homologues of the hydrophilic subunits of the NADH-oxidizing complex are absent.
See also
Transporter Classification Database
References
Category:Protein families
Category:Membrane proteins
Category:Transmembrane proteins
Category:Transmembrane transporters
Category:Transport proteins
Category:Integral membrane proteins | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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