text
stringlengths 22
288k
| meta
dict |
|---|---|
Lev Chernyi
Lev Chernyi (; died September 21, 1921) was a Russian individualist anarchist theorist, activist and poet, and a leading figure of the Third Russian Revolution. In 1917, Chernyi was released from his political imprisonment by the Imperial Russian regime, and swiftly became one of the leading figures in Russian anarchism. After strongly denouncing the new Bolshevik government in various anarchist publications and joining several underground resistance movements, Chernyi was arrested by the Cheka on a charge of counterfeiting and in 1921 was executed without trial.
Early life, philosophy and imprisonment
Chernyi was born Pavel Dimitrievich Turchaninov () to an army colonel father. A "déclassé intellectual" whom anarchist historian Paul Avrich compares with Volin, Chernyi advocated a Nietzschean overthrow of the values of bourgeois Russian society, and rejected the voluntary communes of anarcho-communist Peter Kropotkin as a threat to the freedom of the individual. Chernyi advocated the "free association of independent individuals" in a book titled Associational Anarchism and published in 1907. Scholars including Avrich and Allan Antliff have interpreted this vision of society to have been greatly influenced by the individualist anarchists Max Stirner, and Benjamin Tucker. Subsequent to the book's publication, Chernyi was imprisoned in Siberia under the Russian Czarist regime for his revolutionary activities.
Return to Moscow and opposition to the Bolsheviks
On his return from Siberia in 1917, Chernyi enjoyed great popularity among Moscow workers as a lecturer, and was at this time one of Russia's leading individualist anarchists and one of anarchism's main ideologues. He was the Secretary and leading theorist of the Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups, which was formed in March 1917 after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and was primarily concerned with disseminating propaganda to Moscow's poorer classes.
A personal acquaintance of Lev Kamenev and other leading Bolsheviks, Chernyi denounced the nascent Russian Soviet Republic at a rally on March 5, 1918, declaring that for anarchists, the socialist state was as much an enemy as its bourgeois predecessor and promising to "paralyze the governmental mechanism". A vociferous advocate of seizing private homes, Chernyi agitated against the state in the pages of Anarkhiia, the anarchist weekly newspaper, proposing increasingly detailed means of decentralized production and "complete absence of internal power structures". In the spring of 1918, the anarchist groups within the Moscow Federation formed armed detachments in reaction to the growing repression of all resistance and free expression. These were the Black Guards, precursors to the anarchist Black Army which fought the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War. On the night of April 11, the Cheka (Soviet secret police) raided a building occupied by the Moscow Federation, with the official aim of arresting and charging "robber bands" in the anarchist ranks. They were met with armed resistance by the Black Guards and in the ensuing battle, approximately forty anarchists were killed or wounded and about five hundred were imprisoned.
Arrest and execution
Having helped establish an underground group in 1918, Chernyi joined another group called the Underground Anarchists the following year. The organization, which had been founded by Kazimir Kovalevich and Piotr Sobalev, published two issues of an incendiary broadsheet denouncing the Communist dictatorship as the worst tyranny in human history. On September 25, 1919, together with a number of leftist social revolutionaries, the Underground Anarchists bombed the headquarters of the Moscow Committee of the Communist Party during a plenary meeting. Twelve Communists were killed and fifty-five others were wounded, including eminent Bolshevik theorist and Pravda editor Nikolai Bukharin. Chernyi was detained along with Fanya Baron on a counterfeiting charge. In August 1921, the Moscow Izvestia published an official report announcing that ten "anarchist bandits", among them Chernyi, had been shot without hearing or trial. However, historian of anarchism Paul Avrich contends that Chernyi was executed in September of that year rather than August. Although he was not personally involved in the bombing of the Communist Party headquarters, Chernyi was, because of his association with the Underground Anarchists, a likely candidate for a frameup. The Communists refused to turn over his body to his family for burial, and rumors persisted that he had in fact died of torture.
Bibliography
Novoe napravlenie v anarkhizme: assotsiatsionnyi anarkhizm. 2nd edn, New York, 1923.
O klassakh. Moscow, 1924.
Related pages
Individualist anarchism in Europe
List of anarchist poets
One of the people who visited his lectures was Gerard Shelley
Footnotes
References
Category:1921 deaths
Category:Anarchist partisans
Category:Anarchist theorists
Category:Individualist anarchists
Category:Russian anarchists
Category:Russian male poets
Category:Soviet anarchists
Category:Egoist anarchists
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Russian people executed by the Soviet Union
Category:Executed anarchists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kike (footballer, born November 1989)
Enrique García Martínez (; born 25 November 1989), known as Kike (), is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a striker for SD Eibar.
He began his career at Real Murcia, competing in five Segunda División seasons before a €3.5 million transfer to Middlesbrough in 2014. After one and a half seasons in the Football League Championship, he returned to Spain with Eibar.
Kike played for Spain at under-20 level, making his debut in 2009.
Club career
Murcia
Born in Motilla del Palancar, Cuenca, Kike joined Real Murcia's youth categories aged 18, after a brief spell with local CD Quintanar del Rey. He made his senior debut with the former's reserves in the 2007–08 season, in Tercera División.
On 23 May 2009, Kike played his first match as a professional, coming on as a substitute for Enrique de Lucas in a 2–2 away draw against RC Celta de Vigo for the Segunda División championship. He scored his first goal roughly a month later, the first in a 2–1 home victory over UD Salamanca; in November he signed a new three-year contract, being definitely promoted to the main squad.
Kike suffered an injury in his fibula in September 2011 and, despite being initially sidelined for a month, he was out of action for the entire campaign. In October of the following year he signed a new deal with Murcia, running until 2016.
In his final year with the Pimentoneros, 2013–14, Kike was the joint second top scorer in the league with 23 goals and helped his team to the La Liga promotion play-offs. He was also May's Player of the Month.
Middlesbrough
On 11 July 2014, Kike joined English Football League Championship side Middlesbrough, in a €3.5 million (£2.7 million) deal. He was signed by compatriot Aitor Karanka, who had worked with him at international youth level, and made his competitive debut on 9 August by starting at home to Birmingham City on the opening day of the season, scoring his team's second goal in the 66th minute for a 2–0 home win; he found the net again in his second appearance three days later, replacing Adam Reach early into the second half of a Football League Cup tie at Oldham Athletic and scoring the last goal in a 3–0 victory.
Kike came on for Jelle Vossen in the 86th minute of Middlesbrough's FA Cup fourth round match at reigning Premier League champions Manchester City on 24 January 2015, and scored the second goal of a 2–0 win. On 10 February, he netted an 88th-minute winner in a 2–1 away defeat of Blackpool, a result which moved his team above Bournemouth into first place.
Kike scored in Middlesbrough's 3–0 win over Brentford on 15 May 2015, which advanced the hosts to the play-off final 5–1 on aggregate. He was a substitute in the decisive match, a 0–2 loss to Norwich City at Wembley Stadium.
On 15 August 2015, Kike scored his first two-goal haul for Middlesbrough, a first-half double in a 3–0 home win over Bolton Wanderers. He scored and assisted Christian Stuani on 19 December in a 3–0 victory at Brighton & Hove Albion, which ended the hosts' unbeaten season and put the opposition on top of the league table.
Eibar
The signings of strikers David Nugent and Jordan Rhodes at Middlesbrough led to speculation about Kike's future at the club, creating extra pressure for him to be included in the starting line-up. After interest from fellow league teams Leeds United and Wolverhampton Wanderers, he left and on 2 February 2016 signed for SD Eibar in La Liga, but a late registration meant that he would be ineligible to play until the following season.
Kike finally made his debut for the Basques on 19 August 2016, starting in a 1–2 away loss against Deportivo de La Coruña. He scored seven goals in his debut campaign – nine across all competitions – helping to a tenth-place finish.
International career
Kike was called up to the Spain under-20 team in June 2009, for that year's Mediterranean Games. He was also in Luis Milla's list for the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup.
Honours
Club
Murcia
Segunda División B: 2010–11
International
Spain U20
Mediterranean Games: 2009
Individual
Segunda División Player of the Month: May 2014
Notes
References
External links
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from the Province of Cuenca
Category:Spanish footballers
Category:Castilian-Manchegan footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:La Liga players
Category:Segunda División players
Category:Segunda División B players
Category:Real Murcia Imperial players
Category:Real Murcia players
Category:SD Eibar footballers
Category:English Football League players
Category:Middlesbrough F.C. players
Category:Spain youth international footballers
Category:Competitors at the 2009 Mediterranean Games
Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in football
Category:Mediterranean Games gold medalists for Spain
Category:Spanish expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in England
Category:Spanish expatriate sportspeople in England | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Electronic voting in Belgium
Electronic voting in Belgium started in 1991 when two locations were chosen to experiment on different electronic voting systems during the 24 November 1991 general elections. The law of 16 July 1991 to permit this experiment was passed by an absolute majority with no opposition at all. One of the systems tested was based on a touch panel similar to those used in the Netherlands. The other system, still in use in 2004, is based on a magnetic card and an electronic ballot marking device with a light pen.
In 1994 the electronic voting experiment was extended to around 22% of the Belgian population. Every kind of voting area was tested: big cities, small villages, French speaking, Dutch speaking or legally speaking both languages.
In 1999 the system was extended to 44% of the population. However, due to lobbying from groups like PourEva and increasing doubt about the system, new tests were done and more controls were added. The most important test is the introduction of optical reading of paper ballots in two areas. This test was scheduled for 3 elections up to 2003 and was not re-conducted. The test was successful and gave no problems, despite this being the first election to use it. Optical reading of eVoting is Voter Verified Paper Audit Trail and guarantees the possibility of a human recount. The extra control introduced is the creation of an expert committee to monitor the electronic election process. That committee discovered the high dependency of the ministry of interior toward the vendor of the eVoting system.
In 2000 the local elections in Auderghem (part of Brussels) were contested in all available Belgian courts and the issue of legality of eVoting was raised before the European Court of Human Rights. The European court discarded the request without analysing the content.
In 2003 a new eVoting system was introduced to try to convince citizens that the system was safe. In the two locations that originally started eVoting, a "Ticketing" system was introduced. The principle of this is to add a printer next to the voting machine (magnetic card and light pen), and a paper copy of the vote is printed and approved by the voter. Once the elections are finished, all the paper votes (tickets) are counted and compared to the electronic result. In case of discrepancy, the paper version rules. The paper count and the electronic count matched nowhere, and it was decided (against the law) to favour the electronic result, which was considered more reliable. The law to organise this new test stated explicitly that this was for one election only.
In 2004, for the European Elections, all the tests were ended and all 44% of the population already voting electronically did so with the magnetic card. Ticketing or Optical Reading were no longer used. Since 1999 no further locations migrated from paper to eVoting. The equipment acquired in 1994 was not supposed to be used in 2004; however, the government chose to use it for one more year.
Reported problems
In the elections on 18. May 2003 there was an electronic voting problem reported where one candidate got 4096 extra votes. The error was only detected because she had more preferential votes than her own list which is impossible in the voting system. The official explanation was "the spontaneous creation of a bit at the position 13 in the memory of the computer".
One likely explanation for the error was a single-event upset caused by a cosmic ray, which the voting system did not protect against.
Furthermore, a sourcecode analysis of the DigiVote system in 2004 found several obvious errors with the security of the encryption keys, leaking of sensitive information, and lack of defensive secure coding practices. The voting system was also found to be vulnerable to a limited replay attack.
Note that DigiVote is a trade name owned by German-based company Brähler ICS Konferenztecknik AG (also spelt Brahler and Braehler in non German speaking regions) which manufactures battery powered radio audience response voting units for use in meetings and should not be confused with the ballot system used in Belgium.
References
External links
PourEva, Pour une Ethique du Vote Automatisé
DigiVote, web site of trade name owner
UK, UK Brahler ICS site
official source code release
Belgium
Category:Elections in Belgium | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Adia Barnes
Adia Oshun Barnes (born February 3, 1977) is the head women's basketball coach with the University of Arizona. She played at the collegiate level for the University of Arizona, then seven seasons of professional women's basketball with the Houston Comets, Seattle Storm, Minnesota Lynx, and Sacramento Monarchs in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). She has played internationally with Dynamo Kiev in Ukraine. Barnes has also served as a TV color analyst broadcasting WNBA Seattle Storm games. Barnes is married to Salvo Coppa, a basketball coach she met in Italy. The wedding date was July 4, 2012.
Early years
Barnes grew up in San Diego, California and attended Mission Bay Senior High School in San Diego. She is the daughter of NFL player Pete Barnes, although he divorced Adia's mother when she was three. Over the course of her high school career, she amassed 1112 blocks, the most ever recorded by a female high school basketball player, 253 blocks ahead of second place Chris Enger.
College
At 5'11", Barnes wasn't as tall as most post position players at the highly regarded Division I schools. The University of Arizona head coach Joan Bonvicini initially didn't think she would be able to play at that position, even after watching film of her play. However, after seeing her in person, she immediately offered Barnes a scholarship, who enrolled in the school for the 1995 season. Her physical play earned her a comparison to Charles Barkley from a Sports Illustrated writer. In her freshman year she earned the Pac-10 freshman of the year award, the first player from Arizona to win such an award.
In Barnes's sophomore year, the team earned a WNIT bid and won the championship. Barnes was named the tournament Most Valuable Player. As a junior, Barnes helped the team to their first ever NCAA appearance. They won their first game against Western Kentucky, and then lost by six points to the second seed in their bracket, Georgia. She went on to set 22 individual records for the Arizona Wildcats, including career points and rebounds, many of which are still records. She would go on to become the first women's player in Arizona to be drafted into the professional leagues.
WNBA career
Although successful as an undersized post in college, Barnes knew that she would not be able to continue as a post player in the pros, so she decide to transform herself into a guard. She originally was signed by the now-defunct Sacramento Monarchs, playing in 29 games and earning a starting position in 16 games. However, she was then traded to Minnesota and then Cleveland, and saw her playing time dwindle. She played overseas to work on her skills and concentrated on becoming a specialist. In 2002, she was traded to the Seattle Storm, who were picked to finish sound to last in their division. With Sue Bird and Lauren Jackson on the team, Storm coach Lin Dunn wasn't looking for a scorer, so Barnes concentrated on becoming a shut-down defender. Her work effort paid off, and she helped the team to make the playoffs in only their third year of existence.
International
Barnes also played internationally with Dynamo Kiev in Ukraine. She played for several Euroleague teams, Priolo(Italy), Elitzur Rampla(Israel), Napoli BK(Italy), UMMC(Russia), Mersin(Turkey), and Pozzuoli(Italy).
Broadcasting
In 2007, Barnes became a color commentator for the radio coverage of the Storm. She had some experience as a commentator for the World Championship games. The games were held in Brazil, but the broadcasts were done in a remote studio, making it a challenge. As of 2012, she did broadcasts of Storm games for both radio and TV, along with play-by-play announcer Dick Fain. Barnes was also the color commentator for the radio broadcasts of Seattle University Redhawks women's basketball games during the 2010-11 season.
Coaching
In October 2010, Barnes was named Director of Player and Coach Development at Seattle Academy.
Barnes was approached by her Arizona coach Joan Bonvicini to see if she was interested in coaching. At the time, Barnes was still actively playing for the Storm, and turned down the opportunity. However, she enjoyed working at camps, so when the new head coach of the University of Washington, Kevin McGuff, asked her in 2011 to consider coaching, he was able to persuade her, and she joined the Huskies as an assistant coach. Barnes was named head women's basketball coach at the University of Arizona on April 4, 2016.
After a fairly rough start to her coaching career, Barnes entered her third season with the Wildcats, with high hopes. The team began the year 12-1, but ultimately struggled when it came to Pac-12 conference play. After finishing the regular season with 17 wins, their most in the regular season since 2010-11, Arizona entered the conference tournament as the No. 8 seed, knocking off USC to begin tournament play. The Wildcats would finish the year 18-13, before ultimately being selected for the Women's National Invitation Tournament.
The Wildcats guided by Barnes, would make it to the WNIT Final, knocking off Northwestern to become the 2019 WNIT Champions.
University of Arizona stats
Source
WNBA career statistics
|- valign="bottom"
| width="48" height="15" | 1998
| width="48" | Sacramento
| width="48" | 29
| width="48" | 16
| width="48" | 21.3
| width="48" | 0.395
| width="48" | 0.298
| width="48" | 0.744
| width="48" | 2.9
| width="48" | 0.8
| width="48" | 0.48
| width="48" | 0.34
| width="48" | 1.83
| width="48" | 7.6
|- valign="bottom"
| height="13" | 1999
| Minnesota
| 19
| 0
| 4.8
| 0.304
| 0.333
| 0.5
| 1.1
| 0.3
| 0.26
| 0
| 0.42
| 1.1
|- valign="bottom"
| height="13" | 2000
| Cleveland
| 5
| 0
| 3.6
| 0.6
| 0
| 0.5
| 0.4
| 0.8
| 0
| 0
| 0.4
| 1.6
|- valign="bottom"
| height="13" | 2001
| Cleveland
| 3
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0.3
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0.7
|- valign="bottom"
| height="13" | 2002
| Seattle
| 26
| 17
| 19
| 0.333
| 0.25
| 0.517
| 3.9
| 1.1
| 1.23
| 0.35
| 0.96
| 3.5
|- valign="bottom"
| height="13" | 2003
| Seattle
| 16
| 16
| 24.8
| 0.381
| 0.387
| 0.571
| 4.1
| 1.4
| 0.69
| 0.44
| 1.13
| 5.5
|- valign="bottom"
| height="13" | 2004
| Seattle
| 34
| 2
| 11.8
| 0.304
| 0.5
| 0.71
| 1.9
| 0.9
| 0.68
| 0.06
| 0.71
| 2
|- valign="bottom"
| height="13" | Career
|
| 132
| 51
| 15.3
| 0.366
| 0.337
| 0.632
| 2.6
| 0.9
| 0.64
| 0.21
| 0.98
| 3.8
|- valign="bottom"
| height="13" | Playoff
|
| 12
| 2
| 7.9
| 0.227
| 0.4
| 0
| 1.4
| 0.4
| 0.25
| 0
| 0.67
| 1
Head Coaching Record
Awards and achievements
1995—Pac-10 Conference Freshman of the Year
1996—WNIT Most Valuable Player
1998—Pac-10 Conference Player of the Year
1998—AP All-American (third team)
1998—U.S. Basketball Writers Association All-American (first team)
University of Arizona—Points scored career 2237
University of Arizona—Points scored single season 653
University of Arizona—Points scored single game 35
University of Arizona—Rebounds career 921
2003—Inducted into the University of Arizona Hall of Fame
References
External links
Player profile
Adia Barnes Foundation
Eurobasket profile
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Portugal
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Ukraine
Category:American women's basketball players
Category:American women's basketball coaches
Category:Arizona Wildcats women's basketball coaches
Category:Arizona Wildcats women's basketball players
Category:Basketball coaches from California
Category:Basketball players from California
Category:Cleveland Rockers players
Category:Houston Comets players
Category:Minnesota Lynx players
Category:Sacramento Monarchs players
Category:Seattle Storm players
Category:Small forwards
Category:Sportspeople from San Diego
Category:Washington Huskies women's basketball coaches | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sarpang
Sarpang, also transliterated as Sarbhang or Sarbang, is a thromde or town in Sarpang District in southern Bhutan.
References
External links
Satellite map at Maplandia.com
Category:Populated places in Bhutan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
I Know I've Been Changed
I Know I've Been Changed was the first major successful play from famed playwright Tyler Perry. The play focuses on critical issues including child abuse and rape and how they are overcome by a strong belief in God.
Soul musician Ryan Shaw got his start performing in this play in 1998. The play received its first staging in Atlanta in 1992. The play toured from 1998 to 2000.
Grammy award winning vocalist Ann Nesby of the musical and instrumental group Sounds of Blackness played a supporting role in this play/production.
Plot
This hard-hitting play used comedy and drama to tell a story of two adult survivors of child abuse who became the people that their abusive mother said they would be. It is also the story of how they overcame, by the power of God, with a shocking twist at the end.
Mary (Shirley Marie Graham), the lead character, married and had two children before she had the opportunity to become an adult herself. Emotionally and spiritually irresponsible, she sought the succor of drugs to alleviate the pressure of rearing her children. This drug abuse manifests itself in verbal, emotional and physical abuse toward her children. She is unable to see the beauty of her own children, and addicted to drugs, unable to alter the destructive path she has embarked upon. Compounding an already dysfunctional family situation, the husband is abusive to his wife and children as well, molesting his older son, Sam (Ryan Shaw), which results in a dramatic plot twist later in the play.
Fanny (Ann Nesby), is a mother divorcing her husband after becoming a famous singer. In a bold move to pursue her dreams she had to leave her daughter Ellen (Jamecia Bennett), to be raised by her husband, Joe (Tyler Perry).
Cast & Musical numbers
Tyler Perry as Joe
Shirley Marie Graham as Mary
Ann Nesby as Fanny
Jamecia Bennett as Ellen
Chandra Currelley as Emma
Latrice Pace as Millie
Ryan Shaw as Sam
Carl Pertile as Mitch
Jasmine Ross as Lequita
Quan Howell as Johnny
Musical Numbers from The Gospel Play
All songs written and produced by Tyler Perry and Elvin D. Ross.
"I Know I've Been Changed"
"Don't Be Discouraged"
"More Than Just a Sin"
"I Should Have Been There"
"She's Gonna Live"
"Gotta Move Blues"
"If Knew What To Do"
"Old Time Way"
"He Will Take Away All Your Pain"
Trivia
In this play Tyler Perry portrays the character "Joe", a character still being portrayed by Tyler Perry in his movies. The character is revealed in later works to be the brother of Madea (Tyler Perry's most famous character). This play is not available on DVD.
References
Category:Plays by Tyler Perry
Category:African-American plays
Category:1992 plays
Category:Rape in fiction | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Florence, Missouri
Florence is an unincorporated community in Morgan County, Missouri, United States. It is located eight miles south of U.S. Route 50 on Missouri Route 135.
A post office called Florence has been in operation since 1839. Early variant names were "Williamsville" and "Jonesboro".
Gallery
References
Category:Unincorporated communities in Morgan County, Missouri
Category:Unincorporated communities in Missouri | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Don Moen
Donald James "Don" Moen (born June 29, 1950) is an American singer, songwriter, pastor, and producer of Christian worship music.
Biography
Moen was a high school graduate in 1968. Then he attended the University of Oklahoma, earning a degree in music in 1972. Moen attended Oral Roberts University.
Career
He became a Living Sound musician for Terry Law Ministries and traveled with Terry Law for ten years. After, he worked for Integrity Media for over 20 years, serving as creative director and president of Integrity Music, president of Integrity Label Group, and an executive producer of Integrity Music albums. He left Integrity Media in December 2007 to start a new initiative, The Don Moen Company. The Don Moen Company acquired MediaComplete, the church software company that created MediaShout. Moen became a radio host for Don Moen & Friends in 2009. Moen received a Dove Award for his work on the musical God with Us in addition to nine nominations for his songs.
Moen also worked with Claire Cloninger, Paul Overstreet, Martin J. Nystrom, Randy Rothwell, Ron Kenoly, Bob Fitts, Debbye Graafsma, Paul Baloche, Tom Brooks, among many others. He worked with musicians, Justo Almario, Carl Albrecht, Abraham Laboriel, Alex Acuña, Paul Jackson, Jr., Lenny LeBlanc and Chris Graham. He was a catalyst in launching the careers of Paul Baloche, Darlene Zschech, Israel Houghton, and Hillsong United.
He produced 11 volumes for the Hosanna! Music series of worship albums. His first album under his own name, Worship with Don Moen, was released in 1992. His music has total global sales of over five million units.
Notable recordings
Moen's first album for Hosanna! Music, Give Thanks, became the label's bestseller. Produced by Tom Brooks, Give Thanks went on to be certified Gold by the RIAA. Moen followed this with a number of albums of his own including two, En Tu Presencia and Trono De Gracia, in Spanish. God with Us won the Dove Award for Best Musical. On an Asian tour in 1999 he recorded The Mercy Seat at Singapore Indoor Stadium and Heal Our Land at Yoido Park in South Korea, which was released in 2000. One of Moen's albums, I Will Sing, was recorded at Christian Broadcasting Network.
God Will Make a Way: The Best of Don Moen was released in 2003 and features 19 greatest hits. The title song was written for his sister-in-law and her husband, whose oldest son died in an auto accident while their other three children survived but were seriously injured. Moen's Hiding Place became his first studio album which was recorded at Paragon Studios in Franklin, Tennessee, and was released in the autumn of 2006. I Believe There Is More released in late 2008. His third studio recording titled Uncharted Territory (funded successfully through Kickstarter) released on March 27, 2012. His new Christmas album, Christmas: A Season of Hope, was released on October 22, 2012, and some songs were recorded at a studio in Czech Republic. Moen has released a new album titled Hymnbook as a celebration of reaching over 1 million likes on his Facebook page.
Discography
Other recordings
Hatiku (1995)
Behold the Lamb (1997)
Healing (1998)
The Smithton Outpouring (1999)
Hope Changes Everything (2000)
Mas de Ti (2000)
Sing for Joy: A Songwriter's Heart (2002)
Amor Sin Limites (2004)
American Worship Gathering (2005)
Arise: A Celebration of Worship (2006)
Hope Changes Everything (2007)
Cool Worship (2010)
A Little Boy's Prayer (2010)
Marvin L. Winans Presents: The Praise & Worship Experience (2012)
Bishop Jerry L. Maynard Presents: The Cathedral of Praise Choir (2012)
Day and Night Worship (2015)
We Will Stand (2015)
Awards and nominations
Gold certification
1986
"Give Thanks"
References
External links
Category:21st-century American singers
Category:1950 births
Category:American male singer-songwriters
Category:American singer-songwriters
Category:American people of Norwegian descent
Category:American performers of Christian music
Category:American violinists
Category:American male violinists
Category:Christian music songwriters
Category:Columbia Records artists
Category:Performers of contemporary worship music
Category:Epic Records artists
Category:Living people
Category:Singers from Alabama
Category:Singers from Tennessee
Category:Oral Roberts University alumni
Category:Musicians from Minneapolis
Category:Songwriters from Minnesota
Category:Sparrow Records artists
Category:Spanish-language singers of the United States
Category:Songwriters from Tennessee
Category:Songwriters from Alabama
Category:Singers from Minnesota
Category:20th-century American pianists
Category:American male pianists
Category:21st-century American pianists
Category:21st-century violinists
Category:20th-century American male musicians
Category:21st-century male singers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Slinneanachd
Slinneanachd is a kind of divination formerly practiced in Scotland. The practice is now extinct.
It involved inspecting the shoulderblades of an animal (usually a carcass), and according to one version, one had to eat the flesh of the animal without touching the bone with tooth or nail.
See also
Scapulimancy
Oracle Bone
References
Category:Divination
Category:Scottish folklore | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Valley Park Community Library
The Valley Park Community Public Library is a public library in Valley Park, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. The library was established in 1940. It offers several activities and services for all ages.
It is a member of the Municipal Library Consortium of St. Louis County, nine independent libraries in St. Louis County.
References
External links
Libraries.org | https://librarytechnology.org/library/20315
Category:Public libraries in Missouri
Category:Libraries in Greater St. Louis
Category:Municipal Library Consortium of St. Louis County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sea View League
The Sea View League, along with the South Coast League in Orange County, California, make up the ten member high schools of the Coast View Conference, which is part of the California Interscholastic Federation's Southern Section.
For the 2018-19 academic year, the member schools of the Sea View League are:
Baseball
Aliso Niguel
Laguna Hills
San Clemente
San Juan Hills
Trabuco Hills
Basketball, Boys
Dana Hills
El Toro
Laguna Hills
San Juan Hills
Tesoro
Basketball, Girls
Capistrano Valley
El Toro
Laguna Hills
Mission Viejo
San Juan Hills
Cross Country, Boys
Capistrano Valley
Laguna Hills
San Clemente
Tesoro
Trabuco Hills
Cross Country, Girls
Aliso Niguel
Laguna Hills
San Clemente
San Juan Hills
Tesoro
Football (11 man)
Aliso Niguel
Dana Hills
Laguna Hills
San Juan Hills
Trabuco Hills
Golf, Boys
Aliso Niguel
El Toro
Laguna Hills
San Juan Hills
Trabuco Hills
Golf, Girls
Capistrano Valley
El Toro
Laguna Hills
Mission Viejo
Tesoro
Lacrosse, Boys
Aliso Niguel
Dana Hills
Laguna Hills
San Juan Hills
Lacrosse, Girls
Capistrano Valley
Dana Hills
El Toro
Laguna Hills
Mission Viejo
Soccer, Boys
Aliso Niguel
Dana Hills
Laguna Hills
Tesoro
Trabuco Hills
Soccer, Girls
Capistrano Valley
El Toro
Laguna Hills
Mission Viejo
Trabuco Hills
Softball
Capistrano Valley
El Toro
San Clemente
Tesoro
Trabuco Hills
Swimming & Diving, Boys
Capistrano Valley
El Toro
Mission Viejo
San Juan Hills
Trabuco Hills
Swimming & Diving, Girls
Capistrano Valley
El Toro
Mission Viejo
San Juan Hills
Trabuco Hills
Tennis, Boys
Capistrano Valley
Laguna Hills
Mission Viejo
San Juan Hills
Trabuco Hills
Tennis, Girls
El Toro
Laguna Hills
Mission Viejo
San Juan Hills
Trabuco Hills
Track & Field, Boys
Capistrano Valley
Laguna Hills
San Clemente
San Juan Hills
Tesoro
Track & Field, Girls
Capistrano Valley
Laguna Hills
San Clemente
San Juan Hills
Tesoro
Volleyball, Boys
Capistrano Valley
El Toro
Laguna Hills
Mission Viejo
San Juan Hills
Volleyball, Girls
Capistrano Valley
Laguna Hills
Mission Viejo
San Clemente
Tesoro
Water Polo, Boys
Aliso Niguel
Capistrano Valley
Laguna Hills
Mission Viejo
Trabuco Hills
Water Polo, Girls
Capistrano Valley
Laguna Hills
Mission Viejo
San Juan Hills
Trabuco Hills
Wrestling
Capistrano Valley
Mission Viejo
San Clemente
Tesoro
Wrestling, Girls
Capistrano Valley
Mission Viejo
San Clemente
Tesoro
After releaguing, the 2014 members of the league are:
Dana Hills High School
El Toro High School
Laguna Hills High School
San Juan Hills High School
Trabuco Hills High School
For the 2007-08 academic year, the six member schools of the Sea View League were:
El Toro High School
Foothill High School
Huntington Beach High School
Northwood High School
Trabuco Hills High School
Woodbridge High School
Athletic league officers
The Sea View League is an athletic conference made up of similar schools located in Orange County, California.
President: Terri Gusiff, Principal, El Toro High School
Secretary: Teri Durst, Secretary, El Toro High School
League Compliance Officer: Chad Addison, Athletic Director, Capistrano Valley High School
League Coordinator: Armando Rivas, Athletic Director, El Toro High School
Counsel Representative: Craig Collins, Principal, Trabuco Hills High School
References
External links
CIF Southern Section Website
Category:California high school athletic leagues
Category:Sports in Orange County, California
Category:CIF Southern Section leagues | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Timepoint
Timepoint may refer to:
Timing point, a public transit stop with a scheduled departure time
Time point, a concept in music
A fictional prison for time travelers, created by Epoch, a character in the DC comics universe | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of archdeacons in the Church in Wales
The archdeacons in the Church in Wales are senior Anglican clergy who serve under their dioceses' bishops, usually with responsibility for the area's church buildings and pastoral care for clergy.
Archdeacons
Notes
References
Archdeacons | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Putnam Farm
The Putnam Farm is a historic farm on Spaulding Road in Brooklyn, Connecticut. The property, now just of agricultural land with a house (built about 1750) on it, was the centerpiece of a vast landholding in the mid-18th century by Major General Israel Putnam, a major colonial-era military figure who saw action in both the French and Indian War and in the American Revolutionary War. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
Description and history
The Putnam Farm is located in a rural area of northern Brooklyn, on the north side of Spaulding Road east of Connecticut Route 169. The house is set among rolling fields, facing roughly south toward the road, which is lined with stone walls. The house is large in size but modest in styling, 2-1/2 stories in height, with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. Its main facade is eight bays across, with two entrances and asymmetrically placed window bays. Architecturally, it is composed of two separate structures set about apart, the area in between filled in by walls and flooring. The exterior and interior both have modest examples of Federal period woodwork, including fireplace mantels.
Israel Putnam, a native of Danvers, Massachusetts, purchased of land in what was then part of Pomfret from Massachusetts Governor Jonathan Belcher in 1739. He was judged one of the area's successful farmers, raising cattle and sheep. The oldest portion of the present house was built by Putnam about 1750, in order to accommodate his growing family. Putnam served with distinction in the colonial militia during the French and Indian War, and achieved broad recognition throughout the British colonies for his exploits. In 1767 he moved into Brooklyn village, where he operated a tavern and engaged in politics, leaving operation of the farm to his son. Putnam would achieve further renown at the Battle of Bunker Hill in the American Revolutionary War.
Putnam's son sold the farm in 1795 to a neighbor. The house Putnam built was doubled in size in the early 19th century, at which time it was also given modest Federal styling. In 1839 it was purchased by Joshua Collins, whose family owned it for over 100 years. The Collinses sold off most of the farmland after World War II, leaving the house standing on about .
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Windham County, Connecticut
General Israel Putnam House - Israel Putnam birthplace
References
Category:Farms on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Category:Houses completed in 1750
Category:Farms in Connecticut
Category:Buildings and structures in Windham County, Connecticut
Category:Brooklyn, Connecticut
Category:Houses in Windham County, Connecticut
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Windham County, Connecticut | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Nina Aleshina
Nina Aleksandrovna Aleshina (, IPA: []; 1924–2012) was a Russian architect and head of the design department for the Moscow Metro for a decade. Nineteen stations of the subway system were projects she participated in or led. She was honored with many awards during her career, including the designation in 1985 of
Early life
Nina Aleksandrovna was born on 17 July 1924 in Moscow, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Union. She was the granddaughter of the Archpriest of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ at Tarusa, Nikolai Uspensky, () and his wife Nadezhda Danilovna Yakhontova (), whose children became intellectuals and musicians. She graduated from music school in the same year that the German invasion of Russia occurred. She studied piano, before studying architecture at the Moscow Institute of Architecture under the tutelage of , graduating in 1950.
Career
Aleshina began her career in the workshop of Alexey Dushkin, working on drawings for the renovation of the Novoslobodskaya station, which had been completed years before. She focused on wall and pylon treatments, while her husband, the artist Nikolai Aleshin worked in their home sketching images for stained glass. She designed the vestibule of the station, which led into two lobbies. It was the first project of twenty she was involved in for the Moscow subway system.
At the end of the Khrushchev era, Aleshina almost quit working on the metro, but changed her mind. From 1981 to 1991, Aleshina served as the chief architect of the Institute of . It was difficult, as she was serving as the head of the design department for the entire metro system, while still completing her own designs. Aleshina visited construction sites daily to keep the architects and the builders working together and she had a reputation as a perfectionist, who insisted on performance, but who was also highly respected by the engineers and foremen she worked with.
In her later career, Aleshina wrote a history, documenting design details, and the unique features of each station in the subway system for the Moscow Heritage Committee.
Death and recognition
Aleshina died in Moscow on 17 November 2012 and was buried on Vvedenskoye Cemetery next to her husband and daughter. In addition to prizes recognizing her work, she was honored as a Knight of the Order of the Badge of Honour and received the Medal "For Labour Valour".
Projects
The Moscow Metro Station project began in 1931 and the challenge was given to designers to plan spaces which overcame the feeling of being underground and instead managed to artistically provide a space which was functional and able to move trains and people efficiently, yet aesthetically pleasing. Initially, natural materials were predominant, but after 1958, Metrogiprotrans turned to concrete, paint and tile. In the early period, most of the lobby entrances were through larger buildings, but in the austerity movement of the 1950s, a change was made to smaller, pavilion structures. Throughout the 1960s, utilitarian prefabricated structures dominated, but their size increased as the 1970s dawned. The shallow column design, nicknamed the "centipede" because of its ribbed beam ceilings across a central hall with two rows of columns, was the typical design style of most of the stations. Though Aleshina changed the shapes of the columns and decorative treatments in the stations she designed, it was a challenge to make each station original, as upon descending the entrance to the platform the 150-meter-long ribbed ceiling was always what first caught passengers' eyes.
1950s and 1960s projects
1962, Leninsky Prospekt station, was a collaboration by Aleshina with lead architect and , Valentina Polikarpova (), and Anna Marova (). The design was simple, featuring an above ground pavilion made completely of glass, shaded by a wide eave above which was a decorative concrete lattice. Descending into the deep covered escalator, the design used an overlapping step technique rather than a curved cylindrical vault keeping with the step design of the platform area. Pillars, which widened as they ascended, flanked the hallway. The square columns were faced with light colored marble and were narrower on the sides running the length of the hall than on the wider sides facing the platforms. Underneath each pillar was a yellowish-brown "mat" of marble. The walls were tiled in a diamond shaped grid with light colored ceramic tiles. The floor was composed of gray and brown granite of intentionally irregular shape.
1962, Oktyabrskaya station, also known as the "October" station was another joint design project by Aleshina with Strelkov and Vdovin. The design was reflective of in the 1960s. The station featured a wide, sloping canopy over the glass entrance. The front façade was divided into the glassed area and an open brickwork lattice with alternating vertical and horizontal holes. The pylons of the platform hall, which sloped and widened near the top, were lined with light-colored marble. Above the posts were cornices, where the lighting fixtures were mounted. Tiled walls of black and white lined the track and the flooring was tiled with gray and red granite.
1962, Profsoyuznaya station, also known as the "Trade Union" station teamed Aleshina and for the project. There was no above ground lobby built. Access came through descending from either Profsoyuznaya Street or Nakhimovsky Prospekt Avenue. It was a prefabricated structure built to a standard design plan. The hallway featured 40 columns faced with wavy, blue-gray marble. The platform walls along the tracks were made of white glazed ceramic tiles set on a diagonal above a black base of horizontal tiles. The floor was paved with red and gray granite.
1966, Ryazansky Prospekt station was a collaboration by Aleshina and Yury Vdovin, which had a two small lobbies on Ryazan Avenue. It was not precast to the standard specifications, but instead was a narrower version of the typical station. Square columns, lined with blue-gray marble from Ufaley flanked the hallway. Around each column was a "mat" of red marble, but the rest of the floor was paved with gray granite. The track walls were covered in white ceramic tiles above a black base and were capped with red ornamentation which reflected a typical pattern used on doilies or woven work from the Ryazan region.
1966, Taganskaya station was a joint design project by Aleshina with Yury Vdovin and sculptor Eduard M. Ladygin (). The columns in the hallway were lined with light-colored marble, bordered in red marble, with walls of black and white ceramic tiles. Lighting was hidden behind the eaves. Embossed panels on the walls, made by Ladigin represented the theme of "The Conquest of Space". The floor paving was gray and red granite.
1969, Varshavskaya station, also known as the "Warsaw" station, teamed Aleshina and Natalya K. Samoilova (). Construction began in 1969 and extensively utilized Gazgan marble, which naturally transitions in color gradation from cream to black, to create a polychrome expanse, which was broken by rows of columns that were wide at the header and tapered, diminishing in size toward the base.
1970s projects
1972, Oktyabrskoye Pole station, also known as the "October field" station was a collaboration by Aleshina with L. N. Zaytseva () and Latvian sculptors Džems Bodnieks and . The underground passages were accessed from People's Militia and Marshal Birjuzova streets. The hallway featured fluted columns encased in aluminum, which were set atop a gray granite flooring strip. The rest of the floor paving was white marble. Walls along the track were black marble at the base and transitioned to a light gray marble for the main surface. Affixed to the walls were inserts sculpted in anodized aluminum by Bodniek and Rysin featuring Soviet themes.
1975, Kuznetsky Most station was another joint design project with Samoilova, as well as with the artist Mikhail N. Alekseev (). The station design utilized arcades of columns and arches, evoking supports on a viaduct, formed of blue-gray, grained marble. The walls on the accompanying track were decorated with inlays of wrought aluminum depicting blacksmithing, such as sparks flying from an anvil, the tongs and hammer of the forge, weapons and tools which a smith might use or create in his work. Soft fluorescent lighting in a ribbed rhomboid structure were placed in the ceiling arch to illuminate the walkways, The architects were awarded the Prize of the USSR by the Council of Ministers, in 1977.
1975, Lubyanka station was a renovation of a project originally completed in 1935 by Nikolai Ladovsky. Aleshina and Strelkov were hired to reconstruct "Dzerzhinskaya" station, connecting it to the new Kuznetsky Most station and creating an actual station with a central hall. Because of the degraded conditions of the original site, the two circular concrete cylinders which had been built for the trains, were replaced with steel tubing. The soil surrounding the site was a type of quicksand which required the engineers to freeze it to a depth of thirty meters before construction could begin. Though criticized for not remaining true to the original design, Aleshina explained that the original barrel shape of the station was impractical and the tunnel diameters were too small to join with the more modern stations. She also explained that the style of it would not have worked well with the addition of a central hall. The grey marble, which had originally lined the cylinders was replaced with white tiling, though a fragment of the former tunnel was retained. The pillars of the station were lined in white marble and the flooring was paved with black and red granite.
1975, Shchukinskaya station, like Kuznetsky Most station, teamed Aleshina with Samoilova and Alekseev. The design featured fluted columns of yellowish Gazgan marble in which the vertical grooves were filled with an anodized aluminum and bronze alloy. The floor detailing featured a gray granite in an open chain traveling the length of the hallway and the walls were lined with red Ukrainian marmor. Affixed to the walls were corrugated aluminum panels of the same anodized aluminum and bronze. It was the first time the material had been used on such a large scale, as previously, it was used to prohibit corrosion on helicopter blades.
1978, Medvedkovo station was another collaboration of Aleshina and Natalya K. Samoilova and with participation by V. S. Volovich () and again featured artworks by M. N. Alekseev. The prefabricated structure featured rows of 26 columns, lined in yellow and pink grained marble which had stainless steel inserts. Track walls were lined with red marble and featured anodized aluminum and bronze panels with pyramid-shaped forms to signify ice. The theme of the station was northern nature and decorative inserts in the metal panels depicted scenes of the environment. Alekseev's sculpted inserts showed various images including geese in flight, a hunter taking aim at geese and another hunting bear, a polar bear on an ice floe, a sled pulled by reindeer, and other images. The flooring was gray and black granite paving.
1979, Marksistskaya station also known as the "Marxist" station was a joint design project with Volovich and Samoilova with participation by R. P. Tkacheva () and the artist Alekseev. The station was one of Aleshina's personal favorites and she described it as the "most beautiful subway in the world". The design of the station was supposed to convey the strength and purity of Marxist ideology. In that vein, the hall of the station was faced with red Burovshina marble on the columns and a pink Gazgan marble on the walls with black granite at the base. The pink and red marble came from the area near Lake Baikal. Alekseev created panels on the end wall and above the passageways in the style of Florentine mosaic which depict Marxist themes. The chandeliers were made of optical glass which had to be reduced in thickness because of the weight of the spiral fixtures.
1979, Perovo station, like the Marxist station, teamed Aleshina and Volovich, with participation by Samoilova and Tkachev. The station was poured concrete with a shallow vaulted ceiling, featuring arts and crafts as a theme. On the walls, white marble slabs alternated with carved stone compositions, united by floral motifs, adorning the walls. The carved stones feature mythological creatures including a gamayun, a phoenix, a winged horse, other birds and both a happy and sad sun. The floors were made of black and brown granite. The lighting was inset into the ceiling in a pointed zig-zag design feature. Along the length, the middle of the station featured five marble clustered pillars surrounded by bench seating. In 1980, the design was awarded a certificate from the Union of Architects.
1980s and 1990s projects
1983, Serpukhovskaya station was a collaboration by Aleshina with and Lydia Y. Gonchar (). The columns of the central hall were faced with Gazgan marble in warm tones and had metallic accents. The hall was tubular in shape and was the first of the Metro stations to use fiber optic lighting on a message board. The platform lighting was traditional fluorescent bulbs. Walls on the track were faced with white marble. The station was decorated in themes based on ancient cities near Moscow by the painter Lyubov A. Novikova () and the sculptor T. B. Taborovskaya.
1983, Chertanovskaya station was a solo shallow column project designed by Aleshina. It was constructed of precast, reinforced concrete for which Aleshina personally oversaw the concrete and finishing work. The 26 star-shaped columns on each side of the central hallway were joined by arches. Pyramid-shaped crystal chandeliers provided the lighting. Both the columns and track walls were faced with white marble. Walls featured metal inlays designed by Alekseev and Novikova, who also created mosaics on the southern entrance lobby based on the theme "Constructing a new Moscow". The floor was paved with a geometric pattern of red and black granite.
1985, Domodedovskaya station was another collaborative design between Aleshina and Samoilova, with the artist Mikhail Alekseev. The theme of the station was aviation and it was built on the standard plan of two tracks flanking a column-lined central hallway. Columns and walls were faced with white and gray grained marble and copper insets depicting aircraft adorned the walls. The floor featured a geometric pattern of alternating gray and black granite. The lighting mimicked that found in the passenger cabin of an airplane.
1988, Mendeleyevskaya station was a joint design project of Aleshina and Samoilova using columns connected by arches to form an arcade in a traditional Russian style. Columns were faced in white marble and the walls along the track were made of grey marble with reddish veining. The theme of the station was Dmitri Mendeleev's scientific works and at one end of the central hall was a portrait of Mendeleev and his periodic table. Inserted into the walls were decorations created by L. Kremnevoy () of stylized depictions of atoms and molecular structures. The lighting utilized balls of varying sizes fixed inside a structure resembling a molecular lattice. The floor was paved with gray granite.
1990, Podbelskogo Street station returned to the team of Aleshina, Samoilova and Alekseev. The station was named after Vadim Podbelsky, a twentieth century statesman and party leader and featured a sculpted bust of Podbelsky created by Alekseev. A standard reinforced concrete project, the design had two rows of 26 columns faced with white marble. Affixed to the walls were striped metal panels and the floor was gray granite with narrow strips of red and black detailing. In 2014, the station was renamed to the Bulvar Rokossovskogo station, as the street on which its primary entrance was located had been renamed in 1994.
1995, Chkalovskaya station was a collaborative effort between Aleshina, Leonid L. Borzenkov (), and with assistance by T. V. Chistyakova (). The station was dedicated to the pilot Valery Chkalov and based on an aviation theme. The lobby featured stylized welded metal elements resembling aircraft. The ceiling arches and pylon designs were created to resemble the shape of an airplane wing and fuselage. Station columns were made of a blue-gray veined marble reminiscent of the sky with decorative shiny metallic elements. At the ends of the hall ceramic panels designed by Mikhail Alekseev and L. A. Novikova depicted clouds swirling around the globe. The walls of the tracks were faced with light colored marble at the top and a dark marble at the bottom, while the floor was paved with black and gray granite.
References
Citations
Bibliography
Photo gallery
Category:1924 births
Category:2012 deaths
Category:People from Moscow
Category:Russian architects
Category:Russian women architects
Category:Soviet architects | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kularathna Central College
Kularathna Central College (Sinhala:කුලරත්න මධ්ය විද්යාලය) is a school located in Godakawela, Ratnapura District, Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka, which provides secondary education for boys and girls.
Category:Provincial schools in Sri Lanka
Category:Schools in Ratnapura District
Category:Educational institutions established in 1967
Category:1967 establishments in Ceylon | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Listed buildings in Bickley, Cheshire
Bickley is a former civil parish, now in the parish of No Man's Heath and District, in Cheshire West and Chester, England. It contains 13 buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings, all of which are at Grade II. This grade is the lowest of the three gradings given to listed buildings and is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". Apart from the settlements of Bickley Town, Bickley Moss, and No Man's Heath, the parish is rural, and most of the listed buildings are domestic or related to farming. Many of them originated in the 17th century, and are basically timber-framed. The other structures in the list include two model cottages for the Cholmondeley estate, a pumphouse, and a church.
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Category:Listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
Category:Lists of listed buildings in Cheshire | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gorenje Polje, Dolenjske Toplice
Gorenje Polje (; ) is a settlement on the left bank of the Krka River in the Municipality of Dolenjske Toplice in Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
References
External links
Gorenje Polje at Geopedia
Category:Populated places in the Municipality of Dolenjske Toplice | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Shigetoshi Miyazaki
Shigetoshi Miyazaki (宮崎 重敏, died August 7, 1942) was a captain in the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service. He was killed during the Battle of Guadalcanal.
Shigetoshi Miyazaki was the commander of the Yokohama Air Group during the Battle of Guadalcanal. His air group was stationed on Tulagi, an area near to the island. Then the United States invaded, he was in charge of the air defenses. He was close friends with the commander of the Guadalcanal defenses, General Harukichi Hyakutake, and Hyakutake approved his plans to build Henderson Field in the Lunga area in order to support the Japanese New Guinea campaign. On May 18, 1942, he first inspected the Lunga Plain on Guadalcanal - or "Guadarukanaru" as the Japanese called the island, and pronounced it a fit place to establish an airfield on which to base the Mitsubishi G4M1 bomber, later code-named "Betty" by the Allies.
On May 27, 1942, Miyazaki and his engineers created a wildfire to clear the grasses of the Lunga Area in order to construct the airfield. On August 7, the Americans invaded Guadalcanal and Miyazaki had to cope with the marines, so he signaled Captain Sadayoshi Yamada in New Britain, telling him that the troops would fight to the last man and that they destroyed their papers. Fighting as an infantryman, Miyazaki was gunned down by US marines.
References
from the Dead: Guadalcanal - A Historical Novel
Category:1942 deaths
Category:Japanese military personnel killed in World War II
Category:Year of birth missing | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tilka Manjhi
Baba Tilka Majhi (or Jabra paharia) was the first Adivasi leader who took up arms against the British in the 1784, around 70 years before Mangal Pandey. He organized the Adivasis to form an armed group to fight against the resource grabbing and exploitation of British.
History
The year 1784 is considered as the first armed rebellion against the British and was the beginning of Paharia. It was due to great famine in 1770 and the consequences of Court of Directors orders influenced by William Pitt the Younger -- Court of Director issued ten year of the settlement of Zamindari and later in 1800 - this resulted in minimum chance to negotiate between local Zamdindars and Santhal villagers. Baba Tilka Majhi attacked Augustus Cleveland, British commissioner [lieutenant], and Rajmahal with a Gulel (a weapon similar to slingshot) who died later. The British surrounded the Tilapore forest from which he operated but he and his men held them at bay for several weeks. When he was finally caught in 1784, he was tied to the tail of a horse and dragged all the way to the collector's residence at Bhagalpur, Bihar, India. There, his lacerated body was hung from a Banyan tree.
A statue to him was erected at the spot where he was hanged, after Indian independence, which is nearby residence of S.P. Bhagalpur and named after him. Also the Bhagalpur University was renamed after him - Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University. Another statue was established in dumka town, Jharkhand.
References
External links
Category:Year of birth missing
Category:1784 deaths
Category:18th-century Indian people
Category:People from Bihar
Category:Indian rebels | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Jaxartosaurus
Jaxartosaurus is a genus of hadrosaurid dinosaur similar to Corythosaurus which lived during the Late Cretaceous. Its fossils were found in Kazakhstan.
Description
Jaxartosaurus had a large, helmet-like crest that it may have used for visual identification, or to vocalize with members of the same herd.
Taxonomy
The type species, J. aralensis, was first described by Anatoly Nikolaevich Riabinin in 1937. A second species, J. fuyunensis, was described by Wu (1984) for a dentary from Xinjiang, China, but is dubious.
See also
Timeline of hadrosaur research
References
Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
Category:Lambeosaurines
Category:Fossil taxa described in 1937 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Carahue
Carahue () is a city and commune in southern Chile. It is located 56 km west of Temuco, on the northern bank of the Imperial River.
The city was founded as La Imperial April 16, 1552 by Pedro de Valdivia.
La Imperial or Antigua [Old] Imperial, was abandoned and destroyed as a result of the Mapuche Uprising of 1598 during the War of Arauco in 1600, and refounded in 1882, in course of Occupation of the Araucania, under the name Carahue.
Demographics
According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Carahue spans an area of and has 25,696 inhabitants (13,017 men and 12,679 women). Of these, 11,596 (45.1%) lived in urban areas and 14,100 (54.9%) in rural areas. The population grew by 0.8% (196 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.
Administration
As a commune, Carahue is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008-2012 alcalde is Héctor Figueroa Ramírez (UDI).
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Carahue is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by José Manuel Edwards (RN) and Joaquín Tuma (PDC) as part of the 51st electoral district, (together with Nueva Imperial, Saavedra, Teodoro Schmidt, Freire, Pitrufquén and Cholchol). The commune is represented in the Senate by José Garcia Ruminot (RN) and Eugenio Tuma Zedan (PPD) as part of the 15th senatorial constituency (Araucanía-South).
References
External links
Municipality of Carahue
Category:Communes of Chile
Category:Populated places in Cautín Province | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Aihayuta
In Zuñi mythology, the Aihayuta are a 2nd pair of twin-brother heroes who complement the 1st set of twin-brother heroes, the Ahayuta.
In literature
"Parsons uses Aihayuta to refer to the second pair of Twins who were generated at Hanlhibinkya while the people were searching for the Center Place."
"Bunzel (1932 : 597) states that the second pair ... were generated by a waterfall at Hanlhibinkya."
"D. Tedlock (1972 : 225-69) gives the names Uyuyuwi and Ma’asewi to the pair of Twins who were created while the people were searching for the Center Place".
Notes
References
Bunzel, Ruth L. : Introduction to Zuñi Ceremonialism. Forty-Seventh ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY, for the years 1929–1930. pp. 467–1086. Washington (DC), 1932.
Parsons, Elsie C. : "The Origin Myth of the Zuñi". JOURNAL OF AMERICAN FOLKLORE 36 (1923) : 135-62.
Tedlock, Dennis : Finding the Center : Narrative Poetry of the Zuni Indians. NY : Dial Press, 1972.
Category:Zuni mythology
Category:Gods of the indigenous peoples of North America | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Rory Suttor
Rory Suttor (born 23 June 1998 in Australia) is an Australian rugby union player who plays for the New South Wales Waratahs in Super Rugby. His playing position is flanker. He has signed for the Waratahs squad in 2019.
Reference list
External links
Rugby.com.au profile
itsrugby.co.uk profile
Category:1998 births
Category:Australian rugby union players
Category:Living people
Category:Rugby union flankers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Pekka Hartvall
Knut Erik "Pekka" Hartvall (February 18, 1875 – February 18, 1939) was a Finnish sailor who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics.
He was a crew member of the Finnish boat Heatherbell, which won the bronze medal in the 12 metre class.
References
External links
profile
Category:1875 births
Category:1939 deaths
Category:Finnish male sailors (sport)
Category:Sailors at the 1912 Summer Olympics – 12 Metre
Category:Olympic sailors of Finland
Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Finland
Category:Olympic medalists in sailing
Category:Medalists at the 1912 Summer Olympics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hina Kaware
Hina Kawre is an Indian politician and a member of the INC. She is the current deputy speaker of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
Political career
She became an MLA for the first time in 2013.
She was among the 58 candidates of INC who won in the assembly election held in 2013 . In 2018, she again won the assembly seat with thumping majority from Lanji (Balaghat) assembly constituency. On 10 January 2019, she was elected as the deputy speaker of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly.
See also
2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
References
External links
Category:1965 births
Category:Living people
Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh
Category:Women in Madhya Pradesh politics
Category:21st-century Indian women politicians
Category:21st-century Indian politicians
Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Quercus suber
Quercus suber, commonly called the cork oak, is a medium-sized, evergreen oak tree in the section Quercus sect. Cerris. It is the primary source of cork for wine bottle stoppers and other uses, such as cork flooring and as the cores of cricket balls. It is native to southwest Europe and northwest Africa. In the Mediterranean basin the tree is an ancient species with fossil remnants dating back to the Tertiary period.
It grows to up to , although it is typically more stunted in its native environment. The leaves are long, weakly lobed or coarsely toothed, dark green above, paler beneath, with the leaf margins often downcurved. The acorns are long, in a deep cup fringed with elongated scales.
Ecology
The cork oak forest is one of the major plant communities of the Mediterranean woodlands and forests ecoregion.
Natural stands of cork oak can support diverse ecosystems. For example, in parts of northwestern North Africa, some cork oak forests are habitat to the endangered Barbary macaque, Macaca sylvanus, a species whose habitat is fragmented and whose range was prehistorically much wider. In Western Europe, particularly in Portugal and Spain, the cork oak forests are home to endangered species such as the Iberian lynx, the most critically threatened feline in the world.
As a pyrophyte, this tree has a thick, insulating bark that makes it well adapted to forest fires. After a fire, many tree species regenerate from seeds (as, for example, the maritime pine) or resprout from the base of the tree (as, for example, the holm oak). The bark of the cork oak allows it to survive fires and then simply regrow branches to fill out the canopy. The quick regeneration of this oak makes it successful in the fire-adapted ecosystems of the Mediterranean biome.
Cultivation and use
The tree forms a thick, rugged bark containing high levels of suberin. Over time the cork cambium layer of bark can develop considerable thickness and can be harvested every 7 to 10 years to produce cork. The harvesting of cork does not harm the tree (though such activity tends to reduce its life expectancy), in fact, no trees are cut down during the harvesting process. Only the bark is extracted, and a new layer of cork regrows, making it a renewable resource. The tree is cultivated in Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Morocco, France, Italy and Tunisia. Cork oaks are considered to be soil builders and their fruits have been shown to have useful insecticidal properties. Cork oak forests cover approximately 25,000 square kilometres in those countries (equivalent to ). Portugal accounts for around 50% of the world cork harvest. Cork oaks cannot legally be cut down in Portugal, except for forest management felling of old, unproductive trees, and, even in those cases, farmers need special permission from the Ministry of Agriculture.
Quercus suber is commonly grown in agroforestry systems, known as montado in Portugal and dehesa in Spain. These are open woods with low tree density (50–300 trees/ha). In these systems, forage species are commonly grown under the trees and grazed by cattle during the summer.
Cork oaks commonly live more than 200 years. Virgin cork (or 'male' cork) is the first cork cut from generally 25-year-old trees. Another 9 to 12 years is required for the second harvest, and a tree can be harvested about twelve times in its lifetime. Cork harvesting is done entirely without machinery, being dependent solely on human labour. Usually five people are required to harvest the tree's bark, using a small axe. The process requires training due to the skill required to harvest bark without inflicting too much damage to the tree. The European cork industry produces 300,000 tonnes of cork a year, with a value of €1.5 billion and employing 30,000 people. Wine corks represent 15% of cork usage by weight but 66% of revenues.
The cork left after stoppers have been made is used to make a wide range of products, including insulation panels, floor and wall tiles and sound-proofing in the car industry, as well as for handicrafts and artistic uses. This include cork paper, used in printing, book covering, clothing manufacture, cork maroquinerie and other products. Cork is also used in making cricket balls, Hurling Ball (Sliothars), badminton shuttlecocks, handles of fishing rods and special devices for the space industry.
Cork oaks are sometimes planted as individual trees, providing a minor income to their owners. The tree is also sometimes cultivated for ornament. Hybrids with Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) are regular, both in the wild in southwest Europe and in cultivation; the hybrid is known as Lucombe oak Quercus × hispanica. Some cork is also produced in eastern Asia from the related Chinese cork oak (Quercus variabilis)
Pathogens
Cork oak is relatively resistant to pathogens, but some diseases occur in the species. Leaf spot can be caused by the fungus Apiognomonia errabunda. Other fungi can cause leaf scorching, powdery mildew, rust, and cankers.
The most virulent cork oak pathogen may be Diplodia corticola, a sac fungus which causes sap-bleeding sunken canker wounds in the wood, withering of the leaves, and lesions on the acorns. The fungus Biscogniauxia mediterranea is becoming more common in cork oak forests. Its fruiting bodies appear as charcoal-black cankers. Both of these fungi are transmitted by the oak pinhole borer (Platypus cylindrus), a species of weevil.
The common water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi grows in the roots of the tree and has been known to devastate cork oak woodlands.
Notable trees
In the Portuguese town of Águas de Moura is located near the Sobreiro Monumental (Monumental Cork Oak), a tree 234 years old, tall and with a trunk that requires at least five people to embrace it. It has been considered a National Monument since 1988, and the Guinness Book of Records states it as the largest and oldest in the world.
References
Further reading
Aronson J., Pereira J. S., Pausas J. G. (eds.). (2009). Cork Oak Woodlands on the Edge: Conservation, Adaptive Management, and Restoration. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 315 pp.
External links
Quercus suber. Plants of the World Online. Kew Science.
Cork Oak. World Wildlife Foundation Priority Species.
Cork Industry Federation. 2014.
PlanetCork.org. Educating primary school children in sustainable development. Cork Industry Federation. 2009.
Cork Oak (Quercus suber). European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN).
suber
Category:Flora of North Africa
Category:Trees of Morocco
Category:Trees of Europe
Category:Trees of Mediterranean climate
Category:Garden plants of Europe
Category:Drought-tolerant trees
Category:Ornamental trees
Category:Plants described in 1753 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
KStars
KStars is a freely licensed planetarium program using the KDE Platform. It is available for Linux, BSD, MacOS, and Microsoft Windows. A light version of KStars is available for Android devices. It provides an accurate graphical representation of the night sky, from any location on Earth, at any date and time. The display includes up to 100 million stars (with additional addons), 13,000 deep sky objects, constellations from different cultures, all 8 planets, the Sun and Moon, and thousands of comets, asteroids, satellites, and supernovae. It has features to appeal to users of all levels, from informative hypertext articles about astronomy, to robust control of telescopes and CCD cameras, and logging of observations of specific objects.
KStars supports adjustable simulation speeds in order to view phenomena that happen over long timescales. For astronomical calculations, Astrocalculator can be used to predict conjunctions, lunar eclipses, and perform many common astronomical calculations. The following tools are included:
Observation planner
Sky calendar tool
Script Builder
Solar System
Jupiter Moons
Flags: Custom flags superimposed on the sky map.
FOV editor to calculate field of view of equipment and display them.
Altitude vs. Time tool to plot altitude vs. time graphs for any object.
Hierarchical Progress Surveys (HiPS) overlay.
High quality print outs for sky charts.
Ekos is an astrophotography suite, a complete astrophotography solution that can control all INDI devices including numerous telescopes, CCDs, DSLRs, focusers, filters, and a lot more. Ekos supports highly accurate tracking using online and offline astrometry solver, auto-focus and auto-guiding capabilities, and capture of single or multiple images using the powerful built in sequence manager.
KStars has been packaged by many Linux/BSD distributions, including Red Hat Linux, OpenSUSE, Mandriva Linux, and Debian GNU/Linux. Some distributions package KStars as a separate application, some just provide a kdeedu package, which includes KStars. KStars is distributed with the KDE Software Compilation as part of the kdeedu "Edutainment" module.
KStars participated in Google Summer of Code in 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 2012, 2015 and 2016. It has also participated in the first run of ESA's Summer of Code in Space in 2011.
It has been identified as one of the three best "Linux stargazing apps" in a Linux.com review.
The latest version of KStars is 3.0.0 which included improvements to the FITS Viewer tool and overhaul of the Ekos Scheduler.
See also
Aladin Sky Atlas
C2A
Cartes du Ciel
Celestia
Digital Universe Atlas
Google Mars
Google Moon
Google Sky
Hallo Northern Sky (HN Sky)
NASA World Wind
RedShift
Skyglobe
Starry Night
Stellarium
TheSky
Universe Sandbox
WinStars
WorldWide Telescope
XEphem
References
External links
MPC Elements for Comets and Minor Planets in KStars
Download source code and Windows and Mac versions
Category:KDE software
Category:Astronomy software
Category:Free astronomy software
Category:Planetarium software for Linux
Category:KDE Education Project
Category:Science education software
Category:Free educational software
Category:Software that uses Qt
Category:Science software
Category:Linux software
Category:Free and open-source software | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Northwest Omaha
Northwest Omaha is a community area in Omaha, Nebraska. It holds several neighborhoods. The area is loosely bound by West Maple Road to the south, the Douglas-Washington County line to the north, Elkhorn to the west, and McKinley Street, I-680, and 72nd Street to the east.
Neighborhoods
Northwest Omaha's neighborhoods are racially and economically diverse. Bennington, Irvington, sub-divisions along Blair High Road, sub-divisions around Standing Bear Lake, and the Briggs Neighborhood.
Landmarks
Some landmarks of the area are Omaha Northwest High School, the closed roller skating rink in Irvington, Tranquility Park, 20 Grand Movie Theatre, and the new Bennington High School.
See also
Neighborhoods of Omaha, Nebraska
Landmarks in Omaha, Nebraska
Category:West Omaha, Nebraska | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Samudrala Venugopal Chary
Samudrala Venugopal Chary is an Indian politician and was Member of Parliament of India for three consecutive terms. He was a member of the 11th, 12th and the 13th Lok Sabhas. Chary was also a member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Chary represented the Adilabad constituency of Andhra Pradesh and is a member of the Telangana Rashtra Samithi political party.
Early life and education
Samudrala Venugopal Chary was born in Nirmal, Adilabad district in the state of Andhra Pradesh. He attended the Osmania University & Government Homoeo Medical College in the city of Hyderabad. He attained M.A (sociology) and D.H.M.S degrees. Chary is a Medical Practitioner by profession.
Political career
Samudrala Venugopal Chary has been in active politics since early 1980s. Prior to becoming a M.P he was also MLA (three straight terms) from Nirmal.
Chary was member of several committees and was also Minister.
Posts Held
See also
11th, 12th and 13th Lok Sabha
Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)
Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly
Government of India
Lok Sabha
Nirmal (Assembly constituency)
Parliament of India
Politics of India
Telugu Desam Party
References
Category:11th Lok Sabha members
Category:12th Lok Sabha members
Category:13th Lok Sabha members
Category:1959 births
Category:Living people
Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh
Category:People from Adilabad
Category:Telangana Rashtra Samithi politicians
Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Silver Max
Silver Max (foaled March 8th, 2009 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse and the winner of the 2013 Shadwell Turf Mile Stakes.
Career
Silver Max 's first race was on July 31st, 2011 at Saratoga, where he came in second. He did not pick up his first win until January 13th, 2012 at Gulfstream Park.
He went on a six race win streak starting on March 9th, 2012. He won the Transylvania Stakes in April. He then won the American Turf Stakes on May 4th, then the Arlington Classic Stakes on May 25th. He picked up a win at the Oliver Stakes on June 13th, then capped off the streak with a win at the 2012 Commonwealth Derby on July 21st.
His next graded race win came a year later as he won the [[Oceanport Stakes00 on July 28th, 2013. He then won the Bernard Baruch Handicap on August 31st 2013. Then on October 5th, 2013, he won the biggest race of his career when he captured his first Grade-1 win - the Shadwell Turf Mile Stakes.
2014 was his final season. His only win was at the June 28th, 2014 Firecracker Stakes.He failed to place on the podium in his last three races and finished his career off with a 6th place finish at the November 8th, 2014 River City Handicap.
In 2015, Silver Max was retired to stud.
Pedigree
References
Category:2009 racehorse births | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
CWP
CWP may refer to:
Cable & Wireless plc (stock symbol on the New York Stock Exchange)
Cakewalk Project, a Cakewalk Sonar sequencing software project file
Camp White Pine
Causeway Point
Centralized Warning Panel (see Annunciator panel)
Chinese Wikipedia
Chronic Widespread Pain (see Fibromyalgia#Genetics)
Coalition of Women for a Just Peace
Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
Commonwealth Writers' Prize
Communist Workers' Party (United States)
Computing with words and perceptions
Concealed Weapons Permit, see Concealed carry in the United States
Coordinating Working Party on Fishery Statistics
Cotswold Water Park
Cotswold Wildlife Park, a zoo in Oxfordshire, England
Crown Wheel and Pinion, see Differential (mechanical device)
Current Warming Period, see Global warming | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gudda, Sultanpur Lodhi
Gudda is a village in Sultanpur Lodhi tehsil in Kapurthala district of Punjab, India. The cities of Kapurthala and Sultanpur Lodhi are the district & sub-district headquarters, respectively, of the district in which Gudda village is located. The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village, as per the constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).
Air travel connectivity
The village's nearest international airport is Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport, located near Amritsar.
List of cities near the village
Bhulath
Kapurthala
Phagwara
Sultanpur Lodhi
References
External links
Villages in Kapurthala
List of Villages in Kapurthala Tehsil
Category:Villages in Kapurthala district | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Amin Yousefinejad
Amin Yusefinezhad (born 11 January 1996) is an Iranian handball player who plays for Espérance Sportive de Tunis and the Iran national handball team.
References
Category:1996 births
Category:Living people
Category:Iranian male handball players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Compsolechia aequilibris
Compsolechia aequilibris is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Meyrick in 1931. It is found in Brazil.
The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are dark fuscous irrorated whitish with small whitish spots on the costa, at the middle and three-fourths. The hindwings are dark grey.
References
Category:Moths described in 1931
Category:Compsolechia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Doctor Sibelius
Doctor Sibelius () is a 1962 West German drama film directed by Rudolf Jugert and starring Lex Barker, Barbara Rütting and Senta Berger.
It was shot at the Spandau Studios in Berlin and on location in the city. The film's sets were designed by the art director Paul Markwitz.
Cast
Lex Barker as Dr. Georg Sibelius
Barbara Rütting as Sabine Hellmann
Senta Berger as Elisabeth Sibelius
Anita Höfer as Susanne Helmann
Loni Heuser as Mrs. Golling
Berta Drews as Babette
Sabine Bethmann as Sister Irene
Harry Meyen as Dr. Möllendorf
Rudolf Platte as Berger
Hans Nielsen as Dr. Reinhardt
Anneli Sauli as Gitta Hansen
Elisabeth Flickenschildt as Helene Sebald
References
Bibliography
External links
Category:1962 films
Category:1960s drama films
Category:German drama films
Category:West German films
Category:German-language films
Category:Films directed by Rudolf Jugert
Category:Gloria Film films
Category:Medical-themed films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hypogonadism
Hypogonadism means diminished functional activity of the gonads—the testes or the ovaries—that may result in diminished production of sex hormones.
Low androgen (e.g., testosterone) levels are referred to as hypoandrogenism and low estrogen (e.g., estradiol) as hypoestrogenism. These are responsible for the observed signs and symptoms. Hypogonadism can decrease other hormones secreted by the gonads including progesterone, DHEA, anti-Müllerian hormone, activin, and inhibin. Sperm development (spermatogenesis) and release of the egg from the ovaries (ovulation) may be impaired by hypogonadism, which, depending on the degree of severity, may result in partial or complete difficulty or inability to have children.
In January 2020, the American College of Physicians issued clinical guidelines for testosterone treatment in adult men with age-related low levels of testosterone. The guidelines are supported by the American Academy of Family Physicians. The guidelines include patient discussions regarding testosterone treatment for sexual dysfunction; annual patient evaluation regarding possible notable improvement and, if none, to discontinue testosterone treatment; physicians should consider intramuscular treatments, rather than transdermal treatments, due to costs and since the effectiveness and harm of either method is similar; and, testosterone treatment for reasons other than possible improvement of sexual dysfunction may not be recommended.
Classification
Deficiency of sex hormones can result in defective primary or secondary sexual development, or withdrawal effects (e.g., premature menopause) in adults. Defective egg or sperm development results in infertility. The term hypogonadism usually means permanent rather than transient or reversible defects, and usually implies deficiency of reproductive hormones, with or without fertility defects. The term is less commonly used for infertility without hormone deficiency. There are many possible types of hypogonadism and several ways to categorize them. Hypogonadism is also categorized by endocrinologists by the level of the reproductive system that is defective. Physicians measure gonadotropins (LH and FSH) to distinguish primary from secondary hypogonadism. In primary hypogonadism the LH and/or FSH are usually elevated, meaning the problem is in the testicles, whereas in secondary hypogonadism, both are normal or low, suggesting the problem is in the brain.
Affected system
Hypogonadism resulting from defects of the gonads is traditionally referred to as "primary hypogonadism". Examples include Klinefelter syndrome and Turner syndrome. Mumps is known to cause testicular failure, and in recent years has been immunized against in the US. A varicocele can reduce hormonal production as well.
Hypogonadism resulting from hypothalamic or pituitary defects are termed "secondary hypogonadism" or "central hypogonadism" (referring to the central nervous system).
Examples of hypothalamic defects include Kallmann syndrome.
Examples of pituitary defects include hypopituitarism and pituitary hypoplasia.
An example of a hypogonadism resulting from the lack of hormone response is androgen insensitivity syndrome, where there are inadequate receptors to bind the testosterone, resulting in varying clinical phenotypes of sexual characteristics despite XY chromosomes.
Primary or secondary
Primary - defect is inherent within the gonad: e.g. Noonan syndrome, Turner syndrome (45X,0), Klinefelter syndrome (47XXY), XY with SRY gene-immunity
Secondary - defect lies outside of the gonad: e.g. Polycystic ovary syndrome, and Kallmann syndrome, also called hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Hemochromatosis and diabetes mellitus can be causes of this as well.
Congenital vs. acquired
Examples of congenital causes of hypogonadism, that is, causes that are present at birth:
Turner syndrome and Klinefelter syndrome. It is also one of the signs of CHARGE syndrome.
Examples of acquired causes of hypogonadism:
Opioid Induced Androgen Deficiency (resulting from the prolonged use of opioid class drugs, e.g. codeine, Dihydrocodeine, morphine, oxycodone, methadone, fentanyl, hydromorphone, etc.)
Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism (ASIH)
Childhood mumps
Children born to mothers who had ingested the endocrine disruptor diethylstilbestrol for potential miscarriage
Traumatic brain injury, even in childhood
In males, normal aging causes a decrease in androgens, which is sometimes called "male menopause" (also known by the coinage "manopause"), late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), and andropause or androgen decline in the aging male (ADAM), among other names.
It is a symptom of hereditary hemochromatosis
Hormones vs. fertility
Hypogonadism can involve just hormone production or just fertility, but most commonly involves both.
Examples of hypogonadism that affect hormone production more than fertility are hypopituitarism and Kallmann syndrome; in both cases, fertility is reduced until hormones are replaced but can be achieved solely with hormone replacement.
Examples of hypogonadism that affect fertility more than hormone production are Klinefelter syndrome and Kartagener syndrome.
Signs and symptoms
Women with hypogonadism do not begin menstruating and it may affect their height and breast development. Onset in women after puberty causes cessation of menstruation, lowered libido, loss of body hair, and hot flashes. In men it causes impaired muscle and body hair development, gynecomastia, decreased height, erectile dysfunction, and sexual difficulties. If hypogonadism is caused by a disorder of the central nervous system (e.g., a brain tumor), then this is known as central hypogonadism. Signs and symptoms of central hypogonadism may involve headaches, impaired vision, double vision, milky discharge from the breast, and symptoms caused by other hormone problems.
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
The symptoms of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, a subtype of hypogonadism, include late, incomplete or lack of development at puberty, and sometimes short stature or the inability to smell; in females, a lack of breasts and menstrual periods, and in males a lack of sexual development, e.g., facial hair, penis and testes enlargement, deepening voice.
Diagnosis
Men
Low testosterone can be identified through a simple blood test performed by a laboratory, ordered by a health care provider. Blood for the test must be taken in the morning hours, when levels are highest, as levels can drop by as much as 13% during the day and all normal reference ranges are based on morning levels. However, low testosterone in the absence of any symptoms does not clearly need to be treated.
Normal total testosterone levels depend on the man's age but generally range from 240–950 ng/dL (nanograms per deciliter) or 8.3-32.9 nmol/L (nanomoles per liter). According to American Urological Association, the diagnosis of low testosterone can be supported when the total testosterone level is below 300 ng/dl. Some men with normal total testosterone have low free or bioavailable testosterone levels which could still account for their symptoms. Men with low serum testosterone levels should have other hormones checked, particularly luteinizing hormone to help determine why their testosterone levels are low and help choose the most appropriate treatment (most notably, testosterone is usually not appropriate for secondary or tertiary forms of male hypogonadism, in which the LH levels are usually reduced).
Treatment is often prescribed for total testosterone levels below 230 ng/dL with symptoms. If the serum total testosterone level is between 230 and 350 ng/dL, free or bioavailable testosterone should be checked as they are frequently low when the total is marginal.
The standard range given is based on widely varying ages and, given that testosterone levels naturally decrease as humans age, age-group specific averages should be taken into consideration when discussing treatment between doctor and patient. In men, testosterone falls approximately 1 to 3 percent each year.
Blood testing
A position statement by the Endocrine Society expressed dissatisfaction with most assays for total, free, and bioavailable testosterone. In particular, research has questioned the validity of commonly administered assays of free testosterone by radioimmunoassay. The free androgen index, essentially a calculation based on total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels, has been found to be the worst predictor of free testosterone levels and should not be used. Measurement by equilibrium dialysis or mass spectroscopy is generally required for accurate results, particularly for free testosterone which is normally present in very small concentrations.
Women
Testing serum LH and FSH levels are often used to assess hypogonadism in women, particularly when menopause is believed to be happening. These levels change during a woman's normal menstrual cycle, so the history of having ceased menstruation coupled with high levels aids the diagnosis of being menopausal. Commonly, the post-menopausal woman is not called hypogonadal if she is of typical menopausal age. Contrast with a young woman or teen, who would have hypogonadism rather than menopause. This is because hypogonadism is an abnormality, whereas menopause is a normal change in hormone levels. In any case, the LH and FSH levels will rise in cases of primary hypogonadism or menopause, while they will be low in women with secondary or tertiary hypogonadism.
Hypogonadism is often discovered during evaluation of delayed puberty, but ordinary delay, which eventually results in normal pubertal development, wherein reproductive function is termed constitutional delay. It may be discovered during an infertility evaluation in either men or women.
Screening
Screening males who do not have symptoms for hypogonadism is not recommended as of 2018.
Treatment
Male primary or hypergonadotropic hypogonadism is often treated with testosterone replacement therapy if they are not trying to conceive. Adverse effects of testosterone replacement therapy include increased cardiovascular events (including strokes and heart attacks) and death. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated in 2015 that neither the benefits nor the safety of testosterone have been established for low testosterone levels due to aging. The FDA has required that testosterone pharmaceutical labels include warning information about the possibility of an increased risk of heart attacks and stroke.
While historically, men with prostate cancer risk were warned against testosterone therapy, that has shown to be a myth.
Other side effects can include an elevation of the hematocrit to levels that require blood withdrawal (phlebotomy) to prevent complications from excessively thick blood. Gynecomastia (growth of breasts in men) sometimes occurs. Finally, some physicians worry that obstructive sleep apnea may worsen with testosterone therapy, and should be monitored.
Another treatment for hypogonadism is human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). This stimulates the LH receptor, thereby promoting testosterone synthesis. This will not be effective in men who simply cannot make testosterone anymore (primary hypogonadism) and the failure of hCG therapy is further support for the existence of true testicular failure in a patient. It is particularly indicated in men with hypogonadism who wish to retain their fertility, as it does not suppress spermatogenesis like testosterone replacement therapy does.
For both men and women, an alternative to testosterone replacement is low-dose clomifene treatment, which can stimulate the body to naturally increase hormone levels while avoiding infertility and other side effects that can result from direct hormone replacement therapy. Clomifene blocks estrogen from binding to some estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus, thereby causing an increased release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and subsequently LH from the pituitary. Clomifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Generally, clomifene does not have adverse effects at the doses used for this purpose. Clomifene at much higher doses is used to induce ovulation and has significant adverse effects in such a setting.
See also
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Delayed puberty and infertility
Hypergonadism (hyperandrogenism and hyperestrogenism)
Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
Hypoandrogenism and hypoestrogenism
Kallmann syndrome
References
External links
Isolated Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Deficiency Overview at National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Category:Endocrine gonad disorders
Category:Gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropins
Category:Gynaecologic disorders
Category:Male genital disorders
Category:Menstrual disorders
Category:Mammal reproductive system
Category:Intersex variations | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hapur, Nepal
Hapur is a town and Village Development Committee in Dang Deokhuri District in the Rapti Zone of south-western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 10,424 persons living in 1788 individual households.
References
External links
UN map of the municipalities of Dang Deokhuri District
Category:Populated places in Dang District, Nepal | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Spathius
Spathius is a genus of doryctine wasps. The larvae of this genus of wasps feed on beetle larvae. They act as controllers of the parasitic Hylurgopinus rufipes.
References
Belokobylskij, S.A.; Austin, A.D. 2013: New species of flightless doryctine parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) from Australia and New Zealand. Australian journal of entomology, 52(4), pages 338-355,
Belokobylskij & Maeto 2009: Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Japan. Volume 1. Natura optima dux Foundation, Warszawa, 2009, pages 1–806
Belokobylskij, S.A.; Samartsev, K.G. 2014: Palaearctic species of the Spathius exarator species group (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) with entirely sculptured mesopleuron. Zootaxa 3900 (4), pages 483–504,
Tang, P., Belokobylskij, S. & Chen, X-X. 2015: Spathius Nees, 1818 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) from China with a key to species. Zootaxa 3960 (1), pages 1–132,
External links
Category:Braconidae genera | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lyuben Berov
Lyuben Berov () (6 October 1925 in Sofia – 7 December 2006) was a Bulgarian economist. He served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria in the 80th Government from 30 December 1992 to 17 October 1994.
See also
List of foreign ministers in 1993
Foreign relations of Bulgaria
List of Bulgarians
History of Bulgaria since 1989
References
External links
Category:1925 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:People from Sofia
Category:Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
Category:Bulgarian economists
Category:Corresponding Members of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Edson A. Putnam
Edson A. Putnam (October 14, 1832 – October 23, 1917) was an American politician and businessman.
Born in Middlesex, Vermont, Putman moved with his parents to Oakfield, Wisconsin in 1855. He manufactured window blinds. Putman served as town school superintendent. Putnam also served on the Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin Board of Supervisors and was chairman of the board. He was a Republican. In 1876, Putnam served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. He died in Oakfield, Wisconsin.
Notes
Category:1832 births
Category:1917 deaths
Category:People from Middlesex, Vermont
Category:People from Oakfield, Wisconsin
Category:Businesspeople from Wisconsin
Category:County supervisors in Wisconsin
Category:Members of the Wisconsin State Assembly
Category:19th-century American politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
History of Sialkot
Sialkot (), the capital of Sialkot District, is a city situated in the north-east of the Punjab province in Pakistan at the feet of the snow-covered peaks of Kashmir near the Chenab river. Formerly, Sialkot has been the winter-capital of the State of Kashmir. The city is about north-west of Lahore and only a few kilometres from Jammu in India.
The recorded history of Sialkot, a district of modern-day Pakistan, covers thousands of years. It has since its creation changed hands from Aryan, Persian, Hindu, g
Greek, Buddhist, Muslim, Sikh and British rule to the present-day federation of Pakistan.
Sources
There are various sources tracing the origins of the city of Sialkot but the authenticity of many of these sources varies. The less-reliable historical sources about the origins of the city have been derived from oral traditions. More reliable and validated historical references relating to the city date back to 327 BC in which it has been stated that the city is of Greek origin. Excavations throughout the area have revealed large amounts of Greek coins, ancient Zoroastrian temples and several Buddhist stupas. The antiquities of Sialkot have also been discussed by Sir Alexander Cunningham in his Archaeological Survey Reports, II, 21, 22, and XIV, 44 to 47.
Mughal Era
Sialkot became a part of the Sultanate of Delhi when Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Ghauri conquered Punjab in 1185. He was unable to conquer Lahore but left a garrison in Sialkot. Later, Sultan Khusro Malik tried to capture the city but failed to do so. Sialkot then became a part of the Mughal Empire. The Mughal commander, Usman Ghani Raza, advanced towards Delhi by way of Sialkot which capitulated to his armies.
In 'Babur Nama', Zaheer-ud-Din Muhammad Babur records:
Modern era
During the Second Kashmir War in 1965, the Lahore-Sialkot region was attacked by the Indian Army which, despite overwhelming numerical superiority managed only to capture some outlying areas in the sector. The people of Sialkot came out in full force to support the troops of the Pakistan Army to repel the invasion by India. In fact, the armoured battles in the Sialkot sector (especially, the Battle of Chawinda), in 1965, were the most intense since the Second World War. In 1966, the Government of Pakistan awarded the Hilal-i-Istaqlal to the citizens of Sialkot, Lahore and Sargodha for their courage and bravery during the 1965 war between Pakistan and India.
See also
Kakazai
References
Category:History of Pakistan by location | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
KTYV (FM)
KTYV (105.7 FM) is a radio station licensed to serve the community of Steamboat Springs, Colorado. The station is owned by Kenneth Clark, and airs a sports radio format.
The station was assigned the call sign KGGH by the Federal Communications Commission on July 19, 2016. The station changed its call sign to KKSB on November 9, 2017, and to KTYV on June 11, 2018.
References
External links
Official Website
TYV (FM)
Category:Radio stations established in 2016
Category:2016 establishments in Colorado
Category:Sports radio stations in the United States
Category:Routt County, Colorado | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1899 in baseball
Champions
National League: Brooklyn Superbas
National League final standings
Events
May 15 – Willie Keeler, known as one of the smallest players and best bunters in baseball, drives the ball past startled left fielder Ed Delahanty of the Philadelphia Phillies for an inside-the-park grand slam and an 8–5 victory for the Brooklyn Superbas.
May 25 – Deacon Phillippe of the Louisville Colonels pitches a 7–0 no-hitter against the New York Giants.
July 1 - The Pittsburgh Pirates purchase the contract of pitcher Jack Chesbro from the Richmond Giants of the Atlantic League.
August 7 – Vic Willis leads the Boston Beaneaters to a 7–1 victory by pitching a no-hitter against the Washington Senators.
Buck Freeman of the Washington Senators leads all batters with 25 home runs during the regular season, more than double hit by Bobby Wallace of the Cleveland Spiders, who finished with 12 homers. Although Freeman failed to equal the record of 27 home runs set by Ned Williamson in the season, his total is generally regarded as the greater achievement owing to the dimensions of Williamson's home ballpark of Lakeshore Park – Only two of the 27 homers batted by Williamson for the Chicago White Stockings were scored away from home. Freeman's tally was not surpassed until , when Babe Ruth belted 29 home runs for the Boston Red Sox.
Following the season, the Baltimore Orioles, Cleveland Spiders, Louisville Colonels and Washington Senators were all dropped by the National League, as a cost cutting measure, reducing the number of teams to eight for the season; while Louisville would never sport another major-league level team, the other three cities received charter franchises in the rival American League in 1901 – after being abandoned by the AL in 1971, the National League would return to the nation's capital 106 years later. The National League would remain at eight teams until 1962.
Births
January
January 3 – Buzz Arlett
January 5 – Bill Hunnefield
January 5 – Bob Kinsella
January 6 – Charles Beverly
January 9 – Bill Conroy
January 11 – General Crowder
January 12 – Joe Hauser
January 13 – Cactus Keck
January 14 – Ralph Miller
January 16 – Showboat Fisher
January 17 – Tripp Sigman
January 18 – Eddie Moore
January 21 – Lew Fonseca
January 23 – Haddie Gill
January 23 – Bill Regan
January 24 – Bob Berman
January 27 – Bob Barrett
January 27 – Bibb Falk
January 29 – Scrip Lee
January 29 – Ollie Voigt
January 31 – Don Songer
February
February 6 – Walt Huntzinger
February 7 – Earl Whitehill
February 9 – Specs Toporcer
February 10 – Bill Whaley
February 13 – George Stutz
February 17 – Peahead Walker
February 24 – Pinky Pittenger
February 25 – Stan Rees
February 27 – Pat McNulty
February 28 – Lil Stoner
March
March 1 – Ernie Padgett
March 2 – George Stueland
March 4 – Dutch Kemner
March 13 – Otis Brannan
March 16 – Vic Keen
March 17 – Charlie Root
March 27 – Ed Hock
March 27 – Marty Walker
March 28 – Al Hermann
March 29 – Herb McQuaid
March 30 – Hal Rhyne
March 31 – Ed Johnson
April
April 5 – Tony Welzer
April 8 – Ted Kleinhans
April 8 – Lerton Pinto
April 10 – Rudy Kneisch
April 12 – Bernie Henderson
April 12 – Trader Horne
April 18 – Bill Bayne
April 18 – Harry Hulihan
April 29 – Frank McGee
May
May 2 – Skinny O'Neal
May 2 – Gale Staley
May 7 – Eddie Pick
May 8 – Fritz Henrich
May 10 – Freddie Maguire
May 12 – Tod Dennehey
May 14 – Earle Combs
May 23 – Frank Kelliher
May 23 – Charlie Niebergall
May 25 – Jimmie Keenan
May 28 – Bob Rice
May 29 – Hal Elliott
May 29 – Art Reinhart
June
June 1 – Al Niehaus
June 2 – Sloppy Thurston
June 3 – Urbane Pickering
June 7 – Lafayette Henion
June 11 – Horace Allen
June 14 – William Pierson
June 22 – Leo Moon
June 25 – June Greene
July
July 6 – Lenny Metz
July 9 – Fred Johnston
July 10 – Wally Kopf
July 11 – Binky Jones
July 12 – Walt French
July 16 – Nellie Pott
July 17 – Red Smith
July 19 – Joe Kiefer
July 20 – Happy Foreman
July 23 – Ed Holley
July 23 – Chuck Rowland
July 27 – Jim Faulkner
July 29 – Walter Beall
August
August 1 – Joe Shaute
August 2 – Tink Riviere
August 4 – Ski Melillo
August 5 – Sam Gibson
August 5 – Slim McGrew
August 7 – Oscar Levis
August 7 – Guy Sturdy
August 7 – Ted Wingfield
August 11 – Frank Brazill
August 12 – Bill Black
August 14 – Skinny Graham
August 18 – Bernie Friberg
August 22 – Dud Lee
August 25 – Pea Ridge Day
September
September 5 – Max Bishop
September 6 – Del Bissonette
September 7 – Clarence Winters
September 8 – George Gilham
September 9 – Waite Hoyt
September 10 – Augie Johns
September 15 – Harry McCurdy
September 16 – Heinie Mueller
September 17 – Sheriff Blake
September 20 – Nelson Greene
September 20 – Karl Schnell
September 21 – Del Lundgren
September 25 – Hoge Workman
October
October 11 – Eddie Dyer
October 11 – Ernie Smith
October 12 – Bub Kuhn
October 15 – John Chapman
October 22 – Ike Kahdot
October 22 – Geechie Meredith
October 24 – Cuckoo Christensen
October 26 – Judy Johnson
October 26 – Otto Vogel
October 28 – Percy Jones
November
November 5 – Jack Wisner
November 6 – Joe Munson
November 9 – George Abrams
November 11 – Bill Vargus
November 18 – Ren Kelly
November 18 – Dutch Ulrich
November 21 – Charlie Gibson
November 21 – Augie Swentor
November 27 – Lena Styles
November 30 – Reuben Ewing
December
December 2 – Ray Morehart
December 6 – Jocko Conlan
December 7 – Ed Morris
December 10 – Verdo Elmore
December 10 – Jake Hehl
December 11 – Willie Gisentaner
December 12 – Allie Watt
December 13 – Buckshot May
December 14 – Bob Lawrence
December 18 – Sam Barnes
December 19 – Sam Dodge
December 20 – George Pipgras
December 23 – Waddy MacPhee
December 23 – Tommy Thomas
December 25 – Tom Gulley
December 25 – Gene Robertson
December 26 – Logan Drake
December 26 – Art Gardiner
Deaths
January 6 – John Smith, 40, first baseman for the Troy Trojans and Worcester Ruby Legs of the National League in the 1882 season.
January 13 – Fred Carl, 40, outfielder.
January 17 – Billy Arnold, 47, outfielder.
March 6 – Edward Santry, 38, shortstop.
March 9 – Bill McGunnigle, 44, manager who led Brooklyn to the American Association title in 1889, and the National League pennant the following year after the team switched leagues; as collegiate catcher, was possibly the first at that position to wear a glove.
March 16 – Egyptian Healy, 32, pitcher.
April 9 – Mike Moynahan, 43, shortstop.
April 24 – Pat Luby, 30, pitcher.
July 14 – Frank Kreeger, [?], outfielder and pitcher.
July 24 – Jim Korwan, 25, pitcher.
August 10 – Henry Buker, 40, shortstop.
September 17 – John Haldeman, 43, journalist and business manager for the Louisville Courier-Journal, who played second base in one game for the 1877 Louisville Grays.
November 2 – Tim McGinley, 45, catcher.
December 1 – Ed Gastfield, 34, catcher.
December 14 – Harry Dooms, 32, outfielder.
December 16 – Fred Waterman, 54, third baseman, member of the 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings team that went undefeated.
December 18 – Fred Truax, 31, outfielder. | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tai Hing Estate
The Tai Hing Estate () is the second public housing estate and the oldest existing public housing estate in Tuen Mun, New Territories, Hong Kong. There are 8,602 flats on the estate with capacity to house 21,100 people.
It is also a district council constituency. It is a traditional strong pro-democratic area, having returned Albert Ho as district councillor in the Legislative Council.
History
Tai Hing Estate is the oldest existing public housing estate in Tuen Mun District. The site was previously farms near the coastline of Castle Peak Bay before the land reclamation of the bay for the construction of Tuen Mun New Town.
For the 60th anniversary of Hong Kong Scouting, the Scout Association of Hong Kong held the Diamond Jubilee Jamboree () for 5000 Scouts, applying the theme World Harmony () from 23 July 1971 to 29 July 1971 in present-day Tai Hing Estate in Castle Peak. The event was originally planned to be held from 22 July 1971 to 28 July 1971, but was pushed back one day later because of the typhoon attack to Hong Kong. The jamboree was seriously affected by the bad weather. The campsite was flooded and facilities were damaged. Campers had to retreat to San Fat Estate in Tuen Mun for shelter overnight. The Hong Kong Post Office issued a set of three stamps for the jamboree on 23 July.
Facilities
There are five secondary schools, three primary schools, two kindergartens, a market, a public library, a swimming pool and a post office in Tai Hing.
Transport
There are two MTR Light Rail stations in Tai Hing, they are Tai Hing North Station and Tai Hing South Station. Both belong to Zone 2 for single-ride journeys.
Tai Hing North () serves the northwestern part of the Tai Hing Estate
Tai Hing South () serves the southeastern part of the estate.
There is an emergency platform on the reverse loop at Tai Hing North Station. A westbound Light Rail Vehicle can become an eastbound one via the loop and the emergency platform.
Houses
References
Category:Residential buildings completed in 1980
Category:Public housing estates in Hong Kong
Category:Tuen Mun
Category:Tuen Mun District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Smedley
Smedley can refer to:
People
Given name
Smedley Butler (1881–1940), U.S. Marine Corps major general, double recipient of the Medal of Honor
Smedley Crooke (1861–1951), British politician
Smedley Darlington (1827–1899), member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
Surname
Agnes Smedley (1892–1950), American journalist and writer
Audrey Smedley (born 1930), American social anthropologist
Bert Smedley (1905–unknown), Australian rules footballer
Brian Smedley (1934–2007), British judge
Cameron Smedley (born 1990), Canadian canoeist
Edward Smedley (1788–1836), English clergyman and writer
Eric Smedley (born 1973), former professional American football player
Francis Edward Smedley (1818–1864), English novelist and writer
Harold Smedley (1920–2004), British diplomat
Hugh Smedley, New Zealand rower
John Smedley (disambiguation)
Jonathan Smedley (1671–1729), Anglo-Irish churchman and polemicist
Kayla Bashore Smedley (born 1983), American field hockey player
Larry E. Smedley (1949–1967), United States Marine corporal, posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor in Vietnam
Menella Bute Smedley (1820–1877), English novelist and poet
Michael Smedley (born 1941), English cricketer
Oliver Smedley (1911–1989), English businessman and activist
Peter Smedley (born 1943), Australian businessman
Ralph C. Smedley (1878–1965), American teacher and YMCA director who founded Toastmasters International
Rob Smedley (born 1973), English engineer for F1 driver Felipe Massa
Robert Smedley (born 1963), American professional wrestler
Samuel Smedley (1753–1812), American Revolutionary War ship captain
William Thomas Smedley (1858–1920), American artist
Places
Smedley, Manchester, an area in north Manchester, England, United Kingdom
Smedley, Indiana, an unincorporated community, United States
Smedley, Virginia, an unincorporated community, United States
Other uses
Smedley, foe of the cartoon character Chilly Willy
Smedley (criminal), screenname of an individual closely involved in the founding of the darknet market Road
Smedley Elementary School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, a charter school on the National Register of Historic Places | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dark River (New Zealand)
The Dark River, New Zealand is a river of Fiordland, New Zealand. It rises west of Barrier Peak and flows westward through Fiordland National Park into Lake Grave, which drains into Te Hāpua / Sutherland Sound.
See also
List of rivers of New Zealand
References
Land Information New Zealand - Search for Place Names
Category:Rivers of Fiordland | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Eastern moa
The eastern moa, Emeus crassus, is an extinct species of moa. When the first specimens were originally described by Richard Owen, they were placed within the genus Dinornis as three different species, but, was later split off into their own genus, Emeus. E. crassus is currently the only species of Emeus, as the other two species, E. casuarinus and E. huttonii are now regarded as synonyms of E. crassus. It has been long suspected that the "species" described as Emeus huttonii and E. crassus were males and females, respectively, of a single species. This has been confirmed by analysis for sex-specific genetic markers of DNA extracted from bone material; the females of E. crassus were 15-25% larger than males. This phenomenon — reverse size dimorphism — is not uncommon amongst ratites, being also very pronounced in kiwis.
Description
Emeus was of average size, standing tall. Like other moa, it had no vestigial wing bones, hair-like feathers (beige in this case), a long neck and large, powerful legs with very short, strong tarsi. It also had a sternum without a keel and a distinctive palate. Its feet were exceptionally wide compared to other moas, making it a very slow creature. Soft parts of its body, such as tracheal rings (cartilage) or remnants of skin were found, as well as single bones and complete skeletons. As they neared the head, the feathers grew shorter, until they finally turned into coarse hair; the head itself was probably bald.
Range and habitat
Eastern moa lived only on the South Island, and lived in the lowlands (forests, grasslands, dunelands, and shrublands). Human colonists hunted Emeus into extinction with relative ease. Like almost all moa, it was gone by the year 1500.
Footnotes
References
External links
Eastern Moa. Emeus crassus. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006
Category:Extinct flightless birds
Category:Extinct birds of New Zealand
Category:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
Category:Ratites
Category:Holocene extinctions | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dhavali
Dhavali is a panchayat village in the state of Maharashtra, India. Administratively, Dhavali is in Walwa Taluka, in the Sangli District of Maharashtra. Dhavali is the only village in its gram panchayat. The village of Dhavali is 23 km by road south of the city of Uran Islampur and 9 km by road west of the city of Ashta. In 2011, the population was 2258 persons, consisting of 1176 males and 1082 females in 477 families. The literacy rate is 88.15%
Schools
Rashtriya Jalataranpatu Sagar Patil Highschool, Dhavali (previously known as Karmaveer Bhaurao Patil Vidyalay Bagani, Bhagshala - Dhavali). Website: http://www.rjspvdhavali.com/
Zilla Parishad Shala Dhavali.
Notes
Category:Villages in Sangli district | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
SDC Polvorín
Sociedad Deportiva e Cultural Polvorín is a Spanish football team based in Lugo, in the autonomous community of Galicia. Founded in 1991, it plays in Tercera División – Group 1, holding home matches at Campo de Fútbol O Polvorín with a capacity of 2,500 seats.
The club acts as a reserve team of CD Lugo since 2015.
Season to season
As an independent club
As a reserve team
1 season in Tercera División
Current squad
Notable players
Players who represented Polvorín and debuted with Lugo's first team
Julio Camba
Luis Díaz
Dani Escriche
Dani Góngora
Pedro López
Gustavo Quezada
Rayco Rodríguez
Álex Rey
Antón Escobar
Chiqui
External links
La Preferente team profile
Category:Football clubs in Galicia (Spain)
Category:Divisiones Regionales de Fútbol clubs
Category:Association football clubs established in 1991
Category:1991 establishments in Spain
Category:CD Lugo
Category:Spanish reserve football teams | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Think Tank on European Film and Film Policy
The Think Tank on European Film and Film Policy is a think tank founded in 2007 to promote and develop the effectiveness of European Film Policy. It strives to generating change to ensure that filmmaking environments do not evolve into stagnant subsidy cultures. It is based at Filmbyen in Copenhagen, Denmark.
Organisation
The president of the Think Tank is Henning Camre, previously the director of the Danish Film Institute.
The other members of the Board of Directors:
Peter Aalbæk Jensen, chief executive of Zentropa (Denmark)
Véronique Cayla, president of the Centre National de la Cinématographie et de l'Image Animée (France)
Henrik Bo Nielsen (chair), Chief Executive Officer DFI.
Ignasi Guardans, director of the Instituto de la Cinematografia y de las Artes Audiovisuales (Spain)
Agnieszka Odorowicz, director of the Polski Instytut Filmowej (Poland)
John Woodward, chief executive of the UK Film Council
References
External links
Official website
Category:Think tanks based in Denmark
Category:European cinema
Category:Think tanks established in 2007
Category:Organizations based in Copenhagen | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Della Street
Della Street is the fictional secretary of Perry Mason in the long-running series of novels, short stories, films, and radio and television programs featuring the fictional defense attorney created by Erle Stanley Gardner.
Description
In the first Perry Mason novel, The Case of the Velvet Claws, written in the early days of the Great Depression, Della Street is revealed to have come from a wealthy, or at least well-to-do, family that was wiped out by the stock market crash of 1929. Della was forced to get a job as a secretary. By the time of the TV series in the 1950s and 1960s, this would have not fit well with the age of the characters as then portrayed. According to The Case of The Caretaker's Cat, she is about 15 years younger than Perry Mason.
In The Case of the Negligent Nymph, a fortune-teller says that Della grew up on her own - she guessed at a possible separation of her parents, and that Della’s mother died of a broken heart. Della neither confirms nor denies this.
In The Case of the Blonde Bonanza, Della vacations at Bolero Beach with her Aunt Mae, who lives in the area.
A character named Della Street first appeared in Gardner's unpublished novel Reasonable Doubt, where she was a secretary, but not the secretary of the lawyer, Ed Stark. Gardner described her this way: "Della Street … Secretary, twenty-seven, quiet, fast as hell on her feet, had been places. Worked in a carnival or side show, knows all the lines, hard-boiled exterior, quietly efficient, puzzled over the lawyer, chestnut hair, trim figure, some lines on her face, a hint of weariness at the corners of her eyes." When Gardner submitted Reasonable Doubt to William Morrow, an editor suggested that "Della Street is a better character than the secretary." Gardner took this suggestion when he rewrote Reasonable Doubt as The Case of the Velvet Claws and made Della Street Perry Mason's secretary. In the published novel, the carnival or side show was jettisoned, and Street came from a more "respectable" background. This is a good example of the difference between the pulp writing and slick writing of the 1930s.
In 1950, Gardner published the short story "The Case of the Suspect Sweethearts" under the pseudonym Della Street.
Several instances of sexual tension are seen between Mason and Street in the Gardner novels, multiple glances, kisses, and so on, and several proposals of marriage, all of which Della turned down because, at the time, wives of professional men did not work. Thus, she could not have continued as his secretary (and effective partner) and she did not want to give up this aspect of her life.
Adaptations
Erle Stanley Gardner, the creator of Perry Mason in a series of novels, was a very prolific author, who simultaneously employed three secretaries—all sisters—to keep up with his output. One of them he eventually married, after his first wife—from whom he was separated for 30 years—died. This was Jean Gardner, born Agnes Helene Walter. People who knew her believed she was the inspiration for Della Street, though neither she nor Gardner himself admitted it. Mrs. Gardner said she thought he put several women together to create the character.
Portrayals
In the film adaptations made in the 1930s, Della Street was portrayed by five different actresses: Helen Trenholme, Claire Dodd, Genevieve Tobin, June Travis, and Ann Dvorak.
Gertrude Warner was the first actress to portray Street regularly, albeit on the radio series, followed by Joan Alexander and Palmolive's "Madge", Jan Miner. The character portrayed in the radio series was reworked into Sara Lane on the daytime show Edge of Night, which was to be the daytime Perry Mason, until Gardner pulled his support for the project.
On television, Della Street was played by Barbara Hale in the series, for which she received an Emmy Award, and in the 30 made-for-TV movies. Sharon Acker played Della Street in the short-lived revival series The New Perry Mason, starring Monte Markham as Mason.
References
Category:Perry Mason characters
Category:Literary characters introduced in 1933
Category:Fictional secretaries | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vivian Johnson (disambiguation)
Vivian Johnson (or variants) may also refer to:
People
Vivien Johnson, Australian sociologist
Fictional characters
Vivian Baxter Johnson, mother of Maya Angelou and a character in her autobiographical works
Vivian Johnson, a fictional character in the television series Without A Trace.
Vivienne Johnson, a British actress best known for her role in Are You Being Served? | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Stringham
Stringham may refer to:
People
Edward Stringham (born 1975), American professor and writer
Edwin Stringham (1890-1974), American composer
Frank D. Stringham (1872-1931), American politician
Irving Stringham (1847-1909), American mathematician
Silas Stringham (1798-1876), American naval officer
Ships
, more than one United States Navy ship | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lone Tree Township, Merrick County, Nebraska
Lone Tree Township is one of eleven townships in Merrick County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 623 at the 2000 census. A 2006 estimate placed the township's population at 607.
History
Lone Tree Township takes its name from a large cottonwood tree that was a local landmark on the prairie until it was toppled in a storm in 1865.
See also
County government in Nebraska
References
External links
City-Data.com
Category:Townships in Merrick County, Nebraska
Category:Townships in Nebraska | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Il campanello
Il campanello or Il campanello di notte (The Night Bell) is a melodramma giocoso, or opera, in one act by Gaetano Donizetti. The composer wrote the Italian libretto after Mathieu-Barthélemy Troin Brunswick and Victor Lhérie's French vaudeville La sonnette de nuit. The premiere took place on 1 June 1836 at the Teatro Nuovo in Naples and was "revived every year over the next decade".
Performance history
The opera was presented in Italian at the Lyceum Theatre in London on 6 June 1836 and in English on 9 March 1841. It was also given in English in 1870. It was first performed in Italian in the US in Philadelphia on 25 October 1861; this production went on to New York three days later. An English translation was seen in that city on 7 May 1917.
Among other performances, the work was staged by Teatro Regio di Torino in 1995 and by the Donizetti festival, Bergamo in 2010.
Roles
Synopsis
Time: Early 19th century
Place: Naples
At the lavish home of Annibale Pistacchio, guests have gathered to celebrate the marriage of the famous doctor to his young bride, Serafina. Among the guests is Enrico, Serafina’s scheming cousin and former romantic interest who is determined to win Serafina back. After failing in his direct plea to Serafina, Enrico placates the groom with a rousing toast before leaving.
Just as Annibale is preparing for his wedding night with Serafina, the doorbell rings, revealing Enrico disguised as a patient in need of medicine. He delays the doctor’s first night in his marriage bed by telling long stories and messing with the apartment. While Annibale is distracted, Enrico leaves a threatening message in Serafina’s door. He then leaves only to return soon after as a singer with a hoarse voice. As Annibale’s frustration grows, Enrico continues to find absurd reasons to delay the doctor’s sleep. He departs and returns once more, this time as a blind man demanding a complex medicine for his sick “wife.” Annibale tries to usher him out and return to Serafina, but it is too late. Dawn has arrived, and he must leave to oversee his aunt’s will in Rome. Serafina ushers him out the door, and Enrico joins the guests in reminding Annibale that the pleasures of his wedding night will follow him for the rest of his life. Everyone bids Annibale goodbye.
Recordings
References
Notes
Cited sources
Osborne, Charles, (1994), The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini, Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press.
Weinstock, Herbert (1963), Donizetti and the World of Opera in Italy, Paris, and Vienna in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century, New York: Pantheon Books, 1963.
Other sources
Allitt, John Stewart (1991), Donizetti: in the light of Romanticism and the teaching of Johann Simon Mayr, Shaftesbury: Element Books, Ltd (UK); Rockport, MA: Element, Inc.(USA)
Ashbrook, William (1982), Donizetti and His Operas, Cambridge University Press.
Ashbrook, William (1998), "Donizetti, Gaetano" in Stanley Sadie (Ed.), The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, Vol. One. London: Macmillan Publishers, Inc.
Ashbrook, William and Sarah Hibberd (2001), in Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, New York: Penguin Putnam. . pp. 224 – 247.
Black, John (1982), Donizetti’s Operas in Naples, 1822—1848. London: The Donizetti Society.
Loewenberg, Alfred (1970). Annals of Opera, 1597-1940, 2nd edition. Rowman and Littlefield
Sadie, Stanley, (Ed.); John Tyrell (Exec. Ed.) (2004), The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 2nd edition. London: Macmillan. (hardcover). (eBook).
External links
Donizetti Society (London) website
Libretto (Italian)
Category:Italian-language operas
Category:Operas by Gaetano Donizetti
Category:Operas
Category:1836 operas
Category:One-act operas
Category:Operas based on plays
Category:Operas set in Italy | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Good Earth State Park
Good Earth State Park is a South Dakota State Park in Lincoln County, South Dakota in the United States along the Big Sioux River. The park is open for year-round recreation including hiking. The park includes the Blood Run Site, a National Historic Landmark significant for its history as a settlement for thousands of Native Americans. A visitor center includes displays about the site's significance.
See also
List of South Dakota state parks
References
External links
Good Earth State Park
Category:Protected areas of Lincoln County, South Dakota
Category:State parks of South Dakota | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Triton, Newfoundland and Labrador
Triton is a town in Northeastern Newfoundland. Triton is situated on the Northeast portion of Newfoundland and is the economic center of Green Bay South. According to Statistics Canada, Triton's population fell from 998 in 2011 to 983 in 2016. The town of Triton has grown more with new businesses and buildings opening in 2017. Triton also has a state of the art swimming pool and skatepark and a small basketball court, there are trailer campsites nearby too.
History
Little Triton Harbour (or Triton East) was the earliest area of settlement, in the 1830s or 1840's. Little Triton Harbour and Big Triton Island were earlier used as seasonal fishing stations by fishermen from Twillingate. The first time Triton appears in the Census was in 1845, with a population of 17. There was a few families living southeast of the harbour but these families eventually moved to Triton.
In the earliest days of settlement ties were strong with Twillingate, where fishermen traded cod. In the 1890s the first stores were kept by families at Little Triton as agents of merchants at Little Bay Islands. A business was established at Great Triton which supplied many fishermen in the area and became involved in supplying schooners for the Labrador fishery. With a strong inshore fishery, a growing involvement in the fishery in Labrador and winter logging for lumber and pulp and paper industries, the population of Triton grew considerably to 470 in 1935 and 625 in 1951. Triton East and West incorporated in 1955 and Jim's Cove and Card's Harbour incorporated in 1958. In 1961 the two municipalities amalgamated as a rural district.
After the causeway was built in 1968, linking the island to Pilley's Island and the mainland, the community continued to grow. Because of the increasing dependency on the road it was the end for Little Triton, which was declining in population. Since it was not on the road it was soon abandoned. In 1980 a new fish plant, Triton Seafood's, was opened at Little Triton Harbour, and a road was built to it. In the same year the rural district was re-incorporated as the town of Triton.
See also
List of cities and towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
References
Category:Populated coastal places in Canada
Category:Towns in Newfoundland and Labrador | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Cross-country skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics – Men's 30 kilometre classical
The men's 30 kilometre classical cross-country skiing competition at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France, was held on Monday 10 February in Les Saisies.
Each skier started at half a minute intervals, skiing the entire 30 kilometre course. The Swede Gunde Svan was the 1991 World champion and Alexey Prokurorov of the Soviet Union was the defending Olympic champion from 1988 Olympics in Calgary, Canada. Svan retired in 1991 and did not participate in this event.
Results
Sources:
References
External links
Final results (International Ski Federation)
Category:Men's cross-country skiing at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Category:Men's 30 kilometre cross-country skiing at the Winter Olympics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Köse Halil Pasha
Köse Halil Pasha ("Beardless Halil Pasha" in Turkish; died 1715), also known as Khalil Pasha al-Kawsaj ("Thin-bearded Halil Pasha" in Arabic), was an Ottoman statesman who served several high-level roles in the Ottoman Empire's administration, including serving as Defterdar (financial minister; 1692/93–1694/95 and 1695/96–1699) and the Ottoman governor of Bosnia Eyalet (1699–1702), Erzurum Eyalet (1703–04), Van Eyalet (1704–06), Basra Eyalet (1706–07, and again 1707–08), Sidon Eyalet (1708–1710), and Egypt Eyalet (1710–11). During his tenure in Erzurum, Hahil Pasha was in command of a military expedition in Georgia in 1703.
As the governor of Egypt, he served during a turbulent time and was overthrown by the local (Mamluk) beys in 1711 after a small civil war.
See also
List of Ottoman governors of Egypt
List of Ottoman governors of Bosnia
References
Category:17th-century births
Category:1715 deaths
Category:17th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
Category:18th-century people of the Ottoman Empire
Category:Ottoman governors of Egypt
Category:Defterdar
Category:Ottoman governors of Bosnia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
J. C. Daniel Award
The J. C. Daniel Award is Kerala's highest award in Malayalam cinema. It is presented annually by the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy, a non-profit institution under the Department of Cultural Affairs of the Government of Kerala, India. Instituted in 1992, the award is given to honour the recipients for their "outstanding contributions to Malayalam cinema". Recipients are selected by an independent jury established by the Academy and the Department of Cultural Affairs. , the honourees receive a statuette, a citation, and a cash prize of . They are honoured at the Kerala State Film Awards ceremony.
The Government of Kerala created the award to commemorate the contribution of Indian filmmaker J. C. Daniel, who is often regarded as the "father of Malayalam cinema". The J. C. Daniel Award was managed by the Department of Cultural Affairs until 1997. In 1998, the Government of Kerala constituted the Kerala State Chalachitra Academy, and since that year, the Academy has hosted the award. A cash prize of was granted with the award until 2002. In 2003, the prize money was doubled and, as part of updating it, no award was presented that year. Actor Madhu was the first recipient of the award with the increased monetary prize in 2004. Since 2016, the cash prize is .
Since its inception, the J. C. Daniel Award has been bestowed on 26 individuals. The award was first presented to film distributor and producer T. E. Vasudevan in 1992. Actresses Aranmula Ponnamma and Sheela are the only women who has received the honour, in 2005 and 2018. The 2011 recipient, actor Jose Prakash, died before the award ceremony. His son accepted the award on his behalf. The most recent winner is actress-director Sheela, who will be honoured at the 2018 Kerala State Film Awards ceremony.
Recipients
See also
Dadasaheb Phalke Award
Footnotes
References
External links
Official website for Kerala State Chalachithra Academy
Official website for Department of Cultural Affairs
Category:Kerala State Film Awards
Category:Malayalam cinema
Category:Lifetime achievement awards
Category:Lists of Indian award winners | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Cell nucleus
In cell biology, the nucleus (pl. nuclei; from Latin or , meaning kernel or seed) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotes usually have a single nucleus, but a few cell types, such as mammalian red blood cells, have no nuclei, and a few others including osteoclasts have many.
The cell nucleus contains all of the cell's genome, except for a small fraction of mitochondrial DNA, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in a complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. The genes within these chromosomes are structured in such a way to promote cell function. The nucleus maintains the integrity of genes and controls the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression—the nucleus is, therefore, the control center of the cell. The main structures making up the nucleus are the nuclear envelope, a double membrane that encloses the entire organelle and isolates its contents from the cellular cytoplasm, and the nuclear matrix (which includes the nuclear lamina), a network within the nucleus that adds mechanical support, much like the cytoskeleton, which supports the cell as a whole.
Because the nuclear envelope is impermeable to large molecules, nuclear pores are required to regulate nuclear transport of molecules across the envelope. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel through which larger molecules must be actively transported by carrier proteins while allowing free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes. Although the interior of the nucleus does not contain any membrane-bound subcompartments, its contents are not uniform, and a number of nuclear bodies exist, made up of unique proteins, RNA molecules, and particular parts of the chromosomes. The best-known of these is the nucleolus, which is mainly involved in the assembly of ribosomes. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA.
History
The nucleus was the first organelle to be discovered. What is most likely the oldest preserved drawing dates back to the early microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723). He observed a "lumen", the nucleus, in the red blood cells of salmon. Unlike mammalian red blood cells, those of other vertebrates still contain nuclei.
The nucleus was also described by Franz Bauer in 1804 and in more detail in 1831 by Scottish botanist Robert Brown in a talk at the Linnean Society of London. Brown was studying orchids under the microscope when he observed an opaque area, which he called the "areola" or "nucleus", in the cells of the flower's outer layer.
He did not suggest a potential function. In 1838, Matthias Schleiden proposed that the nucleus plays a role in generating cells, thus he introduced the name "cytoblast" (cell builder). He believed that he had observed new cells assembling around "cytoblasts". Franz Meyen was a strong opponent of this view, having already described cells multiplying by division and believing that many cells would have no nuclei. The idea that cells can be generated de novo, by the "cytoblast" or otherwise, contradicted work by Robert Remak (1852) and Rudolf Virchow (1855) who decisively propagated the new paradigm that cells are generated solely by cells ("Omnis cellula e cellula"). The function of the nucleus remained unclear.
Between 1877 and 1878, Oscar Hertwig published several studies on the fertilization of sea urchin eggs, showing that the nucleus of the sperm enters the oocyte and fuses with its nucleus. This was the first time it was suggested that an individual develops from a (single) nucleated cell. This was in contradiction to Ernst Haeckel's theory that the complete phylogeny of a species would be repeated during embryonic development, including generation of the first nucleated cell from a "monerula", a structureless mass of primordial protoplasm ("Urschleim"). Therefore, the necessity of the sperm nucleus for fertilization was discussed for quite some time. However, Hertwig confirmed his observation in other animal groups, including amphibians and molluscs. Eduard Strasburger produced the same results for plants in 1884. This paved the way to assign the nucleus an important role in heredity. In 1873, August Weismann postulated the equivalence of the maternal and paternal germ cells for heredity. The function of the nucleus as carrier of genetic information became clear only later, after mitosis was discovered and the Mendelian rules were rediscovered at the beginning of the 20th century; the chromosome theory of heredity was therefore developed.
Structures
The nucleus is the largest organelle in animal cells.
In mammalian cells, the average diameter of the nucleus is approximately 6 micrometres (µm), which occupies about 10% of the total cell volume. The contents of the
nucleus are held in the nucleoplasm similar to the cytoplasm in the rest of the cell. The fluid component of this is termed the nucleosol, similar to the cytosol in the cytoplasm.
In most types of granulocyte, a white blood cell, the nucleus is lobated and can be bi-lobed, tri-lobed or multi-lobed.
Nuclear envelope and pores
The nuclear envelope, otherwise known as nuclear membrane, consists of two cellular membranes, an inner and an outer membrane, arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 nanometres (nm). The nuclear envelope completely encloses the nucleus and separates the cell's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm, serving as a barrier to prevent macromolecules from diffusing freely between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm. The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and is similarly studded with ribosomes. The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space and is continuous with the RER lumen.
Nuclear pores, which provide aqueous channels through the envelope, are composed of multiple proteins, collectively referred to as nucleoporins. The pores are about 125 million daltons in molecular weight and consist of around 50 (in yeast) to several hundred proteins (in vertebrates). The pores are 100 nm in total diameter; however, the gap through which molecules freely diffuse is only about 9 nm wide, due to the presence of regulatory systems within the center of the pore. This size selectively allows the passage of small water-soluble molecules while preventing larger molecules, such as nucleic acids and larger proteins, from inappropriately entering or exiting the nucleus. These large molecules must be actively transported into the nucleus instead. The nucleus of a typical mammalian cell will have about 3000 to 4000 pores throughout its envelope, each of which contains an eightfold-symmetric ring-shaped structure at a position where the inner and outer membranes fuse. Attached to the ring is a structure called the nuclear basket that extends into the nucleoplasm, and a series of filamentous extensions that reach into the cytoplasm. Both structures serve to mediate binding to nuclear transport proteins.
Most proteins, ribosomal subunits, and some DNAs are transported through the pore complexes in a process mediated by a family of transport factors known as karyopherins. Those karyopherins that mediate movement into the nucleus are also called importins, whereas those that mediate movement out of the nucleus are called exportins. Most karyopherins interact directly with their cargo, although some use adaptor proteins. Steroid hormones such as cortisol and aldosterone, as well as other small lipid-soluble molecules involved in intercellular signaling, can diffuse through the cell membrane and into the cytoplasm, where they bind nuclear receptor proteins that are trafficked into the nucleus. There they serve as transcription factors when bound to their ligand; in the absence of a ligand, many such receptors function as histone deacetylases that repress gene expression.
Nuclear lamina
In animal cells, two networks of intermediate filaments provide the nucleus with mechanical support: The nuclear lamina forms an organized meshwork on the internal face of the envelope, while less organized support is provided on the cytosolic face of the envelope. Both systems provide structural support for the nuclear envelope and anchoring sites for chromosomes and nuclear pores.
The nuclear lamina is composed mostly of lamin proteins. Like all proteins, lamins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and later transported to the nucleus interior, where they are assembled before being incorporated into the existing network of nuclear lamina. Lamins found on the cytosolic face of the membrane, such as emerin and nesprin, bind to the cytoskeleton to provide structural support. Lamins are also found inside the nucleoplasm where they form another regular structure, known as the nucleoplasmic veil, that is visible using fluorescence microscopy. The actual function of the veil is not clear, although it is excluded from the nucleolus and is present during interphase. Lamin structures that make up the veil, such as LEM3, bind chromatin and disrupting their structure inhibits transcription of protein-coding genes.
Like the components of other intermediate filaments, the lamin monomer contains an alpha-helical domain used by two monomers to coil around each other, forming a dimer structure called a coiled coil. Two of these dimer structures then join side by side, in an antiparallel arrangement, to form a tetramer called a protofilament. Eight of these protofilaments form a lateral arrangement that is twisted to form a ropelike filament. These filaments can be assembled or disassembled in a dynamic manner, meaning that changes in the length of the filament depend on the competing rates of filament addition and removal.
Mutations in lamin genes leading to defects in filament assembly cause a group of rare genetic disorders known as laminopathies. The most notable laminopathy is the family of diseases known as progeria, which causes the appearance of premature aging in its sufferers. The exact mechanism by which the associated biochemical changes give rise to the aged phenotype is not well understood.
Chromosomes
The cell nucleus contains the majority of the cell's genetic material in the form of multiple linear DNA molecules organized into structures called chromosomes. Each human cell contains roughly two meters of DNA. During most of the cell cycle these are organized in a DNA-protein complex known as chromatin, and during cell division the chromatin can be seen to form the well-defined chromosomes familiar from a karyotype. A small fraction of the cell's genes are located instead in the mitochondria.
There are two types of chromatin. Euchromatin is the less compact DNA form, and contains genes that are frequently expressed by the cell. The other type, heterochromatin, is the more compact form, and contains DNA that is infrequently transcribed. This structure is further categorized into facultative heterochromatin, consisting of genes that are organized as heterochromatin only in certain cell types or at certain stages of development, and constitutive heterochromatin that consists of chromosome structural components such as telomeres and centromeres. During interphase the chromatin organizes itself into discrete individual patches, called chromosome territories. Active genes, which are generally found in the euchromatic region of the chromosome, tend to be located towards the chromosome's territory boundary.
Antibodies to certain types of chromatin organization, in particular, nucleosomes, have been associated with a number of autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus. These are known as anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) and have also been observed in concert with multiple sclerosis as part of general immune system dysfunction. As in the case of progeria, the role played by the antibodies in inducing the symptoms of autoimmune diseases is not obvious.
Nucleolus
The nucleolus is the largest of the discrete densely stained, membraneless structures known as nuclear bodies found in the nucleus. It forms around tandem repeats of rDNA, DNA coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These regions are called nucleolar organizer regions (NOR). The main roles of the nucleolus are to synthesize rRNA and assemble ribosomes. The structural cohesion of the nucleolus depends on its activity, as ribosomal assembly in the nucleolus results in the transient association of nucleolar components, facilitating further ribosomal assembly, and hence further association. This model is supported by observations that inactivation of rDNA results in intermingling of nucleolar structures.
In the first step of ribosome assembly, a protein called RNA polymerase I transcribes rDNA, which forms a large pre-rRNA precursor. This is cleaved into the subunits 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA. The transcription, post-transcriptional processing, and assembly of rRNA occurs in the nucleolus, aided by small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) molecules, some of which are derived from spliced introns from messenger RNAs encoding genes related to ribosomal function. The assembled ribosomal subunits are the largest structures passed through the nuclear pores.
When observed under the electron microscope, the nucleolus can be seen to consist of three distinguishable regions: the innermost fibrillar centers (FCs), surrounded by the dense fibrillar component (DFC) (that contains fibrillarin and nucleolin), which in turn is bordered by the granular component (GC) (that contains the protein nucleophosmin). Transcription of the rDNA occurs either in the FC or at the FC-DFC boundary, and, therefore, when rDNA transcription in the cell is increased, more FCs are detected. Most of the cleavage and modification of rRNAs occurs in the DFC, while the latter steps involving protein assembly onto the ribosomal subunits occur in the GC.
Other nuclear bodies
Besides the nucleolus, the nucleus contains a number of other nuclear bodies. These include Cajal bodies, gemini of Cajal bodies, polymorphic interphase karyosomal association (PIKA), promyelocytic leukaemia (PML) bodies, paraspeckles, and splicing speckles. Although little is known about a number of these domains, they are significant in that they show that the nucleoplasm is not a uniform mixture, but rather contains organized functional subdomains.
Other subnuclear structures appear as part of abnormal disease processes. For example, the presence of small intranuclear rods has been reported in some cases of nemaline myopathy. This condition typically results from mutations in actin, and the rods themselves consist of mutant actin as well as other cytoskeletal proteins.
Cajal bodies and gems
A nucleus typically contains between 1 and 10 compact structures called Cajal bodies or coiled bodies (CB), whose diameter measures between 0.2 µm and 2.0 µm depending on the cell type and species. When seen under an electron microscope, they resemble balls of tangled thread and are dense foci of distribution for the protein coilin. CBs are involved in a number of different roles relating to RNA processing, specifically small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) maturation, and histone mRNA modification.
Similar to Cajal bodies are Gemini of Cajal bodies, or gems, whose name is derived from the Gemini constellation in reference to their close "twin" relationship with CBs. Gems are similar in size and shape to CBs, and in fact are virtually indistinguishable under the microscope. Unlike CBs, gems do not contain small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), but do contain a protein called survival of motor neuron (SMN) whose function relates to snRNP biogenesis. Gems are believed to assist CBs in snRNP biogenesis, though it has also been suggested from microscopy evidence that CBs and gems are different manifestations of the same structure. Later ultrastructural studies have shown gems to be twins of Cajal bodies with the difference being in the coilin component; Cajal bodies are SMN positive and coilin positive, and gems are SMN positive and coilin negative.
PIKA and PTF domains
PIKA domains, or polymorphic interphase karyosomal associations, were first described in microscopy studies in 1991. Their function remains unclear, though they were not thought to be associated with active DNA replication, transcription, or RNA processing. They have been found to often associate with discrete domains defined by dense localization of the transcription factor PTF, which promotes transcription of small nuclear RNA (snRNA).
PML bodies
Promyelocytic leukemia bodies (PML bodies) are spherical bodies found scattered throughout the nucleoplasm, measuring around 0.1–1.0 µm. They are known by a number of other names, including nuclear domain 10 (ND10), Kremer bodies, and PML oncogenic domains. PML bodies are named after one of their major components, the promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML). They are often seen in the nucleus in association with Cajal bodies and cleavage bodies. Pml-/- mice, which are unable to create PML bodies, develop normally without obvious ill effects, showing that PML bodies are not required for most essential biological processes.
Splicing speckles
Speckles are subnuclear structures that are enriched in pre-messenger RNA splicing factors and are located in the interchromatin regions of the nucleoplasm of mammalian cells. At the fluorescence-microscope level they appear as irregular, punctate structures, which vary in size and shape, and when examined by electron microscopy they are seen as clusters of interchromatin granules. Speckles are dynamic structures, and both their protein and RNA-protein components can cycle continuously between speckles and other nuclear locations, including active transcription sites. Studies on the composition, structure and behaviour of speckles have provided a model for understanding the functional compartmentalization of the nucleus and the organization of the gene-expression machinery
splicing snRNPs and other splicing proteins necessary for pre-mRNA processing. Because of a cell's changing requirements, the composition and location of these bodies changes according to mRNA transcription and regulation via phosphorylation of specific proteins.
The splicing speckles are also known as nuclear speckles (nuclear specks), splicing factor compartments (SF compartments), interchromatin granule clusters (IGCs), and B snurposomes.
B snurposomes are found in the amphibian oocyte nuclei and in Drosophila melanogaster embryos. B snurposomes appear alone or attached to the Cajal bodies in the electron micrographs of the amphibian nuclei.
IGCs function as storage sites for the splicing factors.
Paraspeckles
Discovered by Fox et al. in 2002, paraspeckles are irregularly shaped compartments in the interchromatin space of the nucleus. First documented in HeLa cells, where there are generally 10–30 per nucleus, paraspeckles are now known to also exist in all human primary cells, transformed cell lines, and tissue sections. Their name is derived from their distribution in the nucleus; the "para" is short for parallel and the "speckles" refers to the splicing speckles to which they are always in close proximity.
Paraspeckles are dynamic structures that are altered in response to changes in cellular metabolic activity. They are transcription dependent and in the absence of RNA Pol II transcription, the paraspeckle disappears and all of its associated protein components (PSP1, p54nrb, PSP2, CFI(m)68, and PSF) form a crescent shaped perinucleolar cap in the nucleolus. This phenomenon is demonstrated during the cell cycle. In the cell cycle, paraspeckles are present during interphase and during all of mitosis except for telophase. During telophase, when the two daughter nuclei are formed, there is no RNA Pol II transcription so the protein components instead form a perinucleolar cap.
Perichromatin fibrils
Perichromatin fibrils are visible only under electron microscope. They are located next to the transcriptionally active chromatin and are hypothesized to be the sites of active pre-mRNA processing.
Clastosomes
Clastosomes are small nuclear bodies (0.2–0.5 µm) described as having a thick ring-shape due to the peripheral capsule around these bodies. This name is derived from the Greek klastos, broken and soma, body. Clastosomes are not typically present in normal cells, making them hard to detect. They form under high proteolytic conditions within the nucleus and degrade once there is a decrease in activity or if cells are treated with proteasome inhibitors. The scarcity of clastosomes in cells indicates that they are not required for proteasome function. Osmotic stress has also been shown to cause the formation of clastosomes. These nuclear bodies contain catalytic and regulatory sub-units of the proteasome and its substrates, indicating that clastosomes are sites for degrading proteins.
Fougaro System
The fougaro system (Greek; Fougaro, chimney) is a sub-organelle system in the nucleus that may be a mechanism to recycle or remove molecules from the cell to the external medium. The molecules or peptides are ubiquitinated before being released from the nucleus of the cells. The ubiquitinated molecules are released independently or associated with endosomal proteins such as Beclin
Function
The nucleus provides a site for genetic transcription that is segregated from the location of translation in the cytoplasm, allowing levels of gene regulation that are not available to prokaryotes. The main function of the cell nucleus is to control gene expression and mediate the replication of DNA during the cell cycle.
The nucleus is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Inside its fully enclosed nuclear membrane, it contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.
Cell compartmentalization
The nuclear envelope allows the nucleus to control its contents, and separate them from the rest of the cytoplasm where necessary. This is important for controlling processes on either side of the nuclear membrane. In most cases where a cytoplasmic process needs to be restricted, a key participant is removed to the nucleus, where it interacts with transcription factors to downregulate the production of certain enzymes in the pathway. This regulatory mechanism occurs in the case of glycolysis, a cellular pathway for breaking down glucose to produce energy. Hexokinase is an enzyme responsible for the first the step of glycolysis, forming glucose-6-phosphate from glucose. At high concentrations of fructose-6-phosphate, a molecule made later from glucose-6-phosphate, a regulator protein removes hexokinase to the nucleus, where it forms a transcriptional repressor complex with nuclear proteins to reduce the expression of genes involved in glycolysis.
In order to control which genes are being transcribed, the cell separates some transcription factor proteins responsible for regulating gene expression from physical access to the DNA until they are activated by other signaling pathways. This prevents even low levels of inappropriate gene expression. For example, in the case of NF-κB-controlled genes, which are involved in most inflammatory responses, transcription is induced in response to a signal pathway such as that initiated by the signaling molecule TNF-α, binds to a cell membrane receptor, resulting in the recruitment of signalling proteins, and eventually activating the transcription factor NF-κB. A nuclear localisation signal on the NF-κB protein allows it to be transported through the nuclear pore and into the nucleus, where it stimulates the transcription of the target genes.
The compartmentalization allows the cell to prevent translation of unspliced mRNA. Eukaryotic mRNA contains introns that must be removed before being translated to produce functional proteins. The splicing is done inside the nucleus before the mRNA can be accessed by ribosomes for translation. Without the nucleus, ribosomes would translate newly transcribed (unprocessed) mRNA, resulting in malformed and nonfunctional proteins.
Gene expression
Gene expression first involves transcription, in which DNA is used as a template to produce RNA. In the case of genes encoding proteins, that RNA produced from this process is messenger RNA (mRNA), which then needs to be translated by ribosomes to form a protein. As ribosomes are located outside the nucleus, mRNA produced needs to be exported.
Since the nucleus is the site of transcription, it also contains a variety of proteins that either directly mediate transcription or are involved in regulating the process. These proteins include helicases, which unwind the double-stranded DNA molecule to facilitate access to it, RNA polymerases, which bind to the DNA promoter to synthesize the growing RNA molecule, topoisomerases, which change the amount of supercoiling in DNA, helping it wind and unwind, as well as a large variety of transcription factors that regulate expression.
Processing of pre-mRNA
Newly synthesized mRNA molecules are known as primary transcripts or pre-mRNA. They must undergo post-transcriptional modification in the nucleus before being exported to the cytoplasm; mRNA that appears in the cytoplasm without these modifications is degraded rather than used for protein translation. The three main modifications are 5' capping, 3' polyadenylation, and RNA splicing. While in the nucleus, pre-mRNA is associated with a variety of proteins in complexes known as heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles (hnRNPs). Addition of the 5' cap occurs co-transcriptionally and is the first step in post-transcriptional modification. The 3' poly-adenine tail is only added after transcription is complete.
RNA splicing, carried out by a complex called the spliceosome, is the process by which introns, or regions of DNA that do not code for protein, are removed from the pre-mRNA and the remaining exons connected to re-form a single continuous molecule. This process normally occurs after 5' capping and 3' polyadenylation but can begin before synthesis is complete in transcripts with many exons. Many pre-mRNAs, including those encoding antibodies, can be spliced in multiple ways to produce different mature mRNAs that encode different protein sequences. This process is known as alternative splicing, and allows production of a large variety of proteins from a limited amount of DNA.
Dynamics and regulation
Nuclear transport
The entry and exit of large molecules from the nucleus is tightly controlled by the nuclear pore complexes. Although small molecules can enter the nucleus without regulation, macromolecules such as RNA and proteins require association karyopherins called importins to enter the nucleus and exportins to exit. "Cargo" proteins that must be translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus contain short amino acid sequences known as nuclear localization signals, which are bound by importins, while those transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm carry nuclear export signals bound by exportins. The ability of importins and exportins to transport their cargo is regulated by GTPases, enzymes that hydrolyze the molecule guanosine triphosphate (GTP) to release energy. The key GTPase in nuclear transport is Ran, which can bind either GTP or GDP (guanosine diphosphate), depending on whether it is located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm. Whereas importins depend on RanGTP to dissociate from their cargo, exportins require RanGTP in order to bind to their cargo.
Nuclear import depends on the importin binding its cargo in the cytoplasm and carrying it through the nuclear pore into the nucleus. Inside the nucleus, RanGTP acts to separate the cargo from the importin, allowing the importin to exit the nucleus and be reused. Nuclear export is similar, as the exportin binds the cargo inside the nucleus in a process facilitated by RanGTP, exits through the nuclear pore, and separates from its cargo in the cytoplasm.
Specialized export proteins exist for translocation of mature mRNA and tRNA to the cytoplasm after post-transcriptional modification is complete. This quality-control mechanism is important due to these molecules' central role in protein translation. Mis-expression of a protein due to incomplete excision of exons or mis-incorporation of amino acids could have negative consequences for the cell; thus, incompletely modified RNA that reaches the cytoplasm is degraded rather than used in translation.
Assembly and disassembly
During its lifetime, a nucleus may be broken down or destroyed, either in the process of cell division or as a consequence of apoptosis (the process of programmed cell death). During these events, the structural components of the nucleus — the envelope and lamina — can be systematically degraded.
In most cells, the disassembly of the nuclear envelope marks the end of the prophase of mitosis. However, this disassembly of the nucleus is not a universal feature of mitosis and does not occur in all cells. Some unicellular eukaryotes (e.g., yeasts) undergo so-called closed mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope remains intact. In closed mitosis, the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles of the nucleus, which then divides in two. The cells of higher eukaryotes, however, usually undergo open mitosis, which is characterized by breakdown of the nuclear envelope. The daughter chromosomes then migrate to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle, and new nuclei reassemble around them.
At a certain point during the cell cycle in open mitosis, the cell divides to form two cells. In order for this process to be possible, each of the new daughter cells must have a full set of genes, a process requiring replication of the chromosomes as well as segregation of the separate sets. This occurs by the replicated chromosomes, the sister chromatids, attaching to microtubules, which in turn are attached to different centrosomes. The sister chromatids can then be pulled to separate locations in the cell. In many cells, the centrosome is located in the cytoplasm, outside the nucleus; the microtubules would be unable to attach to the chromatids in the presence of the nuclear envelope. Therefore, the early stages in the cell cycle, beginning in prophase and until around prometaphase, the nuclear membrane is dismantled. Likewise, during the same period, the nuclear lamina is also disassembled, a process regulated by phosphorylation of the lamins by protein kinases such as the CDC2 protein kinase. Towards the end of the cell cycle, the nuclear membrane is reformed, and around the same time, the nuclear lamina are reassembled by dephosphorylating the lamins.
However, in dinoflagellates, the nuclear envelope remains intact, the centrosomes are located in the cytoplasm, and the microtubules come in contact with chromosomes, whose centromeric regions are incorporated into the nuclear envelope (the so-called closed mitosis with extranuclear spindle). In many other protists (e.g., ciliates, sporozoans) and fungi, the centrosomes are intranuclear, and their nuclear envelope also does not disassemble during cell division.
Apoptosis is a controlled process in which the cell's structural components are destroyed, resulting in death of the cell. Changes associated with apoptosis directly affect the nucleus and its contents, for example, in the condensation of chromatin and the disintegration of the nuclear envelope and lamina. The destruction of the lamin networks is controlled by specialized apoptotic proteases called caspases, which cleave the lamin proteins and, thus, degrade the nucleus' structural integrity. Lamin cleavage is sometimes used as a laboratory indicator of caspase activity in assays for early apoptotic activity. Cells that express mutant caspase-resistant lamins are deficient in nuclear changes related to apoptosis, suggesting that lamins play a role in initiating the events that lead to apoptotic degradation of the nucleus. Inhibition of lamin assembly itself is an inducer of apoptosis.
The nuclear envelope acts as a barrier that prevents both DNA and RNA viruses from entering the nucleus. Some viruses require access to proteins inside the nucleus in order to replicate and/or assemble. DNA viruses, such as herpesvirus replicate and assemble in the cell nucleus, and exit by budding through the inner nuclear membrane. This process is accompanied by disassembly of the lamina on the nuclear face of the inner membrane.
Disease-related dynamics
Initially, it has been suspected that immunoglobulins in general and autoantibodies in particular do not enter the nucleus. Now there is a body of evidence that under pathological conditions (e.g. lupus erythematosus) IgG can enter the nucleus.
Nuclei per cell
Most eukaryotic cell types usually have a single nucleus, but some have no nuclei, while others have several. This can result from normal development, as in the maturation of mammalian red blood cells, or from faulty cell division.
Anucleated cells
An anucleated cell contains no nucleus and is, therefore, incapable of dividing to produce daughter cells. The best-known anucleated cell is the mammalian red blood cell, or erythrocyte, which also lacks other organelles such as mitochondria, and serves primarily as a transport vessel to ferry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues. Erythrocytes mature through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow, where they lose their nuclei, organelles, and ribosomes. The nucleus is expelled during the process of differentiation from an erythroblast to a reticulocyte, which is the immediate precursor of the mature erythrocyte. The presence of mutagens may induce the release of some immature "micronucleated" erythrocytes into the bloodstream. Anucleated cells can also arise from flawed cell division in which one daughter lacks a nucleus and the other has two nuclei.
In flowering plants, this condition occurs in sieve tube elements.
Multinucleated cells
Multinucleated cells contain multiple nuclei. Most acantharean species of protozoa and some fungi in mycorrhizae have naturally multinucleated cells. Other examples include the intestinal parasites in the genus Giardia, which have two nuclei per cell. In humans, skeletal muscle cells, called myocytes and syncytium, become multinucleated during development; the resulting arrangement of nuclei near the periphery of the cells allows maximal intracellular space for myofibrils. Other multinucleate cells in the human are osteoclasts a type of bone cell. Multinucleated and binucleated cells can also be abnormal in humans; for example, cells arising from the fusion of monocytes and macrophages, known as giant multinucleated cells, sometimes accompany inflammation and are also implicated in tumor formation.
A number of dinoflagellates are known to have two nuclei. Unlike other multinucleated cells these nuclei contain two distinct lineages of DNA: one from the dinoflagellate and the other from a symbiotic diatom. The mitochondria and the plastids of the diatom somehow remain functional.
Evolution
As the major defining characteristic of the eukaryotic cell, the nucleus' evolutionary origin has been the subject of much speculation. Four major hypotheses have been proposed to explain the existence of the nucleus, although none have yet earned widespread support.
The first model known as the "syntrophic model" proposes that a symbiotic relationship between the archaea and bacteria created the nucleus-containing eukaryotic cell. (Organisms of the Archaea and Bacteria domain have no cell nucleus.) It is hypothesized that the symbiosis originated when ancient archaea, similar to modern methanogenic archaea, invaded and lived within bacteria similar to modern myxobacteria, eventually forming the early nucleus. This theory is analogous to the accepted theory for the origin of eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts, which are thought to have developed from a similar endosymbiotic relationship between proto-eukaryotes and aerobic bacteria. The archaeal origin of the nucleus is supported by observations that archaea and eukarya have similar genes for certain proteins, including histones. Observations that myxobacteria are motile, can form multicellular complexes, and possess kinases and G proteins similar to eukarya, support a bacterial origin for the eukaryotic cell.
A second model proposes that proto-eukaryotic cells evolved from bacteria without an endosymbiotic stage. This model is based on the existence of modern planctomycetes bacteria that possess a nuclear structure with primitive pores and other compartmentalized membrane structures. A similar proposal states that a eukaryote-like cell, the chronocyte, evolved first and phagocytosed archaea and bacteria to generate the nucleus and the eukaryotic cell.
The most controversial model, known as viral eukaryogenesis, posits that the membrane-bound nucleus, along with other eukaryotic features, originated from the infection of a prokaryote by a virus. The suggestion is based on similarities between eukaryotes and viruses such as linear DNA strands, mRNA capping, and tight binding to proteins (analogizing histones to viral envelopes). One version of the proposal suggests that the nucleus evolved in concert with phagocytosis to form an early cellular "predator". Another variant proposes that eukaryotes originated from early archaea infected by poxviruses, on the basis of observed similarity between the DNA polymerases in modern poxviruses and eukaryotes. It has been suggested that the unresolved question of the evolution of sex could be related to the viral eukaryogenesis hypothesis.
A more recent proposal, the exomembrane hypothesis, suggests that the nucleus instead originated from a single ancestral cell that evolved a second exterior cell membrane; the interior membrane enclosing the original cell then became the nuclear membrane and evolved increasingly elaborate pore structures for passage of internally synthesized cellular components such as ribosomal subunits.
See also
Nucleus (neuroanatomy)
References
Further reading
A review article about nuclear lamins, explaining their structure and various roles
A review article about nuclear transport, explains the principles of the mechanism, and the various transport pathways
A review article about the nucleus, explaining the structure of chromosomes within the organelle, and describing the nucleolus and other subnuclear bodies
A review article about the evolution of the nucleus, explaining a number of different theories
A university level textbook focusing on cell biology. Contains information on nucleus structure and function, including nuclear transport, and subnuclear domains
External links
MBInfo – The Nucleus
cellnucleus.com Website covering structure and function of the nucleus from the Department of Oncology at the University of Alberta.
http://npd.hgu.mrc.ac.uk/user/?page=compartment The Nuclear Protein Database] Information on nuclear components.
The Nucleus Collection in the Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology contains peer-reviewed still images and video clips that illustrate the nucleus.
Nuclear Envelope and Nuclear Import Section from Landmark Papers in Cell Biology], Joseph G. Gall, J. Richard McIntosh, eds., contains digitized commentaries and links to seminal research papers on the nucleus. Published online in the [http://cellimages.ascb.org/ Image & Video Library of The American Society for Cell Biology
Cytoplasmic patterns generated by human antibodies
Category:Cell anatomy
Category:Organelles | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Li Su
Li Su (李愬) (773–821), courtesy name Yuanzhi (元直), formally Duke Wu of Liang (涼武公), was a general of the Chinese dynasty Tang Dynasty. He was most well—known for his surprise attack on Cai Prefecture (蔡州, in modern Zhumadian, Henan), then held by the warlord Wu Yuanji, successfully capturing Wu.
Background
Li Su was born in 773, during the reign of Emperor Daizong. His father was Li Sheng, who would later rise to prominence as a major general during the reign of Emperor Daizong's son Emperor Dezong. When Li Su was young, on account of his father's accomplishments, he was first made Xielü Lang (協律郎), a low-level official in charge of music at the ministry of worship (太常寺, Taichang Si), and later the deputy minister of army supplies (衛尉少卿, Weiwei Shaoqing). His birth mother died early, so he was raised by another concubine of Li Sheng's, Lady Wang, who was created the Lady of Jin. When Lady Wang died, Li Sheng, because she was not his wife, did not have Li Su observe the mourning rites for a mother, but Li Su tearfully requested to be allowed to observe those rituals, and Li Sheng agreed.
After Li Sheng died in 793, Li Su and his brother Li Xian (李憲) built a tent next to Li Sheng's tomb, intending to observe the mourning period there. Emperor Dezong, believing the conditions were too harsh, ordered them to return to their own mansion, but after they went home for one night, the next day they were at the tomb again, and Emperor Dezong allowed them to continue to observe the mourning period there. After the mourning period was over, Li Su was made a member of the staff of Li Song the Crown Prince. He later served successively as the prefect of Fang (坊州, in modern Yan'an, Shaanxi) and then Jin (晉州, in modern Linfen, Shanxi) Prefectures, and was given the honorary title Jinzi Guanglu Daifu (金紫光祿大夫) on account of his virtues. He later was recalled to again serve on the Crown Prince's staff, and later served as the head of the Crown Prince's household.
During Emperor Xianzong's reign
During the campaign against Wu Yuanji
It was said that Li Su was full of strategies and capable in horsemanship and archery. In 816, during the reign of Emperor Dezong's grandson Emperor Xianzong, imperial troops were conducting a campaign against the warlord Wu Yuanji, who controlled Zhangyi Circuit (彰義, headquartered in modern Zhumadian, Henan)) without imperial approval, two successive imperial generals put in command of nearby Tangsuideng Circuit (唐隨鄧, headquartered in modern Zhumadian) — Gao Xiayu (高霞寓) and Yuan Zi — had suffered defeats by Zhangyi troops. Li Su volunteered to serve in the campaign, and the chancellor Li Fengji also knew of Li Su's abilities, and therefore recommended him. Emperor Xianzong thus made Li Su the military governor (Jiedushi) of Tangsuideng Circuit, as well as the prefect of its capital Tang Prefecture (唐州), replacing Yuan.
When Li Su reached the front in spring 817, it was said that the Tangsuideng soldiers, having suffered many defeats, were fearful of war. Li Su first comforted them by stating that his intentions were not to engage in battles immediately, and further personally attended to the wounded, to try to raise the morale. He also acted as if he was not taking military discipline seriously and not taking precautions toward Zhangyi troops, in order to get Zhangyi's guards down toward him. With Li Su not being well-known and the Zhangyi troops having just defeated Gao and Yuan, Zhangyi did not take particular precautions toward Li Su.
Li Su, meanwhile, requested and received reinforcements from several circuits. He then began to carry out military actions in which he targeted Zhangyi officers, captured them, and then treated them well and incorporated them into his command structure, using their familiarity with Zhangyi's defenses against Zhangyi. Such Zhangyi officers he thus captured included Ding Shiliang (丁士良), Chen Guangqia (陳光洽), Wu Xiulin (吳秀琳), Li Xian (李憲, whose name Li Su changed to Li Zhongyi (李忠義)), and Li You. His soldiers were particularly displeased at his endearment of Li You, pointing out that Li You had killed many imperial soldiers, and further accused Li You of being an agent of Wu. Li Su, in order to calm the soldiers, delivered Li You to Chang'an, ostensibly for Emperor Xianzong to execute him — and instead sent a secret petition to Emperor Xianzong, stating that he could not succeed if Li You were executed. Emperor Xianzong thereafter pardoned Li You and delivered him back to Li Su. Li Su further abolished the former orders that those who took in Zhangyi spies would be executed — instead ordering his people that if Zhangyi spies arrived, they were to be treated with kindness. As a result, the Zhangyi spies were turned toward Li Su and informed him about the status of Zhangyi troops.
By summer 817, Li Su was formulating the strategy of making a surprise attack on Zhangyi's capital Cai Prefecture with Li You and Li Zhongyi, and he set apart 3,000 elite soldiers, calling them the Tujiang (突將), and trained them for this purpose. After a battle in which he failed in capturing Langshan (朗山, in modern Zhumadian), the Tangsuideng troops were depressed, but Li Su stated happily, "This fits within my plans." However, he could not launch his attack on Cai Prefecture at that time, with heavy rains drenching the land at that time.
In fall 817, in a battle where Li Su attacked Wufang (吳房, in modern Zhumadian), Li Su launched the attack on a day considered to be wangwang (往亡, i.e., a particular inopportune day for military action) on the Chinese calendar, against his officers' reservations, he caught the Wufang defenders unaware and quickly captured the outer city, forcing them to withdraw within the inner city. Li Su then withdrew to try to draw them out. Their commander Sun Xianzhong (孫獻忠) thereafter attacked Li Su's rear. When Li Su's own soldiers panicked, Li Su got off his horse and sat on a chair, stating, "Anyone who dares to retreat further will be beheaded." His soldiers thereafter fought back and killed Sun. When they then suggested that he attack Wufang's inner city and capture it, he responded, "That is not within my plan." He then withdrew back to his own camp.
Meanwhile, with another imperial general, Li Guangyan the military governor of Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan), frequently prevailing over Zhangyi forces, the most elite Zhangyi troops were stationed at Huiqu (洄曲, in modern Luohe, Henan), to defend against a possible Li Guangyan advancement. Li You thus suggested to Li Su that the defenses of Cai Prefecture would be particularly weakened and that the opportunity was right for an attack. Li Su reported his plan to the chancellor Pei Du, who had by this point been put in charge of the operations against Zhangyi, and Pei approved.
On November 27, 817, at dusk, Li Su launched the attack, from his then-base of Wencheng Fence (文成柵, in modern Zhumadian), without informing anyone other than Li You and Li Zhongyi what the intended target was. He had Li You and Li Zhongyi command the 3,000 Tujiang soldiers as first stage troops, with himself and the eunuch monitor of the army commanding 3,000 soldiers as the second stage troops and the officer Li Jincheng (李進誠) commanding 3,000 soldiers as the third stage troops. He attacked the village Zhangchai (張柴) and killed the Zhangyi soldiers stationed there, and then, with 500 soldiers requisitioned from Yicheng Circuit (義成, headquartered in modern Anyang, Henan) remaining there to block off potential aid troops from Langshan and Ding commanding 500 soldiers to destroy bridges between Cai Prefecture and Huiqu, he continued to advance. After the soldiers had dinner, he announced that the target was Cai Prefecture itself — drawing much alarm from the officers and causing the eunuch monitor to cry bitterly, "We have fallen into Li You's trap!" At that time, there was a heavy snowstorm, such that Li Su's banner was torn, and some of his soldiers and horses were freezing to death, but he ordered continuing march forward.
Just before dawn on November 28, Li Su's forces reached the walls of Cai Prefecture. Li You and Li Zhongyi led their soldiers in climbing up the walls, catching the wall defenders in their sleep and killing them. Li You and Li Zhongyi then entered the city and opened the gates to allow the rest of Li Su's forces in. Li Su took over Wu's headquarters and had the inner city, his mansion, where he was, surrounded. Believing that Wu's only hope was if the key Zhangyi commander Dong Chongzhi (董重質), who was in command of the forces at Huiqu, quickly advanced back to save him, he visited Dong's household and comforted Dong's family, sending Dong's son Dong Chuandao (董傳道) to Huiqu to summon him back. Dong Chongzhi immediately abandoned his troops and returned to Cai Prefecture to surrender to Li Su. Li Su had Li Jincheng attack the inner city, and by this point, the residents of Cai Prefecture were assisting Li Su's attack. On November 29, Wu surrendered, and Li Su arrested him and delivered him to Chang'an.
Several days later, Pei arrived with the Zhangyi soldiers at Huiqu, who surrendered after Wu's capture. Li Su waited by the road to be ready to pay proper respect to Pei by military ceremony. Pei initially, in humility, wanted to avoid having Li Su bow to him, but Li Su pointed out that it was proper for them to demonstrate the proper etiquette for the imperial army before the surrendered soldiers and people of Cai Prefecture. Pei thus agreed.
Li Su then returned to Wencheng Fence. His officers asked him the reasons why he was not displeased about the failure to capture Langshan, the decision not to capture Wufang, and the decision to march forward in the snowstorm. Li Su responded:
After the campaign against Wu Yuanji
In the aftermaths of the campaign, Li Su's Tangsuideng Circuit was merged back into the circuit that it was split from — Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern Xiangfan, Hubei) — and he was made the military governor of Shannan East. He was also created the Duke of Liang. At his urging, Emperor Xianzong, who had initially wanted to execute Dong Chongzhi, spared Dong but still exiled Dong to Chun Prefecture (春州, in modern Yangjiang, Guangdong) to serve as its census officer. When Li Su subsequently submitted a list of 150 officers who contributed to the victory, requesting that Emperor Xianzong promote them, Emperor Xianzong was displeased by the lengthy list, stating to Pei, "While Li Su accomplished an uncommonly great achievement, he recommended too many people. Based on this, then, imagine how many people Li Sheng and Hun Jian could have recommended!" Emperor Xianzong thus did not act on Li Su's recommendations.
Soon thereafter, with Emperor Xianzong considering a campaign on the western border against Tufan, in summer 818, he made Li Su the military governor of Fengxiang (鳳翔, headquartered in modern Baoji, Shaanxi) and Longyou (隴右, then also headquartered in modern Baoji) Circuits. Before Li Su could head to Fengxiang, however, Wu Yuanji's ally Li Shidao the military governor of Pinglu Circuit (平盧, headquartered in modern Tai'an, Shandong), who had, in fear after Wu's defeat, initially offered to surrender three of Pinglu's 12 prectures to imperial control, reneged on his offer. Emperor Xianzong, in anger, announced a campaign against Pinglu. Li Su was thereafter swapped in his posting with his brother Li Yuan (李愿) the military governor of Wuning Circuit (武寧, headquartered in modern Xuzhou, Jiangsu), which bordered Pinglu to the south, as well as the prefect of Wuning's capital Xu Prefecture (徐州). Once Li Su got to Xu Prefecture, he reorganized the troops into greater efficiency. At Li Su's request, Emperor Xianzong pardoned Dong and recalled him, and Li Su subsequently made Dong a commander in his army. Li Su subsequently engaged in 11 battles with Pinglu forces, prevailing each time. Around the new year 819, he captured the key Pinglu city of Jinxiang (金鄉, in modern Jining, Shandong), and thereafter continued to capture Pinglu cities. Li Shidao was thereafter killed by his own subordinate Liu Wu, who submitted to imperial authority.
While Li Su was still at Wuning, one of his subordinates recommended the physician Zheng Zhu to him, as he was often ill. Li Su's conditions improved after taking Zheng's medication, and he became closely associated with Zheng, such that Zheng became powerful over his staff members and were often interfering with governance. When the eunuch monitor Wang Shoucheng found the situation to be inappropriate and asked Li Su to remove Zheng from his staff, Li Su told him, "While Zheng Zhu is frivolous, he is talented. You should try to meet with him. If you really find him to be useless, I will remove him." Wang initially did not want to meet Zheng, but eventually agreed. After he did so, he was also pleased by Zheng's amusing speech, and therefore also became closely associated with Zheng. Zheng, not wanting others to know about how he first became associated with Li Su and Wang, subsequently falsely accused the officer who had initially recommended him, and Li Su executed the officer.
During Emperor Muzong's reign
In spring 820, Emperor Xianzong died and was succeeded by his son Emperor Muzong. Soon thereafter, Li Su was given the honorary chancellor title of Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi (同中書門下平章事). Further, in anticipation of potential further actions against two other circuits governed de facto independently — Chengde (成德, headquartered in modern Shijiazhuang, Hebei) and Lulong (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) — Emperor Muzong made Li Su the military governor of Zhaoyi Circuit (昭義, headquartered in modern Changzhi, Shanxi). Later that year, when Wang Chengzong the military governor of Chengde died, his brother Wang Chengyuan offered to return control of the circuit to the imperial government. Emperor Muzong, in response, moved Tian Hongzheng the military governor of Weibo Circuit (魏博, headquartered in modern Handan, Hebei) — itself having previously been semi-independent from imperial rule but which had submitted to imperial command during Tian Hongzheng's governance — to Chengde, Wang Chengyuan to Yicheng, Liu Wu from Yicheng to Zhaoyi, Li Su from Zhaoyi to Weibo, and Tian Hongzheng's son Tian Bu to Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan).
The Chengde soldiers, however, had long resented Tian Hongzheng, as during Emperor Xianzong's reign Chengde and Weibo forces had often battled each other. Initially, with Weibo soldiers accompanying Tian Hongzheng to Chengde and protecting him, they did not act, but as soon as Weibo soldiers returned to Weibo in summer 821, the Chengde officer Wang Tingcou rose in mutiny and killed Tian Hongzheng. Upon hearing of Tian Hongzheng's death, Li Su changed into mourning clothes, and he stated to his soldiers:
The soldiers all wept in sadness. Meanwhile, Niu Yuanyi (牛元翼) the prefect of Shen Prefecture (深州, in modern Hengshui, Hebei), was not willing to follow Wang. Li Su, hearing this, sent his sword and jade belt to Niu, sending a message to him: "My father had used this sword to accomplish great things. I have also used this sword to capture Cai Prefecture. Now I give it to you, Lord, and you should use it to destroy Wang Tingcou." Niu was touched, and showed the sword and belt to his soldiers and stated, "I am willing to die for the empire." Li Su was then preparing an attack against Wang in conjunction with Niu, but suddenly fell ill again. Emperor Muzong thus made Tian Bu the military governor of Weibo to succeed him. Li Su was given the title of advisor to the Crown Prince, and allowed to return to the eastern capital Luoyang to try to recover from illness. However, he died there in winter 821. He was buried with great honors.
Notes and references
Old Book of Tang, vol. 133.
New Book of Tang, vol. 154.
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 239, 240, 241, 242, 243.
Category:773 births
Category:821 deaths
Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Shannan East Circuit
Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Fengxiang Circuit
Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Longyou Circuit
Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Wuning Circuit
Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Zhaoyi Circuit
Category:Tang dynasty jiedushi of Weibo Circuit | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Biltnerites
Biltnerites is a genus of ammonites (s.l.) from the lower Triassic included in the ceratitacean family Tirolitidae of the order Ceratitida, characterized by a flat, evolute shell with moderately compressed, rounded whorls. The spinose stage characteristic of the Tirolitidae is absent, but the outer whorl does have indistinct ribs that cross the venter.
Biltnerites has been found in Lower Triassic sediments is S.E. Europe
References
Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L; Ch. Mesozoic Ammonoidea. Geological Soc of America and U Kansas Press, R.C Moore (ed)
Category:Ceratitoidea
Category:Ceratitida genera
Category:Triassic ammonites
Category:Ammonites of Europe | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Guiraut Riquier
Guiraut Riquier de Narbona ( 1230 in Narbonne – 1292 in Narbonne or Rodez) is among the last of the Occitan troubadours. He is well known because of his great care in writing out his works and keeping them together—the New Grove Encyclopedia considers him an "anthologist" of his own works.
He served under Aimery IV, Viscount of Narbonne, as well as Alfonso el Sabio, King of Castile. He is also believed to have worked under Henry II, Count of Rodez. He composed a partimen with the Jewish troubadour Bonfilh.
Works
Guiraut Riquier: Humils, forfaitz, repres e penedens... in Dietmar Rieger, ed. & transl., Mittelalterliche Lyrik Frankreichs 1. Lieder der Trobadors. Zweisprachig Provençalisch – Deutsch. Reclams Universal-Bibliothek No. 7620, Stuttgart 1980 (Guiraut: p. 288 – 233, commentary from Rieger 314–316, Literature) In German and Occitan
Notes
Category:13th-century French composers
Category:Troubadours
Category:13th-century French poets
Category:1230s births
Category:1292 deaths
Category:French male poets
Category:French classical composers
Category:French male classical composers
Category:Medieval male composers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Neon (library)
neon is a library for accessing HTTP and WebDAV servers for the C programming language. It is free software and is licensed under LGPL.
neon relies on either OpenSSL or GnuTLS for secure https connections and either libxml or expat for parsing WebDAV XML responses.
Among others, neon is used by the Subversion version control system, GnomeVFS file system abstraction layer and the davfs2 network file system.
References
External links
neon home page
Category:C libraries | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Culiseta longiareolata
Culiseta longiareolata is a species of mosquito.
Distribution
This species can be found in the following countries:
Albania
Botswana
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Djibouti
Egypt
Ethiopia
France
Greece
Hungary
India
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Italy
Jordan
Lebanon
Lesotho
Mauritania
Morocco
Namibia
Pakistan
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Slovakia
Somalia
South Africa
Spain
Sudan
Syria
Tajikistan
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
Yemen
References
Category:Culicinae
Category:Insects described in 1838 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Przyjmy, Ostrów Mazowiecka County
Przyjmy is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ostrów Mazowiecka, within Ostrów Mazowiecka County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland.
References
Category:Villages in Ostrów Mazowiecka County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of Taban Air destinations
Taban Air serves the following destinations (as of August 2018):
Asia
Central Asia
Yerevan - Zvartnots International Airport Seasonal
Tbilisi - Tbilisi International Airport Seasonal
Batumi - Batumi International Airport Seasonal
Southwest Asia
Ahvaz - Ahvaz Airport
Isfahan - Isfahan International Airport
Karaj- Payam International Airport
Khorramabad - Khorramabad Airport
Kish Island - Kish Airport Hub
Mashhad - Mashhad International Airport Hub
Rasht - Rasht Airport
Shiraz - Shiraz International Airport
Tabriz - Tabriz International Airport
Tehran
Imam Khomeini International Airport
Mehrabad International Airport Hub
Yazd - Shahid Sadooghi Airport
Zahedan - Zahedan International Airport
Najaf - Al Najaf International Airport
Dubai - Dubai International Airport
Europe
Eastern Europe
Astrakhan - Astrakhan Airport
Moscow - Domodedovo International Airport Seasonal
Saint Petersburg - Pulkovo International Airport Seasonal
Southern Europe
Istanbul - Istanbul Atatürk Airport
References
Category:Lists of airline destinations
Category:Taban Air | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Recourtoliva poppei
Recourtoliva poppei is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Olividae, the olives.
References
Category:Olividae | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Towlak Rud
Towlak Rud (, also Romanized as Towlak Rūd; also known as Towlagrūd) is a village in Pir Sohrab Rural District, in the Central District of Chabahar County, Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 95, in 18 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Chabahar County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
St. Paul Airport
St. Paul Airport may refer to:
St. Paul Aerodrome in St. Paul, Alberta, Canada (IATA: ZSP)
St. Paul Downtown Airport in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States (IATA: STP)
St. Paul Island Airport on St. Paul Island, Alaska, United States (IATA: SNP)
Minneapolis-Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis-Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States (IATA: MSP)
Ohrid "St. Paul the Apostle" Airport in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia (IATA: OHD) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Jimmie Massie
James Pleasants Massie III (born May 3, 1958) is an American politician of the Republican Party. From 2008 to 2018 he was a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. He represented the 72nd district in Henrico County.
Notes
References
Jimmie Massie; Working for Henrico (Constituent/campaign website)
External links
Category:1958 births
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Virginia House of Delegates
Category:Virginia Republicans
Category:University of Virginia alumni
Category:People from Henrico County, Virginia
Category:21st-century American politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Anton Refregier
Anton Refregier (March 20, 1905 – October 10, 1979) a painter and muralist active in Works Progress Administration Federal Art Project commissions, and in teaching art. He was a Russian immigrant to the United States.
He is known, among other works, for his mural "The History of California" located in the Rincon Center, in downtown San Francisco, California. It depicts the state's history across twenty seven panels that he painted from 1940 to 1948.
Life and early career
Refregier was born in Moscow and emigrated to the United States in 1920. After working various odd jobs in New York City, he earned a scholarship to the Rhode Island School of Design in 1921. After finishing school, Refregier moved back to New York in 1925. To earn a living, Refregier worked for interior decorators, creating replicas of François Boucher and Jean-Honoré Fragonard paintings. He continued his creative development, and traveled to Munich in 1927. While there he studied under painter Hans Hofmann, who was creating abstract expressionism paintings.
Refregier returned to New York state during the late 1920s, and lived in the Mount Airy artists' colony in Croton-on-Hudson. In an interview, Refregier referred to this time as the most wonderful period of his life, although it was a peculiar kind of wonderful. He was referring to the effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s. Refregier learned 'a lot about life' during these times, and also learned more about the United States economy and government.
Refregier found inspiration in the tragic events. He was quoted as saying that "the richer we [were] in possessions, the poorer we became in their enjoyment." He said the amazing part of that period was the "human quality, the humanist attitude that [everyone] had" and the discovery that "the artist was not apart from the people."
Federal Art Project — Works Progress Administration
He struggled as a muralist until the federal government began the Federal Art Project in 1935, within the Works Progress Administration—WPA (renamed in 1939 the "Works Projects Administration"), that created sponsorship of artists. When asked about the program Refregier said that it was "by the wisdom of one of the greatest Presidents we ever had, Roosevelt, it's common knowledge the WPA, a relief program, was established [because] it was necessary to protect the skills of the American people." Refregier received $23.86 a week on the FAP—WPA rolls.
Refregier was a faculty member and Chairman of the Board at the American Artists School from 1937—1938. Refregier began to gain notoriety in his field, and so was given the opportunity to choose between two assignments for his first WPA—Federal Art Project. He was given the choice of painting a mural in a courthouse, or in the children's ward of a hospital. Refregier chose the latter, because did not want the pressure inherent in designing public artwork for a courthouse. He was assigned to the children's ward mural project at Green Point Hospital, in Brooklyn. The project took a little over a year to complete, and involved five other contributing artists.
After completing the hospital mural, Refregier's work became primarily government-sponsored projects. These included the World's Fair Federal Works Buildings in the 1933 Chicago World's Fair and the Section of Fine Arts of the Public Building Administration in the Treasury Department. He also worked as a teacher, supervising artist, and a mural supervisor. He collaborated with other contemporary artists, such as Byron Randall.
Works
Anton Refregier won many mural competitions, and started to gain national renown as a muralist.
Rincon Center mural
In 1940 he won the commission for his most famous work, the "History of San Francisco", located in the Rincon Center in San Francisco, California. He competed with a number of other artists for the commission, including artist Richard Haines, first funded as a project of the Section of Painting and Sculpture. The mural is formally known as the "History of San Francisco" and is located in the lobby of Rincon Center, a building that once served as a United States post office and was known then as Rincon Annex. Refregier painted the mural with casein tempera on white gesso over plaster walls, in the social realism style. Work restarted after the war, in 1946, and took two years to complete at a cost of $26,000.
Subjects and style
The mural consisted of 27 panels and covered of wall space. The mural panels depicted various historical events from California's past. It included the 1877 anti-Chinese Sand Lot riots, the 1934 San Francisco Waterfront Strike, and the Trial of trade unionist Tom Mooney, that was based on fabricated evidence. Refregier used these tragedies as inspiration. Refregier "believed that art must address itself to contemporary issues and that a mural painting in particular must not be 'banal, decorative embellishment,' but a 'meaningful, significant, powerful plastic statement based on the history and lives of the people.'"
The mural also depicted: the California Gold Rush; the 1860s building by Union Pacific of the western First Transcontinental Railroad; the disastrous 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire; and further into the twentieth century with the city's Second World War contributions, and culminating in the 1945 signing of the United Nations Charter in the San Francisco War Memorial Opera House. Some were suspicious of Refregier as a communist because of his Russian—USSR background, and his mural topics about social issues. None of this bothered Refregier, he was only concerned about his art.
The style of this historic mural had many of Refregier's key characteristics. The palette was composed of yellows, browns, and grays, punctuated by red in certain areas to evoke emotion. Earthy tones and the lack of bright colors remind viewers of the struggles and hardships he is depicting. Refregier also uses white to represent virtue in those inspired by a cause. His style is very flat and one-dimensional. He uses solid blocks of color to denote shadows, along with depth and shade. His painting style appears to be very rudimentary and simple, but complex because of the way he uses color to evoke emotion and powerful images to tell a story.
Responses
The "History of San Francisco" created a heated debate because of the controversial events it depicted from California's past. After all, the mural was located in a public building and Refregier was using public funds to complete it. People believed that it "placed disproportionate emphasis on violence, racial hatred, and class struggle." Republican Senator Hubert B. Scudder and then US Rep. Richard Nixon were involved in Congressional hearings to have the work removed. They claimed it had a communistic tone and "defamed pioneers and reflected negatively on California's past." Many believed that "no artist, however distinguished, escaped the heavy, if well meaning, hand of federal supervision."
In a letter to the editor in 1952, the President of the College Art Association said that "the pro-Chinese sentiments of one section of the murals and indication of the then existing wartime alliance with Russia of another section reflected the realities of the time." The protest was eventually defeated by a group of artists and museum directors.
Later career
After the conflict, Refregier continued to work as an artist, teacher, professor, and judge for various competitions. He was a professor of painting at Bard College in New York from 1962—1964. In 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the Vietnam War.
Refregier died in 1979 while in Moscow. He was working on a mural for a medical center in his home city. The same year, his Rincon Mural was placed under the protection of the National Register of Historic Places.
See also
"Anton Refregier's Murals in the Rincon Post Office Annex, San Francisco: A Marxist History of California", by Darren Paul Trebel, A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia, McIntire Department of Art History, University of Virginia, May 1992.
Federal Art Project
List of Federal Art Project artists
American realism
Social realism
Index: Murals
Notes
References
Rogallery.com: Anton Refregier biography
External links
Figureworks.com/20th Century work — Anton Refregier
Comrades in Art: "Anton Refregier"
Rincon Center: Slide show of the Rincon mural panels
Rincon Center"
San Francisco Mural Arts: "South of Market at Rincon Center" — Rincon mural panels image gallery
Category:American muralists
Category:20th-century American painters
Category:American male painters
Category:Social realist artists
Category:Federal Art Project artists
Category:1905 births
Category:1979 deaths
Category:People from Moscow
Category:Russian artists
Category:American people of Russian descent
Category:Imperial Russian emigrants to the United States
Category:Rhode Island School of Design alumni
Category:American tax resisters
Category:Section of Painting and Sculpture artists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Baptist Missionary Association of America
The Baptist Missionary Association of America (BMAA) is a fellowship of autonomous Baptist churches for the purpose of benevolence, Christian education, and missions.
After leaving the American Baptist Association over church representation matters, the association was formed at Little Rock, Arkansas in 1950 as the North American Baptist Association, the Baptist Missionary Association of America adopted its current name in 1969. Its concentration is in the Southern United States, but as a result of its mission work, the association has churches across the United States and throughout the world. According to the BMAA Missions Department, "the sun never sets on BMA Missions." The BMAA currently supports the most missionaries around the world than ever before in the association's history.
The BMAA owns the Baptist Missionary Association Theological Seminary, with campuses in Jacksonville, Texas, Conway, Arkansas, and online. The association also operates Lifeword Media Ministries and DiscipleGuide Church Resources, located in Conway, Arkansas. The missions department offices are also located in Conway, Arkansas. Most churches participate in local and state associations as well as this national/general body. However, each state and local association is autonomous. As of 2010, there were 1,272 congregations and 137,909 members in the United States.
Foreign countries with churches that associate closely with BMAA churches generally also have a national association in their respective country. This includes the rapidly growing BMA of Africa, and the BMA of the Philippines, which has begun sending out its own foreign missions personnel to neighboring East Asian nations.
Sources
Association minutes
Baptists Around the World, by Albert W. Wardin, Jr.
Religious Congregations & Membership in the United States, 2000, Glenmary Research Center
Baptist News Service
Footnotes
A Texas Baptist Power Struggle: The Hayden Controversy, Joseph E. Early, Jr., University of North Texas Press, 2005;
External links
Baptist Missionary Association of America
Doctrinal Statement
Baptist Progress: The Official Publication of the BMA of Texas
Baptist Trumpet: The Official Publication of the BMA of Arkansas
DiscipleGuide Church Resources
BMAA Missions Department
BMA of Missouri Web site
BMA of Texas Web site
BMA of Oklahoma Web Site
BMA Theological Seminary
Central Baptist College (Conway, Arkansas)
Jacksonville College (Jacksonville, Texas)]
Southeastern Baptist College (Laurel, Mississippi)
Lifeword Broadcast Ministries Department
South Park Baptist Church
Texas Baptist Home
Park View Baptist Church, North Little Rock, Arkansas
Oasis Church, Maumelle/North Little Rock, Arkansas
Calvary Baptist Church, Horn Lake, Mississippi
Fusion Church, Fountain, Colorado
Zion Baptist Church, St Louis, Missouri
Profile of the Baptist Missionary Association of America on the ARDA website
BMALife.com
Category:Christian organizations established in 1950
Category:Baptist denominations in North America
Category:Baptist denominations established in the 20th century
Category:1950 establishments in Arkansas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Viva Laughlin
Viva Laughlin is an American musical dramedy television series adapted by Bob Lowry and Peter Bowker (creator of the original series) from the popular BBC British serial, Blackpool, and taking its name from the latter program's sequel, Viva Blackpool. Lowry and Bowker also served as executive producers alongside Hugh Jackman, John Palermo, Paul Telegdy, and Gabriele Muccino. The latter also directed the pilot. It was filmed on location in part at the Morongo Casino Resort & Spa in Cabazon, California for most of the inside casino shots.
Produced by BBC Worldwide, CBS Paramount Network Television, Sony Pictures Television, and Seed Productions, the series was greenlit and given a thirteen-episode order on May 14, 2007. Excerpts from the series were aired in subsequent previews throughout the CBS telecast of the 61st Annual Tony Awards on June 10, 2007.<ref>{{cite news|title = CBS to use The American Theatre Wing's 61st Annual Tony Awards" to showcase multiple promos for Viva Laughlin, a new drama premiering in the fall, executive produced by Tony Award and Emmy Award winner Hugh Jackman|url = http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=20070607cbs01|publisher = The Futon Critic|date = 2007-06-07}}</ref> CBS aired a preview of the pilot on October 18, 2007 following an episode of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation before broadcasting its official season premiere on October 21, 2007 in its regular timeslot on Sunday nights at 8:00/7:00c, following 60 Minutes.
CBS cancelled Viva Laughlin on October 22, 2007 after airing two episodes, with the Nine Network (in Jackman's home country of Australia) following suit the next day by canceling the show after airing only one episode. Both CBS and Nine filled the show's time slot with repeat episodes of CSI, with The Amazing Race then taking Viva Laughlin's place on CBS on November 4. There are still no plans to air the remaining episodes.
PlotViva Laughlin is a mystery drama musical about businessman Ripley Holden, whose ambition is to run a casino in Laughlin, Nevada. It occasionally has the actors break into contemporary song. Ripley has invested all his money into opening a casino that is nowhere near completion, when his financing suddenly falls through. Needing an investor, Ripley approaches his rival, wealthy casino owner Nicky Fontana; but Fontana wants to own the casino himself, and Ripley turns down the deal. Ripley becomes embroiled in a murder investigation after the body of his ex-business partner is found at his casino.
Cast
Lloyd Owen as Ripley Holden
Mädchen Amick as Natalie Holden
Ellen Woglom as Cheyenne Holden
Carter Jenkins as Jack Holden
Eric Winter as Peter Carlyle
D.B. Woodside as Marcus Henckman
Hugh Jackman as Nicky Fontana
Melanie Griffith as Bunny Baxter
P. J. Byrne as Jonesy
Episodes
Critical reception
Critical reaction to the show was mostly negative. The musical numbers themselves were not criticized as much as the plot, the dialogue and the acting.
The opening line of The New York Times review said, "Viva Laughlin on CBS may well be the worst new show of the season, but is it the worst show in the history of television?"Newsday's review started with, "The stud is a dud. And that's only the first of a dozen problems with CBS' admirably ambitious but jaw-droppingly wrongheaded new musical/murder mystery/family drama Viva Laughlin. Let us count the ways it bombs..."
International broadcasters
The following broadcasters purchased the series:
In popular culture
A few days after its cancellation, a clip of Viva Laughlin was featured on The Soup. The show's host Joel McHale described it as "the show that was loved by hundreds". McHale also sarcastically remarked that "we need that" for easy jokes.
See alsoCop Rock, a poorly received 1990 ABC series which attempted to combine the genres of musical theater, black comedy, and police proceduralGlee, a more successful television musical that debuted in 2009SMASH, another television musical that debuted on NBC in 2012Hull High, a 1990 NBC "musical soap opera"Fame (1982 TV series), ran for 5 seasons, inspiration for GleeZoey's Extraordinary Playlist''
List of television series cancelled after one episode
References
External links
Category:2007 American television series debuts
Category:2007 American television series endings
Category:2000s American comedy-drama television series
Category:2000s American musical comedy television series
Category:American television series based on British television series
Category:CBS original programming
Category:English-language television programs
Category:Television series by Sony Pictures Television
Category:Television series by CBS Television Studios
Category:Jukebox musicals
Category:Television shows set in Nevada | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bolesław Piecha
Bolesław Grzegorz Piecha (born September 19, 1954 in Rybnik) is a Polish politician. He was elected to Sejm on September 25, 2005 getting 23887 votes in 30 Rybnik district, candidating from Law and Justice list. He was vice-minister of health.
He was also a member of Sejm 2001-2005. Test
On occasion of limiting access of children to hospices, Piecha is known to explain "Children [under palliative care - ed.] with non-oncological diseases are not going to die within a reasonable period of time [!!!-ed.]. They will live for many years and require palliative care."
Piecha is a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) since 2014.
See also
Members of Polish Sejm 2005-2007
External links
Bolesław Grzegorz Piecha - parliamentary page - includes declarations of interest, voting record, and transcripts of speeches.
Category:1954 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Rybnik
Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 2005–2007
Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 2001–2005
Category:Law and Justice MEPs
Category:MEPs for Poland 2014–2019
Category:Members of the Polish Sejm 2007–2011 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Siege of Ahmednagar
The Siege of Ahmednagar was the first battle of the Second Anglo-Maratha War fought between the Maratha Confederacy and the British East India Company.
When he determined that a long defensive war would ruin his army, Wellesley decided to act boldly to defeat the numerically larger force of the Maratha Empire.
With the logistic assembly of his army complete (24,000 men in total) he gave the order to break camp and attack the nearest Maratha fort on 8 August 1803.
The fort surrendered on 12 August after an infantry attack had exploited an artillery-made breach in the wall. With the fort now in British control Wellesley was able to extend control southwards to the river Godavari.
Notes
References
Category:Conflicts in 1803
Category:1803 in India
Category:Battles of the Second Anglo-Maratha War
Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire
Category:Battles involving the British East India Company
Category:History of the Corps of Engineers (Indian Army)
Category:August 1803 events | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Muğanlı, Qubadli
Muğanlı (also, Muganly) is a village in the Qubadli Rayon of Azerbaijan.
Muğanlı is Azeri village in Qubadli
References
Category:Populated places in Qubadli District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Topoli (film)
Topoli (in Persian: تپلی, literally: The Fatty) is a 1972 Iranian film directed by Reza Mirlohi. Morteza Aghili and Homayun play the main characters of the film. The script is based on the novel Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck. The film is dedicated to John Steinbeck. The character of Topoli is loosely based on Lennie Small of Of Mice and Men as Essi is the Iranian version of George Milton in the novel.
Plot
Topoli is an intellectually disabled fat man who lives with his cousin Essi. Topoli is interested in touching soft materials. His assault to their employer's daughter while he wants to touch her skirt makes them run away. They are employed in a wood-cutting factory in the north of Iran. The factory owner's wife seduces Topoli and he suffocates her unintentionally. Topoli and Essi rush into the jungle and the workers come after them. Bashir, the head-worker is killed when he wants to take side with them. Essi doesn't want Topoli to be tortured by the worker, so he shoots him.
Cast
Homayun as Topoli
Morteza Aghili as Essi (Esmail)
Zakaria Hashemi as Bashir
Zari Khoshkam as The factory owner's wife
Nematollah Gorji as Mirhosein
Bahram Vatanparast as The factory owner
Notes
External links
Topoli in Internet Movie Database
Category:Iranian films
Category:1972 films
Category:Films based on American novels
Category:1970s drama films
Category:Films based on works by John Steinbeck
Category:Persian-language films
Category:Of Mice and Men | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Old City, Philadelphia
Old City is a historic neighborhood in Center City, Philadelphia, in the area near the Delaware River where William Penn and the Quakers first settled. To tourists, it is best known as the site of Independence Hall and its encompassing Independence National Historical Park, Elfreth's Alley, Carpenters' Hall, the Betsy Ross House, and many of Philadelphia's other historic sites.
The Old City District occupies several blocks between Front and Sixth Streets, bounded by Vine Street to the north and Walnut Street to the south. The Philadelphia Almanac and Citizens' Manual gives a larger set of boundaries to the Old City area, defined as the area within Spring Garden Street, 4th Street, the Delaware River, and Walnut Street. The Old City Redevelopment Area is bounded by Vine Street, the Delaware River, Lombard Street and 7th Street.
The Old City Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In 2003, it was added to the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places.
Old City is home to the oldest continually inhabited street in America, Elfreth's Alley. Home to more than 3,000 people since 1702, the street today holds 32 houses built between 1728 and 1836.
Places of note
Girard Fountain Park
Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were drafted and signed
Liberty Bell
Museum of the American Revolution
National Constitution Center
National Museum of American Jewish History
Penn's Landing
Betsy Ross House, the site where seamstress Betsy Ross lived when she sewed the first American flag
Business and commerce
Old City is one of the city's popular nightlife destinations, with lounges, dive bars, and quality restaurants, mostly along the three blocks from 3rd and Market streets to Front and Chestnut streets. The 3rd Street Corridor, between Market Street and Vine Street, is home to galleries, boutiques, and other locally owned businesses. Landmark Theatres operates three Ritz movie theaters in the area that specialize in art films. During the popular monthly First Friday event, shops hold evening-hours open houses featuring art, design, and fashion. Since 2010, tech firms have moved to the area as well.
Government and infrastructure
The Federal Bureau of Prisons Northeast Region Office is in the U.S. Custom House, a part of the Independence National Historical Park, in Old City.
Consulates
Many foreign governments have consulates in Old City, including Panama (124 Chestnut Street), Italy (1026 Public Ledger Building at 150 South Independence Mall West), and Mexico (111 South Independence Mall East). The Dominican Republic closed its consulate in the Lafayette Building at 437 Chestnut Street on November 7, 2005.
Education
Old City children are assigned to schools in the School District of Philadelphia.
Residents are zoned to the General George A. McCall School for grades Kindergarten through 8.
All persons assigned to McCall are assigned to Benjamin Franklin High School in North Philadelphia. Previously Old City was assigned to Furness High School.
The Mastery Charter Schools system operates the Mastery Charter Lenfest Campus (7-12) in Old City. It moved from North Philadelphia to Old City in 2002.
Public libraries
The Free Library of Philadelphia operates its Independence Branch at 18 South 7th Street.
Historic congregations in Old City
Christ Church (1695)
Arch Street Meeting (1701)
Old First Reformed Church (1727)
Congregation Mikveh Israel (1740)
Old St. George's Church (1767)
St. Augustine's Church (1796)
Seamen's Church Institute (1843)
In film
In National Treasure (2004), Nicholas Cage's character runs across the roof of Independence Hall.
In Shooter (2007), Mark Wahlberg's character is set up for the shooting of the Ethiopian archbishop at Independence Mall.
See also
Old City Special Services District of Philadelphia
References
External links
Old City District
"A Glimpse into the History of the 401 Block of Arch Street, Philadelphia." Retrieved 22 October 2007.
Category:Neighborhoods in Philadelphia
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Philadelphia
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Category:Italianate architecture in Pennsylvania
Category:Philadelphia Register of Historic Places
Category:Houses in Philadelphia
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sayre Downtown Historic District
The Sayre Downtown Historic District is a commercial historic district located in downtown Sayre, Oklahoma. The district comprises a three-block area of Main and 4th Streets; it includes 39 buildings, of which 24 are contributing buildings. The oldest buildings in the district date from between 1903 and 1909, when a building boom replaced Sayre's frame downtown buildings with brick Commercial style structures. By the 1920s, the downtown area had reached its current size, and most of the buildings in the district had been built. In the 1920s, U.S. Route 66 was routed through the district, increasing traffic for local businesses. Sayre's Classical Revival post office, a contributing property, was constructed in 1938; the post office includes a Works Progress Administration mural painted in 1940. The downtown remained prosperous until the 1950s, when population decline and the bypassing of Route 66 led to a decrease in commercial activity.
NRHP Listing
The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 9, 2002. It qualified under Categories A and C. No properties within the District have been individually listed on the NRHP.
References
Category:Buildings and structures in Beckham County, Oklahoma
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Beckham County, Oklahoma | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ivan Smith (mathematician)
Ivan Smith (born 1973) is a British mathematician who deals with symplectic manifolds and their interaction with algebraic geometry, low-dimensional topology, and dynamics. He is a professor at the University of Cambridge.
Education and career
Smith studied at the University of Oxford, where he received his doctorate in 1999 under the supervision of Simon Donaldson with thesis Symplectic Geometry of Lefschetz Fibrations. Smith is now a professor in Cambridge at Gonville & Caius College.
Among other things, Smith derived nodal invariants from symplectic geometry.
He received in 2007 the Whitehead Prize for his work in symplectic topology (highlighting the breadth of applied techniques from algebraic geometry and topology) and in 2013 the Adams Prize. In 2018 he was an invited speaker at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Rio de Janeiro.
Selected publications
with Denis Auroux: Lefschetz pencils, branched covers and symplectic invariants . In: Symplectic 4-manifolds and algebraic surfaces (Cetraro, 2003), Lect. Notes in Math. 1938, Springer, 2008, 1–53, Arxiv
with Mohammed Abouzaid: "Homological mirror symmetry for the 4-torus", Duke Math. J., Vol. 152, 2010, pp. 373–440, Arxiv
Floer cohomology and pencils of quadrics , Inventiones Mathematicae, Vol. 189, 2012, pp. 149–250, Arxiv
"A symplectic prolegomenon", Bulletin AMS, Vol. 52, 2015, pp. 415–464,
Quiver algebras as Fukaya categories , Geom. Topol., Vol. 19, 2015, 2557–2617, Arxiv
with Mohammed Abouzaid: Khovanov homology from Floer cohomology , Arxiv 2015
with Mohammed Abouzaid: The symplectic arc algebra is formal , Duke Math. J., Vol. 165, 2016, pp. 985–1060, Arxiv
References
External links
Homepage in Cambridge
Category:20th-century British mathematicians
Category:21st-century British mathematicians
Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford
Category:Differential geometers
Category:Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
Category:Whitehead Prize winners
Category:1973 births
Category:Living people
Category:Topologists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Arrouède
Arrouède is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
Geography
Population
See also
Communes of the Gers department
References
INSEE
Category:Communes of Gers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
David Denne
David Denne (1799 – 3 December 1861) was an English first-class cricketer associated with Kent who was active in the 1820s. He is recorded in two matches in 1823, totalling 10 runs with a highest score of 6. His brother Thomas and his son Lambert also appeared in cricket matches that have since been adjudged first-class.
He was also Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the Peace for the County of Kent, and formerly Captain of the East Kent and Cinque Ports Yeomanry, and Bailiff of the town Corporation 23 times.
References
Category:English cricketers
Category:English cricketers of 1787 to 1825
Category:Kent cricketers
Category:1799 births
Category:1861 deaths | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Carinoturris adrastia
Carinoturris adrastia is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.
Description
The length of the decollate holotype attains 16 cm, its diameter 6.25 mm.
(Original description) The white shell has a thin, pale olive periostracum. The apex is invariably eroded, and the subsequent whorls, eight or more, are polished and faintly showing incremental lines. The suture is inconspicuous, the anterior margin is sometimes raised like a small cord. The spiral sculpture consists of a strong, sometimes nodulous or undulated peripheral keel, rather nearer the succeeding suture than to the preceding one, the latter space occupied by the slightly concave anal fasciole. The axial sculpture consists only of arcuate incremental lines. The base of the shell is rounded;.
The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is thin, sharp, produced and internally smooth. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow, with no parietal nodule. The inner lip is erased. The columella is smooth, twisted, not pervious, attenuated obliquely toward the rather long, slightly recurved siphonal canal.
Distribution
The holotype of this marine species was found off Monterey Bay, California, USA.
References
External links
Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base: Pseudomelatomidae
adrastia
Category:Gastropods described in 1919 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Adejeania palpalis
Adejeania palpalis is a species of parasitic fly in the family Tachinidae. It is found in Central America.
References
Further reading
Category:Adejeania
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Insects described in 1947 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ukrainian Democratic Party (1904)
Ukrainian Democratic Party (UDP), was a Ukrainian party created in Kiev in 1904.
Name change
General Ukrainian Unaffiliated Democratic Organization (1897 - 1904)
Ukrainian Democratic Party (1904 - 1905)
Ukrainian Radical Party (1904 - 1905)
Ukrainian Democratic Radical Party (1905 - 1908)
Society of Ukrainian Progressionists (1908 - 1917)
Ukrainian Party of Socialists-Federalists (1917 - 1923)
Ukrainian Radical Democratic Party (1923 - 1939)
General Ukrainian Unaffiliated Democratic Organization
The party was formed out of the General Ukrainian Organization, also known as General Ukrainian Unaffiliated Democratic Organization. The organization was formed also in Kiev earlier in 1897 by the Ukrainized Polish political activist Volodymyr Antonovych and the Ukrainian lexicographer Oleksandr Konysky.
That organization united all Hromadas from some 20 cities across the Ukrainian lands. The organization published the magazine Vik, organized the Shevchenko's festivals, and provided political sanctuary for the politically persecuted national activists.
First years and Split
The UDP was seeking liquidation of absolutism in the Russian Empire and the introduction of a constitutional order (similarly to the Russian Kadets). The party also was pursuing an autonomy for the Ukrainian lands with its own regional diet (sejm) and implementation of the Ukrainian language throughout the territory. Among its early leaders were Serhiy Yefremov, Borys Hrinchenko, Yevhen Chykalenko.
At the end of 1904 a left-inclined group of its party members split into another political party, the Ukrainian Radical Party. Unlike the democrats, the Ukrainian radicals were for the constitutional monarchy. Among the radicals were the above-mentioned Serhiy Yefremov, Borys Hrinchenko as well as Modest Levytsky, Fedir Matushevsky, and others. The party published its periodicals in Lviv and Saint Petersburg. It did not manage to create much of influence on the local population in Ukraine and in the autumn of 1905 reunited back with democrats into the Ukrainian Democratic Radical Party (UDRP).
UDRP
The fundamental principals of the party were parliamentarism and federalism: Ukraine had to acquire under the Constitution of Russia a wide degree of autonomy. UDRP also was seeking a compulsory purchase from private owners its land and industries that eventually would be nationalized. The party was represented in the State Duma of the Russian Empire in its first two convocations. The State Duma UDRP parliamentarians organized into the Duma's Ukrainian Hromada. During this period the party published its own press media Hromada's Thought which was a predecessor of the newspaper Rada. With early dissolution of the Second State Duma and the growing Russian nationalism on the Ukrainian territory (see Pogroms), the party reorganized into the Society of Ukrainian Progressionists (TUP) together with some members of the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party.
References
Category:Political parties established in 1904
Category:Political parties in the Russian Empire
Category:Political parties of the Russian Revolution
Category:Political parties disestablished in 1939
Category:Defunct political parties in Ukraine
Category:Socialist parties in Ukraine | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kei Nangon
Nangon Hwae Ji (; born May 6, 1991), better known by her stage name Kei Nangon and previously Nangon Kei Hyun Ah, is a Korean actress, model and Internet ulzzang.
Early life
Kei Nangon was born May 6, 1991, in Mungyeong, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea as Nangon Hwae Ji to a prestigious social family. She is the third child to Nangon Min Kyu, the national football coach of Korea (from 1999–2009) and Ryu Hwae Jin, a professor majoring in mathematics science who later taught at the world-renowned Seoul National University. Her siblings are Nangon Su Koon, Nangon Hwae Joo and Nangon Tae Jun (model actor; stage name Min Nangon). The family had lived in Singapore for several years prior to settling back in Korea at Anyang permanently. At a young age, she has displayed her understanding in knowledge held well beyond her years and topped all of her classes during her academic years. During her childhood, she attended many province-level competitions and won many awards especially in the area of mathematics, excelling in bio and mach numbers. Nangon eventually represented Korea at the 2000 International Mathematical Olympiad when she was nine years old. Due to her early achievements, she suffered from the lack of future ambitions.
Career
2004–2009: Street casting and training
At age twelve, Nangon along with the rest of the family travelled to Seoul for a family holiday during Chuseok and during their visit she was spotted by a model talent scout at SM Entertainment. Her towering height at the time, standing at 5'6" was explained to be the main reason. She was attracted to the idea straight away, fascinated by the possibilities of modelling might bring, however her parents disapproved strongly. Feeling discouraged by their disagreement, she eventually left the idea behind but when she reached thirteen she contacted the company by herself asking for another chance. The agency officials agreed straight away and offered her to attend regular training sessions which she attended during the weekends, travelling hours of a train journey from Munyeong to Seoul.
Nangon was trained for as long as three years in areas of acting and modelling, which during the time her relationship with her parents decreased as they were against her decisions of participating in training, "Their original future career was a prosecutor." Despite her busy schedule, she maintained the top results at school and was accepted into the prestigious Korean Minjok Leadership Academy for her middle and high school career. During this time she appeared in several variety shows, including Family Outing, Star King and Star Golden Bell as well as being cast in a number of commercials. Her popularity was steadily rising but a company inside conflict would eventually lead to her leaving the company at sixteen and being filed lawsuit against illegal contract termination.
References
External links
Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Mungyeong
Category:South Korean film actresses
Category:South Korean television actresses
Category:South Korean female models | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Constantinos Tsakiris
Constantinos Tsakiris (Κωνσταντίνος Τσακίρης) (b. circa 1971) is a Greek shipowner and a banker in the United States.
He was owner of Greek Super League side Panionios after acquiring 85% of the club in the summer of 2006. One of his first actions was to alter the name of Panionios to its original name Panionios GSS (which stands for "Πανιώνιος Γυμνάστικος Σύλλογος Σμύρνης" or Panionios Gymnastic Club of Smyrna) and hire Ewald Lienen as first team manager. He would watch Panionios matches from gate 3 along with the "Panthers" - the oldest and most notorious fan club of Panionios. Constantinos Tsakiris has an estimated wealth of US$ 500 million.
Constantinos Tsakiris is also the chairman and managing director of Paradise Navigation SA, a shipping management company established in Greece and founded back in 1968, as Navipower Compania Naviera SA, by the Tsakiris family, a traditional Greek ship-owning and operating family.
In 2007, he was on the successful bidding committee for Volos and Larissa to host the 17th Mediterranean Games to be held in 2013.
References
Category:1971 births
Category:Living people
Category:Greek businesspeople in shipping
Category:Greek football chairmen and investors
Category:Panionios
Category:Panionios F.C. | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Robert L. FitzPatrick
Robert Lawrence FitzPatrick is an author. He serves as president of Pyramid Scheme Alert, a consumer organization to confront the abuses of pyramid schemes.
Biography
Early career
Fitzpatrick's interest in pyramid schemes was sparked in the 1980s when he joined a business with a multi-level, direct-sales model. While Fitzpatrick didn't lose money, he did witness first-hand how one could get sucked into what he called, "delusional behavior."
Author
FitzPatrick is the co-author of the self-published book False Profits: Seeking Financial and Spiritual Deliverance in Multi-Level Marketing and Pyramid Schemes (), a 1997 critical book that examines the multi-level marketing industry.
Speaker
FitzPatrick has been featured on Fraud Squad TV, ABC World News and WTTW's Chicago Matters. He has been interviewed live on CBC's Marketplace. He has been quoted in newspapers and journals, including The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times.
References
External links
Robert L. FitzPatrick Official False Profits Blog
Pyramid Scheme Alert - Homepage
Robert L. FitzPatrick Interview on Charlotte Talks Radio Show (12-4-2006)
Robert L. FitzPatrick Interview - ZenBiz Radio
Robert L. FitzPatrick - Speech at the annual meeting of the Association of Certified Fraud Specialists in San Francisco (September, 2006)
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:American non-fiction writers
Category:Writers from Charlotte, North Carolina
Category:People associated with direct selling | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Department of Financial Studies
The Department of Financial Studies, commonly known as DFS, is a department of University of Delhi offering programs in Finance. Tracing its roots in the Delhi School of Economics, the Department of Financial Studies was carved out of the Department of Commerce of the University in 1987 to provide training in the field of finance. The Department of Financial Studies is located at the South Campus of the university.
DFS was rated AA by TIME, making it one of the top 20-30 B-Schools in India.
Eminent financial policy personalities of India including C. B. Bhave, Kamalesh Chandra Chakrabarty and M. Damodaran have served on its advisory board for the MFC course. The past Deans of the Department include some of the best known financial management educationists like Prof. MY Khan and Prof. IM Pandey.
Courses
The programmes offered by DFS are
MBA (Financial Management) (Erstwhile MFC)
Doctoral Programme
International Associations
DFS has collaborations with the following institutions:
ESC-PAU, France
REIMS Management School, REIMS Codex, France
Institut national des telecommunications, Evry, France
University of Leicester, England
Akron University, USA
Admissions
MBA (Financial Management) Programme has a total of 46 seats. The admission to the course are done on the basis of score in Common Admission Test conducted by the Indian Institutes of Management.
For research scholars, DFS accepts post‐doc research scholars on deputation from the Colleges/University/Industry in the fields of Finance and Accounting/Control and related interdisciplinary fields.
References
External links
Official website
Category:Business schools in Delhi
Category:University of Delhi
Category:University departments in India | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of South Georgians
The following is a list of people who were born on South Georgia Island, or lived there for a period of time, or visited the island, and were prominent in its history.
F.B. Allison
Ludwig Allum
J.G. Andersson
W. Barlas
Sinclair Begg
Søren Berntsen
Basil Biggs
Noel Biggs
E.B. Binnie
Nigel Bonner
Pauline Carr
Tim Carr
Duncan Carse
J.M. Chaplin
Jan Cheek
Gerry Clark
D.J. Coleman
James Cook
Finn Dahlberg
Anthony de la Roché
S. Duse
Viktor Esbensen
Wilhelm Filchner
A.I. Fleuret
Georg Forster
Gunnar Gulbrandsen
Leganger Hansen
Ole Hauge
Robert K. Headland
Henrik Henriksen
Fridthjof Jacobsen
Solveig Gunbjörg Jacobsen
Heinrich W. Klutschak
Ludwig Kohl-Larsen
Carl Anton Larsen
Lauritz Larsen
Kristen Løken
Pat Lurcock
Sarah Lurcock
J.W. Matthew
Clive Johnson
Leonard Harrison Matthews
Robert Cushman Murphy
Nohart Nielsen
Nils Olsen
K.S. Pierce-Butler
Dion Poncet
Jérôme Poncet
Sally Poncet
Karl Schrader
Ernest Shackleton
Carl J. Skottsberg
Eric Sörling
Thoralf Sørlle
R.E. Spivey
Einar Strand
Harald Studsrød
Ernest Swinhoe
Daniel R. Toner
J.I. Wilson
References
Headland, Robert K. (1984). The Island of South Georgia, Cambridge University Press.
*
Category:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands-related lists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
My All
"My All" is a song by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey from her sixth studio album, Butterfly (1997). It was released as the album's fifth single overall and second commercial single on April 21, 1998 by Columbia Records. The song was written and produced by Carey and Walter Afanasieff. "My All" is built around Latin guitar chord melodies, and makes subtle use of Latin percussion throughout the first chorus, before taking on a more conventional contemporary R&B-style beat. Carey was inspired to write the song and use Latin inspired melodies after her trip to Puerto Rico, where she was influenced by the culture. The song's lyrics tell of a lonely woman declaring she would give "her all" to have just one more night with her estranged lover. It is the first song she wrote for the album Butterfly
The music video for the song was released in March 1998. It shows many scenes of Carey laying on a submerged vessel in a large body of water, while lamenting her lost lover. Towards the video's climax, Carey and her love interest climb atop a lighthouse and caress each other under the night's sky. "My All" was performed live on various occasions, including the 1998 World Music Awards and Blockbuster Entertainment Awards, Saturday Night Live, The Rosie O'Donnell Show and various European television and music chart programs. The song was also part of Carey's 1998 Butterfly World Tour, and was performed during many future tours and concerts. House music producer David Morales remixed the song, which was performed live as a medley with the original.
"My All" was well received by contemporary music critics and charted strongly throughout various music markets. In the United States, the song became Carey's thirteenth chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100, and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Throughout Europe, the song performed moderately, peaking at number four in the United Kingdom and in the top ten in Belgium (Wallonia), France, Spain and Switzerland. In France, due to strong sales, the song was certified silver by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP).
Background
Carey began writing and composing themes for Butterfly by the end of 1996. She considered this period in time a "redefining moment for herself," where she began writing and recording the music she truly loved, Contemporary R&B and hip hop. Additionally, Carey began incorporating other genres of music into her song-writing, assisting her in developing new ideas and melodies. Carey expressed how the mixed emotions she felt at that point in her life helped develop the song, as she would "pour herself and emotions into anything she was writing at the time." In an interview with Fred Bronson, Carey expressed how her visit to Puerto Rico and the current emotions in her life inspired her to write "My All":
I had gone to Puerto Rico and was influenced by Latin music at that moment. When I came back, the melody was in my head. It was at a melancholy point in my life and the song reflects the yearning that was going on inside of me. It was like being in a situation but you want to break free and you can't, so your confined yet you're releasing those emotion through the lyrics and the actual act of singing. Thats why think a lot of people felt very strongly about that song, because the emotion is clear when you listen to it.
Carey began to infuse her personality into her work, something that showed throughout various tracks. During her stay, she was influenced by the Latin culture, and began harmonizing and singing the music she heard there. When she arrived back to New York, she already had the melody developed, and soon began working on the song in San Francisco with Afanasieff.
Recording
Carey and Afanasieff had worked together since her debut release in 1990. Together, they had written most of Carey's biggest hits at the time, including "Hero" and "One Sweet Day." "My All" would be the last time the two would collaborate, as he is absent from the writing credits in her follow-up album, Rainbow (1999). During the recording of the song, Carey and then husband Tommy Mottola were in the midst of their divorce. Afanasieff, who had developed relationships with the two of them, was caught in the middle. He spoke of the difficulties he had recording "My All" with Carey, as their relationship had already strained during the divorce. Afanasieff had been employed by Mottola and Columbia Records, and had worked extensively with Carey in the studio. In an interview with Fred Bronson, Afanasieff spoke in depth of the personal problems he experienced with Carey in 1997:
I needed to maintain a very strong relationship with Tommy [Mottola]. During that period, the beginning of their end, I had to stay away more than normal from her because she was going through a rough time. She felt that shutting her relationship with Tommy was also a cleansing of who she was. She felt that part of what she was dropping was the shmaltzy pop singer ballad kind of stuff he was adamant about. I had to make my exit and say 'Mariah, you need to redefine yourself, that's fine. I'm here doing what I do and if and when you want to come back and do it again, I'm here.
"My All" was written in Carey's home-studio in upstate New York, and was recorded in Afanasieff's recording studio in San Francisco. After she presented him with the melody she had developed in Puerto Rico, he began playing chord changed on the piano, while Carey sang the tune and directed him. After they produced the chorus, Carey wrote the lyrics, while he added a drum groove to the basic melody. According to Afanasieff, "My All" had tapped into both their Latin backgrounds. While she hadn't spent much time with her Venezuelan paternal grandfather, Carey said the music was "definitely subconsciously in me." On the other hand, Afanasieff was born in Brazil, and had heard Russian and Brazilian music his whole life. In an interview with Fred Bronson, Afanasieff described the steps they took to record the song:
I remember being in the back part of the studio, and we were sitting there late at night and writing. I was strolling through some sounds and came upon a particular sound from a steel acoustic guitar. I played these really beautiful chord changes that eventually led to 'My All.' She started singing and I started playing, and we came up with the basis for the song. I put a little drum groove down and it was one of the easier songs to write with her.
Composition
"My All" is a slow-tempo ballad, that blends contemporary R&B beats and Latin guitar and chord melodies, making subtle use of Latin percussion in the first chorus. The song is described as having a "lush sound" and featured synthetic guitar arpeggios that were produced in the studio. "My All" was compared to Toni Braxton's music style, described as "slink, slow-jam R&B sounds." The song is set in the signature common time, and is written in the key of G minor. It features a basic chord progression of Gm-Cm-D7-Gm. Carey's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of B2 to the high note of F5, with the piano and guitar pieces range from G3 to G5. The track was very different than anything Carey had ever recorded, incorporating strong "Latin cultured background." The instrumentation and vocal arrangement used in the song was compared to Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds' productions, due to its "soft R&B coos and guitar melodies."
Critical reception
"My All" garnered critical acclaim from contemporary music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic chose the song as one of the three "track choices" from the album. Larry Flick from Billboard praised the song, calling it an "anthemic gem." Flick also described the song as "sparkling with a house flavor that's mildly reminiscent of Toni Braxton's landmark 'Un-break My Heart'." While reviewing the album, Flick also reviewed the Morales remix, writing "Morales straddles the fence between underground aggression and pop-radio fluff with deceptive ease, crafting a track anchored with a muscular bassline and embellished with vibrant synths. It's 10 minutes of pure disco bliss." David Browne from Entertainment Weekly praised the song's instrumentation, noting "with its gently plucked guitars, is the best Babyface track Babyface never produced."
Chart performance
Although "My All" was the fifth single released from Butterfly, it was only the second commercial worldwide release. The song debuted at number 2 behind Next's Too Close and eventually became Carey's 13th chart topper in the United States, placing her in fourth place for most number ones in the US. Also, it gave Carey the honor of having the most number ones for a female artist. It stayed atop the Hot 100 for one week, and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), denoting shipments of over one million units. "My All" peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, and eighteen on the Adult Contemporary chart. It finished number seventeen on the Billboard end of year chart, and ninety-nine on the end of decade chart. In Canada, the song entered the Canadian RPM Chart at number 89 during the week of May 18, 1998. In its fifth week, the song peaked at number 28, spending 16 weeks in the chart before exiting the week of August 31.
"My All" performed weakly in Australia, peaking at number 39 while spending only two weeks on the ARIA Top-40. In Belgium (Wallonia), it peaked at number nine, and spent 14 weeks on the Ultratop singles chart. The song performed well in France, peaking at number six and spending 24 weeks fluctuating in the French singles chart. "My All" was certified silver by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP), denoting shipments of over 200,000 units throughout France. The song performed moderately in Ireland, peaking at number 21, and spending seven weeks on the Irish Singles Chart. In Norway and Sweden, it peaked at numbers 14 and 15, respectively. The song charted well in Switzerland, spending 21 weeks in the top-100, and peaking at number seven. In the United Kingdom, 'My All" debuted and peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart during the week of June 13, 1998. The song spent eight weeks fluctuating in the singles chart, until the week of August 1, 1998 where it dropped outside the top-100. Sales in the UK are estimated at 160,000 units.
Remixes and other versions
"My All" features two remixes: the first is a contemporary R&B version titled, "My All/Stay Awhile" (So So Def Remix). Carey re-recorded her vocals for the song, while building it around a sample from the Loose Ends song "Stay a Little While, Child." Carey's vocal interpolation blends the first verse and chorus of "My All" with the verse and chorus of "Stay a Little While, Child." It was produced by Jermaine Dupri and features raps from Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz. The single also features a version without any rap verses. The second remix is a dance version mixed by David Morales. The dance remix is known as the Classic Club Mix; it was Carey's first collaboration with Morales that did not feature entirely new vocals. Consequently, the song is fairly close to the original chord progressions of the album version, though some new vocals were added. The remix was performed live as a medley with the original during many of Carey's live concert tours.
Carey recorded a Spanish version of "My All" titled, "Mi Todo." Unlike with "Hero" (1993) and "Open Arms" (1995), Carey recorded the Spanish version of the song in a different key from the original English version. The first line of the song had been mistranslated and was grammatically incorrect. Carey later mentioned on her website that she would no longer record Spanish versions of her songs until she could verify the correct lyrics and pronunciation. "Mi Todo" was remixed as well, however only being released as a promotional single in Mexico.
Music videos
"My All" and the "My All/Stay Awhile" (So So Def Remix) featured different music videos. The video for "My All" was shot entirely in black and white in Puerto Rico, and was directed by fashion photographer Herb Ritts. The video begins with Carey lying on an overturned vessel on a beach, staring into the night sky, lamenting her estranged lover. As the scenes progress, Carey's love interest is seen atop a lighthouse in the middle of the ocean, searching for his lost companion. Further scenes show Carey laying on a large conch shell, wet and vulnerable. Soon after, she begins walking on a path of large white flowers, until she reaches the top of the lighthouse where she is rejoined with her lover. After the song's second verse, Carey and the man begin caressing each other, and embracing atop the lighthouse. After they share an intimate moment, Carey is shown walking back on the trail of white flowers, smiling and happy. The scenes of Carey lying in the shell and in front of the flowers were inspired by Sandro Botticelli's painting The Birth of Venus. According to author Chris Nickson, the snippets of Carey on the overturned vessel showed her vulnerability without her loved one, truly highlighting the yearning emphasized in the song.
A music video was also filmed for the So So Def remix. Directed by Diane Martel, it was shot in a grainy fashion to simulate a home video. The video features cameo appearances by Dupri, Tariq and Gunz. It begins with scenes of Carey and Dupri at a small in-home gathering, lounging and enjoying each other's company. As the video progresses, the other two featured hip-hop musicians appear at the house, alongside various other guests. They begin to dance to music, while sipping on cocktails by the pool. As the video reaches its climax, scenes of Carey singing in an outdoor garden are shown, while the others join her on the pool deck.
Live performances
"My All" was performed on several live television appearances, as well as most of Carey's tours following the song's release. Carey first sang "My All" on Saturday Night Live on November 15, 1997. The performance featured guitar player. Later, Carey performed the song at the 1998 World Music Awards, completing both the original and dance remix as a medley. The performance was via-satellite from Carey's tour at the time, which was broadcast onto a large screen. At the Blockbuster Entertainment Awards in 1998, Carey sang the original version of the song, featuring a full orchestra and live backup vocals.
Carey was one of the five featured performers at the 1998 VH1 Divas, where she sang "My All" as well as the dance remix. The song was performed on the British music chart program, Top of the Pops, where a live medley of the original and dance versions were performed. "My All" was performed during Carey's Butterfly World Tour in 1998. For the performances in Japan, Carey featured a Latin guitarist and backing vocals. The guitarist was present during the song's recital throughout the entire tour, replacing the orchestra used during her television appearances. For the shows, Carey wore a beige outfit, with varying hairstyles. Neither remix version was performed during the tour.
For her Rainbow World Tour (2000) Carey performed the original version of the song, once again featuring the orchestra and live female background vocals. 2 years later on December 7, 2002, Carey performed the original version of "My All" in front of a crowd of 50,000 people, at the closing ceremony concert of the Mexican Teletón, which took place in the country's Azteca Stadium. Since the Charmbracelet World Tour in 2004, Carey has not performed the full version of the original, substituting it for the dance remix after the second verse. During the shows in the Adventures of Mimi tour, Carey donned a black bikini and matching cape, while featuring one male and two female background singers. On the Angels Advocate Tour (2010), she performed the original and dance remix versions, wearing a red outfit while performing the song seated. Again, the original and dance remix was performed as a medley, featuring the same backup from the previous tour. After completing the song, Carey was whisked away by a shirtless male dancer, and carried off the stage for a costume change, as the back-up continued into the dance version.
Cover versions
On February 25, 2014, Alisa Kozhikina, the representative of Russia to the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014 won in the Grand Finals of Golos Deti, the Russian kids' edition of The Voice, performing a Russian version of the song called "Vsyo".
Credits and personnel
Credits and personnel adapted from the Butterfly liner notes.
Recording
Recorded at Crave Studios (New York City, New York), WallyWorld (California) and The Hit Factory (New York City, New York)
Mixed at Crave Studios (New York City, New York)
Mastered at Gateway Mastering (Portland, Maine)
Management
Published by Sony/ATV Songs LLC, Rye Songs (BMI)/Sony/ATV Tunes LLC and WallyWorld Music
All rights administered by Sony/ATV Music Publishing
Personnel
Formats and track listing
U.S. CD Single
"My All" – 3:51
"Breakdown" – 4:58
U.S. CD Maxi Single
"My All (Album Version) – 3:51
"My All (Classic Club Mix) – 9:06
"Breakdown (The Mo Thugs Remix) – 4:58
"The Roof (Remix With Mobb Deep) – 5:29
"Fly Away (Fly Away Club Mix) – 9:50
'U.S. CD /12 Maxi Single "My All/Stay Awhile (So So Def Mix With Lord Tariq & Peter Gunz) – 4:33
"My All/Stay Awhile (So So Def Mix Without Rap) – 3:46
"My All (Morales My Club Mix) – 7:08
"My All (Morales Def Club Mix) – 7:16
"The Roof (Morales Funky Club Mix) – 8:28European CD Maxi Single "My All" (Album Version) – 3:51
"My All" (Morales Classic Radio Mix) – 4:21
"My All" (Morales Classic Club Mix) – 9:06
"My All" (Full Crew Main Mix) – 4:40
"My All" (Full Crew Radio Mix) – 3:57U.S. 12" Single "My All" (Classic Club Mix) – 9:06
"The Roof" (Mobb Deep Mix) – 5:29
"Breakdown" (The Mo'Thugs Remix) – 4:58
"Fly Away" (Butterfly Reprise) (Fly Away Club Mix) – 9:50European 12" Single'''
"My All" (Classic Club Mix) – 9:06
"My All" (My Club Mix) – 7:08
"My All" (Album Version) – 3:51
"My All" (Classic Radio Club Mix) – 4:15
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Decade-end charts
Certifications and sales
See also
List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 1998
References
Further reading
External links
Category:1990s ballads
Category:1998 singles
Category:Mariah Carey songs
Category:Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles
Category:Music videos directed by Diane Martel
Category:Pop ballads
Category:Contemporary R&B ballads
Category:Music videos directed by Herb Ritts
Category:Black-and-white music videos
Category:Songs written by Walter Afanasieff
Category:Songs written by Mariah Carey
Category:Song recordings produced by Walter Afanasieff
Category:1997 songs
Category:Columbia Records singles
Category:Sony Music singles
Category:Torch songs
Category:Latin pop songs
Category:Grammy Award for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of Chairmen of the Tambov Oblast Duma
The Chairman of the Tambov Oblast Duma is the presiding officer of that legislature.
Office-holders
References
Category:Lists of legislative speakers in Russia
Category:Politics of Tambov Oblast | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
John the Deacon (Venetian chronicler)
John the Deacon ( or Giovanni da Venezia; 940–45 – died after 1018) was a Venetian deacon, secretary to the doge of Venice and a chronicler.
The Venetian chronicle
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1913):
The oldest chronicle of Venice, known as the Chronicon Sagornini, was compiled by deacon John, the chaplain and perhaps a relative of the Doge Pietro II Orseolo (991–1009). John enjoyed the confidence of this doge, and was often sent as his ambassador to Holy Roman Emperors Otto III and Henry II. In the first part of his chronicle, which deals with the early period of the republic, the narrative is often confused and deficient; later it becomes more accurate and complete, and for the time in which the writer himself lived it is particularly valuable. He carries the narrative to 1008 and treats in detail of the reign of Pietro Orseolo.
John's chronicle is a key primary source for the history of Slavic peoples and polities in Dalmatia during the 9th and 10th centuries, for which he probably drew on earlier documents. He distinguishes between the Narentines, who lived about the mouth of the Neretva River, and another, more northerly group that would give rise to the principality of Croatia and later still, the kingdom of Croatia. John reports on the troublesome dealings of Doge John (829–836) and his successor Peter (836–864) with the Neretva Slavs; the Pactum Lotharii of 840 and the Venetian-Frankish alliance against Slavic piracy; Domagoj and the wars about the Istrian region; the coup of the Slavic principality by Zdeslav; the usurper Branimir; and naval warfare against the Narentine Slavs in 887 and 948. For his own time, John reports on the successes of his master, Doge Peter (II) Orseolo (991–1009), against the "Slav Croats", his clashes with both Croats and Narentines over the possession of Zadar, and the submission of Dalmatian rulers (except the "king of the Croats") to Venice.
John has also been erroneously credited with the Chronicon Gradense, which is in the manuscripts usually given with Chronicon Venetum.
Notes
References
Editions
Category:10th-century births
Category:1009 deaths
Category:People from Venice
Category:10th-century historians
Category:11th-century historians
Category:Medieval Venetian historians
Category:10th-century Italian writers
Category:11th-century Italian writers
Category:10th-century Latin writers
Category:11th-century Latin writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Larry Miller (athlete)
Larry Miller (born July 23, 1963) is a track and field athlete who represented Antigua and Barbuda in the Olympic Games.
Miller was born in Dominica and spent most of his childhood in Antigua. He was adopted and spent his high school years in South Dakota at Freeman Academy. He holds the South Dakota all time state record in the 400 meter dash, with a time of 47.8 s.
Miller returned to his home country of Antigua and ran for Antigua and Barbuda at the 1984 Summer Olympics participating in the 200 m, 4 x 100 metres relay, and 4 x 400 metres relay. He again represented his home country in the 1988 Summer Olympics running in the 4 x 100 metres relay and 4 x 400 metres relay. He also competed in Commonwealth Games and Pan Am Games.
Miller received a full athletic and academic scholarship to Yale University. He double majored in economics and political science. Miller was the captain of his Yale Track team and won three outdoor and one indoor Heptagonal titles, while breaking a record for the 600 yards. He has several undefeated track records all over the United States.
References
Category:Living people
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1984 Summer Olympics
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic athletes of Antigua and Barbuda
Category:1963 births
Category:British people of Dominica descent
Category:Antigua and Barbuda male sprinters | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1972–73 New York Raiders season
Offseason
Regular season
Final standings
Game log
Playoffs
Player stats
Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = plus/minus; PIM = Penalty minutes; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals
MIN = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts;
Awards and records
Transactions
Roster
Farm Team
Long Island Ducks, Eastern Hockey League
See also
1972–73 WHA season
References
External links
1972-73
Category:1972–73 in American ice hockey by team
Category:1972–73 WHA season by team | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Seedling Stars
The Seedling Stars is a 1957 collection of science fiction short stories by American writer James Blish. It was first published by Gnome Press in 1957 in an edition of 5,000 copies. The stories concern the adaptation of humans to alien environments (a process Blish called pantropy).
Contents
"Seeding Program" (F&SF 1956)
"The Thing in the Attic" (If 1954)
"Surface Tension" (Galaxy 1952)
"Watershed" (If 1955)
"Seeding Program" was originally published under the title "A Time to Survive". "Surface Tension" was revised from its magazine publication, and here incorporates material from Blish's earlier story "Sunken Universe", published in Super Science Stories'' in 1942. The four stories are termed 'Book One', 'Book Two', etc. and some editions refer to this as a standard novel in four sections, rather than an actual short story collection.
Reception
Galaxy reviewer Floyd C. Gale praised the collection as "a thought-provoking job". Anthony Boucher also received the book favorably, saying it "nicely illustrat[ed] the characteristic Blish balance between thinking and storytelling, with each reinforcing the other".
References
Sources
External links
Category:1957 short story collections
Category:Science fiction short story collections
Category:Short stories by James Blish | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dhinna Bellur
Dhinna Bellur is a village in Pennagarem Taluk, Dharmapuri District, Tamil Nadu, India. This village is surrounded by hills and 70% of the population is engaged in agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. It is just from Hogenakkal falls (one of the best-known tourist spots in Tamil Nadu) and close to a Muthaiyan Temple near Neruppur (by the Cavery River).
Category:Villages in Dharmapuri district | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.