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Coscinida Coscinida is a genus of cob-web spiders in the family Theridiidae, containing sixteen species. Species Coscinida asiatica Zhu & Zhang, 1992 — China Coscinida coreana Paik, 1995 — Korea Coscinida decemguttata Miller, 1970 — Congo Coscinida gentilis Simon, 1895 — Sri Lanka Coscinida hunanensis Yin, Peng & Bao, 2006 — China Coscinida japonica Yoshida, 1994 — Japan Coscinida leviorum Locket, 1968 — Angola Coscinida lugubris (Tullgren, 1910) — Tanzania Coscinida novemnotata Simon, 1895 — Sri Lanka Coscinida proboscidea Simon, 1899 — Sumatra Coscinida propinqua Miller, 1970 — Angola Coscinida shimenensis Yin, Peng & Bao, 2006 — China Coscinida tibialis Simon, 1895 — Pantropical Coscinida triangulifera Simon, 1904 — Sri Lanka, Java Coscinida ulleungensis Paik, 1995 — Korea Coscinida yei Yin & Bao, 2012 — China References Category:Theridiidae Category:Araneomorphae genera Category:Spiders of Asia Category:Spiders of Africa	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Youth Climate Movement The Youth Climate Movement (YouNGO) or International Youth Climate Movement (IYCM) refers to an international network of youth organisations that collectively aims to inspire, empower and mobilise a generational movement of young people to take positive action on climate change. Organisation Formation Since the Rio Earth Summit in 1992, individual youth have been participating in international negotiations related to different environmental and sustainable development issues. With the formation of the European Youth Forum in 1996, and the U.S. youth organization SustainUS in 2001, youth-run organizations began to send delegations of youth to actively participation in these various worldwide negotiations, principally through the United Nations. Individual youth had been participating in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and with the new level of youth organization participation in international negotiations, youth organizations began to identify the UN climate negotiations as a new forum to increase youth participation in. From November 28 to December 9, 2005, the United Nations (UN) Climate Change Convention (COP 11 or COP/MOP 1) took place at the Palais des congrès de Montréal in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Youth delegations from member nations, including the United States (via SustainUS), Canada, and Australia, attended, to advocate on behalf of young people. As a result, the concept of the International Youth Climate Movement was first developed, though it was originally referred to as the International Youth Delegation, referring to the youth delegates at the international climate negotiations. Following on from this in September 2006, the Canadian Youth Climate Coalition was launched, consisting of 48 youth organisations from across the nation. This was soon followed by the Australian Youth Climate Coalition in November, which itself was a coalition of 27 youth organisations from across Australia. In March 2008, the Indian Youth Climate Network joined the Global Youth Climate Movement whilst in June 2008, the United Kingdom ambassadors to the World Wide Fund for Nature's Voyage for the Future programme, Emma Biermann and Casper ter Kuile, created the UK Youth Climate Coalition (UKYCC), after returning from the Arctic to witness the impact of climate change. More recently, coalitions in Africa, China, Japan, Pacific Islands and South Asia have been established with the same mission statement as the International Youth Climate Movement. Structure Across the world, there are youth organisations who have formed coalitions to take positive action on climate change, such as the UK Youth Climate Coalition, which are led entirely by a team of young people. Each Climate Coalition or Climate Network is affiliated to a regional or continental movement. These movements include the African Youth Initiative on Climate Change; Caribbean Youth Environmental Network; European Youth Climate Movement; Project Survival Pacific; Nordic Youth Climate Action Movement; North East Asia Youth Environmental Network; the South American Youth Climate Coalition and the South Asia Youth Environment Network. Consequently, these local, national and continental organisations come together to form the International Youth Climate Movement. Governance The International Youth Climate Movement, although an umbrella term for the movements of young people taking place across the world, is run by teams of volunteers. These teams of volunteers organise themselves into different working groups and form the central organs of the movement, coordinated by a "Bottomlining Team" that helps to organize their efforts, especially at international climate negotiations. Funding The movement is funded by contributions from its member organisations, as well as occasional contributions from organizations like UNICEF and the government of the Netherlands. Members National members of the Youth Climate Movement include: the AYLCF Climate Action Network (France); Australian Youth Climate Coalition; Canadian Youth Climate Coalition; Arab Youth Climate Movement, China Youth Climate Action Network; ECO Singapore; Energy Action Coalition (U.S.A.), headed by coalition organization SustainUS; Project Survival Pacific, Ghana National Youth Coalition on Climate Change; Hong Kong Climate Change Coalition; Indian Youth Climate Network; Japan Youth Ecology League; Malaysian Youth Climate Justice Network; Nature and Youth Denmark; New Zealand Youth Delegation; Nigerian Youth Green Coalition on Climate Change; Russian Youth Climate Movement; Taiwan Youth Climate Coalition; Bangladesh Youth Movement for Climate (BYMC); Young Friends of the Earth; World Alliance of YMCAs; World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts; World Organisation of the Scout Movement, Malaysia Youth Delegation (MYD) and the UK Youth Climate Coalition. Campaigns Alongside the national campaigns undertaken by the domestic coalitions and domestic networks, such as the Power Shift conferences, the International Youth also undertake their own global campaigns, which are coordinated by a team of young volunteers. Conference of Youth The first Conference of Youth was held in 2005, in Montreal, Canada, shortly before the Eleventh Conference of Parties. The event brings together youth delegates for sharing resources, training, networking and collective discussions. It is also an opportunity for the youth climate movement to plan their activities over the course of the negotiations and the subsequent year. The fifth Conference of Youth took place at the University of Copenhagen from the 4–6 December 2009 where over 700 young people from 100 countries are reported to have attended. The sixth was held at the Universidad del Caribe in preparation for the Cancun climate negotiations. The two- or three-day event takes place annually, and it is scheduled each year to be held shortly before the United Nations Conference of Parties, where nations convene to assess the progress of the climate negotiations. Participation at the UNFCCC negotiation process Since 2005, each domestic coalition or network within the Youth Climate Movement has sent a delegation to the United Nations Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC) to represent young people in their respective country. In June 2009, the youth organisations participating in the United Nations climate change negotiations submitted an application to become a constituency. In August 2009, the constituency application was provisionally approved by the climate change Secretariat, making youth the 7th constituency to join the climate negotiations. The official title for the youth participation to the climate negotiations is 'YOUNGO'. The maiden focal points for the YOUNGO elected were Wilson Ang (Singapore), sponsored by SustainUS, and Lina Li (China), sponsored by 350.org, representing the International Youth Climate Movement in an official capacity (despite the provisional status until 2011). Currently, the elected focal points who represent the International Youth Climate Movement are Lauren Nutter (U.S.A.). sponsored by SustainUS, and Jean Paul Brice Affana (Cameroon), sponsored by Jeunes Volontaires pour l'Environnement. They follow 2010-2011 Focal Points, Sébastien Duyck (France), sponsored by Service Civil International and Rishikesh Ram Bhandary (Nepal), sponsored by SustainUS. Throughout the year, there are other opportunities for the members of the International Youth Climate Movement to convene. For example, at the International Youth Summit on Energy and Climate Change in Beijing, China Think 2050 Campaign In 2009, the UK Youth Climate Coalition worked with the Youth Movement, in particular the European Youth Climate Movement and SustainUS to launch the "How old will you be in 2050?" campaign at the United Nations Climate negotiations taking place in Bonn, Germany. The slogan has been used by the Youth Movement since then and was also the focus for the International Youth "Young and Future Generations Day" in December 2009. The campaign seeks to emphasise the need to cut carbon emissions by 80% by 2050 on 1990 levels, as young people will be the ones to inherit this world and decisions made today will have a direct impact on their lives in 40 years time. See also Australian Youth Climate Coalition Canadian Youth Climate Coalition Energy Action Coalition Indian Youth Climate Network SustainUS UK Youth Climate Coalition Young Friends of the Earth Malaysia Youth Delegation References External links Category:Climate change organizations Category:International nongovernmental youth organizations Category:Youth-led organizations	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Polyceroidea Polyceroidea is a taxonomic superfamily of sea slugs, specifically dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the clade Doridacea. Families Families within the superfamily Polyceroidea include: Family Aegiridae - In Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) this taxon is incorrectly spelled Aegiretidae. Family Hexabranchidae Family Okadaiidae Family Polyceridae References Category:Nudipleura	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Qurtlujeh-e Olya Qurtlujeh-e Olya (, also Romanized as Qūrtlūjeh-e ‘Olyā) is a village in Garamduz Rural District, Garamduz District, Khoda Afarin County, East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 606, in 117 families. References Category:Populated places in Khoda Afarin County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yasenevo District Yasenevo District () is an administrative district (raion) of South-Western Administrative Okrug, and one of the 125 raions of Moscow, Russia. The area of the district is . Population: 172,300 (2017 est.). Education Yasenevo is the location of school 3 and 4 of the British International School, Moscow. References See also Administrative divisions of Moscow Category:Districts of Moscow	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
ITunes Originals – Sarah McLachlan iTunes Originals – Sarah McLachlan is a 2005 digital download-only compilation album by Sarah McLachlan, released exclusively on iTunes. These tracks include interviews, new versions of pre-existing songs not released on any other CD, and original songs that have been released on previous CDs. The album was the top-selling digital-only album of 2005. Track listing "iTunes Originals" 0:04 "Adia" 4:02 "Writing the First Song" 1:14 "Out of the Shadows" 4:58 "The First Song That Made Me Feel Good About Being a Song Writer" 1:17 "Ben's Song" 4:52 "A Pivotal Change and a Lesson Learned" 2:27 "The Path of Thorns (Terms)" 5:45 "A Stalker Song" 2:11 "Possession (iTunes Originals Version)" 4:29 "A Tragic Love Story" 0:50 "Hold On" 4:08 "Letting Go" 1:36 "Ice Cream (iTunes Originals Version)" 2:30 "There's no Mathematical Equation" 0:50 "Building A Mystery" 4:06 "Angel Emmylou" 1:57 "Angel (Live at Lilith Fair, w/ Emmylou Harris)" 5:55 "The First Step Towards Self-Reinvention" 1:26 "Fallen (iTunes Originals Version)" 3:32 "The First Truly Happy Love Song" 1:46 "Push (iTunes Originals Version)" 3:54 "Another Afterthought" 1:07 "Dirty Little Secret (iTunes Originals Version)" 3:26 References McLachlan, Sarah Category:2006 live albums Category:2006 compilation albums Category:Nettwerk Records live albums Category:Nettwerk Records compilation albums Category:Arista Records live albums Category:Arista Records compilation albums Category:Sarah McLachlan compilation albums Category:Sarah McLachlan live albums Category:Albums produced by Pierre Marchand	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Yuriy Romanyuk Yuriy Romanyuk (; born 6 May 1997 in Volyn Oblast, Ukraine) is a professional Ukrainian football midfielder who plays for Rukh Lviv. Career Romanyuk is a product of the FC Volyn Youth Sportive School System. Then he signed a professional contract with FC Volyn Lutsk in the Ukrainian Premier League. He made his debut in the Ukrainian Premier League for FC Volyn on 20 March 2016, playing in a match against FC Olimpik Donetsk. References External links Profile at Official FFU Site (Ukr) Category:Living people Category:1997 births Category:Ukrainian footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:Ukrainian Premier League players Category:FC Volyn Lutsk players Category:People from Lutsk Category:FC Chornomorets Odesa players Category:SC Dnipro-1 players Category:FC Rukh Lviv players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dennis B. Sullivan Dennis B. Sullivan (born 1927) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force. Biography Sullivan was born in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin in 1927. He attended George Washington University and Carnegie Mellon University. Career Sullivan graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1950 and was commissioned an officer in the Air Force. During the Korean War, he served with the 80th Fighter-Bomber Squadron. Following the war, he was assigned to Truax Field. In 1963 he was assigned to The Pentagon. Later he entered the National War College. In 1975, he was given command of the 323d Flying Training Wing. From 1976 to 1978, he served as Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations of Air Training Command. In 1981, he was assigned to North American Aerospace Defense Command. His retirement was effective as of March 1, 1983. Awards he has received include the Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, the Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf cluster, the Meritorious Service Medal, and the Air Medal with two oak leaf clusters. He was also a recipient of the rare Intelligence Star, the second highest medal for valor in the CIA. References Category:1927 births Category:Living people Category:Military personnel from Wisconsin Category:United States Air Force generals Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross (United States) Category:Recipients of the Air Medal Category:American air force personnel of the Korean War Category:United States Naval Academy alumni Category:George Washington University alumni Category:Carnegie Mellon University alumni Category:National War College alumni Category:People from Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Nick Miele Nick Miele (born December 22, 1992) is an American soccer player who played as a defender. Career College and amateur Miele spent his entire college career at the University of New Mexico. He made a total of 55 appearances for the Lobos and tallied one goal and one assist. He also played in the Premier Development League for Albuquerque Sol FC. Professional On March 18, 2015, Miele signed a professional contract with USL club Seattle Sounders FC 2. He made his professional debut on March 29 against Whitecaps FC 2. References External links New Mexico Lobos bio Category:1992 births Category:Living people Category:American soccer players Category:New Mexico Lobos men's soccer players Category:Albuquerque Sol FC players Category:Tacoma Defiance players Category:Association football defenders Category:Soccer players from New Mexico Category:USL League Two players Category:USL Championship players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dangerous Games (Armenian TV series) Dangerous Games is an Armenian drama television series created by Anush Petrosyan. The series premiered on Kentron TV on December 14, 2015. Director of the series is Angel Martirosyan, who is also a member of cast. Camera operator is arminian-American Vahe Avedian. Screenwriter is Rafayel Tadevosyan. Production manager is Gegham Margaryan. Sound engineer is Bahieh Claggett. The series takes place in California, United States. Cast and characters Armen Zargaryan as Mark Levon Sharafyan Alla Tumanyan Shahen Badalyan Razmik Mansuryan Khachatur Hunanyan Vahan Margaryan Angel Martirosyan Lusine Gasparyan Susanna Nidelyan Anna Panni Marine Minasyan Hayk Grigoryan Artur Sukiasyan Edgar Rostomyan Albert Diloyan Davit Sargsyan Vartan Torosyan Stepan Babujyan Mkrtich Setoyan Dwayne Johnson Alton Mills Bianca Doria Slim Khezri Stephon Steward Akrem Abdu Destiny Soria Troy Musil Mike Hro References External links Dangerous Games on armserial.com Dangerous Games on ArmFilm.org Dangerous Games on hayojax.am Dangerous Games at the Internet Movie Database Category:Armenian drama television series Category:Armenian-language television programs Category:2015 Armenian television series debuts Category:2010s Armenian television series	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ohio Drug Price Relief Act The Ohio Drug Price Relief Act was a ballot initiative in Ohio that would have made the state pay no higher of a price for prescription drugs than the lowest price that the United States Department of Veterans Affairs pays for them. It was voted on November 7, 2017 as Issue 2 on the ballot. The act was originally going to be voted on in November 2016, but the measure did not receive enough signatures. It was mostly funded by the AIDS Healthcare Foundation, the same organization that backed California Proposition 61. Supporters of the act said that it would lower drug prices and help save the state money, while opposers said that it is unworkable. The initiative did not pass, failing by a 4 to 1 margin. References Category:Politics of Ohio Category:2017 Ohio elections	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Naviforme A naviforme (initially, navetiforme) was a prehistoric boat-shaped house built on the Balearic Islands of Spain. The hut-like buildings date to the Early Bronze Age or the Pretalayotic Period (ca. 2500–1200 B.C.). The building was generally large and had strong walls. It had dual functions for productive activities and living spaces. Examples of Naviformes are found in various villages but good examples have been excavated at Boquer, Sa Vall, and Son Mercer de Baix. The word naviforme originated from the building's resemblance to another prehistoric Menorcan structure, the naveta. Given the resemblance in their construction, the naviform was initially called a "navetiforme", a form of a "neveta", though, over time, the word was simplified to naviforme. When few are found together, it is difficult to distinguish between them, despite the naviforme being a home and the naveta being a tomb. Researchers believe that an extended family averaging 20 people could live in a naviforme. Construction Naviform were constructed of dry stone, using the cyclopean construction technique. A flat stone with a half-buried base underlies the first course of very large stones. They continue upwards with more stones that get much smaller. A cross-section of a wall consists of three parts: the outer wall with the largest stones, the inner wall, corresponding to the interior of the cabin, and between them a filling of earth and tiny stones. The two walls are tilted so that the wall thickness decreases with height and is supported with the filling materials between the two. Although very long, the building has a characteristic shape of a ship. Typical dimensions would be wide, to or long. The great thickness of its walls, averaging makes the useful space of the inner chamber small. Most ceilings were not preserved, but presumably they were of natural material with a pitched roof made of thick branches in the form of beams, and covered with branches, leaves and mud, all supported on a number columns arranged along the longitudinal axis of the building. The only preserved ceiling is made of stone slabs, but it is not believed to be typical, as the fact of its being made of stone may have been the determining factor in its present-day existence. In many cases, there are several attached naviforms, forming groups of up to four. However, these correspond to buildings added at different times. Inside many of them can be found complex structures made of mud and flat tiles, placed horizontally and vertically, that served as a kitchen and storage room. Often found are small walls that divide the room into three or four smaller rooms. These are modifications of Roman times, as many of the huts remained in use for nearly two millennia. Its only entrance is on its flat end. Small holes were located in the ground opposite the entrance, forming a semicircle for a porch. The entrance had a top slab functioning as a lintel, and another half buried in the ground which was the threshold. Beneath this slab, it was common to find remains of a small fire from the ritual opening of the housing. References External links Category:Megalithic monuments in Spain Category:Archaeological sites in Spain Category:Bronze Age Spain Category:Prehistory of the Balearic Islands	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bill Podmore Edgar William Podmore (15 August 1931 – 22 January 1994) was a British television producer. Born in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, he is best remembered for his long association with the soap opera Coronation Street, a series he produced for twelve years (1976–88). Biography Initially a Royal Air Force pilot, he became a TV cameraman for the BBC, shortly after with Granada Television and later, a director. When, as a relatively young man, he was called upon to direct an episode of Coronation Street, Violet Carson (Ena Sharples) with a massive twinkle in her eye, drew herself up to her full height and confronted him - "Hello Bill, welcome...my train leaves at 5.30 p.m.!" Bill was asked to take over as producer of "the Street" in 1976. Initially he turned the offer down flat. As former Street writer John Stevenson recalled in a BBC Radio 2 documentary, "Coronation Street was on a downward slope at the time. Stevenson stated that no-one wanted to work on it, the quality of the scripts had dropped, the storylines were poor and it was becoming something of a joke within the TV industry to have to work on it". Podmore helped steer the programme back onto an even keel. He referred to this as "re-decoration, not demolition" meaning that he intended to capitalise on the strengths he already had there. Thus the Ogdens became a comedic double act yet again, and Eddie Yeats, who before Podmore's stewardship had been nothing more than a petty thug, became the Ogdens' surrogate son and was revealed to have a heart of gold. Bill brought in new characters, such as Renee Bradshaw, and brought minor characters, such as Fred Gee and Vera Duckworth, to the fore. However, it was not all plain sailing. In the early 1980s, Peter Dudley was arrested in a Manchester public lavatory for importuning. Podmore stood by Dudley steadfastly, insisting that although he was involved in a "shameful" court case in reality, whatever Dudley did in his private life was his own business. Dudley later suffered a stroke caused by the stress of the case, and finally suffering a fatal heart attack after asking to be "written-out" of the show. Podmore was, however, no easy touch. The cast referred to him as "the Godfather" for he could be very ruthless. In 1980, he killed Renee Roberts off as he deemed her marriage to Alf Roberts was "not working". Podmore was quoted as saying that Alf Roberts was allowed to emerge "from the shadows of a rather humdrum marriage". When Stephen Hancock refused to sign a new contract, Podmore had his character Ernest Bishop killed off, having him shot dead in a bungled wages snatch at Baldwin's factory. Podmore also sacked Peter Adamson who played Len Fairclough. Adamson had been suspended from the programme after allegations that he had indecently assaulted two young girls at a Haslingden swimming pool in April 1983. Adamson, faced with high legal fees, sold his story to The Sun along with stories about several fellow cast members without permission. Podmore called this "indefensible" and sacked him. Podmore left the series in 1988. His memoirs, entitled Coronation Street - The Inside Story, were published in 1990. Podmore died in 1994 at Cheadle Royal Hospital. References External links BBCi List of Bill Podmore's credits Category:1931 births Category:1994 deaths Category:British television producers Category:British television directors Category:People from Gainsborough, Lincolnshire Category:English aviators Category:Royal Air Force officers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Give Me the Night (album) Give Me The Night is a 1980 album recorded and released by American jazz guitarist and singer George Benson. Reception Released in the summer of 1980, Give Me The Night was produced by Quincy Jones and released on Jones's start-up label Qwest Records, in conjunction with Warner Bros. Records. It charted at number one on both the Top Soul Albums and Jazz Albums Chart as well as number three on the Billboard Pop Albums charts. The album's success was due mainly to its lead single, also titled "Give Me the Night," which rose all the way to the number one single on the Soul Singles chart. Another selection on the album, "Moody´s Mood," was recorded with R&B singer Patti Austin. Certified Platinum by the RIAA, Give Me The Night was the only album Quincy Jones produced for Benson. This album won Benson three Grammy Awards in 1981; Best Male R&B Vocal Performance, while "Moody's Mood" received Best Jazz Vocal Performance, Male and "Off Broadway" received Best R&B Instrumental Performance. Quincy Jones and Jerry Hey also won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Arrangement for the song "Dinorah, Dinorah." Track listing "Love X Love" (Rod Temperton) – 4:45 "Off Broadway" (Temperton) – 5:23 "Moody's Mood" (Eddie Jefferson, James Moody) – 3:24 (featuring Patti Austin) "Give Me the Night" (Temperton) – 5:01 "What's on Your Mind" (Glen Ballard, Kerry Chater) – 4:02 "Dinorah, Dinorah" (Ivan Lins, Vitor Martins) – 3:39 "Love Dance" (Ivan Lins, Gilson Peranzzetta, Paul Williams) – 3:18 "Star of a Story (X)" (Temperton) – 4:42 (originally recorded as "The Star of a Story" by Heatwave, of which Temperton was a member, in 1978) "Midnight Love Affair" (David "Hawk" Wolinski) – 3:31 "Turn Out the Lamplight" (Temperton) – 4:43 Personnel George Benson – lead vocals, backing vocals (1, 3, 4, 5, 7-10), guitar (1-5, 8, 9, 10), lead guitar (6), scat (6) Lee Ritenour – guitar (2, 4, 5, 8, 9), acoustic guitar (7), rhythm arrangements (7), electric guitar (10) Greg Phillinganes – keyboards (1, 2, 3, 10), synthesizers (2, 3), Fender Rhodes (6) Michael Boddicker – synthesizers (4, 5, 8) Herbie Hancock – electric piano (4), synthesizers (6, 7, 9), synthesizer programming (6, 8, 9), Fender Rhodes (7, 8) Richard Tee – synthesizer bass (4), electric piano (5), synthesizers (8, 9, 10) Clare Fischer – Yamaha CS30 (6), acoustic piano (6), Fender Rhodes (6) George Duke – keyboards (9) Louis Johnson – bass guitar (1, 2, 6, 10) Abraham Laboriel – bass guitar (1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8) John Robinson – drums (1-6, 8, 10) Carlos Vega – drums (7, 9) Paulinho Da Costa – percussion (1, 2, 4, 5-8, 10) Kim Hutchcroft – saxophone and flute (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9) Larry Williams – saxophone and flute (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9) Jerry Hey – trumpet (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9), horn arrangements (1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9), string arrangements (1, 2, 4, 5, 6) David Foster – string arrangements (1) Quincy Jones – rhythm arrangements (2-10), vocal arrangements (5, 8, 9), synthesizer arrangements (8) Rod Temperton – rhythm arrangements (2, 4), vocal arrangements (4) Marty Paich – string arrangements and conductor (3, 8) Sid Sharp – concertmaster (1-6, 8) Patti Austin – backing vocals (1, 4, 6, 8, 10), lead vocals (3, 7) Tom Bahler– backing vocals (1, 4, 8, 10), BGV arrangements (10) Jocelyn Brown – backing vocals (1, 4, 8) Jim Gilstrap – backing vocals (1, 4, 8) Diva Gray – backing vocals (1, 4, 8) Production Producer, Liner Notes – Quincy Jones Recorded and Mixed by Bruce Swedien Assistant Engineers – Sheridan Eldridge, Ralph Osbourne and Mark Sackett. Recorded at Kendun Recorders (Burbank, CA) and Cherokee Studios (Los Angeles, CA). Mixed at Kendun Recorders Mastered by Jim Sintetos and Kent Duncan at Kendun Recorders. Art Direction – Richard Seireeni Illustration – Paul Jasmin Cover Photography – Norman Seeff Sleeve Photography – Peter Brill Typography – Anderson Typographics Management – Ken Fritz and Dennis Turner at Ken Fritz Management. Charts Singles External links George Benson-Give Me The Night at Discogs References Category:1980 albums Category:George Benson albums Category:Warner Records albums Category:Albums arranged by Quincy Jones Category:Albums produced by Quincy Jones	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Monasteries in Spain Monasteries in Spain have a rich artistic and cultural tradition, and serve as testament to Spain's religious history and political-military history, from the Visigothic Period to the Middle Ages. The monasteries played an important role in the recruitment conducted by Christian aristocracy during and after the progress of the Reconquista, with the consequent decline in the Muslim south of the peninsula. Their presence in the peninsula dates from the early centuries of Christianity, when the original hermit life gave rise to the formation of religious communities and the construction of small monasteries by Hispanics in the sixth and seventh centuries. Many of these buildings reflect the traditional style of Mozarabic. The second phase was developed with the arrival of the Benedictines of Cluny, during the Reconquista and several new orders developed at this time: Cistercian, military orders, Premonstratensian, Carthusians, Jeromes, Augustinians, Camaldolese and beggars. Monastic communities of various sizes sprang up from Catalonia to Galicia; some of these structures remain while others were abandoned or destroyed. Most of the monasteries in Spain are distributed in the northern half in line with the historical discourse of the zone in the Middle Ages. Monasteries are much less numerous in the south, Andalusia and the Canary Islands. The establishment of monasteries during the Middle Ages was paramount from a social and cultural standpoint, benefiting the arts and agriculture. The Camino de Santiago proved an important factor in locations of these monastic orders, as often an important objective was to support the pilgrims traveling along this route. Characteristics and evolution of the monastery in Spain The first reference to a monastery in Spain was in a letter from St. Augustine to the abbot of the Monastery of Cabrera, written in 398. In 410, the monk Baquiario first used the term monastery in a text written in Hispania. He, as a monk, and Egeria, and the nun Etheria, perhaps more properly a consecrated virgin, were the first such members of religious houses whose names are known. The first monasteries arose in the fourth century and were humble buildings erected in the shadow of shrines dedicated to or graves of beloved local martyrs. Many of these monastic people were troglodytes, or cave dwellers, as hermits or recluses who served as models for later monastic culture preferred to live in caves equipped to be shelters or shrines. Such is the origin of the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla, which preserves as a shrine the cave where Aemilianus, also known as Millán, lived. The caves served as dwellings for disciples of this saint. The practice of living apart from the world was transformed by monks belonging to monasteries; although they lived in communities, the individuals within the community maintained their ascetic practice, living in a remote location, often in the desert. The quantitative success of monasticism in the Visigothic period led to clashes with the secular clergy, and they brought this dispute to the Councils of Toledo. Much of this conflict derived from the social and economic benefits that were accorded as privileges of the monastic life. In some cases, as in the area of El Bierzo, monasteries, such as Compludo and Ruphianensi Monasterium, accepted whole families. Others which served as foundations of Fructuosus of Braga had the appearance of real villages. In other areas, such as Andalusia, monasteries were segregated by gender. Some sources also attributed more extreme features of the hermit movement, such as social protest, to the more extreme features of the hermit movement, especially in areas such as Burgos, Álava and Logroño. This is in parallel with other religious movements as heresy Priscillianist, which survived in Galicia and other areas into the sixth century. In the following centuries, Hispanic monasteries emerged and expanded, developing their own set of similar characteristics, with a purely Hispanic artistic style. With the arrival of the monks of Cluny in the eleventh century, and the order of St. Benedict and observers of their rule, the Spanish monastery complex took on new importance and influence. This is the era of quintessential monastic life and notable edifices. Many of these clusters of buildings have survived to the modern era in various states of repair, although many are now used for purposes unrelated to monasticism. The political role of Cluny and its link with the monarchy and noble houses was decisive in the Europeanization of the Christian kingdoms of the mainland and the formation of feudal society in Spain. With regard to the social and economic role of the Benedictine monasteries, the classic materialistic interpretations—that of a feudal lord overseeing and creating the monastery—are tempered by recent historiography. This study includes other aspects of the communities, such as inclusion in legal and sociological networks, using the methodology of cultural anthropology and microhistory. Following the momentum of Cluny, Cistercians arrived with new works and reforms, followed by the Carthusians. In the thirteenth century the Franciscans and Dominicans, Premonstratensian and Jesuits, arrived. Some of these groups have remained quite monastic. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, numerous monasteries and convents arose, such as the Monastery of the Valley of the Fallen. Recent monasteries founded and built in Spain were: Monasterio de Santa María de Viaceli (Cóbreces, Cantabria), promoted and sponsored by the brothers Manuel and Antonio Bernaldo de Quirós and Pomar and Cistercian foundation in 1909 Convent of San Lorenzo in Oñati, Guipuzcoa, in 1928 Monastery of the Valley of the Fallen (Abbey of the Holy Cross in the Valley of the Fallen), 1940–1958, under draft Pedro Muguruza and Diego Mendez. House of Spirituality of the Dominican Fathers (Caleruega, Burgos), 1952 . Roll Monastery (or Monastery of the Immaculate Conception ) in Salamanca 1961, created by the architect Antonio Fernández Alba . Monasterio de Santa Maria de las Shallots (Hornachuelos, Córdoba), 1986 Foundations Monasteries in this area were historically founded mainly by kings, bishops and nobles. There were a number of reasons individuals might found a monastery, largely self-serving ones: to reserve a burial there, which came with perpetual prayers by the monks on behalf of the founder's soul, sheltering a princess, widow, unmarried or bastard, in the case of kings. Sometimes there were political reasons for founding or protection of a particular monastery; many of the religious houses who protected were located in border areas where battles often raged, such as Castile and León or Navarre, as was the case Matallana monastery (in the Valladolid), or Bujedo-Navarre. Bishops had an interest in building a monastery on which to exercise their authority, especially in the feudal period, as this guaranteed an income. The nobility desired salvation for themselves and his family, plus a demonstration of political influence through sponsoring one of these great works. The monastic vows (poverty, chastity and obedience) were considered an appropriate vocation for younger sons, regardless of the sincerity or otherwise of his vocation, in order to reduce the likelihood of disputes over the inheritance of the firstborn, who would then hold undivided estates according to the institution of primogeniture. This close identification between the clergy and nobility, both privileged classes, survived as an enduring connection during the Middle Ages and the Modern Age to the end of the ancien regime. Other monasteries arose without intervention from the above-mentioned members of society, when a community formed around a shrine. This is the case of the monastery of San Juan de Ortega which originally was a humble chapel founded by the saint to preserve relics of St. Nicholas of Bari Over time, sufficient people arrived to care for the shrine to require the formation of an official community. Or from hermits, in some cases doubling, that were left to be guided by any rule, as the Royal Monastery of Santa María de Vallbona (Vallbona de les Monges), the monastery of Santo Domingo de Ocaña (Toledo) of the sixteenth century has the distinction of being founded by a neighbor who wanted to be close to the preachers. There are recent foundations, of the twentieth century, whose intent is very clear from the outset, as is the spiritual community of the Dominican Fathers of Caleruega (Burgos), in 1952, destined for the convent-school-house of spirituality. The Monastery of Our Lady of the Angels of Palma de Mallorca, in 1914, can be included as a religious house of education, as it was conceived as a major seminary, Novitiate House, Ecumenical Centre College and routinely providing Evangelical Protestants Lutheran Germans. The first Hispanic monasteries During the sixth and seventh centuries, the Hispanic Visigoth cultures are evidenced in a wealth of monastic communities in which ancient tradition still flourished and where the monks themselves supported monastic rule by living it. Many monasteries arose in this period. Some sources consider the Monastery of St. Victorian of Asan (in Sobrarbe, Huesca province) as the first monastery founded in Spain, but more likely, given the existence of references to previous monasteries, the first initiative for foundation of churches sprang from the Visigoth king Gesalec in 506. Other possible inspirations are attributed to Swabians in the northwest, with the activity of San Martín de Dumio, from Pannonia. Other founding saints such as San Donato, came from Africa Játiva. San Fructuoso de Braga founded the monastery of Compludo in the early seventh century and twenty other foundations from Galicia to Andalusia. During the same century, San Leandro and his brother St. Isidore composed their own monastic rules. Morphologically, Hispanic monasteries are clearly distinguished by two concepts: Enclosing the community, which is known by the name of claustra Cloistered units, called domus. The cloister was an enclosure that isolated and protected the monastery and its residents, which is very important to the religious life being cultivated. In one chapter, the San Isidoro rule states: "The mill of the monastery on its premises only have one door and one wicket to leave the garden." It was later advised that the city remain separate from the cloister, and respect that separation. This suggests the building of an enclosure or wall surrounding the buildings and gardens of the monastery. This first is called monastic enclosure or cloister. The second concept is referred to the domus, i.e. the group of houses which constitute the monastery. Documents refer to two different places within the monasteries: domus domorum, or ultimate home, which refers to the church building, and maior domus, which is the served as bedrooms and community activities. According to the surviving descriptions and annotations, the maior domus should be a dependency of high architectural quality and large size, standing next to the church, at the height of the atrium. In the domus as a whole, there were several required dwellings such as the cilla, nursing, the punishment cell, the novitiate, the gatekeeper's shelter. What would be called a chapter house centuries later among the Benedictines was referred to at this time as a conference room in these early Hispanic monasteries. Many documents mention this space and its utility but historians are not certain where it was located. It is known that minor issues monks gathered in the choir. Documentation of these early Hispanic monasteries is abundant and descriptive. However, only a few of the cloisters have been preserved; the rest of the sites are lost and archaeological evidence is inconclusive. Repopulation of the monasteries Many monasteries arose in the tenth century on land reclaimed in hitherto barren areas, no man's land, or abandoned places in the basin of the Duero and Bierzo in León. The monasteries might construct new buildings or small churches, or restore those crumbling and neglected earlier that new monks transformed and supplemented with monastic dependencies. In many cases, these areas were found to be inhabited by small groups, pastoralists, and farmers attached to their land. The monks who created this kind of monastery came from both the South (especially Cordoba, at a time of persecution of Christians in that city) and the North, bringing with them the influence of their region of origin, but without forgetting the traditional Spanish-Gothic forms. The architectural heritage survived almost two centuries despite the abandonment will be restored by these people repopulating. The lands of the Duero valley will witness the revival of architecture over the neo-visigothic 10th and 11th centuries, while the first Romanesque building started in Catalan lands in the year 1000. This is demonstrated in small churches, the only remains of the monasteries of that period that have survived until today (2008). Many of these religious buildings took advantage of those surviving from the Visigothic period and mosques, especially in Aragon first and, later, Andalusia. Building components and ornaments Buildings of this age have much in common, so some generalizations can be made about elements of construction and ornamentation. Primary materials are rubble, stone and wood. Walls are constructed of either masonry or courses of stone blocks. The latter is typical of places with nearby quarries, as slate is often used where it is common. When the building is of masonry, lintels, corners and windows will be reinforced with stone blocks. Vaults, roofs, arches and columns often presented a problem. The builders' ideal was to construct ceilings in stone barrel vault, but this was not always possible, whether because of the high cost of the labor or other technical difficulties. Very few edifices managed to use barrel vaults throughout the building; stone vaulting was often used only in the apses and wooden framing was used in the rest of the building. Smaller churches tried vaulting, but were forced to economize with poor materials, such as tufa stone, brick and masonry. The horseshoe arch design of the vaults is in the tradition of Asturian architecture with some influence from Visigothic art, and in some cases following influence of the Mozarabic Cordoba. The influence of Cordoba art on these buildings is manifested in the ribbed vaults. Santiago de Peñalba is an example of Mozarabic alfiz arches. The arch is a common architectural design, though the Moorish horseshoe arch differs from the Spaniard in that it cannot be close to 2/3 of the ratio Sometimes the same building may include both styles, as in San Miguel de Escalada. The columns utilize techniques used in other buildings and styles, usually Romans. Its discovery by the builders, ownership and carry is a fact and the usual great convenience. Sometimes come from places far from their final destination. Many of the capitals are also reused, those developed specifically for the building following a Corinthian tradition of drawing the characteristic necking stranded (such as wreathed Asturias). Ornamental architecture did not reach a great development. Eaves were decorated, and the openings of the windows filled with beautiful stone lattices. Many times the doors and windows were framed with alfiz. But there are very many entries as a decoration paramental, they are of all kinds; funeral, consecration, foundation, etc. Are written in good handwriting and on the basis of good material, usually marble. Painting Painting was the final step in construction of a church; the building was not considered finished until the walls were painted inside and out. Only a few traces of paint have been preserved over the centuries since, not only is paint the least resistant decorative element over time but also nineteenth century restorations removed or covered up these murals. If the exterior was plastered, the plastering was often scraped off to reveal the underlying material. This trend continued throughout the twentieth century and continues into the twenty-first century. Buildings were often painted with a specific tone and the details on arches, moldings, capitals, imposts and other architectural components would have been picked out in a different color. It is known that the Church of Santiago de Peñalba had a red painted base, 73 cm in height, both outside and inside. Geographical locations of churches of the repopulation Monasterio de San Miguel de Escalada, in the province of León, which was founded by the abbot who arrived from Cordoba, existed at the time of Alfonso III. It was an ancient temple dedicated to San Miguel. The monastery was consecrated in 913 by Bishop Gennadius of Astorga. Monasterio de San Cebrián de Mazote in Valladolid, a town in of Mazote San Cebrián, founded during the reign of Ordoño II by monks who came from Cordoba. Monasterio de San Román de Hornija. It is known from documents, Chindasvinto died in 653 and was buried in a monastery that existed here. In the twelfth century it was a priory of the monastery of San Pedro de Montes in the region of Bierzo, León. Cluny in Spain The church of Santa Maria de Piasca (Cantabria) is one of the most important priories in the service of the Cluniac monastic order of Sahagún. In Catalonia, the abbot Oliba had strong ties with the Abbey of Cluny, but it was strictly a spiritual relationship, and had no legal connotations. Via this abbot, King Sancho III of Navarre established relations with the abbot St. Odilon de Cluny, which resulted in a Cluniac abbot being put in charge of the monastery of San Juan de la Peña. As a result of this action the Cluniac influence spread through monasteries that were in the domains of Sancho III. The spiritual relationship with the Abbey of Cluny continued with the descendants of Sancho III until the reign of King Alfonso VI with whom the relationship moved from being a purely spiritual sympathy to one which has economic ties and political and religious influences. The monastery of Sahagún in León was a central one, as it was the biggest propagator of the Cluniac observance. Alfonso VI became the center of Cluny and became its protector. It was called "The Spanish Cluny", the abbey being more powerful in the kingdoms of León and Castile, which had nearly 100 monasteries. Alfonso was owner of the land ranging from the Cantabrian Sea to the River Duero. Sahagun was a central influence in Spain of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. The Cistercians in Spain The Moreruela monastery (Zamora) was the first Cistercian enclave on the Iberian Peninsula; it was founded in 1133 in the reign of Alfonso VII, followed by the Fitero in 1140, Santa María de Sobrado, 1142, (in Sobrado dos Monxes, La Coruña) and the monastery of Poblet (1150) in Catalonia, sponsored by Count Ramón Berenguer IV of Barcelona. Moruela was part of the great Cistercian group of abbeys consisting of Clairvaux (in the valley of Absinthe, France), the Great Forest (in Languedoc), Fontfreda (near Narbonne) and Poblet. The first cloister for women was that of Santa Maria de la Caridad in Tulebras (Navarra). From this monastery, nuns departed to found the communities of Perales (Palencia), of Gradefes, Cañas (La Rioja), Trasobares in Zaragoza, Vallbona, Lleida and Las Huelgas in Burgos. Cistercian monasteries, both female and male, spread throughout the peninsula. Monasteries of the mendicant orders The mendicant orders (also called preachers) emerged in the early thirteenth century, with the Dominicans and Franciscans. They emerged as a spiritual response, necessary in a time when monastic orders had relaxed the norms and behavior. These mendicant orders proposed a novel mode of action based on direct action toward the faithful and the organizational system that was based on division by provinces. The convents and monasteries of these monks were always very close to or within cities. They were also placed alongside roads, especially in the Camino de Santiago, in order to provide care and support to travelers. The complex of buildings used for the mendicant groups is in keeping with the usual monastic style, but differences arise according to the needs and the work of these monks. Many of the foundation buildings were donations of houses more or less adapted to life in community. The churches were built specifically for the monastic community, or in some cases expanding some existing chapel or shrine), with its own characteristics. The building's acoustics were a primary criterion in construction, as the sermons and talks with the faithful were common practice. Churches were divided into two parts, one for those attending mass and another for the monks' enclosures. These churches did not continue a distinct style but adapted to the current fashion and geographical needs. Another feature was the small number of chapels in the wings, in contrast to the Cistercian churches. This is because the rules do not oblige each monk to say daily Mass, quite the contrary. Francis of Assisi said in the General Chapter "In places where the monks dwell be held one Mass a day [...] but if somewhere has many priests, with a love of charity is happy listening to the mass of the other." Construction materials are typically poor, with a few severe facade sculptures, a polygonal apse with large window openings. The monasteries adapted and assimilated local building traditions to the community's needs, so churches vary depending on geographic location. In Spain there were two models: buildings with a Latin cross and buildings with a single nave with chapels between buttresses. In Navarre there was a proliferation of mendicant convents during the reign of Champagne, especially with Theobald II was defined as chief patron and protector. In Castilla y León were many convents but most which have survived to the twenty-first century are badly deteriorated. Paired Monasteries Paired monasteries were those made jointly by male and female communities, within the High Middle Ages achieved considerable importance. These monasteries had their origin in the monasteries turned into family homes where whole families decided to benefit from religious rules and form a monastic community whose members spent the rest of their days without leaving the house. It was a kind of exalted fashion and later came to commit errors and excesses such that they were reprimanded by the religious leaders. There was a text, Regula Communis, written for these monasteries. This rule made clear the changes in architectural design made necessary by this combining of communities: all spaces should be double so that the female community was separated from the male; they might share only the chapter, but must sit apart. As for the bedrooms, not only ordered that they were separated but well away from each other. In time, these monasteries came to be officially removed, but still, in the twelfth century, a group of thirty-one nuns nicknamed tuquinegras lived with a large number of monks, men who were supposed to protect and who were known by the name of milites. No buildings have been preserved from these monastic communities other than the churches. Monasteries of military orders The Military Orders built their own monasteries which served also as a fortress of defense, though otherwise the houses followed the monastic premise as other monasteries did. A typical example of this type of monastery is the Calatrava la Nueva, headquarters of the Order of Calatrava founded by the Abbot of Fitero, Raymond, at the behest of King Sancho III of Castile, to protect the area restored to the Muslims. Other orders as Order of Santiago, Knights Templar and Canons of the Holy Sepulchre devoted much of their efforts to protect and care for pilgrims on the Camino de Santiago. Monasterio de Uclés (in the current province of Cuenca) was the headquarters of the Order of Santiago since 1174. Montesa Castle (now the province of Valencia) came from the Aragonese Order of Montesa. The Conventual de San Benito de Alcántara was of the Order of Alcántara. Ponferrada Castle of the Knights Templar. The monasteries on the Camino de Santiago although many monasteries emerged along the Camino de Santiago, some have disappeared altogether. Typical of the monasteries' aid to travelers are the thirty-twohospitals or hospices governed by a small community of monks belonging to different orders, but many of the monasteries of this route have also attached their own hospitals. Here is a list of the most important monasteries of this route: Huesca San Juan de la Peña. Affiliated with the Aragonese monarchs and Navarre. Navarra Leyre Monastery, Benedictine, the focus of the Reconquista and refuge of kings and bishops of Navarre. It has an attached guesthouse for pilgrims. Convento de Santo Domingo (Estella), foundation of Theobald II of Navarre in 1259. Monastery of Our Lady the Royal Irache, which is not along the road's route but in a detour from Ayegui. It is one of the oldest Benedictine monasteries in Navarre; it is possibly of Visigoth design. The hospital was founded by García Sánchez III of Navarre in 1051. La Rioja Convent of San Anton in Navarrete, of which only ruins remain. Monastery of Santa María la Real de Nájera, founded by García I of León along with a hospital for pilgrims. Alfonso VI joined the monastery at Cluny in 1079, to promote the pilgrimage, in opposition to the bishop of Nájera who moved to Calahorra in protest. This monastery is the tomb of the kings of Navarre. It has been run by Franciscan friars since 1895. Cañas Monastery (home of Santo Domingo de Silos). Female Cistercian abbey founded in 1170. Burgos Monastery of San Félix de Oca on the hill of San Felices which dates from the ninth century. In 1049, it was annexed to San Millán de la Cogolla. According to tradition, Diego Porcelos, the founder of the city of Burgos, is buried here. The apse is the only remaining structure from this monastic community. Monastery of San Juan de Ortega. San Juan de Ortega founded this place to resemble a pilgrims' hospital rather than a monastery. In 1170, Alfonso VIII relinquished the hospital to the jurisdiction of Burgos, and in 1432 the Church of Burgos took over the Order of St. Jerome. Monastery of San Juan Evangelista, outside of Burgos, a former hospital complex that Alfonso VI began in 1091 under the protection of the Benedictine Abbey of Chaise-Dieu in the Haute-Loire, with San Lesmes as prior. Only the chapter house and cloister remain of the monastery, while only the facade remains of the church convent. Monastery of las Huelgas, which ran the King's Hospital, founded by Alfonso VI on behalf of the pilgrims. The Benedictine monastery of Rocamador was dependent on donations and privileges granted by Alfonso XI of Castile. It was founded to assist pilgrims with a difficult passage between Hornillos del Camino to Castrojeriz. Convent of San Antón de Castrojeriz. This convent was founded by Alfonso VII of León and Castile in 1146 for the Order of St. Anthony, of French origin. The monastery had been reduced to ruins in the fourteenth century with the exception of a Gothic arch to the left of the great portal, under which the road passed. The Cistercian monastery of Castrojeriz emerged in conjunction with the Pilgrims' Hospital founded by Count Nuño Pérez de Lara and his wife Teresa. It was near the Fitero Bridge (Pons Fiteria) the river Pisuerga. Palencia The Benedictine monastery, founded by the lady Mayor in 1035 in the town of Frómista, of which remains only the church of San Martín, a good example of the Romanesque architecture of the twelfth century. Monastery of Santa Clara (Carrión de los Condes), founded in the thirteenth century. Former Abbey of Santa Maria de Benevívere, twelfth century. Only ruins remain. Monastery of San Zoilo, on the Carrión river near Carrión de los Condes, a great center of refuge for pilgrims; the tombs of the Infantes of Carrión are located here. Monastery of Santa María de las Tiendas, also founded in the eleventh century, belonging to the order of Santiago, near Tiendas. Only vestiges of the monastery remain, which the present farmhouse incorporates. Leon Monastery of San Benito el Real de Sahagun, whose Cluniac monks arrived in 1080. This was the main abbey on the peninsula, which expanded to 60 beds for pilgrims in their own hospital. Monastery of San Agustin in Mansilla de las Mulas, disappeared, leaving only the Arco de San Agustín near Pilgrim Street. Lugo Samos Monastery, Benedictine, with a shelter for pilgrims of high rank. The masses were housed in separate houses of the abbey. Monastery of la Magdalena, in Sarria, founded by two Italian priests of the Order of St. Augustine. As of 2007, this monastery is in charge of priests belonging to the Orden de la Merced, and as is traditional, welcome pilgrims. Their adjunct hospital had a reputation for caring for pilgrims. Monastery of Santa María de Loio, in the small village of Loio Lugo. The hermit dwelling was restored by a monk named Limerick. It was the birthplace of the Knights of Santiago to 1170. Almost no traces of its original location remain. Monastery of Villar de Donas, past a place called Ligondé, it is necessary to deviate from the road to get here. It was originally a small convent for members of the Arias family of Monterroso and in 1184 belonged to the Order of Santiago. In 2007, only the church, which houses paintings from the fourteenth century, remains standing. La Coruña Monastery of San Martín Pinario in Santiago de Compostela, former Benedictine monastery, now a major seminary. Caaveiro Monastery, in the Fragas do Eume. Monastery of Sancti Spiritus (Melide) at the front entrance to the Melide Hospital. All that remains is the Romanesque church of Santa Maria, which dates from the eighth century, and is the current parish. Augustinian Convent (Arzúa) with its own hospital in the town of Arzúa; all that remains is church of the Magdalene and part of the fabric of the hospital. Palaces in monasteries The royal palace in this institution is one of the characteristics of the Spanish monastery. Occasionally, already constructed buildings were willingly converted into a palace. Such is the case of Tordesillas, Miraflores and Paular. In other instances, the monastery offered a residence to the king or the nobility when they traveled for matters relating to their own Reconquista or to follow the travels of the courts of Castile and Aragon. In some monasteries the palatial residence required building a new building inside the compound, as in the monasteries of Poblet, Carracedo and Yuste. The monastery of El Escorial was conceived from the beginning with a specific architecture and set of structures to house the monks and the king and his court. Monasteries as palaces Many Spanish monasteries were built from scratch in order to house the tombs of royal families or members of the nobility. To this end, the patrons made large donations of land, money and men. During the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, it was considered of vital importance that the monks keep in their prayers the memory of the dead buried near them in churches, cloisters, or cemeteries, and not only consider this important for the salvation of souls but as a perpetual reminder to future generations how important those buried were. Among the great monasteries which possessed noble or royal mausoleums are: San Juan de la Peña and San Pedro el Viejo in Huesca, in which are buried the kings of Aragon until Aragon joined Catalonia. In the aforementioned monastery, kings of kingdom of Pamplona are buried, when the territory was part of Navarre. Santes Creus and Poblet, kings of the Crown of Aragon. Ripoll, with the counts of Barcelona, before its union with Aragon. Najera and Leyre, monasteries elected by the dynasties of Navarra. San Isidoro de León, at which are buried many of the Kings of Leon. San Salvador de Oña (Burgos), converted into a county and regional cemetery in the second half of the twelfth century. Las Huelgas Reales de Burgos, chosen by the Castilian monarchs. Cartuja de Miraflores at Burgos, where Juan II of Castile chose to be buried, along with his second wife and his son Alfonso. The Salesians in Madrid, where lies Fernando VI (the founder) and his wife Barbara of Braganza. El Escorial, considered as a prototype for the funeral aspects, but is the most modern of all. There are the mausoleums of the royal families of the Habsburg and Bourbon. San Román de Hornija, in Valladolid, which was originally a monastery founded by Chindasvinto Visigoth for his own burial and his wife Reciberga (or Reciwerga). Among the monasteries, cemeteries and burial of the family of the nobility, there are: Loeches Monastery where are buried the Count-Duke of Olivares and his descendants the Dukes of Alba. This is a side chapel. San Francisco de Guadalajara, where the Dukes of Infantado built a crypt. San Jerónimo de Granada, whose founder, Grand Master, declined to be buried there. San Jerónimo de Cotalba in Alfahuir, (Valencia), in which are buried the Infantes Don Juan and Doña Blanca de Aragón. Monastery of Parral in Segovia, which holds the tomb of the Marquis de Villena. Monastery of Santa Paula in Seville, with the Marquis de Montemayor. Santa María la Real de Nájera, which has an important pantheon of the Knights. Porta Coeli monastery in Valladolid, in which is buried its promoter and benefactor Rodrigo Calderón, Count of Oliva, favorite of the Duke of Lerma. Monastery of San Pedro de Cardena, where El Cid was buried and where his wife and daughters took refuge during his exile). In the War of Independence, the monastery was sacked by the French army and his grave desecrated. Monasteries (or convents) as a learning center Some religious communities have education as their main activity. The agencies and the religious way of life is no different from other monasteries, only instead of cultivating the land, their work is channeled to instruction and education. Examples of such religious houses are the Convent of Santo Domingo as the University of Orihuela (known as the Colegio de Santo Domingo) and the convent of San Esteban de Murcia. The major universities (University of Salamanca, Universidad de Valladolid and University of Alcalá) were closely linked to the regular clergy by religious orders who controlled their schools, mostly Dominicans and Augustinians, and the Jesuits from the sixteenth century. In university towns, there were important monastic or conventual foundations, such as the Dominican Convent of San Esteban de Salamanca. Urbanised Monasteries or Convents Some monasteries and convents are located within developed areas; these tend to belong to the so-called mendicant orders, but should not be taken as a general rule. Occasionally, religious houses were built adjacent to communities, neither inside the community or in the countryside, such as Benedictines and Cistercians, and occasionally small hermitages. These urban monasteries are similar to traditional monasteries but have their own architectural characteristics. The buildings are not in most cases surrounded by a wall or fence that isolates, the only walls being those that encircle the garden or orchard. The windows look out onto the streets of the city so it is necessary to protect those inside with blinds. Secular residents of the surrounding community have direct access to the building of the church inside of which there is a closed off area for the monks or nuns. Inside the church, the pulpit becomes a central element because these congregations have as a main goal to instruct and speak directly to the faithful. There are other elements that distinguish convents from monasteries Female convents there are other elements that characterize them, as the existence of a wheel, the only element of contact the religious residents of the community have with the outside. The church building sometimes has an elevated choir and a choir under the feet or a choir under the side of the chancel, separated by a communion rail. Most of these urban monasteries proliferated during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries throughout the Spanish territory. Decline of the Spanish monasteries Many of the Hispanic monasteries were abandoned, forgotten and lost, over time. The medieval monasteries were maintained, although some were plundered and burned, to recover from these tragedies only with new reconstructions. The nineteenth century was crucial for the conservation of these monastic buildings. The Spanish War of Independence brought many calamities; French soldiers were quartered in the buildings in some cases the churches were turned into stables or kitchens. Fires were set for heating and cooking, with the inevitable consequences. Many of the tombs were desecrated in search of possible treasures or for the mere pleasure of destroying, apart from robbery and theft of works of art in wartime. In some cases, it was believed that the destruction would bring about social transformation, as was the case with the demolition of thirty-seven convents in Madrid and the convent of San Francisco (Valladolid). After years of peace, and of building restoration and recovery of scattered pieces, monasteries were again involved in the events of the Carlist Wars, the identification of the Carlist and the clergy, most notably the burning of convents and monasteries in 1835, which included a massacre of monks. Finally, in this century, the various confiscations ended with the realized heritage of most medieval monasteries. Many of their churches were spared because they took on a new life by becoming parishes. In some cases, other provincial institutions and individuals came forward to museums with recovered pieces, including parts of the churches' architecture. The monastic ruins went on to become a commonplace instance of romanticism, and poets and musicians seeking inspiration in them; notable artists include Frédéric Chopin and George Sand in the Cartuja de Valldemossa and the Bécquer brothers Gustavo and Valeriano in the Cistercian Monastery Veruela (Zaragoza). In the last quarter of the nineteenth century, with the Restoration, there was a political climate more favorable to the founding of new religious orders and the restoration of the old. Some monasteries were able to revive the monastic life. In the first third of the twentieth century, political and social critical junctures brought back to light the old Spanish anticlericalism which culminated in Tragic Week in Barcelona in 1909. In 1910, the Law of the lock prevented the establishment of new religious congregations. In 1931, shortly after the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic, came a new burning of convents, but much more serious was the destruction during the Spanish Civil War, with thousands of victims among the clergy. In the last quarter century, both the Spanish state and companies became aware of the great ruined monastic heritage was lost, great buildings abandoned or poorly maintained but still remained standing part of its architecture and began the quest to give them a meaning and relevance, such as rehabilitation for museums, cultural centers, or schools. The architectural complex of Spanish monasteries The monastery and its dependencies eventually consolidated with the Benedictine Order of Cluny in Romanesque period in the early Middle Ages. The monks of Cluny spread throughout Europe and founded the monasteries whose architectural structure would henceforth be an example to follow, with minor variations in some monastic orders, taking into account possible regional differences. External Signs of buildings In many monasteries and convents it was traditional to construct a transept and small chapels that served as a shrine, located in the vast expanse of the garden. Fountains and wells which is usually open in the center or side of the courtyard. A common image was that of the patron saint of the warrant or the title holder of the church. Sometimes the title is kept original to the foundation of the monastery and sometimes switches to receive the relics of a saint local or foreign. Sculptural decoration shields were common, signifying the monastic order as appropriate, those of kings or noble founders or sponsors, bishops (where applicable) and the arms of the city. It is also common to see figures representing the founder. An important addition is the tower or steeple with a bell serving as the municipal clock. The language of the bells was very important during the Middle Ages and Renaissance as well as representing the time, as was the town crier announcing events. The church The churches of the monasteries have some features that differentiate them from those of secular clergy, especially in regard to the chorus, vestries and penitential cells. In all other respects, they follow the same rules and practice space is dedicated to the liturgy, with the center of spiritual life and religious communities. Churches are always oriented to the east, like other Christian churches (except in cases where the place names force a placement). Its plan is a Latin cross transept and apse or apses. They usually have three gates: the main foot, which gives access to outdoor and one in the side wall to access the cloister, used exclusively by the monks, and a third located in the transept, which leads to the sacristy. Side chapels and shrines Monasteries placed several chapels or simple altars in small spaces due to the requirement that the monks had to say daily Mass each. However, in the convents, this need did not exist because there was only one chaplain for the entire community. This reasoning applies to the sacristy, which were more spacious in monasteries than convents. Presbytery The altar would be placed in this part of the church. Placement of the altar was usually connected with a sculpture of the patron saint of the monastery. In some religious houses, this image is tucked into a niche suitable for pilgrims to visit, such as the monastery of the Virgin of Guadalupe. Choir The choir was customarily located in the middle of the nave in the Spanish monasteries, separated from the chancel by the transept. It might also be located in the apse behind the main altar, surrounded by a circular wall. The choir in the middle of the church is an enclosed space that is usually surrounded by a screen. Inside, it is furnished with seating with ornamentation used to instruct artists. Both armrests and backs are profusely decorated with carvings that are iconographic animal symbols, mythology, allegories, genre scenes and so on. In the center of the choir is lectern furniture that supports the great liturgical choral music book, written in large characters that can be read from afar by the monks. The organ was placed in a lateral. The cloister The quintessential medieval Spanish cloister is the Benedictine whose pattern spread throughout Christian Europe. Its construction consists of four galleries called pandas, one of them attached to the south or north nave of the church. One gallery is dedicated always to the chapter house and another small unit. The west gallery houses usually the cilla and laymen, and the gallery border to the church has the refectory and kitchen calefactory. In some monasteries, the profundis room is replaced by the refectory where the monks chant Psalm "De profundis ad te Dominum clamavi ..." Psalm 130 (129) Infirmaries, herbal medicine and herb garden One of Saint Benedict's foremost edicts concerned caring for the ill indigent residents around the monasteries. To this end, the monasteries established hospitals both inside the monastery grounds and elsewhere in the community. Inside the monastery, there was an infirmary which treated the friars themselves and on occasion, ill visitors. As a complement to this infirmary, monasteries often had stores of herbal or botanic medicines, supplied by the monastery's garden. In some cases, this infirmary and associated medical stores might expand beyond the needs of the monastery and the surrounding community. This is true of the monastery of Santo Domingo de Silos, which was founded in 1705 at the request of the town of Silos. It became a famous chemist and recognized in the region, which is today quite well preserved; it is a museum for those who wish to study what these infirmaries were like. One particular display is that of a collection of jars produced in Talavera de la Reina, for the center, with the coat of arms of the monastery. There are many documents about these aromatic gardens cultivated by the monks. In the monastery of Santa Maria de Matallana in the province of Valladolid, reconstruction of the ruins revealed the space that monks had devoted to this garden, growing plants. Another major herbarium was the monastery of San Julián de Samos in the province of Lugo. The apothecaries were served by the monks, themselves specialized. They carried out all relevant tasks for the manufacture of medicines, ointments, and spirits both medicinal and otherwise. Many of these pharmacies have conserved tools such as the stills used for distillation. Scriptorium and library In the High and Late Medieval period, much learning and literature was in the hands of the monasteries. It was there that knowledge was preserved, books were copied and translations made. Many of these monasteries had a scriptorium in addition to a library, furnished with benches, desks and shelves and equipped with pens, parchment, inks and other tools needed for writing and painting miniatures. Judging by the illuminated manuscripts preserved in Catalonia, there is evidence that desks were abundant. The Royal Monastery of Santa María de Vallbona had not only a significant library but some furniture of the period. The library of the monastery of Montserrat has 400 incunabula, despite the ravages of time, and the Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda in Aragon still retains its scriptorium space. Another significant library of the period was that of Santa María de Huerta, Soria, built in the twelfth century and decorated in the seventeenth. In the monastery of Valvanera, the rich library survives, in which there are records which refer to the Polyglot Bible Valvanera, which Philip II removed to El Escorial where it was destroyed in a fire. In Galicia, the famous monastery of San Julián de Samos had a great library that was burned in a fire in the late twentieth century. Cemetery for monks Usually the monks were buried in the cloisters' crypt. The Cistercian monks were buried directly in the ground (without a coffin) and face down. The abbots were buried in the chapter house. Other units One of the most important areas in a monastery is the garden, large or small. It supplied both food and a place for monks to come do penance or for spiritual retreats. The large monasteries had similarly large gardens with all kinds of facilities, from fountains, canals and wells. In some minor orders, the gardens had simply small chapels or oratories. Sometimes inns were built outside the closure area. Over time and with the growing authority of the abbot, the religious houses were wont to build their own house, where the abbot might receive important guests. Larger monasteries provided not only the means for the monks' subsistence but for a strong local economic base, with workshops, foundries, mills, potteries, wineries, and other small businesses. Heritage Despite the great vicissitudes suffered by the Spanish monasteries—fire, theft, plundering, confiscations, laziness—there still remains still a considerable heritage of artistic furnishings. The monasteries tried to move away from the heritage of austerity required of ascetics, without exhibiting any external signs of wealth. Maintaining this position was virtually impossible because of the desire of lay founders, sponsors and donors that their gifts be visible as indications of their power, generosity and position. All these monasteries developed a rich collection of art, and this display did not escape the strictest order in this regard, the Carthusian Order. In the Renaissance and Baroque period, the great chapel altars and those of smaller subsidiary chapels, following the new concept of post-Counter liturgical life. Thus arose the sculpted altarpieces, such as that by Damián Forment in the monastery of Poblet, which resulted in such an extravagant expenditure that the monks rebelled against the abbot. Another example of a huge altarpiece was in the monastery of San Benito el Real de Valladolid, a masterpiece of Berruguete Alonso, which is kept at present at the National Museum of Sculpture in the city. The vestries were enriched not only with the necessary furniture but adorned with works of famous painters, often in valuable frames. Also paintings of kings and nobility often hung on the walls of the churches or cloisters as symbols of or to attract their patronage. Many monasteries have liturgical pieces, and large pieces of jewelry displayed in glass cases along with textile items, such as vestments and clothing. Some monasteries are by themselves a veritable museum of art, like the Descalzas Real in Madrid. Others have opened up within its walls (taking advantage of old farms) where to place a museum and recovered missing pieces, such is the case of Poblet whose museum occupies the area that was the Palace of King Martin the Humane in Poblet. Counted among their treasure are valuable books. Some notable monasteries Some monasteries have historical significance or are simply interesting. The short listing here does not imply that these monasteries are the best or most important, but simply interesting histories. Monastery of San Benito el Real de Sahagún This monastery was important enough that it was referred to as the Spanish Cluny. It was the most powerful and influential Benedictine monastery of the Middle Ages in the Kingdom of León. It was protected and promoted by King Alfonso VI which, among other privileges granted to preserve the protected Urraca also gave the monastery the right to mint its own currency and the Jews of the town as vassals by King Alfonso VII. Its heritage spanned the provinces of León, Valladolid, Palencia, Zamora and Cantabria, thus counting a far larger number of subjects under their jurisdiction than the holdings of other important figures of the time. From the religious point of view, Sahagun was the center from which sprang at the behest of Pope Gregory VII the new Roman liturgy which replaced Spanish Mozarabic Rite. Father Sandoval and Father Yepes listed fifty to sixty monasteries and a large number of churches which depended on Sahagún. The monastery's influence stretched from Toledo and from Cantabria Rioja to Galicia. Monastery of San Benito el Real Valladolid Its founding in 1389 brought a new reform of the Benedictine order under the royal protection of Juan I and the blessing of Pope Clement VII; the "black monks" had relaxed their strictures, forgetting Saint Benedict's strictures so far as to sleep outside the monasteries. This monastery instilled its members with a respect for the example of Saint Benedict. The cloister was the property of the monastery, not only from the spiritual perspective but the physical, with a double gate installed in the entries. The principle was established with toughness and authority of perpetual abstinence, fasting and severity in the monk's practice and in their habitations; it also enforced generosity to the needy in the form of sharing food, money and fuel. Valladolid took the lead in the fifteenth century reforms of the Benedictine orders in Spain, and other Benedictine monasteries became dependent on it Valladolid, as did the Congregation of San Benito de Valladolid, after the papal bull of Pope Alexander VI. To this end, many chapters drafted the relevant constitutions. Monastery of Poblet Poblet was founded by the Count of Barcelona Ramon Berenguer IV. It was one of the four great Cistercian abbeys of Christendom, along with Clairvaux, in Absinthe, France; the Great Forest, in Languedoc; and Fontfreda, near Narbonne). In 1340, Peter ordered the crypts for royalty and nobility to be created, which became an important center for burial. The abbots of Poblet became a very powerful part of the clergy who participated in Parliament; one abbot even became president of the Generalitat. The involvement of the abbots in Catalan wars became apparent. Monastery of La Rabida This is a Franciscan monastery in the town of Palos de la Frontera, in Huelva province. This was an important place in the history of Spain since its participation in the negotiations which took place between the friars and Fray Antonio de Marchena Friar Juan Perez and Colon during the four visits he made. The monks helped and supported Columbus to the Catholic Monarchs, and as such the monastery is part of what is termed "Columbus's Places" in Andalusia. Monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla In this small and humble monastery were first written the annotations or glosses called Emilian Glosses written in "romance", a little- studied form of Castilian derived from Latin, and two or three in Euskera. It is considered the cradle of these languages. Monastery of Guadalupe It had a famous scriptorium which produced a series of illuminated books, many of which are preserved in the museum of the monastery. The medieval image of the Virgin of Guadalupe which was taken by the discoverers of Extremadura to the Americas. This images is particularly venerated in Mexico. Many well known historical figures passed through the monastery as pilgrims: Christopher Columbus, Hernán Cortés, King Sebastian of Portugal, Teresa de Jesus Buenfil, Lope de Vega and Pope John Paul II (in 1982.) Monastery of Santo Toribio de Liebana Founded in the sixth century in the Cantabrian region of Liébana, this monastery held from the eighth century a relic of the True Cross, supposedly the largest fragment preserved. At the same time, the monk Beatus of Liébana wrote two works of great significance: the Commentary on Revelation, of which several valuable illuminated illustrated copies are held, and the refutation of heresy that had spread among Mozarabic Christians under Muslim occupation and Elipando, bishop of Toledo. The monastery regularly celebrated a Jubilee or Holy Year Liebana. Monastery of San Salvador de Tabara This was a two-part monastery of monks and nuns in the Visigothic tradition, founded by Abbot Froila, under the patronage of Alfonso III and located 43 km northeast of Zamora. The excavations brought to light two columnar towers and an arch that led to the lower room of the tower. In this tower was the scriptorium where the monk Emeterio finished illuminating the Beatus miniatures Tabara, initiated by his master, Magio. Emeterio himself writes the following account: "Oh Tábara tower, high tower of stone! It's there in the top and into the first room of the library, where sat Emeterio and hunched over his homework, over 3 months, and all the members crippled by the work of the pen. 52 was finished this book 6 of the Kalends of August, the year 1008 was Hispanic, 53 to the facet hour." This phrase, along with an illustration of the tower workplace, have been highly valued for depicting how such work was in the monasteries. Monastery of El Palancar Founded by San Pedro de Alcantara Acim Pedroso (Cáceres (province)) in 1557, this was considered the world's smallest religious house. Subsequently extended, it retained the original area under the name of the convent. In a tiny space, were built several structures a chapel for the offices large enough to fit only the officiant and an acolyte, to which is attached the founder's cell, which describes Santa Teresa de Jesús this way: It seems they were forty years, he told me he had slept one hour and a half between night and day, and it was the greatest work of penance that had in the early to beat the dream and it was always or kneeling or standing. I was sitting and sleeping head leaning against a maderillo he had driven into the wall. Lying, even if I wanted, I could not because his cell as we know, was not longer than four feet and a half. Monastery of El Escorial Designed to be not only a monastery but a royal residence and as a pantheon of kings of the houses of Austria and Bourbon. It is a monastery known and admired worldwide. Herrera architecture was revolutionary in Spanish art, and El Escorial retains great treasures and its library and art gallery spaces are considered to hold very rich and valuable collections. Monastery of the Valley of the Fallen Located in the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range near Madrid, this led in the years after its building to a great social impact, not only by the vast proportion its construction but its later role in burials. Spanish monasteries in the 21st century Many monasteries have crumbled over the centuries, leaving no trace of their existence. However, some may be described by researchers who have access to related documents. In some cases, these documents only speak of history, but in other cases, contracts or purchases remain fairly accurately related to the buildings. A large number of the monasteries have only the church as a witness of the complex that might be. At other times, ruins remain which are being transformed to a fruitful use. Occasionally buildings which remained intact over the centuries have been converted into a hotel, a school or a restaurant. In none of these cases, has the modern business retained the property the garden or nearby buildings. Also many of these medieval monasteries have regained their original function and survive as a community of monks or nuns. In the absence of patronage and custom or donations, these religious people adapt to modern life with modern media and subsist on the work undertaken by the community's members: confectionery, wine and spirits, cheese, bee hives, poultry farms, textiles and fiber arts, writing scores, dissertations, obituaries, advanced computing, pottery of all kinds, decorated white porcelain, artisanal food, farming, vestments, textiles, caring for sick and elderly, schools and daycare. In addition, about 250 monasteries have a guest house for lay people who must follow some basic rules, with minimal cost. References External links Monasterios y Conventos reales en España (web del Patromonio Nacional español) Monasterios católicos en España en la actualidad Monasteries and Convents in Spain (Spanish National official World Heritage Site website) Catholic Monasteries in Spain at the moment (Catholic site) Category:Religion in Spain Category:Religious buildings and structures in Spain Spain	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Leslie S. Hiscott Leslie Stephenson Hiscott (25 July 18943 May 1968) was an English film director and screenwriter who made over sixty films between 1925 and 1956. He was born in London in 1894. He directed Alibi (1931), the first ever depiction of Hercule Poirot, Agatha Christie's Belgian detective, with Austin Trevor in the lead role. He directed a follow-up, Black Coffee (also 1931), also starring Trevor. During the 1930s, he became best known for his mystery films, also working on portrayals of Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes and A. E. W. Mason's Inspector Hanaud. He worked extensively at Twickenham Film Studios in west London where he was a co-founder. Filmography Director Raising the Wind (1925) A Friend of Cupid (1925) A Fowl Proceeding (1925) Cats (1925) Billets (1925) The Marriage Business (1927) S.O.S. (1928) The Passing of Mr. Quinn (1928) Ringing the Changes (1929) The Feather (1929) Call of the Sea (1930) The House of the Arrow (1930) At the Villa Rose (1930) The Sleeping Cardinal (1931) Brown Sugar (1931) Alibi (1931) Black Coffee (1931) Night in Montmartre (1931) When London Sleeps (1932) A Tight Corner (1932) A Safe Proposition (1932) Once Bitten (1932) Murder at Covent Garden (1932) The Missing Rembrandt (1932) The Crooked Lady (1932) Double Dealing (1932) The Face at the Window (1932) That's My Wife (1933) Strike It Rich (1933) The Stolen Necklace (1933) Out of the Past (1933) Marooned (1933) The Iron Stair (1933) I'll Stick to You (1933) His Grace Gives Notice (1933) Yes, Madam (1933) The Melody-Maker (1933) Cleaning Up (1933) The Stickpin (1933) Great Stuff (1933) Passing Shadows (1934) Keep It Quiet (1934) Flat Number Three (1934) The Man I Want (1934) Gay Love (1934) Crazy People (1934) She Shall Have Music (1935) A Fire Has Been Arranged (1935) The Big Splash (1935) The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes (1935) Annie, Leave the Room! (1935) Three Witnesses (1935) Inside the Room (1935) Death on the Set (1935) Department Store (1935) The Interrupted Honeymoon (1936) Fame (1936) Millions (1937) Fine Feathers (1937) Ship's Concert (1937) Tilly of Bloomsbury (1940) The Seventh Survivor (1941) Sabotage at Sea (1942) Lady from Lisbon (1942) The Butler's Dilemma (1943) Welcome, Mr. Washington (1944) The Time of His Life (1955) Tons of Trouble (1956) Screenwriter Squibs M.P. (1923) Squibs' Honeymoon (1923) The Marriage Business (1927) The Passing of Mr. Quin (1928) Ringing the Changes (1929) To What Red Hell (1929) The Feather (1929) The Sleeping Cardinal (1931) The Time of His Life (1955) Tons of Trouble (1956) References External links Category:1894 births Category:1964 deaths Category:English film directors Category:English screenwriters Category:English male screenwriters Category:People from the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2020 Global Awards The 2020 Global Awards ceremony will be held on Thursday 5 March 2020 at London's Eventim Apollo and will be sponsored by very.co.uk. Roman Kemp and Myleene Klass return to host the ceremony and are joined by Kate Garraway who replaces Rochelle Humes Performances Performances and special appearances include Ellie Goulding, Stereophonics, Camila Cabello, Aitch, Tones and I, Aled Jones and Russell Watson. Nominees and winners The list of nominees was announced in January 2020. Ed Sheeran and Lewis Capaldiwere the most nominated male singers. The most nominated female singers were Dua Lipa and Camila Cabello. Multiple awards and nominations Artists with the most nominations Artists that received multiple awards References Category:2020 music awards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Henry Alvin Cameron Henry Alvin Cameron (February 4, 1872 – October 30, 1918) was an African-American schoolteacher who served as a United States Army officer in World War I. Prior to joining the military at age 45, he worked as a science teacher and coach at Pearl High School in Nashville, Tennessee, and was an advocate for education. During the war he served in France and was killed in the Battle of the Argonne Forest. Early life Cameron was born in Nashville, Tennessee on February 4, 1872, to Walter and Jane Bentley Cameron. His true date of birth in February 1872 has been established from census records taken at various stages of his life and a biographical sketch of himself that Professor Cameron wrote for an encyclopedia of outstanding black Americans published in 1915. Education and career Cameron graduated in 1892 from Meigs High School in East Nashville - the first black public high school in the city of Nashville. In 1896, he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree from Fisk University and joined the faculty at Pearl High School in Nashville a year later as a science teacher. In 1898, Cameron received his Bachelor of Laws degree from Central Tennessee College, a post-secondary school for blacks located at the current site of Cameron School. He married his long-time high school sweetheart, Louise S. Brien, on June 5, 1899. Cameron was an avid sports enthusiast who became the first basketball and baseball coach at Pearl High in Nashville. He also served in a multitude of other roles in the community: President of the Middle Tennessee Teacher's Association, Secretary of the Tennessee Aid Association, Member of the Nashville Teacher's Literary and Benefit Association, Republican, a 32nd degree Mason, Fraternal Member of the Knights of Pythias and the Grand Lodge of Tennessee and President of the Capital City Baseball League, a local baseball franchise consisting of eight teams based in the Nashville area. Military service In April 1917, with a terrible war going on in Europe, the United States decided to enter this conflict against the Germans. Cameron, at the age of 45, took a leave of absence from teaching at Pearl in June 1917 to participate in the war effort. On October 15, 1917, he was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the U.S. Army at Fort Des Moines, Iowa, a facility established especially for training black officers in World War I. On June 10, 1918, he sailed for France and was assigned to Company M, 365th Infantry Regiment, 92nd Division – one of three black infantry divisions in combat during the war. For some unknown reason, the U.S. Army reversed Cameron's first and middle names and he was listed in his service records as Alvin H. Cameron instead of Henry A. Cameron. As an officer, he was a fastidious and capable leader who always cared about the safety and well-being of the men under his command. They succeeded in winning many battles against a fierce and determined German army in the face of insurmountable odds which unfortunately included overt discrimination received from his own U.S. Army superiors. On October 30, 1918, during the Battle of the Argonne Forest in France - one of the bloodiest battles of the war - Cameron was killed in action while on a scout patrol with his unit. He was the first of only three black men appointed officers in World War I from Tennessee and the first black officer to die from Tennessee. Cameron's body was not brought back to Nashville. His remains are still located in France at the St. Mihiel American Cemetery in Thiaucourt, France. Honors and awards Posthumous medals conferred upon Cameron for his actions during World War I include: the Croix de guerre (awarded by the French); the Meuse-Argonne with St. Die defensive clasps; the World War I Victory Medal with battle clasps and the Purple Heart. Nevertheless, a year later in 1919, with the introduction of American Legion posts all over the U.S., the Henry A. Cameron Post 6 in Nashville, Tennessee was established in his honor. It was one of the first American Legion posts named after an African American and is still in operation today. Additionally, on November 26, 1928, in a show of honor and respect for Cameron, the Nashville City School Board named Cameron School in his honor. A large-scale photo of Cameron now hangs in the lobby of Cameron School. References External links Cameron Alumni website Category:1872 births Category:1918 deaths Category:People from Nashville, Tennessee Category:Fisk University alumni Category:African-American schoolteachers Category:American schoolteachers Category:United States Army officers Category:African-American military personnel Category:American military personnel killed in World War I	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mario Fraschini Mario Fraschini (24 November 1938 - 1983) was an Italian sprinter, who won two medals at the Summer Universiade with the Italy national relay team. He was born in Pizzighettone, Italy Biography Mario Fraschini participated at one edition of the Summer Olympics (1960), he has 19 caps in national team from 1958 to 1965. Achievements National championships Mario Fraschini has won 6 times the individual national championship. 5 wins on 400 metres (1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1963) 1 wins on 800 metres (1960) See also Italy national relay team References External links Category:1938 births Category:1983 deaths Category:Italian male sprinters Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1960 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic athletes of Italy Category:Athletes of Fiamme Oro Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field) Category:Universiade silver medalists for Italy Category:Universiade bronze medalists for Italy	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sheikh Sujat Mia Sheikh Sujat Mia is a Bangladesh Nationalist Party politician and the former Member of Parliament from Habiganj-1. He was the member of parliament from 2011 to 2014 and sixth Jatiya Sangsad elections held on 15 February 1996 Career Mia was elected to parliament in 2011 in a by-election from Habiganj-1 as a Bangladesh Nationalist Party candidate. The by-elections were called following the death of incumbent Member of Parliament Dewan Farid Gazi. References Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians Category:Living people Category:9th Jatiya Sangsad members Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Arman Manookian Arman Tateos Manookian (; May 15, 1904 – May 10, 1931) was an Armenian-American painter best known for his works depicting Hawaiian scenes. Early life Manookian was the oldest of three children born to a Christian Armenian family in Istanbul. As a teenager, he survived the Armenian Genocide. Manookian immigrated to the United States in 1920. At the age of 16 he studied illustration at the Rhode Island School of Design. Later he took classes at the Art Students League of New York before enlisting in the United States Marine Corps in 1923. While serving in the U. S. Marine Corps he was assigned as a clerk to the author and historian, Major Edwin North McClellan. Career In 1927, Manookian was honorably discharged from the Marine Corps, but remained in Hawaii. He worked for the Honolulu Star-Bulletin and for Paradise of the Pacific. While in the Marines, Manookian had supplied illustrations for Leatherneck Magazine and produced about 75 ink drawings for McClellan’s history of the United States Marine Corps, which was never published. These drawings are now in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art. His oil paintings are rare and highly valued based on their almost iconic status and scarcity due to his early death, by suicide, in 1931. Only 31 of his oil paintings are known to exist. The Honolulu Academy of Arts held a memorial exhibition shortly after Manookian’s death and a retrospective exhibition titled Meaning in Color/Expression in Line: Arman Manookian’s Modernism Nov. 4, 2010 through April 24, 2011. The Bishop Museum and the Honolulu Museum of Art are among the public collections holding works by Arman T. Manookian. According to the State of Hawaii's House of Representatives, he is "known as Hawaii's Van Gogh". In early 2010 a group of seven Manookian paintings owned by the Hotel Hana-Maui were removed from public display. They were the only Manookian oil paintings known to be on public display anywhere in the world. Two of the murals, Red Sails and Hawaiian Boy and Girl, are now on long-term loan to the Honolulu Museum of Art. From July 3, 2014, to January 11, 2015, a number of Manookian paintings were on display at the Honolulu Museum of Art including Red Sails, Hawaiian Boy and Girl, Breadfruit, Pele, and Weaver. References Forbes, David W., Encounters with Paradise: Views of Hawaii and its People, 1778-1941, Honolulu Academy of Arts, 1992, 212-256. Gard, Rowan, “Escape into Color”, Innov8, Mar/April 2011, pp. 36–39. Papanikolas, Theresa, "Meaning in Color/ Expression in Line: Arman Manookian’s Modernism", Honolulu Academy of Arts, Vol. 82, No. 6, Nov/Dec 2010, pp. 4–5. Papanikolas, Theresa and DeSoto Brown, Art Deco Hawai'i, Honolulu, Honolulu Museum of Art, 2014, , pp. 86–93 Sandulli, Justin M., Troubled Paradise: Madge Tennent at a Hawaiian Crossroads, Durham, NC: Duke University, 2016. Seed, John, Seed, John Seed, John A., Arman Manookian: An Armenian Artist in Hawai'i, Published by blurb.com, 2011, 36. Severson, Don R., Finding Paradise, Island Art in Private Collections, University of Hawaii Press, 2002, 124. Notes Category:1904 births Category:1931 deaths Category:Armenian painters Category:American muralists Category:American people of Armenian descent Category:Art Students League of New York alumni Category:Artists who committed suicide Category:Artists from Hawaii Category:Armenians of the Ottoman Empire Category:Ottoman emigrants to the United States Category:United States Marines Category:Artists from Istanbul Category:Painters from Hawaii Category:20th-century American painters Category:American male painters	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Defendant, Stand Up! Defendant, Stand Up! (Italian: Imputato, alzatevi!) is a 1939 Italian comedy film directed by Mario Mattoli and starring Erminio Macario, Ernesto Almirante and Greta Gonda. It was shown as part of a retrospective on Italian comedy at the 67th Venice International Film Festival. It was shot at the Cinecittà Studios in Rome. The film's sets were designed by the art director Piero Filippone. Plot Italy, late 1930s. Cipriano, nurse and handyman in the pediatric clinic of a doctor his foster brother, is wrongly accused of having committed a murder. The process, however, proves his innocence, and Cipriano become so popular as to obtain a theatrical writing for a show that tells the true story of the murder. But the culprit is still there. Cast Erminio Macario as Cipriano Duval Leila Guarni as Giorgetta Ernesto Almirante as André Copersche, il presidente del tribunal Greta Gonda as La cantante afona Enzo Biliotti as L'avvocato Gaveneau Carlo Rizzo as Il medico Armando Migliari as Il ladro Vetriolo Lola Braccini as La portinaia Arturo Bragaglia as Il proprietario del tabarin 'Mariette' Felice Romano as Il commissario Lauro Gazzolo as L'uomo dagli schiaffi References Bibliography Ernesto G. Laura. Comedy Italian Style. A.N.I.C.A., 1981. External links Category:1939 films Category:1930s comedy films Category:Italian films Category:Italian comedy films Category:Italian-language films Category:Italian black-and-white films Category:Films directed by Mario Mattoli Category:Films shot at Cinecittà Studios Category:Courtroom films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Software assurance Software assurance (SwA) is defined as "the level of confidence that software is free from vulnerabilities, either intentionally designed into the software or accidentally inserted at any time during its lifecycle, and that the software functions in the intended manner." The main objective of software assurance is to ensure that the processes, procedures, and products used to produce and sustain the software conform to all requirements and standards specified to govern those processes, procedures, and products. A secondary objective of software assurance is to ensure that the software-intensive systems we produce are more secure. For such software-intensive systems, a preventive dynamic and static analysis of the potential vulnerabilities is required, and holistic, system-level understanding is recommended. As stated by Gary McGraw, "Design flaws account for 50% of security problems. One can't find design defects by staring at code. A higher-level understanding is required. That's why architectural risk analysis plays an essential role in any solid software security program." Alternate definitions United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) According to the DHS, software assurance addresses: Trustworthiness - No exploitable vulnerabilities exist, either maliciously or unintentionally inserted; Predictable Execution - Justifiable confidence that software, when executed, functions as intended; Conformance - Planned and systematic set of multi-disciplinary activities that ensure software processes and products conform to requirements, standards/ procedures. Contributing SwA disciplines, articulated in Bodies of Knowledge and Core Competencies: Software Engineering, Systems Engineering, Information Systems Security Engineering, Information Assurance, Test and Evaluation, Safety, Security, Project Management, and Software Acquisition. Software assurance is a strategic initiative of the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to promote integrity, security, and reliability in software. The SwA Program is based upon the National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace - Action/Recommendation 2-14: “DHS will facilitate a national public-private effort to promulgate best practices and methodologies that promote integrity, security, and reliability in software code development, including processes and procedures that diminish the possibilities of erroneous code, malicious code, or trap doors that could be introduced during development.” There are open-source software tools for software assurance that help identify potential security vulnerabilities. United States Department of Defense (DoD) For the DoD, SwA is defined as "the level of confidence that software functions only as intended and is free of vulnerabilities, either intentionally or unintentionally designed or inserted as part of the software, throughout the life cycle. DoD is developing SwA as a sound systems engineering practice as demonstrated by two recent publications funded by JFAC with development led by the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) and expert practitioners within the Military Services and NSA. The Program Manager's SwA Guidebook shows how SwA should be planned, resourced, and managed while the Developer's SwA Guidebook recommends tailorable technical practices throughout the life cycle. Both of these documents are the first of their kind, and awarded. The two enterprise-scale organizations in DoD building SwA capability are the Joint Federated Assurance Center (JFAC) and the DoD SwA Community of practice which has operated as a quarterly collegial forum 32 consecutive gatherings. Both are open to other parts of the US Government. The JFAC Charter is available at its website. To develop wider situational awareness of the families of SwA tools commercially available, JFAC funded the Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA) to produce the State of the Art Resource (SOAR). A recent innovation in "engineering-in" SwA throughout the life cycle is coupling selected NIST 800-53 controls to engineering tasks so that the engineering results define the Risk Management Framework (RMF) and drive the Authority to Operate (ATO). A package including Data Item Descriptions (DIDs), machine-readable vulnerability report formats, and a brief overviewing application of the techniques is available at the JFAC website. Other disruptive innovations are in process. Software Assurance Metrics and Tool Evaluation (SAMATE) project According to the NIST SAMATE project, software assurance is "the planned and systematic set of activities that ensures that software processes and products conform to requirements, standards, and procedures to help achieve: Trustworthiness - No exploitable vulnerabilities exist, either of malicious or unintentional origin, and Predictable Execution - Justifiable confidence that software, when executed, functions as intended." National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) According to NASA, software assurance is a "planned and systematic set of activities that ensures that software processes and products conform to requirements, standards, and procedures. It includes the disciplines of Quality Assurance, Quality Engineering, Verification and Validation, Nonconformance Reporting and Corrective Action, Safety Assurance, and Security Assurance and their application during a software life cycle." The NASA Software Assurance Standard also states: "The application of these disciplines during a software development life cycle is called Software Assurance." Object Management Group (OMG) According to the OMG, Software Assurance is “justifiable trustworthiness in meeting established business and security objectives.” OMG's SwA Special Interest Group (SIG), works with Platform and Domain Task Forces and other software industry entities and groups external to the OMG, to coordinate the establishment of a common framework for analysis and exchange of information related to software trustworthiness by facilitating the development of a specification for a Software Assurance Framework that will: Establish a common framework of software properties that can be used to represent any/all classes of software so software suppliers and acquirers can represent their claims and arguments(respectively), along with the corresponding evidence, employing automated tools (to address scale) Verify that products have sufficiently satisfied these characteristics in advance of product acquisition, so that system engineers/integrators can use these products to build (compose) larger assured systems with them Enable industry to improve visibility into the current status of software assurance during development of its software Enable industry to develop automated tools that support the common framework. Software Assurance Forum for Excellence in Code (SAFECode) According to SAFECode, software assurance is “confidence that software, hardware and services are free from intentional and unintentional vulnerabilities and that the software functions as intended.” Webopedia According to Webopedia, Software Quality Assurance, abbreviated as SQA, and also called "software assurance", is a level of confidence that software is free from vulnerabilities, either intentionally designed into the software or inserted at any time during its lifecycle, and that the software functions in the intended manner." As indicated in the Webopedia definition, the term "software assurance" has been used as a shorthand for Software Quality Assurance (SQA) when not necessarily considering security or trustworthiness. SQA is defined in the Handbook of Software Quality Assurance as: "the set of systematic activities providing evidence of the ability of the software process to produce a software product that is fit to use." Initiatives A US federally funded initiative is called Software Assurance, which is jointly funded by DHS, DOD and NIST, and runs the Build Security In (BSI) website. Why does software assurance matter? Many business activities and critical functions—from national defense to banking to healthcare to telecommunications to aviation to control of hazardous materials—depend on the correct, predictable operation of software. These activities could be seriously disrupted were the software-intensive systems that they rely on to fail. See also Software Quality Assurance References External links DHS "Build Security In" information resource DHS SwA Community of Practice portal NIST Software Assurance Metrics and Tool Evaluation (SAMATE) project Object Management Group SwA SIG Software Assurance Consortium Software Assurance Forum for Excellence in Code (SAFECode) NASA Software Assurance Guidebook and Standard (see quality assurance in IEEE 610.12 IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology). Software Security Assurance State of the Art Report (SOAR) Category:Quality assurance Category:Software quality	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
K3 Kan Het! K3 Kan Het! is a series with the Flemish girlsband K3. In this series the girls are searching for adventures with their fans, where they make the wish of their fans come true. There were 2 seasons aired with 13 episodes each. The first episode was aired 3 May 2014. Plot Karen, Kristel and Josje make the wishes of the kids come true. In every episode they fill three wishes, one by Karen, one by Kristel and one by Josje. Mostly it is something with adventure like a helicopter flight or training dogs, but sometimes it's an easy wish like being famous for one day. Cast Karen Damen Kristel Verbeke Josje Huisman Voice-over = Kobe Van Herwegen Crew Producer: Anja Van Mensel Concept: Gert Verhulst and Hans Bourlon Creative Producer: Sven Duym Executive Producer: Tinne Liipens References vtmkzoom studio100fan category:Belgian children's television programmes Category:Dutch children's television series Category:Belgian music television programmes Category:Dutch music television series Category:2014 Dutch television series debuts Category:2014 Belgian television series debuts Category:2015 Dutch television series endings Category:2015 Belgian television series endings	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Philippa Nikulinsky Philippa Mary Nikulinsky (born 1942) is an artist and botanical illustrator based in Western Australia. Biography Nikulinsky was born in Kalgoorlie in 1942, a remote region in central Western Australia. She began working as an illustrator of natural history in the mid 1970s, specialising in plants from harsh environments. Her illustrations have been included in many books and magazines. She is the author or coauthor of books on plants, animals, and their environment. Other works include the cover art for Landscope, scientific journals, and other publications. Nikulinsky’s career focuses on a lifetime fascination with the flora and fauna of the arid lands of Western Australia. For nearly 50 years Philippa has travelled throughout this enormous state to record, draw and paint its phenomenal natural history. She has shared her gift for watercolour painting through teaching, exhibitions, commissioned works and publications. Nikulinsky has made contributions to Flora of Australia. She is the author of a work on Banksia menziesii (Firewood Banksia), provided illustrations and text to Life on the Rocks (with Stephen Hopper), and a large format art book called Soul of the Desert. Many of her works include several organisms, illustrating the ecological relationships of the primary subject, and are noted for possessing high levels of detail while still maintaining a sense of spontaneity. As with other botanical illustrators, she works primarily in watercolour. In 2011 Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh visited Perth for the meeting of Commonwealth Heads of Government (CHOGM). During the visit, the Premier of Western Australia presented the Queen with a gift of Philippa’s limited edition publication ‘Wildflowers of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia’ on behalf of the State government and the people of Western Australia. Her latest collection of work, Cape Arid includes paintings by her husband Alex Nikulinsky and is held at the world-renowned COMO The Treasury Hotel in Perth. In 2016, Prince Charles opened the hotel and was presented with a work from the series. On 26 January 2016 Nikulisnky was awarded Member (AM) in the general division of the Order of Australia, "for significant service to the visual arts as a botanical painter and illustrator, to professional associations, and as an author." Ceramics From 1995 to 2005 Nikulinsky was commissioned to design and paint Australian plants and animals for use on dinnerware produced by Australian Fine China. These were sold throughout the world. Works From 1990 to 2006 Nikulinsky painted the cover illustration of the quarterly magazine ‘Landscope’ for the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management. In 2004 Philippa was commissioned to paint leschenaultia for the May 2004 edition of ‘Curtis’, the magazine produced by the Kew Gardens in the United Kingdom. Nikulinsky has been praised for her work on Banksia menziesii, describing each stage of the reproductive cycle. The inflorescence of banksias is regarded as one of the most challenging subjects to depict. The brief text is accompanied by a series of extraordinary illustrations, both endpapers showing a seed of the species. Flowering Plants of the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia: Goldfields of Western Australia. (1986) International Specialized Book Services. BANKSIA MENZIESII (1992) Philippa Nikulinsky. Fremantle Arts Centre Press. . Life on the Rocks: The Art of Survival (1999) Philippa Nikulinsky and Stephen D. Hopper. Fremantle Arts Centre Press . Wildflowers in WatercolourPhilippa Nikulinsky. Fremantle Arts Centre Press (November 2000) . 1999 Australian Wildflower Diary (2000). Philippa Nikulinsky. International Specialized Book Services. . Soul of the Desert (2000) Philippa Nikulinsky and Stephen D. Hopper. Fremantle Arts Centre Press (October 2005). Cape Arid (2012) Philippa and Alex Nikulinsky. Fremantle Press. References See also List of Australian botanical illustrators Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:Botanical illustrators Category:People from Kalgoorlie Category:Members of the Order of Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
British Journal of Educational Technology The British Journal of Educational Technology is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley on behalf of the British Educational Research Association. The journal covers developments in educational technology and articles cover the whole range of education and training, concentrating on the theory, applications, and development of educational technology and communications. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 2.588, ranking it 31st out of 243 journals in the category "Education & Educational Research. References External links Category:Education journals Category:Bimonthly journals Category:English-language journals Category:Educational technology journals Category:Publications established in 1970 Category:Wiley-Blackwell academic journals Category:1970 establishments in the United Kingdom Category:Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies of the United Kingdom	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Saint-Eugène-Sainte-Cécile Église Saint-Eugène-Sainte-Cécile is a Roman Catholic church located at 6 rue Sainte-Cécile in the 9th arrondissement of Paris. In 1983 it was designated as a monument historique in its entirety. Designed in the Neo-Gothic style by Louis-Auguste Boileau and Louis-Adrien Lusson, the church was the first in France to use an entirely iron-framed construction. The first stone was laid in 1854, and the building was completed in 1855. History The parish of Saint-Eugène was created in 1854 to serve the growing population of the Faubourg Poissonnière district, at the time considered a suburb of Paris. The parish was entrusted to Abbé Coquand. The abbé helped finance the construction of the parish church on a piece of land which he owned. He specified that the style should reflect that of the 13th century, a time in the history of Christianity idealised by the 19th-century French Romantic movement. In order to minimize the cost of construction and maximize the interior space on the relatively small site, the abbé also suggested an iron-framed construction, which had hitherto only been used for industrial buildings. Louis-Adrien Lusson had been originally commissioned to design the building. It was subsequently entrusted to Louis-Auguste Boileau, although Lusson remained involved in the design of its interior. Boileau had previously written a treatise on monumental architecture in which he championed the use of iron construction. The church was completed in 20 months. The first stone was laid in June 1854 and the building was inaugurated at Christmas 1855. It was dedicated to in honour of Empress Eugènie (the wife of Napoleon III) who was present at the inauguration. The church's design and iron construction provoked a controversy which was played out on the pages of the Journal des Debats in 1856 with Viollet-le-Duc accusing Boileau of being a mechanic rather than an architect and describing the church's Neo-Gothic design as a "pastiche of bad taste". Although the church remains dedicated solely to Saint Eugène, in the 20th century the name of Saint Cecilia, the patron saint of musicians, was added to reflect the church's proximity to the Paris Conservatory. Saint-Eugène's liturgy includes Solemn High Masses sung in Latin. Interior Saint-Eugène's colorful interior is marked by its iron piers and mouldings painted in vivid blues, reds and greens, the mosaic tiled floor, and multiple stained glass windows. The main windows are largely the work of Louis-Adrien Lusson and . Eugène-Stanislas Oudinot created the church's set of Stations of the Cross which is the only known example realized entirely in stained glass. The large pipe organ was built by Joseph Merklin and had been exhibited at the 1855 Exposition Universelle in Paris prior to being installed in the church. People associated with the church Clergy associated with Saint-Eugène include Albert Le Nordez who gave conferences for Christian women there in the 1890s and Jean-Pierre Batut who was the church's pastor from 2007 to 2009. Renaud de Vilbac was the church's first organist. He was succeeded by Raoul Pugno who served from 1871 until 1892. Pierre Pincemaille was titular organist between 1982 and 1987. The wedding of Jules Verne to Honorine Morel took place at Saint-Eugène on 10 January 1857. The funeral of Léon Battu was held at the church in 1857 as were the funerals of Louis Clapisson in 1866, Camille Corot in 1875 and Clairville in 1879. References External links Category:Roman Catholic churches in the 9th arrondissement of Paris Category:Gothic Revival church buildings Category:Gothic Revival architecture in France Category:Roman Catholic churches completed in 1855 Category:Monuments historiques of Paris	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1999 WNBA Playoffs The 1999 WNBA Playoffs was the postseason for the Women's National Basketball Association's 1999 season which ended with the Western Conference champion Houston Comets beating the Eastern Conference champion New York Liberty, 2-1. Cynthia Cooper was named the MVP of the Finals. The Comets completed a three-peat. Road to the playoffs Eastern Conference Western Conference Note:Teams with an "X" clinched playoff spots. Playoffs First Round - Charlotte defeats Detroit, 1-0 Charlotte 60, Detroit 54 (Aug. 24) - Los Angeles defeats Sacramento, 1-0 L.A. 71, Sacramento 58 (Aug. 24) Conference Finals - Houston defeats Los Angeles, 2-1 Los Angeles 75, Houston 60 (Aug. 26) Houston 83, Los Angeles 55 (Aug. 29) Houston 72, Los Angeles 62 (Aug. 30) - New York defeats Charlotte, 2-1 Charlotte 78, New York 67 (Aug. 27) New York 74, Charlotte 70 (Aug. 29) New York 69, Charlotte 54 (Aug. 30) WNBA Finals - Houston defeats New York, 2-1 Houston 73, New York 60 (Sept. 2) New York 68, Houston 67 (Sept. 4) Houston 59, New York 47 (Sept. 5) Aftermath The two teams would meet each other again in the 2000 WNBA Finals. See also List of WNBA Champions References Playoffs Category:Women's National Basketball Association Playoffs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Monument to the Shoemaker The Monument to the Shoemaker () is a public sculpture in Novo Hamburgo, southern Brazil. It was designed by the artist Flávio Scholles in homage to the workers of shoe factories in Novo Hamburgo, and was inaugurated on 1 May 1979. The sculpture is located on a roundabout at the junction of Av. Nações Unidas and Av. Nicolau Becker. The six vertical elements represent the six days the workers worked each week, under an eight-hour clock, representing eight hours a day working on the production lines. References Category:Novo Hamburgo Category:Buildings and structures in Rio Grande do Sul Category:Monuments and memorials in Brazil Category:Tourist attractions in Rio Grande do Sul Category:1979 sculptures	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Varizone Varizone is a fully digital public address system technology developed and produced and by Klotz Digital. Other than traditional analogue public address systems Varizone has next to the analogue 70/100 volt speaker system solution also a fully digital solution that transmits the audio digitally to the speaker, where it is amplified by small, distributed programmable amplifier modules. This allows to combine voice evacuation system features with digital public address, intercom, and background music functionality by adjusting the volume for each speaker individually depending on the application. Technology A completely digital bus structure distributes uncompressed digital audio data without any audible latency from one or many play-out stations to an unlimited number of locally amplified loudspeakers using either CAT5 or J-Y(ST)Y wires. The same bus supplies all active bus components with electrical power (e.g. powered amplifier modules (I-PAM), push button modules and noise sensing modules) and makes the need for additional external power supplies redundant. Digital audio buses The VARIZONE network uses a digital speaker system (DSS) bus format to transmit data and power at 48 volts over the same wires from a central play-out station to the loudspeakers. The DSS bus combines central network structures with a bus architecture, saving on cabling and wiring time and eliminating the need for additional hubs and routers even for the largest networks. A DSS bus can effectively run unlimited distances. The bus format is guaranteed to transmit 8 channels of audio with 16-bit resolution at 48 kHz up to 200 m (660 ft) without the need to refresh data in addition to bi-directional control and surveillance data. The OCTO-BUS architecture transmits audio as well as bi-directional control data between a central control station and remotely located converter modules and control modules. The OCTO-BUS can be configured with either 8 channels per direction with 16-bit resolution per audio channel at 48 kHz of sampling rate or for 4 channels with 24 bit resolution per audio channel at 48 kHz. In applications where studio quality is required 24 bit resolution is recommended, whereas in all other PA applications the 16-bit resolution still offers CD-quality audio. Programmable amplifier modules On the digital bus line, programmable amplifier modules are distributed to provide amplification for connected loudspeakers. The modules are digital Class-D amplifiers with extremely low heat dissipation. Their rugged design allows above-ceiling mounting in close proximity to loudspeaker locations. The programmable amplifier modules receive the necessary power to drive loudspeakers from the same cable that transmits the audio data and do not require any additional local power supply. See also Public address Audio router Constant voltage speaker system References External links Installation Europe: Klotz Digital equipment installed at Frankfurt Airport T1 Installation Europe: Landmark system sale for KLOTZ DIGITAL The Reference: Klotz Digital at the White House Radio World: Klotz Digital Joins the Family Category:Sound reinforcement system	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Edinburgh University Hockey Club Edinburgh University Men's Hockey Club currently comprises seven men's teams, which makes it the largest Men's University field hockey club in the United Kingdom. Each team plays in regional Saturday or Sunday league matches across eastern districts of Scotland and the top teams play in the national leagues. The men's and women's 1st – 4th teams participate in extra leagues on a Wednesday afternoon, where they participate in their respective British Universities & Colleges Sport (BUCS) league, playing other universities in Scotland and occasionally across the UK. Home games are played at Peffermill playing fields, which are water-based pitches located in southern Edinburgh. Training, which happens on a Thursday evening for the men. These pitches are of an international standard, giving players of all abilities within the club an opportunity to play their best hockey. The hockey club has a vast range of abilities within the club from international players to people who have just started to play the sport. All are welcome and the aim of the club is to not only improve players' abilities within the sport but to also provide a worthwhile and competitive sport for players to play throughout their university experience. The club is sponsored by Deloitte and Malones Irish Bar Club History The first mention of Hockey at the university was in 1899 when a notice was published in the Student which read "Would those in favour of starting a Hockey Club in connection with the University kindly forward their names and addresses to the Secretary, Hockey Club, University PO?" One of these founding members was G.M.Melville who although was born in Ireland he was schooled in England and attended university in Scotland. There is no further mention of the club until 1901 when pitches were secured at Craiglockhart and play commenced. On 18 November that year the University Hockey Club as represented that year at the meeting of clubs in Scotland when it was agreed to form a Scottish Hockey Association and so it would seem that the club was instrumental in starting the Scottish Hockey Union! The first match was played against Dumbarton and it was lost with the rest of the season recording 11 played, won 4, lost 5 and drawn 2. By the end of the season a second XI was started and so the sport must have proved a success. The club was admitted to the University Athletic Club (now the Sports Union) in 1902 when W. Sibbald Robertson was the captain and in that year no less than 5 University players were recorded internationalists. T.P Caverhill was one of these 5 and must have been especially good given his numerous mentions and was subsequently awarded blues. The 1905-1906 season was especially good when of the sixteen matches played, twelve were won, three drawn and only one lost. One member of this team was especially of note. Frank Fasson was a former internationalist rugby player and must have brought all his speed and fiery temperament to the Hockey pitch which he demonstrated one match when he took a dislike to his opposing number and slashed his stick against the man’s shins. The next week Frank had a tooth ache and went to the dentist and much to his dismay found that his dentist consultant was none other than his previous opposing player. However the great sportsman Dr N.L. Stevenson took neither advantage nor a fee! It was Fasson who was playing later that season when Scotland secured the first Scottish victory when playing against the Welsh; the result was 3-1. The best season in the club was recorded in 1908-1909 when the first XI was unbeaten and six of the squad were chosen to represent Scotland. It was around this time that toy rabbits first appeared in the team photos presumably as mascots of the club. Like most sports the First World War halted hockey matches although the club was re-established for the 1919-1920 season. The remarkable growth in the Sport meant that in the following season five teams were fielded for the University. The club suffered a dry spell for victories until 1930-1931 when the competition for places on the teams was so great that an inter-society matches were organised. This successful season saw the first touring side to go down to English Universities and victories were recorded against both Durham and Manchester. It is also in this season that the Scottish Inter University Championship was first recorded which Edinburgh won which was followed the next season with the first successful tour to Ireland. This successful vein continued with the Scottish Championships residing with Edinburgh University until the 1938-1939 season, the last before the Second World War. There was no shortage of matches to be found during the war this time with 20 matches recorded each season. It is the 1942-1943 season which saw the first incarnation of the Scottish university teams play the United Services with no less than six Edinburgh men in the team. Much of the success gained by the team was attributed to the brilliant E.Evans Anfom as club captain. In the history up to 1959 the club recorded a total of 32 full internationalists and one (S.P Theobald) who represented Great Britain and between these players they recorded 183 international caps. Current Situation The 1st XI are currently coached by former Olympian Graham Moodie. They currently compete in Scottish National Division 1, in the 2011/12 season they finished in 8th place. Whilst in the 2012/13 season they finished 7th In the British Universities & Colleges Sport the 1st XI compete in Scottish 1A, which they won in the 2011/12 season The 2nd XI are currently coached by Tom Johnston, and play in the Scottish Regional League 1. In the British Universities & Colleges Sport the team won Scottish 2A during the 2011/12 season and so won promotion for the first time to Scottish 1A since the leagues were re-organiased in 2003. They finished the 2012/13 BUCS 1A season in 3rd place The 3rd XI won promotion from the District League in 2011/12 into Scottish Regional League 2. This was followed by promotion to Central 1 in the 2012/13 season The 3rd and 4th XI both compete in the British Universities & Colleges Sport in Scottish 3A and 4A respectively The 4th, 5th, 6th and 7th XI all compete in the East District Leagues Current and Former International Representatives Graham Moodie - Great Britain, Scotland (Senior) , Callum Duke - Scotland (Senior and U21) David Forrester - Scotland (U21) Neil Fulton - Scotland (U21) Aedan McCrossan - Scotland (U18) S.P Theobald - Great Britain (Senior) T.P Caverhill - Scotland (Senior) Frank Fasson - Scotland (Senior) James Wong - Scotland (Senior and U21) See also Graham Moodie Dennis Hay Scottish Hockey References The story of Edinburgh University Athletic Club edited by Colonel C.M.Usher. Published in 1966. External links Men's Club Official Site Category:Clubs and societies of the University of Edinburgh Category:Field hockey clubs established in 1901 Category:1901 establishments in Scotland Category:University and college sports clubs in Scotland Category:Scottish field hockey clubs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wyrms (comics) Wyrms is a six-issue comic book mini-series by Orson Scott Card and Jake Black, based on the novel Wyrms by author Orson Scott Card. Publication started in April 2006 by Dabel Brothers Productions and was finished in February 2008 by Marvel Comics. Collections The series has been collected into a trade paperback (). See also List of works by Orson Scott Card Orson Scott Card References External links The official Orson Scott Card website Category:2006 comics debuts Category:Books by Orson Scott Card Category:Marvel Comics limited series Category:Comics based on fiction	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Utopia (typeface) Utopia is the name of a transitional serif typeface designed by Robert Slimbach and released by Adobe Systems in 1989. Design Utopia qualifies as a transitional serif typeface: one based on 18th- and early-19th-century ideals of classical design. Adobe's release notes cite Baskerville and Walbaum as influences, and Adobe's Sumner Stone has also compared it to Hermann Zapf's Melior. It was one of the first typefaces to be part of Adobe's Originals programme, designed to feature a large range of styles for professional use. With a reasonably solid design, Utopia was sometimes used by newspapers. Current versions of the typeface are released in the OpenType format and include features such as ligatures and small capitals. It is released in four optical variants, for display, headline, regular and caption text sizes, each in regular, semibold and bold weights. A black (extra-bold) weight is available in the headline size. Slimbach made some changes to the font when revisiting it for the OpenType release, and Adobe does not guarantee identical character metrics. This means documents developed using one font file should not be switched to using another, at risk of lines breaking in different places. Free software release Uniquely for Adobe's professional typefaces, a basic set of Utopia's styles has been open-sourced by Adobe, allowing it to be used for free. This comprises regular, italic, bold and bold italic styles of the regular size, with 229 glyphs for each, including ligatures but not small capitals. Adobe donated the Utopia typeface (in the form of PostScript Type 1 files) to the X Consortium, for use in the X Window System, a popular graphical environment for Unix workstations. Conversions of the Type 1 files to ttf and otf files have also been made. This release is designed for use at small text sizes, with a large x-height and quite thick stroke widths. Adobe retains rights to the Utopia name, and prohibits modified fonts from being redistributed without the name being changed. The OpenType version that Adobe now distributes commercially was modified from the open-sourced PostScript fonts, and Adobe does not guarantee that the font metrics are the same. Initial donation to the X Consortium There was controversy around the license regarding the status of the font files as free software. Many distributors (with one of the prominent being the Debian project), to prevent being sued, opted to state clearly that the fonts had a non-clear license which prevented it from being freely redistributable with modifications. After considerable debate, Adobe formally donated the Type 1 version of the font, on October 11, 2006, to the TeX Users Group (TUG), with clarified concerns regarding its use licensing, so that it could be used with, for instance, Donald Knuth's program TeX, a digital typesetting system for computers. The version donated consisted of the Roman (Regular), Italic, Bold, and Bold Italic versions of the typeface, differently from the commercial version offered as part of the Adobe Originals Pack. On November 17, 2006, Karl Berry, the TeX Users Group President, gave irrevocable permissions of the font to any third party and it constitutes free software. Derived typefaces The original Utopia typeface has, since being released as free software, been modified to support glyphs in scripts other than the basic Latin script: at least three projects have emerged from the sources that Adobe has donated, one being an adaptation to Vietnamese, called Vntopia, by Hàn Thế Thành. Another further development of the original was made by Andrey V. Panov, in an OpenType derivative called Heuristica (also: "Эвристика"), with the primary intent of adding Cyrillic symbols. Andrey has also incorporated Hàn Thế Thành's Vietnamese glyphs in Heuristica and the development of the project is open. From the Heuristica font family, Andreas Nolda created Utopia Nova font family in 2015, changing this reserved name to Lingua Franca OpenType and Web Open Font Format fonts in 2016. Andreas Nolda added proportional figures and a stylistic set with longer slashes, matching the parentheses in height and depth to Lingua Franca OpenType and Web Open Font Format fonts. In 2016 Stefan Peev created Linguistics Pro font family as a fork of Nolda's Utopia Nova. Linguistics Pro contains two models of Cyrillic glyphs. The base range of the Cyrillic glyphs (uni0410:uni044F) represents the modern Bulgarian letterform model. The traditional Cyrillic letterform model is included as a local feature for Russian language and as a Stylistic Set 01. Stylistic Set 02 is for Serbian and Macedonian texts (in Regular and Bold variants) and for Serbian texts in Italic and Bold Italic variants. Stylistic Set 03 is for Macedonian texts (in Italic and Bold variants). Linguistics Pro also contains polytonic Greek. Lawsuit From 1995 to 1997, Adobe filed several complaints against Southern Software, Inc. regarding the latter company's use of the Utopia font, under the name "Veracity", in its products. In 1998, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California ruled in favor of Adobe, finding that Southern Software, Inc.'s font software infringed Adobe's copyright. Although typefaces are held to be unprotectable by copyright under United States copyright law, the court found that the control points used by the font software to generate the typeface were protectable. References External links Adobe's current professional release of Utopia in optical sizes Adobe's standard release of Utopia, without optical sizes Adobe's licensing page for Utopia for website use Utopia available for free download (note: these are .pfa files and may require conversion to be installable on your system) Ghostscript release in otf and ttf formats Utopia open-source license Category:Transitional serif typefaces Category:Adobe typefaces Category:Typefaces with optical sizes Category:Open-source typefaces Category:Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1989 Category:Typefaces designed by Robert Slimbach	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Harold Alfred Manhood Harold Alfred Manhood (born 6 May 1904 Leyton, Essex - died January 1993 Haywards Heath district, West Sussex) was a British author, particularly of short stories who for much of his life lived in a converted railway carriage in the Sussex countryside growing his own food and brewing his own cider. Harold Manhood was born in 1904 to Henry Alfred Manhood (born 1872 Bromley-by-Bow, London a railway worker and house carpenter) and his mother Alice Norris (born c.1878 Bromley-by-Bow, London).. Many of Manhood's stories had a rural setting, and would often touch upon the weird and supernatural. His short story collections include Nightseed and other Tales (1928), Apples by Night (1932) and Fierce and Gentle (1935). His novel Gay Agony was published in 1930. Manhood contributed 97 tales to the Evening News between 1934 and 1964. Other short stories appeared in Argosy, Lilliput, The Star and John O'London's Weekly. References Category:English short story writers Category:1904 births Category:1991 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lacayo Lacayo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Benjamín Lacayo Sacasa (1893–1959), Nicaraguan politician and President of Nicaragua Ernesto Lacayo (born 1989), American football player José Antonio Lacayo de Briones y Palacios (1679–1756), Spanish general and colonial governor Júnior Lacayo (born 1995), Honduran footballer Marianela Lacayo (born 1981), Nicaraguan model and journalist Rafael Lacayo (born 1998), Nicaraguan sport shooter Richard Lacayo, American journalist Rossana Lacayo (born 1956), Nicaraguan photographer, scriptwriter, and filmmaker	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2009 Open Diputación Ciudad de Pozoblanco – Singles Iván Navarro was the defender of championship title, but he lost to Marco Chiudinelli in the quarterfinal. Karol Beck won in the final 6–4, 6–3, against Thiago Alves. It took place in Pozoblanco, Spain between 6 and 12 July 2009. Seeds Draw Final four Top half Bottom half References Main Draw Qualifying Draw singles Category:Open Diputación Ciudad de Pozoblanco singles	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hiroko Oshima is a Japanese sprint canoer who competed in the mid-1960s. At the 1964 Summer Olympics, she was eliminated in the semifinals of the K-2 500 m event. References Sports-reference.com profile Category:1943 births Category:Canoeists at the 1964 Summer Olympics Category:Japanese female canoeists Category:Living people Category:Olympic canoeists of Japan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Inn (TV program) The Inn (Chinese: 亲爱的·客栈) is a Chinese variety show aired on Hunan Broadcasting Station. In the variety show, a couple will manage an inn with a company of friends as guest for 20 days. The Inn shared the same production team with another variety show by Hunan Broadcasting System, Divas Hits The Road. Content The Inn focuses on the hospitality of two innocent couples towards their friends (guest) who spent 20 days running the inn together, and opening up to each other by sharing stories of their lives and their own past. On certain episodes, the production team invites mysterious guests as "volunteers" and the former will work together with the five "masters" in the show. Once guests have checked into the inn, the production team will give each of them a star, and guests will vote for one of their favorite employees from among the three at the end of their stay. In season 2, the only difference is the cast & new location of Arxan Mongolia. Production The Inn was successfully proposed on August 3, 2017, and the site of recording was confirmed on August 18. On September 10, principal photography started at the Lugu Lake Scenic Area of Liangshan in Sichuan Province. Filming was completed on September 30, with duration that took less than two months to be completed. The show broadcast was the succeeder for the time slot for "Chinese Restaurant" on Hunan Broadcasting System, and broadcast every Saturday at 22:00 since October 7, 2017. The production team employed a surveillance photography-based approach whereby the team installed 72 monitoring booths and another 16 motorized hidden cameras around the inn. Production team for The Inn doesn't provide the cast members with clear-cut instructions and missions, resulting in a largely unscripted show. The production team adopted a 24-hour non-interference shooting mode, recording all the details of the cast members. The staff carries out a 24-hour shift system, with an average of about 17-18 hours per person per day. Cast Boss and Lady Boss Season 1 Season 2 Wu Yi Shen Yue Kido Ma Dylan Wang Zheng Xiaolin Zhang Yunfeng Zheng Xiaoli Caesar Wu Season 3 Hans Zhang Leo Wu Ruby Lin Li Landi Chen Xiang Ma Tianyu Dishes Sweet and sour lemon fish：首先制作酱料 Potato Smoked Chicken Curry Chicken Wing Braised chicken feet Red Wine Pork Rib Braised Fish Matsutake Coq au vin Chicken Chopped chilli pepper fish head Dried tomato chicken wing Golden Triangle Tofu Fried rice Sesame cookie Staff with the most stars Guests Season 1 Jackson Yee (Episode 1-3) Yang Zi (Episode 5-7) Li Fei'er, Yuan Zihui, Cheng Pei-pei (Episode 7-8) Season 2 Myolie Wu (Episode 1-2) Chen Xiang (Episode 3) Shen Yue (Episode 4-7, before being converted to permanent cast) Tengger (Episode 5-6) Yang Zi, Qiao Xin (Episode 6-7) Jiang Zixin (Episode 8-9) Chen Long, Zhang Lingzhi (Episode 9-10) Li Xinjie, Cheng Xiao (Episode 10) Li Weijia, Caesar Wu, Li Xinran (Episode 11-12) Wang Ziwen (Episode 12) Mao Buyi (Episode 12-13) Ratings Season 1 \|- \|01 \| October 7, 2017 \|1.089 \|6.48 \|3 \|- \|02 \| October 14, 2017 \|1.036 \|6.68 \|5 \|- \|03 \| October 21, 2017 \|1.070 \|6.83 \|2 \|- \|04 \| October 28, 2017 \|0.918 \|6.07 \|4 \|- \|05 \| November 4, 2017 \|0.914 \|5.80 \|4 \|- \|06 \| November 11, 2017 \|0.959 \|6.05 \|5 References Category:Chinese reality television series Category:Hunan Television programmes Category:2017 Chinese television series debuts	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Joffre T. Whisenton Joffre T. Whisenton is an African-American administrator. He was the first African-American student to earn a PhD from the University of Alabama. He served as the president of Southern University from 1985 to 1989. References Category:Living people Category:University of Alabama alumni Category:Southern University presidents Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gravenoire Rock Gravenoire Rock () is a small rock outcrop about southeast of Rock X, protruding above the coastal ice at the east side of Victor Bay, Antarctica. It was photographed from the air by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, was charted by the French Antarctic Expedition, 1952–53, and so named by them because of its resemblance to Gravenoire, the name of a puy or dome-shaped hill overlooking the city of Clermont-Ferrand, which lies in the chain of extinct volcanoes forming the Monts d'Auvergne of central France. References Category:Rock formations of Wilkes Land	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
TKN F.C. Thang Kiang Nam Football Club or Perak TKN is a defunct Malaysian football club based in Ipoh, Perak. The club used to play in the Malaysian League before withdrawing their participation in 2004. The club finished last in 2003 Malaysia Premier League 2 and play their last season in Malaysian League in 2004 before withdrew their participation and returns to State League. References Category:Football clubs in Malaysia Category:Defunct football clubs in Malaysia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 210 U.S. 339 (1908), was a United States Supreme Court decision concerning the scope of rights accorded owners of a copyright versus owners of a particular copy of a copyrighted work. This was a case of first impression concerning whether the copyright laws permit an owner to control a purchaser's subsequent sale of a copyrighted work. The court stated the issue as: Does the sole right to vend (named in 4952) secure to the owner of the copyright the right, after a sale of the book to a purchaser, to restrict future sales of the book at retail, to the right to sell it at a certain price per copy, because of a notice in the book that a sale at a different price will be treated as an infringement, which notice has been brought home to one undertaking to sell for less than the named sum? The case centered on the publisher setting additional terms not specifically stated in the statute and claiming that the work was licensed and not sold. The Court's ruling established what came to be known as the "first-sale doctrine", which was later codified as § 109(a) of the Copyright Act of 1976. Facts Bobbs-Merrill Company sold a copyrighted novel, The Castaway by Hallie Erminie Rives, with the notice, "The price of this book at retail is $1 net. No dealer is licensed to sell it at a lower price, and a sale at a lower price will be treated as an infringement of the copyright" printed immediately below the copyright notice. The defendants, Isidor and Nathan Straus representing R.H. Macy & Co., purchased large lots of books at wholesale and sold copies of the book at retail at the price of 89 cents a copy. Holding The court held first that the copyright statutes protect an owner's right to "multiply and sell" the work on their own terms. The statutory right to sell, however, did not also create a right to limit resale. The court did not hold that a contract or license imposed on the first sale could not create an obligation. In this case, there was no contract between the owner and the original purchaser, and there was not privity of contract between the owner and any third party. See also Quality King Distributors, Inc. v. Lanza Research Intl, Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell, a similar ruling regarding patents List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 210 External links Category:United States Supreme Court cases Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Fuller Court Category:United States copyright case law Category:1908 in United States case law	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Old Park Old Park ( Paḻaiya Pūṅkā) is a 27 acre urban park in the city of Jaffna in northern Sri Lanka. It was originally built in the 19th century as the gardens and grounds of the residency of the British Government Agent for the Northern Province. History British Government Agent Percival Ackland Dyke purchased a 27 acre land in Jaffna using his own funds to serve as his residency and gardens/grounds. Dyke served as Government Collector for Jaffna for four years (1829–33) and Government Agent for the Northern Province for 32 years (1833–43; 1843–60; 1861–67). Dyke was known as the "Raja of the North". He was buried at St. John's Cemetery at Chundikuli, Jaffna after his death on 9 October 1867. Dyke bequeathed Old Park, via an irrevocable deed of gift through Queen Victoria, to his successors rent free. The residency building was in one corner of the land and the rest of the woodland consisted of trees. Old Park had some rare trees (mahogany, nedun, ironwood, baobab, lignum vitae) as well as trees common to the region (mango, tamarind). The income earned from the mango and tamarind fruits was used to maintain the park. The park also contained a variety of fauna including bats and butterflies. As militancy increased in northern Sri Lanka in the late 1970s/early 1980s the army stationed troops at Old Park. When the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam controlled Jaffna in the late 1980s/early 1990s they occupied Old Park. A large army camp was once gain based at Old Park after the Sri Lankan military recaptured the city in 1995. After the end of the civil war the provincial administration was moved from Varothayanagar, Trincomalee to Old Park in Jaffna. In July 2011 Minister of National Heritage Jagath Balasuriya declared the old Kachcheri building in Old Park to be a "Protected Monument". In September 2011 it was alleged that parts of Old Park had been destroyed on the orders of Major General G. A. Chandrasiri, the Governor of the Northern Province. Chandrasiri denied the allegations. It was also alleged that Chandrasiri was building himself a Rs. 190 million bungalow at Old Park. The renovated Old Park was opened to the public in July 2012. Notes References Category:Parks in Jaffna Category:Archaeological protected monuments in Jaffna District	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Luke Pryor Luke Pryor (July 5, 1820August 5, 1900) was a U.S. senator from the state of Alabama. He was appointed to fill the Senate term left by the death of George S. Houston and served from January 7 to November 23, 1880, when a replacement was elected. Pryor was a Democrat. He is interred at City Cemetery in Athens, Alabama. Biography Birth and Parentage He was born in 1820 in Alabama to parents Luke Pryor and Ann Batte Lane. His father's first marriage was to Martha Scott, a sister of General Winfield Scott. His brother was the noted race horse trainer John Benjamin Pryor of Natchez, Mississippi. Life in Alabama Pryor married Isabella Virginia Harris. They were the parents of 8 children, all born in Alabama. Luke Pryor lived at the Sugar Creek Plantation, in Athens, Alabama, for 40 years before his death. Pryor House, built in 1836, stands as a historic building in Limestone County, Alabama. Pryor studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1841. On the 1850 United States Census his occupation was recorded as "lawyer." Luke Pryor was a slave owner. On the 1840 Census 6 free blacks under the age of 10 were recorded in his father's household, as well as 1 male slave child under 10 and an older female between the ages of 55 and 100. By 1850, Luke Pryor was recorded with 39 slaves between the ages of 70 years old and as young as 4 months; however in 1860 only two slaves were recorded in his household. The American Civil War did not begin until April 12, 1861 and slavery was not completely abolished until 1865 after the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. References External links Category:1820 births Category:1900 deaths Category:People from Athens, Alabama Category:Members of the Alabama House of Representatives Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama Category:United States senators from Alabama Category:Alabama Democrats Category:Democratic Party United States senators Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives Category:19th-century American politicians	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Lover (TV series) The Lover () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Oh Jung-se, Ryu Hyun-kyung, Jung Joon-young, Choi Yeo-jin, Park Jong-hwan, Ha Eun-seol, Takuya Terada and Lee Jae-joon. It aired on Mnet from April 2 to June 25, 2015 on Thursdays at 23:00 for 12 episodes. Plot The Lover is an omnibus series that depicts four different couples living together in one apartment complex. Room 609: Both in their thirties, Oh Do-si is a voice actor and Ryu Doo-ri is a blogger. They simply chose to live together instead of getting married, and have been sharing an apartment for two years. Room 610: Jung Young-joon and Choi Ji-nyeo are a couple that's twelve years apart in age. Ji-nyeo has the personality of a penny-pinching ajumma and basically supports her younger boyfriend in the hope that he will someday realize his dream, while Young-joon is an unemployed musician who carries around a guitar he doesn't know how to play. They've been dating for two years, living together for a year, and are quick to fight and make up. Room 510: Park Hwan-jong and Ha Seol-eun are in their twenties and have just moved in together. Seol-eun wants her boyfriend to believe that she's the perfect embodiment of femininity, and works tirelessly to keep up the illusion. Room 709: Lee Joon-jae is a loner who prefers to stay at home, but is forced to find a roommate for financial reasons. He doesn't even want to exchange unnecessary small talk so he advertises for a foreigner who can't speak Korean very well. Enter Takuya, a Japanese guy on his travels. Takuya thinks Joon-jae is wasting his youth, and begins to draw him out into the world. Feeling involved. Cast Oh Jung-se as Oh Do-si Ryu Hyun-kyung as Ryu Doo-ri Jung Joon-young as Jung Young-joon Choi Yeo-jin as Choi Jin-nyeo Park Jong-hwan as Park Hwan-jong Ha Eun-seol as Ha Seol-eun Takuya Terada as Takuya Lee Jae-joon as Lee Joon-jae Sung Kyu-chan as Sung Min-jae Kang Kyun-sung as Ryu Sung-kyun (cameo, ep 1) References External links The Lover official Mnet website Category:Mnet television dramas Category:2015 South Korean television series debuts Category:2010s South Korean television series Category:Korean-language television programs Category:South Korean romantic comedy television series Category:South Korean LGBT-related television shows	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
InterContinental Chicago Magnificent Mile InterContinental Chicago Magnificent Mile is a hotel in Chicago, United States. The hotel currently occupies two multi-story buildings. The historic tower, or "South Tower," is a , 42-story building which was completed in 1929 originally as the home of the Medinah Athletic Club. The new tower, or "North Tower" is a , 26-story addition, completed in 1961. InterContinental Chicago Magnificent Mile is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. History Medinah Athletic Club Before the stock market crash of 1929, the United States was experiencing a building boom. One of these projects was the future home of the Medinah Athletic Club in Chicago, commissioned by the Shriners Organization and designed by architect Walter W. Ahlschlager. The Chicago Shriners Club purchased the property at the northeast corner of Michigan Avenue and Illinois Street directly north of the Tribune Tower for $1 million, while $5 million more was spent on building and equipping what was then to be the 42 story Medinah Athletic Club. The plan was for there to be 3500 members, all of whom had to be a Shriner; at the time of the announcement in 1925, 1000 Shriners had taken out founder memberships for the club. The ceremony to lay the cornerstone of the Medinah Athletic Club was held on November 5, 1928, and to commemorate the occasion, a copper time capsule was placed within the cornerstone. The capsule, which currently remains sealed within the hotel's limestone exterior, contains records of the organization, photographs of members, and a copy of the Chicago Tribune announcing the proposal of the building, as well as coins and other historic data. Construction of the building's 42 floors and 440 guest rooms was completed in 1929, and its facilities were made available for the exclusive use of the club’s members and guests. Design The Medinah Athletic Club building was intended to combine elements of many architectural styles. At the eighth floor, its Indiana limestone facade was decorated by three large relief carvings in ancient Assyrian style. Each frieze depicted a different scene in the order of constructing a building, with Contribution on the south wall, Wisdom represented on the west wall and Consecration on the north. (According to an article in the Chicago Tribune from Sept 16, 1928 entitled “Building art inspires panels”: “The friezes were designed by George Unger, in collaboration with Walter Ahlschlager, and carved by Léon Hermant. The figures are costumed in the period of the building, which is that of an old fortress in Mesopotamia in Xerxes time, about 5th century BC. The theme of the panels as explained by Mr. Unger, was inspired by the history of construction of any building. The south panel starts the story. Here a magnificent cortege is displayed. This panel, termed Contribution, signifies the getting together of treasures for the construction of the building. In the west panel, facing Michigan Avenue, a ruler is shown with his counselors and an architect is shown bringing in a model of the building planned. The north panel shows the consecration of the building after it has been built. A priest is sacrificing a white bull whose blood will be mixed with crushed grapes and poured into the earth. A monkey trainer and his animals are shown. Since the animals represented bigotry in the ancient drawings, they are shown here in leash as symbolic belief that bigotry has no place in the Masonic order.”) The figures in all three scenes are said to be modeled after the faces of club members at the time of its design. Three Sumerian warriors were also carved into the facade at the twelfth-floor setback, directly above the Michigan Avenue entrance, and remain visible today. Extending the Moorish imagery, the building is topped by a gold-painted dome. In the tower beneath the great dome, the club featured a miniature golf course on the twenty-third floor, complete with water hazards and a wandering brook; also a shooting range, billiards hall, running track, gymnasium, archery range, bowling alley, two-story boxing arena, and a junior Olympic size swimming pool - all this in addition to the ballrooms, meeting rooms, and 440 guest rooms which were available for the exclusive use of the club’s 3,500 members and their guests. At the time, the pool was one of the highest indoor pools in the world, and its fourteen-floor location was heralded as a grand feat of engineering. Today it is commonly referred to as the Johnny Weissmuller pool, after the famous Olympic athlete and actor who trained in it. The rows of seats which remain on its western wall recall the days when swimming was a popular spectator sport. Its blue Spanish majolica tiles and terra-cotta fountain of Neptune on its east wall remain virtually unchanged today. The elegant Grand Ballroom, a two-story, elliptical space, was decorated with ornaments in Egyptian, Assyrian, and Greek styles and was surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped mezzanine. In its center hung a 12,000-pound Baccarat crystal chandelier, the largest in North America. The somewhat more masculine King Arthur Court was built to function as the men’s smoking lounge, and featured heavy timbering, stained glass, and a mural depicting the stories of King Arthur and Parsifal. At this men's club, facilities for women were considerably less grand. They were allowed only in designated areas, and were provided a separate entrance and elevator to visit the Grand Ballroom for social gatherings or to access the Women’s Plunge, Lounge and Tea Room, called the Renaissance Ballroom. Female guests also had access to an outdoor loggia overlooking Michigan Avenue, which was decorated with the intention of evoking a Venetian terrace. Hotel conversion The club filed for bankruptcy in 1934, and following a lengthy battle, in 1944 the building was sold to developer John J. Mack, who converted it to a 650-room hotel at a cost of $1 million, renaming it the Hotel Continental. Esther Williams swam in the pool in the building's athletic club, renamed the Town Club of Chicago. Three years later, in 1947, Mack sold the hotel to Sheraton Hotels. It was renamed the Sheraton Hotel and later the Sheraton-Chicago Hotel. In 1961 Sheraton expanded the hotel, adding a 26-story second tower just north of the existing building. During this era, the hotel featured an outlet of the popular Polynesian themed Kon-Tiki Ports restaurant chain. A facade of lava rock adorned the northern wall along Grand Avenue, where today only a small section remains visible, tucked at the end of the balcony of Zest’s outdoor café. MAT Associates purchased the hotel from Sheraton in 1978, and brought in Radisson Hotels to manage the hotel, which was renamed the Radisson Chicago Hotel. MAT Associates terminated Radisson's contract in 1983 and returned the property to its original name, Hotel Continental. MAT closed the hotel in November 1986 for a renovation. In August 1987, plans were announced for the property to be managed by Inter-Continental Hotels and split into two hotels. The 1961 North Tower would reopen first as the 547-room Forum Hotel (the budget-priced division of Inter-Continental), while the historic 1929 South Tower would be restored as the 346-room Inter-Continental Chicago. Restoration A former Medinah Club member read of the renovation and donated the first anniversary edition of the club's magazine, The Scimitar. The magazine contained photographs of the club, which were used to aid in the building's restoration. Photographs were enlarged and used to recreate the carpeting, the furniture, the stenciling in the ceilings, the colors of the rooms, and the draperies. The balcony of the Grand Ballroom, which had long since been removed, was rebuilt to match its original design. The murals were restored by Lido Lippi, who had previously worked on the restoration of the Sistine Chapel. Lippi also replicated eight other paintings, which had been stolen many years prior. In the Hall of Lions, workers at first utilized a process called cornhusk blasting to strip away the many layers of paint from the marble walls, because traditional sandblasting would have destroyed the intricate details of any etchings beneath. When, however, it was determined that a single marble column would require a ton of ground corn cobs, restorers decided to scrub away the paint by hand. The two carvings of lions which were discovered underneath have become an emblem used throughout the hotel. Re-opening The Forum Hotel opened first, in 1989, while the historic Inter-Continental Chicago opened its doors to the public in March 1990. Although operated as separate properties, the two shared back-of-the-house facilities and the division proved short-lived. Only four years later, in April 1994, the Forum Hotel was merged into the Inter-Continental Chicago in a $10 million renovation, bringing it to a total of 792 rooms. A new entrance and a four-story lobby were built, combining elements of both architectural styles. Its grand staircase, which ascends to the banquet space above, is lined with banisters bearing intricate cast bronze ornamentation. An illuminated rotunda is capable of changing colors and creating the illusion of twinkling stars against a night sky. Planned new tower In April 2005, Strategic Hotels & Resorts, acquired 85% of the ownership of InterContinental Hotels Group's Chicago & Miami hotels. Several months later Strategic Hotel Capital, Inc. proposed a new 850 ft, 55 story north tower. Designed by Lucien Lagrange Architects, the new tower would have been twice the height of the current 42-story south tower, and would have replaced the 28-story north tower built in 1961 by Sheraton. The new north tower would house new condominiums as well as an addition to the hotel. It was never built due to the 2008 economic crisis. See also Strategic Hotels & Resorts InterContinental Hotels Group References External links Category:Skyscraper hotels in Chicago Category:InterContinental hotels	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Moses Nadenbousch House Moses Nadenbousch House, also known as Red Hill and Woodside Farm, is a historic home located near Martinsburg, Berkeley County, West Virginia. It was built in 1885 and is a -story, five bay, "I"-house wood frame dwelling with Italianate-style details. It is set on a limestone foundation and has an intersecting gable roof. Also on the property is a shed, large bank barn (1903), and garage. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. References Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in West Virginia Category:Italianate architecture in West Virginia Category:Houses completed in 1885 Category:Houses in Berkeley County, West Virginia Category:National Register of Historic Places in Martinsburg, West Virginia Category:I-house architecture in West Virginia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Political history Political history is the narrative and survey of political events, ideas, movements, organs of government, voters, parties and leaders. It is interrelated to other fields of history, especially diplomatic history, as well as constitutional history and public history. Political history studies the organization and operation of power in large societies. By focusing on the elites in power, on their impact on society, on popular response, and on the relationships with the elites in other social history, which focuses predominantly on the actions and lifestyles of ordinary people, or people's history, which is historical work from the perspective of the common people. In two decades from 1975 to 1995, the proportion of professors of history in American universities identifying with social history rose from 31% to 41%, and the proportion of political historians fell from 40% to 30%. In the history departments of British and Irish universities in 2014, of the 3410 faculty members reporting, 878 (26%) identified themselves with social history, and political history came next at 841 (25%) faculty members. Political world history The political history of the world is the history of the changes of political events; Aspects of Political History The first "scientific" political history was written by Leopold von Ranke in Germany in the 19th century. His methodologies profoundly affected the way historians critically examine sources; see historiography for a more complete analysis of the methodology of various approaches to history. An important aspect of political history is the study of ideology as a force for historical change. One author asserts that "political history as a whole cannot exist without the study of ideological differences and their implications." Studies of political history typically centre around a single nation and its political change and development. Some historians identify the growing trend towards narrow specialization in political history during recent decades: "while a college professor in the 1940s sought to identify himself as a "historian", by the 1950s "American historian" was the designation." From the 1970s onwards, new movements challenged traditional approaches to political history. The development of social history shifted the emphasis away from the study of leaders and national decisions, and towards the role of ordinary people, especially outsiders and minorities. Younger scholars shifted to different issues, usually focused on race, class and gender, with little room for elites. After 1990 social history itself began to fade, replaced with postmodern and cultural approaches that rejected grand narrative. United States: The new political history Traditional political history focused on major leaders and had long played a dominant role among academic historians in the United States. These studies accounted for about 25% of the scholarly books and articles written by American historians before 1950, and about 33% into the 1960s, followed by diplomacy. The arrival in the 1960s and 1970s of a new interest in social history led to the emergence of the "new political history" which saw young scholars put much more emphasis on the voters' behavior and motivation, rather than just the politicians. It relied heavily on quantitative methods to integrate social themes, especially regarding ethnicity and religion. The new social science approach was a harbinger of the fading away of interest in Great Men. The eclipse of traditional political approaches during the 1970s was a major shock, though diplomatic history fell even further. It was upstaged by social history, with a race/class/gender model. The number of political articles submitted to the Journal of American History fell by half from 33% to 15%. Patterson argued that contemporary events, especially the Vietnam War and Watergate, alienated younger scholars away from the study of politicians and their deeds. Political history never disappeared, but it never recovered its dominance among scholars, despite its sustained high popularity among the reading public. Some political historians made fun of their own predicament, as when William Leuchtenburg wrote, "the status of the political historians within the profession has sunk to somewhere between that of a faith healer and a chiropractor. Political historians were all right in a way, but you might not want to bring one home to meet the family." Others were more analytical, as when Hugh Davis Graham observed: The ranks of traditional political historians are depleted, their assumptions and methods discredited, along with the Great White Man whose careers they chronicled. Britain Readman (2009) discusses the historiography of British political history in the 20th century. He describes how British political scholarship mostly ignored 20th century history due to temporal proximity to the recent past, the unavailability of primary sources, and the potential for bias. The article explores how transitions in scholarship have allowed for greater interest in 20th century history among scholars, which include less reliance on archival sources, methodological changes in historiography, and the flourishing of new forms of history such as oral history. Germany In the course of the 1960s, however, some German historians (notably Hans-Ulrich Wehler and his cohort) began to rebel against this idea, instead suggesting a "Primacy of Domestic Politics" (Primat der Innenpolitik), in which the insecurities of (in this case German) domestic policy drove the creation of foreign policy. This led to a considerable body of work interpreting the domestic policies of various states and the ways this influenced their conduct of foreign policy. France The French Annales School had already put an emphasis on the role of geography and economics on history, and of the importance of broad, slow cycles rather than the constant apparent movement of the "history of events" of high politics. It downplayed politics and diplomacy. The most important work of the Annales school, Fernand Braudel's The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, contains a traditional Rankean diplomatic history of Philip II's Mediterranean policy, but only as the third and shortest section of a work largely focusing on the broad cycles of history in the longue durée ("long term"). The Annales were broadly influential, leading to a turning away from political history towards an emphasis on broader trends of economic and environmental change. Social history In the 1960s and 1970s, an increasing emphasis on giving a voice to the voiceless and writing the history of the underclasses, whether by using the quantitative statistical methods of social history or the more postmodern assessments of cultural history, also undermined the centrality of politics to the historical discipline. Leff noted how social historians, "disdained political history as elitist, shallow, altogether passe, and irrelevant to the drama of everyday lives." History of political regimes and institutions MaxRange data is a project that defines and shows in detail the political status and development of institutional regimes of all states in the world from 1789. MaxRange also describes the background, development, external sources and major causes behind all political changes. MaxRange is a dataset defining level of democracy and institutional structure (regime-type) on a 100-graded scale where every value represents a unique regimetype. Values are sorted from 1-100 based on level of democracy and political accountability. MaxRange defines the value (regimetype) corresponding to all states and every month from 1789 to 2015 and updating. MaxRange is created and developed by Max Range, and is now associated with the university of Halmstad, Sweden See also Historiography Diplomatic history Social history References Further reading Bogue, Allan G. "United States: The 'new' political history." Journal of Contemporary History (1968) 3#1 pp: 5-27. in JSTOR Callaghan, John, et al. eds., Interpreting the Labour Party: Approaches to Labour Politics and History (2003) online; also online free; British political historiography Elton, G. R. The practice of history (1968), British emphasis. French, John D.. "Women in Postrevolutionary Mexico: The Emergence of a New Feminist Political History," Latin American Politics and Society, Summer 2008, Vol. 50 Issue 2, pp 175–184 Huret, Romain, “All in the Family Again? Political Historians and the Challenge of Social History,” Journal of Policy History, 21 (no. 3, 2009), 239–63. Jensen, Richard J. "Historiography of American Political History" in Jack Greene, ed., Encyclopedia of American Political History (Scribner's, 1984), vol 1. pp 1–25 Kowol, Kit. "Renaissance on the Right? New Directions in the History of the Post-War Conservative Party." Twentieth Century British History 27#2 (2016): 290-304. online Pasquino, Gianfranco. "Political History in Italy," Journal of Policy History July 2009, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp 282–297; discusses political historians such as Silvio Lanaro, Aurelio Lepre, and Nicola Tranfaglia, and studies of Fascism, the Italian Communist party, the role of the Christian Democrats in Italian society, and the development of the Italian parliamentary Republic. excerpt Ranger, Terence. "Nationalist historiography, patriotic history and the history of the nation: the struggle over the past in Zimbabwe." Journal of Southern African Studies 30.2 (2004): 215-234. Readman, Paul. "The State of Twentieth-Century British Political History," Journal of Policy History, July 2009, Vol. 21 Issue 3, pp 219–238 Smith, Anthony D. The nation in history: historiographical debates about ethnicity and nationalism (UP of New England, 2000) Sreedharan, E. A manual of historical research methodology. (Trivandrum, Centre for South Indian Studies, 2007 Sreedharan, E. A textbook of historiography: 500 BC to AD 2000 . (New Delhi: Orient Longman, 2004) Swirski, Peter. (2011). American Utopia and Social Engineering in Literature, Social Thought, and Political History. New York, Routledge. External links Conference: Rethinking Modern British Studies, 2015, numerous papers and reports on the historiography of British politics. Abstracts of 2015 papers scholarly journal Diplomatic History Documents of Diplomatic History Fletcher School at Tufts International Relations Resources A New Nation Votes: American Elections Returns 1787–1825 French Website of the Comité d'histoire parlementaire et politique (Parliamentary and Political History Committee) and Parlement(s), Revue d'histoire politique, published three times a year. It contains a lot of information about French political history, including about 900 references of scholarly political history studies and a bibliography of parliamentary history. Category:Fields of history	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
SEMCI Single Entry Multiple Company Interface (SEMCI) is a computer system based on service-oriented architecture (SOA), which is used to submit the same information to multiple companies. The main application of the technology is the request of insurance quotes from several insurance companies at once, and the main users of the system are insurance agents. The system is an interface which connects the software of the agent to the software of multiple companies so that an inquiry can go to all the companies at once, whereas previously the agent would need to send the inquiry to the companies one at a time. References External links SEMCI home page Category:Enterprise application integration Category:Service-oriented (business computing)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Błędów, Radom County Błędów is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wierzbica, within Radom County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north of Wierzbica, south-west of Radom, and south of Warsaw. References Category:Villages in Radom County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Charles Alexander McMurry Charles Alexander McMurry (1857–1929) was an American educator, born at Crawfordsville, Ind. He graduated at the Illinois State Normal University in 1876, and studied at the University of Michigan (1876–80), and in Europe at Halle (Ph.D., 1887) and Jena. He taught in Illinois. At various times McMurry was a professor at Illinois State University and at the University of Chicago. His works include: The Elements of General Method (1892; sixth edition, revised, 1903) Method of the Recitation (1898), with F. M. McMurry Special Method of Reading (1898; new edition, 1910) Special Method in Literature and History (1898) Special Method in Geography (1898) Special Method in Natural Science (1896; second edition, 1899) Pioneer History Stories (three volumes, 1891; fifth edition, 1898) Special Method in Primary Reading and Oral Work (1903) Special Method in Reading in the Grades (1908) Handbook of Practice for Teachers (1914) Conflicting Principles of Teaching and How to Adjust them (1915) Notes External links Category:American motivational writers Category:Illinois State University alumni Category:University of Michigan alumni Category:University of Halle alumni Category:University of Jena alumni Category:Illinois State University faculty Category:University of Chicago faculty Category:1857 births Category:1929 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Camerado Camerado is a commercial film, video and multimedia production group that produces independent, multicultural-themed films, videos, and media events with a prosocial agenda. Camerado has been operating in Southeast Asia since 2005, and is one of the first few motion picture production companies to be functioning in Cambodia since the departure of the Khmer Rouge regime. Background Camerado, which is named for poem Song of the Open Road in Walt Whitman’s Leaves of Grass, was originally established in New York City in 2000 to support the production and launch of the award winning social issue documentary, Bookwars. BookWars premiered at the 2000 New York Underground Film Festival 2000 New York Underground Film Festival, where it won the Best Documentary Award. Camerado subsequently relocated to New Mexico in 2003 to commence production of the multicultural feature drama, Lost in New Mexico: the strange tale of Susan Hero (2008). The ultra-low budget effort was financed primarily with a World Trade Center disaster grant, following the loss of the original Camerado offices in New York to toxic dust and debris. The film featured Native American actors and non-actors, and addressed a wide variety of social issue themes, including illegal immigration and human cloning. Lost in New Mexico premiered at the Riverside International Film Festival, and went on to screen at the Route 66 Film Festival, the International Panorama of Independent Film, the Santa Fe Film Festival, and other venues and festivals. The movie is currently represented by Goliath Arts for TV sales in North America and Europe. In 2004, on the eve of the second US incursion into Iraq, Camerado suspended operations in the United States and relocated to Southeast Asia to undertake prosocial media efforts there. Camerado in Southeast Asia In 2005, Camerado was commissioned by the NGO Forum on Cambodia to produce an investigative documentary, Crisis (2005), about landgrabbing in indigenous areas of the Cambodian province of Ratanakiri. The film features Khmer, Jarai, and Tampuen indigenous languages, with a Cambodian voiceover. Camerado later produced the commissioned documentary, Have Forest, Have Life, (2006) a joint effort of the conservation groups Wildaid, Conservation International, and Fauna and Flora International. Have Forest, Have Life was intended to raise awareness about biodiversity issues in the remote Cardamom forest region of Cambodia. Production of the documentary was unorthodox for a donor-financed documentary, as it utilized fictionalized characters, re-enactments, and dramatic-style narration to engage rural audiences as effectively as possible. In 2008, Camerado produced Cambodia’s first rockumentary, Vuth Learns to Rock the story of a young Cambodian who hears Western rock music for the first time and learns about the Doors, the Ramones, the Kinks, and other rock luminaries. Produced by Vuth Tep, a Cambodian motorcycle taxi driver who learned to shoot and produce video with Camerado, Vuth Learns to Rock premiered at the 2009 Florida Film Festival and continues to screen at venues around the world. Unlike the traditionally hierarchical structure of many studios and production groups, Camerado is decentralized and "wiki-like", with talent being incorporated into projects in a participatory basis. With Camerado’s Cambodia-based efforts, local Khmer staff were trained from scratch, due to the generation of skilled media practitioners who were mostly killed off during the Khmer Rouge regime. Current activities Camerado is the founder and producer of Cambodia's only international, independent film festival, CamboFest, which was established in 2007 in part to help revive the flagging Cambodian film industry after its destruction during the Khmer Rouge regime. Screenings to date have taken place in Phnom Penh, Siem Reap (home of Angkor Wat), and in rural areas and provincial towns in Cambodia. CamboFest is recognized by the Asia Pacific Screen Awards and others as the sole film submitting organization representing Cambodia for their pan-Asian event. Camerado founded Cambodia’s first online video sharing portal, CamboTube, as a grass-roots effort in 2007 in order to provide a liberalized media outlet for a new generation of Cambodian Internet users, while contributing to Internet and media literacy. The portal was hailed by the Cambodia Daily as “an important tool for democracy”, though it was greeted with wariness by the Cambodian government - who nonetheless did not interfere with its operations. CamboTube was eventually hampered by digital divide issues which still faces the bulk of the Cambodian population, and is currently being folded into a broader, regional, online channel. Meetings between Camerado principal Jason Rosette and relevant Cambodian Ministry officials in 2008 led to the production of a copyright guide for usage of pre-Khmer Rouge music, film, and other content, as the intervening Khmer Rouge regime had abolished all ownership and thereby "orphaned" many affected works. The Camerado-produced Bangkok IndieFest, is an independent film festival in Bangkok, Thailand, which features the world’s first dedicated Edutainment movie competition, alongside purely entertaining films and videos. The festival was conceived to showcase Thai and International independent films and edutainment media in a single, multicultural environment. References External links Camerado Website BookWars Reviews Crisis Have Forest, Have Life at the Wilson Center Category:Film production companies of the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kodiak Municipal Airport Kodiak Municipal Airport is a city-owned public-use airport located two nautical miles (4 km) northeast of the central business district of Kodiak, a city on Kodiak Island in the U.S. state of Alaska. The FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2007-2011 categorized this as commercial service airport. However, that classification last applied in calendar year 2004 when the airport had 6,963 passenger boardings (enplanements). That number decreased to 703 in 2005, 6 in 2006, and none in 2007. Facilities and aircraft Kodiak Municipal Airport has one runway designated 2/20 with a 2,475 by 40 ft (754 x 12 m) asphalt and gravel surface. For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2006, the airport had 300 aircraft operations, an average of 25 per month, all of which were general aviation. Four years prior to that the airport had 11,200 aircraft operations in 12 months, 54% general aviation and 46% air taxi. References External links Alaska FAA airport diagram (GIF) Resources for this airport: Category:Airports in Kodiak Island Borough, Alaska Category:Kodiak, Alaska	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Rourke Rourke is a surname that refers to: Allan Rourke (b. 1980), Canadian professional ice hockey player Andy Rourke (b. 1964), English bass guitarist Constance Rourke (1885–1941), American author and educator James Rourke (1838–1914), Canadian lumber manufacturer and politician from New Brunswick John Patrick Rourke (b. 1942), South African botanist John Rourke (b. 1969), British Photographer and Videographer Josie Rourke (contemporary), British theatrical director Mickey Rourke (b. 1952), American film actor Russell A. Rourke (1931–2003), American government administrator; Secretary of the Air Force 1985–86 Fictional characters Dorothy Ann Rourke, one of the central characters of The Magic School Bus Lyle Tiberius Rourke, main antagonist of the 2001 Disney film, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, voiced by James Garner See also O'Rourke O'Rorke	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tim and Nina Zagat Nina S. Zagat (née Safronoff) and her husband, Eugene Henry "Tim" Zagat, Jr. (b. 1940, New York City) (pronounced /zəˈɡæt/, rhymes with "the cat") are the founders and publishers of Zagat Restaurant Surveys. They met at Yale Law School and were both practicing attorneys when they founded Zagat Surveys. Early life The Zagats married during law school, graduated in 1966, and moved to New York where they became corporate lawyers. Law careers Nina Zagat (née Safronoff) was an associate with the Wall Street white shoe firm Shearman & Sterling and became most notable as an attorney for being Seward Johnson's attorney, and the author and executor of his 1983 will. She represented his widow, Barbara "Basia" Piasecka Johnson, while the will was contested by his children; The Washington Post described her relationship to her client as "a contemporary, traveling companion and close personal friend whose recompense for loyalty to and support of Basia was the extraordinary compensation." Zagat maintained that "she acted according to Seward's instructions" and the suit was settled out of court. Both were employed in Paris — he at office of the Hughes Hubbard law firm, and she with Shearman & Sterling. While there, they started compiling their own list of Parisian restaurants, of what they liked and didn't like, and conceived the idea for a new type of restaurant ratings guide. Zagat Survey When the Zagats returned to New York, they solicited the opinions of friends about New York restaurants; the resulting compilation eventually became Zagat. They published their first guide in 1982, for New York City, selling 7,500 copies in local bookstores. Two years later, when selling 40,000 copies per year; they each quit their jobs as corporate lawyers to pursue the enterprise full-time. One reviewer described the methodology: "The philosophy behind the Zagat Survey is that instead of one lengthy critical review of a restaurant, the eating public is better served by a rating based on hundreds of responses. By tabulating the responses to detailed surveys, the Zagat Survey rates restaurants on a 30-point scale in the categories of food, décor, service and cost. It also provides price estimates and a pithy, paragraph-sized description." The company expanded to include other cities and market segments such as hotels, stores and clubs; in early 2008, the couple tried to sell the company for $200 million, but then withdrew the sale when they could not find prospective buyers at that price. One reviewer wrote: "The Zagat Survey was once the sine qua non of restaurant guidebooks. Aside from a review in the paper, the survey's 30-point scale for food, service, and décor—and its quirky comments submitted by readers—was pretty much all that mattered to restaurateurs. While the book's ratings are still highly influential—and while the company remains highly profitable—the guide is no longer the indispensable possession it once was and it's clear that its influence has waned in recent years." The relative decline was attributed to the company's "online strategy" which made the guide only available to paying subscribers. In September 2011, the company was acquired by Google for a reported $151 million. Personal life The Jewish-American couple have two sons, Ted and John, and live on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York. Stabbing incident On November 15, 1990, Tim Zagat was watching Dances With Wolves at a Loews movie theater in New York City. An "apparently deranged" man, seated in the same row, made loud, obscene comments to others before the movie began. During the film, the man stabbed Zagat until an anonymous moviegoer pulled the attacker off of Zagat. The attacker fled out a side exit but police apprehended the suspect a few days later. Zagat received superficial wounds and was taken to Roosevelt Hospital. References External links Photo of Tim and Nina Zagat Category:Market researchers Category:Yale Law School alumni Category:New York (state) lawyers Category:Living people Category:American Jews Category:Corporate lawyers Category:Restaurant critics Category:People associated with Shearman & Sterling Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Scopula dargei Scopula dargei is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Claude Herbulot in 1992. It is endemic to Cameroon. References Category:Endemic fauna of Cameroon Category:Moths described in 1992 dargei Category:Moths of Africa Category:Taxa named by Claude Herbulot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Megasemum asperum Megasemum asperum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by John Lawrence LeConte in 1854. References Category:Spondylidinae Category:Beetles described in 1854	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Monica Rose Monica Angela Rose (11 February 1948 – 2 February 1994) was a British TV quiz show hostess on Double Your Money and The Sky's the Limit, both presented by Hughie Green. Showbusiness career Originally a contestant on Double Your Money, Rose was invited to become a hostess on the show by Green, impressed by her cockney charm and manner, and stayed for three years. She later worked on The Sky's the Limit. Personal life Rose left show business in 1977 and was admitted to hospital three years later suffering from a nervous breakdown. She married Baptist lay preacher Terry Dunnell in 1982 and settled in Leicester where she worked as a checkout operator in a supermarket. After battling depression, Rose committed suicide by overdosing on antidepressants and tranquillisers in 1994. References External links Category:1948 births Category:1994 deaths Category:British game show hosts Category:British television presenters Category:Television personalities from London‎ Category:Television personalities who committed suicide Category:Drug-related suicides in England	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Delgasyaya Delgasyaya is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province. See also List of towns in Central Province, Sri Lanka External links Department of Census and Statistics -Sri Lanka Category:Populated places in Central Province, Sri Lanka	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Quorum A quorum is the minimum number of members of a deliberative assembly (a body that uses parliamentary procedure, such as a legislature) necessary to conduct the business of that group. According to Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised, the "requirement for a quorum is protection against totally unrepresentative action in the name of the body by an unduly small number of persons." In contrast, a plenum is a meeting of the full body or very close to it (excepting perhaps a few members who are ill). The term quorum is from a Middle English wording of the commission formerly issued to justices of the peace, derived from Latin quorum, "of whom", genitive plural of qui, "who". As a result, quora as plural of quorum is not a valid Latin formation. Number constituting a quorum Each assembly determines the number of members that constitutes a quorum in its governing documents (such as in its constitution, charter, bylaws or standing orders). The quorum may also be set by law. Robert's Rules of Order Newly Revised states that the quorum set in an organization's bylaws "should approximate the largest number that can be depended on to attend any meeting except in very bad weather or other extremely unfavorable conditions." In the absence of such a provision, a quorum is an assembly whose membership can be determined is a majority of the entire membership. In the meetings of a convention, unless provided otherwise, a quorum is a majority of registered delegates, even if some have departed. In a mass meeting or in an organization in which the membership cannot be accurately determined, the quorum consists of those who attend the meeting. In committees and boards, a quorum is a majority of the members of the board or committee unless provided otherwise. The board or committee cannot set its own quorum unless given such power. In a committee of the whole or its variants, a quorum is the same as the assembly unless otherwise provided. In online groups, a quorum has to be determined in a different manner since no one is actually "present". The rules establishing such groups would have to prescribe this determination. An example is that a quorum in such groups could be established as "present" if enough members state that they are "present" at the designated meeting time. Determination of a quorum The chairperson of the group has the responsibility to determine if a quorum is present. In addition, any member can raise a point of order about an apparent absence of a quorum. Because it is difficult to determine exactly when a quorum was lost, points of order relating to the absence of a quorum are "generally not permitted to affect prior action; but upon clear and convincing proof, such a point of order can be given effect retrospectively by a ruling of the presiding officer, subject to appeal." Limited actions in the absence of a quorum When a quorum is not met, the assembly can only take limited procedural actions. These limited actions are to fix the time to which to adjourn, adjourn, recess, or take measures to obtain a quorum, such as a motion that absent members be contacted during a recess. Any other business that is conducted is not valid unless it is ratified at a later meeting where a quorum is present. However, there is no obligation to ratify such action and those responsible may be punished for their actions. Call of the house In legislatures and other assemblies that have the legal power to compel the attendance of their members, the call of the house procedure may be used to obtain a quorum. This procedure does not exist in ordinary societies, since voluntary associations have no coercive power. When a call of the house is ordered, the clerk calls the roll of members and then the names of absentees. Members who do not have an excused absence are arrested and brought in. The arrested members may be charged a fee. Examples in United States Senate In the United States Senate, the procedure was used in the early morning hours of 25 February 1988. Senator Robert C. Byrd of West Virginia, then the Senate Majority Leader, moved a call of the house after the minority Republicans walked out in an attempt to deny the Senate a quorum after Senate aides began bringing cots into the Senate cloakrooms in preparation for an all-night session over campaign finance reform for congressional elections. Byrd's motion was approved 45-3 and arrest warrants were signed for all 46 Republicans. Senate Sergeant-at-Arms Henry K. Giugni and his staff searched the Capitol's corridor and Senate office buildings for absent Senators, and after checking several empty offices, spotted Senator Steve Symms of Idaho, who fled down a hallway and escaped arrest. After a cleaning woman gave a tip that Senator Robert Packwood of Oregon was in his office, Giugni opened the door with a skeleton key. Packwood attempted to shove the door closed, but Giugni and two assistants pushed it open. Packwood was "carried feet-first into the Senate chamber by three plainclothes officers" and sustained bruised knuckles. Prior to 1988, the last time the procedure had been used was during a 1942 filibuster over civil rights legislation. Southern Democrat senators had spent days filibustering legislation to end poll taxes, just days after midterm elections had resulted in the loss of nine seats. Democratic Majority Leader Alben W. Barkley obtained an order on a Saturday session on 14 November 1942, directing Sergeant at Arms Chesley W. Jurney to round up the five Southern absentees to obtain a quorum. Jurney sent his Deputy Sergeant at Arms, J. Mark Trice, to the apartment of Democratic Senator Kenneth McKellar of Tennessee at the Mayflower Hotel. Then 73 years old and the third-most senior Senator, McKellar was later described by Republican Senator Bill Frist in his book on Tennessee senators as an "extraordinarily shrewd man of husky dimensions with a long memory and a short fuse." Trice called from the lobby, but McKellar refused to answer his phone, so the deputy sergeant at arms walked up to the apartment and convinced the senator's maid to let him in: Quorum-busting The tactic of quorum-busting—causing a quorum to be prevented from the meeting—has been used in legislative bodies by minorities seeking to block the adoption of some measure they oppose. This generally only happens where the quorum is a super-majority, as quorums of a majority or less of the membership mean that the support of a majority of members is always sufficient for the quorum (as well as for passage). Rules to discourage quorum-busting have been adopted by legislative bodies, such as the call of the house, outlined above. Quorum-busting has been used for centuries. For instance, during his time in the Illinois Legislature, Abraham Lincoln leapt out of a first story window (the doors of the Capitol had been locked to prevent legislators from fleeing) in a failed attempt to prevent a quorum from being present. A recent prominent example of quorum-busting occurred during the 2003 Texas redistricting, in which the majority Republicans in the Texas House of Representatives sought to carry out a controversial mid-decade congressional redistricting bill which would have favored Republicans by displacing five Democratic U.S. Representatives from Texas (the Texas Five) from their districts. The House Democrats, certain of defeat if a quorum were present, took a plane to the neighboring state of Oklahoma to prevent a quorum from being present (and thus the passage of the bill). The group gained the nickname "the Killer Ds." Similarly, the minority Democrats in the Texas Legislature's upper chamber, the Texas Senate, fled to New Mexico to prevent a quorum of the Senate to prevent a redistricting bill from being considered during a special session. The Texas Eleven stayed in New Mexico for 46 days before John Whitmire returned to Texas, creating a quorum. Because there was now no point in staying in New Mexico, the remaining ten members of the Texas Eleven returned to Texas to vote in opposition to the bill. During the 2011 Wisconsin protests, fourteen Democratic members of the Wisconsin Senate went to Illinois in order to bust the necessary 20-member quorum. Democrats in the Indiana House of Representatives did the same in order to block another union-related bill, causing the legislative clock on the bill to expire. Traveling out of their state placed these legislators beyond the jurisdiction of state troopers who could compel them to return to the chamber. On June 20, 2019, Oregon Gov. Kate Brown authorized the Oregon State Police to bring Republican state senators, who left the Oregon State Capitol to bust the needed quorum, back to vote on an emissions trading bill that they oppose. State Sen. Brian Boquist said that he told the state police superintendent to "send bachelors and come heavily armed. I’m not going to be a political prisoner in the state of Oregon. It’s just that simple.” Disappearing quorum The similar tactic of disappearing quorum (refusing to vote although physically present on the floor) was used by the minority to block votes in the United States House of Representatives until 1890. That year, Speaker Thomas Brackett Reed ordered that members who were present but abstaining would count in the quorum. By country Australia Section 22 and section 39 of the Constitution of Australia set the quorum for sittings of the House of Representatives and Senate at one-third of the whole number of MPs and senators, respectively, but Parliament is permitted to change the quorum for each House by ordinary legislation. In the House of Representatives, the quorum was amended down to one-fifth by the House of Representatives (Quorum) Act 1989, which means the quorum of the current House of 150 MPs is 30 MPs. In the senate, the quorum was amended down to one-quarter by the Senate (Quorum) Act 1991, so 19 senators is a quorum. The quorum includes the occupant of the Chair and is not reduced by the death or resignation of a member or senator. If at the beginning of a sitting the quorum is not met, the bells are rung for five minutes and a count is then taken; if the quorum is still not met the sitting is adjourned until the next sitting day. During the sitting, any MP or senator may draw attention to the lack of quorum in which the bells are rung for four minutes, and if a quorum is still not met the sitting is adjourned. Although quorum-busting is virtually unheard of in Australia, it is not unknown for parties to deliberately use quorum counts as a disruptive tactic and there have been some suggestions to enact rules to restrict this practice; however, this is very difficult due to the explicit mention of a quorum in the constitution. It is considered disorderly to call attention to quorum when one exists and members or senators who do so can be punished. Austria In the National Council of Austria at least one-third of the representatives must be present, so that they may decide on a simple law (participation quorum of 33.3%). At least half of the members must participate if a constitutional law should pass the parliament (participation quorum of 50% based on the total number of members). Over and above that, constitutional laws require the consent of at least two-thirds of the members present (quorum agreement of 66.6% based on the number of voting present). Canada In Canada, the Constitution Act, 1867 sets quorum for sittings of the House of Commons of Canada at 20 MPs. If a member calls for quorum to be counted and a first count shows there are fewer than 20 members, bells are rung to call in the members; if after 15 minutes there are still fewer than 20 members, the session is adjourned to the next sitting day; the members present sign a roll on the table of the house, and this list is included in the Journal of the House. There is no need for quorum when the attendance of the House is requested in the Senate of Canada, for example, when Royal Assent is being given to bills. The quorum of the Senate is 15. Provincial and territorial quorums Germany In the German Bundestag at least half of the members (355 out of 709) must be present so that it is empowered to make resolutions. It is however common that fewer members are present, because they can still make effective decisions as long as no parliamentary group or 5% of the members of the parliament are complaining about the lack of quorum. This, in rare cases, is used by opposition parties to delay votes. Hong Kong Article 75 of the Basic Law of Hong Kong stipulates that the quorum required for the meetings of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong (LegCo) as "not less than one-half of its members". Between 1997 and 2012 the quorum was 30, and since 2012 it has been 35. Prior to 1997 transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong, the quorum was set at 20. The quorum for the panels, committees and subcommittees is, nevertheless, one-third or three members, whichever the greater, as according to the Rules of Procedure. The three standing committees, namely, the Finance Committee, the Public Accounts Committee and Committee on Members' Interests, is exceptional that the quorums are 9, 3 and 3 respectively. Quorum-busting was used at least twice since 1997. In 2005, when some pro-democracy members of the council paid a silent tribute to late leader of the People's Republic of China, Zhao Ziyang, against the Rules of Procedure, the president of the council suspended the meeting. When the meeting was recalled, pro-Beijing members refused to return to the chamber, forcing the meeting to be adjourned. On 27 January 2010, when five pro-democracy members were intending to make their resignation speeches, pro-Beijing members of the council left the chamber as a sign of protest. One of the pro-Beijing members nevertheless stayed in the chamber to call for the quorum to be counted, effectively forcing the meeting to be adjourned. The resignation was intended as a de facto referendum across all five geographical constituencies of the territory, involving the entire electorate, which would not be officially recognised anyway. Most other factions, although against the move by these five Members, stayed in the chamber. On 2 May 2012, when the LegCo was debating a law change to bar resigning legislators to participate in by-elections in 6 months, effectively discouraging any more "de facto" referenda, some of the five pro-democracy members who resigned constantly issued quorum calls, especially when they were making their resignation speeches intended for 2 years before. In the nine-hour meeting, 23 quorum calls were issued, taking up to 3 hours. When LegCo reconvened on 3 May, it was adjourned for lack of quorum amid a boycott by the pan-democrats. The pro-government members drew a timetable to ensure a quorum, but it failed to prevent another lack of quorum. On 18 June 2015, when the LegCo was due to vote on a resolution to amend the provisions for the election of the territory's Chief Executive, pro-Beijing members left the chamber to force a quorum roll call to make sure that a sick member could be able to rush back to the chamber. However some of the members stayed behind, citing miscommunication, and the division proceeded with two members above the required quorum of 35. While the resolution was originally predicted to be narrowly defeated due to not able to get super-majority support votes, it turned out to be a landslide defeat. Quorum-busting and attempts to thwart it are also a common feature during the annual motion debate related to the 1989 Tiananmen massacre moved by pro-democracy Members. The quorum is called to be counted from time to time by the pan-democrats, in order to force the pro-Beijing camp to keep some members in the chamber. India Article 100 of the Constitution of India stipulates that at least 10% of total number of members of the House must be present to constitute the quorum to constitute a meeting of either House of Parliament. For example, if the House has the total membership of 250, at least 25 members must be present for the House to proceedings with its business. If at any time during a meeting of a House there is no quorum, the Chairman has to either adjourn the House or suspend it until there is a quorum. Ireland According to the most recent standing orders, published in 2011, the Quorum for the Irish Parliament (The Oireachtas) for both the house and senate is 20 members. The chamber of Dail Eireann is rarely full outside question time, with often just one government representative (often an ordinary member of parliament, not a minister) present to answer opposition questions. Pakistan Article 55 of the constitutions of Pakistan states that, If at any time during a sitting of the National Assembly the attention of the person presiding is drawn to the fact that less than one-fourth of the total membership of the Assembly is present, he shall either adjourn the Assembly or suspend the meeting until at least one-fourth of such membership is present, which comprises 87 out of total 342. Philippines In Congress of the Philippines, half of the membership (13 in the Senate and 149 in the House of Representatives) is needed to muster a quorum. If someone contests the lack of quorum, a roll call shall be done, and if there is indeed less than a majority of members present, the meeting shall be adjourned. Both majority and minority blocs in Congress have used the lack of quorum in defeating bills that they don't want to be passed without putting it to a vote. After an election during the lame-duck session, quorums are notoriously difficult to muster, more so in the House of Representatives as winning incumbents may opt to go on vacation, and defeated incumbents may opt to not to show up. Turkey According to article 96 of the Turkish Constitution, unless otherwise stipulated in the Constitution, the Turkish Grand National Assembly shall convene with at least, one-third of the total number of members (184 out of 550) and shall take decisions by an absolute majority of those present; however, the quorum for decisions can, under no circumstances, be less than a quarter plus one of the total number of members. Before the constitutional referendum of 2007, there was a quorum of two-thirds required in the Turkish Parliament. The opposition parties used the quorum to deadlock the presidential election of 2007, making it impossible for the parliament to choose a president. As a result, the ruling AK party proposed a referendum to lower the quorum. Nearly seventy percent of the participants supported the constitutional changes. United Kingdom In the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the House of Commons has a quorum of 40 MPs, including the Speaker, out of 650 members of the House. There is no need for a quorum to be present at all times. Commons debates could theoretically continue even if just one MP and the Speaker were present. However, if a division is called and fewer than 40 MPs are present, then a decision on the business being considered is postponed and the House moves on to consider the next item of business. The quorum for votes on legislation in the House of Lords is 30, but just three of the 753 peers, including the Lord Speaker, are required to be present for a debate to take place. Historically, the Quorum was a select group of the Justices of the Peace in each county in early modern Britain. In theory, they were men experienced in law, but many of the Quorum were appointed because of their status. Some legislation required the involvement of a member of the Quorum, (e.g., granting a license to a badger). In practice, they increasingly were not qualified, as the proportion in the Quorum rose faster than the proportion who were called to the bar or practising lawyers. By 1532, an average 45% of Justices of the Peace nationally were of the Quorum. In Somerset, the proportion rose from 52% in 1562 to 93% in 1636. By then, most of those not on the Quorum were new to the bench. Sometimes Justices of the Peace were removed from the Quorum as a disciplinary measure less drastic than removal from the bench. United Nations The large deliberative bodies of the United Nations (the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council, as well as their subsidiary organs) generally require the attendance of one-third of the membership (currently 65 states in the General Assembly and 18 in ECOSOC) to conduct most business, but a majority of members (currently 97 states in the General Assembly and 28 states in ECOSOC) in order to take any substantive decisions. The rules of the United Nations Security Council make no provisions for quorum, but nine votes are in all cases required to pass any substantive measure, effectively meaning that a meeting with fewer than nine members in attendance is pointless. United States Article I, Section 5, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution provides that "Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business..." Therefore, in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, a quorum is a simple majority of their respective members. The only exception is that stated in the Twelfth Amendment, which provides that in cases in which no candidate for President of the United States receives a majority in the Electoral College, the election is decided by the House of Representatives, in which case "a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states," and in cases in which no candidate for Vice President of the United States has been elected, the election is decided by the Senate, in which case "a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators." The Senate has the additional ordinary requirement in Rule VI of its Standing Rules that "A quorum shall consist of a majority of the Senators duly chosen and sworn." See also Quorum call Minyan - the quorum of 10 Jews (traditionally, ten male adults, above the age of 13) necessary for Jewish communal prayer to be conducted Quorum sensing in bacteria References External links Category:Political terminology Category:Parliamentary procedure Category:Majority fi:Päätösvaltaisuus	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Union mark of Norway and Sweden The union mark of Norway and Sweden ( or , ) was a symbol of the Union between Sweden and Norway. It was inserted into the canton of the Swedish and Norwegian national flags from 1844 to denote the partnership of the two countries in a personal union. The mark combined the flag colours of both kingdoms, equally distributed, to reflect their equal status within the union. The stand-alone design of the mark was used for the diplomatic flag and the naval jack of the union. The union mark remained part of the flags of both countries until it was removed from the merchant and state flags of Norway in 1899 because of increasing Norwegian dissatisfaction with the union. It remained on the naval ensign of Norway and all Swedish flags until the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905. Background The Union of Sweden and Norway came about as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, when the king of Denmark–Norway, on the losing side, was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814. Norwegian resistance led to the declaration of national independence and the adoption of a constitution on 17 May 1814. A brief war with Sweden resulted in the Convention of Moss on 14 August 1814 and the Norwegian constitutional revision of 4 November 1814 to open the way for a personal union. On the same day, the Norwegian parliament chose to elect Charles XIII of Sweden as King of Norway. According to the constitution of November 1814, Norway was to have its own merchant flag, but the war flag was to reflect the union. The present flag of Norway was introduced in 1821, but its use was restricted. The union war flag of 1815 was a Swedish flag defaced with a canton showing a white saltire on red, meant to represent Norway. Public opinion in Norway saw this situation as unsatisfactory, and demanded a reform of flags and arms to reflect the equal status of the two states within the union. New flags of 1844 In 1844, the proposals of a joint committee were enacted for both countries by King Oscar I. A union mark was created, combining the flag colours of both countries, equally distributed. It was placed in the canton of each flag, including the merchant flags, which had until then been without any symbols of the union. The two countries received separate, but parallel flag systems, clearly manifesting their equality. The union mark on its own was used as the naval jack in both countries, and as the flag of the common diplomatic representations of both countries abroad. The diplomatic flag had the proportions 4:5 of the union mark as it appeared in Swedish flags, unlike the square shape of the Norwegian version. It was also used on the pilot jack which was similar to the naval jack but had a white border. The blue in the union mark would be the same as in the rest of the flag, usually the dark blue of the Norwegian flag. Swedish flags before 1905 also had a darker shade of blue than present flags. The union mark was at first popular in Norway as a sign of Norway's equal status in the union. In Sweden, it was always seen by some people as a desecration of their flag, and one of its adversaries called it "the herring salad" (Norwegian: sildesalaten, Swedish: sillsalladen) because of its resemblance to a popular dish on the Scandinavian smörgåsbord. It came to be popularly known under this name in both countries and to this day is its common denomination in these languages. Abolition During the 1870s, the union became increasingly unpopular in Norway, and as a consequence the union mark was seen as a sign not of equality, but of a union forced upon the country against its will. Radicals made it their political goal to reintroduce the "pure" Norwegian flag as the first step toward the dissolution of the union. The parliamentary majority voted for the removal of the mark three times, but was defeated by royal veto twice. Finally, in 1898, the third royal veto was overruled and the union mark was removed from the national (merchant) and the state flag. It remained in the war flag (naval ensign), as this was under the jurisdiction of the king. However, parliament introduced a new state flag for government buildings, similar to the war flag, but without the union mark. The "pure" Norwegian flag was hoisted again in 1899. After Norway's unilateral withdrawal from the union on 7 June 1905, the union mark disappeared from the naval ensign as well on 9 June. It remained in all Swedish flags until Sweden formally recognized the dissolution of the union. By a royal decree of 27 October, the union mark in the merchant flag and the naval ensign was to be replaced with a blue field on 1 November 1905. Gallery Norway Sweden See also Nordic Cross flag References Literature Heimer, Zeljko; Engene, Jan Oskar (2005). "Unionstidens norske flagg – Norwegian Flags of the Union Period". In: Nordisk Flaggkontakt No. 40, pp. 33–49. Category:Flags of Norway Category:Flags of Sweden Category:Naval flags Category:Nordic Cross flags Category:United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Adam Arthur Adam Joseph Arthur (born 27 October 1985) is an English footballer who plays for West Virginia Chaos in the USL Premier Development League. Career Arthur played for York City and Ossett Town. He played two games for York as a trainee in their final season in Football League Two prior to their relegation to the Football Conference, before moving to Ossett in the Northern Premier League. Arthur moved to the United States in 2007 to play college soccer at perennial top 15 program Lander University, where he was an NSCAA Division II All-American. During his college years he also played for two seasons with West Virginia Chaos in the USL Premier Development League. Following the conclusion of his college career, Arthur returned to the UK, playing for Selby Town in the Northern Counties East Football League in the 2010–11 season. He returned to the United States in 2011, again playing for West Virginia Chaos. References External links Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:Footballers from Nottingham Category:English footballers Category:Association football midfielders Category:York City F.C. players Category:Ossett Town F.C. players Category:West Virginia Chaos players Category:English Football League players Category:National League (English football) players Category:USL League Two players Category:English expatriate sportspeople in the United States Category:Expatriate soccer players in the United States Category:English expatriate footballers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Albone Albone may refer to: Charlie Albone, an Australian landscape designer and television presenter Dan Albone, an English inventor, manufacturer and cyclist Albone Glacier, glacier	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Cletus Mendis Gammada Liyanage Cletus Paulinus Mendis, popularly as Cletus Mendis (born in July 17, 1949 as ක්ලීටස් මෙන්ඩිස් [Sinhala]) was an award-winning Sri Lankan actor, mainly works in cinema and television. He has received a number of awards for his villain acting, including the Sarasaviya, OCIC, Raigam, Presidential festivals. Acting career In 1971, before moving into silver screen, Mendis did dramas at Church feasts and taught gymnastics and martial arts to the youth at Katupotha. Then 1973, he went Colombo to face an interview with Henry Chandrawansa and then met Sugath Samarakoone at that interview. In 1977, he worked as the stunt director of the film Wanagatha Kella. His first cinema acting came through 1978 epic history film Veera Puran Appu as a supporting actor. Then he acted in Yali Pipunu Malak in 1983. His first villain character came through 1982 film Paramitha, which turned his filming career towards villain roles throughout the rest of the decades. In 2004, Mendis joined Vishva Kala Sarasaviya at Mount Lavinia and met Udayakantha Warnasuriya. Cletus is married to Dorrin Jayakody in 1987 and they have single son, who was born in 1994. Filmography No. denotes the Number of Sri Lankan film in the Sri Lankan cinema. References External links ජාතික රූපවාහිනියට කළු සෙවනැල්ලක් ජනක චමින්දගේ ‘අකඩවාරිය’ මේ දිනවල රූ ගැන්වේ ක්ලීටස් වේදිකා රංගනයක හතයි හතයි හතේ හතයි ඇරඹේ චම්පා ශ්‍රියාණි නැවතත් මිල්ලෑව වලව්ව ගෙදරට ‘Crime Scene’ marks the entry of detective thriller to local TV කවුද හිතුවේ දෙයියනේ මෙහෙම දෙයක් වේවි කියලා 'Kadulu Thahanchiya': tussle over the lead role Category:Sri Lankan male film actors Category:Sinhalese male actors Category:Living people Category:1948 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Philip Rahtz Philip Arthur Rahtz (11 March 1921 – 2 June 2011) was a British archaeologist. Rahtz was born in Bristol. After leaving Bristol Grammar School, he became an accountant before serving with the Royal Air Force during the Second World War. During war service, Rahtz became friends with the archaeologist Ernest Greenfield (excavator of Great Witcombe Roman Villa, Gloucestershire), and Lullingstone Castle , in Kent. This friendship sparked a personal interest in archaeology and a professional career, which began with the excavations at Chew Valley Lake (north Somerset) in 1953. A wide range of excavations in the area followed including Old Sarum in 1957, Glastonbury Tor in 1964–1966 and a Romano-Celtic Temple at Pagans Hill, Chew Stoke. He has also excavated at Bordesley Abbey. Rahtz later ran summer school excavations for the University of Birmingham. He achieved his first permanent job as a lecturer at Birmingham University in 1963, and in 1978 he was appointed professor and first head of department at the University of York. In 2003 he was awarded the Frend Medal for his outstanding contribution to the archaeology of the early Christian Church. In February 2013, a one-day conference was held in Cheddar to celebrate his life and work in Somerset. Selected bibliography References Category:1921 births Category:English archaeologists Category:People educated at Bristol Grammar School Category:Academics of the University of York Category:Royal Air Force personnel of World War II Category:2011 deaths Category:People from Bristol Category:Academics of the University of Birmingham Category:Castellologists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Spike Island (concert) Spike Island was a concert by The Stone Roses held on May 27, 1990 in Widnes, Cheshire, England. It is one of the most famous concerts ever held in the UK. It was never officially recorded, although clips have emerged online and there are rumours that the full video of the concert exists. Support Acts The support acts included DJs, MC Tunes,Dave Haslam, Paul Oakenfold and Frankie Bones, a Zimbabwean drum orchestra, and the reggae artist Gary Clail. Film A film about the concert, called Spike Island, was released in 2012. It is set in the 1990 and follows a group of aspiring musicians on their journey to Spike Island. References Category:The Stone Roses Category:1990 in British music Category:1990 in England Category:Concerts in the United Kingdom	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sing While You Dance Sing While You Dance is a 1946 American musical comedy film directed by D. Ross Lederman and starring Ellen Drew, Kirby Grant, and Andrew Tombes. Cast Ellen Drew as Susan Kent Kirby Grant as Johnny Crane Andrew Tombes as Gorman Edwin Cooper as Davidson Robert Kellard as Buzz Nelson (as Robert Stevens) Ethel Griffies as Mrs. Abigail Smith Amanda Lane as Gloria Mundy Eddy Waller as Lem Aubrey Paul E. Burns as Willow Eddie Parks as Ramie Parks Bert Roach as Jerome Smith References External links Category:1946 films Category:1940s musical comedy films Category:American films Category:American musical comedy films Category:English-language films Category:American black-and-white films Category:Films directed by D. Ross Lederman Category:Columbia Pictures films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Museo de Medicina Maya The Museo de Medicina Maya (Museum of Maya Medicine) is an art museum in the city of San Cristobal de las Casas, Chiapas, in southern Mexico. The museum is mainly dedicated to the promotion of the medical practices among the ancient tzotzil-tzeltal population in the south of México. The museum has a garden with an exhibition of medicinal plants and a shop of herbal remedies with products made by the medicine men of the nearby communities. See also Maya medicine References Medicina Maya	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tokiwadai Station is the name of two train stations in Japan: Tokiwadai Station (Osaka) Tokiwadai Station (Tokyo)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kabei: Our Mother is a 2008 Japanese film starring Sayuri Yoshinaga and directed by Yoji Yamada. The film was based on the autobiographical novel by Teruyo Nogami, who for many years worked with director Akira Kurosawa, often as script supervisor. Plot Set in Tokyo in 1940, the peaceful life of the Nogami Family suddenly changes when the father, Shigeru, is arrested and accused of being a Communist. His wife Kayo works frantically from morning to night to maintain the household and bring up her two daughters with the support of Shigeru's sister Hisako and Shigeru's former student Yamazaki, but her husband does not return. World War II breaks out and casts dark shadows on the entire country, but Kayo still tries to keep her cheerful determination, and sustain the family with her love. This is an emotional drama of a mother and an eternal message for peace. Cast Sayuri Yoshinaga as Kayo Nogami Tadanobu Asano as Yamazaki Toru Rei Dan as Hisako Nogami Mirai Shida as Hatsuko Nogami Miku Satō as Teruyo Nogami Umenosuke Nakamura as Kyūtarō Fujioka Takashi Sasano Denden Bandō Mitsugorō X as Shigeru Nogami Mizuho Suzuki as Hajime Nikaido Chieko Baisho as Hatsuko Nogami (adult) Keiko Toda as Teruyo Nogami (adult) Michie Tomizawa Mayumi Tanaka Kumiko Nishihara Masuo Amada Daisuke Gori Reception The film received several nominations at the 32nd Japan Academy Prize, including for Best Film, Best Director, Best Actress for Sayuri Yoshinaga, Best Supporting Actor for Tadanobu Asano and Best Supporting Actress for Rei Dan. See also Japanese resistance during the Shōwa period References External links Category:Japanese films Category:2008 films Category:Films directed by Yoji Yamada Category:Films shot in Tokyo Category:Shochiku films Category:Films with screenplays by Yôji Yamada	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Louisville and Southwestern Railway The Louisville and Southwestern Railway was a 19th-century railway company in the U.S. state of Kentucky. It operated from 1882 until 1889, when it was incorporated into the Louisville Southern Railroad. It later made up part of the Southern Railway and its former rights-of-way currently form parts of the class-I Norfolk Southern system. See also List of Kentucky railroads Category:Defunct Kentucky railroads Category:Defunct companies based in Louisville, Kentucky Category:Transportation in Louisville, Kentucky Category:Railway companies established in 1882 Category:Railway companies disestablished in 1889	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Millard Webb Millard Webb (6 December 1893 – 21 April 1935), was an American screenwriter and director. He directed 20 films between 1920 and 1933. His best-known film is the 1926 silent John Barrymore adventure The Sea Beast, a version of Moby Dick, costarring Dolores Costello. Webb also directed the early sound Florenz Ziegfeld produced talkie Glorifying the American Girl released by Paramount in 1929. In 1927 he directed Naughty But Nice, produced by John McCormick and First National Pictures. His active years were from 1916 to 1933. He was married to Lydia Stocking (1918–1923). Mary Eaton married Webb in 1929, but they separated. He was born in Clay City, Kentucky, U.S., and died in Los Angeles, California of intestinal ailment at the age of 40. Filmography References External links Millard Webb biog Category:1893 births Category:1935 deaths Category:People from Powell County, Kentucky Category:American male screenwriters Category:Film directors from Kentucky Category:Screenwriters from Kentucky	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
These Are the Days (Saybia album) These Are The Days is the second studio album by Danish rock band Saybia, released on September 13, 2004. Track listing Musicians Søren Huss – vocals, acoustic guitar Jeppe Langebek Knudsen – bass Palle Sørensen – drums Sebastian Sandstrøm – guitar Jess Jenson – keyboards External links International fansite Official website Category:2004 albums Category:Saybia albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fugitive from a Prison Camp Fugitive from a Prison Camp is a 1940 American thriller film directed by Lewis D. Collins and starring Jack Holt, Marian Marsh and Robert Barrat. After an innocent man is picked up following a police raid, a sheriff tries to demonstrate his belief that first offenders should be given a chance. Cast Jack Holt as Sheriff Lawson Marian Marsh as Ann Baldwin Robert Barrat as Chester Russell Phillip Terry as Bill Harding Dennis Moore as Slugger Martin Jack La Rue as Red Nelson George Offerman Jr. as Ted Baldwin Frankie Burke as Sobby Taylor Donald Haines as Burly Bascomb Alan Baldwin as Jerome Davis Frank LaRue as Robert O'Brien Ernest Morrison as Chuckles References Bibliography Bernard F. Dick. Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio. University Press of Kentucky, 2015. External links Category:1940 films Category:1940s thriller films Category:English-language films Category:American films Category:American thriller films Category:Films directed by Lewis D. Collins Category:Columbia Pictures films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bamff Bamff House is the home of the Ramsays of Bamff, and is located within a estate in Perthshire, Scotland. Bamff House began as a fortified tower in the late 16th Century and was added to and altered in almost every century since then. Bamff has been the home of several European beavers since 2002. The beaver became extinct in Scotland about four hundred and fifty years ago, but some animals have been present at Bamff since a demonstration project was established in 2002. They inhabit a area of woodland and wetland. The Ramsays held the lands at Bamff from 1232, Nessus de Ramsay having been physician to Alexander II; his descendant, Alexander Ramsay was physician to both James VI and Charles I. It was his son, Gilbert who was made baronet in 1666 in recognition of his son, James's, bravery at the Battle of Rullion Green. The current owners are Paul and Louise Ramsay. References External links Bamff House website Category:Buildings and structures in Perth and Kinross	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Toy Train Depot The Toy Train Depot is a toy store and railway museum, featuring scale models of train locomotives and passenger and freight cars, in Alamogordo, New Mexico. The Toy Train Depot is also home to America's Park Ride Train Museum, which runs the Alamogordo/Alameda Park Narrow Gauge Railway, a working, gauge miniature railway that visitors can ride for a nominal fee. The store and museum are non-profit, and are run by the Toy Train Depot Foundation. In January 2007 the Alamogordo McDonald's donated their Ronald's Railroad, full-sized, standard-gauge caboose to the museum. The caboose is now in a high-visibility location on US-54/70, alerting potential visitors to the museum's location. Guided tours by volunteer docents are available upon request. The Toy Train Depot's building The building that houses the museum began its life in 1898 as a working train depot in Torrance, New Mexico at the junction of the New Mexico Central Railroad and the El Paso and Northeastern Railroad. Later, the building was moved to Corona, New Mexico, where it remained for 75 years, serving the Rock Island and Southern Pacific railroads. The building retains its original stamped tin ceiling tiles as well its dispatcher's bay window. See also Rail Transport Modelling External links Museum/Store homepage Category:Miniature railroads in the United States Category:Model railway shows and exhibitions Category:Museums in Alamogordo, New Mexico Category:Railroad museums in New Mexico	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Oxford Junction, Nebraska Oxford Junction is an unincorporated community in Harlan County, Nebraska, in the United States. History Oxford Junction was named from being a rail junction near Oxford, Nebraska. References Category:Populated places in Harlan County, Nebraska Category:Unincorporated communities in Nebraska	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Texas State Highway Spur 37 State Highway Spur 37 (Spur 37) is a spur route in El Paso County, Texas. Route description The western terminus of Spur 37 is at SH 20 (Doniphan Rd.) in Vinton. The route travels east along Vinton Rd. before ending at exit 2 on I-10. History The number originally belonged to Loop 37 designated on September 25, 1939, which went from US 82 in Avery along Houston Ave, Texas Ave, and Dallas Ave to US 82. On June 21, 1990, this route was transferred to BU 82-K. Spur 37 was established on June 30, 2005. Major intersections See also References External links Category:Transportation in El Paso County, Texas 037	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
To Be Still To Be Still is the second studio album by indie folk musician Alela Diane, released February 17, 2009 on Rough Trade Records. Track listing References Category:2009 albums Category:Alela Diane albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Margaret Hicks Margaret Turner Hicks (September 28, 1923 – August 3, 2006) was a world-renowned producer and promoter of Miniature Art. Favoring representational art, Hicks painted landscapes and still lifes and the occasional portrait, using small brushes and a magnifying glass to achieve a high level of detail in paintings that were often just 2 to 4 inches wide. Hicks often lectured on Miniature Art and was President of the Miniature Painters, Sculptors and Gravers Society of Washington from 1983 to 1988. In 1993 she published a miniature book on the topic — measuring just 2 7/8 by 2 5/8 inches — called Art in Miniature. As a collector of miniature books, Hicks "felt it would make a lot of sense" to do a miniature book on art in miniature. The book covers small-scale painting, sculpture, and engraving. All proceeds from the book went to a scholarship program for Washington DC high school students planning to study art. Hicks' paintings and other artwork were exhibited in Washington and Baltimore, London, Japan, and at the U.S. Embassy in Gambia. Several of her pieces were among the more than 500 works in an international exhibition of miniature art she helped organize at the Smithsonian Institution's S. Dillon Ripley Center in 2004. Margaret Turner Hicks was born in Philadelphia. She graduated from Temple University and went on to study art in Germany while her husband (now-retired Army Col. Stanford R. Hicks) was posted overseas. She also taught elementary school and tutored soldiers before becoming a full-time artist in 1968, a year after the couple settled in Washington, DC. Hicks was an active leader in her community: President of The American Art League in Washington, member of the Arts club of Washington, Arts for Aging, The Miniature Art Society of Washington and other arts and civic groups. In addition to miniature art, she also made jewelry and clothing; her sweaters were known to be especially elaborate. She died of cancer on August 3, 2006. "There is something fascinating about the exquisite art of miniature painting. The skill of the artist, reflected in the detail and delicate quality of the painting, reveals a world view often overlooked, except by those who take the time to see." — Margaret Hicks, artist's statement References 1. Washington Post Obituary (free registration required) External links World Federation of Miniaturists Category:20th-century American painters Category:21st-century American painters Category:1923 births Category:2006 deaths Category:American women painters Category:20th-century American women artists Category:21st-century American women artists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Healing (Weird Owl album) Healing is a mini-LP and the third studio album by the American psychedelic rock band Weird Owl, released on October 15, 2013. The short-length album was released by A Recordings, Ltd., unlike Weird Owl's previous studio albums, Ever the Silver Cord Be Loosed and Build Your Beast a Fire, which were released under the label of Tee Pee Records. Healing received generally mixed reviews upon its release. Reception David Maine, writing for PopMatters, gave the mini-LP five out of ten possible stars, calling it a "mixed-bag". SLUG Magazine reported that the "five songs are enjoyable and worth the 27 minutes of listening time—especially if you're on a comfortable couch in a room with good mood lighting. I wasn't while listening to Healing, and it was still a pleasant experience". Track listing Personnel Trevor Tyrrell – guitar, lead vocals Jon Rudd – guitar Kenneth Cook – bass guitar, keyboards, synths, back-up vocals Sean Reynolds – drums John Cassidy – keyboards, synths References Category:2013 albums Category:Weird Owl albums	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Klepaczka, Kłobuck County Klepaczka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wręczyca Wielka, within Kłobuck County, Silesian Voivodeship, in southern Poland. It lies approximately west of Wręczyca Wielka, south-west of Kłobuck, and north of the regional capital Katowice. The village has a population of 421. References Category:Villages in Kłobuck County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Barbara Lewis King Barbara Lewis King is a bishop of the International New Thought Christian Movement of Churches. She is also the founder of Hillside International Chapel and Truth Center. Biography Barbara Lewis King was born in Houston, Texas, to parents Mildred Jackson Shackelford and Lec Andrew Lewis. She was raised by paternal grandmother, Ida Bates Lewis. At 13, she felt a calling to ministry when she volunteered as a Sunday school teacher. At 15, she became a Woman's Day speaker in history at Houston's Antioch Baptist Church. She is married, with one son, Michael, whom she had despite doctors' prognosis that she could not have children because of a disease that she had had. She also mothers a young woman from Ghana, and is the grandmother of five and great-grandmother of three. King earned a BA in sociology from Texas Southern University and a Masters in social work at Atlanta University’s School of Social Work. She also obtained a Doctor of Ministry from the Ecumenical Theological Seminary of Detroit, Michigan in 2012. Career After obtaining her Masters, King moved to Chicago and worked as a social work administrator, leading the city’s public housing outreach program. There, she met Rev. Johnnie Colemon, the first female African American minister she had met thus far, and was inspired to redirect her path to ministry. King then worked as the director of administration of Christ Universal Temple, Rev. Colemon’s church, and was mentored by her throughout her ministerial training in New Thought and Traditional Though at Missouri’s Unity Institute of Continuing Education and the Baptist Training School in Chicago. Following her training, she was ordained twice, by Rev. Roy Blake and then by Rev. Colemon. She then became a professor of social work at Clark Atlanta University, and then the dean of students at Spelman College. She started a Bible study group with 12 members, which grew to become Hillside Chapel and Truth Center. In 1971 she founded the Hillside Chapel and Truth Center. The Hillside Chapel is non-demoninational and serves around 5,000 people. In 2001, King was named the Development Chief off the Assin Nsuta village in Ghana, West Africa, an area with historic routes in the Slave Route Site. She is the first woman to be ordained as a chief in the region. Her stool name is Nana Yaa Twunmwaa I. King is the first Bishop in the International New Thought Christian Movement. She is committed to “[transforming] lives by practicing and demonstrating the teachings of Jesus The Christ”. She has taught and ministered in Finland, Russia, England, Canada, Israel, Egypt, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, the Caribbean, Brazil, British Gyuana, and Australia. She led the formation of Hillside Fountain, a South African sister church to her Atlanta church. She was ordained the first New Thought minister in South Africa and has joined the Sisters of the Boa Morte in Brazail, African origin nuns who were prohibited from serving the traditional church. In 2010, she became the first bishop of the New Thought Christian Movement of Churches. She has been a guest lecturer at Harvard Divinity School Summer Institute for Ministers, and has also been involved with Association of Global New Thought, Concerned Black Clergy of Metropolitan Atlanta, Regional Council of Churches, the American Jewish Committee, Life Members of the NAACP, Academy of Certified Social Workers, National Association of Social Workers, Life Member of the National Council of Negro Women, the National Women's Law Center, Chaplain of the City of Atlanta Police Department, and the Mayoral Appointee to the Ethics Board of Metro Atlanta. Honors The International New Thought Alliance (INTA) Life Achievement Award The Ernest Holmes Religious Science Award Unity's The Light of God Expressing Award International Civil Rights Walk of Fame, for her work in Dr. Martin Luther King's Chicago movement No. 8 on Savoy Magazine's Power Issue of 100 Most Influential Blacks in America in 2008 Beautiful Are Their Feet Honoree International Hall of Honor at Martin Luther King Jr. International Chapel at Morehouse College Works Transform Your Life Major contributor to A New Thought for A New Millennium and Wake Up … Live the Life You Love in Spirit In Me, As Me: Ten Principles for Finding the Divine Within and Leave With Love: A Spiritual Guide to Succession Planning Piddlin’ For the Soul How to Have Flood and Not Drown: Essays on Stress-Free Living The Church: A Matter of Consciousness What is a Miracle? Prosperity that Can’t Quit References Category:People from Houston Category:Clark Atlanta University faculty Category:Texas Southern University alumni Category:Atlanta University alumni Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Turkey River, Iowa Turkey River is an unincorporated community in Clayton County, Iowa, United States. The community of Turkey River borders the Mississippi River, and the Turkey River. Turkey River also is on Iowa's border with Wisconsin. References Category:Unincorporated communities in Clayton County, Iowa Category:Unincorporated communities in Iowa	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
County of Rieneck The County of Rieneck was a comital domain within the Holy Roman Empire that lay in what is now northwestern Bavaria (in the west of Lower Franconia). It bore the same name as its original ruling family, the Counts of Rieneck, from whom the county and its main seat, the town of Rieneck, got their names. History The first documentary evidence of what is now the town of Rieneck surfaces in AD 790. Rieneck gained its name from the Counts of Rieneck, who founded the line of Burgraves of Gerhart at the end of the 11th century from the Vogtei over the Archbishopric of Mainz between Neustadt am Main, Lohr am Main and Karlstadt am Main. The family line died out with Gerhard I in 1108. His only daughter married Arnold, Count of Loon (1101–39), inheriting Rienecker territory and, around 1156/7 by Louis I, Count of Loon, the family name, possibly as a result of an unsuccessful claim to the Rhineland castle Burg Rhieneck. As soon as the name was acquired, his family built the castle on the banks of the river Sinn. With the 1168 expansion of the castle, Louis I chose Burg Rieneck as his court. From 1295, Lohr am Main became the seat of the burgraviate and border posts were set up to shelter the local castle from the domains of the archbishopric. In 1333, the county was granted city rights by Louis IV the Bavarian, Holy Roman Emperor, as thanks for support during his struggle for the kingdom. Skillful dynastic marriages allowed for the gradual expansion of their domain; conflict often resulted between Rieneck and their neighbours, the Archbishopric of Mainz and the Bishopric of Würzburg. When, in 1333, the male comital line died out, the Bishopric of Würzburg tried to acquire the Lordship. After the 1366 death of Johann von Rieneck, the Archbishopric of Mainz claimed feudal sovereignty over the whole county, a claim reaffirmed after the 1408 death of Count Louis XI. In 1544, the Protestant Reformation was introduced to the county by the Schaffhauser Johann Konrad Ulmer. The comital line died out again with Philip III on 3 September 1559, reigniting the feud over the succession between the sees of Mainz and Würzburg; Lohr became the administrative seat of the Lordship of Rieneck under the Archbishop-Elector of Mainz. In 1673, the county was purchased by Johann Hartwig, Count of Nostitz. The French Revolutionary War and the Napoleonic abolition of the Empire led to the county being mediatised to the Principality of Aschaffenburg in 1806. In 1815, the county — then a part of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt — was granted to the Kingdom of Bavaria. References Category:States and territories established in the 11th century Category:1408 disestablishments Category:States and territories established in 1673 Category:1806 disestablishments Category:Main-Spessart Category:Franconian Circle Category:1673 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire Category:Counties of the Holy Roman Empire	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Department of East Asian Studies, University of Delhi Department of East Asian Studies (informally called as DEAS, DU), established in 1964 under the aegis of the University of Delhi, offers various courses related to East Asian studies and East Asian languages. The department was initially established as Center of Chinese studies in the year 1964 with active participation by Late Professor V. P. Dutt, a notable scholar in the domain of Chinese studies in India; in 1969, Japanese studies programs were also added. Since then, the department has grown to accommodate Korean studies programs and presently the only department in any Indian University that conducts researches and offers various programs exclusively related to East Asian studies and languages at one place. Further, the department offers a Masters Program in East Asian Studies, that is also unique in India. History The department of East Asian Studies, under the initiative of Prof V. P. Dutt, was started as the Center of Chinese studies, in the year 1964, with Prof Dutt as the Department Head, with active support from the Government of India. With this department, it became the first center in India to offer courses on East Asian regional studies. In the year 1969, Japanese language and studies programs was started and with this the department was renamed as Department of Chinese and Japanese Studies. The department further grew to accommodate Korean studies programs from 2000 and with this the nomenclature of the department changed to the present Department of East Asian Studies. Courses offered Certificate course in Korean Language Doctoral degree in East Asian Studies (Started 1964-1965) M. Phil degree in East Asian Studies (Started 1978-1979) M.A degree in Japanese Language (Started 1998-1999) M.A degree in East Asian Studies (Started 2008-2009) One Year Post Graduate Intensive Diploma in Japanese (Started 1971-1972) One Year Post Graduate Intensive Advance Diploma in Japanese (Started 1978-1979) One Year Post Graduate Intensive Diploma in Chinese (Started 1971-1972) One Year Post Graduate Intensive Advance Diploma in Chinese (Started 1978-1979) One Year Post Graduate Intensive Diploma in Korean (Started 2008-2009) One Year Post Graduate Intensive Advance Diploma in Korean (Started 2009-2010) East Asian Studies Library The department has its own library with a dedicated staff focusing exclusively on the East Asian area studies, which itself is a feat. There are very few departments in University of Delhi that have their own dedicated library system. The department library contains more than 60,000 volumes of books, numerous periodicals, newspapers covering Chinese, Japanese and Korean language and studies. The library also provides ILL services to the students and faculties of this department and outsiders as well. Besides, the department has a separate Journal room with several subscribed current journals. The library also provides access to electronic databases through Delhi University campus network and from anywhere in the world through the UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium. References External links University of Delhi, Homepage Department of East Asian Studies Homepage Prof V.P. Dutt Category:Universities and colleges in Delhi Category:University of Delhi Category:1964 establishments in India Category:Asian studies Category:University departments in India	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
DWWR 24 Dublin, Wicklow and Wexford Railway (DW&WR) 24 was the lead engine of a class of five 2-4-0 tender built in two batches in 1864 and 1873. History The engines are attributed to the locomotive superintendent William Meikle and the first three, Nos. 24 (Glenamore), 25 (Gleanart) and No. 26 were supplied in 1864. A further two, No. 32 (Glenmalure) and No. 33 (Glendalough) with detail differences followed in 1873.. At this time the DW&WR was extending south, from in 1963 to by 1874. These engines took over the main line express passenger trains to Wicklow and Wexford from earlier 2-4-0 types. They continued to work main line expresses until replaced by more powerful 4-4-0s in 1895. No. 26 (Blackrock) was converted into a 2-4-0T tank locomotive in 1900 and served on the Shillelagh branch line thereafter. No. 25 was Irish Civil War loss. All were life expired by 1925 and withdrawn immediately on the amalgamation to Great Southern Railways apart from No. 24 which lasted until 1928 becoming GSR No. 422 and the sole member of class 422 / G7. Notes and references Notes References Category:2-4-0 locomotives Category:5 ft 3 in gauge locomotives Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1864 Category:Scrapped locomotives Category:Steam locomotives of Ireland Category:Sharp Stewart locomotives	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
J. Franklin Peck House J. Franklin Peck House is a historic home located at Lima in Livingston County, New York. It was built in 1853 and is a -story, three-bay, Greek Revival–style frame dwelling. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. References Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Category:Greek Revival houses in New York (state) Category:Houses completed in 1853 Category:Houses in Livingston County, New York Category:National Register of Historic Places in Livingston County, New York	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2009 Family Circle Cup – Doubles Katarina Srebotnik and Ai Sugiyama were the defending champions but chose not to participate this year. Seeds Draw Finals External links Draw Family Circle Cup - Doubles Category:Charleston Open	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jin dynasty (266–420) The Jin dynasty or the Jin Empire (; , sometimes distinguished as the (司馬晉) or (兩晉, "Two Jins") was a Chinese dynasty traditionally dated from 266 to 420 AD. It was founded by Sima Yan, son of Sima Zhao, who was made the King of Jin and posthumously declared one of the founders of the dynasty, along with Sima Zhao's older brother Sima Shi and father Sima Yi. It followed the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD), which ended with the conquest of Eastern Wu by Jin, culminating in the reunification of China. There are two main divisions in the history of the dynasty. The (266–316) was established as a successor state to Cao Wei after Sima Yan usurped the throne and had its capital at Luoyang and later Chang'an (modern Xi'an); Western Jin reunited China in 280 but fairly shortly thereafter fell into a succession crisis, the War of the Eight Princes and suffered from the invasions instigated by the "Five Barbarians (Wu Hu)". The rebels and invaders began to establish new self-proclaimed states along the Yellow River valley in 304, inaugurating the "Sixteen Kingdoms" era. These states immediately began fighting each other and the Jin Empire, leading to the second division of the dynasty, the (317–420), when Sima Rui moved the capital to Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Eastern Jin dynasty was eventually overthrown by Liu Yu and replaced with the Liu Song in 420. History Background Under the Wei, who dominated the northern parts of China during the Three Kingdoms period, the Sima clan—with its most accomplished individual being Sima Yi—rose to prominence, particularly after the 249 coup d'état; historically known as the Incident at the Gaoping Tombs. After Sima Yi's death, his eldest son, Sima Shi, kept a tight grip on the political scene, and after his own death, his younger brother, Sima Zhao, assisted his clans' interests by further suppressing rebellions and dissent, as well as recovering all of Shu and capturing Liu Shan in 263. His ambitions for the throne remain proverbial in Chinese, but he died in 265 before he could rise higher than a King of Jin, a title named for the Zhou-era marchland and duchy around Shaanxi's Jin River. (He was granted the title as his ancestral home was located in Wen County within Jin's former lands.) Founding The Jin dynasty was founded in 266 by Sima Yan, posthumously known as Emperor Wu (the "Martial Emperor of Jin"). He forced Cao Huan's abdication but permitted him to live in honor as the Prince of Chenliu and buried him with imperial ceremony. The Jin dynasty conquered Eastern Wu in 280 and united the country. The period of unity was short-lived as the state was soon weakened by corruption, political turmoil, and internal conflicts. Sima Yan's son Zhong, posthumously known as Emperor Hui (the "Benevolent Emperor of Jin"), was developmentally disabled. Decline Conflict over his succession in 290 expanded into the devastating War of the Eight Princes. The weakened dynasty was then engulfed by the Uprising of the Five Barbarians and lost control of northern China. Large numbers of Chinese fled south from the Central Plains; among other effects, these refugees and colonizers gave Quanzhou's Jin River its name as they settled its valley in Fujian. The Jin capital Luoyang was captured by Xiongnu King Liu Cong in 311. Sima Chi, posthumously known as Emperor Huai (the "Missing Emperor of Jin"), was captured and later executed. His successor Sima Ye, posthumously known as Emperor Min (the "Suffering Emperor of Jin"), was captured at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an) in 316 and also later executed. Eastern Jin The remnants of the Jin court fled to the south-east, reestablishing their government at Jiankang within present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu. Sima Rui, the prince of Langya, was enthroned in 318, posthumously becoming known as Emperor Yuan (the "First Emperor of the Eastern Jin"). The rival northern states, who denied the legitimacy of his succession, sometimes referred to his state as "Langya". At first, the southerners were resistant to the new ruler from the north. The circumstances obliged the Emperors of Eastern Jin to depend on both local and refugee gentry clans, the latter convinced the former of the emperor enjoying high prestige by showing superficial respect to Rui, which was also the pinnacle of menfa politics (), Several immigrated gentry clans were very active and they grasped the national affairs: Wang () clans from Langya and Taiyuan, Xie () clan from Chenliu (), Huan () clan from Qiao Commandery (), and Yu () clan from Yingchuan (). The Emperors of Eastern Jin had limited power. There was a prevalent remark that " (Wang Dao and the emperor Sima Rui, they dominate the nation together)" among the people. It is said that when Emperor Yuan was holding court, he even invited Dao to sit by himself accepting jointly the congratulations from ministers, but Dao declined it. The local gentry clans were at odds with the immigrants. As such, tensions increased; they loomed larger in Jin's domestic politics. Two of the biggest local clans: Zhou () clan from Yixing () and Shen () clan from Wuxing ()'s ruin was a bitter blow from which they never quite recovered. Moreover, there was a conflict among the immigrated clans' interests; it was a faction that led to a virtual balance which somewhat benefited the emperor's ruling. Although there was a stated goal of recovering the "lost northern lands", paranoia within the royal family and a constant string of disruptions to the throne caused the loss of support among many officials. Military crises—including the rebellions of the generals Wang Dun and Su Jun, but also lesser fangzhen (, "military county") revolts—plagued the Eastern Jin throughout its 104 years of existence. Special "commanderies of immigrants" and "white registers" were created for the massive amounts of Han Chinese from the north who moved to the south during the Eastern Jin dynasty. The southern Chinese aristocracy was formed from the offspring of these migrants. Celestial Masters and the nobility of northern China subdued the nobility of southern China during the Eastern Jin and Western Jin in Jiangnan in particular. The most populous region of China was southern China after the depopulation of the north and the migration of northern Chinese to southern China. Different waves of migration of aristocratic Chinese from northern China to the south at different times resulted in distinct groups of lineages, with some lineages arriving in the 300s-400s and others in the 800s-900s. The Eastern Jin recovered its unity in the face of the 383 invasion by the Former Qin. The short-lived cooperation among Huan Chong (brother of General Huan Wen) and Prime Minister Xie An helped provide a major victory at the Fei River. A large amount of Former Qin territory was then taken or retaken. Demise Later, Huan Xuan, Huan Wen's son, usurped the throne and changed the dynasty's name to Chu. He, in turn, was toppled by Liu Yu, who reinstated Sima Dezong, posthumously known as Emperor An (the "Peaceful Emperor of Jin"). Meanwhile, as civilian administration suffered, there were further revolts led by Sun En and Lu Xun; Western Shu became an independent kingdom under Qiao Zong. Liu Yu had Sima Dezong strangled and replaced by his brother Sima Dewen, posthumously known as Emperor Gong (the "Respectful Emperor of Jin"), in 419. Sima Dewen abdicated in 420 in favor of Liu Yu, who declared himself the ruler of the Song; Sima was asphyxiated with a blanket the following year. In the north, Northern Liang, the last of the Sixteen Kingdoms, was conquered by the Northern Wei in 439, ushering in the Northern dynasties period. The Xianbei Northern Wei accepted the Jin refugees Sima Fei () and Sima Chuzhi (). They both married Xianbei princesses. Sima Fei's wife was named Huayang (), who was the daughter of Emperor Xiaowen; Sima Chuzhi's son was Sima Jinlong (), who married a Northern Liang princess who was a daughter of Xiongnu King Juqu Mujian. More than fifty percent of Tuoba Xianbei princesses of the Northern Wei were married to southern Han Chinese men from the imperial families and aristocrats from southern China of the Southern dynasties who defected and moved north to join the Northern Wei. Much later, Sima Guang (1019–1086), who served as prime minister to the Song, claimed descent from the Jin dynasty (specifically, Sima Fu, brother of Sima Yi). Government and demography Menfa politics Qiaoren and baiji The uprising of the five barbarians led to one in eight northerners migrating to the south. These immigrants were called "qiaoren (, literally the lodged people)", accounting for one sixth of the then people living in the south. Considering most property of these refugees had been lost or exhausted as they arrived, they were privileged to be free from diao (), a special poll tax that was paid via the silk or cotton cloth in ancient China, and other services. Their registers which were bound in white papers were called baiji (). The ordinary ones which were bound in yellow papers were called huangji () in comparison. When the situation settled down, the preferential treatment not only was a heavy burden for the nation, but also aroused dissatisfaction from the natives. Hence, tu duan was an increasingly important issue for the Eastern Jin. Lodged administrative divisions The Eastern Jin court established the lodged administrative divisions which served as strongholds of the qiaoren. More effective administration for them was a realistic starting point for that. Consisting of three levels: qiaozhou (, the lodged province), qiaojun (, the lodged commandery), and qiaoxian (, the lodged county), these lodged administrative divisions were merely nominal without possessing actual domain, or rather, they were local government in exile; what could scarcely be denied was their significance in Jin's legitimacy for the northern territory as somewhat an announcement. Furthermore, it was also an action done to appease the refugees' homesickness, which was evoking their desire to resume what had been lost. During the rule of Emperor Yuan, Emperor Ming, and Emperor Cheng, the lodged administrative divisions were concentrated in the area south of the Huai River and the Lower Yangtze Plain. At first there was the lodged Langya Commandery within lodged Fei County in Jiankang, but when it began is not exactly known. Then the lodged Huaide County was also established in Jiankang, around 320. According to the Book of Song:晉永嘉大亂，幽、冀、青、並、兗州及徐州之淮北流民，相率過淮，亦有過江在晉陵郡界者……又徙流民之在淮南者于晉陵諸縣，其徙過江南及留在江北者，並立僑郡縣以司牧之。徐、兗二州或治江北，江北又僑立幽、冀、青、並四州……(After Disaster of Yongjia, the refugees from You, Ji, Qing, Bing, Yan and Xu provinces came across the Huai River, some even came across the Yangtze River and stayed in Jinling Commandery... The lodged administrative divisions were established to govern them. The seats of Xu and Yan provinces perhaps were moved to the area north of the Yangtze River, where the lodged You, Ji, Qing, Bing provinces were established.)The lodged Pei, Qinghe, Xiapi, Dongguang, Pingchang, Jiyin, Puyang, Guangping, Taishan, Jiyang, and Lu commanderies were established when Emperor Ming ruled. The rebellions and invasions occurring in Jianghuai area led to more refugees switching to settle in the south of the Yangtze River, where the lodged Huainan Commandery was established afterwards. However, carrying these out was more complex than the policy was formulated. Several actual counties were under the jurisdiction of the lodged commanderies. A few lodged administrative divisions are still retained in China nowadays. For instance, Dangtu County was originally located in the area of Bengbu, however, the lodged Dangtu County was established in where it is now, and the latter replaced the former, inheriting its place name. Tu duan policy The tu duan () is the abbreviation for yi tu duan (, means classifying people according to their present habitation to register). It was a policy to ensure the ancient hukou system working since the Western Jin. These terms were first recorded in the biographies of Wei Guan and Li Chong included in the Book of Jin:今九域同規，大化方始，臣等以為宜皆蕩除末法，一擬古制，以土斷，定自公卿以下，皆以所居為正，無復懸客遠屬異土者。然承魏氏凋弊之跡，人物播越，仕無常朝，人無定處，郎吏蓄於軍府，豪右聚於都邑，事體駁錯，與古不同。謂九品既除，宜先開移徙，聽相並就。且明貢舉之法，不濫於境外，則冠帶之倫將不分而自均，即土斷之實行矣。Hence, it was perhaps initially proposed by these two persons, but was only seriously implemented during the Eastern Jin and the Southern dynasties. Society and culture Material culture The Jin dynasty is well known for the quality of its greenish celadon porcelain wares, which immediately followed the development of proto-celadon. Jar designs often incorporated animal, as well as Buddhist, figures. Examples of Yue ware are also known from the Jin dynasty. Religion Taoism was polarized in the Jin dynasty. The Jin emperors repressed Taoists harshly, but also tried to exploit it, given the way it had been used near the end of the Han era in the poor peasants' revolts. Amidst the political turmoil of the era, many successful merchants, small landowners, and other moderately comfortable persons found great solace in Taoist teachings and a number of major clans and military officers also took up the faith. Ge Hong emphasized loyalty to the emperor as a Taoist virtue; he even taught that rebels could never be Taoist immortals, which made Taoism more palatable to the imperial hierarchy. As a result, popular Taoist religions were considered heterodoxy while the official schools of the court were supported, but the popular schools like Tianshi Taoism were still secretly held dear and promulgated amongst ordinary people. Disunity, disintegration, and chaos also made Buddhism more popular, in part due to the focus on addressing suffering. The Jin dynasty marked a critical era for Mahayana in China. Dharmarakṣa’s 286 translation of the Lotus Sutra was the most important one before Kumārajīva’s 5th-century translation. It was said that there were 1,768 Buddhist temples in the Eastern Jin. Furthermore, Taoism advanced chemistry and medicine in China, whereas the contribution of Mahayana was concentrated in philosophy and literature. List of emperors and eras Major events Battle of Fei River Butterfly Lovers War of the Eight Princes Wu Hu people See also Chinese sovereign Ge Hong List of tributaries of Imperial China Liu Song dynasty Northern dynasties Northern Wei dynasty Romance of the Three Kingdoms Six Dynasties Sixteen Kingdoms Southern dynasties References Citations Sources External links Chinese History, the Jin Dynasty 晉 Largest Jin Dynasty Tomb Discovered in NW China Category:Dynasties in Chinese history Category:Former countries in Chinese history Category:265 establishments Category:3rd-century establishments in China Category:420 disestablishments Category:5th-century disestablishments in China Category:Sixteen Kingdoms	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Taussig–Bing syndrome Taussig–Bing syndrome is a cyanotic congenital heart defect in which the patient has both double outlet right ventricle (DORV) and subpulmonic ventricular septal defect (VSD). In DORV, instead of the normal situation where blood from the left ventricle (LV) flows out to the aorta and blood from the right ventricle (RV) flows out to the pulmonary artery, both aorta and pulmonary artery are connected to the RV, and the only path for blood from the LV is across the VSD. When the VSD is subpulmonic (sitting just below the pulmonary artery), the LV blood then flows preferentially to the pulmonary artery. Then the RV blood, by default, flows mainly to the aorta. The clinical manifestations of a Taussig-Bing anomaly, therefore, are much like those of dextro-Transposition of the great arteries (but the surgical repair is different). It can be corrected surgically also with the arterial switch operation (ASO). It is managed with Rastelli procedure. It is named after Helen B. Taussig and Richard Bing. References External links Category:Congenital heart defects Category:Syndromes affecting the heart	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aiquile Aiquile is a town in the Cochabamba Department, Bolivia. It is the capital of the Narciso Campero Province and Aiquile Municipality. Most of its population is Quechua, and its residents are reputed to be the best charango makers in the country. External links Map of Narciso Campero Province World Gazetteer Category:Populated places in Cochabamba Department	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Akona Akona is a small village 15 km south-east of Kulpahar. It has ruins from the Chandela period. References Category:Bundelkhand Category:Villages in Mahoba district	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Aleksey Mochalov Aleksey Mochalov (born 13 February 1990) is a Uzbekistani canoeist. He competed in the men's K-1 1000 metres event at the 2016 Summer Olympics. References External links Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:Uzbekistani male canoeists Category:Olympic canoeists of Uzbekistan Category:Canoeists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Category:Place of birth missing (living people) Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Uzbekistan Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Uzbekistan Category:Asian Games medalists in canoeing Category:Canoeists at the 2010 Asian Games Category:Canoeists at the 2014 Asian Games Category:Canoeists at the 2018 Asian Games Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Eau Claire Vocational School The Eau Claire Vocational School is located in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. History The building served as a factory for several years for companies that built trunks, suitcases, telescope cases and phonographs. After being used as a warehouse, it was converted into a vocational school by the National Youth Administration in the early 1940s. During World War II, women were trained at the school to build equipment for the war effort. In 1967, the school moved to larger facility and was later renamed the Chippewa Valley Technical College. Its former site would be used by the city to house its parks and recreation department. In 2014, it was added to the State and the National Register of Historic Places. References Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin Category:Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin Category:Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Wisconsin Category:Warehouses on the National Register of Historic Places Category:National Register of Historic Places in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin Category:Vocational schools in the United States Category:Schools in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin Category:New Deal in Wisconsin Category:Industrial buildings completed in 1891	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Napaeus nanodes Napaeus nanodes is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Enidae. This species is endemic to Spain. References Category:Enidae Category:Endemic molluscs of the Iberian Peninsula Category:Endemic fauna of Spain Category:Gastropods described in 1852 Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Quebec Route 369 Route 369 is a provincial highway located in the Capitale-Nationale region in south-central Quebec. The highway runs from Sainte-Catherine-de-la-Jacques-Cartier and ends in the Beauport sector of Quebec City at the junctions of Autoroute 40 and Route 360. The highway serves also CFB Valcartier military base located just off Autoroute 573. Towns located along Route 369 Quebec City including Beauport, Charlesbourg and Loretteville Val-Belair Courcelette Shannon Sainte-Catherine-de-la-Jacques-Cartier See also List of Quebec provincial highways External links Official Transports Quebec Map Route 369 on Google Maps 369 Category:Roads in Capitale-Nationale Category:Streets in Quebec City	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Greenport, Suffolk County, New York Greenport is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. It is on the north fork of Long Island. The population was 2,197 at the 2010 census. The village of Greenport is within the town of Southold and is the only incorporated community in the town. Greenport was a major port for its area, having developed a strong fishing and whaling industry in the past, although currently there are only a handful of commercial fishing vessels operating out of Greenport. More recently the tourism industry has grown substantially too, especially in the summer. History Greenport was first settled in 1682. The village was called Winter Harbor, Stirling, and Green Hill and was incorporated in 1838. Greenport was once a whaling and ship building village, and since 1844, has been the eastern terminal station on the north fork for the Long Island Rail Road. During Prohibition, rum running and speakeasies became a significant part of Greenport's economy. Greenport's residents knew the waters well and could outrun the coastguard. Restaurants on the east end, including Claudio's in Greenport, served the illegal booze. Many of the village's older structures are included in the Greenport Village Historic District, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. Police department disbanded Village residents voted 617–339 in November 1994 to disband their nine-member police department. The department, which was established in 1947, was shut down after a grand jury investigation into a series of scandals. Since the shutdown, police services have been provided by the Southold Town Police Department. In 2005, trustees established a local chapter parapolice organization of volunteer vigilantes, Guardian Angels, to patrol the village. In June 2016, the Village of Greenport began enforcing its own vehicle and traffic code, marking the first time since 1994 the Village enforced its traffic laws. The Village of Greenport Code Enforcement & Fire Prevention continue to enforce the Village Code, as well as a number of other Federal, State and Local rules & regulations. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it (20.66%) is water. Climate Demographics As of the census of 2000, there were 2,048 people, 776 households, and 446 families residing in the village. The population density was 2,142.7 people per square mile (823.7/km²). There were 1,075 housing units at an average density of 1,124.7 per square mile (432.4/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 76.17% White, 14.26% African American, 0.39% Asian, 0.54% Pacific Islander, 4.74% from other races, and 3.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.24% of the population. There were 776 households out of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.1% were married couples living together, 16.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.5% were non-families. 34.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.10. In the village, the population was spread out with 23.2% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 23.7% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 22.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 81.3 males. The median income for a household in the village was $31,675, and the median income for a family was $36,333. Males had a median income of $36,848 versus $22,165 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,595. About 21.2% of families and 19.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.7% of those under age 18 and 11.7% of those age 65 or over. In 2010, the breakdown was as follows: 53.6% White 34.0% Hispanic 10.0% Black 0.5% Asian 0.1% Native American 0.5% some Other Race 1.5% Two or More Races Tourism Greenport is also known for its tourism during the summer. It has a locally famous 1920s carousel, located near the waterfront. The village is also the home of the East End Seaport Museum & Marine Foundation, which hosts the annual Maritime Festival each September. The museum is housed in the former station house of the Greenport Long Island Rail Road station, while the East end of the Railroad Museum of Long Island is located in the former freight house. The new station is the terminus of the Long Island Rail Road. Most of the tourism stems from maritime activities, as well as proximity to the more than 40 vineyards on the East End of Long Island. It has many small shops and boutiques, ice cream parlors, bed-and-breakfasts, and restaurants ranging from fine-dining to paper-napkin crab shacks. Greenport proves to be the hub of the North Fork foodie culture with many acclaimed restaurants. Lucharito's, Noah's, The Frisky Oyster, The Blue Canoe and First and South all rank among new and acclaimed restaurants on the North Fork in the village. It is also the home of the Greenport Farmers' Market, the only multi-vendor cooperative local market on the North Fork. Greenport is also home to Andy's, Claudio's Restaurant, Clam Bar and Crabby Jerry's, all three are located on the water and serve less upscale food. Claudio's Restaurant was claimed to be the oldest single family-owned restaurant in the United States before it was sold to new owners in 2018. Government The Mayor of the Village of Greenport is George Hubbard, Jr., who was elected in March, 2015. He succeeded Mayor David Nyce, under whom Hubbard served as a Trustee and Deputy Mayor. The Village is governed by a 5-member board of Trustees, of which the Mayor is the chair and a voting member. The Mayor and Trustees serve 4-year terms. Village Trustee Jack Martilotta, elected in March, 2015, serves as Deputy Mayor. The other Trustees are Peter Clarke (elected March, 2019), Mary Bess Phillips (first elected March, 2009, re-elected in 2013 and 2017), and Julia Robins (first elected March, 2013, re-elected 2017). Schools The Greenport Union Free School District provides public education for the area. The Old Kindergarten Schoolhouse was Greenport's first schoolhouse. It was located on the North Road and attended by children from Arshamomaque, Stirling (now Greenport) and East Marion. In 1832, a larger schoolhouse was built on First Street and Greenport students transferred to the new location. In 1879, the first kindergarten was established and the old schoolhouse was moved from the North Road to 4th Avenue and South Street (now the location of the Greenport Fire Department). Greenport students attended kindergarten in the building until 1932. In 2005, the Old Kindergarten Schoolhouse was moved to its present site on Front Street and with oversight by the Greenport Improvement Committee, was restored with matching funds from the Village of Greenport and New York State. The building is now the Village's historic interpretive center and a venue for community meetings and events. Their phone is 631-477-8200. Houses of worship Saints Anargyroi, Taxiarchis and Gerasimos Greek Orthodox Church, 702 Main Street, Greenport, NY 11944 Clinton Memorial A.M.E. Zion Church, 614 3rd Street, Greenport, NY 11944 First Baptist Church of Greenport, 654 Main Street, Greenport, NY 11944 Holy Trinity Episcopal Church, 768 Main Street, Greenport, NY 11944 St. Agnes Church, 523 Front Street, Greenport, NY 11944 St. Peter's Lutheran Church, 71305 Main Road, Greenport, NY 11944 Congregation Tifereth Israel, 500 4th Street, Greenport, NY 11944 Transportation Greenport is the easternmost terminus for the Long Island Rail Road's Ronkonkoma Branch, which provides limited service between Greenport station and Ronkonkoma station. At Ronkonkoma, passengers can connect to New York City bound trains. It is also served by Suffolk County Transit's S92 bus route, which runs from Orient Point to East Hampton via Riverhead. Hampton Jitney's North Fork Line also brings passengers to New York City. Gallery References 16. https://web.archive.org/web/20140419013436/http://www.greenportvillage.com/listingDetail.cfm?currentListing=283 External links Greenport Village Official Information Village of Greenport official website East End Seaport Museum & Marine Foundation Railroad Museum of Long Island (Greenport) Greenport Farmers Market Category:Populated coastal places in New York (state) Category:Villages in Suffolk County, New York Category:Southold, New York Category:Villages in New York (state) Category:Populated places established in 1682 Category:1682 establishments in New York	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
I'm Not the Devil I'm Not the Devil is the seventh studio album from American country music artist Cody Jinks. It was released on August 12, 2016 through Cody Jinks Music. Commercial performance The album debuted at No. 4 on the Top Country Albums chart with 11,000 sold, and it is the first album by Jinks to appear on the chart. It has sold 67,100 copies in the United States as of December 2017. Track listing All songs written by Cody Jinks except where noted. "The Same" (Chris Claridy, Cody Jinks) - 3:36 "I'm Not the Devil" - 3:35 "No Guarantees" - 3:50 "No Words" - 3:37 "Give All You Can" - 5:06 "She's All Mine" - 3:31 "The Way I Am" (Sonny Throckmorton) - 3:00 "Chase That Song" - 3:17 "Heavy Load" - 4:12 "Grey" (Cody Jinks, Tom McElvain) - 3:17 "Church at Gaylor Creek" (Billy Don Burns) - 4:17 "Vampires" (Cody Jinks, Meredith Evelyn Jinks) - 4:18 "Hand Me Down" Chart positions References Category:Cody Jinks albums Category:2016 albums Category:Albums recorded at Sonic Ranch	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
2008 United States presidential election in California The 2008 United States presidential election in California took place on November 4, 2008, in California as part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 55 electors, the most out of any of the 50 states, to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president. California was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama with a 24.1% margin of victory. No Republican has carried the state in a presidential election since 1988. , this is the last time the Democratic candidate carried Trinity and Butte counties in a presidential election. Primaries For other parties, see California state elections, February 2008. On February 5, 2008, presidential primaries were held by all parties with ballot access in the state. Democratic The 2008 California Democratic primary took place on February 5, 2008, also known as Super Tuesday. California was dubbed the "Big Enchilada" by the media because it offers the most delegates out of any other delegation. Hillary Clinton won the primary. Process In the primary, 370 of California's 441 delegates to the Democratic National Convention were selected. The remaining delegates were superdelegates not obligated to vote for any candidate at the convention. Of these delegates, 241 were awarded at the congressional district level, and the remaining 129 were awarded to the statewide winner. Candidates were required to receive at least 15% of either the district or statewide vote to receive any delegates. Registered Democrats and Decline to State voters were eligible to vote. Polls The latest six polls were averaged (only counting the latest Zogby poll). Results Republican The California Republican primary, 2008 was held on February 5, 2008, with a total of 173 national delegates at stake. Process The delegates represented California at the Republican National Convention. There were three delegates to every congressional district and fourteen bonus delegates. The winner in each of the 53 congressional districts was awarded all of that district's delegates. The statewide winner was awarded 11 of the 14 bonus delegates, with the 3 remaining delegates assigned to party leaders. Voting in the primary was restricted to registered Republican voters. Polls Early polls showed Rudy Giuliani in the lead. Polls taken closer to the primary either showed Mitt Romney or John McCain as the favored candidate. Results American Independent Party The American Independent Party held its primary February 5, 2008 Green Party The Green Party held its primary February 5, 2008. Libertarian The Libertarian Party held its primary February 5, 2008. Peace and Freedom The Peace and Freedom Party held its primary February 5, 2008. Predictions Polling Obama won most opinion polls taken prior to the election. In the final three polls he averaged 59%, while McCain averaged 34%; which is close to the results on election day. Fundraising Obama raised a total of $124,325,459 from the state. McCain raised a total of $26,802,024. Advertising and visits The Obama campaign spent almost $5,570,641. The McCain campaign spent $1,885,142. Obama visited the state six times. McCain visited the state eight times. Analysis California was once a Republican stronghold, supporting Republican candidates in every election from 1952 through 1988, except in 1964. However, since the 1990s, California has become a reliably Democratic state with a highly diverse ethnic population (mostly Latino) and liberal bastions such as the San Francisco Bay Area and Los Angeles County. The last time the state was won by a Republican candidate was in 1988 by George H. W. Bush. Obama won by a historic margin, with 61.01% of the votes. The last time the margin was higher in the state was in 1936 when Franklin D. Roosevelt won with 66.95% of the vote. In San Francisco and Alameda County (which includes Oakland and Berkeley), four out of five voters backed the Democratic candidate. Elsewhere in the Bay Area, Obama won every county by a three to two margin or greater. In Los Angeles County, Obama won almost 70% of the votes. His combined margin in the Bay Area and Los Angeles County would have been more than enough to carry the state. Obama also made considerable headway in historically Republican areas of the state. Fresno County, for example, a heavily populated county in the Central Valley, went from giving Bush a 16% margin to a 1% margin for Obama. San Diego County moved from a six-percent margin for Bush to a 10-point margin for Obama—only the second time since World War II that a Democrat has carried this military-dominated county. San Bernardino and Riverside went from double-digit Republican victories to narrow Democratic wins. Ventura County also moved from Republican to Democratic. Orange County, historically one of the most Republican suburban counties in the nation, went from a 21-point margin for Bush to only a 2.5-point margin for McCain. Voter turnout was also fairly higher in the election. The 79% turnout of registered voters was the highest since the 1976 presidential election. Despite the Democratic landslide in California, during the same election, a ballot proposition to ban same-sex marriage narrowly passed. A number of counties that had voted for Obama voted yes for it, as it was supported by Hispanics and African Americans. Even though Obama considered marriage to be between a man and a woman at the time, he opposed the "divisive and discriminatory efforts to amend the California Constitution... the U.S. Constitution or those of other states". Arnold Schwarzenegger, the state's Republican governor and a supporter of McCain, opposed the proposition, though McCain supported it. Results The following are official results from the California Secretary of State. By county The results below are primarily compiled from the final reports available from the Secretary of State. The "others" category also includes write-in votes. By congressional district Obama carried 42 congressional districts in California, including all 34 districts held by Democrats and eight districts held by Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives. Electors Technically the voters of California cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. California is allocated 55 electors because it has 53 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 55 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate, to the California Secretary of State. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 55 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector. The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols. In California the 55 electors meet in the State Capitol building in Sacramento to cast their ballots. The following were the members of the Electoral College from California. All were pledged to and voted for Barack Obama and Joe Biden. Jaime Alvarado William Ayer Joe Baca, Jr. Ian Blue Roberta Brooks Nathan Brostrom Mark Cibula Robert Conaway Ray Cordova Lawrence Du Bois James Farley John Freidenrich Mark Friedman Bobby Glaser Audrey Gordon Robert Handy Ilene Haber Mary Hubert Aleita Huguenin Richard Hundrieser Fred Jackson Patrick Kahler Mary Keadle LeRoy King Vinz Koller Mark Macarro Alma Marquez Ana Mascarenas Betty McMillion Michael McNerney Gwen Moore Jeremy Nishihara Gregory Olzack Joe Perez Nancy Parrish Lou Paulson Anthony Rendon Frank Salazar David Sanchez Larry Sheingold Lane Sherman Stephen Smith Juadina Stallings Kenneth Sulzer Aaruni Thakur Norma Torres Silissa Uriarte-Smith Sid Voorakkara Greg Warner Karen Waters Sanford Weiner Gregory Willenborg Kelley Willis James Yedor Christine Young Failed election reform There was a proposed ballot proposition in the state to alter the way the state's electors would be distributed among presidential candidates, but the initiative failed to get onto the ballot. Notes Turnout information is not available because Decline to State voters were allowed to participate. There were a total of 6,749,406 eligible registered voters registered with the Democratic Party and 3,043,164 who declined to state. See also California state elections, February 2008 California state elections, November 2008 Statewide opinion polling for the 2008 United States presidential election: California Democratic Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008 Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 2008 References External links Official list of electors for ballot candidates Official list of electors for write-in candidates California United States president 2008	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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