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Lodi News-Sentinel
The Lodi News-Sentinel is a daily newspaper based in Lodi, California, United States, and serving northern San Joaquin and southern Sacramento counties.
History
The Lodi News-Sentinel was founded in 1881 by Ralph Ellis, a former sheriff, farmer and flourmill operator. Ownership has changed over the years from Ralph Ellis to Samuel B. Axtell to Fordyce P. Roper and George H. Moore, to Clyde C. Church, and to Fred E. Weybret. On June 1, 2015, the paper was sold to Central Valley News-Sentinel Inc., led by veteran newspaper publisher Steven Malkowich. The new owners have newspaper assets in the United States and Canada, including several in California.
The newspaper has occupied many sites, moving eight times since its debut in 1881. The current site at 125 N. Church Street was formerly occupied by the Bethel Open Bible Church when Fred Weybret moved the newspaper in 1968. A $1.3 million remodel and expansion was completed in 1992.
The newspaper is printed five days per week and delivered to nearly 15,000 homes throughout Lodi, Galt, Woodbridge, Lockeford, Clements, Acampo and Thornton. An additional 8,000 readers follow the newspaper's publication online via the newspaper's website. Today, the newspaper employs approximately 85 employees.
Discover Lodi, an annual publication of The Lodi News-Sentinel, is a guide and website for visitors to Lodi that highlights the region's wine production.
The Lodi News-Sentinel also publishes a monthly lifestyle magazine, Life and Leisure.
References
Category:Newspapers published in California
Category:Daily newspapers published in the United States
Category:Lodi, California
Category:Media in San Joaquin County, California
Category:Publications established in 1881
Category:1881 establishments in California | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Voluntary Flying Corps
The Voluntary Flying Corps (, FFK) is a voluntary defence of some 2,400 members (2013) distributed throughout Sweden. The pilots receive their initial training either through privately funded pilot licenses , through the Armed Forces or with bigger schools. Pilots in the FFK perform on a voluntary basis, assignment for Swedish authorities and the Armed Forces. FFK's headquarters are located at Stockholm Västerås Airport.
The FKK is part of Sweden's Total Defence policy, and as such operate in both civilian and military capacities. The aircraft used are largely externally privately owned or joint venture in the Swedish aviation clubs and consist mainly of general utility aircraft, such as the Cessna 172 and Piper PA-28.
Flight Missions
In 2013 the FFK carried out air missions at regional and national level. FFK's civil air groups conducted missions including power line control after storm damage and searching for missing persons with the police.
Young Pilots
The FFK conducts youth activities focusing on flying experiences for young people within the organization 'Young Pilots'. Business and recruitment is carried out mainly through the summer in different places across Sweden. Organizational activities during the remainder of the year are held in the regional and youth-led associations.
See also
Home Guard (Sweden)
Swedish Naval Volunteers
FRO-Sweden
References
External links
Officiell webbplats
Young Pilots
Category:Aviation organizations based in Sweden
Category:Swedish Air Force
Category:Volunteer organizations in Sweden
Category:Corps of Sweden | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Cambridge Medical School building
The building for the Cambridge Medical School of the University of Cambridge was designed in 1899 by Edward Schroeder Prior. Now the Zoological Laboratory, it is a Grade II listed building.
The Medical School building is Prior's largest work. Two of Prior's former clients, Dr Allbutt and the Rev. J. B. Lock, were on the committee that appointed the architect. Prior received an honorarium of only 100 guineas for the plans and elevations. He chose to adopt a classical idiom partly as a result of pressure from the committee.
The committee also influenced the design in other ways, such as insisting on a stone façade. In style, the building is based on English Baroque, heavily influenced by recent buildings by architects such as Belcher, Pite and Blomfield. It also reflects the presence of J. J. Stevenson's Chemical Laboratories (1886-8), immediately to the west of the site.
The Department of Zoology moved in 1933 into the redeveloped building. The architect was John Murray Easton. The former Humphry Museum was entirely reconstructed within, and today houses the Balfour and Newton Libraries.
Classical design
Although best known for the original buildings of his maturity and for his writings on Gothic art, E. S. Prior produced a number of buildings in the classical tradition. To many architects of the Arts and Crafts Movement, 19th-century classicism had the advantage of continuing a long tradition of craftsmanship. Indeed Prior himself regarded classical styles as "built up on a substratum of craftsmanship which for two hundred years had practiced classic detail in the buildings of ordinary use." Classicism of the 19th century was "the passionate genuine expression of its age."
Many of Prior's domestic buildings had classical details, such as the Harrow Billiard Room. He also altered a number of 18th Century buildings, such as Downe Hall and High Grove. In 1895 he designed a cross for Sir Christopher Wren's chapel at Pembroke College and was impressed by "the genius of Wren."
Exterior
The site is located on the corner of Downing Street and Corn Exchange Street. The building is basically L shaped in plan, with a long arm along Downing Street and the museum wing set at a skew. The Corn Exchange block widens from to . The building was to be built in two phases, and the Corn Exchange block was not constructed until 1934.
The Downing Street elevation is three stories high, with three shallow bays with first-floor Oriel windows. The southeast and southwest bays have deep pediments, with the central bay having a triangular pediment. The basement forms a rusticated plinth, the front being battered and chamfered. The entrance is at the east end and is formed by a semi-circular arch with stepped windows above that light the stairwell. There are similar windows on the east elevation. There is a high parapet on the façade with the coat of arms of Professors George Murray Humphry and John Willis Clark. Lettering and a motto on the façade were cut by Eric Gill. The central gable is ornamented with carved lilies designed by Prior.
The rear elevation, again of three stories above a basement, had pairs of segmental headed separated by vertical panels of stone. It has now been built over.
Interior
In layout, the building has axial corridors with research rooms, laboratories and offices on the ground floor and a large windowless lecture theatre. The first floor contained a barrel vaulted double height library and the Humphry Memorial Museum (in memory of the first Professor of Surgery, Sir George Murray Humphry). The museum was on two stories with a hexagonal dome resting on marble columns with distinct entasis. Further columns divided the space into nave and aisles.
Funds were raised by the University some 10 to 15 years after the death of Sir George to build the museum to commemorate his role in the development of modern surgery, post-operative care and hygiene.
Materials
The columns were covered in glazed tiles by Conrad Dressler. The staircase is of Hopton Wood stone with curved angles to the treads to minimise the collection of dirt and ease cleaning. Prior designed the integrated oak banisters, balusters and railings. Throughout the building every detail was designed to minimise potential sources of infection and dirt collection; for example, the doors and fittings have no mouldings.
The Downing Street front is of Ancaster stone with rusticated Derbyshire stone dressings. The northern rear elevation is in brick with stone dressings. The floors are of jointless cement, and the roof is supported by a rolled steel joist system. Prior paid great attention to the roof design to minimize potential dirt traps, ensuring that not even a rivet projected as a potential collecting area.
Utilities
The building incorporated a plenum system of heating and ventilation. The air was washed, cleaned, screened and warmed before being distributed by fans along ducts and flues within the walls of the building. Lighting and power were supplied via diesel generators. The lighting and drainage systems were also sophisticated. For example, glazed waste pipes with removable covers enabled flushing in the laboratories.
Prior designed the rolling stack book-shelving of the library, all the laboratory furniture, doors and fittings, and so on.
References
Medical School building
Category:E. S. Prior buildings | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
From Illmatic to Stillmatic: The Remixes
From Illmatic to Stillmatic: The Remixes is an extended play album by Nas. It includes six remixed versions of songs from the earlier Nas LPs Illmatic, It Was Written, and Stillmatic. It was released by Columbia Records on July 2, 2002. It features AZ, R. Kelly and Foxy Brown.
Track listing
Notes
From Life's a Bitch b-side (1994)
From One Love b-side (1994)
From It Ain't Hard to Tell b-side (1994)
From Street Dreams (Remix) single (1996)
From Street Dreams b-side (1996)
Original track
Chart positions
Category:2002 EPs
Category:Albums produced by Large Professor
Category:Albums produced by Trackmasters
Category:Nas compilation albums
Category:2002 remix albums
Category:Remix EPs
Category:Columbia Records remix albums
Category:Columbia Records EPs
Category:B-side compilation albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Klezmer Conservatory Band
The Klezmer Conservatory Band is a Boston-based group which performs traditional klezmer music; it was formed by Hankus Netsky of the New England Conservatory of Music in 1980. Originally formed for a single concert, they have gone on to release eleven albums.
Netsky is the grandson and nephew of traditional klezmer musicians. He was inspired by jam sessions with Irish musicians to attempt something with klezmer music. He recruited many of the musicians from the New England Conservatory of Music's Third Stream department with the majority having jazz or folk backgrounds.
In 1988, the band featured in a documentary on klezmer called A Jumpin Night in the Garden of Eden. It has also provided soundtracks for a number of films and theatrical productions including:
Enemies, a Love Story
Joel Grey's Yiddish music review Berschtcapades '94
The Fool and the Flying Ship, narrated by Robin Williams
Shlemiel the First, a musical based on a play by Isaac Bashevis Singer
External links
Official website
[ Allmusic article]
Frank London on the Klezmer Conservatory Band
Category:Klezmer groups
Category:Musical groups from Boston | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1956 New South Wales state election
The 1956 New South Wales state election was held on 3 March 1956. It was conducted in single member constituencies with compulsory preferential voting and was held on boundaries created at a 1952 redistribution. The election was for all of the 94 seats in the Legislative Assembly.
Issues
In March 1956, Labor had been in power for 15 years and Joseph Cahill who had won a landslide victory at the 1953 election had been premier for 4 years. Cahill, who was commonly known as "old smoothie" had been a popular premier and had shown some flair in leadership by announcing a design competition for the Sydney Opera House in September 1955. However, nationally the Labor party was divided on sectarian and ideological grounds. In Victoria, many members of the predominantly Catholic right-wing of the party had left the party and joined the nascent Democratic Labor Party (DLP). Cahill was desperate to keep the New South Wales branch of the ALP united. He achieved this by controlling the anti-DLP faction led by his ex-minister Clive Evatt (brother of H V Evatt) while at the same time keeping the right-wing faction within the party. Cahill's attempts at unity were assisted by the state's Catholic hierarchy who were less politically involved than their Victorian counterparts under Daniel Mannix. As a result, the effects of this split were not as severe in New South Wales and the DLP did not contest the 1956 state election. However, the split did have a significant effect on the Labor Party's vote and contributed to the loss of the seat of Waratah.
Labor's election promises included making the supply of state housing a top priority, reviving the State Bank which had been under the control of the federal government since 1932 and revitalizing the state's railways including the long delayed Eastern Suburbs line.
The coalition of the Liberal Party and Country Party coalition continued to suffer from leadership issues. Murray Robson had replaced Vernon Treatt as the Liberal Party leader and Leader of the Opposition in August 1954, but had proved inept for the position and was replaced by Pat Morton as leader in September 1955. Morton was a somewhat aloof figure, with a public presence more typical of pre-war conservative politicians, and found it difficult to connect with the public. Michael Bruxner continued as the leader of the Country Party.
The opposition campaigned on the government's broken promises and uncompleted public works as well as resentment against compulsory unionism and the implementation of the Cumberland Plan, which reserved a large area of the Sydney Basin from development. The coalition promised that the state transport system would be run along the lines of private enterprise and cease to be a drain on the state's budget. Bruxner called Cahill's plans a death bed repentance with no incentives for rural development.
Results
The result of the election was a clear victory for Labor despite a net loss of 7 seats:
Australian Labor Party 50 seats
Independent Labor 1 seat
Liberal 27 seats
Country Party 15 seats
Independent 1 seat
The results gave Labor a parliamentary buffer of 3 seats plus the usual support of Tom Armstrong.
Labor losses were largely confined to the marginal or usually conservative seats that it had unexpectedly won at the 1953 election including Armidale, Coogee, Drummoyne, Georges River, Parramatta, and Sutherland. Labor regained the seat of Hartley from Independent Labor member Jim Chalmers who unsuccessfully contested Nepean as an independent. The loss of the usually safe seat of Waratah was a shock for Labor and was caused by a number of factors. The popular Labor incumbent Robert Cameron had retired and after a bitter pre-selection battle, Labor endorsed a Tighes Hill butcher, Harry Sheedy. Sheedy was a member of the socialist wing of the party and, at a time when the party was split on sectarian and ideological grounds, was disliked by many among the large and usually Labor voting Catholic population in the electorate. His main opponent and the winner of the seat was the independent, Frank Purdue who was prominent in local Government and the popular Lord Mayor of Newcastle.
Seats changing party representation
‡ The seat of Kahibah was won by Independent Labor candidate Tom Armstrong at the 1953 by-election caused by the resignation of Labor's Joshua Arthur
Key dates
Tabulated results
{{Australian elections/Title row
| table style = float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em;
| title = New South Wales state election, 3 March 1956
| house = Legislative Assembly
| series = New South Wales state election
| back = 1953
| forward = 1959
| enrolled = 2,011,258
| total_votes = 1,722,628
| turnout % = 93.27
| turnout chg = −0.59
| informal = 28,805
| informal % = 1.67
| informal chg = −0.81
}}
|}
Aftermath
Joe Cahill's triumph at this election ensured that he remained premier during the course of the parliament. Pat Morton remained Leader of the Opposition but Michael Bruxner finally retired as Leader of the New South Wales Country Party, a position he had held since 1932 and was replaced by Davis Hughes in 1958. During the parliament there were 6 by-elections. This led to changes in party representation in Kahibah where the endorsed Labor candidate Jack Stewart won the by-election caused by the death of the Independent Labor incumbent Tom Armstrong and in Wagga Wagga the Liberal's Wal Fife won the by-election caused by the death of the Labor incumbent Eddie Graham. These results effectively reduced the government's majority by 1.
See also
Candidates of the 1956 New South Wales state election
Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1956–1959
Notes
References
Category:Elections in New South Wales
Category:1956 elections in Australia
Category:1950s in New South Wales
Category:March 1956 events | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
GRIPAP1
GRIP1-associated protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GRIPAP1 gene.
Function
GRASP1 is a neuron-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Ras family of small G proteins (RasGEF) and is associated with the GRIP/AMPA receptor complex in brain (Ye et al., 2000).[supplied by OMIM]
Interactions
GRIPAP1 has been shown to interact with GRIP1.
References
Further reading | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Arthur Brown
Arthur Brown may refer to:
Entertainment
Arthur William Brown (1881–1966), Canadian commercial artist
H. Arthur Brown (1906–1992), American orchestral conductor
Arthur Brown (musician) (born 1942), English rock singer
Arthur Brown, aka Cluemaster, comic-book supervillain
Football
Arthur Brown (footballer, born 1858) (1858–1909), English international football for Aston Villa, 1870s–1880s
Arthur Brown (footballer, born 1862) (1862–1930), English footballer for Aston Villa, 1880s–1890s
Arthur Brown (footballer, born 1885) (1885–1944), English international footballer for Sheffield United and Sunderland
Arthur Brown (footballer, born 1888) (1888–?), English football goalkeeper for Portsmouth and Southampton
Arthur Brown (footballer, born 1903) (1903–1971), Welsh international goalkeeper for Aberdare, Reading, and Crewe Alexandra
Arthur Brown (New Zealand footballer), New Zealand international footballer
Arthur M. Brown (1884–1980), American college football coach
Arthur Brown (American football) (born 1990), American football player
Military
Arthur Tillotson Brown (1878–1942), last captain of the first RMS Mauretania
Arthur Whitten Brown (1886–1948), Scottish aviator
Roy Brown (RAF officer) (Arthur Roy Brown, 1893–1944), Canadian WWI fighter ace
Arthur E. Brown Jr. (born 1929), U.S. Army general
Politics
Arthur Brown (Utah senator) (1843–1906), American senator from Utah
Arthur Winton Brown (1856–1916), New Zealand politician
Arthur Bruce Brown (1911–1975), Canadian politician in British Columbia
George Arthur Brown (1922-1993), former Governor of the Bank of Jamaica
Other
Arthur Lewis Brown (1854–1928), American federal judge
Arthur Judson Brown (1856–1963), American minister and missionary
Arthur Brown Jr. (1874–1957), American architect
Arthur T. Brown (1900–1993), American architect
Arthur Stanley Brown (1912–2002), Australian suspect in a 1970 rape and murder case
Arthur Graham Brown (1919–1982), Australian amateur ornithologist
Arthur Brown (bishop) (1926–2011), Canadian suffragan bishop
See also
Arthur Browne (disambiguation)
List of people with surname Brown | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Anywhere (Sigma song)
"Anywhere" is a song performed by English drum and bass duo Sigma. It was released on 15 June 2018 by 3 Beat Records as the fifth single from the duo's upcoming second studio album. The song peaked at number 90 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was written by Cameron Edwards, Danny Shah, Joseph Lenzie, Sky Adams and Louis Du Sauzay.
Music video
A music video to accompany the release of "Anywhere" was first released onto YouTube on 31 August 2018 at a total length of three minutes.
Track listing
Chart performance
Weekly charts
References
Category:2018 singles
Category:2018 songs
Category:Sigma songs | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Turbonilla puncta
Turbonilla puncta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
Distribution
This species occurs in the following locations:
Caribbean Sea
Cayman Islands
Colombia
Gulf of Mexico
Hispaniola
Jamaica
References
External links
To Biodiversity Heritage Library (8 publications)
To Encyclopedia of Life
To ITIS
To World Register of Marine Species
Category:Pyramidellidae
Category:Gastropods described in 1850 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gul Ahmad Saeed
Gul Ahmad Saeed (born 1990) is a suspected Pakistani mass murderer who killed 14 people. On November 28, 2014, Saeed is believed to have murdered his parents, brother, and sister-in-law when they obstructed his marriage. After the murders, he went on the run. On April 5, 2015, Saeed, along with some accomplices, murdered his fiancé and nine of her relatives. All of them were shot by a Kalashnikov rifle.
References
External links
Man kills parents, two brothers, DAWN (November 29, 2014)
Ten of a family killed in Charsadda over refusal of marriage proposal, DAWN (April 5, 2015)
Marriage feud claims 10 lives in Charsadda village, DAWN (April 6, 2015)
Five held over 10 killings, DAWN (April 16, 2015)
3 accused held in murder case of 10 family members, The News International (April 16, 2015)
10 of a family murder case - Three brothers of main accused turned up as real killers, The Frontier Post (April 16, 2015)
Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Familicides
Category:Mass murder in 2015
Category:Pakistani mass murderers
Category:Murder in Pakistan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Liudhard
Liudhard (; modern , also Letard in English) was a Frankish bishop – of where is unclear – and the chaplain of Queen Bertha of Kent, whom she brought with her from the continent upon her marriage to King Æthelberht of Kent. A short ways east of Canterbury he helped found and dedicate to Saint Martin of Tours the first Christian Saxon church in England, St Martin's, still serving as the oldest church in the English-speaking world.
He is believed to have died in the late 590s, soon after the arrival of Saint Augustine with the Gregorian mission, but Bede fails to mention him in any detail. He was originally buried in St Martin's Church, but Archbishop Laurence of Canterbury had his remains removed and buried in the Abbey Church of St Peter and St Paul in the early 7th century. He was regarded locally as a saint, and Goscelin recounts the story of a miracle he performed to help the eleventh-century artist and abbot Spearhafoc, who in thanks adorned his tomb, with "statues of enormous size and beauty" of the saint and Bertha.
According to Goscelin, while Spearhafoc was working on metal figures at St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury, he lost a valuable ring given him by Edward's queen, and Godwin's daughter, Edith of Wessex, presumably as materials to use in his project. In his distress, he prayed to Liudhard, after which the ring was found. In gratitude, he adorned Liudhard's tomb with the statues. From other mentions it would seem such a description would mean the statues were at least approaching life-size. Also according to Goscelin and William of Malmesbury, Liudhard "was especially good at speedily responding to appeals for rain", for which purpose his remains would be carried in procession to the fields.
A coin or "medalet", known as the Liudhard medalet, bearing his name was found in the 19th century in a grave in Canterbury, and is the earliest Anglo-Saxon coin, though it may not have been used as money in the normal way. The design is clearly based on contemporary Continental coins, but has unusual features.
References
Sources
Dodwell, C. R. (1982) Anglo-Saxon Art, A New Perspective, Manchester UP, . Miracle, p. 213
Wernher, Martin (1992) "The Liudhard Medalet", in Anglo-Saxon England, Volume 20, eds. Michael Lapidge, et al. Cambridge University Press , 9780521413800, google books
Category:Christian chaplains
Category:People from Canterbury
Category:Anglo-Saxon saints
Category:Gregorian mission
Category:Frankish bishops
Category:590s deaths
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:6th-century Frankish people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Princess Louise of Belgium
Princess Louise Marie Amélie of Belgium (18 February 1858 in Brussels – 1 March 1924 in Wiesbaden) was the eldest daughter of Leopold II and his wife, Marie Henriette of Austria.
First marriage and children
Born Louise Marie Amélie, she married Philipp, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, her second cousin, in Brussels, on 4 February/4 May 1875. Philipp was thirty-one at the time of the marriage; his new bride was seventeen. The couple had two children:
Leopold Clement Philipp August Maria (Svätý Anton, 19 July 1878 - Vienna, 27 April 1916)
Dorothea Maria Henriette Auguste Louise (Vienna, 30 April 1881 - Dischingen, 21 January 1967), married on 2 August 1898 to Ernst Günther, duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
The marriage was disliked by her father, who regarded it as an unwelcome alliance with Prussia, but her mother approved of it because Philipp lived in Hungary.
The relationship between Louise and Philip was not happy. Louise later wrote that she had fled the bedchamber as soon as possible the morning after her wedding, due to her extreme distress. Philipp is said to have been controlling, and Louise responded by living a lavish lifestyle at the court of Vienna, where she attracted much attention.
In 1880, she suggested the marriage between her sister Stephanie and Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria.
Scandal and divorce
In 1895, Louise became romantically involved with Count Geza Mattachich (1868–1923), stepson of Oskar Keglevich, Count of Buzin. Mattachich was a lieutenant in a Croatian regiment of the Austrian army. They met in the Prater in Vienna.
In January 1897, she scandalized Vienna by permanently leaving her husband, Prince Philipp, for Mattachich and taking her daughter with her. They traveled first to Paris, then Cannes, living in other destinations in the south of France and the rest of Europe. Her son became estranged from her, because he felt her actions had ruined his chance for inheritance. Her daughter soon left her mother at the advice of her fiancé, the duke of Schleswig-Holstein.
In 1898, Prince Philipp and Mattachich fought a duel in Vienna, first with guns, then with swords, in which the prince was injured.
Mattachich had been arrested in Zagreb and imprisoned for four years for forgery.
Louise and Prince Philipp were finally divorced in Gotha on 15 January 1906, almost eight years after Louise had begun divorce proceedings.
Later life
Estranged from her father, her husband, and her children, Louise's extravagant expenses brought her deeper and deeper into debt. Despite being the daughter of arguably the wealthiest king of the age, she was forced to claim bankruptcy after it became known that Mattachich had forged the signature of Louise's sister, Princess Stéphanie, on promissory notes for jewelry worth about $2,500,000. As a result of this episode, in May 1898 she was interned in an asylum for six years. Mattachich was sentenced to four years in prison for forgery. Once his sentence was over, he helped Louise escape from the asylum in 1904; they were together until his death in Paris. After Mattachich's death she was given a home by Queen Elisabeth, the wife of her cousin, King Albert I of Belgium.
Louise's memoir, My Own Affairs, was published in 1921.
After her death, the royal court in Brussels went in mourning for a full month.
Ancestry
Notes
Sources
Louise de Belgique, Autour des trônes que j'ai vu tomber, Albin Michel, Paris, 1921
Olivier Defrance, Louise de Saxe-Cobourg : Amours, argent, procès, Racine, Bruxelles, 2000 ()
Ouvrage collectif, Louise et Stephanie de Belgique, Le Cri, 2003 ()
Comte Geza Mattachich, Folle par raison d'État : la princesse Louise de Belgique. Mémoires inédits du comte Mattachich, 1904
Dan Jacobson, All for Love, Hamish Hamilton, Londres, 2005 ()
External links
Princess Louise of Belgium: 'Eve after the Fall of Man'
Category:Belgian princesses
Category:1858 births
Category:1924 deaths
Category:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Belgium)
Category:House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha-Koháry
Category:Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Category:People from Brussels
Category:19th-century Belgian people
Category:Leopold II of Belgium | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Antonín Buček
Antonín Buček (born 24 February 1984 in Ostrava) is a Czech football player who currently plays for FC Odra Petřkovice.
Buček played for Czech youth national teams since the under-16 level.
Career
After two years, Buček returned to FC Odra Petřkovice for the second time.
References
External links
Profile at Baník Ostrava website
Profile at Baník Ostrava website
Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Czech footballers
Category:Czech expatriate footballers
Category:Czech Republic youth international footballers
Category:Czech Republic under-21 international footballers
Category:Association football goalkeepers
Category:Czech First League players
Category:Czech National Football League players
Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players
Category:I liga players
Category:FK Chmel Blšany players
Category:FC Baník Ostrava players
Category:FK Ústí nad Labem players
Category:FK Baník Sokolov players
Category:FC Akzhayik players
Category:GKS Katowice players
Category:FC Hlučín players
Category:MFK Frýdek-Místek players
Category:1. SC Znojmo players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Poland
Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan
Category:Czech expatriate sportspeople in Poland
Category:Czech expatriate sportspeople in Kazakhstan
Category:Sportspeople from Ostrava | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Christian Thomas
Christian Thomas may refer to:
Christian Thomasius (1655–1728), German jurist and theologian
Christian Thomas (long jumper) (born 1965), retired West German long jumper
Christian Thomas (Danish gymnast) (1896–1970), Danish gymnast
Christian Thomas (ice hockey) (born 1992), Canadian ice hockey player
See also
Saint Thomas Christians
Chris Thomas (disambiguation)
Kristian Thomas (born 1989), British gymnast | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Stacey Devina Chan
Stacey Chan (Chinese: 陳詠詩, born December 12, 1998) is a Hong Kong rhythmic gymnast. She was selected as a member of the Hong Kong National Team in 2009 at the age of 11, and was selected for Hong Kong Sports Institute's Elite Training System and Sports Scholarship Scheme at the age of 13. She became the All-Around Champion at the 2012 Hong Kong Open Championships in the same year and has gone on to represent Hong Kong internationally. She is a recipient of the 2015 and 2016 Gymnastics Association of Hong Kong China's Outstanding Athlete Award.
Early life
Chan was born in Hong Kong. She attended K12 virtual school to accommodate for rhythmic gymnastics training and graduated in 2017.
Education
Chan is attending the University of California, Berkeley.
Rhythmic gymnastics career
Chan earned her first Hong Kong All-Around Champion title at the 2012-2013 Hong Kong Rhythmic Gymnastics Open Championships and subsequently earned the All-Around Champion title at the 2014 Hong Kong Rhythmic Gymnastics Open Championships and 2015-2016 Hong Kong Rhythmic Gymnastics Open Championships. She was also the champion in hoop, ball, clubs, and ribbon at the 2015-2016 Hong Kong Rhythmic Gymnastics Open Championships. Internationally, Chan earned 1st place in Ball and 1st Runner-up in Hoop and Ribbon at the 11th Singapore Rhythmic Gymnastics Open Championships in 2014. Chan also achieved 2nd place in the Group's All Around at the 2015 Rhythmic Gymnastics National Youth Championships held in Hebei, China. She represented Hong Kong at the 2015 7th Senior Rhythmic Gymnastics Asian Championships, advancing to the finals for all events. Chan also represented Hong Kong in the 2012, 2014, and 2016 Pacific Rim Championships.
Hong Kong media
Chan has been labeled as "rhythmic gymnastics beauty" and "the light of Hong Kong" by the Hong Kong media. In Cosmopolitan Hong Kong's exclusive interview Chan was dubbed as "seemingly perfect in the public's eye".
There was controversy among the Hong Kong media as some said that placing so much emphasis on an athlete's appearance is disrespectful, but some argued that it helped to popularize the sport of rhythmic gymnastics.
References
External links
Category:1998 births
Category:Living people
Category:Hong Kong gymnasts
Category:Rhythmic gymnasts | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
2013–14 San Mig Super Coffee Mixers season
The 2013–14 San Mig Coffee Mixers season is the 26th season of the franchise in the Philippine Basketball Association (PBA).
Key dates
November 3: The 2013 PBA Draft took place in Midtown Atrium, Robinson Place Manila.
January 5: The Mixers defeated Barangay Ginebra San Miguel on a matchup that broke the record of the most people in the Mall of Asia Arena on a 79-83 victory, and an attendance of 20,600 people.
February 12: The Mixers defeated Barangay Ginebra San Miguel in game seven of the best-of-seven series in the Semifinals of the Philippine Cup, a matchup that broke the record of the most crowd attendance in a game itself on a 110-87 victory, with an attendance of 25,000 people.
February 26:The Mixers won their 11th Championship on the 2013-14 PBA Philippine Cup defeating Rain or Shine, 4 wins to 2.
March 16: The Mixers again defeated Barangay Ginebra San Miguel on a 90-80 showdown, the matchup tallied the highest crowd attendance on the 2014 Commissioner's Cup.
May 7: The Mixers won against the Air21 Express on a do-or-die matchup on the Game 5 of the 2014 Commissioner's Semifinals, and booking their third straight final appearance and fifth on the last seven conferences, it also tallies the sixth do or die game which the team survived since the 2013 Governors' Cup.
May 15: Coach Tim Cone won his 17th PBA Championship in a 100-91 showdown against the Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters, on the first three quarters, the Texter dominated the game, but the Mixers rallied back even the lead was even blown up to 17, they eventually won the game, and the rest of the Mixers also won the franchise's 12th championship, it also tallies three straight championship of the team, and four championship in the last eight conferences, James Yap won his third Finals MVP award.
June 1: The Mixers defeated Barangay Ginebra San Miguel, 100-88, it also tallied the most attendance in this season's Governors' Cup.
June 3: Yancy de Ocampo and Val Acuña was traded to GlobalPort Batang Pier in exchange of Yousef Taha and Ronnie Matias.
June 17: The Mixers won against the San Miguel Beermen, tallying the eight-straight semi-final appearance of the franchise since the 2012 PBA Commissioner's Cup.
June 18: TV analyst and former PBA player Jason Webb is hired as assistant coach.
June 27: The Mixers won against the Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters on their semi-final series, to tally their fourth straight final appearance and sixth in the last eight conferences, and surviving eight-straight on do-or-die games.
July 9: The Mixers became the fourth team in PBA history to win the coveted Grand Slam after they won the deciding Game 5 of Governors Cup Finals, 92-89 against Rain or Shine Elasto Painters. James Yap was named the Finals MVP as he scored 29 points on 12 of 18 shooting from the field. This was the Mixers' 9th straight win in do or die games they played. Tim Cone became the only coach in PBA history to win 2 Grand Slams on two different teams. With this Grand Slam, the Mixers also had four-peat run, their 13th PBA title overall, tying them with the fabled Crispa Redmanizers for 3rd place in all-time list.
Draft picks
Roster
Philippine Cup
Eliminations
Standings
Game log
Playoffs
Bracket
Commissioner's Cup
Eliminations
Standings
Game log
Playoffs
Bracket
Governors' Cup
Eliminations
Standings
Bracket
Game log
Transactions
Overview
Recruited imports
References
Category:Magnolia Hotshots seasons
San Mig Coffee Mixers Season, 2013-14 | {
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Norman Abeles
Norman Abeles (born April 15, 1928) is an Austrian-born psychologist. He is a university professor and a former president of the American Psychological Association.
Biography
Abeles was born in 1928 in Vienna, Austria. He earned an undergraduate degree from New York University and a PhD from The University of Texas at Austin. He was the 1997 president of the American Psychological Association (APA). Abeles is an emeritus professor of psychology at Michigan State University (MSU). He is the former director of MSU's psychological clinic. Much of Abeles's work has centered on aging. He is on the editorial board of Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias.
Abeles has been named a fellow of several APA divisions and was named to the APA Council of Representatives for the period between 2012 and 2014. While the president of the APA, he helped to form the organization's Office of Aging in 1997. He has participated twice in the White House Conference on Aging that is held every ten years.
References
Category:Living people
Category:1928 births
Category:Presidents of the American Psychological Association
Category:New York University alumni
Category:University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts alumni | {
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Pennsylvania Route 234
Pennsylvania Route 234 (PA 234) is a state highway located in Adams and York Counties in Pennsylvania. The western terminus is at U.S. Route 30 (US 30) in Franklin Township. The eastern terminus is at PA 462 in West York. PA 234 heads east from US 30 as a two-lane undivided road through rural areas in northern Adams County, passing through Arendtsville before it reaches Biglerville, where it intersects PA 394 and PA 34. The route continues east and has an interchange with the US 15 freeway in Heidlersburg and crosses PA 94 prior to reaching East Berlin, where it intersects PA 194. PA 234 crosses into York County and heads through rural areas in the western part of the county. Right before its eastern terminus at PA 462, PA 234 crosses US 30 on an overpass; however, there is no direct access to the highway. PA 234 was designated in 1928 between US 30 in Franklin Township and PA 194 in East Berlin. The route was extended east from East Berlin to US 30 (now PA 462) west of West York in 1937. The entire route was paved in the 1930s.
Route description
PA 234 begins at an intersection with US 30 in Franklin Township, Adams County, heading north on two-lane undivided Buchanan Valley Road. The road runs through farms and forests with some homes, turning northeast and passing through Trust. The route continues through rural areas as it curves more to the east and winds through forests along the Conewago Creek, eventually crossing the creek into Menallen Township. PA 234 continues southeast a short distance to the northeast of the creek on Narrows Road. The road crosses the creek again and heads back into Franklin Township, passing through Bridgeport and heading east before turning south in agricultural areas with a few homes. The route enters the borough of Arendtsville and becomes North High Street, passing homes. PA 234 turns east onto Main Street and continues through more residential areas. The road crosses the Conewago Creek into Butler Township and becomes Arendtsville Road, running through open farmland with a few homes. The route heads into the borough of Biglerville and intersects the western terminus of PA 394, becoming West York Street and passing residences. The road becomes East York Street and crosses PA 34, continuing east and crossing the Gettysburg and Northern Railroad.
PA 234 turns northeast and heads back into Butler Township, becoming Heidlersburg Road and running through more open agricultural areas with occasional homes. The road curves more to the east and crosses into Tyrone Township, running through more rural areas. The route passes through Heidlersburg and continues to an interchange with the US 15 freeway. From here, PA 234 runs through a mix of farmland and woodland with some residences on East Berlin Road, becoming the border between Huntington Township to the north and Tyrone Township to the south as it heads through Five Points. From this point, the road becomes the border between Reading Township to the north and Tyrone Township to the south, briefly heading entirely into Tyrone Township prior to crossing the Plum Run into Reading Township. In this area, the route crosses PA 94 before continuing east through more agricultural areas. PA 234 crosses the Conewago Creek into the borough of East Berlin and becomes West King Street, passing homes along with a few businesses. In the center of town, the route intersects PA 194 and becomes East King Street.
PA 234 crosses into Paradise Township in York County and becomes East Berlin Road, heading east through more farmland with a few homes. The road runs through more rural areas as it passes through Jackson Township. The route briefly passes through Dover Township before crossing the Honey Run into West Manchester Township. In this area, PA 234 runs through more agricultural areas as it passes to the north of a quarry. The road comes to a bridge over the US 30 freeway and heads into industrial areas. Farther east, PA 234 heads into residential areas and comes to its eastern terminus at PA 462 just outside the borough of West York.
History
When routes were legislated in Pennsylvania in 1911, present-day PA 234 was not given a number. By this time, the road between Arendtsville and Biglerville was paved. PA 234 was designated in 1928 to run from US 30 in western Adams County east to PA 194 in East Berlin. At this time, the route was paved between US 30 and the eastern edge of Biglerville while the section between Biglerville and East Berlin was unpaved. By 1930, the route was under construction between US 15 (Old Harrisburg Road) in Heidlersburg and PA 194 in East Berlin. In 1937, PA 234 was extended east from PA 194 in East Berlin to US 30 (now PA 462) west of West York. The entire length of the route was paved in the 1930s.
Major intersections
See also
References
234
Category:Transportation in Adams County, Pennsylvania
Category:Transportation in York County, Pennsylvania | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Guy Burgess
Guy Francis de Moncy Burgess (16 April 1911 – 30 August 1963) was a British diplomat and Soviet agent, a member of the Cambridge Five spy ring that operated from the mid-1930s to the early years of the Cold War era. His defection in 1951 to the Soviet Union, with his fellow spy Donald Maclean, led to a serious breach in Anglo-United States intelligence co-operation, and caused long-lasting disruption and demoralisation in Britain's foreign and diplomatic services.
Born into a wealthy middle-class family, Burgess was educated at Eton College, the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth and Trinity College, Cambridge. An assiduous networker, he embraced left-wing politics at Cambridge and joined the British Communist Party. He was recruited by Soviet intelligence in 1935, on the recommendation of the future double-agent Kim Philby. After leaving Cambridge, Burgess worked for the BBC as a producer, briefly interrupted by a short period as a full-time MI6 intelligence officer, before joining the Foreign Office in 1944.
At the Foreign Office, Burgess acted as a confidential secretary to Hector McNeil, the deputy to Ernest Bevin, the Foreign Secretary. This post gave Burgess access to secret information on all aspects of Britain's foreign policy during the critical post-1945 period, and it is estimated that he passed thousands of documents to his Soviet controllers. In 1950 he was appointed second secretary to the British Embassy in Washington, a post from which he was sent home after repeated misbehaviour. Although not at this stage under suspicion, Burgess nevertheless accompanied Maclean when the latter, on the point of being unmasked, fled to Moscow in May 1951.
Burgess's whereabouts were unknown in the West until 1956, when he appeared with Maclean at a brief press conference in Moscow, claiming that his motive had been to improve Soviet-West relations. He never left the Soviet Union; he was often visited by friends and journalists from Britain, most of whom reported on a lonely and empty existence. He remained unrepentant to the end of his life, rejecting the notion that his earlier activities represented treason. He was well provided for materially, but as a result of his lifestyle his health deteriorated, and he died in 1963. Experts have found it difficult to assess the extent of damage caused by Burgess's espionage activities, but consider that the disruption in Anglo-American relations caused by his defection was perhaps of greater value to the Soviets than any information he provided. Burgess's life has frequently been fictionalised, and dramatised in productions for screen and stage.
Life
Family background
The Burgess family's English roots can be traced to the arrival in Britain in 1592 of Abraham de Bourgeous de Chantilly, a refugee from the Huguenot religious persecutions in France. The family settled in Kent, and became prosperous, mainly as bankers. Later generations created a military tradition; Guy Burgess's grandfather, Henry Miles Burgess, was an officer in the Royal Artillery whose main service was in the Middle East. His youngest son, Malcolm Kingsford de Moncy Burgess, was born in Aden in 1881, the third forename being a nod to his Huguenot ancestry. Malcolm had a generally unremarkable career in the Royal Navy, eventually reaching the rank of Commander. In 1907 he married Evelyn Gillman, the daughter of a wealthy Portsmouth banker. The couple settled in the naval town of Devonport where, on 16 April 1911, their elder son was born, christened Guy Francis de Moncy. A second son, Nigel, was born two years later.
Childhood and schooling
The Gillman wealth ensured a comfortable home for the young family. Guy's earliest schooling was probably with a governess until, aged nine, he began as a boarder at Lockers Park, an exclusive preparatory school near Hemel Hempstead in Hertfordshire. He did well there; his grades were consistently good and he played for the school's association football team. Having completed the Lockers curriculum a year early, he was too young to proceed immediately, as intended, to the Royal Naval College at Dartmouth. Instead, from January 1924 he spent a year at Eton College, Britain's most prestigious public school.
Following Malcolm Burgess's retirement from the navy, the family moved to West Meon in Hampshire. Here, on 15 September 1924, Malcolm died suddenly of a heart attack. Despite this traumatic event, Guy's education proceeded as planned, and in January 1925 he began at Dartmouth. Here he encountered strict discipline and insistence on order and conformity, enforced by frequent use of corporal punishment even for minor infringements. In this environment, Burgess thrived both academically and at sports. He was marked by the college authorities as "excellent officer material", but an eye test in 1927 exposed a deficiency that precluded a career in the navy's executive branch. Burgess had no interest in the available alternatives – the engineering or paymaster branches – and in July 1927 he left Dartmouth and returned to Eton.
Burgess's second period at Eton, between 1927 and 1930, was largely rewarding and successful, both academically and socially. Although he failed to be elected to the elite society known as "Pop", he began to develop a network of contacts that would prove useful in later life. At Eton, sexual relationships between boys were common, and although Burgess would claim that his homosexuality began at Eton, his contemporaries could recall little evidence of this. Generally, Burgess was remembered as amusingly flamboyant, and something of an oddity with his professed left-wing social and political opinions. In January 1930 he sat for and won a history scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, concluding his school career with further prizes in history and drawing. Throughout his life he retained fond memories of Eton; according to his biographers Stewart Purvis and Jeff Hulbert he "never showed any embarrassment that he had been educated in a citadel of educational privilege".
Cambridge
Undergraduate
Burgess arrived in Cambridge in October 1930, and quickly involved himself in many aspects of student life. He was not universally liked; one contemporary described him as "a conceited unreliable shit", although others found him amusing and good company. After a term, he was elected to the Trinity Historical Society whose membership was formed from the brightest of Trinity College undergraduates and postgraduates. Here he encountered Kim Philby, and also Jim Lees, a former miner studying under a trade union scholarship, whose working-class perspective Burgess found stimulating. In June 1931 Burgess designed the stage sets for a student production of Bernard Shaw's play Captain Brassbound's Conversion, with Michael Redgrave in the leading role. Redgrave considered Burgess "one of the bright stars of the university scene, with a reputation for being able to turn to anything".
Burgess by this time made no attempt to conceal his homosexuality. In 1931 he met Anthony Blunt, four years his senior and a Trinity postgraduate. The two shared artistic interests and became friends, possibly lovers. Blunt was a member of the intellectual society known as the "Apostles", to which in 1932 he secured Burgess's election. This gave Burgess a greatly extended range of networking opportunities; membership of the Apostles was lifelong, so at the regular meetings he met many of the leading intellectuals of the day, such as G. M. Trevelyan, the University's Regius Professor of History, the writer E. M. Forster, and the economist John Maynard Keynes.
In the early 1930s the general political climate was volatile and threatening. In Britain, the financial crisis of 1931 pointed to the failure of capitalism, while in Germany the rise of Nazism was a source of increasing disquiet. Such events radicalised opinion in Cambridge and elsewhere; according to Burgess's fellow Trinity student James Klugmann, "Life seemed to demonstrate the total bankruptcy of the capitalist system and shouted aloud for some sort of quick, rational, simple alternative". Burgess's interest in Marxism, initiated by friends such as Lees, deepened after he heard the historian Maurice Dobb, a fellow of Pembroke College, address the Trinity Historical Society on the issue of "Communism: a Political and Historical Theory". Another influence was a fellow student, David Guest, a leading light in the Cambridge University Socialist Society (CUSS), within which he formed the university's first active communist cell. Under Guest's influence, Burgess began studying the works of Marx and Lenin.
Amid these political distractions, in 1932 Burgess obtained first-class honours in Part I of the history Tripos, and was expected to graduate with similar honours in Part II the following year. But although he worked hard, political activity distracted him and by the time of his final examinations in 1933 he was unprepared. During his examinations he fell ill and was unable to complete his papers; this may have been the consequence of belated cramming, or of taking amphetamines. The examiners awarded him an aegrotat, an unclassified degree awarded to students considered worthy of honours but prevented through illness from completing their examinations.
Postgraduate
Despite his disappointing degree result, Burgess returned to Cambridge in October 1933 as a postgraduate student and teaching assistant. His chosen research area was "Bourgeois Revolution in Seventeenth-Century England", but much of his time was devoted to political activism. That winter he formally joined the British Communist Party and became a member of its cell within CUSS. On 11 November 1933 he joined a mass demonstration against the perceived militarism of the city's Armistice Day celebrations. The protestors' objective, laying a wreath bearing a pacifist message at the Cambridge War Memorial, was achieved, despite attacks and counter-demonstrations which included what the historian Martin Garrett describes as "a hail of pro-war eggs and tomatoes". Alongside Burgess was Donald Maclean, a languages student from Trinity Hall and an active CUSS member. In February 1934 Burgess, Maclean and fellow members of CUSS welcomed the Tyneside and Tees-side contingents of that month's National Hunger March, as they passed through Cambridge on their way to London.
When not occupied in Cambridge, Burgess made frequent visits to Oxford, to confer with kindred spirits there; according to an Oxford student's later reminiscences, at that time "it was impossible to be in the intellectual swim ... without coming across Guy Burgess". Among those he befriended was Goronwy Rees, a young Fellow of All Souls College. Rees had planned to visit the Soviet Union with a fellow don in the 1934 summer vacation, but was unable to go; Burgess took his place. During the carefully escorted trip, in June–July 1934, Burgess met some notable figures, including possibly Nikolai Bukharin, editor of Izvestia and former secretary of the Comintern. On his return, Burgess had little to report, beyond commenting on the "appalling" housing conditions while praising the country's lack of unemployment.
Recruitment as Soviet agent
When Burgess returned to Cambridge in October 1934, his prospects of a college fellowship and an academic career were fast receding. He had abandoned his research after discovering that the same ground was covered in a new book by Basil Willey. He began an alternative study of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, but his time was largely preoccupied with politics.
Early in 1934 Arnold Deutsch, a longstanding Soviet secret agent, arrived in London under the cover of a research appointment at University College, London. Known as "Otto", his brief was to recruit the brightest students from Britain's top universities, who might in future occupy leading positions in British institutions. In June 1934 he recruited Philby, who had come to the Soviets' notice earlier that year in Vienna where he had been involved in demonstrations against the Dollfuss government. Philby recommended several of his Cambridge associates to Deutsch, including Maclean, by this time working in the Foreign Office. He also recommended Burgess, although with some reservations on account of the latter's erratic personality. Deutsch considered Burgess worth the risk, "an extremely well-educated fellow, with valuable social connections, and the inclinations of an adventurer". Burgess was given the codename "Mädchen", meaning "Girl", later changed to "Hicks". Burgess then persuaded Blunt that he could best fight fascism by working for the Soviets. A few years later another Apostle, John Cairncross, was recruited by Burgess and Blunt, to complete the spy ring often characterised as the "Cambridge Five".
Finally recognising that he had no future career at Cambridge, Burgess left in April 1935. The long-term aim
of the Soviet intelligence services was for Burgess to penetrate British intelligence, and with this in mind he needed to publicly distance himself from his communist past. Thus he resigned his Communist Party membership and publicly renounced communism, with a gusto that shocked and dismayed his former comrades. He then looked for suitable work, applying without success for positions with the Conservative Research Department and Conservative Central Office. He sought a teaching job at Eton, but was rejected when a request for information from his former Cambridge tutor received the reply: "I would very much prefer not to answer your letter".
Late in 1935 Burgess accepted a temporary post as personal assistant to John Macnamara, the recently elected Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) for Chelmsford. Macnamara was on the right of his party; he and Burgess joined the Anglo-German Fellowship, which promoted friendship with Nazi Germany. This enabled Burgess to disguise his political past very effectively, while gathering important information about Germany's foreign policy intentions. Within the Fellowship, Burgess would proclaim fascism as "the wave of the future", although in other forums such as the Apostles he was more circumspect. The association with Macnamara involved several trips to Germany; some, by Burgess's own later version of events, of a decidedly dissolute nature – both men were practising homosexuals. These stories, according to the historian Michael Holzman, may have been invented or exaggerated to draw attention away from Burgess's true motives.
In the autumn of 1936 Burgess met the nineteen-year-old Jack Hewit in The Bunch of Grapes, a well-known homosexual bar in The Strand. Hewit, a would-be dancer seeking work in London's musical theatres, would be Burgess's friend, manservant and intermittent lover for the next fourteen years, generally sharing Burgess's various London homes: Chester Square from 1936 to 1941, Bentinck Street from 1941 to 1947, and New Bond Street from 1947 until 1951.
BBC and MI6
BBC: first stint
In July 1936, having twice previously applied unsuccessfully for posts at the BBC, Burgess was appointed as an assistant producer in the Corporation's Talks Department. Responsible for selecting and interviewing potential speakers for current affairs and cultural programmes, he drew on his extensive range of personal contacts and rarely met refusal. His relationships at the BBC were volatile; he quarrelled with management about his pay, while colleagues were irritated by his opportunism, his capacity for intrigue, and his slovenliness. One colleague, Gorley Putt, remembered him as "a snob and a slob ... It amazed me, much later in life, to learn that he had been irresistibly attractive to most people he met".
Among those Burgess invited to broadcast were Blunt, several times, the well-connected writer-politician Harold Nicolson (a fruitful source of high-level gossip), the poet John Betjeman, and Kim Philby's father, the Arabist and explorer St John Philby. Burgess also sought out Winston Churchill, then a powerful backbench opponent of the government's appeasement policy. On 1 October 1938, during the Munich crisis, Burgess, who had met Churchill socially, went to the latter's home at Chartwell to persuade him to reconsider his decision to withdraw from a projected talks series on Mediterranean countries. According to the account provided in Tom Driberg's biography, the conversation ranged over a series of issues, with Burgess urging the statesman to "offer his eloquence" to help resolve the current crisis. The meeting ended with the presentation to Burgess of a signed copy of Churchill's book Arms and the Covenant, but the broadcast did not take place.
Pursuing their main objective, the penetration of the British intelligence agencies, Burgess's controllers asked him to cultivate a friendship with the author David Footman, who they knew was an MI6 officer. Footman introduced Burgess to his superior, Valentine Vivian; as a result, over the following eighteen months Burgess carried out several small assignments for MI6 on an unpaid freelance basis. He was trusted sufficiently to be used as a back channel of communication between the British prime minister, Neville Chamberlain, and his French counterpart Edouard Daladier, during the period leading to the 1938 Munich summit.
At the BBC, Burgess thought his choices of speaker were being undermined by the BBC's subservience to the government – he attributed Churchill's non-appearance to this – and in November 1938, after another of his speakers was withdrawn at the request of the prime minister's office, he resigned. MI6 was by now convinced of his future utility, and he accepted a job with its new propaganda division, known as Section D. In common with the other members of the Cambridge Five, his entry to British intelligence was achieved without vetting; his social position and personal recommendation were considered sufficient.
Section D
Section D was established by MI6 in March 1938, as a secret organisation charged with investigating how enemies might be attacked other than through military operations. Burgess acted as Section D's representative on the Joint Broadcasting Committee (JBC), a body set up by the Foreign Office to liaise with the BBC over the transmission of anti-Hitler broadcasts to Germany. His contacts with senior government officials enabled him to keep Moscow abreast of current government thinking. He informed them that the British government saw no need for a pact with the Soviets, since they believed Britain alone could defeat the Germans without Russian assistance. This information reinforced the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's suspicions of Britain, and may have helped to hasten the Nazi-Soviet Pact, signed between Germany and the Soviet Union in August 1939.
After the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Burgess, with Philby who had been brought into Section D on his recommendation, ran a training course for would-be saboteurs, at Brickendonbury Manor in Hertfordshire. Philby later was sceptical of the value of such training, since neither he nor Burgess had any idea of the tasks these agents would be expected to perform behind the lines in German-occupied Europe. In 1940, Section D was absorbed into the new Special Operations Executive (SOE). Philby was posted to a SOE training school in Beaulieu, and Burgess, who in September had been arrested for drunken driving (the charge was dismissed on payment of costs), found himself at the end of the year out of a job.
BBC: second stint
In mid-January 1941 Burgess rejoined the BBC Talks Department, while continuing to carry out freelance intelligence work, both for MI6 and its domestic intelligence counterpart MI5, which he had joined in a supernumerary capacity in 1940. After Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the BBC required Burgess to select speakers who would depict Britain's new Soviet ally in a favourable light. He turned again to Blunt, and to his old Cambridge friend Jim Lees, and in 1942 arranged a broadcast by Ernst Henri, a Soviet agent masquerading as a journalist. No transcript of Henri's talk survives, but listeners remembered it as pure Soviet propaganda. In October 1941 Burgess took charge of the flagship political programme The Week in Westminster, which gave him almost unlimited access to Parliament. Information gleaned from regular wining, lunching and gossiping with MPs was invaluable to the Soviets, regardless of the content of the programmes that resulted. Burgess sought to maintain a political balance; his fellow Etonian Quintin Hogg, a future Conservative Lord Chancellor, was a regular broadcaster, as, from the opposite social and political spectrum, was Hector McNeil, a former journalist who became a Labour MP in 1941 and served as a parliamentary private secretary in the Churchill war ministry.
Burgess had lived in a Chester Square flat since 1935. From Easter 1941 he shared a house with Blunt and others at No. 5 Bentinck Street. Here, Burgess maintained an active social life with his many acquaintances, both regular and casual; Goronwy Rees likened the Bentinck Street ambience to that of a French farce: "Bedroom doors opened and shut, strange faces appeared and disappeared down the stairs where they passed some new visitor coming up..." This account was disputed by Blunt, who claimed that such casual comings and goings were contrary to house rules, since they would have disrupted other tenants' sleep.
Burgess's casual work for MI5 and MI6 deflected official suspicion as to his true loyalties, but he lived in constant fear of exposure, particularly as he had revealed the truth to Rees, when trying to recruit the latter in 1937. Rees had since renounced communism, and was serving as an officer in the Royal Welch Fusiliers. Believing that Rees might expose him and others, Burgess suggested to his handlers that they should kill Rees, or alternatively that he should do the job himself. Nothing came of this proposal. Always seeking ways of further penetrating the citadels of power, when in June 1944 Burgess was offered a job in the News Department of the Foreign Office, he accepted it. The BBC reluctantly assented to his release, stating that his departure would be "a serious loss".
Foreign Office
London
As a press officer in the Foreign Office News Department, Burgess's role involved explaining government policy to foreign editors and diplomatic correspondents. His access to secret material enabled him to send Moscow important details of allied policy both before and during the March 1945 Yalta Conference. He passed information relating to the postwar futures of Poland and Germany, and also contingency plans for "Operation Unthinkable", which anticipated a future war with the Soviet Union. His Soviet masters rewarded his efforts with a £250 bonus. Burgess's working methods were characteristically disorganised, and his tongue was loose; according to his colleague Osbert Lancaster, "[w]hen in his cups he made no bones about working for the Russians".
Burgess had maintained contact with McNeil who, following Labour's victory in the 1945 General Election, became Minister of State at the Foreign Office, effectively Ernest Bevin's deputy. McNeil, a staunch anti-communist unsuspecting of Burgess's true allegiance, admired the latter for his sophistication and intelligence, and in December 1946 secured his services as an additional private secretary. The appointment was in breach of regular Foreign Office procedures, and there were complaints, but McNeil prevailed. Burgess quickly made himself indispensable to McNeil, and in one six-month period transmitted to Moscow the contents of 693 files, a total of over 2,000 photographed pages, for which he received a further cash reward of £200.
Early in 1948 Burgess was seconded to the Foreign Office's newly created Information Research Department (IRD), set up to counteract Soviet propaganda. The move was not a success; he was indiscreet, and his new colleagues thought him "dirty, drunken and idle". He was quickly sent back to McNeil's office, and in March 1948 accompanied McNeil and Bevin to Brussels for the signing of the Treaty of Brussels, which eventually led to the establishment of the Western European Union and NATO. He remained with McNeil until October 1948, when he was posted to the Foreign Office's Far East Department. Burgess was assigned to the China desk at a point when the Chinese civil war was nearing its climax, a communist victory imminent. There were important differences of view between Britain and the U.S. on future diplomatic relations with the forthcoming communist state. Burgess was a forceful advocate for recognition, and may have influenced Britain's decision to recognise communist China in 1949.
In February 1949, a fracas at a West End Club – possibly the RAC – resulted in a fall downstairs that left Burgess with severe head injuries, following which he was hospitalised for several weeks. Recovery was slow; according to Holzman he never functioned well after that. Nicolson noted the decline: "Oh my dear, what a sad, sad thing this constant drinking is! Guy used to have one of the most rapid and active minds I knew". Later in 1949 a holiday in Gibraltar and North Africa became a catalogue of drunkenness, promiscuous sex, and arguments with diplomatic and MI6 staff, exacerbated by the frankly homophobic attitudes towards Burgess by some local officials. Back in London, Burgess was reprimanded, but somehow retained the confidence of his superiors, so that his next posting, in July 1950, was to Washington, as second secretary in what Purvis and Hulbert describe as "one of the UK's highest profile embassies, the creme de la creme of diplomatic postings".
Washington
Philby had preceded Burgess to Washington, and was serving there as local head of MI6, following in the path of Maclean who had worked as the embassy's first secretary between 1944 and 1948. Burgess soon reverted to his erratic and intemperate habits, causing regular embarrassment in British diplomatic circles. Despite this, he was given work of top secret sensitivity. Among his duties he served on the inter-allied board responsible for the conduct of the Korean War, which gave him access to America's strategic war plans. His frequent behavioural lapses did not prevent his being chosen to act as escort to Anthony Eden, when the future British prime minister visited Washington in November 1950. The episode passed without trouble; the two, both Etonians, got on well, and Burgess received a warm letter of thanks from Eden "for all your kindness".
Increasingly, Burgess was dissatisfied with his job. He considered leaving the diplomatic service altogether, and began sounding out his Eton friend Michael Berry about a journalistic post on The Daily Telegraph. Early in 1951 a series of indiscretions, including three speeding tickets on a single day, made his position at the embassy untenable, and he was ordered by the ambassador, Sir Oliver Franks, to return to London. Meanwhile, the U.S. Army's Venona counterintelligence project, investigating the identity of a Soviet spy codenamed "Homer" who had been active in Washington a few years earlier, had unearthed strong evidence that pointed to Donald Maclean. Philby and his Soviet spymasters believed that Maclean might crack when confronted by British intelligence, and expose the entire Cambridge ring. Burgess was thus given the task, on reaching London, of organising Maclean's defection to the Soviet Union.
Defection
Departure
Burgess returned to England on 7 May 1951. He and Blunt then contacted Yuri Modin, the Soviet spymaster in charge of the Cambridge ring, who began arrangements with Moscow to receive Maclean. Burgess showed little urgency in proceeding with the matter, finding time to pursue his personal affairs and attend an Apostles dinner in Cambridge. On 11 May he was summoned to the Foreign Office to answer for his misconduct in Washington and, according to Boyle, was dismissed. Other commentators say he was invited to resign or "retire", and was given time to consider his position.
Burgess's diplomatic career was over, although he was not at this stage under any suspicion of treachery. He met with Maclean several times; according to Burgess's 1956 account to Driberg, the question of defection to Moscow was not raised until their third meeting, when Maclean said he was going and requested Burgess's help. Burgess had previously promised Philby that he would not go with Maclean, since a double defection would put Philby's own position in serious jeopardy. Blunt's unpublished memoirs state that it was Moscow's decision to send Burgess with Maclean who, they thought, would be unable to handle the complicated escape arrangements alone. Burgess told Driberg that he had agreed to accompany Maclean because he was leaving the Foreign Office anyway, "and I probably couldn't stick the job at the Daily Telegraph".
Meanwhile, the Foreign Office had fixed Monday 28 May as the date for confronting Maclean with their suspicions. Philby notified Burgess who, on Friday 25 May, bought two tickets for a weekend channel cruise on the steamship Falaise. These short cruises docked at the French port of St Malo, where passengers could disembark for a few hours without passport checks. Burgess also hired a saloon car, and that evening drove to Maclean's house at Tatsfield in Surrey, where he introduced himself to Maclean's wife Melinda as "Roger Styles". After the three had dined, Burgess and Maclean drove rapidly to Southampton, boarding the Falaise just before its midnight departure – the hired car was left abandoned on the quayside.
The pair's subsequent movements were revealed later. On arrival in St Malo they took a taxi to Rennes, then travelled by rail to Paris and on to Berne in Switzerland. Here, by prior arrangement, they were issued with papers at the Soviet embassy, before travelling to Zurich, where they caught a flight to Prague. Safely behind the Iron Curtain, they were able to proceed smoothly on the final stages of their journey to Moscow.
Aftermath
On Saturday 26 May, Hewit informed a friend that Burgess had not come home the previous night. Since Burgess never went away without telling his mother, his absence caused some anxiety in his circle. Maclean's non-appearance at his desk on the following Monday raised concerns that he might have absconded. Disquiet increased when officials realised that Burgess, too, was missing; the discovery of the abandoned car, hired in Burgess's name, together with Melinda Maclean's revelations about "Roger Styles", confirmed that both had fled. Blunt quickly visited Burgess's flat in New Bond Street and removed incriminating materials. An MI6 search of the flat revealed papers that compromised another member of the Cambridge ring, Cairncross, who was later required to resign from his civil service post.
The news of the double flight alarmed the Americans, following the recent conviction of the atomic spy Klaus Fuchs, and the defection of the physicist Bruno Pontecorvo the previous year. Aware that his own position was now precarious, Philby recovered various spying paraphernalia from Burgess's former Washington quarters, and buried them in a nearby wood. Summoned to London in June 1951, he was interrogated for several days by MI6. There were strong suspicions that he was responsible for forewarning Maclean via Burgess, but in the absence of conclusive evidence he faced no action and was permitted to retire quietly from MI6.
In the immediate aftermath the Foreign Office made nothing public. In private circles, many rumours abounded: the pair had been kidnapped by the Russians, or by the Americans, or were replicating the flight of Rudolf Hess to Scotland in 1941 in an unofficial peace mission. The press was suspicious, and the story finally broke in the Daily Express on 7 June. A cautious Foreign Office statement then confirmed that Maclean and Burgess were missing and were being treated as absent without leave. In the House of Commons the Foreign Secretary, Herbert Morrison, said there was no indication that the missing diplomats had taken secret documents with them, nor would he attempt to prejudge the issue of their destination.
On 30 June the Express offered a reward of £1,000 for information on the diplomats' current whereabouts, an amount dwarfed shortly afterwards by the Daily Mails offer of £10,000. There were numerous false sightings in the months that followed. Some press reports speculated that Burgess and Maclean were being held in Moscow's Lubyanka prison. Harold Nicolson thought the Soviets would "use [Burgess] for a month or so and then quietly shove him into some salt mine". Just before Christmas 1953, Burgess's mother received a letter from her son, postmarked in South London. The letter, full of affection and messages for his friends, revealed nothing of his location or circumstances. In April 1954 a senior MGB officer, Vladmir Petrov, defected in Australia. He brought with him papers indicating that Burgess and Maclean had been Soviet agents since their Cambridge days, that the MGB had masterminded their escape, and that they were alive and well in the Soviet Union.
In the Soviet Union
After being held in Moscow for a short period, Burgess and Maclean were sent to Kuybyshev, an industrial city which Burgess described as "permanently like Glasgow on a Saturday night". He and Maclean were granted Soviet citizenship in October 1951, and took fresh identities: Burgess became "Jim Andreyevitch". Unlike Maclean, who learned the language and quickly took up useful work, Burgess spent much of his time reading, drinking, and complaining to the authorities about his treatment – he had not intended his stay to be permanent. He expected to be permitted to return to England, where he thought he could brazen out his MI5 interrogation. He also found the Soviets intolerant of homosexuality, although eventually he was allowed to retain a Russian lover, Tolya Chisekov. By early 1956 Burgess had moved back to Moscow, to a flat on Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Street, and was working part-time at the Foreign Literature Publishing House, promoting the translation of classic British novels.
In February 1956 the Soviet government allowed Burgess and Maclean to hold a brief press conference, which included two Western journalists – the first concrete proof to the West that the missing diplomats were alive. In a short statement, they denied they were communist spies and said they had come to Moscow "to achieve better understanding between the Soviet Union and the West". In Britain, reaction to their reappearance was strongly condemnatory, epitomised in a series of articles in The People, purportedly written by Burgess's former friend Rees. The articles, which described Burgess as "the greatest traitor in our history", sought to emphasise Burgess's supposed dissolute lifestyle and, in the opinion of his biographer Sheila Kerr, "did much to prolong and accentuate repressive attitudes to homosexuality" in Britain.
In July 1956 the Soviet authorities allowed Burgess's mother to visit her son. She stayed a month, mainly in the holiday resort of Sochi. During August the journalist and Labour Party politician Tom Driberg flew to Moscow to interview Burgess – the two had first met through The Week in Westminster. On his return, Driberg wrote a book in which Burgess was portrayed relatively sympathetically. Some assumed that the content had been vetted by the KGB as a propaganda exercise; others thought its purpose was to trap Burgess into revealing information that could lead to his prosecution, should he ever return to Britain.
Over the following years Burgess received numerous visitors from England. Redgrave came with the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre Company in February 1959; this visit led to Burgess's meeting with the actress Coral Browne, a friendship later the subject of Alan Bennett's play An Englishman Abroad. In the same year Burgess gave a filmed interview to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), forgotten until its rediscovery in 2015. In it, Burgess revealed that while he wished to continue living in Russia, he maintained an affection for his home country. When the British prime minister, Harold Macmillan, visited Moscow in 1959, Burgess offered his expertise to the visiting party (he had once spent an evening with Macmillan at the Reform Club). His offer was declined, but he used this opportunity to lobby officials for permission to visit Britain where, he said, his mother was sick. Although aware on legal advice that a successful prosecution against Burgess would be problematic, the Foreign Office issued statements implying he would face instant arrest in Britain. In the event, Burgess chose not to put the issue to the test.
Decline and death
Burgess suffered from increasing ill-health, largely due to a lifestyle based on poor food and excessive alcohol. In 1960 and 1961 he was treated in hospital for arteriosclerosis and ulcers, on the latter occasion being close to death. In April 1962, writing to his friend Esther Whitfield, he indicated how his belongings should be allocated should he die – Blunt, Philby and Chisekov were all named as beneficiaries.
In January 1963 Philby defected to Moscow, having finally been unmasked – after official exoneration by Macmillan in 1956. He and Burgess kept apart, though they may have met briefly, when the latter was on his deathbed in August 1963. Burgess died on 30 August, of arteriosclerosis and acute liver failure. He was cremated five days later; Nigel Burgess represented the family, and Maclean delivered a eulogy describing his co-defector as "a gifted and courageous man who devoted his life to the cause of a better world". Burgess's ashes were returned to England, and on 5 October 1963 were interred in the family plot at St John the Evangelist Churchyard in West Meon.
Assessment
Modin considered Burgess the leader of the Cambridge spies: "He held the group together, infused it with his energy and led it into battle". He sent quantities of information to Moscow – thousands of documents including policy papers, Cabinet minutes and notes of Imperial General Staff meetings. According to Holzman, "Burgess and Maclean ensured that hardly anything done by the British Foreign Office was not known to the Soviet foreign intelligence services". However, views are divided as to what use the Soviets made of this information, or whether they trusted it. Released papers by the Foreign Intelligence Services of the Russian Federation record that "of particular value was the information [he] obtained about the positions of Western countries on the postwar settlement in Europe, Britain's military strategy, NATO [and] the activities of British and American intelligence agencies". But the apparent ease with which Burgess and his colleagues could acquire and send such volumes of data also created suspicions in Moscow that they were being fed misinformation. Thus, the extent of damage to British interests suffered by Burgess's activities is a matter of conjecture; Kerr concludes that "despite much fevered speculation ... there is too little evidence on the effects of [Burgess's] espionage and his influence upon international politics for a credible assessment to be feasible."
The British Establishment found it difficult to accept how someone of Burgess's background and education could betray the system that had sustained him in comfort and privilege. According to Rebecca West in The Meaning of Treason, the demoralisation and panic caused by Burgess's defection was of greater value than the information he passed to the Soviets. The damage to Anglo-U.S. intelligence co-operation was severe; all atomic intelligence liaison between the two countries was suspended for several years. Foreign Office complacency about recruitment and security was shattered, and although positive vetting was belatedly introduced, the diplomatic service suffered what Burgess's biographer Andrew Lownie calls "a culture of suspicion and mistrust that was still being played out half a century after the 1951 flight".
Against the popular denunciations of "traitor" and "spy", Burgess was, in Holzman's words, a revolutionary and idealist, identifying with those who thought that their society "was deeply unjust and that its Empire spread this injustice throughout the world". He never deviated from the ideological justification that he gave on his reappearance in 1956; he believed that the stark choice to be made in the twentieth century was between America and the Soviet Union. Noel Annan, in his account of British intellectual life between the world wars, states that Burgess "was a true Stalinist who hated liberals more than imperialists" and "simply believed that Britain's future lay with Russia not America". Burgess insisted there was no viable case against him in England (a view secretly shared by the British authorities), but would not visit there, since he might be prevented from returning to Moscow where he wished to live "because I am a socialist and this is a socialist country".
Burgess's life, says Lownie, can only be explained by an understanding of "the intellectual maelstrom of the 1930s, particularly amongst the young and impressionable". Yet Lownie points out that most of his fellow Cambridge communists did not work for the Russians, and indeed reassessed their position after the Nazi-Soviet Pact. Holzman stresses the high price of Burgess's political continuing commitment, which "cost him everything else he valued: the possibility of fulfilling intimate relationships, the social life that revolved around the BBC, Fleet Street and Whitehall, even the chance to be with his mother as she lay dying".
Of the other Cambridge spies, Maclean and Philby lived out their lives in Moscow, dying in 1983 and 1988 respectively. Blunt, who was interrogated many times, finally confessed in 1964, although in return for his co-operation this was not made public before his exposure in 1979; he died four years later. Cairncross, who made a partial confession in 1964 and continued thereafter to cooperate with the British authorities, worked as a writer and historian before his death in 1995.
Aspects of Burgess's life have been fictionalised in several novels, and dramatised on numerous occasions. An early (1954) novel, The Troubled Midnight by Rodney Garland, was followed by, among others, Nicholas Monsarrat's Smith and Jones (1963), and Michael Dobbs's Winston's War (2003), which builds on the pre-war meeting between Burgess and Churchill. Stage and screen works include Bennett's An Englishman Abroad, Granada TV's 1987 drama Philby, Burgess and Maclean (1977), the 2003 BBC miniseries Cambridge Spies, and John Morrison's 2011 stage play A Morning with Guy Burgess, set in the last months of his life and examining themes of loyalty and betrayal.
See also
Mitrokhin Archive
Notes and references
Notes
Citations
Sources
(Originally published as Tom Driberg: His Life and Indiscretions by Chatto & Windus, London 1990)
Further reading
External links
Category:1911 births
Category:1963 deaths
Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Category:English communists
Category:British intelligence personnel who defected to the Soviet Union
Category:British spies for the Soviet Union
Category:Soviet spies
Category:LGBT people from England
Category:MI5 personnel
Category:People educated at Eton College
Category:People educated at Lockers Park School
Category:People from Devonport, Devon
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Social undermining
Social undermining is the expression of negative emotions directed towards a particular person or negative evaluations of the person as a way to prevent the person from achieving their goals. This behavior can often be attributed to certain feelings, such as dislike or anger. The negative evaluation of the person may involve criticizing their actions, efforts or characteristics. Social undermining is seen in relationships between family members, friends, personal relationships and co-workers. Social undermining can affect a person's mental health, including an increase in depressive symptoms. This behavior is only considered social undermining if the person's perceived action is intended to hinder their target. When social undermining is seen in the work environment the behavior is used to hinder the co-worker's ability to establish and maintain a positive interpersonal relationship, success and a good reputation. Examples of how an employee can use social undermining in the work environment are behaviors that are used to delay the work of co-workers, to make them look bad or slow them down, competing with co-workers to gain status and recognition and giving co-workers incorrect or even misleading information about a particular job.
Definition
According to Duffy, Gangster, and Pagon, 2002, the definition of social undermining in a workplace is, behavior intended to hinder over time and not allowing a person to establish or maintain positive interpersonal relationships.
In the workplace
Social undermining has been very effective in the workplace. Various aspects of social undermining have affected the workplace and specific races. In workplaces, social undermining has connection with social interaction. Research has shown if a person has a supportive environment in their work setting, they are more likely to have a more satisfied life. Research has shown that social undermining exists in a separate and distinct continuum when looking at positive workplace behavior (e.g. social support).
Social undermining can arise through interactions with co-workers and supervisors; these interactions have an effect on the workers that are being undermined and can affect their work performance. Vinokur found that those who alleged to have social undermining in the workplace reported to have poorer mental health and experienced less well-being. The study shows that undermining has a significant role in worker-supervisor and co-worker relationship and that it leads to various different outcomes such as feelings of irritability, anxiety, depersonalization, and depression. It shows that social undermining affects a person's work ethics and well being.
Various different empirical studies have found that undermining has three specific factors that develop counterfactual thoughts. For example: "what would my life be like if I were not the target of undermining?" These studies' findings indicate that "this rift plays a role in determining the magnitude of the employee's reaction to the event by making the deprived state more salient".
Behaviors of social undermining can affect a person and their perceptions. The study conducted by Gant et al. addressed African American workers' perceptions of co-workers and supervisors. The research by Duffy, Gangster, Shaw, Johnson, and Pagon addressed the fairness theory introduced by Folger and Cropanzano 1998. The fairness theory suggests that when individuals face negative situations (such as being undermined by coworkers or supervision) they make cognitive comparisons known as counterfactual thoughts; i.e., they compare what actually happened to what might have been. The results show that social undermining is closely related to attitudes and behavior regarding one person being or feeling "singled out".
Envy
While social undermining can affect a person's behavior and attitude on their job, it can also bring about envy. Envy can have a positive or negative effect: positive effects include increased performance or attempts at self-improvement. However, envy can have some very harmful effects, including aggression or crime. It can lead to belittling, gossip, withholding information, and giving someone the silent treatment.
Abusive supervision
Abusive supervision can arise in different areas such as in the household, at school, and at a workplace. "Abusive supervision has been investigated as an antecedent to negative subordinate workplace outcome" ; "Workplace violence has combination of situational and personal factors" (e.g., Barling, 1996). The study that was conducted looked at the link between abusive supervision and different workplace events. Social undermining can arise from abusive supervision, such as when a supervisor uses negative actions and it leads to "flow downhill"; a supervisor is perceived as abusive.
Research has shown that "abusive supervision is a subjective assessment made by subordinates regarding their supervisors" behavior towards them over a period of time. For example, abusive supervision includes a "boss demeaning, belittling, or invading privacy of the subordinate.
Hostile attribution bias is an extra punitive mentality where individuals tend to project blame on others. Researchers wanted to see how hostile attribution bias can moderate the relationship between perceptions of psychological contract violation and subordinates' perceptions of abusive supervision. Undermining does arise with abusive supervision, which affects families and aggression; they believe that there is a stronger positive relationship between experiences of psychological contract violation and subordinates' reports of abuse. It suggests that when someone has a negative work environment, it will affect their emotional training ground where this would result in negative home encounters. The findings from this study show that abused subordinates' family members reported a higher incidence of undermining in their home. When this occurs, complications arise at both home and work. Workplace abuse may be spawning negative interpersonal relations in the home, which may contribution to a downward spiral of relationships in both spheres.
When a subordinate is being abused, it can lead to negative affect towards their family where the subordinate starts undermining their family members. The undermining can arise from displaced aggression which is "redirection of a [person's] harm doing behavior from a primary to a secondary target" (Tedeschi & Norman, 1985, p. 30). Family undermining arises from a negative work environment: when someone above you puts you down, one starts to think that one should be put down by one's family members.
Bottom-line mentality
Bottom line is defined as profits or losses of a business. Greenbaum and colleagues found that some employees tend to focus on a bottom-line outcome, which may be related to their tendency to engage in social undermining behavior. Employees with a bottom line mentality (BLM) tend to focus on only the bottom line, and to neglect other outcomes of their actions, including interpersonal consequences. Research has found that a bottom-line mentality can cause a problem, especially if the employer uses BLM as an objective for them to strive for. If someone is hurt by their actions it is not a priority for those with a BLM.
Employees that have a BLM may learn these actions from their supervisors. BLMs can cause rivalries within the organization since the employee may feel as if the organization should have a winner or loser when it comes to completing work. Employees with this approach think of their work as a game where the winner takes all instead of working with other employees to make sure everyone is contributing to the work that needs to be completed. The competitiveness that is created between the coworkers is to attain bottom-line outcomes. When the employees are trying to attain bottom-line outcomes, with this winner-take-all mentality, they begin to want their co-workers to fail as that consequently means, to them, they, the undermining employee, must be succeeding. The supervisor's BLM causes employee social undermining. This happens because the employees may role-model after the adopted supervisor's BLM. Employee personality also plays a role in the relationship between BLM and undermining. Employees that have confidence in their work ability rely on their work ethic while employees who are low in confidence are more likely to engage in social undermining behavior to make themselves look better when it comes to the bottom line of success.
Individual differences
Research suggests that whether or not someone engages in social support or social undermining depends upon their own goals. Those with compassionate goals are more likely to be supportive of others, while those who have more selfish motives believe that people should take care of themselves. When people have goals to preserve their own self-image this can undermine their compassionate goals and make them less supportive.
Health
Research has shown that social undermining can have an effect on a person's health. It has been shown that social undermining can cause depressive symptoms. Depending on the relationship between a patient and their loved one, the loved one can support or undermine the patient and can even do both within the same interaction, which can increase the depressive symptoms. Creating more social support can improve treatment outcomes of a patient depending on the type of stress level the person is enduring.
Research by Joseph et al. found that when participants are exposed to high levels of social undermining and even high levels of social support it can improve the participants course of antidepressive treatment. High levels of social support and social undermining could reduce and also cause remission of the participant's depressive symptoms. The study found that African American participants who had low levels of social undermining were able to fare better than the Caucasians participants in reducing their symptoms. When both groups of participants were given high levels of social undermining the African American participants had fewer achievements in symptom reduction, while the Caucasians participants had the reverse effect of symptom reduction.
Research conducted by Horwitz et al. (1998) found that spouse undermining was almost twice as large as the effect for support. For example, a spouse that shows behaviors of withdrawal, avoidance and being overly critical can cause psychological distress in a relationship. This in turn causes stress that increases the depressive symptoms on individuals that have endure high levels of social undermining. This can happen, because the support that a person can get from their spouse compared to a close friend is more exclusive and generally involves more frequent and emotionally intense interactions (Cutrone 1996; Vinokur & Vinokur & Vinokur- Kaplan, 1990) and depending on their relationship that can influence the social support or even the social undermining that affect the relationship.
Cranford found that spouse undermining and not spouse support can increase depressive symptoms within that relationship. Social undermining has been found to be a stronger indicator for psychological adaption than social support. When there is social undermining in a relationship it can have fatal effects on the spouse's ability to deal with other stressors. It can also lead to an increase of wishful thinking, poor psychological adjustment, maladaptive coping behaviors, and even decrease adaptive coping behaviors. This can give more attention to coping resources and it takes away from other stressors which causes the couple to have fewer chances resolving their problems. If the couple cannot resolve their problems it can cause marital conflict. Social undermining within the relationship can cause negative effects on the spouse physical health and can make the spouse vulnerable to different stressors. This can lead to depressive symptoms that can lessen the spouse self-esteem.
Nutrition and exercise
Research has shown that partners that offer social support can also offer social undermining. An example of this is when family members try to undermine parenting styles in order to raise healthy children. Another study found that participants who endure social undermining regarding their eating and exercise behavior, try to ignore the pressure, and the undermining affects their exercise decisions more than eating decisions.
Market, Stanforth, and Garcia found that social undermining used by family members, friends and coworkers can affect daily activities. Social undermining can affect exercise routines when their exercise routines can conflict with seeing friends or even coworkers. Friends and coworkers can influence the person to skip their exercise, even when a spouse is concerned about their well being. The study also showed that social undermining can affect men and women differently. Men tend to feel as if they can overcome social undermining because they were still able to make a healthy eating decision. Women have stated that they tend to make bad eating decision when they are eating with other people such as their friends. Social undermining pressures can cause serious challenges when a person is trying to maintain healthy eating and trying to stay active. The study found that people that engage in undermining behavior tend to feel guilty about their own unhealthy behavior and may feel jealous of someone else maintaining their healthy behavior when they cannot achieve the same behavior. The study also suggests when a person is satisfied with their weight it can help the person resist against social undermining. By being satisfied with one's own weight can reduce the likelihood of social undermining in social situations when having dinner with friends. So when a person is not satisfied with their weight they receive more social undermining pressures from the people around them.
Mental health
Social undermining and social support can have opposite effects on a person that can be negative or positive depending on the person or even the relationship. Being in a close relationship can provide a person both social undermining and social support. Example of these relationships can be an abusive relationship that offers low support and high undermining. A typical healthy close relationship has high support and low undermining. In a relationship between an adolescent and a parent, their relationship can offer high levels of support and even undermining. Depending on the relationship, patterns can change over time based on the characteristics and the situation of the relationship. Whether a relationship is positive or negative can have devastating effects.
Social support can give a person coping resources that can reduce threat in a stressful situation. In a relationship if a partner has lower status or even lower power social undermining becomes more of threat for the relationship. Research concludes that social undermining has a greater impact on a person's mental health than social support.
Vinokur and van Ryn used unemployed participants and some of the participants were reemployed to look at the impact that social support and social undermining can have on a person's mental health during economic hardships. They suggest that although the support and undermining are inversely and strongly correlated they do not form the same factor but constitute empirically distinct constructs. The study looked at the effect of financial strain, social support, and undermining on poor mental health the results found that it was not statistically significant. Social support and social undermining did have significant but the opposite effect on poor mental health. Vinokur and Ryn(1993) found that social support and undermining were shown in longitudinal design even when prior levels of mental health and the contribution of another critical stressful factor. Social support and undermining had a dynamic pattern influence on mental health.
The results showed that social support has weak positive effect while social undermining has more volatile effects. Even though the study found that a high level of social undermining has significant effects on mental health when the high levels are reduced there is an improvement in the person mental health over a period of time. In the study participants that received high levels of social undermining even after they return to their normal interactions the participant still returns to high level of undermining that affects the person mental health. These findings were found in relationships for men and women that were either unemployed or reemployed.
Another example of how social undermining can affect a person's relationship is shown by a study conducted by McCaskill and Lakey which examined social support and social undermining when it came to adolescents and family relationships. Social support and social undermining can reflect different characteristics in the environment that can influence a person's mental health. The study examined how adolescents reported their family support and undermining which reflected shared social reality (that is, all members of the family agree that support or undermining is occurring) and idiosyncratic perception (some family members believe that support or undermining has occurred, but others do not). The results of the study found that girls tend to report higher family stress and negative affect than boys. McCaskill and Lakey (2002) found that adolescents with previous outpatient treatment experience reported both lower family support and higher family stress.
Researchers found that in adolescent self-reports, social undermining was related to negative affect and perceived support was more related to positive affect. The study found that adolescents' idiosyncratic perceptions of family support did predict positive emotion, but shared perceptions of support did not. For social undermining, adolescents' idiosyncratic perceptions, the idiosyncratic perceptions of the other family members as well as shared social reality that was among family members did predict negative emotion. The study suggest that social support is not based on a shared reality, while social undermining is.
Due to the differences in the scope of the effects of social undermining and social support, many researchers have concluded that they are separate constructs, rather than two ends of a continuum.
Emotional and behavioral reactions
Research has found that, depending on how the victim handles social undermining, it can have damaging effects when it comes to increased counterproductive behaviors, reciprocated social undermining, and decreased job satisfaction. These negative outcomes can cause the person to have depression, a decreased self-esteem and even psychosomatic symptoms.
In a study of victims' perceptions of undermining they had experienced, Crossley found that when an offense was severe, the victim was more likely to believe that the offender committed the action with malicious intent or due to personal greed. Generally, victims' perceptions of the offenders' intentions relate to whether the victim responds to the undermining in a negative fashion with feelings of anger and a desire for revenge, or in a positive fashion with a desire to reconcile with the offender.
Post Traumatic Embitterment Disorder can be a reaction to this feeling of victimisation.
See also
References
Further reading
Books
Academic articles
Category:Psychological abuse
Category:Bullying
Category:Interpersonal conflict
Category:Communication theory
Category:Workplace
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FA Youth Cup Finals of the 2000s
FA Youth Cup Finals from 2000 to 2009.
2008–09: Arsenal vs Liverpool (4–1 and 2–1, 6–2 Aggregate)
First leg
Second leg
2007–08: Manchester City vs Chelsea (1–1, 3–1)
First leg
Second leg
2006–07: Liverpool vs Manchester United (1–2 and 1–0, 2–2 Aggregate, 4–3 Penalty shootout)
First leg
Second leg
2005–06: Liverpool vs Manchester City (3–0 and 0–2, 3–2 Aggregate)
2004–05: Ipswich Town vs Southampton (1–0 and 2–2, 3–2 Aggregate)
2003–04: Middlesbrough vs Aston Villa (3–0 and 1–0, 4–0 Aggregate)
2002–03: Manchester United vs Middlesbrough (2–0 and 1–1, 3–1 Aggregate)
Second leg
Old Trafford, 25 April 2003
Manchester United – Middlesbrough 1–1 (1–0)
1–0 14 min. Eddie Johnson
1–1 78 min. Gary Liddle
Attendance: 14.849
First leg
Riverside Stadium, 15 April 2003
Middlesbrough – Manchester United 0–2 (0–1)
0–1 04 min. Kieran Richardson
0–2 90 min. Ben Collett
Attendance: 8.310
2001–02: Aston Villa vs Everton (4–1 and 0–1, 4–2 Aggregate)
Stefan Moore captained Villa's youth in the final, and was named as man of the match as Villa beat Everton in the first leg.
Wayne Rooney scored eight goals in eight games during Everton's run to the 2002 finals. This included one goal in the final defeat against Aston Villa and, upon scoring, he revealed a T-shirt that read, "Once a Blue, always a Blue."
2000–01: Arsenal vs Blackburn Rovers (5–0 and 1–3, 6–3 Aggregate)
1999–2000: Arsenal vs Coventry City (3–1 and 2–0, 5–1 Aggregate)
First leg
Second leg
References
2000s
Category:1999–2000 in English football
Category:2000–01 in English football
Category:2001–02 in English football
Category:2002–03 in English football
Category:2003–04 in English football
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Battle of Vittorio Veneto
The Battle of Vittorio Veneto was fought from 24 October to 3 November 1918 (with an armistice taking effect 24 hours later) near Vittorio Veneto on the Italian Front during World War I. The Italian victory marked the end of the war on the Italian Front, secured the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and contributed to the end of the First World War just one week later. The battle led to the capture of 5,000+ artillery pieces and over 350,000 Austro-Hungarian troops, including 120,000 Germans, 83,000 Czechs and Slovaks, 60,000 South Slavs, 40,000 Poles, several tens of thousands of Romanians and Ukrainians, and 7,000 Italians and Friulians.
Some Italian authors see Vittorio Veneto as the final culmination of the Risorgimento nationalist movement, in which Italy was unified.
Name
When the battle was fought in November 1918, the nearby city was called simply Vittorio, named in 1866 for Vittorio Emanuele II, monarch from 1861 of the newly created Kingdom of Italy. The engagement, the last major battle in the war (1915–1918) between Italy and Austria-Hungary, was generally referred to as the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, i.e. 'Vittorio in the Veneto region'. The city's name was officially changed to Vittorio Veneto in July 1923.
Background
During the Battle of Caporetto, from 24 October to 9 November 1917, the Italian Army had over 300,000 casualties (dead, injured and captured) and was forced to withdraw, causing the replacement of the Italian Supreme Commander Luigi Cadorna with General Armando Diaz. Diaz reorganized the troops, blocked the enemy advance by implementing defense in depth and mobile reserves, and stabilized the front-line around the Piave River.
In June 1918, a large Austro-Hungarian offensive, aimed at breaking the Piave River defensive line and delivering a decisive blow to the Italian Army, was launched. The Austro-Hungarian Army tried on one side to force the Tonale Pass and enter Lombardy, and on the other side to make two converging thrusts into central Venetia, the first one southeastward from the Trentino, and the second one southwestward across the lower Piave. The whole offensive, which became known as the Battle of the Piave River ended in a heavy defeat for the imperial army, with the Austro-Hungarians losing 11,643 killed, 80,852 wounded and 25,547 captured.
After the Battle of the Piave, General Armando Diaz, despite aggressive appeals by Allied commanders, deliberately abstained from offensive action until Italy would be ready to strike with success assured. In the offensive he planned, three of the five armies lining the front from the Monte Grappa sector to the Adriatic end of the Piave were to drive across the river toward Vittorio Veneto, so as to cut communications between the two Austrian armies opposing them.
Allied forces totaled 57 infantry divisions, including 52 Italian, 3 British (23rd, 7th and 48th), 2 French (23rd and 24th), and the 332nd US Infantry Regiment, along with supporting arms. The Austro-Hungarian army had 46 infantry divisions and 6 cavalry divisions, but both sides were ravaged by influenza and malaria and the Austrians only had 6,030 guns to 7,700 Allied.
The Italian armies in the mountains were merely to hold the front line and follow up the enemy when he retreated. The task of opening the attack and taking on the strongest positions fell to Fourth Army (Lieutenant-General Gaetano Giardino) on the Grappa. Twelfth Army, consisting of one French and three Italian divisions was commanded by the English-speaking Lieutenant-General Enrico Caviglia and he had under command Tenth Army (Lieutenant-General Lord Cavan) to protect his right flank. Lord Cavan's army consisted of two British and two Italian divisions and they too were expected to cross the Piave by breaking the Austrian defenses at Papadopoli Island. The Third Army was simply to hold the lower Piave and cross the river when enemy resistance was broken. The Ninth Army, which contained two Italian divisions as well as the 6th Czechoslovak Division (consisting of former POWs captured by the Italians) and the 332nd US Infantry Regiment, was held in reserve. The Allies had 600 aircraft (93 Anglo-French, including 4 RAF squadrons) to gain complete air superiority in the final offensive.
Order of battle
The Allies:(Armando Diaz)
7th Italian Army (Giulio Cesare Tassoni): between the Stelvio and the western shore of Lake Garda.
2 Army corps
1st Italian Army (Guglielmo Pecori Giraldi): from the west bank of the Lake Garda to the Val d'Astico.
3 Army corps
6th Italian Army (Luca Montuori): from the plateau of Asiago to the left bank of the Brenta.
3 Army corps
British 48th Division
4th Italian Army (Gaetano Giardino): Monte Grappa to Cima Palon.
3 army corps
4 assault groups
1 regiment of cavalry.
12th Franco-Italian Army (French General Jean César Graziani): from Monte Tomba up to the bridges of Vidor on the Piave.
1 Italian Army corps
12th French Army Corps.
8th Italian Army (Enrico Caviglia): along the Piave, from Vidor to Priula Bridge.
4 Army corps
The assault corps of General Francesco Saverio Grazioli.
10th British-Italian Army (Earl of Cavan) along the Piave from Ponte Priula to Ponte di Piave.
XI Corps (Italy) of Lt. General Giuseppe Paolini
14th British Corps of General James Melville Babington.
332nd Infantry Regiment (United States) of Col. William Wallace
3rd Italian Army (Duke of Aosta): from Ponte di Piave to the sea.
2 Army Corps
2 assault units
3 cavalry regiments
9th Italian Army (Paolo Morrone) : in reserve.
2 Army corps
1 cavalry corps
6th Czechoslovak Division
Austria-Hungary
Heeresgruppe Erzherzog Joseph (or Heeresgruppe Tirol) (Archduke Joseph of Austria, from 26 October Alexander von Krobatin)
10th Army (Alexander von Krobatin)
11th Army (Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel)
Heeresgruppe Boroević (Svetozar Boroević)
Armeegruppe Belluno (Ferdinand Goglia)
6th Army (Alois Schönburg-Hartenstein)
5th Army (Isonzo Armee) (Wenzel Freiherr von Wurm)
Prelude
As night fell on 23 October, leading elements of Lord Cavan's Tenth Army were to force a crossing at a point where there were a number of islands, and Cavan had decided to seize the largest of these — the Grave di Papadopoli — as a preparation for the full-scale assault on the far bank. The plan was for two battalions from 22nd Brigade of the British 7th Division to occupy the northern half of Papadopoli while the Italian 11th Corps took the southern half. The British troops detailed for the night attack were the 2/1 Honourable Artillery Company (an infantry battalion despite the title) and the 1/ Royal Welch Fusiliers. These troops were helpless to negotiate such a torrent as the Piave, and relied upon boats propelled by the 18th Pontieri under the command of Captain Odini of the Italian engineers. On the misty night of the 23rd the Italians rowed the British forces across with a calm assurance and skill which amazed many of those who were more frightened of drowning than of fighting the Austrians. For the sake of silence the HAC used only their bayonets until the alarm was raised, and soon seized their half of the island. The Italian assault on the south of Papadopoli was driven off by heavy machine-gun fire. Nevertheless, the Austrians had surrendered the island by the end of the night.
Battle
In the early hours of 24 October, the anniversary of the beginning of the Battle of Caporetto, Comando Supremo launched the splintering attack on Monte Grappa designed to draw in the Austro-Hungarian reserves. At 03:00 the right wing of the Italian Fourth Army began a barrage to give time for its men to move into position. At 05:00 the rest of the artillery joined in. The infantry began to struggle up the steep slopes and secondary peaks which the Austrians had held for so long. The flooding of the Piave prevented two of the three central armies from advancing simultaneously with the third; but the latter, under the command of Earl Cavan, after seizing Papadopoli Island farther downstream, won a foothold on the left bank of the river on 27 October. In the evening the Allies had covered so much ground that they were over-extended and vulnerable to a counter-attack. The Italian Tenth Army maintained its ground and had established a bridgehead deep and broad. The British captured 3,520 prisoners and 54 guns. Svetozar Boroević von Bojna, the Austro-Hungarian commander, ordered a counter-attack on the Italian bridgeheads on the same day, but his troops refused to obey orders, a problem confronting the Austrians from that time on, and the counter-attack failed. The first days of the battle involved heavy artillery dueling between the two sides, which were fairly evenly matched in firepower with the Italians possessing 7,700 guns to the Austro-Hungarians' 6,000 guns. From 24 October to 31 October alone, the Italian artillery fired 2,446,000 shells.
On 28 October, a group of Czechs declared Bohemia's independence from Austria-Hungary. The next day, another group purporting to represent the eventual South Slavs proclaimed their independence, and on 31 October, the Hungarian Parliament proclaimed their withdrawal from the union, officially dissolving the Austro-Hungarian state. On 28 October, under these new political and military conditions, the Austro-Hungarian high command ordered a general retreat.
On 29 October the Italian Eighth Army pushed on towards Vittorio Veneto, which its advance guard of lancers and Bersaglieri cyclists entered on the morning of the 30th. The Italian Third Army forced a crossing of the Lower Piave while raids in the mountains disclosed that the Austrians were withdrawing there. Reserves including the 332nd US Infantry Regiment poured over the Piave behind the Italian Tenth Army.
Vittorio Veneto was seized the next day by the Italian Eighth Army, which was already pushing on to the Tagliamento river. Trieste was taken by an amphibious expedition on 3 November. The Italian Eighth Army troops which had managed to cross the Piave were only able to communicate with the west bank by using swimmers. The swimmers were furnished by one of the most elite assault units in Italian history — the Arditi Corps, the Caimani del Piave ("Caimans of the Piave"). 82 were recruited by Captain Remo Pontecorvo Bacci. These specialized troops were created after analyzing the mistakes one year before at Caporetto. Carrying a resolza knife and two hand grenades, they were trained to remain in the powerful currents of the icy Piave for up to 16 hours; 50 died in the river during the campaign, a casualty rate of over 60%. The Italian Twelfth Army, commanded by French General Jean Graziani, continued to advance, supported on the right by the Eighth Army.
At dawn on the 31st, the Italian Fourth Army resumed the offensive on Monte Grappa and this time was able to advance beyond the old Austrian positions towards Feltre. In the mountains and on the plain the Allied armies pushed on until an armistice was arranged. The result was that Austria-Hungary lost about 30,000 killed and wounded and 300,000 prisoners (50,000 by 31 October; 100,000 by 1 November; 300,000 by 4 November). The Italians suffered during the 10 days' struggle 37,461 casualties (dead and wounded) — 24,507 of them on Monte Grappa. British casualties were 2,139, while the French lost 778 men.
The Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed on 3 November at 15:20, to become effective 24 hours later, at 15:00 on 4 November.
Aftermath
The Austrian command ordered its troops to cease hostilities on 3 November. Following the signing of the armistice, Austrian General Weber informed his Italian counterparts that the Imperial army had already laid down its weapons, and asked to cease combat immediately and to stop any further Italian advance. The proposal was sharply rejected by the Italian General Badoglio, who threatened to stop all negotiations and to continue the war. General Weber repeated the request. Even before the order to cease hostilities, the Imperial Army had already started to collapse, beginning a chaotic retreat. Italian troops continued their advance until 3 p.m. on 4 November. The occupation of all Tyrol, including Innsbruck, was completed in the following days.
Under the terms of the Austrian-Italian Armistice of Villa Giusti, Austria-Hungary’s forces were required to evacuate not only all territory occupied since August 1914 but also South Tirol, Tarvisio, the Isonzo Valley, Gorizia, Trieste, Istria, western Carniola, and Dalmatia. All German forces should be expelled from Austria-Hungary within 15 days or interned, and the Allies were to have free use of Austria-Hungary’s internal communications. They were also obliged to allow the transit of the Entente armies, to reach Germany from the South. Beginning in November 1918, the Italian Army with 20,000-22,000 soldiers occupied Innsbruck and all North Tyrol.
The battle marked the end of the First World War on the Italian front and secured the end of the Austro-Hungarian empire. As mentioned above, on 31 October Hungary officially left the personal union with Austria. Other parts of the empire had declared independence, notably what later became Yugoslavia. The surrender of their primary ally was another major factor in the German Empire's decision that they could no longer continue the war. On 30 October the Wilhelmshaven mutiny erupted, shortly afterwards the German Revolution of 1918–1919 started to spread from Kiel. Less than a week after the Austro-Hungarians, the Germans requested an armistice.
Gallery
See also
Bollettino della Vittoria
Battle of the Piave River
Notes
References
Bibliography
Gooch, John. "The Italian Army and the First World War". Cambridge University Press. 30 June 2014.
Category:Conflicts in 1918
Category:1918 in Italy
Category:1918 in Austria-Hungary
Category:Battles of the Italian Front
Category:Battles of World War I involving Austria-Hungary
Category:Battles of World War I involving France
Category:Battles of World War I involving Italy
Category:Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom
Category:Battles of World War I involving the United States
Category:Military history of Italy during World War I
Category:October 1918 events
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Medo, West Virginia
Medo is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, West Virginia.
References
Category:Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Category:Unincorporated communities in Fayette County, West Virginia | {
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Kabayama Hisataka
was a Japanese samurai of the early Edo period. He was a retainer, senior advisor (karō), and senior deputy commander in the service of the Shimazu clan.
Early life
Hisataka was born into the fifth generation of the Shimazu family line, adopting 'Kabayama' as his surname in respect to the birch (樺, kaba)-covered mountaintop (山, yama) upon which his castle domain had been constructed.
Warrior
In 1609, Hisataka led military forces of the Shimazu clan against the Kingdom of Ryukyu. The Invasion of Ryukyu was successful.
See also
Hirata Masumune
Kabayama Sukenori
References
Category:1560 births
Category:1634 deaths
Category:Samurai
Category:Shimazu clan
Category:Karō | {
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Dogs: The Rise and Fall of an All-Girl Bookie Joint
Dogs: The Rise and Fall of an All-Girl Bookie Joint is a 1996 American comedy film directed by Eve Annenberg and starring Toby Huss.
Cast
Toby Huss as Sammy Cybernowski
Pam Columbus as Leila Wascowicz
Pamela Gray as Stephanie
Leo Marks as Arnie Cybernowski
Amedeo D'Adamo as Bruce McAleer
Melody Beal as Amina
Eve Annenberg as Gypsy
References
External links
Category:American films
Category:American comedy films
Category:The Asylum films | {
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Eastmont, Washington
Eastmont is a census-designated place (CDP) in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 20,101 at the 2010 census. Eastmont is one of two CDPs that were created out of the former Seattle Hill-Silver Firs CDP in 2010, the other being Silver Firs. Eastmont is the location of Community Transit's Eastmont Park & Ride, which is serviced by Sound Transit Express route 513.
Geography
Eastmont is located at (47.897402, -122.181536).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.112 square miles (13.24 km²), of which, 5.091 square miles (13.19 km²) of it is land and 0.021 square miles (0.05 km²) of it (0.41%) is water.
The CDP is surrounded by the City of Everett and contains several large residential neighborhoods.
References
Category:Census-designated places in Washington (state)
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Erbessa graba
Erbessa graba is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1899. It is found in Brazil, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador.
References
Category:Moths described in 1899
Category:Notodontidae of South America | {
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Magnus Jensen (Queensland politician)
Magnus Jensen (1857–1915) was a lawyer and politician in Queensland, Australia. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Council.
Politics
Magnus Jensen was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council from 4 May 1904. A lifetime appointment, he remained on the Council until his death on 16 May 1915.
Later life
Magnus Jensen died suddenly overnight at his home Lynfield off Lytton Road at Morningside on Sunday 16 May 1915. He was buried in the Bulimba Cemetery on Monday 17 May 1915.
See also
Members of the Queensland Legislative Council, 1900–1909; 1910–16
Astrea, one of his former homes (now heritage listed)
References
Category:Members of the Queensland Legislative Council
Category:1857 births
Category:1915 deaths
Category:Burials in Balmoral Cemetery, Brisbane | {
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Tumcha River
Tumcha River () is a river in the south of the Kola Peninsula in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is in length. The area of its basin is . The river originates in the merger Kutsayoki River and Tuntsayoki River and flows into the Iova Reservoir which in turn is part of the Kovda River basin.
Category:Rivers of Murmansk Oblast
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ArtPrize
ArtPrize is an art competition and festival in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Anyone over the age of 18 can display their art, and any space within the three-square-mile ArtPrize district can be a venue. There are typically over 160 venues such as museums, galleries, bars, restaurants, hotels, public parks, bridges, laundromats, auto body shops, and more.
ArtPrize lasts for 19 days beginning in late September, and during each festival $500,000 in cash prizes are awarded based on public voting and a jury of art experts. ArtPrize was originally an annual event; in 2018 it was switched to a biennial schedule.
ArtPrize was created in 2009 by Rick DeVos, the son of Republican gubernatorial candidate Dick DeVos and United States Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos. The DeVos family contributes approximately $560,000 annually to the ArtPrize budget. In 2017, the festival's connection to the DeVos family's wealth and their conservative politics was criticized by artist Eric Millikin in his “Made of Money” installation, placed within ArtPrize.
In 2014, The Art Newspaper listed ArtPrize as one of the most-attended "big ticket" art events (those where visitors are often counted more than once), with ArtPrize's attendance of 440,000 being roughly one quarter of the 1.6 million who attended the Russian Imperial Costume exhibition at the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg. ArtPrize was highlighted along with Slows Bar BQ and the Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park as one of the reasons to visit Grand Rapids in The New York Times’ "52 Places To Go in 2016."
Concept
ArtPrize was conceived by Rick DeVos as an untraditional art contest with its goals being: any artist in the world could compete; anyone with property in downtown Grand Rapids could turn their space into a venue; and any visitor could vote for their favorite artwork. Event organizers would provide no selection committees or curators. And the largest cash prize in the art world would be awarded entirely by popular vote.
At the inaugural ArtPrize, held in 2009, the winners were determined solely by the public, voting from mobile devices and the ArtPrize website. In 2010, ArtPrize added categories judged by art experts, and in 2014 restructured the awards format bringing two parallel tracks of public vote and juried awards with equal prize amounts. The updated award structure includes two Grand Prizes of $200,000, one chosen by public vote and one selected by a panel of three arts experts. An additional $100,000 in awards are given to artists in four entry categories—Two-Dimensional, Three-Dimensional, Time-Based, and Installation—as well as the Outstanding Venue Juried Award for best curatorial presentation.
Visitors must attend the annual event in person in order to vote. They can either download the ArtPrize mobile app, free for iOS and Android devices, which uses location services to determine when a visitor has stepped into the three square-mile event district—or visit an ArtPrize HUB location to register in person. Each artist is assigned a 5-digit vote code which is posted near their entry during the event, and available both online and in the mobile app.
2009 competition
The 2009 exhibition occurred in a area of downtown Grand Rapids, from September 21 to October 9, 2009. 1,262 artists or artist collaboratives displayed their work in 159 venues. An estimated 200,000 attendees visited the event, with 334,219 total votes cast throughout the 19 days.
Participation
ArtPrize 2009 official participation numbers:
1,262 artist entries
159 venues
37,264 registered voters
334,219 total votes cast
200,000 (est.) visitors to Grand Rapids, Michigan
Public Vote Awards
The 2009 prizes, totaling to $449,000, were:
1st place: $250,000
2nd: $100,000
3rd: $50,000
4th through 10th: $7,000 each
Public Vote Top 10
On October 1, the top 10 entries were announced, and their ranking was announced October 8:
Open Water no.24 - Ran Ortner (displayed at The Old Federal Building)
Imagine That! - Tracy Van Duinen (displayed at the Grand Rapids Children's Museum)
Portraits - Eric Daigh (displayed at The Old Federal Building)
The Grand Dance - David Lubbers (displayed on the Grand River near the Blue Bridge)
Moose - Bill Secunda (displayed at The B.O.B.)
Nessie on the Grand - The Nessie Project (displayed on the Grand River near the Blue Bridge)
Field of Reeds - John Douglas Powers (displayed at The Old Federal Building)
The Furniture City Sets the Table for the World of Art - Sarah Grant (displayed on the Blue Bridge)
Ecstasy of The Scarlet Empress - Jason Hackenwerth (displayed at the Urban Institute for Contemporary Arts (UICA))
winddancer 2 - Michael Westra (displayed on the Blue Bridge)
Surprise Awards
Two previously unannounced awards were handed out:
Curators Choice Award ($5000): salt & earth - Young Kim, Winston-Salem, N.C.
Sustainability Award ($2500): The Image Mill: Sustainable Cinema #1 by Scott Hessels
2010 competition
The 2010 event took place from September 22 to October 10. The event introduced "Exhibition Centers," local cultural institutions featuring professional curation. Each ArtPrize Exhibition Center was required to host voter registration/activation as well as a retail presence. ArtPrize sought to have at least one Exhibition Center in each downtown Grand Rapids neighborhood.
Participation
ArtPrize 2010 official participation numbers:
1,713 artist entries
193 venues
21 countries and 44 U.S. states
44,912 registered voters
465,538 votes cast
250,000 (est.) visitors to Grand Rapids, Michigan
Public Vote Awards
The 2010 prizes, which were decided by public vote, totaled $449,000, were:
1st place: $250,000
2nd: $100,000
3rd: $50,000
4th through 10th: $7,000 each
Public Vote Top 10
On September 30, the 2010 Top 10 entries were announced, and their rankings were revealed during the Winners Announcement on October 7:
Cavalry, American Officers, 1921 - Chris LaPorte, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Svelata - Mia Tavonatti, Santa Ana, California
Lure/Wave, Grand Rapids - Beili Liu, Austin, Texas
A Matter Of Time - Paul Baliker, Palm Coast, Florida
Vision - David Spriggs, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Helping mom one penny at a time - Wander Martich, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Dancing With Lions - Bill Secunda, Butler, Pennsylvania
salt & earth (garden for Patricia) - Young Kim, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
SteamPig - The Steam Pig Experiment Birks, Jensen, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Elephant Walk - Fredrick Prescott, Santa Fe, New Mexico
Juried Awards
Event organizers announced the addition of four juried awards for ArtPrize 2010. Event organizers noted that, depending on sponsor availability, more juried awards might be added to the program.
Categories and winners
Two-Dimensional: Garden Party, Chez Hatfield - Andrew Lewis Doak and Adrian Clark Hatfield, Royal Oak, Michigan
Three-Dimensional: XLoungeSeries - Mark Wentzel, Atlanta, Georgia
Time/Performance: The Jettisoned - Yoni Goldstein, Chicago, Illinois
Urban Space: Plan B - Rick and Rose Beerhorst, Andre Beaumont and Mike Hoyte, Grand Rapids, Michigan
International: Evaporative Buildings - Alex Schweder La, Berlin, Germany / New York, New York
Sustainability: A Matter Of Time - Paul Baliker, Palm Coast, Florida
Jurors
2011 competition
The 2011 event ran from September 21 to October 9. The biggest change to the competition was the addition of an exhibition center dedicated to performance art—St. Cecilia Music Society. The organization was also the recipient of a $100,000 Our Town grant from the National Endowment for the Arts.
Participation
ArtPrize 2011 official participation numbers:
1,582 artist entries
164 venues
39 countries and 43 U.S. states
38,811 registered voters
383,106 votes placed
322,000 visitors to Grand Rapids, Michigan
Public Vote Awards
The 2011 prizes, which were decided by public vote, totaled $449,000, were:
1st place: $250,000
2nd: $100,000
3rd: $50,000
4th through 10th: $7,000 each
Public Vote Top 10
On September 30, the 2010 Top 10 entries were announced, and their rankings were revealed during the Winners Announcement on October 6:
Crucifixion - Mia Tavonatti, Santa Ana, California
The Metaphorist Project - Tracy Van Duinen, Chicago, Illinois
Rain - Lynda Cole, Ann Arbor, Michigan
President Gerald Ford Visits ArtPrize - Sunti Pichetchaiyakul, Thailand and Montana
Rusty: A Sense of Direction/Self Portrait - Ritch Branstrom, Rapid River, Michigan
Grizzlies on the Ford - Llew “Doc” Tilma, Wayland, Michigan
The Tempest II - Laura Alexander, Columbus, Ohio
Ocean Exodus - Paul Baliker, Palm Coast, Florida
Under Construction - Robert Shangle, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Mantis Dreaming" - Bill Secunda, Butler, Pennsylvania
Juried Awards
In addition to awards distributed as a result of a public vote, the organization distributed seven juried awards for ArtPrize 2011. An award dedicated to an outstanding venue was added in 2011. Each juried award winner received $7,000.
Categories and winners
Two-Dimensional: One Ordinary Day of an Ordinary Town - Mimi Kato, St. Louis, Missouri
Three-Dimensional: Nature Preserve - Michelle Brody, New York, New York
Time/Performance: Remember:Replay:Repeat - Caroline Young, Chicago, Illinois
Urban Space: Salvaged Landscape - Catie Newell, Detroit, Michigan
International: DISAPPEARANCES - an eternal journey - Shinji Turner-Yamamoto, Cincinnati, Ohio
Venue: SiTE:LAB - Curator: Paul Amenta, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Sustainability: Walking Home: stories from the desert to the Great Lakes - Laura Milkins, Tucson, Arizona
Ox-Bow Residency: Progressive Movement(s) - Evertt Beidler, Portland, Oregon
Jurors
2012 competition
The 2012 ArtPrize competition ran from September 19 to October 7. The event introduced new changes to the ArtPrize Juried Awards program, including category prizes valued at $20,000 (up from $7,000) and a first-ever $100,000 Juried Grand Prize, decided by panel of three art experts.
Participation
ArtPrize 2012 official participation numbers:
1,517 artist entries
161 venues
46 countries 41 U.S. states and territories
47,160 voters
412,560 votes placed
375,000 (est.) visitors to Grand Rapids in 19 days
Public Vote Awards
The 2012 prizes, which were decided by public vote, totaled $360,000, were:
1st place: $200,000
2nd: $75,000
3rd: $50,000
4th through 10th: $5,000 each
Public Vote Top 10
The top 10 entries were determined by a record 412,560 votes, and announced on October 10.
Elephants - Adonna Khare, Burbank, Calif.
Song of Lift - Martijn van Wagtendonk, Colbert, Ga.
Rebirth of Spring - Frits Hoendervanger, Detroit, Mich.
Stick-to-it-ive-ness: Unwavering pertinacity; perseverance - Richard Morse, Fennville, Mich.
Lights in the Night - Mark Carpenter and Dan Johnson, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Life in Wood - Dan Heffron, Traverse City, Mich.
Origami - Kumi Yamashita, Brooklyn, N.Y.
The Chase - Artistry of Wildlife, Marlette, Mich.
Return to Eden - Sandra Bryant, Lynden, Wa.
City Band - Chris LaPorte, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Juried Awards
In addition to awards distributed as a result of a public vote, the organization distributed seven juried awards, totaling $200,000, during ArtPrize 2012 in five categories and a juried grand prize. Each category winner received $20,000. The Juried Grand Prize winner was awarded $100,000. The award was decided by a three-member jury panel.
Juried Grand Prize winner
Displacement (13208 Klinger St.) - Design 99, Detroit, Mich
Category Award winners
Two-Dimensional: Habitat - Alois Kronschlaeger, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Three-Dimensional: More or Less - ABCD 83, Chicago, Ill.
Time/Performance: Three Phases - Complex Movements, Detroit, Mich.
Urban Space: Flight - Dale Rogers, Haverhill, Ma.
Venue: SiTE:LAB - Curator: Paul Amenta, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Ox-Bow Residency: Collective Cover Project - Ann Morton, Phoenix, Ariz.
Jurors
2013 competition
The 2013 ArtPrize competition ran from September 18 to October 6.
Participation
ArtPrize 2013 official participation numbers:
1,805 artist entries
169 venues
47 countries and 45 U.S. states and territories
49,000 voters
446,850 votes cast
400,000 (est.) visitors to Grand Rapids, Michigan
Public Vote Awards
The 2013 prizes, which were decided by public vote, totaled $360,000, were:
1st place: $200,000
2nd: $75,000
3rd: $50,000
4th through 10th: $5,000 each
Public Vote Top 10
The top 10 entries were determined by a record 446,850 votes, and announced on October 4.
Sleeping Bear Dune Lakeshore - Ann Loveless, Frankfort, Mich.
Polar Expressed - Anni Crouter, Flint, Mich.
UPlifting - Andy Sacksteder, Port Clinton, Ohio
Dancing With Mother Nature - Paul Baliker, Palm Coast, Fla.
Botanical Exotica a Monumental Collection of the Rare beautiful - Jason Gamrath, Seattle, Wash.
Earth Giant - Benjamin Gazsi, Morgantown, W.V.
Myth-or-Logic - Robin Protz, New Hartford, Conn.
Finding Beauty in Bad Things: Porcelain Vine - Fraser Smith, St Pete Beach, Fla.
Taking Flight - Michael Gard, San Francisco, Calif.
Tired Pandas - Nick Jakubiak, Battle Creek, Mich.
Juried awards
In addition to awards distributed as a result of a public vote, the organization distributed seven juried awards, totaling $200,000, during ArtPrize 2013 in five categories and a juried grand prize. Each category winner received $20,000. The Juried Grand Prize winner was awarded $100,000. The award was decided by a three-member jury panel.
Juried Grand Prize winner
Ecosystem - Carlos Bunga, Barcelona, Spain
Category Winners
Two-Dimensional: Europa and the Flying Fish - Kyle Staver, New York, N.Y.
Three-Dimensional: Through the Skies for You - Kevin Cooley / Phillip Andrew Lewis, Chattanooga, Tenn.
Time/Performance: The Last Post - Shahzia Sikander, New York, N.Y.
Urban Space: united.states : an everydaypeople project - J.D. Urban, Brooklyn, N.Y.
Venue: The Fed Galleries @ KCAD, Kendall College of Art and Design - Curator: Michele Bosak, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Ox-Bow Residency: Erase - Greg Bokor, Beverly, Mass.
Jurors
Controversy
David Dodde’s Fleurs et riviere was an entry that placed magnetic flowers on the Alexander Calder sculpture La Grande Vitesse. After getting complaints, the City of Grand Rapids contacted the Calder Foundation to get their input. Calder's grandson, Alexander S. C. Rower, replied: "The initiative is luckily temporary and reflects an utter lack of understanding and respect of Calder's genius." The city decided to have the flowers removed before the end of the exhibition.
2014 competition
The 2014 ArtPrize competition ran from September 24 to October 12.
Participation
ArtPrize 2014 official participation numbers:
1,536 artist entries
174 venues
41,956 voters
398,714 votes placed
441,000+ (est.) visitors to Grand Rapids, Michigan
Public Vote Awards
The public vote determined three $20,000 category winners and a $200,000 grand prize winner. The grand prize winner does not receive $20,000 for their category win.
Public Vote Grand Prize winner
Intersections - Anila Quayyum Agha, Indianapolis, Indiana
Category Award winners
Two-Dimensional: Outcry - Gretchyn Lauer, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Three-Dimensional: Reciprocity - Marc Sijan, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Time-Based: Your Move? - Robert Shangle, Sparta, Michigan
Installation: Intersections - Anila Quayyum Agha, Indianapolis, Indiana
Juried Awards
The jury awarded five $20,000 category winners and a $200,000 grand prize winner. There was a tie for the grand prize, so each winner received $100,000.
Juried Grand Prize winners
A first in ArtPrize history, the Grand Prize Jury recognized two outstanding works—splitting the $200,000 Juried Grand Prize.
Intersections - Anila Quayyum Agha, Indianapolis, Indiana
The Hair Craft Project - Sonya Clark, Richmond, Virginia
This is also the first time the opinions of both the voting public and the jury of art experts converged, awarding a top prize to one piece -- Intersections by Anila Quayyum Agha.
Category Award winners
Two-Dimensional: The Hair Craft Project - Sonya Clark, Richmond, Virginia
Three-Dimensional: Tengo Hambre - Maximo Gonzalez, Mexico City, Mexico
Time-Based: respirador (breather) - Dance in the Annex, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Installation: Symptomatic Constant - Julie Schenkelberg, Brooklyn, New York
Outstanding venue: SiTE:LAB @ The Morton, - Curator: Paul Amenta, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Jurors
2015 competition
The 2015 ArtPrize (also known as ArtPrize Seven) competition ran from September 23 to October 11.
Participation
ArtPrize 2015 official participation numbers:
1,649 artist entries
162 venues
35,481 registered voters
422,763 votes cast
438,000+ (est.) visitors to Grand Rapids, Michigan
Public Vote Awards
The public vote determined three $12,500 category winners and a $200,000 grand prize winner. The grand prize winner does not receive $12,500 for their category win.
Public Vote Grand Prize winner
Northwood Awakening - Loveless Photofiber, Frankfort, Michigan
Category Award winners
Two-Dimensional: Northwood Awakening - Loveless Photofiber, Frankfort, Michigan
Three-Dimensional: Greatest Generation/Beta Team/November - Fred Cogelow, Wilmar, Minnesota
Time-Based: Whisper - Emily Kennerk, Zionsville, Indiana
Installation: REACH and SPLASH - Andy Sacksteder, Gladstone, Michigan
Juried Awards
The jury awarded five $12,500 category winners and a $200,000 grand prize winner.
Juried Grand Prize winner
Higher Ground - Kate Gilmore, Queens, New York
Category Award winners
The category winners were:
Two-Dimensional: The Fearless Brother Project Presents - Monroe O'Bryant, Kentwood, Michigan
Three-Dimensional: The Last Supper - Julie Green, Corvallis, Oregon
Time-Based: That Was Then - Prince Thomas, Houston, Texas
Installation: In Our Element - Ruben Ubiera, Miami, Florida
Outstanding venue: SiTE:LAB @ The Rumsey Street Project, - Curator: Paul Amenta, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Jurors
The jurors were:
2016 Competition
The 2016 ArtPrize competition, also known as ArtPrize Eight, took place from September 21 to October 9.
Participation
1,453 artist entries
170 venues
37,433 registered voters
380,119 votes cast
507,000+ (est.) visitors to Grand Rapids, Michigan
Public Vote Awards
The public vote determined three $12,500 category winners and a $200,000 grand prize winner. The grand prize winner does not receive $12,500 for their category win.
Public Vote Grand Prize Winner
Wounded Warrior Dogs - James Mellick, Milford Center, Ohio
Category Award Winners
Two-Dimensional: Portraits of Light and Shadow - Joao Paulo Goncalves, Pompano Beach, Florida
Three-Dimensional: Wounded Warrior Dogs - James Mellick, Milford Center, Ohio
Installation: The Butterfly Effect - Allison Leigh Smith and Bryce Pettit, Durango, Colorado
Time-Based: Sweeper's Clock - Maarten Baas, Den Bosch, North Brabant, Netherlands
Juried Awards
The jury awarded five $12,500 category winners and a $200,000 grand prize winner.
Juried Grand Prize Winner
The Bureau of Personal Belonging - Stacey Kirby, Durham, North Carolina
Category Award Winners
Two-Dimensional: les bêtes - Isaac Aoki, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Three-Dimensional: Excavations - William Lamson, New York, New York
Installation: This Space is Not Abandoned - 912 CollABORATIVE, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Time-Based: Search Engine Vision “ISIS” - Eric Souther, Mishawaka, Indiana
Outstanding Venue: Split between EVERYTHING IS TRANSFORMED, SiTE:LAB / Rumsey St. Project and This Space is Not Abandoned, 912 Grandville Avenue.
Jurors
The ArtPrize Eight jurors included:
2017 Competition
The 2017 ArtPrize competition, also known as ArtPrize Nine, took place from September 20 to October 8.
Participation
1,346 artist entries
175 venues
43,010 registered voters
384,053 votes cast
522,000+ (est.) visitors to Grand Rapids, Michigan
Public Vote Awards
The public vote determined three $12,500 category winners and a $200,000 grand prize winner. The grand prize winner does not receive $12,500 for their category win.
Public Vote Grand Prize Winner
A. Lincoln - Richard Schlatter, Battle Creek, Michigan
Category Award Winners
Two-Dimensional: A. Lincoln - Richard Schlatter, Battle Creek, Michigan
Three-Dimensional: Lux Maximus Fused Glass, Copper, Bronze and Metal - Daniel Oropeza, Costa Mesa, California
Installation: Oil + Water - Ryan Spencer Reed, Ludington, Michigan; Richard App, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Time-Based: Red Dirt Rug Monument - Rena Detrixe, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Juried Awards
The jury awarded five $12,500 category winners and a $200,000 grand prize winner.
Juried Grand Prize Winner
The Heartside Community Meal - Seitu Jones, St. Paul, Minnesota
Category Award Winners
Two-Dimensional: Sofía Draws Every Day: Years 2, 3, and 4 - Sofía Ramírez Hernández, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Three-Dimensional: Flint - Ti-Rock Moore, New Orleans, Louisiana
Installation: Society of 23's Locker Dressing Room - Jeffrey Augustine Songco, Grand Rapids, Michigan
Time-Based: Red Dirt Rug Monument - Rena Detrixhe, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Outstanding Venue: The Fed Galleries @ KCAD, Kendall College of Art and Design - Curator: Michele Bosak, Grand Rapids, Mich.
Jurors
The ArtPrize Nine jurors included:
2018 Competition
The 2018 ArtPrize competition, also known as ArtPrize 10, ran from September 19 to October 7.
Important Dates
References
External links
Official Website
ArtPrize on Facebook
ArtPrize on Twitter
ArtPrize on Instagram
Category:Art awards
Category:Grand Rapids metropolitan area
Category:Arts awards in the United States
Category:Awards established in 2009
Category:Recurring events established in 2009
Category:Postmodernism
Category:Tourist attractions in Grand Rapids, Michigan
Category:Festivals in Michigan | {
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Ocotillo Airport
Ocotillo Airport is a county-owned, public-use airport located in Ocotillo Wells, an unincorporated community in San Diego County, California, United States.
Facilities and aircraft
Ocotillo Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 160 feet (49 m) above mean sea level. It has two runways with dirt surfaces: 13/31 is 4,210 by 150 feet (1,283 x 46 m) and 9/27 is 2,475 by 150 feet (754 x 46 m). For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2010, the airport had 810 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 68 per month. No aircraft was based at the airport during that time.
References
External links
Ocotillo Airport at County of San Diego web site
Aerial photo as of 28 May 2002 from USGS The National Map
Category:Airports in San Diego County, California | {
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Andahuaylas
Andahuaylas (Quechua Antawaylla, anta copper, waylla meadow, "copper meadow") is a Peruvian city. It is the capital of the Andahuaylas Province in the Apurímac Region. It is known as the pradera de los celajes (Spanish for "prairie of colored clouds"). Its approximate population of 42,268 inhabitants (2017 census) makes it the first largest city in the region.
Location
Andahuyalas is located in the western part of the Apurímac Region. The nearest city is Aban
cay.
Transportation
Andahuaylas is served by its own airport, the Andahuaylas Airport.
Gallery
See also
Suyt'uqucha
References
External links
Pukllay, El verdadero carnaval originario de Perú. (www.pukllay.pe)
Andahuaylas.net Andahuaylas' web site
Municipalidad Andahuaylas
Andahuaylas.com (under construction)
Journal of Andahuaylas
Diario Opinión
Category:Populated places in the Apurímac Region | {
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Pražské poštovské noviny
Pražské poštovské noviny was the first newspaper to be published in the Czech language. It was first published in Prague , Bohemia, Habsburg Monarchy in 1719 .It ceased publication in 1772 but was revived in 1782 and existed till 1819.
References
Category:Publications established in 1719
Category:Czech-language newspapers | {
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Kőbánya
Kőbánya (literally: Quarry, ) is the 10th district of Budapest () and one of the largest by territory. It is located in southeast Pest, easily accessible from the downtown by Metro 3, whose terminus is named Kőbánya-Kispest.
It has strong industrial and organized labour traditions; as such, it suffered a decline after the collapse of the Hungarian People's Republic in 1989-90. Today, the district is rebuilding itself into a living area for the middle class. Due to its large size, there are several diverse areas within Kőbánya, each with different architecture.
History
The Kőbánya area was historically used to mine limestone for buildings in Buda and north-west Hungary. The extensive and often un-plotted tunnel network that was created during the past five centuries is a major source of problems today, causing buildings to sink and roadbeds collapse. There were also clay-mining pits for the brick industry. Most of these holes have been filled with urban garbage during the 20th century, then covered with soil and built upon, which also causes problems today. As an exception, one of the holes became a fishing lake due to collapse.
A third of the economy in Kőbánya was in wine-making, until the vineyards were destroyed by the Phylloxera disease at the end of the 19th century. A building which exemplifies the historical heritage of Kőbánya is the "Csősztorony" (a small vineyard watchtower) in the middle of the Óhegy area. The district recovered when beer-making enterprises moved into the area and the light beer "Kőbányai Világos" became a kind of national drink during the socialist regime.
The historical Rákosmező area, whose exact location is no longer known, used to be the only legal tent site for feudal parliamentary sessions throughout the medieval ages. It is only known that it was alongside the small Rákos stream, which runs into the Danube river.
The barren new Rákosmező area (now a traffic junction near the brewery) used to be the proving ground for Hungarian aviation pioneers around 1909-1912. Even Louis Bleriot flew there once during an air race.
Geography
Kőbánya lies mostly on plain. Óhegy and Újhegy (literally Old- and Newhill) are two higher-standing areas, roughly at the height of Gellért Hill on the other side of the Danube river. Óhegy is 148 m high.
Demographics
Kőbánya is a largely working to middle class, mostly ethnically Hungarian neighborhood (90,3%). There is a significant Roma (Gypsy) presence in the district (1%), mostly scattered evenly over the entire district. As of recent, a number of small but visible immigrant communities are also springing up, notably the Chinese (0,6%). (2001 census)
Economy
Presently Kőbánya is home to pharmaceutical companies (the Egis Nyrt. and the Richter Gedeon companies), and a sizeable beer brewer, (Dreher). Manufacturing and the chemical industry collapsed when socialism fell. Tax evasion still occurs frequently in the district, which hurts the district and the country.
Description
The centre of Kőbánya has a beautiful Catholic church built 1891–97 in eclectic-Art Nouveau style, dedicated to knight-king St. Ladislaus. It was designed by Ödön Lechner and a statue of the architect with a model of the church has been erected outside. The church has a very tall bell-tower and the church's roof is covered in patented colorful Zsolnay "eozenic" porcelain tiles which were designed by Ignatz Oppenheimer. Next to it lies the "Pataky" culture centre and library, and Szent László Gimnázium, the secondary school, also dedicated to King Ladislaus. It specializes in biology and languages (especially Italian). Many elementary schools in Kőbánya have been closed in recent years due to dwindling birthrate. On the opposite side of the church the "Mázsa tér" square is set to become a small high-rise are with six 60-meter tall apartment towers. The Budapest general assembly or the Ferihegy airport authorities are considering blocking this ambitious plan.
Újhegy have been covered with a vast housing estate of 10-story concrete houses during the 1970s and 1980s. A very large area of Kőbánya land near Újhegy is occupied by a prison and the New Public Cemetery (perhaps the largest in Europe). Other large open spaces, namely the horse-racing circuit and the Expo area (used for international trade fairs during the communist era) will be relocated outside the district to allow for housing projects.
In the north-east corner of the 10th district is a large fashionable shopping mall called Árkád on the Örs vezér tere traffic junction. In the south-east corner is a public sporting park (Sportliget) with indoor swimming pool and a small but very deep fishing lake. In the north-west corner is a large public park called Népliget, which has been in poor shape since 1990, due to social outcasts drawn there by the intercity bus junction. A large Planetarium is located in the park. The south-west corner of Kőbánya hosts the terminal station of the M3 underground line and a large mass transit junction. This area is inhabited by many homeless people.
Politics
Kőbánya has had a socialist party-dominated municipal assembly since 1990. Before 2002 the mayor was a member of the Christian Republic party. At that time a socialist bureaucrat became mayor. The inefficient and in-fighting Kőbánya council has become a symbol of corruption and feud, both too common to Hungarian politics. Kőbánya recently has been drawn into a financial and political scandal, domestically known as the "broker scandal" and lost huge investments, pushing the district into great debts. After much political manipulation, some of this sum was recovered, when the affected bank decided to pay to keep the even nastier issues under wrap.
The current mayor of X. District of Budapest is Róbert Kovács (Fidesz-KDNP).
The District Assembly, elected at the 2019 local government elections, is made up of 18 members (1 Mayor, 12 Individual constituencies MEPs and 5 Compensation List MEPs) divided into this political parties and alliances:
List of mayors
Sport
Törekvés SE
Twin towns
Kőbánya is twinned with:
Vinkovci, Croatia
Wolverhampton, England
Litochoro, Greece
Štúrovo, Slovakia
Jarosław, Poland
Bălan, Romania
Letovice, Czech Republic
See also
Kőbánya cellar system
List of districts in Budapest
Gallery
Notes
References
External links
Aerial photographs of Kőbánya
Picture Gallery of Kőbánya
* | {
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Les Deux-Fays
Les Deux-Fays is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Jura department
References
INSEE statistics
Category:Communes of Jura (department) | {
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Germain Amphitheater
The Germain Amphitheater (originally the Polaris Amphitheater) was a 20,000-seat outdoor entertainment venue located in Columbus, Ohio, near the suburb of Westerville. The venue opened as part of a large development venture off of Interstate Highway I-71. There were 6,700 seats in an open-air pavilion—much of it under cover—and room for another 13,300 people on general admission lawn seating. The concert season began mid-May, continuing through early October and featured 20-30 concerts per year. At the time it opened, it was the largest and most suitable venue for concerts in central Ohio.
About
The amphitheater opened on June 15, 1994, with a concert by The Moody Blues and the Columbus Symphony Orchestra. Since that time, it hosted some of the largest names in music, including: Rush, Aerosmith, Janet Jackson, Dave Matthews Band, Farm Aid, and Ozzfest. Toby Keith played the final show on September 16, 2007.
The venue was originally owned by Polaris Amphitheater Concerts, Inc.; a joint partnership between PromoWest Productions, Belkin Productions and Sunshine Promotions. In 1997, ownership was purchased by SFX Entertainment. In 2000, the building was owned by Clear Channel Entertainment, when the company bought out SFX Entertainment. In 2005, Clear Channel was spun off into Live Nation, who owned the building from 2005 until its closing. In February 2003, the Germain Automotive Group purchased a five-year sponsorship, renaming the venue Germain Amphitheater.
On June 17, 1997 at Ozzfest, concert goers began throwing bottles at the stage, others smashed box office windows, started brush fires, kicked over a trash can, and overturned cars outside the amphitheater, after the announcement was made that Ozzy Osbourne would not perform.
On September 7, 2003, the amphitheater was the site of the 16th annual Farm Aid concert. Tickets to the event sold out within two weeks.
Closing
After the 2007 season, the amphitheater closed. According to The Columbus Dispatch, the rising real estate values were the main reason behind the sale. They also speculated that competition from other similarly-sized venues in the area, such as Nationwide Arena, Value City Arena, MAPFRE Stadium, and Express Live!, along with noise complaints from residents of the nearby communities of Westerville and Genoa Township may have contributed to the decline in the number of shows hosted by Germain Amphitheater in the years leading up to its closure. In 2007, only nine shows were scheduled, the fewest shows at the venue since it opened. Following the 2007 concert season, the facility and property were auctioned for sale, but received no bids from buyers.
After its closure, seats were uprooted, and the venue was extensively looted and vandalized. The site was purchased by Polaris 91 LLC in January 2012 for $5.5 million. The structure was completely demolished by May of that same year. Subsequent considerations for the site included an office complex, retail shopping center or multi-family residential space.
On June 15, 2014, the twentieth anniversary of the amphitheater's first concert, the Columbus Dispatch reported that site developer NP Limited was seeking state and local funding to build a road connecting the I-71/Gemini Place interchange to Worthington Road, passing through the former amphitheater site, in order to support future commercial and residential development of the site and alleviate existing traffic congestion on Polaris Parkway.
On January 27, 2015, IKEA announced plans for a store on the western edge of the former amphitheater's parking lot, along I-71. The site plan for the new store would also incorporate the previously proposed plan to extend Gemini Place east to Worthington Rd. through the amphitheater complex.
See also
List of contemporary amphitheatres
References
External links
Germain Amphitheater - Official Site
Category:Amphitheaters in Ohio | {
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Radziszewo-Sieńczuch
Radziszewo-Sieńczuch is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ciechanowiec, within Wysokie Mazowieckie County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It lies approximately east of Ciechanowiec, south of Wysokie Mazowieckie, and south-west of the regional capital Białystok.
The village has a population of 220.
References
Category:Villages in Wysokie Mazowieckie County | {
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Dichagyris neoclivis
Dichagyris neoclivis is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It was described by William Barnes and Foster Hendrickson Benjamin in 1924 and is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Dichagyris neoclivis is 10872.
References
Crabo, L.; Davis, M.; Hammond, P.; Mustelin, T. & Shepard, J. (2013). "Five new species and three new subspecies of Erebidae and Noctuidae (Insecta, Lepidoptera) from Northwestern North America, with notes on Chytolita Grote (Erebidae) and Hydraecia Guenée (Noctuidae)". ZooKeys. 264: 85-123.
Lafontaine, D. & Troubridge, J. (2010). "Two new species of the Euxoa westermanni species-group from Canada (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae)". ZooKeys. 39: 255-262.
Lafontaine, J. Donald & Schmidt, B. Christian (2010). "Annotated check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico". ZooKeys. 40: 1-239.
Further reading
Arnett, Ross H. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press.
Category:Noctuinae
Category:Moths described in 1924 | {
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Ardoch
Ardoch can refer to:
Ardoch, Perth and Kinross, Scotland
Ardoch, North Dakota, USA
Ardoch, a community within North Frontenac, Ontario, Canada
Ardoch Algonquin First Nation, Ontario, Canada
Ardoch Burn, stream in Scotland
Ardoch National Wildlife Refuge, North Dakota, USA
Ardoch Roman Fort, Scotland | {
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Pierre M. Lapie
Pierre M. Lapie was a French cartographer and engraver. He was the father of cartographer Alexandre Emile Lapie. Lapie was a Colonel in the French army, where he worked in the corps of topographical engineers. Lapie worked closely with his son and published works together and individually. The work of Lapie and his son was influential on German commercial map makers in the 19th century. Works by Lapie are held in the collection of the Library of Congress.
Works
1812, Atlas Classique et Universel
1842, Atlas universel de géographie ancienne et moderne with Alexandre Emile Lapie
Gallery
References
Category:19th-century engravers
Category:19th-century French military personnel
Category:French cartographers
Category:French engravers
Category:Year of birth missing | {
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Waxahatchee
Waxahatchee is an American indie music project, formed in 2010 by American singer-songwriter Katie Crutchfield, previously a member of P.S. Eliot. The band is named after Waxahatchee Creek, in Alabama, where Crutchfield grew up. Originally an acoustic solo project, her recordings tend to now involve a backing band and the music has increasingly more often been performed in this way. Crutchfield, as Waxahatchee, has released 4 albums to date; American Weekend (2012), Cerulean Salt (2013), Ivy Tripp (2015), and Out in the Storm (2017).
History
While a member of P.S. Eliot, a band formed with her twin sister Allison, Crutchfield released her first music as Waxahatchee as a cassette on Plan-It-X Records. Her bedroom-recorded debut album, American Weekend, was released on Don Giovanni Records in 2012. Crutchfield wrote and recorded the album in one week at her family home in Birmingham, Alabama. Her lyrics focused on personal relationships, devastation and longing.
The album garnered positive reviews and was named a top album of 2012 by Dusted magazine. "Be Good" was a song of the day on National Public Radio, and listed as one of the best 50 songs of 2012. "Catfish" was featured in Welcome to Night Vale.
A second album, Cerulean Salt, was released in March 2013 on Don Giovanni Records in the United States and four months later on Wichita Recordings in the U.K. The critically acclaimed album reached #1 on the Official Record Store Chart in July 2013 and scored 8.4 on Pitchfork. Waxahatchee supported Tegan And Sara on their U.K. tour, before playing a headline U.K. tour in October that same year.
Crutchfield signed to Merge Records which released her third album, Ivy Tripp, in April 2015. Waxahatchee toured non-stop for the rest of 2015, including tours with Kurt Vile and the Violators and Sleater Kinney.
On January 21, 2017 Waxahatchee recorded the song "No Curse" at Miner Street Recordings in Philadelphia for the nonprofit Weathervane Music's Shaking Through documentary series.
In 2017 Waxahatchee were touring during spring with The New Pornographers all around the United States. In the autumn months they were staging in central Europe and Scandinavia in clubs and festivals.
Waxahatchee's fourth album Out in the Storm, was released on 14 July 2017 on Merge Records. It moves away from the lo-fi sound of previous albums, partly due to the guidance of co-producer John Agnello. It was recorded in the Miner Street Recordings studio with a full band. Sam Sodomsky of Pitchfork wrote of "Katie Crutchfield’s sharp, gorgeous songwriting", "immersive" band sound and "songs that play like fiery exorcisms" in a review of the album. Waxahatchee opened Jawbreaker's first Los Angeles shows in 22 years at the Hollywood Palladium on March 10, 2018 and in New York City at Brooklyn Steel on February 27, 2018. In June 9, 2018 the band performed at Bataclan in Paris and toured England.
With Kevin Morby in duo she published in 2017 a cover of After Hours from the Velvet Underground’s 1969 self-titled album. In January 2018 the indie label Dead Oceans from Bloomington, Indiana published in homage to songwriter Jason Molina the cooperation single Farewell Transmission b/w The Dark Don't Hide It by Kevin Morby & Waxahatchee. Merge Records published on Youtube on 17 July 2018 the digital single video Chapel of Pines which leads Waxahatchee’s sound back to the solo passion of Cerulean Salt.
Discography
Studio albums
American Weekend (2012)
Cerulean Salt (2013)
Ivy Tripp (2015)
Out in the Storm (2017)
EPs
Great Thunder (2018)
Singles
No Curse (Weathervane Music's Shaking Through 2017)
Farewell Transmission b/w The Dark Don't Hide It (Kevin Morby & Waxahatchee) (2018, Dead Oceans)
Live at Third Man 7" (2018)
References
External links
Waxahatchee at Don Giovanni Records
Waxahatchee at Bandcamp
Waxahatchee at Wichita Recordings
Waxahatchee at Merge Records
Category:Musical groups established in 2010
Category:Don Giovanni Records artists
Category:Merge Records artists
Category:Wichita Recordings artists
Category:Dead Oceans artists
Category:Musical groups from Birmingham, Alabama | {
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Kan'onji Station
is a railway station on the Yosan Line in Kan'onji, Kagawa, Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Shikoku and has the station number "Y19".
Lines
The station is served by the JR Shikoku Yosan Line and is located 56.5 km from the beginning of the line at Takamatsu. Yosan line local, Rapid Sunport, and Nanpū Relay services stop at the station. In addition, there are two trains a day running a local service on the Seto-Ōhashi Line which start from the station for .
The following JR Shikoku limited express services also stop at the station:
Shiokaze - from to and
Ishizuchi - from to and
Midnight Express Takamatsu - from to
Morning Express Takamatsu - from to
Layout
The station consists of two side and one island platforms serving four tracks. A station building houses a waiting room, shops, a JR ticket window (with a Midori no Madoguchi facility) and a JR Travel Centre (Warp Plaza). Platform 1 is accessed directly through the ticket gate from the station building. Platforms 2 and 3 (island) and platform 4 (side) are accessed by means of an underpass. Parking and car rental are available. Two sidings branch off the main tracks.
Adjacent stations
History
The station opened on 20 December 1913 as the terminus of the then Sanuki Line which had been extended westwards from . It became a through-station on 1 April 1916 when the line was further extended to . At that time the station was operated by Japanese Government Railways, later becoming Japanese National Railways (JNR). With the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Shikoku.
See also
List of Railway Stations in Japan
References
External links
Kan'onji Station (JR Shikoku)
Category:Railway stations in Kagawa Prefecture
Category:Railway stations opened in 1913
Category:1913 establishments in Japan | {
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Oswald Burton
Oswald Burton (21 August 1874 – 4 July 1944) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket for Derbyshire in 1901 and 1905.
Burton was born at Gorton, Manchester. He made his debut for Derbyshire in a match against Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in the 1901 season. He was not out for 9 in both innings and took 2 wickets. He next appeared in the 1905 season against Lancashire when he again took 2 wickets but did not bat in either innings. Against Nottinghamshire he was not out in both innings and took one wicket.
Burton was a right-arm medium-fast bowler and in three first-class matches took five wickets at an average of 31.20 with a best performance of 2 for 44. He was a right-hand batsman and played four innings in three first-class matches without being out in any of them and with a top score of 9 not out.
Burton died at Kingsdown, Bristol at the age of 69.
References
Category:1874 births
Category:1944 deaths
Category:Derbyshire cricketers
Category:English cricketers
Category:People from Gorton | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Pierrette Perrin
Pierrette Perrin (d. 1794), was a French industrialist. After the death of her husband Claude Perrin (d. 1748), she developed his company in to one of the biggest faience-factories in France in Marseilles, with export internationally to both the Middle East, the West Indies and Latin America.
References
Category:1794 deaths
Category:18th-century French businesspeople
Category:18th-century businesswomen | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sae Nakazawa
is a Japanese judoka.
References
Sportare
Category:Japanese female judoka
Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Olympic judoka of Japan
Category:Judoka at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Western Tokyo
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Asian Games medalists in judo
Category:Judoka at the 2006 Asian Games
Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Japan
Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind
The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind is a 2019 British drama film written, directed by and starring Chiwetel Ejiofor in his feature directorial debut. The film is based on the memoir The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind by William Kamkwamba and Bryan Mealer. It was screened in the Premieres section at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival and began streaming in most territories on Netflix on 1 March 2019. It was selected as the British entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 92nd Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.
Plot
Born in Kasungu, Malawi, William Kamkwamba is a young schoolboy who comes from a family of farmers who live in the nearby village of Wimbe. William also dabbles in fixing radios for his friends and neighbors and spends his free time looking through the local junkyard for salvageable electronic components. Although he is soon banned from attending school due to his parents' inability to pay his tuition fees, William blackmails his science teacher (who is in a secret relationship with William's sister) into letting him continue attending his class and have access to the school's library where he learns about electrical engineering and energy production.
By the mid-2000s, failing crops due to drought and the resulting famine has devastated William’s village, leading to riots over government rationing and William's family being robbed of their already meager grain stores. People soon begin abandoning the village, and William's sister elopes with his former teacher in order to leave her family "one less mouth to feed".
Seeking to save his village from the drought, William devises a plan to build a windmill to power an electric water pump that he had scavenged earlier. William builds a small proof of concept prototype which works successfully, but to build a larger windmill, William requires his father, Trywell, to give permission to dismantle the family bicycle for parts, which is the only bicycle in the village and the family's last major asset. His father believes the exercise futile and destroys the prototype. However, after intervention from William's mother, William and his father reconcile, and with the help of his friends and the remaining members of the village, they built a full-size wind turbine which leads to a successful crop being sown.
Cast
Maxwell Simba as William Kamkwamba
Chiwetel Ejiofor as Trywell Kamkwamba
Aïssa Maïga as Agnes Kamkwamba
Lily Banda as Annie Kamkwamba
Joseph Marcell as Chief Wimbe
Noma Dumezweni as Edith Sikelo
Lemogang Tsipa as Mike Kachigunda
Philbert Falakeza as Gilbert Wimbe
Release
On 14 November 2018, Netflix acquired global distribution rights, excluding Japan, China, and the United Kingdom. The film had its world premiere at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival on 25 January 2019. It was later released on Netflix on 1 March 2019.
Reception
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86%, based on 31 reviews, with an average rating of 7.17/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind earns its predictably uplifting arc through strong performances and impressive work from debuting director Chiwetel Ejiofor." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
See also
List of submissions to the 92nd Academy Awards for Best International Feature Film
List of British submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film
List of black films of the 2010s
References
External links
Category:2019 films
Category:2010s drama films
Category:British films
Category:British drama films
Category:English-language films
Category:Chewa-language films
Category:Directorial debut films
Category:Films about poverty
Category:Films based on biographies
Category:Films set in Malawi | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sarmaty Orenburzhya
Sarmaty Orenburg () is an junior ice hockey team based in Orenburg, Russia.
Founded in 2015, they play in the Eastern Conference of the Russian under-20 Junior Hockey League (MHL).
References
External links
Official website
Category:2015 establishments in Russia
Category:Ice hockey clubs established in 2015
Category:Ice hockey teams in Russia
Category:Junior Hockey League (Russia) teams | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of top 10 singles in 2007 (Ireland)
This is a list of singles that peaked in the Top 10 of the Irish Singles Chart during 2007 (see 2007 in Irish music).
The "Top 10 Entry Date" is when the song entered the Top 10 for the first time.
Songs that were still in the Top 10 at the beginning of 2007 but peaked in 2006 are provided in the 2006 Peaks segment at the bottom of the page.
Top 10 singles
Notes
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 4 January 2007.
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 8 March 2007.
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 29 March 2007.
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 3 May 2007.
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 7 June 2007.
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 14 June 2007.
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 30 August 2007.
- The single peaked at #4 in 1990.
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 8 November 2007.
- The single peaked at #1 in 1987.
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 6 December 2007.
- The single peaked at #3 in 1994.
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 27 December 2007.
- The single re-entered the top 10 on 3 January 2008.
See also
2007 in Irish music
List of number-one singles of 2007 (Ireland)
References
Category:2007 in Irish music
Ireland
Category:Irish music-related lists
Category:Irish record charts | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gradient Analytics
Gradient Analytics, Inc., founded in 1996 by Donn Vickrey and Dr. Carr Bettis as Camelback Research Alliance, Inc. and based in Scottsdale, Arizona, was an independent equity research company.
References
External links
http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/story.aspx?guid=%7B83FE0B79-0B4A-45DE-AF4E-1C1E3EAEEEA2%7D
Category:Companies based in Scottsdale, Arizona
Category:Companies established in 1996
Category:Financial services companies of the United States | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Guludash Peak
Guludash Peak () is a peak in Talysh Mountains range in southeastern Azerbaijan. It is above the sea level.
The Vilesh River headwaters are in this peak.
Sources
Viləşçay river
Category:Mountains of Azerbaijan
Category:Two-thousanders of the Caucasus | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Warren-Lambert
The Warren-Lambert Engineering Co. Ltd. was a British automobile manufacturer that was established from 1912 to 1922 in Richmond, then in Surrey (now part of London). A. Warren Lambert (his name had no hyphen but the car's name did), was an agent for Morgan cars in Putney which he also raced. In 1912 he designed and started to manufacture a two-seat four-wheel cyclecar from premises in Uxbridge Road, Shepherd's Bush. It was well received and around 25 cars a week were being made.
The first car made in 1912 was a two-cylinder cyclecar with an engine made by Precision rated at 9 hp. In 1914 it was replaced by a 1093cc 10 hp four-cylinder Dorman engined model. With the outbreak of World War I car production was discontinued in 1915. Around 200 cars had been made.
After the armistice in 1919 the company moved to Richmond and a new 11 hp model came out with a four-cylinder engine made by Alpha that had a displacement of 1331 cc. Like the pre-war cars it was a two-seater. A three- or four-speed transmission made by Moss was fitted driving the rear wheels but with no differential gear. The chassis had half elliptic leaf springs at the front and quarter elliptic at the rear and the brakes used rather primitive metal shoes. The 65 mph Sports version with a Coventry-Simplex engine of 1498 cc capacity had quarter elliptic leaf springs all round. A Dorman engined model was introduced in 1921 but it is believed that only two were made.
The last cars were made in 1921.
Models
See also
List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
References
Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in London
Category:History of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames
Category:1912 establishments in the United Kingdom | {
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The George Washington Hotel (Pennsylvania)
The George Washington Hotel in Washington, Pennsylvania was designed by renowned architect William Lee Stoddart and built in 1923. Since then, it has been graced by Presidents John F. Kennedy and Harry S. Truman, film star Joan Blondell, big band leader Harry James, among many persons of distinction. The hotel is also home to the largest remaining mural of early American artist, Malcolm Parcell.
Well known Washington, Pa artist Malcolm Parcell created 6 murals for the Pioneer room. The Conestoga Wagon, Pony Express, Pack Horse, Stage Coach, Lafayette visits Washington, and Bradford's Escape. Parcell lived Prosperity, PA in a small white house he called Moon Lorn.
After the closing of the Hays Hall dormitory at Washington & Jefferson College, the George Washington Hotel served as a residence hall from 1968 to 1971. The College rented the entire 5th and 6th floors. These two floors contained 25 rooms each, which was enough for the 86 former residents of Hayes Hall, the House Mother, and four floor proctors.
The horror film New Terminal Hotel, starring Corey Haim, was filmed there. In 2010, firefighters discovered what they believed to be the scene of the "most grisly murder in [Washington in] 35 years" and spent 8 hours investigating the scene before discovering that it was instead left over from the film.
References
External links
Category:William Lee Stoddart buildings
Category:Buildings and structures in Washington County, Pennsylvania
Category:Hotels in Pennsylvania
Category:Washington, Pennsylvania
Category:Hotels established in 1923
Category:1923 establishments in Pennsylvania | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Li Yugang
Li Yugang () is a singer and a performer in the China National Opera & Dance Drama Theater; a member of the National Youth Federation. He specialises in "nan dan" role, which is male who plays female role in Peking opera. Li Yugang has released a number of CDs.
Li Yugang directed and starred in his own stage production "Lady Zhaojun" 《昭君出塞》, a grand Oriental Poetic Stage production which took him more than three years in preparation. "Lady Zhaojun" premiered in Beijing on April 16–19 and it is expecting to go on a world tour in 2016. In August 2015 Li Yugang and "Lady Zhaojun" stage production were nominated at 4th Denny award in Beijing for the International Excellence in Theatrical Arts in four categories.
Early life
Li was born into a farming family in Jilin province in 1978. His parents were too poor to send him to college even though he was accepted by the provincial Art College. He worked in various jobs in Changchun after finishing high school.
Li went to Xi'an to work as a waiter in an entertainment club after he became jobless in Changchun for a full year. He was fascinated by the singers whom he came across for the first time in his life. Soon, he was allowed to sing a few songs and became a club singer. His breakthrough came when one day a female colleague didn't show up and he had to take her place singing in female voice. "That's how I started with female roles" recalled Li Yugang. His talent to sing both male and female voices impressed the audience. The owner of the establishment hired him full-time and he started to have a proper job. From 1998 to 2006, he began to be trained professionally and to develop his singing and acting in nan dan (male plays female role in Peking Opera).
Career
In 2006, Li came to prominence after he came third in the Star Boulevard (星光大道), a nationwide talent competition programme on CCTV. His performance in "Farewell My Concubine" (霸王别姬) and "The Drunken Beauty" (贵妃醉酒), both from the famous Peking Opera made him an overnight sensation. He became a highly sought-after performer afterwards.
The following year, Li became an unprecedented success when he gave his first solo performance in Beijing: "Where Flowers are Unbounded" (凡花无界). In 2009, he was invited to join the "National Performing and Dancing Company" and became China's First Class Artist (National Treasure). In that same year Li Yugang was invited to perform at Sydney Opera House in Australia, the second Chinese artist to have done so, and was awarded Southern Cross Gold Prize for Culture by the Australian Government.
From 2010-2014, for stage performance, Li created "Flower in the Mirror, Moon in the Water" ( and "Portrait of Four Ancient Beauties" ( Together he performed over 100 shows in the country and internationally. Li Yugang also released 3 CDs from his company "The New Drunken Beauty" (, "The Dream Chaser" () and "Lotus Flower" (. In 2014, the Rhymoi Music company released Li Yugang's "Once Upon a Time in Shanghai" ( CD album. In 2015, Li Yugang directed and starred in his own stage masterpiece "Lady Zhaojun" (, a grand Oriental Poetic Stage production which took him three years in preparation.
Today, the range of Li Yugang's influence extends far beyond the entertainment world, opening up new dialogues among critics of contemporary music, theatre and aesthetics, and has become an icon in China's contemporary cultural scene.
Beyond his professional and international accolades, Li is known as a celebrity in his own hometown, Gongzhuling in Jiling, and is respected for his generous donations and help to local charity organisations, especially in education.
A very modest man who is aware that he has not had the rigorous training of traditional Peking opera, he is constantly studying and passionately committed to make China's rich cultural heritage accessible both to the young generation and to audiences around the world.
Discography
2010 "The New Drunken Beauty" 《新贵妃醉酒》
2010 蘭花指(feat.李玉剛)
2011 "The Bell for Dream Chasing" 《逐梦令》
2014 "Once Upon a Time in Shanghai"《民国旧梦》, Rhymoi Music company
2015 "Lotus Flower" 《莲花》
2017 "Happened to Meet You"《刚好遇见你》- Album
2017 "Happened to Meet You" 《剛好遇見你》 - Single
2017 天地有靈 (《捉妖記2》推廣曲) - Single
References
External links
CCTV-星播客-男扮女装李玉刚
李玉剛國際粉絲團 (Yugang International Fans) (Facebook Account)
Li Yugang Fan Club（李玉剛粉絲頁）(Facebook Account)
Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:Peking opera singers
Category:Chinese male singers
Category:Chinese male stage actors
Category:21st-century Chinese singers
Category:21st-century male singers
Category:Singers from Jilin
Category:People from Siping | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Henou
The Henou was a French automobile manufactured only in 1923. Marketed by M. Henou from Paris, they were 1843 cc cars built by Guilick of Maubeuge.
References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles
Category:Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Biskra Province
Biskra () is a province (wilaya) of Algeria. The capital city is Biskra. Tolga is one of the famous daïras of this wilaya. Other localities include Lichoua, Sidi Okba, Sidi Khaled, El-Kantara and Ouled Djellal.
Administrative division
The province is made up of 12 districts and 33 communes or municipalities.
Districts
Biskra
Djemourah
Foughala
El Kantara
El Outaya
M'Chouneche
Ouled Djellal
Ourlal
Sidi Khaled
Sidi Okba
Tolga
Zeribet El Oued
Communes
Aïn Naga
Aïn Zaatout
Biskra
Bordj Ben Azzouz
Bouchagroune
Branis
Chetma
Djemorah
Doucen
El Feidh
El Ghrous
El Hadjeb
El Haouch
El Kantara
El Outaya
Foughala
Khenguet Sidi Nadjil
Lichana
Lioua
M'Chouneche
Mekhadma
Meziraa
M'Lili
Ouled Djellal
Ouled Harkat
Ouled Rahma
Ouled Sassi
Oumache
Ourlala
Sidi Khaled
Sidi Okba
Tolga
Zeribet El Oued
References
External links
A website about Biskra and the surrounding area (also available in Arabic and English)
Airport
Category:Biskra Province
Category:Provinces of Algeria | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Aplectoides
Aplectoides is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
Species
Aplectoides condita (Guenée, 1852)
References
Aplectoides at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database
Category:Noctuinae | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Hydrofool
Hydrofool is an isometric 3D action-adventure game released by FTL in 1987 for the ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC. It is the sequel to Sweevo's World. The game music was composed by Rob Hubbard, with the title track based on Abe Holzmann's "Blaze Away!"
Plot
The gigantic aquarium known as the "Deathbowl" has become so heavily polluted that the only remedy is to completely drain it by pulling out each of its four plugs. The robot Sweevo has been ordered to perform this task.
Gameplay
Sweevo must swim through the caverns of the Deathbowl finding and pulling the plugs in the correct order. To pull a plug several puzzles must be solved using the objects that scatter the floor of the aquarium. The Deathbowl is populated by creatures which will try to stop Sweevo from carrying out his task.
The Deathbowl is constructed of several superimposed levels and Sweevo can travel between them by riding bubbles or diving into whirlpools.
Sweevo begins to rust as soon as he enters the water and must complete his mission before he becomes incapacitated. Contact with dangerous creatures or structures will also cause rusting, while oil cans will remove some rust from him.
Reviews
Sinclair User: "The graphics are superb - particularly if you like fish..."
Your Sinclair: "All great fun. The graphics and sprites are all wonderfully clear and well thought out, and as usual with Gargoyle/FTL, the design's immaculate."
Crash: "The feel of the game relies heavily on the high quality graphics - Sweevo really does seem to be swimming underwater. With the large number of screens, and the intricately woven Greg Follis puzzles, Hydrofool should hold appeal for quite some time."
References
External links
Category:1987 video games
Category:ZX Spectrum games
Category:Amstrad CPC games
Category:Action-adventure games
Category:Video games scored by Rob Hubbard
Category:Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Category:Video games with isometric graphics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Buckley River Important Bird Area
The Buckley River Important Bird Area comprises a 4790 km2 tract of land in the Gulf Country of north-western Queensland, Australia. It lies about 20 km north of the mining city of Mount Isa in the Waggaboonyah Range. It is an important site for Carpentarian grasswrens.
Description
The boundary of the Important Bird Area (IBA) is defined by the boundaries of pastoral leases containing sites at which the grasswrens have been recorded. The Buckley River, a major tributary of the Georgina River system of the Lake Eyre Basin, runs through the central parts of the IBA and has its source within it. Some 95% of the site is within cattle stations, about 80% is covered by mineral exploration leases, and about 5% is subject to active mining leases. Landforms include gently undulating plains and low hills. Areas favoured by the grasswrens are characterised by laterites, shallow loams and clays, and skeletal soils.
The vegetation generally consists of tropical savanna open woodland, with scattered shrubs and trees of Eucalyptus leucophylla, E. leucophloia and Corymbia terminalis, and a ground layer of large Triodia hummocks separated by bare ground. Patches of gidgee occur throughout. Several seasonal streams have fringing vegetation of Eucalyptus camaldulensis with Lophostemon grandiflorus. In the south of the IBA there are small areas of the grass Dichanthium fecundum and Astrebla tussock grassland on clay plains.
Birds
The site has been identified as an IBA by BirdLife International because it contains the largest population of Carpentarian grasswrens. It also supports dusky and Kalkadoon grasswrens, Australian bustards, varied lorikeets, white-gaped, yellow-tinted, banded and grey-headed honeyeaters, silver-crowned friarbirds, long-tailed finches, painted firetails and spinifexbirds.
References
Category:Important Bird Areas of Queensland
Category:North West Queensland
Category:Lake Eyre basin | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Nene Valley Colour Coated Ware
Nene Valley Colour Coated Ware (or Castor Ware) is a type of Romano-British ceramic produced in the lower Nene Valley (centred on Durobrivae (Water Newton) from the mid-2nd to 4th centuries AD. The full name is usually abbreviated to NVCC.
Industry
Pottery manufacture in the area started in the mid first century AD, with workshops associated with the Roman fort at Longthorpe with an expansion for several miles along the Nene valley between Wansford and Peterborough in the second century. The production centre was at the Roman town at Durobrivae (Water Newton) although the NVCC products are associated with a number of kilns found throughout the area at Stibbington, Sibson-cum-Stibbington, Chesterton, Yaxley, and Stanground.
Fabric
The NVCC ceramic is a hard, smooth-textured fabric with finely irregular fracture. It is usually coloured white to off-white. The slip has a variable colour, dark brown to black, mottled lighter orange or orange-brown where thinner. The temper includes an abundant amount of very fine quartz sand and occasional larger quartz grains, red or orange and black flecks and occasional pale clay pellets.
Decoration
The decoration of NVCC vessels is quite distinctive. The most common forms are beakers; both cornice-rimmed and bag-beakers. Where decoration occurs it includes barbotine (both under and over the slip), rouletting and grooving. Hunt scenes in barbotine decoration are well known from the earlier part of the industry, with the use of whorls instead of these beginning in the 3rd century AD.
Institutions
The following institutions are listed as having considerable collections of NVCC Ware collections:
British Museum
Peterborough Museum
See also
Nene Valley (disambiguation)
References
External links
Nene Valley Colour Coated Cup with hunt scene decoration in the British Museum
Category:Romano-British pottery | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Bengt-Åke Lundvall
Bengt-Åke Lundvall (born 1941, Sweden) is an emeritus professor in economics at the Department of Business and Management at Aalborg University.
Biography
Lundvall obtained his MA in economics at the University of Gothenburg in 1967.
Lundvall started his academic career at the University of Gothenburg as Assistant professor in 1969. In 1973 he moved to the Aalborg University, where he was appointed associate professor. From 1992 to 1995 he was Deputy Director at DSTI/OECD. Since 1995 he is Professor at the Department of Business and Management at Aalborg University, where he founded the IKE Group 1977.
Lundvall was involved in the organization of Aalborg University during 1973-1977. A turning point in his career was his visit at the SPRU (UK) and Stanford (US) 1984. He was invited to become special invited professor at Tsinghua University in Beijing in 2004-06 and to become visiting professor at Sciences Po in Paris 2007-2010. He has kept a relationship with the top university of China, Tsinghua, over the years.
Work
Lundvall's research is organized around a broad set of issues related to the innovation system (in fact this concept was created by him in 1985) and the learning economy. During 1992-95 he was Deputy Director at DSTI, OECD. He was involved in the preparation and follow up of the Lisbon Strategy 2000 and onwards. Lundvall has co-ordinated the IKE-group in Aalborg since 1977 and the Danish network DRUID 1996-2001. Since 2002 he coordinates the worldwide research network Globelics.
In close collaboration with Christopher Freeman, Bengt-Åke Lundvall developed the idea of innovation as an interactive process, in the first half of the eighties and the concept of National System of Innovation in the second half (Lundvall, 1985 and Lundvall, 1988). In the beginning of the nineties he developed the idea of "the learning economy" in collaboration with Björn Johnson (Lundvall and Johnson, 1994).
According to the research carried by Fagerberg & Verspagen (2007) on innovation studies, Lundvall is number 4 in "The most important sources of scholarly inspiration" (only after Schumpeter, Nelson, and Lundvall's mentor Freeman)
Selected publications
Books
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke. The Learning Economy and the Economics of Hope, Anthem Press, London, 2016.
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke. Innovation Growth and Social Cohesion, Edward Elgar, London, 2002.
Archibugi, Daniele, and Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, eds, The Globalizing Learning Economy, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2001.
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, ed. National systems of innovation: Toward a theory of innovation and interactive learning. Pinter Publishers, London, 1992.
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke. Product innovation and user-producer interaction. Aalborg Universitetsforlag, 1985.
Selected papers.
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, and Susana Borrás. "The globalising learning economy: Implications for innovation policy." Report from DG XII, Commission of the European Union (1997): 34-39.
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, et al. "National systems of production, innovation and competence building," Research policy 31.2 (2002): 213-231.
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke and Susana Borrás (2005): Science, Technology and Innovation in The Oxford Handbook of Innovation, ed. Jan Fagerberg and David C. Mowery. Oxford University Press.
Lundvall, Bengt‐Åke. "National innovation systems—analytical concept and development tool." Industry and innovation 14.1 (2007): 95-119.
Jensen, Morten Berg, et al. "Forms of knowledge and modes of innovation." Research policy 36.5 (2007): 680-693.
References
External links
Aalborg University link to his profile
Category:1941 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Danish businesspeople
Category:21st-century Danish businesspeople
Category:Danish business theorists
Category:Innovation economists
Category:Aalborg University faculty
Category:Faculty of Sciences Po | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Luis Carpio
Luis Enrique Carpio Ascuña (born 1930 in Arequipa) is a Peruvian teacher and politician. He was National Unity's candidate for Second Vice President at the 2006 Peruvian national election, running along with Lourdes Flores.
He has been the Dean of the University of Santa María.
References
Category:Living people
Category:People from Arequipa
Category:1930 births
Category:National Unity (Peru) politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Beauregard High School
Beauregard High School is a high school in Beauregard, Alabama, enrolling grades 9-12. The school enrolls 584 students, and is one of four high schools in the Lee County School District along with Beulah, Loachapoka, and Smiths Station High Schools. Beauregard High School is named for Confederate Army general P.G.T. Beauregard.
History
Beauregard High School was formed in 1923 as Whatley High School with the consolidation of several rural one-room schools in the area, including Whatley, Thompson, Hopewell, Hinson, Parker's Cross Road, and Dorsey Schools. By 1927, Whatley had absorbed Barron's Cross Road, Pleasant Grove, Sand Hill, Watoola, Pierce Chapel, and Marvyn Schools. This consolidated Whatley school served grades 1-11, with students wishing to finish high school attending Auburn High School seven miles northwest in Auburn. In 1927, Whatley school added the 12th grade and was accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. A teacher at the school, Kate Grimmett Parker, requested in 1928 that the school's name be changed to "Beauregard High School", after Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard. This name change was accepted, and the school quickly adopted the mascot of the hornet, after the "Hornet's Nest", a particularly vicious area of fighting of General Beauregard's troops in the Battle of Shiloh.
Until 1936, electricity at Beauregard High was supplied by a Delco-Light gas generator, and indoor plumbing was added in 1939. During the 1970-71 school year, Beauregard integrated with nearby Sanford High School, which led to the school being reconfigured from grades 1-12 to grades 1-3 and 10-12, with grades 4 and 9 added back to the school in subsequent years. By 1992, the secondary and elementary divisions were split, and today both Beauregard High School and Beauregard Elementary School share the same campus as separate schools. The high school and the elementary no longer share the same campus as of 2010. Also, they are the 2016 5A State Champions of Football. The track program has produced 5 State Championships. The boys were the 2008 AHSAA Class 4A Outdoor State Champions. The girls were the 2014 Classes 1A-4A Indoor Track State Champions. The girls were the 2014 Class 4A Outdoor Track & Field State Champions, along with the 2015 and 2017 Class 5A State Champions. The boys won the 2018 Class 5A Outdoor Track & Field State Championship. The football field is named in honor of former long-time Principal Richard L. Brown, Sr. The high school's track is named in honor of its former track coach Glenn Copeland.
Core Classes
English
Math
Science
History
Notable alumni
Ladarius Webb – NFL player, Baltimore Ravens
External links
Beauregard High School – official site
References
Category:Educational institutions established in 1923
Category:Public high schools in Alabama
Category:Schools in Lee County, Alabama
Category:1923 establishments in Alabama | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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1971 Washington State Cougars football team
The 1971 Washington State Cougars football team was an American football team that represented Washington State University in the Pacific-8 Conference (Pac-8) during the 1971 NCAA University Division football season. Led by fourth-year head coach Jim Sweeney, they compiled a 4–7 record (2–5 in Pac-8, seventh), and were outscored 286 to 246.
The team's statistical leaders included junior quarterback Ty Payne with 1,206 passing yards, senior running back Bernard Jackson with 1,189 rushing yards, and wide receiver Ike Nelson with 349 receiving yards.
The Cougars defeated tenth-ranked Stanford, the defending and future Rose Bowl champions, in Palo Alto on October 23, but lost their third straight Apple Cup. Washington State did not play the Battle of the Palouse in 1971, and neighbor Idaho had their best season to date, winning eight consecutive games.
Due to the fire damage to Rogers Field in Pullman in April 1970, the Cougars played their entire home schedule north of campus at Joe Albi Stadium in Spokane in 1970 and 1971.
Schedule
Roster
NFL Draft
Two Cougars were selected in the 1972 NFL Draft
List of Washington State Cougars in the NFL Draft
References
Washington State
Category:Washington State Cougars football seasons
Washington State Football | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Massognes
Massognes is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France.
See also
Communes of the Vienne department
References
INSEE
Category:Communes of Vienne | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Big Chill at the Big House
The Big Chill at the Big House (a.k.a. Cold War II) was an outdoor college ice hockey game played on December 11, 2010, at Michigan Stadium at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. The Michigan Wolverines men's team defeated its rival, the Michigan State Spartans, 5–0. In a rematch of the Cold War outdoor game between the teams in 2001, the "Big Chill" set a record for hockey attendance with an official attendance of 104,173.
Previous Michigan outdoor games
The Wolverines had played two previous outdoor games in their history, both away from home.
Cold War
The Cold War was held on Saturday, October 6, 2001 between Michigan and Michigan State, held at Michigan State's football venue of Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, which resulted in a 3–3 tie in front of a crowd of 74,544.
Culver's Camp Randall Hockey Classic
On February 6, 2010, Michigan played another hockey rival, the University of Wisconsin, at the Badgers' football home of Camp Randall Stadium in Madison. In an event billed as the Culver's Camp Randall Hockey Classic, Wisconsin won, 3–2, in front of 55,301 fans. Game time temperature was 21 degrees F.
Television
The game was broadcast locally by Fox Sports Detroit and nationally by the Big Ten Network, as well as in Ontario via Leafs TV. The game was available on the internet via Fox Sports Detroit's website, and in Alaska via KFXF.
Festivities
The University of Michigan added permanent lighting to Michigan Stadium in time for the event. The University later announced that fireworks would be used when Michigan entered the ice during the game, as well as after every goal. Following the national anthem, a flyover was conducted by a B-2 Stealth Bomber.
A seven-minute fireworks show followed the game, conducted in unison with various songs from the soundtrack for the movie The Big Chill.
Game summary
Michigan wore a vintage jersey for the event, which was worn from 1945 to 1948.
Michigan fired 29 shots on Michigan State goalie Drew Palmisano, while Michigan State fired 34 shots on Michigan goalie Shawn Hunwick, who recorded his first shutout of the season and the second of his career.
Scoring summary
Penalty summary
Three star selections
1st: Jon Merrill
2nd: Carl Hagelin
3rd: Matt Rust
4th: Shawn Hunwick*
At the end of the game, Michigan goaltender Shawn Hunwick was named honorary 4th star of the Big Chill at the Big House to please the Michigan fans in attendance who were chanting his name.
Team rosters
1 Yanakeff and Janecyk served as reserve goaltenders and did not see playing time.
2 Hogan was originally the starter for Michigan, but suffered a groin injury that held him out of the game.
Officials
Referees - Matt Shegos, Mark Wilkins
Linesmen - Tony Molina, Bruce Vida
See also
2014 NHL Winter Classic
List of outdoor ice hockey games
List of ice hockey games with highest attendance
References
External links
Pictures of Michigan Stadium and the Big Chill rink
Category:2010–11 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season
Category:Outdoor ice hockey games
Category:Michigan Wolverines men's ice hockey
Category:Michigan State Spartans ice hockey
Category:December 2010 sports events in the United States | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Nalapat Narayana Menon
Nalapat Narayana Menon (7 October 1887 – 31 October 1954) was a Malayalam language author from Kerala state, South India. His oeuvre consists of poems, plays and translations. His best known works include Paavangal, a translation of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, and the elegy Kannuneerthulli.
Early life
He was born in Punnayurkulam, Ponnani taluk in South Malabar on 7 October 1887. He obtained English education from Kunnamkulam, Trichur and Calicut. While he was 18, he met poet Vallathol and became his chief companion.
Literary career
Vallathol's influence is obvious in his early poems. He was also influenced by Robert G. Ingersoll and was an atheist for most of his youth. Later he developed strong interest in Indian philosophy and religion and was influenced by the ideas of Dayananda Saraswati and Swami Vivekananda. Most of his early prose works were on subjects related to Indian philosophy. His most famous poem Kannuneerthulli (Tear Drop) was an elegy written after the death of his wife. Paavangal, a translation of Victor Hugo's Les Misérables, was a milestone in the history of Malayalam literature and it set off a social reformation of sorts in Kerala. Despite being a translation, it gifted Malayalam a new prose style. Literary critic M. Leelavathy notes: "The translation was an extraordinary phenomenon as it prepared the ground for the Communist movement to take roots in Kerala. With its philosophy of human equality, the heart-wrenching tale of the oppressed left a profound impact in our society. For E.M.S. Namboodiripad, this was Nalapatan's best work. Its influence was both sociological and philological."
Personal life
Nalapat was the uncle of poet Balamani Amma and the grand uncle of renowned writer Kamala Surayya (Madhavikutty or Kamala Das) and Dr. Suvarna Nalapt, writer and music therapy researcher. He is fondly referred to as Valiyammavan by Madhavikutty in her books such as Neermathalam Pootha Kaalam. Lokantharangalil was an elegy by Balamani Amma on the death of Nalapat Narayana Menon.
Works
Poetry
Kannuneerthulli
Chakravalam
Daivagathi Ottanthullal
Nalappattinte Padyakrithikal
Pulakankuram
Pukayila Mahatmyam Kilippattu
Lokam
Sulochana
Play
Sapatnyam
Veshu Ammayude Vishari
Others
Arshajnanam
Gurusannidhi
Dayananda Saraswati
Valmiki Prashnam
Vallathol Narayana Menon
Nimitha Sastram
Rathi Samrajyam
Paavangal (Translation)
Pourasthyadeepam (Translation)
References
Category:1887 births
Category:1954 deaths
Category:Malayali people
Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights
Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights
Category:20th-century Indian translators
Category:Malayalam-language writers
Category:Malayalam poets
Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights
Category:People from Thrissur district
Category:Poets from Kerala
Category:Indian male poets
Category:20th-century Indian poets
Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala
Category:20th-century Indian male writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Quebec Autoroute 50
Autoroute 50 (Autoroute de l'Outaouais) is an Autoroute in western Quebec, Canada. It links the City of Gatineau and Canada's National Capital Region to the Greater Montreal area. It is nicknamed by many the “Highway of Death” due to the numerous lethal head on collisions.
Until November 2012, there were two distinct sections of A-50: one section running eastward from Hull and the other westward from Mirabel. The gap in the highway was filled on November 26, 2012, and the two-lane freeway opened for traffic on the full length.
The route provides a freeway alternative to Route 148 that does not require crossing into Ontario, unlike the main Trans-Canada Highway route (A-40 / Hwy 417) from metropolitan Montreal.
History
Oswald Parent (a Liberal MP from Hull) originally proposed construction of the A-50 in 1962. Eight years later, Quebec Premier Jean-Jacques Bertrand announced plans for construction. It was originally envisioned that the A-50 would extend over 400 km from L'Isle-aux-Allumettes at the Ontario border through Saint-Jérôme and Joliette along the Route 148 and 158 corridors to Berthierville and a junction with the A-40. The primary purpose of the A-50 was to connect Ottawa and the Outaouais with Montréal–Mirabel International Airport.
At the time, the Ottawa Macdonald-Cartier International Airport was not yet built, and the national capital lacked highway access to an international air hub. Mirabel's rapid decline as an air hub as well as the Quebec government's decision in the 1970s to impose a moratorium on new autoroute construction resulted in a significantly truncated route for the A-50. Plans for extending the A-50 west of Hull and east of the A-15/TCH were abandoned. The exit numbers, however, are based on that original projected length of the autoroute.
Construction was completed in the fall of 2007 on the road that connects Highway 148 west of the Aylmer and Hull sectors to the A-50 at the Boulevard des Allumettières interchange.
One short section of Route 158 around Joliette was originally signed as A-50 as well until the project was abandoned. In addition, west of the current terminus, a four-lane at-grade expressway continues as Route 148 into the Aylmer section of Gatineau; it may become part of A-50 in the future.
A-50 is a four- to six-lane freeway through Gatineau up to Buckingham, the remainder is mostly a two-lane freeway. Many overpasses are built to accommodate a fully divided, four-lane highway in the future such that only one portion of the overpass is currently used. However, there have been demands for a four-lane highway for the new segment so it can be safer. The first two segments were built with only two lanes and a 2007 multi-fatality accident occurred on highway 148 near Buckingham, a section of highway that A-50 would bypass.
Unusual for a limited-access highway, the A-50 contains two railway crossings at grade, both of the Quebec Gatineau Railway (QGRY). The first crosses the QGRY Lachute Subdivision between exits 260 and 272, at , while the second crosses the QGRY St-Jerome Spur about 1 km west of exit 279, at .
There has been some support to rename the highway Autoroute Maurice-Richard after historic Montreal Canadiens hockey player Maurice Richard, but the Commission de toponymie du Québec chose to wait until the section between Buckingham and Notre-Dame-de-Bonsecours was finished before making a decision, and to date no renaming has happened.
Safety improvements
Following a series of fatal collisions in 2007, it was announced that centreline rumble strips would be installed in various no-passing zones along Autoroute 50. This is the first installation of its kind in Quebec and serves as a pilot project.
The two at-grade intersections at km 281 and 283 were removed in 2016.
Exit list
Note: exit numbers in parentheses are unsigned.
References
Resources
Google Maps: western section of Autoroute 50 from Gatineau to Thurso
Google Maps: eastern section of Autoroute 50 from Grenville to Mirabel
Transports Quebec Autoroute 50 Project Description and Timeline (in French)
Transports Quebec Outaouais Projects Description and Timeline (in French)
A-50 at Exitlists.com
A-50 at Quebec Autoroutes
Transports Quebec Map
Transports Quebec Map
50
Category:Proposed roads in Canada | {
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The Mike Flowers Pops
The Mike Flowers Pops (also known as MFP, The Pops or The Mike Flowers Pops Orchestra) are a British easy listening band fronted by Mike Flowers (real name Mike Roberts) and supported by the "Sounds Superb Singers" and "Super Stereo Brass". Formed in 1993, there can be up to fourteen of them on stage at any time, and they are principally known for easy listening or lounge music covers of both 'classic' and contemporary pop music.
The title "MFP" parodies the budget record label Music for Pleasure, also known as MFP, which produced a series of "Hot Hits" cover version albums in the 1960s and 1970s.
History
The band became famous in the UK in 1995 when they released a cover version of Oasis' hit song "Wonderwall". After seeing the band perform, BBC radio producer Will Saunders recruited Flowers for BBC Radio 1 DJ Kevin Greening in order to cover the 'Hits of 95' for Greening's Saturday show; "Wonderwall" was his first week's project. Chris Evans heard the song and made it 'single of the week' on his Radio 1 breakfast show, telling listeners that this was the original version of the song. The single, issued by London Records under the name The Mike Flowers Pops, was released while the Oasis original was still in the UK Singles Chart, and itself reached the Top 10. Flowers' version peaked at number 2 in the Christmas 1995 chart.
Lou Reed, when asked at the time whether he had heard anything by Oasis, claimed: "Not that I would know. Oh, Wonderwall? The one I know is the Mike Flowers one. That is one of the funniest things I've ever heard in my life."
Following the success of "Wonderwall", The Mike Flowers Pops quickly advanced from performing shows in nightclubs and small concert halls to touring festivals and larger venues across Britain and Europe. A Groovy Place was released on 24 June 1996. At the end of 1996 they toured Britain with Gary Glitter on his last 'Who's in the Gang' tour. They played large venues including Wembley Arena and Birmingham NEC. Cover versions of The Doors' "Light My Fire", and "Don't Cry for Me Argentina" also reached the Top 40 of the UK chart.
The Mike Flowers Pops played at the Shiiine On Weekender in November 2016 and at the 100 Club in London in December 2017.
Discography
Albums
Studio
A Groovy Place (1996)
Compilations
Get Easy! The Future Collection Volume 2 (included "MacArthur Park" by The Mike Flowers Pops) (1995)
The Freebase Connection: The Mike Flowers Pops meets Aphex Twin (1996)
The Cocktail Shaker-New Groove Kitsch and Space-Age Pop (1997)
Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery soundtrack (1997)
Mike Flowers meets Cylob (1999)
Constant Friction - Collaboration 2 (1999)
The Karminsky Experience Inc - The Power of Suggestion (2002)
Singles
"Wonderwall" (1995), UK # 2
"Light My Fire" / "Please Release Me" (1996), UK #39
"Don't Cry for Me Argentina" (1996), UK #30
"Talk" (2005, digital single)
"Hold the Corner EP" (2016, collaboration with Cornershop)
References
External links
Category:British pop music groups
Category:Parody musicians
Category:Musical groups established in 1992 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tarkwa–Bogoso–Ayamfuri Road
The Tarkwa–Bogoso–Ayanfuri Road is road that is being constructed by the Government of Ghana to link the three mining towns of Tarkwa, Bogoso and Ayanfuri.
References
Category:Roads in Ghana | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Literature in early modern Scotland
Literature in early modern Scotland is literature written in Scotland or by Scottish writers between the Renaissance in the early sixteenth century and the beginnings of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution in mid-eighteenth century. By the beginning of this era Gaelic had been in geographical decline for three centuries and had begun to be a second class language, confined to the Highlands and Islands, but the tradition of Classic Gaelic Poetry survived. Middle Scots became the language of both the nobility and the majority population. The establishment of a printing press in 1507 made it easier to disseminate Scottish literature and was probably aimed at bolstering Scottish national identity.
James IV's creation of a Renaissance court included the patronage of poets, or makars, who were mainly clerics. These included Gavin Douglas, whose Eneados (1513) was the first complete translation of a major classical text in an Anglian language. James V was also a major patron of poets. George Buchanan founded a tradition of neo-Latin poetry. In the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots and the minority of her son James VI, cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court and by political turmoil. The Kirk discouraged poetry that was not devotional in nature but secular poetry survived. In the 1580s and 1590s James VI promoted literature in Scots. He became patron and member of a loose circle of Scottish court poets and musicians, later called the Castalian Band. David Lyndsay's The Thrie Estaitis (1540) is the only complete play to survive from before the Reformation. Buchanan was major influence on Continental theatre, but his impact in Scotland was limited by his choice of Latin as a medium. There were isolated Scottish plays, but the system of professional companies of players and theatres that developed in England in this period was absent in Scotland.
The accession of James VI to the English throne in 1603 meant a loss of the court as a centre of patronage and he increasingly favoured the language of southern England. A number of Scottish poets accompanied the king to London, where they began to anglicise their written language. As the tradition of classical Gaelic poetry declined, a new tradition of vernacular Gaelic poetry began to emerge, often undertaken by women. The tradition of neo-Latin poetry reached its fruition with the publication of the anthology of the Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum (1637). This period was marked by the work of the first named female Scottish poets, such as Elizabeth Melville, whose Ane Godlie Dream (1603) was the first book published by a woman in Scotland. This was the period when the ballad emerged as a significant written form in Scotland. From the seventeenth century they were used as a literary form by aristocratic authors.
After the Union in 1707, the use of Scots was discouraged by many in authority and education. Allan Ramsay led a "vernacular revival" that laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature. He also led the trend for pastoral poetry and his pastoral opera The Gentle Shepherd was one of the most influential works of the era. Ramsay was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English. Tobias Smollett was a poet, essayist, satirist and playwright, but is best known for his picaresque novels, for which he is often seen as Scotland's first novelist. The early eighteenth century was also a period of innovation in Gaelic vernacular poetry that mixed traditional forms with influences from the Lowlands. Drama was pursued by Scottish playwrights in London. In Scotland drama was supplied by visiting English players and actors, but there were clashes with the Kirk. Ramsay was instrumental in establishing a small theatre in Edinburgh, but it closed soon after the passing of the 1737 Licensing Act. A new theatre was opened at Cannongate in 1747 and operated without a licence into the 1760s.
Sixteenth century
Background
By the early modern era Gaelic had been in geographical decline for three centuries and had begun to be a second class language, confined to the Highlands and Islands. The tradition of classic Gaelic poetry survived longer in Scotland than in Ireland, with the last fully competent member of the MacMhuirich dynasty, who were hereditary poets to the Lords of the Isles and then the Donalds of Clanranald, still working in the early eighteenth century. Nevertheless, interest in the sponsorship of panegyric Gaelic poetry was declining among the clan leaders. Gaelic was gradually being overtaken by Middle Scots, which became the language of both the nobility and the majority population. Middle Scots was derived substantially from Old English, with Gaelic and French influences. It was usually called Inglyshe and was very close to the language spoken in northern England, but by the sixteenth century it had established orthographic and literary norms largely independent of those developing in England. From the mid sixteenth century, written Scots was increasingly influenced by the developing Standard English of Southern England due to developments in royal and political interactions with England. With the increasing influence and availability of books printed in England, most writing in Scotland came to be done in the English fashion.
The establishment of a printing press under royal patent in 1507 would begin to make it easier to disseminate Scottish literature and was probably aimed at bolstering Scottish national identity. The first Scottish press was established in Southgait in Edinburgh by the merchant Walter Chepman (c. 1473–c. 1528) and the bookseller Andrew Myllar (fl. 1505–08). Although the first press was relatively short lived, beside law codes and religious works, the press also produced editions of the work of Scottish makars before its demise, probably about 1510. The next recorded press was that of Thomas Davidson (f. 1532–42), the first in a long line of "king's printers", who also produced editions of works of the makars.
Makars
James IV's (r. 1488–1513) creation of a Renaissance court included the patronage of poets. These court poets, or makars, who were mainly clerics included Robert Henryson (c. 1450-c. 1505), who re-worked Medieval and Classical sources, such as Chaucer and Aesop in works such as his Testament of Cresseid and The Morall Fabillis. William Dunbar (1460–1513) produced satires, lyrics, invectives and dream visions that established the vernacular as a flexible medium for poetry of any kind. Gavin Douglas (1475–1522), who became Bishop of Dunkeld, injected humanist concerns and classical sources into his poetry. The landmark work in the reign of James IV was Douglas's version of Virgil's Aeneid, the Eneados. It was the first complete translation of a major classical text in an Anglian language, finished in 1513, but overshadowed by the disaster at Flodden that brought the reign to an end.
As a patron of poets and authors James V (r. 1513–42) supported William Stewart and John Bellenden, who translated the Latin History of Scotland compiled in 1527 by Hector Boece, into verse and prose. David Lyndsay (c. 1486–1555), diplomat and the head of the Lyon Court, was a prolific poet. He wrote elegiac narratives, romances and satires. George Buchanan (1506–82) had a major influence as a Latin poet, founding a tradition of neo-Latin poetry that would continue in to the seventeenth century. Contributors to this tradition included royal secretary John Maitland (1537–95), reformer Andrew Melville (1545–1622), John Johnston (1570?–1611) and David Hume of Godscroft (1558–1629).
From the 1550s, in the reign of Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–67) and the minority of her son James VI (r. 1567–1625), cultural pursuits were limited by the lack of a royal court and by political turmoil. The Kirk, heavily influenced by Calvinism, also discouraged poetry that was not devotional in nature. Nevertheless, poets from this period included Richard Maitland of Lethington (1496–1586), who produced meditative and satirical verses in the style of Dunbar; John Rolland (fl. 1530–75), who wrote allegorical satires in the tradition of Douglas and courtier and minister Alexander Hume (c. 1556–1609), whose corpus of work includes nature poetry and epistolary verse. Alexander Scott's (?1520–82/3) use of short verse designed to be sung to music, opened the way for the Castalian poets of James VI's adult reign.
Unlike many of his predecessors, James VI actively despised Gaelic culture. However, in the 1580s and 1590s he strongly promoted the literature of the country of his birth in Scots. His treatise, Some Rules and Cautions to be Observed and Eschewed in Scottish Prosody, published in 1584 when he was aged 18, was both a poetic manual and a description of the poetic tradition in his mother tongue, to which he applied Renaissance principles. He became patron and member of a loose circle of Scottish Jacobean court poets and musicians, later called the Castalian Band, which included William Fowler (c. 1560–1612), John Stewart of Baldynneis (c. 1545–c. 1605), and Alexander Montgomerie (c. 1550–98). They translated key Renaissance texts and produced poems using French forms, including sonnets and short sonnets, for narrative, nature description, satire and meditations on love. Later poets that followed in this vein included William Alexander (c. 1567–1640), Alexander Craig (c. 1567–1627) and Robert Ayton (1570–1627). By the late 1590s the king's championing of his native Scottish tradition was to some extent diffused by the prospect of inheriting of the English throne.
Dramatists
Lyndsay produced an interlude at Linlithgow Palace for the king and queen thought to be a version of his play The Thrie Estaitis in 1540, which satirised the corruption of church and state, and which is the only complete play to survive from before the Reformation. Buchanan was major influence on Continental theatre with plays such as Jepheths and Baptistes, which influenced Pierre Corneille and Jean Racine and through them the neo-classical tradition in French drama, but his impact in Scotland was limited by his choice of Latin as a medium. The anonymous The Maner of the Cyring of ane Play (before 1568) and Philotus (published in London in 1603), are isolated examples of surviving plays. The latter is a vernacular Scots comedy of errors, probably designed for court performance for Mary, Queen of Scots or James VI. The same system of professional companies of players and theatres that developed in England in this period was absent in Scotland, but James VI signalled his interest in drama by arranging for a company of English players to erect a playhouse and perform in 1599.
Seventeenth century
Poetry
Having extolled the virtues of Scots "poesie", after his accession to the English throne, James VI increasingly favoured the language of southern England. In 1611 the Kirk adopted the English Authorised King James Version of the Bible. In 1617 interpreters were declared no longer necessary in the port of London because Scots and Englishmen were now "not so far different bot ane understandeth ane uther". Jenny Wormald described James as creating a "three-tier system, with Gaelic at the bottom and English at the top". The loss of the court as a centre of patronage in 1603 was a major blow to Scottish literature. A number of Scottish poets, including William Alexander, John Murray and Robert Aytoun, accompanied the king to London, where they continued to write, but they soon began to anglicise their written language. James's characteristic role as active literary participant and patron in the English court made him a defining figure for English Renaissance poetry and drama, which would reach a pinnacle of achievement in his reign, but his patronage for the high style in his own Scottish tradition largely became sidelined. The only significant court poet to continue to work in Scotland after the king's departure was William Drummond of Hawthornden (1585–1649).
As the tradition of classical Gaelic poetry declined, a new tradition of vernacular Gaelic poetry began to emerge. While Classical poetry used a language largely fixed in the twelfth century, the vernacular continued to develop. In contrast to the Classical tradition, which used syllabic metre, vernacular poets tended to use stressed metre. However, they shared with the Classic poets a set of complex metaphors and role, as the verse was still often panegyric. A number of these vernacular poets were women, such as Mary MacLeod of Harris (c. 1615–1707).
The tradition of neo-Latin poetry reached its fruition with the publication of the anthology of the Deliciae Poetarum Scotorum (1637), published in Amsterdam by Arthur Johnston (c.1579–1641) and Sir John Scott of Scotstarvet (1585–1670) and containing work by the major Scottish practitioners since Buchanan. This period was marked by the work of the first named female Scottish poets. Elizabeth Melville's (f. 1585–1630) Ane Godlie Dream (1603) was a popular religious allegory and the first book published by a woman in Scotland. Anna Hume, daughter of David Hume of Godscroft, adapted Petrarch's Triumphs as Triumphs of Love: Chastitie: Death (1644).
This was the period when the ballad emerged as a significant written form in Scotland. Some ballads may date back to the late medieval era and deal with events and people that can be traced back as far as the thirteenth century, including "Sir Patrick Spens" and "Thomas the Rhymer", but which are not known to have existed until the eighteenth century. They were probably composed and transmitted orally and only began to be written down and printed, often as broadsides and as part of chapbooks, later being recorded and noted in books by collectors including Robert Burns and Walter Scott. From the seventeenth century they were used as a literary form by aristocratic authors including Robert Sempill (c. 1595-c. 1665), Lady Elizabeth Wardlaw (1627–1727) and Lady Grizel Baillie (1645–1746).
Theatre
The loss of a royal court also meant there was no force to counter the Kirk's dislike of theatre, which struggled to survive in Scotland. However, it was not entirely extinguished. The Kirk used theatre for its own purposes in schools and was slow to suppress popular folk dramas. Surviving plays for the period include William Alexander's Monarchicke Tragedies, written just before his departure with the king for England in 1603. They were closet dramas, designed to be read rather than performed, and already indicate Alexander's preference for southern English over the Scots language. There were some attempts to revive Scottish drama. In 1663 Edinburgh lawyer William Clerke wrote Marciano or the Discovery, a play about the restoration of a legitimate dynasty in Florence after many years of civil war. It was performed at the Tennis-Court Theatre at Holyrood Palace before the parliamentary high commissioner John Leslie, Earl of Rothes. Thomas Sydsurf's Tarugo's Wiles or the Coffee House, was first performed in London in 1667 and then in Edinburgh the year after and drew on Spanish comedy. A relative of Sydsurf, physician Archibald Pitcairne (1652–1713) wrote The Assembly or Scotch Reformation (1692), a ribald satire on the morals of the Presbyterian Kirk, circulating in manuscript, but not published until 1722, helping to secure the association between Jacobitism and professional drama that discouraged the creation of professional theatre.
Early eighteenth century
Vernacular revival
After the Union in 1707 and the shift of political power to England, the use of Scots was discouraged by many in authority and education. Nevertheless, Scots remained the vernacular of many rural communities and the growing number of urban working-class Scots. Literature developed a distinct national identity and began to enjoy an international reputation. Allan Ramsay (1686–1758) was considered the most important literary figure of the era, often described as leading a "vernacular revival". He laid the foundations of a reawakening of interest in older Scottish literature, publishing The Ever Green (1724), a collection that included many major poetic works of the Stewart period. He led the trend for pastoral poetry, helping to develop the Habbie stanza, which would be later be used by Robert Burns as a poetic form. His Tea-Table Miscellany (1724–37) contained poems old Scots folk material, his own poems in the folk style and "gentilizings" of Scots poems in the English neo-classical style. His pastoral opera The Gentle Shepherd was one of the most influential works of the era. He would also play a leading role in supporting drama in Scotland and the attempt to found a permanent theatre in the capital.
Verse and prose
Ramsay was part of a community of poets working in Scots and English. These included William Hamilton of Gilbertfield (c. 1665–1751), Robert Crawford (1695–1733), Alexander Ross (1699–1784), the Jacobite William Hamilton of Bangour (1704–54), socialite Alison Rutherford Cockburn (1712–94), and poet and playwright James Thompson's (1700–48), most famous for the nature poetry of his Seasons. Tobias Smollett (1721–71) was a poet, essayist, satirist and playwright, but is best known for his picaresque novels, such as The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748) and The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751) for which he is often seen as Scotland's first novelist. His work would be a major influence on later novelists such as Thackeray and Dickens.
The early eighteenth century was also a period of innovation in Gaelic vernacular poetry. Major figures included Rob Donn Mackay (1714–78) and Donnchadh Bàn Mac an t-Saoir (Duncan Ban MacIntyre) (1724–1812). The most significant figure in the tradition was Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair (Alasdair MacDonald) (c. 1698–1770). His interest in traditional forms can be seen in his most significant poem Clanranald's Gallery. He also mixed these traditions with influences from the Lowlands, including Thompson's Seasons, which helped inspire a new form of nature poetry in Gaelic, which was not focused on their relations to human concerns.
Drama
Drama was pursued by Scottish playwrights in London such as Catherine Trotter (1679–1749), born in London to Scottish parents and later moving to Aberdeen. Her plays and included the verse-tragedy Fatal Friendship (1698), the comedy Love at a Loss (1700) and the history The Revolution in Sweden (1706). David Crawford's (1665–1726) plays included the Restoration comedies Courtship A-la-Mode (1700) and Love at First Sight (1704). These developed the character of the stage Scot, often a clown, but cunning and loyal. Newburgh Hamilton (1691–1761), born in Ireland of Scottish descent, produced the comedies The Petticoat-Ploter (1712) and The Doating Lovers or The Libertine (1715). He later wrote the libretto for Handel's Samson (1743), closely based on John Milton's Samson Agonistes. James Thompson's plays often dealt with the contest between public duty and private feelings, included Sophonisba (1730), Agamemnon (1738) and Tancrid and Sigismuda (1745), the last of which was an international success. David Mallet's (c. 1705–65) Eurydice (1731) was accused of being a coded Jacobite play and his later work indicates opposition to the Walpole administration. The opera Masque of Alfred (1740) was a collaboration between Thompson, Mallet and composer Thomas Arne, with Thompson supplying the lyrics for his most famous work, the patriotic song Rule, Britannia!
In Scotland a troop of English players came to Edinburgh in 1715 where they performed Macbeth and a series of Restoration comedies, but they soon left, perhaps because of objections from local kirk presbyteries. By 1725 English actor Anthony Aston, a friend of Ramsay, was performing in Edinburgh, but seems to have fallen foul of the Scottish Master of the Revels, who licensed plays, companies and playhouses, and soon left. In 1727 the Kirk attacked theatres as immoral in the Admonition and Exhortation. The Edinburgh Company of Players were able to perform in Dundee, Montrose, Aberdeen and regular performances at the Taylor's Hall in Edinburgh under the protection of a Royal Patent. Ramsay was instrumental in establishing them in a small theatre in Carruber's Close in Edinburgh, but the passing of the 1737 Licensing Act made their activities illegal and the theatre soon closed. A new theatre was opened at Cannongate in 1747 and operated without a licence into the 1760s.
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bawcutt, P. J., and Williams, J. H., A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry (Woodbridge: Brewer, 2006), .
Beasley, J. C., Tobias Smollett: Novelist (University of Georgia Press, 1998), .
Bell, B., "The national drama, Joanna Baille and the national theatre", in I. Brown, The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: Enlightenment, Britain and Empire, 1707–1918 (Edinburgh University Press, 2007), .
Brown, I., "Introduction: a lively tradition and collective amnesia", in I. Brown, ed., The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), .
Brown, I., "Public and private performance: 1650–1800", in I. Brown, ed., The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), .
Brown, I., Owen Clancy, T., Pittock, M., Manning, S., eds, The Edinburgh History of Scottish Literature: From Columba to the Union, until 1707 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), .
Brown, K. M., "Scottish identity", in B. Bradshaw and P. Roberts, eds, British Consciousness and Identity: The Making of Britain, 1533–1707 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), .
Buchan, J., Crowded with Genius (London: Harper Collins, 2003), .
Carpenter, S., "Scottish drama until 1650", in I. Brown, ed., The Edinburgh Companion to Scottish Drama (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2011), .
Chedgzoy, K., Women's Writing in the British Atlantic World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), .
Corbett, J., McClure, D., and Stuart-Smith, J., "A Brief History of Scots" in J. Corbett, D. McClure and J. Stuart-Smith, eds, The Edinburgh Companion to Scots (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2003), .
Crawford, R., Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), .
D. Dachies, "Poetry in Scots: Brus to Burns" in C. R. Woodring and J. S. Shapiro, eds, The Columbia History of British Poetry (Columbia University Press, 1994), .
Garlick, G., "Theatre outside London, 1660–1775", in J. Milling, P. Thomson and J. Donohue, eds, The Cambridge History of British Theatre, Volume 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), .
Hogg, R. M., The Cambridge History of the English Language (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), .
Jack, R. D. S., "Poetry under King James VI", in C. Cairns, ed., The History of Scottish Literature (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, .
Jack, R. D. S., Alexander Montgomerie (Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1985), .
Jackson, C., Restoration Scotland, 1660–1690: Royalist Politics, Religion and Ideas (Boydell Press, 2003), .
Jones, C., A Language Suppressed: The Pronunciation of the Scots Language in the 18th Century (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1976, 1993), .
Lyle, E., Scottish Ballads (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 2001), .
MacDonald, J., "Gaelic literature" in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), .
Maclachlan, C., Before Burns (Canongate Books, 2010), .
MacQuarrie, A., "Printing and publishing", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), .
Mason, R., "Culture: 4 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660): general", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), .
Mortimer, I., The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England (Random House, 2012), .
Rhodes, N., "Wrapped in the Strong Arm of the Union: Shakespeare and King James" in W. Maley and A. Murphy, eds, Shakespeare and Scotland (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2004), .
Spiller, M., "Poetry after the Union 1603–1660" in C. Cairns, ed., The History of Scottish Literature (Aberdeen University Press, 1988), vol. 1, .
Tobin, ed., T., The Assembly (Purdue University Press, 1972), .
van Heijnsbergen, T., "Culture: 7 Renaissance and Reformation (1460–1660): literature", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), .
van Heijnsbergen, T., "Culture: 9 Renaissance and Reformation: poetry to 1603", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), .
Wormald, J., Court, Kirk, and Community: Scotland, 1470–1625 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991), .
Category:Scottish literature
Category:History of literature in Scotland
Category:Middle Scots literature
Category:Early Modern Scotland
Scotland | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Alternative versions of Gambit
In addition to his mainstream incarnation, Gambit has been depicted in other fictional universe.
For non-comics appearances, see Gambit in other media.
Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse, Gambit was a member of the X-Men and one of Magneto's closest friends. Like his Earth-616 counterpart, Gambit too fell in love with Rogue, which prompted him to leave the X-Men when Rogue chose Magneto, whom she could touch due to the two possessing magnetism-based powers (she had permanently absorbed the powers and memories of Polaris just as she had done to Ms. Marvel on Earth-616). Gambit, as a member of the Thieves Guild, maintained a certain connection with Candra, who was also one of the Horsemen of Apocalypse, until she was killed. Despite having left the X-Men, Gambit still fought for "the Dream" in his own way. He assembled a group of thieves which he named "X-Ternals", who stole from Apocalypse's regime and the mutant aristocracy to provide food and medicines to the humans still living in New York. He also had an affair with Lila Cheney, despite the fact that he had not gotten over Rogue.
When Magneto put into action his plan to save Charles Xavier, Gambit agreed to steal a shard of the M'Kraan Crystal with the aid of his X-Ternals. Gambit and the X-Ternals were chased by Mudir Rictor and later faced the Shi'ar. However, Gambit obtained the shard of the Crystal, giving up in exchange for it his undying love for Rogue. Gambit thought that he had now lost his ability to love. The group returned to Earth; however, Gambit lost both the Crystal shard and Magneto and Rogue's son, Charles, to the traitor Guido when he threatened to kill Lila.
Despite this, Gambit was accepted back into the X-Men when they launched a mission to get into Apocalypse's citadel to rescue Magneto and put his plan into action. Gambit killed the crazed Colossus when his desire to save his sister Illyana threatened the mission.
Following the death of Apocalypse and the fall of his regime, Gambit once again became a member of the X-Men.
During the AoA's 10th anniversary, Gambit was part of the X-Men and helped Magneto eliminate the remaining forces still loyal to Apocalypse. This included helping the X-Men get rid of the Hellions. Magneto later became injured while telling the Morlocks that they were free, and when he was recuperating, Quicksilver detected mutant signatures of Apocalypse's former soldiers in Mexico. Magneto then left with Quicksilver, Gambit, and Sunfire.
The Guthrie siblings later attacked the X-Men's base, taking Rogue and Charles Lensherr captive. Magneto, Sunfire, Gambit, and Quicksilver returned to the base and defeated the Guthries. Magneto then revealed his secret regarding Sinister, leading the X-Men to Sinister's lab in New York. The X-Men then fought the Sinister Six, and during the fight, Gambit, Nightcrawler, and Dazzler were sucked into Cloak. Nightcrawler managed to save Dazzler, but not Gambit, resulting in Gambit's presumed death, though it was not confirmed. The X-Men later buried their dead and created a tombstone for Gambit whose full text is not seen, but ending in "... luck always be on his side."
However it appears that luck was indeed at Gambit's side after all, as he was rescue in time from the Darkforce Dimension at some point and was greeted in the X-Men team later. When the X-Force team of Earth-616 came to the Age of Apocalypse to retrieve a Celestial life seed to prevent Warren to ascend as the new Apocalypse, Gambit was part of Fantomex team to retrieve the seed from the deceased Celestial and he give his life so the team could retrieve the object from the cosmic being.
Bishop's future
In the future timeline that is the home of the X-Man Bishop (Earth-1191), the X-Men were wiped out in 1996 by someone recorded only as 'The X-Traitor'. However, there was apparently one survivor of the attack, a man called "The Witness." He had a Cajun accent and long hair. He and Bishop had an antagonistic relationship in that time. When Bishop came to the past, he recognized Gambit's face as that of the Witness.
Later, the Witness was revealed to have been living happily in New Orleans, unchanged from how Bishop will know him in 80 years' time. He met the young Remy Lebeau, and had a set of trophies from countless battles across time (fans noticed Captain America's shattered shield, the red power suit from The Greatest American Hero, and Hellboy's Right Hand of Doom). He claimed to be pantemporal, capable of seeing all things in all realities at all times. The fact that he was even capable of conversing with Bishop or anyone else in a linear fashion is apparently due to his sense of humor.
Exiles
In Exiles, Gambit of Earth-371 was the team leader of Weapon X (the ruthless counterpart to the heroic Exiles), having replaced Sabretooth. He first showed up in Exiles #23-25, where Weapon X had to work with Iron Man, the fascist monarch of Earth, to kill all of the Inhumans. They succeeded and went to the next reality.
He later appeared again with Weapon X in Exiles #38–40 and #43–45. It appeared that he and Storm on his team had been in a relationship and that back in his alternative reality he and Storm (another one from his alternative reality) were married. Storm was now dead and replaced by Hyperion. In this mission, Weapon X was supposed to kill the ten remaining mutants in this reality, but this evil version of Hyperion wanted to be the ruler of this Earth. The heroes did not want to murder anyone, but a battle with Hyperion soon followed. Hyperion shot off Gambit's arm, forcing Gambit to retreat into the Morlock tunnels. Hyperion murdered most of the Weapon X team.
Finally, the Exiles appeared and determined the true nature of the mission although they initially refused to go through with it. They were to kill six members of Weapon X and the Exiles. Hyperion and an evil version of Ms. Marvel (who had already taken care of most of the killing) forced them to fight. In the end, Hyperion was seemingly killed by Gambit after Blink had injured him sufficiently to make him vulnerable. Gambit was disintegrated in the blast. It was revealed later that Hyperion resurrected himself and took control of the Panoptichron. It was also revealed that every Weapon X and Exiles team member who died or was sent home were frozen into a crystal wall in that palace. When the Exiles found the place, there were many fallen heroes—-Gambit among them. Gambit's body is returned to his home dimension for burial in Exiles #83.
New Exiles
In New Exiles #2-4, a very different version of Gambit was shown. Still called Remy, attracted to Rogue and sometimes speaking approximate Cajun, this version was the son of Namor and Sue Storm. He has four siblings and the power to breathe underwater as well as the force field projection capabilities of his mother. He saved Rogue when she was injured and drowning to her death. He was then flown by her to his family, which they saved together. He then went on to join the Exiles team.
House of M
Gambit makes a brief appearance in House of M as a thief being caught by Carol Danvers.
Marvel Zombies
A zombie Gambit is seen as one of the dozens of super-powered zombies attacking Doctor Doom's castle trying to reach the uninfected humans inside. This is after being seen on S.H.I.E.L.D.'s helicarrier between Colossus and Magneto. This takes place in Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness. In Marvel Zombies #3, Gambit is one of the many zombies trying to slay and eat the Silver Surfer. Next, Gambit's chest is blasted through, then his head, from the jaw up, is knocked off, from the cosmically powered zombies.
Mutant X
In the Mutant X universe, Gambit was in a fatal accident when he was attempting to save his foster daughter.
He was accompanied by Bloodstorm at the time, and begged her to turn him into a vampire so that he didn't have to die. She reluctantly accepted his request and became Gambit's sire. He was very unhappy with the creature he had become, blaming Bloodstorm for what she had done to him, and ran away.
Since his eyes were naturally red, no one in the Thieves' Guild noticed any difference in Gambit, only making it easier for him to continue to feed. For a time, Gambit worked to prevent Bloodstorm from feeding on sentient beings, such as the thieving Marauders and otherwise innocent vampire-wannabes.
Later, Gambit was forced to join Havok's team The Six, and while there, received a partial cure for his vampirism from the Brute. With the serum he devised, it granted both Gambit and Bloodstorm a reprieve from their blood lust and gave them the ability to walk in the sunlight.
However, Gambit's appreciation did not run deep. When the team was in crisis fighting the combined might of the Goblyn Force, Count Dracula, and the Beyonder, Gambit stole the team's jet and flew away with his adopted daughter Raven, never to be seen again.
New Son (Sun)
Appearing in the 1999 Gambit mini-series, Gambit is called New Son (Sun) (X-Cutioner II) in Earth-9923 reality. In his own reality, the New Sun's kinetic charging powers had flared out of control, burning the world and killing everyone. As a result, the New Sun hunted down and killed versions of himself in other realities to ensure that they would not repeat his mistakes. New Sun is not limited to inorganic matter and can convert matter into energy at a sub-molecular level so it vaporizes or explodes. He also has the ability to time travel, can propel himself by a wave-like aura and can transplant matter through time and space, as well as being able to biokinetically augment all his physical abilities to superhuman levels.
In this reality, New Sun was never adopted by the Thieves Guild, so his real name is not "Remy LeBeau". New Sun was raised with his full power and intended to become the fulfillment of an ancient Guild prophecy to create Heaven on Earth. However, things went wrong when he charged up his power in a special ritual—a chain reaction was started that caused everyone on Earth beside himself to burn up. Failing to remake time, the New Sun traveled to other universes, hoping to prevent the same thing from happening there. However, he found many worlds in ruins, often because of that world's version of Gambit. Coming to the main Marvel Universe (616), he first attempted to create a new world where everyone would eventually be transported to, using the main reality's Gambit to help (without revealing to him who he truly was). When he learned that his plan wasn't possible, he tried to kill Gambit, transporting both of them to his destroyed home world before Gambit became a threat to the main universe's Earth world as well.
During their final conflict, Gambit finally blasted the New Sun, burning out his recently increased powers, just as the New Sun died. Due to New Sun's immense power, it is speculated that New Sun was an omega-level mutant in his home dimension, and likely mutant alpha on Earth-9923; this, however, cannot be confirmed.
Ultimate Marvel
In this universe, Remy LeBeau is a Cajun thief, similar to the normal mainstream version. A flashback shows that Remy was beaten maliciously by his father.
He was subsequently brought up by a thief who taught him the arts of stealing. His connection to Sinister has been hinted, but yet to be made clear, though it is noticeable that in flashbacks his father has red eyes like Mr. Sinister. When he confronted Hammerhead, the latter mentioned Sinister while bantering with Gambit. Later as an adult, Remy lived on the streets of New York, performing card tricks with his "magic", and he continued to steal. It also shows he has trouble controlling his powers where in Ultimate X-Men #14, where he states to the mobsters he just defeated that he is a mutant but struggles with controlling his powers. He also does not have his bo staff at this time.
At one point, Charles Xavier offered Gambit the chance to join the X-Men, but he refused. While trying to save a young girl's life, Gambit also faced Hammerhead and defeated him by making the mobster's adamantium skull explode.
At some point Gambit met scouts in New Orleans who represented Andreas and Andrea Von Strucker, the Fenris Twins. The twins were presidents of Fenris International and secretly mutants. Their goal was to obtain mutant supremacy through economic empowerment. To accomplish this, they needed to find out the secrets of their business rivals. The twins made Gambit an offer that he could not refuse to participate in espionage activities. In addition to paying him, they cleaned up his accent, and helped him control his powers.
Gambit ran into the X-Men again at the Coney Island Fair where he was sent by the Fenris Twins to recruit Rogue. To accomplish this Gambit had to get her alone and away from the X-Men team. He accomplished this by defeating the entire team by playing to their desire to avoid any bystander injuries.
He collapsed a giant Ferris wheel (i.e., the Wonder Wheel) taking much of the team out of equation (knowing that they would go to rescue the people on the ride) and defeated Wolverine by threatening to explode Wolverine's skeleton, which would destroy a large part of the near area. He then proceeded to explode his bo staff in Wolverine's mouth, thus giving him enough time to take Rogue. The Fenris Twins felt Rogue would be an ideal employee since her powers (which include viewing others’ memories) would be useful for learning others' secrets. However, because of the unethical aspect of the job, Rogue refused. In response to seeing the fury of the twins, Gambit assisted Rogue in subduing the twins, and escaping. As Rogue and Gambit escape, an enraged Wolverine finally tracks them down, beating Gambit badly with only his fists, preventing Gambit from making contact with his skeleton. Rogue stops Wolverine from killing Gambit and called him the true animal in this situation. Afterward, Gambit asked Rogue to come with him, commenting on how she and he were both alike. Rogue agreed and left the X-Men with him.
In a battle with Juggernaut, Gambit appeared to suffer fatal injuries. As Rogue gave him a last kiss, she completely absorbed his powers and memory, killing him and getting control over her ability to siphon the memories and abilities of others.
As of Ultimate X-Men Annual #2, Gambit's powers have faded from Rogue.
X-Men: The End
In this version, he is married to Rogue, and they have two children, a son (Olivier) and a daughter (Rebecca "Becca").
In the miniseries X-Men: The End: Heroes and Martyrs, Gambit was revealed to be the clone of Mister Sinister, created from Sinister's own pre-mutated DNA. Sinister wished to destroy his master, Apocalypse, and to do so he needed a body that had not been subject to Apocalypse's altering. He then engineered mutant powers for the clone, using the DNA of Cyclops. This technically makes him the third Summers brother; in that alternative reality. However, Apocalypse learned of Sinister's plan and had the child stolen and left it in the care of the Thieves Guild.
It was originally believed that Gambit died in the series The End disguised as Sinister and trying to defeat the Shi'ar. However, in GeNEXT, a series about the children of the X-Men, Olivier talks about how he and his father (Gambit) have not really made contact since his mother (Rogue) died and that Gambit didn't have the heart to continue on as an X-Man. They only communicate through Rebecca.
Age of X
In the Age of X timeline, Gambit feels, for reasons unknown, compelled to rescue Rogue, who was being hunted by Moonstar and her team. They are seemingly killed by Magneto, but are later commissioned by him to break into a secret chamber.
X-Men Noir
In X-Men Noir, Remy LeBeau is depicted as the owner of the Creole Club, a nightclub and casino, also acting as an information source for his friend Thomas Calloway, a costumed detective and reporter for the Daily Bugle calling himself The Angel. He is, however, shown as an unscrupulous person, as he is not above collecting on debts with force.
X-Men: Forever
In X-Men: Forever he's referred to as Remy Picard.
References
Category:Fictional characters from parallel universes | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Tyrone Walls
Tyrone Walls (born December 31, 1947) is a retired Canadian football player who played for the Edmonton Eskimos and BC Lions. He played college football at the University of Missouri.
References
Category:1947 births
Category:Living people
Category:Edmonton Eskimos players
Category:Grey Cup champions | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Santula
Santula() is a vegetable dish from the state of Odisha in eastern India. It can be either fried (Bhaja Santula) or boiled (Sijha Santula). Ingredients include potatoes, brinjal, papaya, and tomato, which are first boiled together, then fried in oil with diced onion, panch phoran, and green chillies.
Benefits
The dish is said to be easy to digest as it is not spicy and good for people suffering from stomach disorders. For one prescribed with fresh green vegetables, without spices and oil, nothing could be better than Santula.
References
Category:Indian curries
Category:Odia cuisine | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Wenger (disambiguation)
Wenger is one of two companies that have manufactured Swiss Army knives.
Wenger may also refer to:
Wenger, California, a former settlement in Mariposa County, California
People with the surname
Andrew Wenger (born 1990), American soccer player
Antoine Wenger (1919–2009), French priest, Patristics scholar and journalist
Arsène Wenger (born 1949), French professional footballer and manager
Don S. Wenger (1911–1986), Major General in the United States Air Force
Éric Wenger, computer programmer
Étienne Wenger (born 1952), educational theorist and practitioner from Switzerland
J. C. Wenger (John Christian Wenger 1910–1995), American Mennonite theologian and professor
John Wenger (John Weaver Wenger 1778–1851), founder of the Pentecostal Church of the Brethren, popularly known as the Wengerites
John Wenger (missionary) (1811–1880), Swiss missionary and orientalist
John Wenger (artist) (1887–1976), Russian-American artist and scenographist, winner of the Rome Prize
Joseph Wenger (1901–1970), Rear-Admiral of the United States Navy
Joseph Wenger (bishop) (1868–1956), Old Order Mennonite preacher
Jürg Wenger (born 1969), Swiss skeleton racer who competed from 1991 to 2003
Lauren Wenger (born 1984), American water polo player
Leopold Wenger (1874–1953), Austrian historian
Lisa Wenger (1858–1941), Swiss painter
Marta Wenger (born 1953), South African politician
Michael Wenger (born 1947), Soto Zen priest
Noah W. Wenger (born 1934), Pennsylvania State Senator
Peter Wenger (1944–2016), Swiss international footballer
Piers Wenger (born 1972), British television producer
Helen Gibson, born Rose August Wenger (1892–1977), American film actress and first American stuntwoman
Susanne Wenger, also known as Adunni Olorisha (c. 1915–2015), Austrian artist
See also
John Dan Wenger Mennonites
Wengert | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Drohi (1948 film)
Drohi () is a 1948 Telugu-language drama film directed by L. V. Prasad. This was the debut film for Pendyala Nageswara Rao as music director.
The plot
Saroja (Varalakshmi), daughter of Zamindar Gangadhar Rao (Rallabandi), is an arrogant woman. She loves Raja Rao (Kona Prabhakar Rao), who assists her father in instituting wrong things. He accidentally kills an old man while driving her car. Dr. Prakash (Prakash Rao) provides shelter to his granddaughter Seetha (Lakshmirajyam). Seetha helps Dr. Prakash in his social service activities. Dr. Prakash marries Saroja. Since then she hates Seetha, harasses her and drives her from the hospital. Prakash continues his social service in the village with the help of Seetha. Knowing this, Gangadhar Rao, with the help of Raja Rao, sets village huts on fire. The angry villagers try to attack them. Seetha, with her kindness, convinces and stops them, but during her attempt, succumbs to bullet wounds. Saroja changes her mind and gets her father and Raja Rao arrested. She distributes her riches to the poor people.
Cast
G. Varalakshmi as Saroja
Lakshmirajyam as Seeta
K. S. Prakash Rao as Dr. Prakash
Rallabandi Kutumba Rao as Gangadhara Rao
Kona Prabhakara Rao as Raja Rao
L. V. Prasad
Kasturi Siva Rao as Compounder
Venkumamba
Surabhi Balasaraswati
Songs
"Aalakinchandi Babu Alakinchandi"
"Chakkaligintalu Levaa Chakkani Oohalu Raavaa" (Lyrics: Tapi Dharma Rao; Singer: G. Varalakshmi)
"Endukee Bratuku" (Lyrics: Tapi Dharma Rao; Singer: K. Jamuna Rani)
"Idenaa Nee Nyayamu" (Lyrics: Tapi Dharma Rao; Singer: M. S. Ramarao)
"Poovu Cheri Palumaaru Tiruguchu Paata Paadunadi Emo" (Lyrics: Tapi Dharma Rao; Singers: Ghantasala and G. Varalakshmi)
1970 film
The film Drohi was also made in 1970, directed by K. Bapaiah and starring Kongara Jaggaiah, Vanisree and S. Varalakshmi.
References
External links
Drohi film review in Roopavani magazine
Category:1948 films
Category:1940s Telugu-language films
Category:Indian films
Category:Films directed by L. V. Prasad
Category:Indian black-and-white films
Category:Films scored by Pendyala Nageswara Rao | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
John Gould (cricketer)
John Gould (1 October 1872 – 4 December 1908) was an Australian cricketer. He played eleven first-class matches for New South Wales between 1891/92 and 1895/96.
See also
List of New South Wales representative cricketers
References
External links
Category:1872 births
Category:1908 deaths
Category:Australian cricketers
Category:New South Wales cricketers
Category:Cricketers from Sydney | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
SSURGO
SSURGO (Soil Survey Geographic database) refers to digital soils data produced and distributed by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) - National Cartography and Geospatial Center (NCGC). The database has information on soil types and their distribution. The information covers soil characteristics, soil properties, and addresses limits, risks and suitability for various uses.
References
External links
NRCS's SSURGO page
Category:United States Department of Agriculture agencies | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sutanto
General Police (Ret.) Drs. Sutanto (born 30 September 1950, on Comal, Pemalang, Jawa Tengah) was the Head of Indonesian State Intelligence Agency since October 22, 2009 to October 19, 2011. Previously he was Chief of the Indonesian National Police since July 8, 2005 to 30 September 2008.
He graduates Police Academy in 1973. He was previously the Head of the Executive Agency Daily (Kalakhar) National Anti-Narcotics Agency. He became aide to President Suharto in 1995 - 1998, Regional Police Chief (Kapolda) of North Sumatra (2000), and the East Java police chief (October 17, 2000-October 2002).
Family
Wife: Henny S
Children: Tanti Ari Dewi, Wenny Natalia Dewi, Bimo Agung Wibowo dan Widya Ari Dewi
References
Profile in Tokoh Indonesia
Category:Living people
Category:1950 births
Category:Indonesian police officers
Category:People from Pemalang Regency
Category:Democratic Party (Indonesia) politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gazab
Gazab (, also Romanized as Gazāb) is a village in Zarabad-e Gharbi Rural District, Zarabad District, Konarak County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 66, in 17 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Konarak County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Chilean skua
The Chilean skua, also called the cinnamon skua (Stercorarius chilensis), is a large predatory seabird, which breeds in Argentina and Chile, but ranges as far north as Brazil and Peru when not breeding. A relatively distinctive skua, it has a dark cap that contrasts with its cinnamon throat and lower face. Hybrids with the brown skua are known from southern Argentina.
While nowhere near the size of birds such as the wandering albatross, the Chilean skua makes up for it in sheer aggression towards other birds.
Chilean skuas feed on fish and other seabirds, as well as scraps, and carrion.
Notes
Avibase - the world bird database
References
Category:Skuas
Category:Birds of Chile
Category:Birds of Patagonia
Category:Birds described in 1857 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Cargo of Eagles
Cargo of Eagles is a crime novel by Margery Allingham, first published in 1968, in the United Kingdom by Chatto & Windus, London. It was incomplete at her death in 1966 and completed by her husband Philip Youngman Carter. It is the nineteenth novel in the Albert Campion series.
Plot introduction
Saltey in Essex, the "Back Door to London", has a long history of smuggling, and holds a secret that leads to murder. Albert Campion sends his young American associate Mortimer Kelsey to mingle with the locals to try to solve the mystery. The evidence points to a robbery from a yacht done years before by a dangerous criminal named Teague and his associates.
References
Margery Allingham, Cargo of Eagles, (London: Chatto & Windus, 1968)
External links
An Allingham bibliography, with dates and publishers, from the UK Margery Allingham Society
Category:1968 British novels
Category:Novels by Margery Allingham
Category:Novels set in Essex
Category:Unfinished novels
Category:Novels published posthumously
Category:Chatto & Windus books | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Pleasant Valley, Texas
Pleasant Valley is a town in Wichita County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Wichita Falls, Texas metropolitan statistical area. The population was 336 at the 2010 census. Pleasant Valley is also referred to as "The rural country club of Wichita County", in part because of the high demand for land and above-average home prices. This includes Pleasant Valley estates and also Horseshoe Bend estates to the southwest.
Geography
Pleasant Valley is located at (33.937171, -98.594487).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 2.6 square miles (6.7 km²), all of it land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, 408 people, 162 households, and 127 families resided in the town. The population density was 157.3 people per square mile (60.8/km²). The 172 housing units averaged 66.3 per square mile (25.6/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 95.10% White, 0.98% Native American, 2.45% from other races, and 1.47% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 5.88% of the population.
Of the 162 households, 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.9% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were not families. About17.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.87.
In the town, the population was distributed as 21.3% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 24.8% from 45 to 64, and 20.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 108.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.2 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $72,500, and for a family was $71,625. Males had a median income of $56,250 versus $37,833 for females. The per capita income for the town was $54,421. About 6.1% of families and 4.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.0% of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over.
Education
The Town of Pleasant Valley is served by the Iowa Park Consolidated Independent School District.
References
Category:Towns in Wichita County, Texas
Category:Towns in Texas
Category:Wichita Falls metropolitan area | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Sleepycat Software
Sleepycat Software, Inc. was the software company primarily responsible for maintaining the Berkeley DB packages from 1996 to 2006.
Berkeley DB is freely-licensed database software originally developed at the University of California, Berkeley for 4.4BSD Unix. Developers from that project founded Sleepycat in 1996 to provide commercial support after a request by Netscape to provide new features in the software. In February 2006, Sleepycat was acquired by Oracle Corporation, which has continued developing Berkeley DB.
The founders of the company were spouses Margo Seltzer and Keith Bostic, who are also original authors of Berkeley DB. Another original author, Michael Olson, was the President and CEO of Sleepycat. They were all at University of California, Berkeley, where they developed the software that grew to become Berkeley DB. Sleepycat was originally based in Carlisle, Massachusetts and moved to Lincoln, Massachusetts.
Sleepycat distributed Berkeley DB under a proprietary software license that included standard commercial features, and simultaneously under the newly created Sleepycat License, which allows open source use and distribution of Berkeley DB with a copyleft redistribution condition similar to the GNU General Public License.
Sleepycat had offices in California, Massachusetts and the United Kingdom, and was profitable during its entire existence.
See also
Berkeley Software Design
Computer Systems Research Group
References
External links
Oracle Berkeley DB — successor to Sleepycat's web site
Category:Defunct companies based in Massachusetts
Category:Defunct software companies of the United States
Category:Free software companies
Category:Oracle acquisitions
Category:Software companies disestablished in 2006
Category:Software companies established in 1996
Category:2006 mergers and acquisitions | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Rowland Blennerhassett
Rowland Blennerhassett may refer to:
Sir Rowland Blennerhassett, 1st Baronet (1741–1821), Anglo-Irish lawyer
Sir Rowland Blennerhassett, 4th Baronet (1839–1909), Anglo-Irish MP for Galway Borough 1865–1874 and Kerry 1880–1885
Rowland Ponsonby Blennerhassett (1850–1913), Irish MP for Kerry 1872–1885
Rowland Blennerhassett (priest) Archdeacon of Tuam from 1956 to 1969
See also
Blennerhassett (disambiguation) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1387
United Nations Security Council resolution 1387, adopted unanimously on 15 January 2002, after recalling previous resolutions on Croatia, including resolutions 779 (1992), 981 (1995), 1088 (1996), 1147 (1998), 1183 (1998), 1222 (1999), 1252 (1999), 1285 (2000), 1307 (2000), 1357 (2001) and 1362 (2001), the Council authorised the United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka (UNMOP) to continue monitoring the demilitarisation in the Prevlaka peninsula area of Croatia for six months until 15 July 2002. It was the first Security Council resolution adopted in 2002.
The Security Council welcomed the calm and stable situation on the Prevlaka peninsula and was encouraged to learn that both Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had agreed to establish a Border Commission. It noted that the presence of UNMOP contributed greatly to maintaining conditions conducive to a settlement of the dispute.
The resolution welcomed that Croatia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Serbia and Montenegro) were making progress in the normalisation of their relations. It urged both parties to cease violations of the demilitarisation regime, co-operate with United Nations observers and to ensure full freedom of movement to the observers. Both countries were called upon to implement confidence-building measures from Resolution 1252 and to report on the progress of their bilateral negotiations at least twice a month. Finally, the Stabilisation Force, authorised in Resolution 1088 and extended by Resolution 1357, was required to co-operate with UNMOP.
Croatia had asked for the mission to be suspended to allow more time for both countries to settle their differences, while Montenegro favoured a longer mandate.
See also
Breakup of Yugoslavia
Croatian War of Independence
List of United Nations Security Council Resolutions 1301 to 1400 (2000–2002)
Yugoslav Wars
References
External links
Text of the Resolution at undocs.org
1387
1387
Category:2002 in Yugoslavia
Category:2002 in Croatia
1387
1387
Category:January 2002 events | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
56th United States Congress
The Fifty-sixth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, composed of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1899, to March 4, 1901, during the third and fourth years of William McKinley's presidency. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eleventh Census of the United States in 1890. Both chambers had a Republican majority. There was one African-American member, George Henry White of North Carolina, who served his second and final term as a Representative in this Congress, and would be the last black member of Congress until 1928, and the last black member of Congress from the South until 1972.
Major events
June 2, 1899: The Filipino Rebellion began the Philippine–American War.
November 21, 1899: Vice President Garret Hobart died.
January 8, 1900: President McKinley placed Alaska under military rule.
January 17, 1900: Brigham H. Roberts was refused a seat in the United States House of Representatives because of his polygamy.
February 5, 1900: Britain and the United States signed a treaty for the building of a Central American shipping canal through Nicaragua.
February 16, 1900: The United States, Germany and Great Britain ratified the Tripartite Convention partitioning the Samoan Islands.
November 6, 1900: U.S. presidential election, 1900: Republican incumbent William McKinley was reelected by defeating Democratic challenger William Jennings Bryan.
Major legislation
March 14, 1900: Gold Standard Act, Sess. 1, ch. 41,
April 2, 1900: Foraker Act, Sess. 1, ch. 191, (Puerto Rico Civil Code)
Territory organized
April 30, 1900: Hawaii Territory was organized, Sess. 1, ch. 339,
Party summary
The count below identifies party affiliations at the beginning of the first session of this Congress, and includes members from vacancies and newly admitted states, when they were first seated. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the "Changes in membership" section.
Senate
House of Representatives
Leadership
Senate
President: Garret Hobart (R), until November 21, 1899; vacant thereafter.
President pro tempore: William P. Frye (R)
Democratic Caucus Chairman: James K. Jones (D)
Republican Conference Chairman: William B. Allison (R)
Democratic Campaign Committee Chairman: Stephen M. White (D)
House of Representatives
Speaker: David B. Henderson (R)
Democratic Caucus Chairman: James Hay (D)
Republican Conference Chairman: Joseph G. Cannon (R)
Majority (Republican) leadership
Majority Leader: Sereno E. Payne
Majority Whip: James A. Tawney
Minority (Democratic) leadership
Minority Leader: James D. Richardson
Minority Whip: Oscar Underwood
Members
This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district.
Skip to House of Representatives, below
Senate
At this time, Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1904; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring re-election in 1900; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring re-election in 1902.
Alabama
2. John T. Morgan (D)
3. Edmund W. Pettus (D)
Arkansas
2. James H. Berry (D)
3. James K. Jones (D)
California
1. Thomas R. Bard (R), from February 7, 1900
3. George C. Perkins (R)
Colorado
2. Edward O. Wolcott (R)
3. Henry M. Teller (SR)
Connecticut
1. Joseph R. Hawley (R)
3. Orville H. Platt (R)
Delaware
1. vacant
2. Richard R. Kenney (D)
Florida
1. Samuel Pasco (D), until April 18, 1899
James Taliaferro (D), from April 19, 1899
3. Stephen R. Mallory (D)
Georgia
2. Augustus O. Bacon (D)
3. Alexander S. Clay (D)
Idaho
2. George L. Shoup (R)
3. Henry Heitfeld (P)
Illinois
2. Shelby M. Cullom (R)
3. William E. Mason (R)
Indiana
1. Albert J. Beveridge (R)
3. Charles W. Fairbanks (R)
Iowa
2. John H. Gear (R), until July 14, 1900
Jonathan P. Dolliver (R), from August 22, 1900
3. William B. Allison (R)
Kansas
2. Lucien Baker (R)
3. William A. Harris (P)
Kentucky
2. William Lindsay (D)
3. William J. Deboe (R)
Louisiana
2. Donelson Caffery (D)
3. Samuel D. McEnery (D)
Maine
1. Eugene Hale (R)
2. William P. Frye (R)
Maryland
1. Louis E. McComas (R)
3. George L. Wellington (R)
Massachusetts
1. Henry Cabot Lodge (R)
2. George F. Hoar (R)
Michigan
1. Julius C. Burrows (R)
2. James McMillan (R)
Minnesota
1. Cushman K. Davis (R), until November 27, 1900
Charles A. Towne (D), December 5, 1900 – January 23, 1901
Moses E. Clapp (R), from January 23, 1901
2. Knute Nelson (R)
Mississippi
1. Hernando D. Money (D)
2. William V. Sullivan (D)
Missouri
1. Francis M. Cockrell (D)
3. George G. Vest (D)
Montana
1. William A. Clark (D), until May 15, 1900
2. Thomas H. Carter (R)
Nebraska
1. Monroe L. Hayward (R), March 8, 1899 – December 5, 1899
William V. Allen (P), from December 13, 1899
2. John M. Thurston (R)
Nevada
1. William M. Stewart (S)
3. John P. Jones (S)
New Hampshire
2. William E. Chandler (R)
3. Jacob H. Gallinger (R)
New Jersey
1. John Kean (R)
2. William J. Sewell (R)
New York
1. Chauncey M. Depew (R)
3. Thomas C. Platt (R)
North Carolina
2. Marion Butler (P)
3. Jeter C. Pritchard (R)
North Dakota
1. Porter J. McCumber (R)
3. Henry C. Hansbrough (R)
Ohio
1. Marcus A. Hanna (R)
3. Joseph B. Foraker (R)
Oregon
2. George W. McBride (R)
3. Joseph Simon (R)
Pennsylvania
1. Matthew S. Quay (R), from January 16, 1901
3. Boies Penrose (R)
Rhode Island
1. Nelson W. Aldrich (R)
2. George P. Wetmore (R)
South Carolina
2. Benjamin R. Tillman (D)
3. John L. McLaurin (D)
South Dakota
2. Richard F. Pettigrew (SR)
3. James H. Kyle (P)
Tennessee
1. William B. Bate (D)
2. Thomas B. Turley (D)
Texas
1. Charles A. Culberson (D)
2. Horace Chilton (D)
Utah
1. Thomas Kearns (R), from January 23, 1901
3. Joseph L. Rawlins (D)
Vermont
1. Redfield Proctor (R)
3. Jonathan Ross (R), until October 18, 1900
William P. Dillingham (R), from October 18, 1900
Virginia
1. John W. Daniel (D)
2. Thomas S. Martin (D)
Washington
1. Addison G. Foster (R)
3. George Turner (SR)
West Virginia
1. Nathan B. Scott (R)
2. Stephen B. Elkins (R)
Wisconsin
1. Joseph V. Quarles (R)
3. John C. Spooner (R)
Wyoming
1. Clarence D. Clark (R)
2. Francis E. Warren (R)
House of Representatives
Alabama
. George W. Taylor (D)
. Jesse F. Stallings (D)
. Henry D. Clayton (D)
. Gaston A. Robbins (D), until March 8, 1900
William F. Aldrich (R), from March 8, 1900
. Willis Brewer (D)
. John H. Bankhead (D)
. John L. Burnett (D)
. Joseph Wheeler (D), until April 20, 1900
William N. Richardson (D), from December 3, 1900
. Oscar Underwood (D)
Arkansas
. Philip D. McCulloch, Jr. (D)
. John S. Little (D)
. Thomas C. McRae (D)
. William L. Terry (D)
. Hugh A. Dinsmore (D)
. Stephen Brundidge, Jr. (D)
California
. John All Barham (R)
. Marion De Vries (D), until August 20, 1900
Samuel D. Woods (R), from December 3, 1900
. Victor H. Metcalf (R)
. Julius Kahn (R)
. Eugene F. Loud (R)
. Russell J. Waters (R)
. James C. Needham (R)
Colorado
. John F. Shafroth (SR)
. John Calhoun Bell (P)
Connecticut
. E. Stevens Henry (R)
. Nehemiah D. Sperry (R)
. Charles A. Russell (R)
. Ebenezer J. Hill (R)
Delaware
. John H. Hoffecker (R), until June 16, 1900
Walter O. Hoffecker (R), from November 6, 1900
Florida
. Stephen M. Sparkman (D)
. Robert W. Davis (D)
Georgia
. Rufus E. Lester (D)
. James M. Griggs (D)
. Elijah B. Lewis (D)
. William C. Adamson (D)
. Leonidas F. Livingston (D)
. Charles L. Bartlett (D)
. John W. Maddox (D)
. William M. Howard (D)
. Farish C. Tate (D)
. William H. Fleming (D)
. William G. Brantley (D)
Idaho
. Edgar Wilson (SR)
Illinois
. James R. Mann (R)
. William Lorimer (R)
. George P. Foster (D)
. Thomas Cusack (D)
. Edward T. Noonan (D)
. Henry S. Boutell (R)
. George E. Foss (R)
. Albert J. Hopkins (R)
. Robert R. Hitt (R)
. George W. Prince (R)
. Walter Reeves (R)
. Joseph G. Cannon (R)
. Vespasian Warner (R)
. Joseph V. Graff (R)
. Benjamin F. Marsh (R)
. William E. Williams (D)
. Ben F. Caldwell (D)
. Thomas M. Jett (D)
. Joseph B. Crowley (D)
. James R. Williams (D)
. William A. Rodenberg (R)
. George W. Smith (R)
Indiana
. James A. Hemenway (R)
. Robert W. Miers (D)
. William T. Zenor (D)
. Francis M. Griffith (D)
. George W. Faris (R)
. James E. Watson (R)
. Jesse Overstreet (R)
. George W. Cromer (R)
. Charles B. Landis (R)
. Edgar D. Crumpacker (R)
. George W. Steele (R)
. James M. Robinson (D)
. Abraham L. Brick (R)
Iowa
. Thomas Hedge (R)
. Joseph R. Lane (R)
. David B. Henderson (R)
. Gilbert N. Haugen (R)
. Robert G. Cousins (R)
. John F. Lacey (R)
. John A. T. Hull (R)
. William P. Hepburn (R)
. Smith McPherson (R), until June 6, 1900
Walter I. Smith (R), from December 3, 1900
. Jonathan P. Dolliver (R), until August 22, 1900
James P. Conner (R), from December 4, 1900
. Lot Thomas (R)
Kansas
. Charles Curtis (R)
. Justin De Witt Bowersock (R)
. Edwin R. Ridgely (P)
. James Monroe Miller (R)
. William A. Calderhead (R)
. William A. Reeder (R)
. Chester I. Long (R)
. Willis Joshua Bailey (R)
Kentucky
. Charles K. Wheeler (D)
. Henry Dixon Allen (D)
. John S. Rhea (D)
. David Highbaugh Smith (D)
. Oscar Turner (D)
. Albert S. Berry (D)
. Evan E. Settle (D), until November 16, 1899
June Ward Gayle (D), from January 15, 1900
. George G. Gilbert (D)
. Samuel Johnson Pugh (R)
. Thomas Y. Fitzpatrick (D)
. Vincent Boreing (R)
Louisiana
. Adolph Meyer (D)
. Robert C. Davey (D)
. Robert F. Broussard (D)
. Phanor Breazeale (D)
. Samuel T. Baird (D), until April 22, 1899
Joseph E. Ransdell (D), from August 29, 1899
. Samuel M. Robertson (D)
Maine
. Thomas B. Reed (R), until September 4, 1899
Amos L. Allen (R), from November 6, 1899
. Charles E. Littlefield (R), from June 19, 1899
. Edwin C. Burleigh (R)
. Charles A. Boutelle (R), until March 3, 1901
Maryland
. John W. Smith (D), until January 12, 1900
Josiah Kerr (R), from November 6, 1900
. William B. Baker (R)
. Frank C. Wachter (R)
. James W. Denny (D)
. Sydney E. Mudd (R)
. George A. Pearre (R)
Massachusetts
. George P. Lawrence (R)
. Frederick H. Gillett (R)
. John R. Thayer (D)
. George W. Weymouth (R)
. William S. Knox (R)
. William H. Moody (R)
. Ernest W. Roberts (R)
. Samuel W. McCall (R)
. John Fitzgerald (D)
. Henry F. Naphen (D)
. Charles F. Sprague (R)
. William C. Lovering (R)
. William S. Greene (R)
Michigan
. John B. Corliss (R)
. Henry C. Smith (R)
. Washington Gardner (R)
. Edward L. Hamilton (R)
. William Alden Smith (R)
. Samuel W. Smith (R)
. Edgar Weeks (R)
. Joseph W. Fordney (R)
. Roswell P. Bishop (R)
. Rousseau O. Crump (R)
. William S. Mesick (R)
. Carlos D. Shelden (R)
Minnesota
. James A. Tawney (R)
. James McCleary (R)
. Joel Heatwole (R)
. Frederick Stevens (R)
. Loren Fletcher (R)
. Robert P. Morris (R)
. Frank Eddy (R)
Mississippi
. John M. Allen (D)
. Thomas Spight (D)
. Thomas C. Catchings (D)
. Andrew F. Fox (D)
. John Sharp Williams (D)
. Frank A. McLain (D)
. Patrick Henry (D)
Missouri
. James T. Lloyd (D)
. William W. Rucker (D)
. John Dougherty (D)
. Charles F. Cochran (D)
. William S. Cowherd (D)
. David A. De Armond (D)
. James Cooney (D)
. Richard P. Bland (D), until June 15, 1899
Dorsey W. Shackleford (D), from August 29, 1899
. James Beauchamp Clark (D)
. Richard Bartholdt (R)
. Charles F. Joy (R)
. Charles E. Pearce (R)
. Edward Robb (D)
. Willard D. Vandiver (D)
. Maecenas E. Benton (D)
Montana
. Albert J. Campbell (D)
Nebraska
. Elmer J. Burkett (R)
. David H. Mercer (R)
. John S. Robinson (D)
. William L. Stark (P)
. Roderick D. Sutherland (P)
. William L. Greene (P), until March 11, 1899
William Neville (P), from December 4, 1899
Nevada
. Francis G. Newlands (S)
New Hampshire
. Cyrus A. Sulloway (R)
. Frank Gay Clarke (R) until January 9, 1901
New Jersey
. Henry C. Loudenslager (R)
. John J. Gardner (R)
. Benjamin F. Howell (R)
. Joshua S. Salmon (D)
. James F. Stewart (R)
. Richard W. Parker (R)
. William D. Daly (D), until July 31, 1900
Allan L. McDermott (D), from December 3, 1900
. Charles N. Fowler (R)
New York
. Townsend Scudder (D)
. John J. Fitzgerald (D)
. Edmund H. Driggs (D)
. Bertram T. Clayton (D)
. Frank E. Wilson (D)
. Mitchell May (D)
. Nicholas Muller (D)
. Daniel J. Riordan (D)
. Thomas J. Bradley (D)
. Amos J. Cummings (D)
. William Sulzer (D)
. George B. McClellan Jr. (D)
. Jefferson M. Levy (D)
. William A. Chanler (D)
. Jacob Ruppert (D)
. John Q. Underhill (D)
. Arthur S. Tompkins (R)
. John H. Ketcham (R)
. Aaron V.S. Cochrane (R)
. Martin H. Glynn (D)
. John Knox Stewart (R)
. Lucius N. Littauer (R)
. Louis W. Emerson (R)
. Charles A. Chickering (R), until February 13, 1900
Albert D. Shaw (R), November 6, 1900 – February 10, 1901
. James S. Sherman (R)
. George W. Ray (R)
. Michael E. Driscoll (R)
. Sereno E. Payne (R)
. Charles W. Gillet (R)
. James Wolcott Wadsworth (R)
. James M.E. O'Grady (R)
. William H. Ryan (D)
. De Alva S. Alexander (R)
. Edward B. Vreeland (R), from November 7, 1899
North Carolina
. John Humphrey Small (D)
. George H. White (R)
. Charles R. Thomas (D)
. John W. Atwater (P)
. William W. Kitchin (D)
. John D. Bellamy (D)
. Theodore F. Kluttz (D)
. Romulus Z. Linney (R)
. William T. Crawford (D), until May 10, 1900
Richmond Pearson (R), from May 10, 1900
North Dakota
. Burleigh F. Spalding (R)
Ohio
. William B. Shattuc (R)
. Jacob H. Bromwell (R)
. John L. Brenner (D)
. Robert B. Gordon (D)
. David Meekison (D)
. Seth W. Brown (R)
. Walter L. Weaver (R)
. Archibald Lybrand (R)
. James H. Southard (R)
. Stephen Morgan (R)
. Charles H. Grosvenor (R)
. John J. Lentz (D)
. James A. Norton (D)
. Winfield S. Kerr (R)
. Henry C. Van Voorhis (R)
. Lorenzo Danford (R), until June 19, 1899
John J. Gill (R), from December 4, 1899
. John A. McDowell (D)
. Robert W. Tayler (R)
. Charles W. F. Dick (R)
. Fremont O. Phillips (R)
. Theodore E. Burton (R)
Oregon
. Thomas H. Tongue (R)
. Malcolm A. Moody (R)
Pennsylvania
. Henry H. Bingham (R)
. Robert Adams, Jr. (R)
. William McAleer (D)
. James R. Young (R)
. Alfred C. Harmer (R), until March 6, 1900
Edward D. Morrell (R), from November 6, 1900
. Thomas S. Butler (R)
. Irving P. Wanger (R)
. Laird H. Barber (D)
. Daniel Ermentrout (D), until September 17, 1899
Henry D. Green (D), from November 7, 1899
. Marriott Brosius (R)
. William Connell (R)
. Stanley W. Davenport (D)
. James W. Ryan (D)
. Marlin E. Olmsted (R)
. Charles F. Wright (R)
. Horace B. Packer (R)
. Rufus K. Polk (D)
. Thaddeus M. Mahon (R)
. Edward D. Ziegler (D)
. Joseph E. Thropp (R)
. Summers M. Jack (R)
. John Dalzell (R)
. William H. Graham (R)
. Ernest F. Acheson (R)
. Joseph B. Showalter (R)
. Athelston Gaston (D)
. Joseph C. Sibley (D)
. James K.P. Hall (D)
. Samuel A. Davenport (R)
. Galusha A. Grow (R)
Rhode Island
. Melville Bull (R)
. Adin B. Capron (R)
South Carolina
. William Elliott (D)
. W. Jasper Talbert (D)
. Asbury Latimer (D)
. Stanyarne Wilson (D)
. David E. Finley (D)
. James Norton (D)
. J. William Stokes (D)
South Dakota
. Charles H. Burke (R)
. Robert J. Gamble (R)
Tennessee
. Walter P. Brownlow (R)
. Henry R. Gibson (R)
. John A. Moon (D)
. Charles E. Snodgrass (D)
. James D. Richardson (D)
. John W. Gaines (D)
. Nicholas N. Cox (D)
. Thetus W. Sims (D)
. Rice A. Pierce (D)
. Edward W. Carmack (D)
Texas
. Thomas H. Ball (D)
. Samuel B. Cooper (D)
. Reese C. De Graffenreid (D)
. John L. Sheppard (D)
. Joseph W. Bailey (D)
. Robert E. Burke (D)
. Robert L. Henry (D)
. Samuel W.T. Lanham (D)
. Albert S. Burleson (D)
. Robert B. Hawley (R)
. Rudolph Kleberg (D)
. James L. Slayden (D)
. John H. Stephens (D)
Utah
. William H. King (D), from April 2, 1900
Vermont
. H. Henry Powers (R)
. William W. Grout (R)
Virginia
. William A. Jones (D)
. William A. Young (D), until March 12, 1900
Richard A. Wise (R), March 12, 1900 – December 21, 1900
. John Lamb (D)
. Sydney P. Epes (D), until March 3, 1900
Francis R. Lassiter (D), from April 19, 1900
. Claude A. Swanson (D)
. Peter J. Otey (D)
. James Hay (D)
. John F. Rixey (D)
. William F. Rhea (D)
. Julian M. Quarles (D)
Washington
. Francis W. Cushman (R)
. Wesley L. Jones (R)
West Virginia
. Blackburn B. Dovener (R)
. Alston G. Dayton (R)
. David Emmons Johnston (D)
. Romeo H. Freer (R)
Wisconsin
. Henry Allen Cooper (R)
. Herman B. Dahle (R)
. Joseph W. Babcock (R)
. Theobald Otjen (R)
. Samuel S. Barney (R)
. James H. Davidson (R)
. John J. Esch (R)
. Edward S. Minor (R)
. Alexander Stewart (R)
. John J. Jenkins (R)
Wyoming
. Frank W. Mondell (R)
Non-voting members
. John F. Wilson (D)
. Robert W. Wilcox (Home Rule), from November 6, 1900
. Pedro Perea (R)
. Dennis T. Flynn (R)
Changes in membership
The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.
Senate
replacements: 7
Democratic: no net change
Republican: 1 seat loss
Populist: 1 seat gain
deaths: 3
resignations: 1
vacancy: 5
interim appointments: 2
Total seats with changes: 9
House of Representatives
replacements: 21
Democratic: 5 seat loss
Republican: 5 seat gain
Populist: no net change
deaths: 12
resignations: 7
contested election: 3
new seats: 1
Total seats with changes: 26
Committees
Lists of committees and their party leaders, for members (House and Senate) of the committees and their assignments, go into the Official Congressional Directory at the bottom of the article and click on the link (4 links), in the directory after the pages of terms of service, you will see the committees of the Senate, House (Standing with Subcommittees, Select and Special) and Joint and after the committee pages, you will see the House/Senate committee assignments in the directory, on the committees section of the House and Senate in the Official Congressional Directory, the committee's members on the first row on the left side shows the chairman of the committee and on the right side shows the ranking member of the committee.
Senate
Additional Accommodations for the Library of Congress (Select)
Agriculture and Forestry
Appropriations
Audit and Control the Contingent Expenses of the Senate
Canadian Relations
Census
Civil Service and Retrenchment
Claims
Coast and Insular Survey
Coast Defenses
Commerce
Corporations Organized in the District of Columbia
Cuban Relations
Distributing Public Revenue Among the States (Select)
District of Columbia
Education and Labor
Engrossed Bills
Enrolled Bills
Establish a University in the United States (Select)
Examine the Several Branches in the Civil Service
Expenditures in Executive Departments
Finance
Fisheries
Five Civilized Tribes of Indians (Select)
Foreign Relations
Forest Reservations and the Protection of Game
Geological Survey (Select)
Immigration
Immigration and Naturalization
Indian Affairs
Irrigation and Reclamation
Industrial Expositions
International Expositions (Select)
Interoceanic Canals
Interstate Commerce
Judiciary
Library
Manufactures
Military Affairs
Mines and Mining
Mississippi River and its Tributaries (Select)
National Banks (Select)
Naval Affairs
Nicaragua Canal (Select)
Pacific Islands and Puerto Rico
Pacific Railroads
Patents
Pensions
Philippines
Post Office and Post Roads
Potomac River Front (Select)
Printing
Private Land Claims
Privileges and Elections
Public Buildings and Grounds
Public Health and National Quarantine
Public Lands
Railroads
Revision of the Laws
Revolutionary Claims
Rules
Tariff Regulation (Select)
Territories
Transportation and Sale of Meat Products (Select)
Transportation Routes to the Seaboard
Washington City Centennial (Select)
Whole
Woman Suffrage (Select)
House of Representatives
Accounts
Agriculture
Alcoholic Liquor Traffic
Appropriations
Banking and Currency
Claims
Coinage, Weights and Measures
Disposition of Executive Papers
District of Columbia
Education
Election of the President, Vice President and Representatives in Congress
Elections
Enrolled Bills
Expenditures in the Agriculture Department
Expenditures in the Interior Department
Expenditures in the Justice Department
Expenditures in the Navy Department
Expenditures in the Post Office Department
Expenditures in the State Department
Expenditures in the Treasury Department
Expenditures in the War Department
Expenditures on Public Buildings
Foreign Affairs
Immigration and Naturalization
Indian Affairs
Insular Affairs
Interstate and Foreign Commerce
Invalid Pensions
Irrigation of Arid Lands
Labor
Levees and Improvements of the Mississippi River
Manufactures
Merchant Marine and Fisheries
Mileage
Military Affairs
Militia
Mines and Mining
Naval Affairs
Pacific Railroads
Patents
Pensions
Post Office and Post Roads
Public Buildings and Grounds
Public Lands
Railways and Canals
Reform in the Civil Service
Revision of Laws
Rivers and Harbors
Rules
Standards of Official Conduct
Territories
Ventilation and Acoustics
War Claims
Ways and Means
Whole
Joint committees
Conditions of Indian Tribes (Special)
Disposition of (Useless) Executive Papers
Caucuses
Democratic (House)
Democratic (Senate)
Employees
Architect of the Capitol: Edward Clark
Librarian of Congress: John Russell Young (until 1899), Herbert Putnam (starting 1899)
Public Printer of the United States: Frank W. Palmer
Senate
Chaplain: William H. Millburn (Methodist)
Secretary: William Ruffin Cox
Charles G. Bennett, elected February 1, 1900
Sergeant at Arms: Richard J. Bright
Daniel M. Ransdell, elected February 1, 1900
House of Representatives
Chaplain: Henry N. Couden (Universalist)
Clerk: Alexander McDowell
Clerk at the Speaker’s Table: Asher C. Hinds
Doorkeeper: William J. Glenn
Postmaster: Joseph C. McElroy
Reading Clerks:
Sergeant at Arms: Henry Casson
See also
United States elections, 1898 (elections leading to this Congress)
United States Senate elections, 1898 and 1899
United States House of Representatives elections, 1898
United States elections, 1900 (elections during this Congress, leading to the next Congress)
1900 United States presidential election
United States Senate elections, 1900 and 1901
United States House of Representatives elections, 1900
References
External links
Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
U.S. House of Representatives: Congressional History
U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Brissago Islands
The Brissago Islands (Italian: Isole di Brissago) are a group of two islands located in the Swiss part of Lake Maggiore close to Ronco sopra Ascona and Brissago. Both islands belong to the district of Locarno, in the canton of Ticino.
San Pancrazio (also known as Grande Isola) is the larger and is well known for its botanical garden. On the smaller of the islands, known as Isolino, or Isola Piccola or Isola di Sant’Apollinare, the vegetation is allowed to develop naturally. Both benefit from the mild climate provided by the lake. The minimum distance from the shore is 1,040 metres for San Pancrazio and 930 metres for Sant'Apollinare, making them the farthest islands from the shore in Switzerland. Both islands culminate at 200 metres above sea level or 7 metres above lake level (193 m).
History
Roman remains have been found on San Pancrazio. The islands were used as a refuge by early Christians. In the thirteenth century nuns of the Humiliati order built a monastery on San Pancrazio, while the local parish also built around this time the Church of S. Pancrazio. After the suppression of the Humiliati in 1571 by Pope Pius V, the order's property was given to the hospital in Locarno and the islands became uninhabited.
St Leger
In 1885 an Anglo-Irishman of the St. Leger family, Richard Fleming, and his Russian-born wife, Antoniette (née Bayer, 1856 to 1948) purchased the Brissago Islands.
On San Pancrazio they constructed a large house and then began to create a botanical garden, which required bringing by boat to the island earth and manure. In 1897 Richard Fleming left the islands for Naples where he worked at the British Consulate and died in 1922. Antoniette remained and continued to develop the garden. During this later period the writer James Joyce visited the island and stayed at her house. Between 1886 and 1914, Antoinette de Saint Léger (as she called herself) hosted on the island the painters Danielle Ranzoni, Filippo Franzoni and Giovanni Segantini and the composer Ruggero Leoncavallo. After the end of World War I she also hosted James Joyce, Rainer Maria Rilke and Harry Graf Kessler.
After the First World War, due to poor investments she was deeply in debt and in 1927 she was forced to sell the property. She moved first to Ascona and then to Intragna, where public assistance supported her until her death, on 24 January 1948.
Max Emden
In 1928 Hamburg department store king Max Emden purchased the islands, demolished the existing house and replaced it with a neoclassical villa. The villa had 30 rooms, a conservatory and a 33 metre long swimming pool. While not really into botany and gardening he retained the existing garden and vegetation, while at the same time undertaking all the necessary the maintenance. Emden lived on the islands until his death in a clinic in Locarno in 1940.
Purchase by the public
In 1949, Emden's son Hans Erich, who had emigrated to Chile accepted an offer from a consortium consisting of the Canton Ticino, the municipalities of Ascona, Brissago and Ronco sopra Ascona, plus the Swiss Nature Protection League (known today as the Swiss Heritage Society) to purchase the islands. The purchase agreement was signed on 2 September 1949.
On the morning of 2 April 1950 the Brissago Islands were opened to the public.
Parco botanico del Canton Ticino
While the smaller island has been left in its natural state, the botanical garden (Parco botanico del Canton Ticino) on San Pancrazio is home to approximately 1,500 plant species, among which are azaleas, rhododendrons, Japanese palm trees, numerous camellias, Japanese banana, bamboo, magnolia, agaves, cypress, yucca, California poppies. The garden today covers 2.5 hectares and receives more than 90 000 visitors a year.
Today the villa contains a restaurant and the administration offices of the Botanical Park of Canton Ticino.
The Brissago Islands are part of the Gardens of Switzerland network.
References
Swisstopo topographic maps
External links
http://www.isolebrissago.ch/en/ The official website of the islands.
http://www.lago-maggiore-urlaub.de/brissago_bilder.htm
Category:Geography of Ticino
Category:Landforms of Ticino
Category:Lake islands of Switzerland
Brissago
Category:Botanical gardens in Switzerland
Category:Gardens in Switzerland
Category:Tourist attractions in Ticino
Category:Brissago | {
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Robert Spence Watson
Robert Spence Watson (8 June 1837 – 2 March 1911) was an English solicitor, reformer, politician and writer. He became famous for pioneering labour arbitrations.
Life and career
He was born in Gateshead, the second child of Sarah (Spence) and Joseph Watson. After some early tutoring, he received his secondary education at Bootham School, York and began studying at University College, London in 1853; he did not complete his degree there, but during that time, and later, he travelled abroad.
He returned to the North East in 1860 and was admitted to the bar. He began a legal practice with his father under the name J. & R S Watson and he remained in practice there for the rest of his life.
In 1862 he became Secretary to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne and held that position for thirty-one years. His work led to the Society accumulating the largest independent library outside London.
On 9 June 1863 he married Elizabeth Richardson at the Friends’ meeting house, Pilgrim Street, Newcastle and they had six children.
He was one of the original convenors of the National Liberal Federation in 1877, and was its president from 1890 until 1902.
He helped to found the Durham College of Science in 1871, later to become Armstrong College and part of Newcastle University. He became its first president in 1910. He was instrumental in the founding of the Newcastle Free Public Library.
From 1890 till 1911, Watson was the president of the Society of Friends of Russian Freedom. He contributed much to the society's printed organ Free Russia.
He published "The History of English Rule and Policy in South Africa" in 1897, and joined the South Africa Conciliation Committee.
In 1995 a blue commemorative plaque was erected outside his home.
Works
"A Plan for Making the society more extensively useful, as an educational institution" (1868)
The Villages around Metz (1870)
Cædmon, the first English poet (1875)
"The history of English rule and policy in South Africa" (1879) J. Forster, Newcastle upon Tyne.
A Visit to Wazan (1880)
"The Proper Limits of Obedience to the Law" (1887)
The History of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle-upon-Tyne (1793-1896) (1897)
"Northumbrian Story and Song" in Lectures Delivered to the Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on Northumbrian History, Literature, and Art (1898)
The National Liberal Federation: From Its Commencement to the General Election of 1906 (1907)
Joseph Skipsey: His Life and Work (1909) T. Fisher Unwin, London.
References
Sources
Percy Corder (1914) The Life of Robert Spence Watson, Headley Bros., London
John Morley, Joseph Cowen and Robert Spence Watson. Liberal Divisions in Newcastle Politics, 1873 - 1895, by E I Waitt, Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of Manchester, October 1972. Copies at Manchester University, Newcastle Central and Gateshead public libraries.
Entry on Robert Spence Watson, on Ben Beck's website
Entry on Robert Spence Watson, on the website of Watson Burton, the law firm of which he was a founding partner
Category:English Quakers
Category:English solicitors
Category:People from Newcastle upon Tyne
Category:Presidents of the Liberal Party (UK)
Category:British travel writers
Category:1837 births
Category:1911 deaths
Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom | {
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George Lynn (composer)
George Lynn (October 5, 1915; Edwardsville, Pennsylvania – March 16, 1989; Colorado Springs, Colorado) was an American composer, conductor, pianist, organist, singer, and music educator. A longtime member of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, his compositional output encompasses more than 200 orchestral and choral pieces; many of which have been performed by major American symphony orchestras like the Denver Symphony, the American Symphony Orchestra under Leopold Stokowski, and the Philadelphia Orchestra. He taught on the music faculties of several prominent American colleges, notably conducting several university choirs. Throughout his life he was active as a conductor, organist, and pianist for various church and community choirs.
Life and career
Born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, Lynn was the son of immigrants from Sweden. He began working as a professional church organist in 1927 at the age of 12. He entered Westminster Choir College in 1934 where he earned a Bachelor of Music in 1938. Among his teachers were Paul Boepple (conducting), Roy Harris (composition), Carl Weinrich (organ), and John Finley Williamson (conducting). He won second prize in the 1940 World's Fair for his composition "Hem and Haw - Seven Rounds and a Coda". He married soprano Betty Lynn prior to enlisting in the Army. They had a son, Eric, and lived in Oklahoma while George Lynn was overseas. After serving in the United States Army during World War II, he entered the graduate music composition program at Princeton University where he was a pupil of Randall Thompson. He graduated from the school in 1947 with a Master of Fine Arts.
While studying at Princeton, Lynn returned to Westminster Choir College as a faculty member, teaching classes in organ and conducting. He left there in 1950 to join the music faculty at the University of Colorado at Boulder where he conducted several choirs for two years. At this time he divorced his first wife. He married Lucile Miller in 1952 and the couple had two daughters, Christina and Lorna. He then served as the organist/choirmaster at First Baptist Church, Saint Thomas Episcopal Church and First Plymouth Congregational Church in Denver and taught piano, organ, and singing out of a private studio. He returned to Westminster in 1963 when he was appointed the college's music director, a post he held through 1969.
In 1969 Lynn returned to Denver where he spent most of the rest of his life. From 1971 to 1986 he directed choirs and taught conducting at the Colorado School of Mines and at Loretto Heights College. He and his wife Lucile moved to Colorado Springs in 1977 and he became the minister of music at the Broadmoor Community Church and an active member of the musical scene in the city. He commuted and continued to teach at Loretto Heights and Colorado School of Mines. He served as a professor of choral music at Rice University in 1986-1987, after which he lived in retirement in Colorado. Among his notable students were conductors David Agler, Larry Biser, Eph Ehly, Gregory Gentry, Patricia Kazarow and Wayne Richmond and voice students [Gregory Stapp] and Bruce Brys. He died in Colorado Springs at the age of 73. His wife Lucile donated all of his manuscripts to the American Music Research Center. The archive was officially opened with a celebratory concert at the University of Colorado at Boulder on November 7, 1995. Christina Lynn-Craig continues to promote performances of her father's music. 2015 is the centenary of his birth. Celebrations of his teaching, conducting and compositions will be held at Westminster Choir College in May 2015 and at the University of Colorado in October 2015. There is a "100 Performance Centenary Challenge" which is meant to encourage musicians to include a piece of George Lynn's on a recital, or in a worship service or to build a concert around his music.
References
Category:1915 births
Category:1989 deaths
Category:People from Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania
Category:American male composers
Category:American male conductors (music)
Category:American organists
Category:Male organists
Category:Colorado School of Mines faculty
Category:Princeton University alumni
Category:Rice University faculty
Category:University of Colorado faculty
Category:Westminster Choir College alumni
Category:Westminster Choir College faculty
Category:20th-century American conductors (music)
Category:20th-century American composers
Category:20th-century organists
Category:20th-century American male musicians | {
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Alexandr Braico
Alexandr Braico (born 5 March 1988) is a Moldovan former professional racing cyclist, who rode professionally between 2008 and 2016 for the Olimpic Team Autoconstruct, and teams.
He rode in the men's team time trial at the 2015 UCI Road World Championships.
Major results
2007
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
2009
2nd Road race, National Road Championships
2010
2nd Road race, National Road Championships
2012
3rd Road race, National Road Championships
2013
2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
6th Overall Tour of Szeklerland
9th Overall Tour of Romania
2014
2nd Road race, National Road Championships
5th Overall Tour of Szeklerland
References
External links
Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Moldovan male cyclists
Category:People from Ungheni District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Neighborhoods of Buffalo, New York
Buffalo consists of 31 different neighborhoods, over an area of 52 sq. mi The following is a list of neighborhoods defined by the University at Buffalo.
Allentown
Black Rock
See also Market Square Historic District.
Bailey-Lovejoy
Central Park
Cold Springs
Delaware District
See also Delaware Avenue Historic District.
Downtown
See J.N. Adam-AM&A Historic District; Canalside District, Buffalo; Buffalo Theater District
East Side
Elmwood Strip
The American Planning Association named the Elmwood Village neighborhood in Buffalo one of ten Great Neighborhoods in 2007. Elmwood Village is a pedestrian-oriented, mixed use neighborhood with hundreds of small, locally owned boutiques, shops, restaurants, and cafes. The neighborhood is located to the south of Buffalo State College.
See also Elmwood Historic District–West.
Fillmore-Leroy
First Ward
Fruit Belt (Medical Park)
Hamlin Park
The Hamlin Park Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.
Hospital Hill
Humboldt Park
Kaisertown
Kensington
Lower West Side
See West Village Historic District and Fargo Estate Historic District.
Masten Park
North Buffalo
North Park
Parkside
See Parkside East Historic District and Parkside West Historic District.
Polonia
Riverside
Schiller Park
South Buffalo
South Buffalo, which was split by the construction of Interstate 190 during the 1950s, is troubled by the presence of a concrete crushing facility which is grandfathered in as a pre-existing use, while dust and truck traffic from the facility strongly affect residences in the neighborhood.
University District
University Heights
Vernon Triangle
West Side
See also Fargo Estate Historic District, West Village Historic District.
Willert Park
References
Category:Buffalo, New York | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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2014 IFA Shield
The 2014 IFA Shield is the 118th edition of the IFA Shield. The tournament this season is being held from 29 January to 11 February 2014 in Kolkata. This year, the Indian Football Association announced that three foreign clubs would participate in the tournament, S.League club Geylang International FC, South Korean Sun Moon University and Bangladesh Premier League club Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club.
However on 22 January 2014 it was announced that Shillong Lajong would not participate in this tournament and instead current I-League 2nd Division club United Sikkim would take their place.
Group stage
Group A
Group B
Semi-Finals
Third place match
Final
Goalscorers
4 Goals
Sony Norde (Sheikh Jamal)
3 Goals
Wedson Anselme (Sheikh Jamal)
2 Goals
James Moga (East Bengal)
Emeka Darlington (Sheikh Jamal)
Oluwaunmi Somide (United Sikkim)
Chidi Edeh (East Bengal)
Baldeep Singh (United)
1 Goal
Seminlen Doungel (East Bengal)
Lalrindika Ralte (East Bengal)
Kim Dae-han (Sun Moon University)
Kim Jong-woo (Sun Moon University)
Kento Fukuda (Geylang International)
Mohammed Rafique (United)
Ranti Martins (United)
Eric Brown (United)
Rakesh Masih (Mohammedan)
Ashim Biswas (Mohammedan)
Josimar (Mohammedan)
Chinadorai Sabeeth (Mohun Bagan)
Penn Orji (Mohammedan)
Mehrajuddin Wadoo (Mohammedan)
References
Category:IFA Shield seasons
Ifa Shield
Ifa Shield | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Locke
Locke may refer to:
Places
United States
Locke, California, a town in Sacramento County
Locke, Indiana
Locke, New York, a town in Cayuga County
Locke, Washington, an unincorporated community
Locke Township, Michigan, a township located in Ingham County
Locke Island, in the Columbia River in Washington
Mount Locke, in the Davis Mountains of West Texas
People
John Locke, English philosopher
Locke (given name)
Locke (surname), information about the surname and list of people
Arts, entertainment, and media
Fictional characters
Locke, a pseudonym of Peter Wiggin in the Ender's Game novels, by Orson Scott Card
Locke, protagonist of the manga Locke the Superman
Locke Cole from the Final Fantasy VI video game
John Locke (Lost) in the television series Lost
Locke, the father of Knuckles the Echidna
Locke Lamora, protagonist of the novel The Lies of Locke Lamora
Films
Locke (film), a 2013 British film
Locke the Superman anime film adaptations:
Locke the Superman, a 1984 anime film adaptation of the manga series
Locke the Superman: Lord Leon, an OVA series from 1989
Locke the Superman: New World Command, an OVA series from 1991
Locke the Superman: Mirror Ring, an OVA series from 2000
Other arts, entertainment, and media
Locke the Superman, a 1980s manga series by Yuki Hijiri
Other uses
Locke High School, Los Angeles, California
Category:Place name disambiguation pages | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Xinetd
In computer networking, xinetd (Extended Internet Service Daemon) is an open-source super-server daemon,
runs on many Unix-like systems and manages Internet-based connectivity.
It offers a more secure alternative to the older inetd ("the Internet daemon"), which most modern Linux distributions have deprecated.
Description
xinetd listens for incoming requests over a network and launches the appropriate service for that request.
Requests are made using port numbers as identifiers and xinetd usually launches another daemon to handle the request. It can be used to start services with both privileged and non-privileged port numbers.
xinetd features access control mechanisms such as TCP Wrapper ACLs, extensive logging capabilities, and the ability to make services available based on time. It can place limits on the number of servers that the system can start, and has deployable defense mechanisms to protect against port scanners, among other things.
On some implementations of Mac OS X, this daemon starts and maintains various Internet-related services, including FTP and telnet. As an extended form of inetd, it offers enhanced security. It replaced inetd in Mac OS X v10.3, and subsequently launchd replaced it in Mac OS X v10.4. However, Apple has retained inetd for compatibility purposes.
Configuration
Configuration of xinetd resides in the default configuration file /etc/xinetd.conf and configuration of the services it supports reside in configuration files stored in the /etc/xinetd.d directory. The configuration for each service usually includes a switch to control whether xinetd should enable or disable the service.
An example configuration file for the RFC 868 time server:
# default: off
# description: An RFC 868 time server. This protocol provides a
# site-independent, machine readable date and time. The Time service sends back
# to the originating source the time in seconds since midnight on January first
# 1900.
# This is the tcp version.
service time
{
disable = yes
type = INTERNAL
id = time-stream
socket_type = stream
protocol = tcp
user = root
wait = no
}
# This is the udp version.
service time
{
disable = yes
type = INTERNAL
id = time-dgram
socket_type = dgram
protocol = udp
user = root
wait = yes
}
The lines with the "#" character at the beginning are comments without any effect on the service. There are two service versions the first one is based on the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the second one is based on the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). The type and planned usage of a service determines the necessary core protocol. In a simple way, the UDP can not handle huge data transmissions, because it lacks the abilities to rearrange packages in a specified order or guarantee their integrity, but it is faster than TCP. TCP has these functions, but it is slower. There are two column in each versions inside the Braces. The first is the type of option, the second is the applied variable.
The disable option is a switch to run a service or not. In most cases the default state is yes. To activate the service change it to no.
There are three types of services. The type is INTERNAL if the service is provided by xinetd, RPC when it based on Remote procedure call, they are commonly listed in the /etc/rpc file, or it can be UNLISTED when the service is neither in the /etc/services nor in the /etc/rpc files.
The id is the unique identifier of the service.
The socket_type determines the way of data transmission through the service. There are three types: stream, dgram and raw. This last one is useful, when we want to establish a service based on a non-standard protocol.
With the user option it is possible to choose a user to be the owner of the running service. It is highly recommended to choose a non-root user for security reasons.
When the wait is on yes the xinetd will not receive request for the service if it has a connection. So the number of connections is limited to one. It provides very good protection when we want to establish only one connection per time.
There are many more options available for xinetd. In most Linux distributions the full list of possible options and their description is accessible with a "man xinetd.conf" command.
To apply the new configuration a SIGHUP signal must be sent to the xinetd process to make it re-read the configuration files. This can be achieved with the following command: kill -SIGHUP "PID". PID is the actual process identifier number of the xinetd, which can be obtained with the command pgrep xinetd.
References
External links
openSUSE fork, to contain all the patches from several distributions: openSUSE, Debian, Fedora, Gentoo, ...
Category:Unix
Category:MacOS
Category:Linux security software | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1966 Arkansas Razorbacks football team
The 1966 Arkansas Razorbacks football team represented the University of Arkansas in the Southwest Conference (SWC) during the 1966 NCAA University Division football season. In their ninth year under head coach Frank Broyles, the Razorbacks compiled an 8–2 record (5–2 against SWC opponents), finished in a tie for second place in the SWC, and outscored all opponents by a combined total of 218 to 73.
Arkansas defensive tackle Loyd Phillips and defensive back Martine Bercher were selected as first-team players on the 1965 College Football All-America Team. Phillips finished ninth in the Heisman Trophy voting and won the Outland Trophy, awarded to the best interior lineman in the land. Bercher gained an average of 15.5 yards per punt return, the fifth-best mark in the nation. The Arkansas defense gave up the seventh-lowest point total per game, 7.3.
Schedule
Game summaries
Texas
Arkansas' third consecutive victory over Texas.
References
Category:Arkansas Razorbacks football seasons
Arkansas Razorbacks football
Arkansas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gilbert White (bishop)
Gilbert White (9 June 1859 – 1 April 1933) was an Anglican bishop who served two Australian dioceses for 25 years.
Early life
Gilbert White was born on 9 June 1859 at Rondebosch, South Africa, the son of Francis Gilbert White, clergyman, and his wife Lucy (née Gilderdale).
White was educated at Fettes College and Oriel College, Oxford.
Religious life
Ordained in 1883, after a curacy at Helston White emigrated to Australia where he became Rector of Charters Towers and then Herberton, both in Queensland. From 1890 to 1900 he was Archdeacon of North Queensland. He was raised to the Episcopate in 1900 as the inaugural Bishop of Carpentaria. In 1915, he translated to head up the new Willochra Diocese in South Australia.
Later life
White retired in 1925.
References
Further reading
External links
Category:1859 births
Category:People educated at Fettes College
Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford
Category:Anglican archdeacons in Australia
Category:Anglican bishops of Carpentaria
Category:20th-century Anglican bishops
Category:Anglican Bishops of Willochra
Category:1933 deaths | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Public transport in Dunedin
Public transport in Dunedin, New Zealand is mainly by bus. The Otago Regional Council designs routes and schedules and contracts operation of bus services to two bus companies, Go Bus Transport and Ritchies Transport. Services operate daily at mainly 15 to 30-minute headways; services on evenings, weekends and holidays operate at about half the weekday frequency and there are no services on late Sunday or holiday evenings, nor on Christmas Day, Good Friday or Easter Sunday.
Bus fares are paid for by cash or by the electronic ticketing system GoCard which replaced paper multi-trip tickets in November 2007. The service carries 2.2 million passengers per year
Routes
Most routes are cross-city routes via the city centre. Longer-distance routes terminate in the centre. Semi-orbital route 15 Ridge Runner links most inner suburbs but avoids the centre. The Mosgiel 77 semi-express service has a branch route 70 connecting at Green Island and a figure-8-shaped 80/81 Mosgiel Loop connecting on Mosgiel's main street, Gordon Rd. Transferring between routes, historically not a feature of Dunedin bus services, is more favourable under the current fare regime.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Route number (or destination number) !! Outer terminus !! via !! City stop !! via !! Outer terminus !! Bus operator
|-
| style='background: #ABDCD4' | || 1 || Palmerston || Waikouaiti, Karitane, Waitati, Dunedin-Waitati Highway || Cumberland St (Centre City New World) || - || - || Ritchies
|-
| style='background: #FFFF00' | || 3 || Ross Creek || Glenleith, George Street || Octagon || South Dunedin, Tainui || Ocean Grove || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #CCBF34' | || 5/6 || Pine Hill || Gardens, George Street || Octagon || Caversham || Lookout Point || Ritchies
|-
| style='background: #ED1C24' | || 8 || Normanby || Gardens, George Street || Octagon || Cargill's Corner, South Dunedin || St Clair || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #009E4D' | || 10/11 || Opoho || Gardens, George Street || Octagon || South Dunedin, Musselburgh || Shiel Hill || Ritchies
|-
| style='background: #CFAE78' | || 14 || Port Chalmers (Harrington Street) || Careys Bay, Port Chalmers, Sawyers Bay, Roseneath, St Leonards, Burkes, Ravensbourne, Logan Park, University, George Street, Octagon (inbound) || Cumberland St (Countdown) || - || -|| Ritchies
|-
| style='background: #55758D' | || 15 "Ridge Rider" (semi-orbital route) || University (Forth St) || Gardens, North Dunedin, Maori Hill, Roslyn, Mornington, || - || - || South Dunedin (Andersons Bay Rd) || Ritchies
|-
| style='background: #A1F078' | || 18 || Portobello || Edwards Bay, Turnbulls Bay, Broad Bay, Company Bay, Macandrew Bay, The Cove, Exchange || Cumberland St (Centre City New World) || - || - || Ritchies
|-
| style='background: #EE3E96' | || 19 || Waverley || Musselburgh, South Dunedin, Exchange || Cumberland St (Centre City New World) and Octagon || City Rise || Belleknowes || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #D48189' | || 33 || Corstorphine || Caversham, Cargill's Corner || Octagon || City Rise, Roslyn, Kaikorai || Wakari || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #D9581E' | || 37/38 || Concord (38) || Kenmure, Bradford, Kaikorai, Moana Pool || George St (northbound); Octagon (southbound) || Otago Museum || University (Forth St) (37) || Ritchies
|-
| style='background: #65A2A2' | || 44 || St Kilda || Cargill's Corner, Exchange || Octagon || Kaikorai || Brockville || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #00AEEF' | || 50 || Helensburgh || Balmacewen, Maori Hill, City Rise || Octagon || Cargill's Corner, Kew, St Clair Park || Corstorphine || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #F391BC' | || 55 || St Kilda || Cargill's Corner, Exchange || Octagon || Kaikorai || Halfway Bush || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #9DC435' | || 61 || Kenmure || Mornington, Exchange || Cumberland St (Centre City New World) || - || - || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #B369AB' | || 63 || Balaclava || Mornington, Exchange || Octagon || Otago Museum, University || Logan Park || Ritchies
|-
| style='background: #A1D9F7' | || 70 || Brighton || Ocean View, Waldronville, Abbotsford || - || - || Green Island (transfer to/from route 77) || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #F59C00' | || 77 (semi-express) || Mosgiel Centre Street || Gordon Rd, Fairfield, Sunnyvale, Green Island (transfer to/from route 70), Dunedin Southern Motorway, Exchange || Cumberland St (Centre City New World) || - || - || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #55758D' | || 80 || - || Mosgiel Loop east circuit || - || - || - || Go Bus
|-
| style='background: #55758D' | || 81 || - || Mosgiel Loop west circuit || - || - || - || Go Bus
|}
All routes use wheelchair-accessible buses
All routes use buses fitted with bike racks
Organising public transport in Dunedin
Dunedin's bus network is designed and managed by the Otago Regional Council. Fares are levied to cover about half of operating cost with the balance subsidised by Otago Regional Council ratepayers (about a quarter) and New Zealand Transport Agency (the remaining quarter; funded by fuel tax and road user charges). Buses use the individual companies' livery with Otago Regional Council stickers added. Until 2015, all services operated under the brand Gobus''; this ended when a bus company with a similar name began serving the city. The regional council intends to introduce a new brand Orbus to the network Safety standards are regulated by the NZ Transport Agency (NZTA). The Dunedin City Council has no administrative role other than as provider of the road infrastructure (with the exception of State Highways, for which NZTA is the provider), street furniture such as signs and seats and regulation of parking at bus stops. However, the city council is involved in discussions with the regional council over taking over the management of public transport.
History of public transport in Dunedin
The Dunedin City Council operated and managed most public transport until 1986 including the Dunedin cable tramway system (similar to the famous San Francisco cable cars) between 1881 and 1957, electric trams from 1900 to 1956, trolleybuses from 1950 to 1982 and motor buses from 22 April 1925 to 1986. From 1986, management of bus services became the responsibility of the Otago Regional Council; the city council continued as a contracted operator of many services through its subsidiary Citibus.
New Zealand Railways (NZR) operated commuter trains from the Dunedin Railway Station to Port Chalmers and to Wingatui and Mosgiel until 1979 and 1982, respectively. Reintroduction of rail services is suggested from time to time NZR, through its Road Services division, from 1985 known as Cityline, also operated motor buses to the suburbs of Warrington, Cherry Farm, Brighton, Outram and Mosgiel until Cityline was privatised in 1991 — the Dunedin fleet was sold to Newtons Coachways. All the above-mentioned train or bus routes except Warrington and Outram continue to be served by the present bus system.
In early times, there were ferries connecting the central city to Port Chalmers and Portobello, but these ceased between the 1930s and 2018 as road connections along the harbour's edge were improved.
Former privately owned public transport operators in Dunedin included Turnbulls (Dunedin to Portobello); Newtons (Dunedin to Waverley), Otago Road Services (Dunedin to Green Island, Abbotsford and Fairfield), all of whom operated services over several decades from the 1950s to the 1980s and 1990s. From the late 1980s onwards, Cesta Travel (later called Southeastern) and Dunedin Passenger Transport operated a wide range of routes on various short-term contracts.
In late January 2020, the Dunedin City Council voted to reduce bus fares while exploring the re-establishment of a commuter rail link between Mosgiel and the Dunedin city centre. This includes allocating NZ$600,000 to bus subsidies.
Other transport servicesTaxi companies in Dunedin include the following:
City United Taxis
Dunedin Taxis
Nab-a-Cab
Green Cabs
There are no conventional airport bus services to Dunedin International Airport''': this airport is served by a large fleet of shuttle vans provided by several operators including most of the local taxi companies. Airport shuttle vans typically stop several times en route to pick up or let off booked passengers.
As of 2018 there is one scheduled ferry between Port Chalmers and Portobello.
Notes
References
External links
Otago Regional Council
Dunedin
* | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Acetyl group
In organic chemistry, acetyl is a moiety, the acyl with chemical formula CH3CO. It is sometimes represented by the symbol Ac (not to be confused with the element actinium).
The acetyl group contains a methyl group single-bonded to a carbonyl. The carbonyl center of an acyl radical has one nonbonded electron with which it forms a chemical bond to the remainder R of the molecule. In IUPAC nomenclature, acetyl is called ethanoyl, although this term is rarely heard.
The acetyl moiety is a component of many organic compounds, including acetic acid, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, acetyl-CoA, acetylcysteine, acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol), and acetylsalicylic acid (better known as aspirin).
Acetylation
In nature
The introduction of an acetyl group into a molecule is called acetylation. In biological organisms, acetyl groups are commonly transferred from acetyl-CoA to other organic molecules. Acetyl-CoA is an intermediate both in the biological synthetase and in the breakdown of many organic molecules. Acetyl-CoA is also created during the second stage of cellular respiration, the Krebs Cycle, by the action of pyruvate dehydrogenase on pyruvic acid.
Histones and other proteins are often modified by acetylation. For example, on the DNA level, histone acetylation by acetyltransferases (HATs) causes an expansion of chromatin architecture, allowing for genetic transcription to occur. However, removal of the acetyl group by histone deacetylases (HDACs) condenses DNA structure, thereby preventing transcription. In addition to HDACs, Methyl group additions are able to bind DNA resulting in DNA methylation, and this is another common way to block DNA acetylation and inhibit gene transcription.
Synthetic organic and pharmaceutical chemistry
Acetylation can be achieved using a variety of methods, the most common one being via the use of acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride, often in the presence of a tertiary or aromatic amine base. A typical acetylation is the conversion of glycine to N-acetylglycine:
H2NCH2CO2H + (CH3CO)2O → CH3C(O)NHCH2CO2H + CH3CO2H
Pharmacology
Acetylated organic molecules exhibit increased ability to cross the selectively permeable blood–brain barrier. Acetylation helps a given drug reach the brain more quickly, making the drug's effects more intense and increasing the effectiveness of a given dose. The acetyl group in acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) enhances its effectiveness relative to the natural anti-inflammatant salicylic acid. In similar manner, acetylation converts the natural painkiller morphine into the far more potent heroin (diacetylmorphine).
There is some evidence that acetyl-L-carnitine may be more effective for some applications than L-carnitine. Acetylation of resveratrol holds promise as one of the first anti-radiation medicines for human populations.
See also
Acetaldehyde
Acetoxy group
Histone acetylation and deacetylation
Polyoxymethylene plastic, a.k.a. acetal resin, a thermoplastic
References
Category:Acyl groups
Category:Functional groups | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Mary Lou McDonald
Mary Louise McDonald (born 1 May 1969) is an Irish Sinn Féin politician who has served as the President of Sinn Féin since February 2018. She has been a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin Central constituency since the 2011 general election. She previously served as Vice President of Sinn Féin from 2009 to 2018 and a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Dublin constituency from 2004 to 2009.
On 10 February 2018, McDonald succeeded longtime party leader Gerry Adams after a special ardfheis (party conference) in Dublin.
Background
Born in Dublin to builder and surveyor Patrick McDonald and homemaker Joan, her parents separated when she was 9 years old and she stayed with her mother in Rathgar. She has an elder brother Bernard and younger twin siblings Patrick and Joanne. Her sister Joanne had involvement with the socialist republican party Éirígí throughout the early 2000s and is a teacher. Her brother Patrick works as an Intellectual Property lawyer and Bernard as a scientist.
McDonald was educated at the Catholic all-girls fee paying Notre Dame Des Missions in Churchtown where she was involved in debating.
After school, McDonald attended Trinity College, Dublin, from which she received a bachelor's degree in English Literature. She later studied industrial relations at Dublin City University, and also received a Master of Arts degree in European Integration Studies from the University of Limerick in 1995. Her career to date has seen her involved in diverse roles, including consultant for the Irish Productivity Centre, researcher for the Institute of European Affairs, and trainer in the Partnership Unit of the Educational and Training Services Trust.
McDonald became involved with the Irish National Congress, a cross-party republican organisation, and became chairperson in 2000, leading a protest in Dublin against the involvement of the city's Lord Mayor in the unveiling of a plaque at the location where the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland held its first meeting in 1798.
McDonald's husband, Martin Lanigan works as a gas control superintendent for the emergency dispatch division of Gas Networks Ireland, a state infrastructure provider, and the couple currently live with their two teenage children in Cabra, North Dublin.
Early political career
McDonald has been a member of the Sinn Féin party leadership since 2001. McDonald first ran for office when she unsuccessfully contested the Dublin West constituency for Sinn Féin at the 2002 general election, polling 8.02% of first preference votes.
In 2004, McDonald became Sinn Féin's first MEP in the Republic of Ireland when she was elected at the 2004 European Parliament election for the Dublin constituency, receiving over 60,000 first preference votes. She served as one of two Sinn Féin MEPs, the other being Bairbre de Brún who was representing Northern Ireland. In 2007, she was shortlisted for the 'MEP of the Year' award by the European Parliament magazine watching for "making the most valuable contribution in the field of employment policy". During her time in office she led the Sinn Féin campaign against the Treaty of Lisbon, which was rejected in the Republic in 2008. McDonald sat as a member of the European Parliament's Employment and Social Affairs Committee, and as a substitute of the Civil Liberties Committee.
She was an unsuccessful candidate in the Dublin Central constituency at the 2007 general election.
McDonald became Sinn Féin Vice President, replacing Pat Doherty, following the Sinn Féin ardfheis of 22 February 2009.
For the 2009 European Parliament election, the number of seats for Dublin in the European Parliament was reduced from four to three. McDonald was in a tight race for the last seat against Fianna Fáil's Eoin Ryan and the Socialist Party leader Joe Higgins. McDonald lost her seat to Higgins, being eliminated at the fifth count. Her first preference vote had declined to nearly 48,000.
Dáil Éireann
She contested the Dublin Central constituency again at the 2011 general election, this time picking up 13.1% of first preference votes; she was successful in taking the last seat in the constituency. Following the election she became Sinn Féin's Spokesperson for Public Expenditure and Reform and was a member of the Public Accounts Committee from then until 2017.
In 2012, McDonald was awarded 'Opposition Politician of the Year' by TV3's Tonight with Vincent Browne political talk show.
In November 2014, McDonald refused to leave the Dáil chamber despite a vote suspending her, after she had questioned Tánaiste Joan Burton on if the government would allow payments to be taken from citizen's wages or social welfare payments if they did not comply with the payment of newly introduced water charges. Burton, to MacDonald's mind, would not directly answer her questions and was being deliberately evasive and intractable. Her decision not to leave the chamber was in protest of Burton's refusal to answer her questions. She, along with a number of Sinn Féin colleagues, remained in the chamber for four and a half hours. In response the Ceann Comhairle Seán Barrett adjourned the Dáil for a number of days.
After her re-election to the Dáil in 2016 general election, in which she topped the poll in Dublin Central, she became Sinn Féin's All-Ireland Spokesperson for Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, which she held until being elected president of Sinn Féin in 2018.
Leader of Sinn Féin
At the party conference on 18 November 2017, Gerry Adams was re-elected party leader, but announced that he would ask the Sinn Féin party leadership to call for a special ardfheis to be held within three months to choose a new president, and that he would not stand for re-election as TD for the Louth constituency in the next election.
At the close of nominations to succeed Adams on 20 January 2018, McDonald was announced as the President-elect of Sinn Féin, as she was the sole nominee to enter the race. She was confirmed as president at a special ardfheis on 10 February 2018 in Dublin.
In March 2019, McDonald was criticised by some, including Fine Gael politician and incumbent Tánaiste Simon Coveney, for walking behind a banner in the New York City St. Patrick's day parade which read "England Get Out of Ireland". The banner itself had been a part of the parade since 1948, however the appropriateness of its message was questioned in a post-Good Friday Agreement era. In the immediate aftermath of the incident support for Sinn Féin in opinion polls dropped from 18% to 13%, with MacDonald apologising for her actions shortly afterwards, but stated she believed the message to be directed at the British state, not the English people.
Shortly afterwards on 24 May 2019, the 2019 European Parliament election in Ireland and 2019 Irish local elections were held simultaneously. In the European elections, Sinn Féin lost 2 MEPs and dropped their vote share by 7.8%, while in the local elections the party lost 78 (almost half) of their local councillors and dropped their vote share by 5.7%. The result was considered "disastrous" for Sinn Féin. MacDonald stated "It was a really bad day out for us. But sometimes that happens in politics, and it’s a test for you. I mean it’s a test for me personally, obviously, as the leader".
However, at the 2020 Irish general election, the party rebounded and attained 24.5% of the first preference votes, placing them ahead of Fine Gael by 3.6% and Fianna Fáil by 2.3%. It was the best general election result in the modern history of Sinn Féin.
McDonald touted the party's electoral success as a "revolution" and expressed her desire to form a coalition government, declaring that Ireland "is no longer a two-party system". Sinn Féin TD Matt Carthy credited MacDonald's leadership and her ability to clarify Sinn Féin's policies to the electorate with contributing to the stark turn around between the May elections of 2019 and the general election result of 2020. MacDonald's high satisfaction rating as party leader was also cited by others as another contributing factor in Sinn Féin's result.
Controversies
In September 2003, McDonald attracted criticism when she spoke at a rally in Dublin to commemorate Seán Russell, an IRA leader with links to Nazi Germany.
In June 2009, McDonald faced criticism after it emerged her campaign office was selling IRA souvenirs and memorabilia.
In December 2015, McDonald initially backed Thomas "Slab" Murphy, who she described as a "good republican" despite him having been convicted on nine charges of tax evasion, following a trial held in the Special Criminal Court after the last person to testify against Murphy in a court was bludgeoned to death after a 1999 court case in Dublin. She later failed to back party leader Gerry Adams' assertion that Thomas Murphy is a "good republican" after a BBC Spotlight investigation accused Murphy of being a "mass murderer".
References
External links
Mary Lou McDonald's page on the Sinn Féin website
The voices of women must be heard when it comes to healthcare – Mary Lou McDonald TD. An Phoblacht. Published 24 July 2018.
Category:1969 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alumni of Dublin City University
Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin
Category:Alumni of the University of Limerick
Category:Irish republicans
Category:Leaders of Sinn Féin
Category:MEPs for the Republic of Ireland 2004–2009
Category:Members of the 31st Dáil
Category:Members of the 32nd Dáil
Category:Politicians from County Dublin
Category:Sinn Féin MEPs
Category:Sinn Féin TDs (post-1923)
Category:Women MEPs for the Republic of Ireland
Category:Women Teachtaí Dála
Category:21st-century Irish women politicians
Category:Members of the 33rd Dáil | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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