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Welltris
Welltris is a puzzle video game, developed by and licensed to Bullet-Proof Software. Adaptations were made by Sphere, Inc., for Spectrum Holobyte, and by Infogrames. It was originally released for MS-DOS and Macintosh in 1989. It was subsequently ported to the Amiga, Amstrad CPC and Atari ST in 1990 and the ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64 in 1991.
Gameplay
Welltris was the first Tetris sequel designed by original designer Alexey Pajitnov, with Andrei Sgenov. It retains that game's falling-block puzzle gameplay but extends the pit into three dimensions while the blocks remain two-dimensional, with the board viewed from above.
As blocks descend into the well, they can be rotated or moved left or right along the walls, from one wall to another if desired. Once a block reaches the floor, it will slide as far as possible until stopped by an edge or another piece. Whenever the player completes a solid horizontal or vertical line, it disappears and the remaining squares slide to fill the open space.
If a falling block comes to rest with any part of itself still on a wall, that wall is temporarily frozen; no blocks can be moved onto it during this time. Freezing all four walls ends the game.
Reception
In 1990, Dragon gave the Macintosh IIx version of the game 5 out of 5 stars. MacUser reviewed the Macintosh version of Welltris, praising the new playstyle as compared to its predecessor, and stating that "Welltris is both thoughtful and highly addictive." Macworld also reviewed the Mac version, praising its gameplay, music and graphics, summarizing their thoughts by stating "[Welltris] successfully extends the Tetris metaphor; cheery folk music and captivating scenes; very challenging." Macworld criticizes the steep learning curve and a point in the game where the speed of the falling pieces become unmanagable, referring to the latter as the "one annoying habit" that it shares with Tetris.
The ZX Spectrum version had mixed reviews, with CRASH awarding 79%, Sinclair User awarding 45% and Your Sinclair giving 79%. The actual gameplay and addictiveness were highlighted as good areas, but criticisms included the fiddly controls and minimal sound and looks.
The Commodore 64 version, with its more colourful graphics, received 80% from Zzap!64.
See also
3D Tetris
Blockout
References
External links
Welltris at World of Spectrum.
Welltris for the Amiga at Hall of Light.
Category:Tetris
Category:1989 video games
Category:Falling block puzzle games
Category:Alexey Pajitnov games
Category:Amiga games
Category:Amstrad CPC games
Category:Arcade games
Category:Atari ST games
Category:Blue Planet Software games
Category:Commodore 64 games
Category:DOS games
Category:Mac OS games
Category:ZX Spectrum games
Category:Spectrum Holobyte games
Category:Soviet games
Category:Video games developed in Russia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
List of fictional towns in literature
This is a list of fictional towns in literature.
References
Fictional towns
Literature | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ahmed Gebrel
Ahmed Gebrel (born January 22, 1991) is a Palestinian swimmer who holds the Palestinian Swimming Records in: 100m, 200m, 400m, 800m & 1500m Freestyle / 200m, 400m Individual Medley. Ahmed is the first and the only Palestinian swimmer who competes twice in the Olympic Games after his participation in London 2012 & Rio 2016 Olympic Games. He won many titles and various awards during his career representing Al Ahly club in Egypt, Club Natacion Piera & Club Natacion Barcelona in Spain and during his participation in the International competitions representing Palestine. Moreover, He competed in five World FINA Championships in Rome 2009, Shanghai 2011, Barcelona 2013 & Kazan 2015.
Olympic career
He represented Palestine at the 2012 Summer Olympics, he competed in the Men's 400 metre freestyle, finishing in 27th place in the heats.
He finished 3rd in his heat, however, he managed to break his own personal best by 9.89 seconds. With no competition-sized pool being available in Palestine, he prepared for the Olympic games in Barcelona for a period of 4 months. After his achievement in London 2012 he received an Olympic scholarship in Barcelona to continue his professional career as an International swimmer.
Ahmed wrote history by representing Palestine in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. As he is the first and only Palestinian who could compete in the Olympic Games twice. He completed in the Men's 200 metre freestyle, finishing in the 47th place in the heats.
References
External links
Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:Palestinian male swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Palestine
Category:Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Category:Male freestyle swimmers | {
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George Fisher (Illinois pioneer)
George Fisher (died 1820) was an American pioneer, physician, and legislator.
Fisher settled in Kaskaskia, Indiana Territory in 1798 and practiced medicine. Fisher may have been from Virginia. He served in the Illinois Territorial Militia during the War of 1812. In 1805, Fisher served in the Indiana Territorial House of Representatives of the Indiana Territorial Legislature. In 1812 and 1816, he served in the Illinois Territorial House of Representatives of the Illinois Territorial Legislature from Randolph County, Illinois and was speaker. In 1818, Fisher served in the first Illinois Constitutional Convention. The Indiana Territory Governor William H. Harrison appointed Fisher sheriff of Randolph County in 1801. He died in 1820 in Randolph County, Illinois. Fisher is buried on St. Leo's Road eight miles below Ruma, Illinois in Randolph County, Illinois.
Notes
External links
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:1820 deaths
Category:People from Kaskaskia, Illinois
Category:Physicians from Illinois
Category:Illinois sheriffs
Category:Indiana Territory officials
Category:Members of the Illinois Territorial Legislature
Category:Members of the Indiana Territorial Legislature
Category:19th-century American politicians
Category:American militiamen in the War of 1812
Category:Burials in Illinois | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Aubert C. Dunn
Aubert Culberson Dunn (November 20, 1896 – January 4, 1987) was an attorney and politician from Mississippi. A Democrat, he was most notable for his service as a member of the United States House of Representatives for one term (1935-1937).
A native of Meridian, Mississippi, Dunn attended the University of Mississippi, the University of Alabama, and Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, and worked as a reporter for the Cincinnati Enquirer. He served in the United States Navy during World War I, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1924.
Dunn served as District Attorney for Mississippi's 10th Judicial District (1931 to 1934), and resigned to accept his seat in Congress. In 1934, he was the successful Democratic nominee for Mississippi's 5th District seat, and he served one term, January 3, 1935-January 3, 1927. He did not run for reelection in 1936, and resumed practicing law.
He was a technical expert for the United States Senate Committee on Finance in 1938, and counsel for the Social Security Board in 1939. From 1952 to 1953, Dunn was a special trial attorney in the U.S. Attorney General's office, and in 1966 he served as Judge of Mississippi's 10th Judicial District. In retirement, Dunn resided in Mobile, Alabama, where he died in 1987. He was buried at Magnolia Cemetery in Mobile.
Biography
Born in Meridian, Mississippi, Dunn attended the public schools, the University of Mississippi, the University of Alabama, and Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. In 1917 he became a reporter on the Cincinnati Enquirer. He was a United States Navy veteran of World War I, and served from his enlistment on December 7, 1917 to his discharge on June 16, 1919.
He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1924 and commenced practice in Meridian, Mississippi. He served as District Attorney for the 10th Judicial District of Mississippi from 1931 to 1934.
Dunn was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-fourth Congress (January 3, 1935 to January 3, 1937). He was not a candidate for renomination in 1936. He served a technical expert for the United States Senate Committee on Finance in 1938 and as attorney for the Social Security Board in 1939.
After leaving the House, Dunn resumed the practice of law. He served as special trial attorney in the U.S. Attorney General's office from 1952 to 1953. In 1966 he served as Circuit Judge for the Tenth Judicial District of Mississippi.
Death and burial
In retirement, Dunn was a resident of Mobile, Alabama, where he died on January 4, 1987. He was interred in [[Magnolia Cemetery (Meridian, Mississippi ."Death Notice: Aubert C. Dunn"|page=10}}
Family
In 1922, Dunn married Dorothy Donn Crum. They were married until her death in 1973, and were the parents of three children - Ann, Deon, and Winfield. Winfield Dunn served as Governor of Tennessee from 1971 to 1975.
References
Sources
Newspapers
Books
External links
Aubert Culberson Dunn at The Political Graveyard
Category:1896 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:Politicians from Meridian, Mississippi
Category:Politicians from Mobile, Alabama
Category:District attorneys in Mississippi
Category:Mississippi lawyers
Category:Mississippi Democrats
Category:Mississippi state court judges
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Mississippi
Category:American military personnel of World War I
Category:United States Navy personnel
Category:Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:20th-century American judges
Category:Lawyers from Mobile, Alabama | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Mikalai Shubianok
Mikalai Shubianok (; born 4 May 1985 in Gomel) is a decathlete from Belarus. He set his personal best score (8028 points) in the men's decathlon on 19 May 2007 in Minsk. His first name is sometimes also spelled as Nikolay.
Achievements
External links
Category:1985 births
Category:Living people
Category:Belarusian decathletes
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic athletes of Belarus
Category:Sportspeople from Gomel
Category:Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Category:Universiade gold medalists for Belarus | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Verden Separate School
The Verden Separate School is a historic school building at 315 East Ada Sipuel Avenue in Chickasha, Oklahoma. A modest wood-frame gable-roofed one-room district schoolhouse that now serves as a local museum, it was built about 1915 on a farm on the outskirts of Verden. It served as a school for Verden's African American students under the separate but equal doctrine, which in Oklahoma resulted in the mandated creation of "separate schools" for whichever racial group was in the minority in a given district or region. It was used as a school until 1935, when its student population was consolidated into the Chickasha schools. It was then used as a farm outbuilding until the early 2000s, when it was rescued from demolition, moved to its present location, and restored. It is the only known surviving separate school in Grady County, and one of a few left in southwestern Oklahoma.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Grady County, Oklahoma
References
Category:School buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Oklahoma
Category:Museums in Grady County, Oklahoma
Category:1910 establishments in Oklahoma
Category:School buildings completed in 1915 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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1939 in architecture
The year 1939 in architecture involved some significant events.
Events
Jane Drew sets up an all-female architectural practice in London.
Buildings and structures
Buildings opened
April 21 – The San Jacinto Monument near Houston, Texas, United States.
April 30 – 1939 New York World's Fair. Notable examples of temporary architecture include the Trylon and Perisphere designed by Wallace Harrison and J. André Fouilhoux and the Ireland pavilion designed by Michael Scott.
May 7 – Vulcan Park in Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
June 14 – St Peter the Apostle Roman Catholic Church, Gorleston, England, designed by Eric Gill.
July 26 – The Barber Institute of Fine Arts at the University of Birmingham, England, designed by Robert Atkinson.
November 16 – Uptown Theater (Minneapolis), designed by Liebenberg and Kaplan.
Other buildings
The Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D.C., designed by John Russell Pope, is begun.
St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne, Australia, designed by William Wardell in 1858, is completed.
Dome of Saint Joseph's Oratory in Montreal, Quebec, Canada is completed.
Hotel Vancouver in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Impington Village College in England, designed by Walter Gropius and Maxwell Fry, is completed.
Daily Express Building, Manchester, England, designed by engineer Sir Owen Williams, is completed.
Marine Gate (apartments) in Brighton, England, designed by Wimperis, Simpson and Guthrie, is built.
Remodelling of the village, manor house and parish church of Cornwell, Oxfordshire, England, by Clough Williams-Ellis is completed.
The Homewood in Esher, Surrey, England, designed by Patrick Gwynne for his parents, is completed.
Villa Mairea in Noormarkku, Finland, designed by Alvar Aalto for Harry and Maire Gullichsen, is completed.
Tip Top Bakery, St Paul's Cray, London, designed by engineers Sir Alexander Gibb & Partners.
Awards
Royal Gold Medal – Percy Thomas.
Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Bernard Zehrfuss.
Births
March 3 – Eva Jiřičná, Czech-born architect and interior designer
June 21 – Charles Jencks, American architectural theorist, landscape architect and designer (died 2019)
October 1 – Philip Cox, Australian architect
October 9 – Nicholas Grimshaw, English modernist architect
December 5 – Ricardo Bofill, Catalan postmodernist architect
Deaths
January 9 – Jānis Alksnis, Latvian architect and builder (born 1869)
February 2 – Vladimir Shukhov, Russian structural engineer (born 1853)
February 7 – Detmar Blow, English architect (born 1867)
September 26 – Kirtland Cutter, American architect (born 1860)
References | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Philip Hurlic
Philip Raymond Hurlic (December 20, 1927 – July 7, 2014) was an American child actor.
Biography
Hurlic appeared in a number of films in the 1930s and early 1940s. Hurlic's income from his film work was used to support his East Los Angeles family. Hurlic's earliest roles were as a toddler in the Baby Burlesks series, which starred a pre-fame Shirley Temple. His largest roles in film include Little Jim in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938), Verman Diggs in the Penrod films, and Zeke in Zenobia (1939). He also appeared in a number of Our Gang comedies alongside another child actor from his neighborhood, Buckwheat (Billie Thomas).
He retired from film business in 1942 after 30 films. According to Hurlic's daughter Zee, Hurlic died peacefully on July 7, 2014 surrounded by his family.
Filmography
References
External links
Category:1927 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:African-American male actors
Category:American male child actors
Category:People from East Los Angeles, California
Category:African-American male child actors | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tabarka–Aïn Draham International Airport
Tabarka–Aïn Draham International Airport (, ) , formerly Tabarka–7 November International Airport, is an airport serving Tabarka in Tunisia.
History
Tabarka Airport was built in 1992 to serve the northwest region of Tunisia. It was renamed following the Tunisian Revolution in 2011.
The airport facilitates tourism in the region. However, due to a decline in tourism after the Revolution, the airport experienced a drop in traffic. In 2010, 63,000 passengers transited through Tabarka Airport; in 2011, it received less than 18,000 passengers. On 15 November 2013, rumours of the closure of the airport led to protests by its employees.
Tabarka Airport is currently served by Tunisair Express flights to Tunis. During the Hajj season, Tunisair operates charter flights to Medina.
Airlines and destinations
References
External links
Official website of the Tunisian Civil Aviation and Airports Authority
Category:Airports in Tunisia
Category:Airports established in 1992 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Inga bicoloriflora
Inga bicoloriflora is a species of legume in the family Fabaceae.
It is found only in Brazil.
References
bicoloriflora
Category:Flora of Brazil
Category:Vulnerable plants
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Millicent Ndoro
Millicent Ndoro (born 19 September 1986) is a Kenyan sprinter. She represented her country at two consecutive Commonwealth Games, starting in 2014.
She is Kenyan national record co-holder in the 4 × 100 metres relay.
International competitions
1Did not start in the semifinals
Personal bests
Outdoor
100 metres – 11.86 (Nairobi 2013)
200 metres – 23.92 (Nairobi 2016)
References
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Kisii County
Category:Kenyan female sprinters
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2015 African Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2019 African Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Lilia Stepanova
Lilia Stepanova (born 29 July 1987) is a contortionist. She was born in Chişinău, Moldova, to parents who were also contortionists. She started training with her mother at the age of five.
, Stepanova is living in Las Vegas, Nevada, where she is known for performing at many NBA halftime shows. She is also known for her ability to perform archery with her feet while on hand-balancing canes, the piece she performed on Season 1 of America's Got Talent.
Performances
She has appeared as a guest artist on shows including:
"The View";
"America's Got Talent";
"Jimmy Kimmel Live!";
"Steve Harvey's Big Time";
"Best Damn Sports Show Period"; and
"E:60".
She has also been in a commercial for Nykredit, a Danish bank.
References
External links
Lilia Stepanova on Myspace
Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:Contortionists
Category:Moldovan entertainers
Category:America's Got Talent contestants | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Hawara
Hawara is an archaeological site of Ancient Egypt, south of the site of Crocodilopolis ('Arsinoe', also known as 'Medinet al-Faiyum') at the entrance to the depression of the Fayyum oasis. The first excavations at the site were made by Karl Lepsius, in 1843. William Flinders Petrie excavated at Hawara, in 1888, finding papyri of the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, and, north of the pyramid, a vast necropolis where he found 146 portraits on coffins dating to the Roman period, famous as being among the very few surviving examples of painted portraits from Classical Antiquity, the "Fayoum portraits" illustrated in Roman history textbooks.
Amenemhat III was the last powerful ruler of the 12th Dynasty, and the pyramid he built at Hawara (illustration, right) is believed to post-date the so-called "Black Pyramid" built by the same ruler at Dahshur. This is believed to have been Amenemhet's final resting place. At Hawara there was also the intact (pyramid) tomb of Neferu-Ptah, daughter of Amenemhet III. This tomb was found about 2 km South of the king's pyramid.
In common with the Middle Kingdom pyramids constructed after Amenemhat II, it was built of mudbrick round a core of limestone passages and burial chambers, and faced with limestone. Most of the facing stone was later pillaged for use in other buildings— a fate common to almost all of Egypt's pyramids— and today the pyramid is little more than an eroded, vaguely pyramidal mountain of mud brick, and of the once magnificent mortuary temple precinct formerly enclosed by a wall there is little left beyond the foundation bed of compacted sand and chips and shards of limestone.
From the pyramid entrance a sloping passageway with steps runs down to a small room and a further short horizontal passage. In the roof of this horizontal passage there was a concealed sliding trapdoor weighing 20 tons. If this was found and opened a robber would find himself confronted by an empty passage at a right angle to the passage below, closed by wooden doors, or by a passage parallel to the passage below, carefully filled with mud and stone blocking. He would assume that the blocking concealed the entrance and waste time removing it (thereby increasing the likelihood of detection by the pyramid guardians).
In fact there was a second 20-ton trapdoor in the roof of the empty passage, giving onto a second empty passage, also at a right angle to the first. This too had a 20-ton trapdoor giving onto a passage at a right angle to its predecessor (thus the interior of the pyramid was circled by these passages). However this passage ended in a large area of mud and stone blocking that presumably concealed the burial chamber.
This, however, was a blind and merely filled a wide but shallow alcove. Two blind shafts in the floor, carefully filled with cut stone blocks, further wasted the robbers' time, for the real entrance to the burial chamber was even more carefully concealed and lay between the blind shafts and opposite the alcove.
Despite these elaborate protective measures, Petrie found that none of the trapdoors had been slid into place and the wooden doors were open. Whether this indicated negligence on the part of the burial party, an intention to return and place further burials in the pyramid (when found there were two sarcophagi in the quartzite monolith described below and room for at least two more), or a deliberate action to facilitate robbery of the tomb, we cannot know.
The burial chamber was made out of a single quartzite monolith which was lowered into a larger chamber lined with limestone. This monolithic slab weighed an estimated 110 tons according to Petrie. A course of brick was placed on the chamber to raise the ceiling then the chamber was covered with 3 quartzite slabs (estimated weight 45 tons each). Above the burial chamber were 2 relieving chambers. This was topped with 50 ton limestone slabs forming a pointed roof. Then an enormous arch of brick 3 feet thick was built over the pointed roof to support the core of the pyramid.
The entrance to the pyramid is today flooded to a depth of 6 metres as a result of the waters from the Bahr Yusuf (Joseph's Canal) canal, which flows around two sides of the site and passes within 30m of the pyramid.
The huge mortuary temple that originally stood adjacent to this pyramid is believed to have formed the basis of the complex of buildings with galleries and courtyards called a "labyrinth" by Herodotus (see quote at Labyrinth), and mentioned by Strabo and Diodorus Siculus. (There is no historicity to the assertion of Diodorus Siculus that this was the model for the labyrinth of Crete that Greeks imagined housed the Minotaur,) The demolition of the "labyrinth" may date in part to the reign of Ptolemy II, under whom the Pharaonic city of Shedyt (Greek Crocodilopolis, the modern Medinet el-Fayum) was renamed to honour his sister-wife Arsinoë; a massive Ptolemaic building program at Arsinoe has been suggested as the ultimate destination of Middle Kingdom limestone columns and blocks removed from Hawara, and now lost.
Pharaoh Sobekneferu of the Twelfth dynasty also built at the complex. Her name meant "most beautiful of Sobek", the sacred crocodile.
Among the discoveries made by Flinders Petrie were papyrus manuscripts, including a great papyrus scroll which contains parts of books 1 and 2 of the Iliad (the "Hawara Homer" of the Bodleian Library, Oxford).
See also
List of Egyptian pyramids
List of megalithic sites
References
External links
Monuments and Sites of Ancient Egypt: Hawara
The Hawara Papyri
The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, University College London: A Virtual Exploration of the Lost Labyrinth
a 2000 pdf showing some 3d modelling of the labyrinth
Category:Pyramids of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
Category:Archaeological sites in Egypt
Category:Former populated places in Egypt | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Charles Thomas (baseball)
Charles Wesley Thomas (born December 26, 1978) is a former left fielder in Major League Baseball. Thomas played with the Atlanta Braves (), and Oakland Athletics (). He batted and threw left-handed.
Career
Amateur
Thomas played college baseball at Western Carolina University (WCU). In 1999, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was selected by the Braves in the 19th round of the 2000 MLB Draft.
Professional
He steadily improved while splitting time between two teams in , hitting .324 in 47 games after being called up to Double-A Greenville. That season, he got a chance to play at Triple-A Richmond when Atlanta called up or released the outfielders ahead of him. Thomas took advantage of the opportunity. He went 31-for-79 (.379) in June, led the International League in hitting and on-base percentage, and was selected to the All-Star team.
Thomas started 2004 as the fourth outfielder for Richmond and made the big club in the mid-season. He posted a .288 batting average with seven home runs and 31 RBI in 83 games. He showed a great batting eye, speedy running, and outstanding defense.
Before the 2005 season, Thomas was sent to Oakland in the same trade that brought Tim Hudson to the Braves.
In the 2005 season, he had a rough start and despite starting nearly every game went weeks without getting a hit. Eventually, Thomas was demoted to AAA, where he spent most of his remaining time in Oakland. On May 4, 2007, he was dealt to the Brewers in exchange for JD Closser. He played the rest of the 2007 season with Milwaukee's Triple-A club, the Nashville Sounds.
References
External links
Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:African-American baseball players
Category:Atlanta Braves players
Category:Baseball players from California
Category:Greenville Braves players
Category:Jamestown Jammers players
Category:Macon Braves players
Category:Major League Baseball left fielders
Category:Myrtle Beach Pelicans players
Category:Nashville Sounds players
Category:Oakland Athletics players
Category:Orleans Firebirds players
Category:People from Fairfield, California
Category:Richmond Braves players
Category:Sacramento River Cats players
Category:Sportspeople from Atlanta
Category:Tiburones de La Guaira players
Category:Western Carolina Catamounts baseball players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
John Rocque's Map of London, 1746
John Rocque's Map of London, 1746, more formally "A plan of the cities of London and Westminster, and borough of Southwark", surveyed by John Rocque and engraved by John Pine, is a map of Georgian London to a scale of 26 inches to a mile.
The map consists of twenty-four sheets and is 3.84 by 2.01 metres in overall size. Taking nearly ten years to survey, engrave and publish, it has been described as "a magnificent example of cartography ... one of the greatest and most handsome plans of any city".
Also in 1746 Rocque published another smaller-scale map of London and its environs in sixteen sheets: this was entitled An Exact Survey of the citys of London Westminster ye Borough of Southwark and the Country near ten miles round / begun in 1741 & ended in 1745 by John Rocque Land Surveyor ; & Engrav'd by Richard Parr.
Background
A prospectus for the map was published in 1740, stating:
The map was financed by people subscribing to obtain a copy – one guinea was paid as a deposit and two guineas when the map was received.
Much of the earlier surveying work needed to be repeated and by 1742 the scheme was close to collapse. There were 246 subscribers, one being Frederick, Prince of Wales, who later was to appoint Rocque as the royal cartographer. The Court of Aldermen of the City of London subsidised the undertaking and the map was dedicated to them and to the Lord Mayor.
Method of survey
After planning and agreeing the project with George Vertue, Rocque started surveying in March 1738 (old style 1737).
The survey was complete by 1744, even though Rocque was also busy mapping various other English towns.
Rocque combined two surveying techniques: he made a ground-level survey with a compass and a physical metal chain – the unit of length also being the chain. Compass bearings were taken of the lines measured. He also created a triangulation network over the entire area to be covered by taking readings from church towers and similar high places using a theodolite made by Jonathan Sisson (inventor of the telescopic-sighted theodolite) to measure the observed angle between two other prominent locations. The process was repeated from point to point.
The two methods needed to be reconciled and at the start of his work Rocque relied too much on his ground surveys, only to find they were not in agreement with triangulation. This meant the earlier ground surveying needed to be repeated. Triangulation tends to be more accurate on the larger scale and in the City the dual approach was very successful but in rural areas there were too few prominent landmarks for triangulation to be effective.
Rocque recorded street and place names as the survey proceeded and double checked these by comparing their names with those on earlier maps. For the City of London the Court of Aldermen ordered the ward beadles to assist with this aspect and so the map includes ward boundaries whereas in other areas only parish boundaries are shown.
Engraving
The map shows internal details for some buildings, such as St Paul's Cathedral, and in less densely populated areas gardens are shown. However, the detail on the map is variable over the various parts of London – in the inner city there was not room for minor roadways to be included. Churches, grand buildings and streets receive close attention but industrial buildings are neglected.
Hatching and broken lines are used to distinguish buildings, gardens, fields and woods. Apart from the cartouches, pictorial detail is limited to trees, boats on the River Thames and the gallows at Tyburn.
The map was engraved on copper plates by John Pine. Each sheet is 27 × 19 inches (77 × 57 cm) and the scale is 1 inch to 200 feet (1:2400), about 26 inches to the mile. Although the survey covered the whole area as a unity, the sheets of the map were produced individually and were not separated from a master drawing.
After being drawn, each paper sheet was placed over a waxed copper plate and the lines were traced manually to produce the engraving. The plate was inked and damp paper pressed on to it to pick up the ink. As they dried the sheets distorted to some extent so they did not line up perfectly with each other.
Publication, sale and reception
The map was published in October 1746 by John Pine and John Tinney and advertised for sale on 27 June 1747 as a set of twenty-four sheets covering adjacent areas of London – three rows of eight sheets each. It was titled A Plan of the Cities of London and Westminster and Borough of Southwark; with the Contiguous Buildings; From an actual Survey taken by John Rocque Land-Surveyor, and Engraved by John Pine, Bluemantle Pursuivant at Arms and Chief Engraver of Seals, &c. to His Majesty. An alphabetical list of over 5,500 locations was published in 1748. Rocque had a shop in "Hide Park Road" (a section of Piccadilly), and the public had been able to see the drafts and suggest corrections prior to publication. In his catalogues the map was generally described as "His large Survey of London in 24 Sheets".
In the Annals of London (2000) the map is described as a "massive achievement"; and according to Chetham's Library it is "a magnificent example of cartography and an indispensable reference tool for historians: one of the greatest and most handsome plans of any city". The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states it was "the outstanding plan of the capital in the eighteenth century".
The twenty-four sheets of the map
Alphabetical index to the map
Roque and Pine's index consisted of a series of sections such as Alleys or Ditches or Churches – nineteen in all – each section containing locations listed alphabetically. For each location the index specified the sheet as the numeric row followed by the alphabetic column. Each sheet was notionally divided into nine rectangles as illustrated in their diagram. This number came last. So, the bottom right of the whole map was 3 H 9.
Legacy
The map has been described as the most detailed and accurate map of 18th-century London ever produced.
In 1981 a reduced facsimile edition of the map was published in volume format by Harry Margary in association with the Guildhall Library, with a superimposed grid, full place-name index, and introductory notes by Ralph Hyde, under the title The A to Z of Georgian London.
Rocque's map forms the basis of a 21st-century project, Locating London's Past, to provide a GIS interface for researchers to map and visualise data concerning texts and artefacts that relate to the 17th and 18th centuries. To correct for distortions in the surveying and in the original paper sheets, a transformation of the map was required to rectify the images for georeferencing – Rauxloh provides an illustration of the requirement. The high resolution digital images of the 1746 map were supplied from the Motco image database which can also be accessed for personal use.
In 2013 one of the originals of the map was offered for sale in "very good" condition at £30,000 although typically prices are less than £10,000.
A 2008 historical crime drama, City of Vice, is a British television series set in Georgian London. To link between the various narrative scenes, Rocque's map is shown from above, then becomes three dimensional, and finally merges into the next film sequence.
The Country Near Ten Miles Round
In addition to the map of central London, a separate map of the "Country Near Ten Miles Round" was also published by Rocque in 1746. The map was originally printed in 16 sheets. The map is dedicated to Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington at the bottom centre. A key to symbols distinguishing orchards, arable land, formal parkland and gardens, pasture, and woodland is included at bottom right.
Notes
References
External links
Locating London's Past -- Rocque map laid over modern Google map (and 1870s Ordnance Survey maps)
Category:Maps of London
Category:History of the built environment of London
Category:History of the City of London
Category:History of the City of Westminster
Category:History of the London Borough of Southwark
Category:1746 works
Category:1740s in London
Category:18th-century maps and globes | {
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Gelanthi
Gelanthi () is a village in the municipality of Mouzaki, in the Karditsa regional unit, Greece. It is situated on the right bank of the river Pamisos, 3 km south of Gomfoi, 4 km east of Mouzaki and 20 km northwest of Karditsa. Gelanthi had a population of 435 in 2011.
Population
History
The village Gelanthi was first mentioned in 1810, when the English traveller William Martin Leake passed through it on his way from Fanari to Mouzaki. He found the village had thirty houses.
References
External links
Official Website of Gelanthi
Gelanthi on GTP Travel Pages
See also
List of settlements in the Karditsa regional unit
Category:Populated places in Karditsa (regional unit) | {
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Taum Sauk Creek
Taum Sauk Creek is a stream in Iron and Reynolds Counties in the U.S. state of Missouri.
The headwaters arise in Iron County on the west side of Taum Sauk Mountain within Taum Sauk Mountain State Park (at ) at an elevation of 1680 feet. The stream flows southwest into Reynolds County to enter the Lower Reservoir on the East Fork Black River (at ).
A variant name was "Tom Sauk Creek". The creek takes its name from Taum Sauk Mountain.
See also
List of rivers of Missouri
References
Category:Rivers of Iron County, Missouri
Category:Rivers of Reynolds County, Missouri
Category:Rivers of Missouri | {
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Amirabad-e Nazarian
Amirabad-e Nazarian (, also Romanized as Amīrābād-e Naz̧arīān; also known as Amīrābād, and Mīrābād) is a village in Jahadabad Rural District, in the Central District of Anbarabad County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 1,571, in 364 families.
References
Category:Populated places in Anbarabad County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Zehinli Nesil
Zehinli Nesil okuw merkezi is a privately owned education institution that provides short courses on languages, computer skills and mathematics. Based in the Dashoguz province of Turkmenistan, it has branches in Dashoguz city and Köneürgenç city.
Category:Schools in Turkmenistan | {
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Michael Liedtke
Michael Liedtke (born January 15, 1992) is an American football offensive guard for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Illinois State.
Professional career
Miami Dolphins
Liedtke signed with the Miami Dolphins as an undrafted free agent on May 8, 2015. He was waived on September 5, 2015 and was later signed to the practice squad on September 28, 2015. He was released on October 6, 2015.
Kansas City Chiefs
On October 13, 2015, Liedtke was signed to the Kansas City Chiefs' practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Chiefs on January 18, 2016. He was waived on May 9, 2016.
New York Jets
On June 3, 2016, Liedtke was signed by the New York Jets. He was waived on September 3, 2016.
Cleveland Browns
On October 5, 2016, Liedtke was signed to the Cleveland Browns' practice squad. He was released on October 26, 2016.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
On November 22, 2016, Liedtke was signed to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Buccaneers on January 2, 2017.
On September 2, 2017, Liedtke was waived by the Buccaneers and was signed to the practice squad the next day. He was promoted to the active roster on December 2, 2017. He was waived/injured on August 7, and was placed on injured reserve after clearing waivers on August 8.
References
External links
Illinois State Redbirds bio
Tampa Bay Buccaneers bio
Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:American football offensive linemen
Category:Cleveland Browns players
Category:Illinois State Redbirds football players
Category:Kansas City Chiefs players
Category:Miami Dolphins players
Category:New York Jets players
Category:People from Woodstock, Illinois
Category:Players of American football from Illinois
Category:Sportspeople from the Chicago metropolitan area
Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players | {
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Herodotos Giorgallas
Herodotos Giorgallas (born 14 December 1977) is a gymnast from Cyprus who took gold at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester. Herodotos shared the gold with Steve Frew of Scotland. He won the bronze medal in the Gymnastics for Men's Rings at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.
External links
giorgallas.com
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cypriot male artistic gymnasts
Category:Greek Cypriot people
Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Cyprus
Category:Commonwealth Games bronze medallists for Cyprus
Category:Gymnasts at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Category:Gymnasts at the 2006 Commonwealth Games
Category:Gymnasts at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Category:Gymnasts at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in gymnastics
Category:Mediterranean Games silver medalists for Cyprus
Category:Competitors at the 2005 Mediterranean Games
Category:Mediterranean Games medalists in gymnastics
Category:Universiade medalists in gymnastics
Category:Universiade medalists for Cyprus | {
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Aashiq Banaya Aapne
Aashiq Banaya Aapne () is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language romantic thriller film starring Emraan Hashmi, Sonu Sood, Tanushree Dutta and Navin Nischol. It was released on 2 September 2005. The film marked the debut of actress Tanushree Dutta and was shot under the banner Shagun Film Creations. It's a remake of 2001 Hollywood movie, Tangled.
Plot
Karan (Sonu Sood) loves Sneha (Tanushree Dutta) but is too introverted to ever express his feelings to her. Although Karan's feelings are evident to many, he is content in just seeing Sneha smile and never gathers the courage to tell her how he feels. On an occasion Karan invites Sneha to a party where she meets the charming and mischievous Vicky.
Vicky (Emraan Hashmi) is Karan's childhood friend. The exact opposite of Karan, Vicky is an extrovert and a notorious flirt. All three lives change when Vicky joins Karan and Sneha in college, and Sneha begins feeling drawn towards Vicky. However Vicky is not convinced of Sneha's feelings. To prove her love towards Vicky, Sneha decides to seduce Vicky and smooches him passionately. Vicky realizes that Sneha is ready to give herself and nibbles at her neck. He then proceeds to open her top and runs his lips across her bare back. Vicky then plants a couple of kisses on Sneha's bare torso and proceeds to unhook her bra. Sneha takes him to the bedroom where Vicky opens his shirt and holds Sneha in a topless embrace. Both of them engage in another round of kissing. Sneha then moves to the bed hiding her boobs under the covers.Vicky then proceeds to kiss her neck with intense hunger whereas Sneha holds onto his bare back while Vicky is thrusting onto her (implies sex).The scene ends with Sneha lying on top of a dozed off Vicky( after they have made love and it is implied that they both are completely naked under the covers). In the morning , Sneha confesses to Vicky that she loves him truly and giving her body to his pleasures should end any of Vicky's doubts once and for all.
Fearing Vicky's intentions, Karan tries to talk him out of his relationship with Sneha, but Vicky assures him that this time he really is in love with Sneha and not flirting. Karan feels he has lost the only woman he has ever loved but knows he cannot do anything about it. However, life goes on and the three of them share a special bond of friendship. Vicky also tries to help Karan with his love life by setting him up with another college friend, Chandni.
Everything seems to be going well between the two, an incident one night shatters them, where Vicky is caught cheating with Chandni. Things change, trust is broken, obsession and confusion ensue and Sneha is heartbroken and taken aback. Vicky tries to talk to Sneha but Karan intervenes and fights with him. Sneha breaks them apart but takes Karan's side. Vicky parts from them but claims Sneha will always be his. One night, Sneha is left in a paranoid state after Vicky appears to call and maliciously text her followed by pounding at her door and throwing a rock through her window, with a message claiming Sneha as his own. Sneha then turns towards Karan for support. Vicky is later shown getting thrown in jail for handling drugs. Over time, Karan finally musters the courage to propose to Sneha with the willingness of her father.
The night Sneha and Karan gets engaged, Vicky is bailed out of jail and re-enters their lives, bringing Chandni along with him. Vicky gets Karan to confess the truth to Sneha of what really happened. It turns out that Karan could never get over liking Sneha nor his jealousy towards Vicky. After walking in on them, Karan decides to have Vicky entirely removed from both their lives and begins to frame him in order to win Sneha's trust. It is revealed that Karan set Chandni up to drug and seduce Vicky at a time Sneha would catch them together. Karan later steals Vicky's phone and harasses Sneha with it, followed by himself pounding on her door and throwing the rock through her window. Knowing that Vicky kept drugs for a friend, Karan tips the police to have him arrested.
Sneha is shocked and horrified at Karan's misdeeds, saying that she now hates him. Karan then attempts suicide by pointing a gun to his head. As Vicky and Sneha try to stop him, Karan fires a shot in Vicky's direction but instead kills Chandni. Vicky and Karan engage in a bloody fight which ends with themselves and Sneha severely wounded and unconscious. All three are hospitalized as authorities investigate all those incidents. In the end, Karan is arrested for Chandni's murder but apologizes to Sneha and wishes her all the best on his way out. Sneha later reconciles with Vicky and they both profess their love for each other.
Cast
Emraan Hashmi as Vikram "Vicky" Mathur
Sonu Sood as Karan Oberoi
Tanushree Dutta as Sneha
Naveen Nischol as Sneha's dad
Vivek Vaswani as Karan's uncle
Naresh Suri as Principal
Zabyn Khan as Chandni
Himesh Reshammiya as special appearance for the song, "Aashiq Banaya Aapne" (Remix) in end credits.
Music
The soundtrack album marked debut of Himesh Reshammiya as a singer in Bollywood. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, the album had around 20,00,000 units sold. The song "Aashiq Banaya Aapne" had been re-composed for the film Hate Story 4, sung by Reshammiya and Neha Kakkar.
Reception
Ziya Us Salam, reviewing for The Hindu wrote that Emraan Hashmi performs "with such mechanical ease that one would be forgiven for believing that a robot was at work". Rediff.com termed the story as being 'as old as the hills'. Taran Adarsh for Bollywood Hungama, wrote that the film "looks like a collage of scenes, assembled in a film that abounds in mediocrity".
References
External links
Category:Indian films
Category:2005 films
Category:2000s Hindi-language films
Category:Films scored by Himesh Reshammiya
Category:Films shot in London
Category:Indian erotic thriller films
Category:Indian romantic thriller films
Category:Indian remakes of American films | {
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James Thoms
James Cockburn Thoms (1869-date of death unknown), was a Scottish born, South African international lawn bowls player who competed in the 1930 British Empire Games and 1934 British Empire Games.
Bowls career
At the 1930 British Empire Games he won the silver medal in the singles.
Personal life
While in Scotland he resided at Edgemont Gardens, Langside, Glasgow.
References
Category:South African male bowls players
Category:Bowls players at the 1930 British Empire Games
Category:Bowls players at the 1934 British Empire Games
Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for South Africa
Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in lawn bowls
Category:1869 births
Category:Year of death missing | {
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Solaris Urbino 15 LE
Solaris Urbino 15 LE is a series of low-entry buses from the Solaris Urbino series, designed for transport, produced since 2008 by the Polish company Solaris Bus & Coach in Bolechowo near Poznań. In 2010 the company began manufacturing the bus with the engine powered by CNG.
History
Solaris Urbino 15 LE was put into production since the spring of 2008. It was based on a model of the Solaris Urbino 15 which was built to be used primarily for Alpine and Scandinavian countries. The bus is also popular in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The first customer, who contributed to production of the model by placing an order for three types of low-entry buses, is a Ledermair company in the city Schwaz, Austria. The first official information about the bus, including photographs, appeared in June 2008 during the AUTOTEC Trade Fair in Brno, that is, after the delivery to Austria. The official debut took place at IAA Nutzfahrzeuge Trade Fair in Hannover and the Transexpo Trade Fair in Kielce in autumn in 2008. It is one of the few buses with a length of 15 metres produced in Europe and the world.
Thanks to the high floor in the rear of the vehicle, the engine and gearbox are placed in the centre for the third axle. It works with the SCR technology using AdBlue. All axles are from ZF. Due to the use of larger wheel size 295/70 tires the bus has an extended wheel arch. Behind the front axle there is a storage possibly for snow chains. Two illuminated steps provide access to the higher floor level at the rear. All seats are located on the raised floor and are equipped with safety belts, while those located on the side of the stairs have additional armrests and handles. Above the seats in the low floor part of the bus there are shelves for luggage on the ceiling. The higher door has wheelchair access. Optionally, in place of the wheelchair bay the space can be transformed for four additional passenger seats. The ventilation of the interior of the bus has side windows and two electric sunroofs. Instead of tilting windows there can be installed an air conditioning system. There are several versions of the cab: open (open door), semi-closed (with glass door) and closed (fully built cabin). Doors used in Solaris Urbino 15 LE all open to the outside.
References
Category:Solaris Bus & Coach
Category:Low-entry buses
Category:Hybrid electric buses | {
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Gabriel Filippelli
Gabriel Filippelli is an American biogeochemist and professor of Earth sciences at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI). His research interests include biogeochemical cycling in the environment.
Early life and education
Filippelli was awarded a BS in Geology from the University of California, Davis in 1986. He was a U.S. Peace Corps volunteer in Kiribati from 1987–1989. Filippelli was awarded a PhD in Earth Sciences in 1994 from the University of California, Santa Cruz, and then began working as an assistant professor of geology. At UCSC, Filippelli performed his thesis research under the supervision of oceanographer Margaret (Peggy) Delany.
Career
Filippelli is a professor of Earth sciences and Director of the Center for Urban Health at IUPUI.
Filippelli has been a member and Chair of the United States Advisory Committee for Scientific Ocean Drilling and of the Science Panning Committee for the International Ocean Discovery Program. He has also written for a variety of journals.
Policy
Filippelli was senior science advisor for the United States State Department from 2013–2014, working in the area of ocean and polar science policy. In this capacity, he wrote policy related to climate change in the Antarctic, and was involved in the international effort to improve scientific cooperation through the Arctic nations, eventually leading to an international agreement on this issue
Filippelli is an Air Quality Fellow for the United States State Department and consults with embassies and universities in Pakistan on air quality science.
Research
He is known for his work on various aspects of global nutrient cycling, including ocean response to nutrient inputs, terrestrial signals of nutrient and landscape development, and future projections of nutrient resources to feed humanity. His recent work has focused on environmental health, marked by contributions in multiple journals on environmental exposures to contaminants and climate change. Some controversy arose when then-Governor Mike Pence was selected as President Trump's running mate, as Pence has voiced doubts about the science of climate change and Filippelli led a group of Indiana scientists who publicly offered their assistance in developing climate change adaptation plans for Indiana but received no response from the Governor.
Academic roles
Filippelli is a Fellow of the International Association of GeoChemistry, the winner of the Charles Bantz Fellowship for Community Engagement, the author of about 100 peer-reviewed publications, and a blogger and community activist in the areas of community-engaged research and environmental justice. In August 2017, Filippelli became the Editor in Chief of GeoHealth,, an American Geophysical Union journal. The journal's founding editor was Rita R. Colwell.
References
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:American geochemists
Category:University of California, Davis alumni
Category:University of California, Santa Cruz alumni
Category:Indiana University faculty | {
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Quantock Savings Bank
The reformer Thomas Poole founded the Quantock Savings Bank in Nether Stowey, in the Sedgemoor district of Somerset, South West England. The bank commenced operations on 29 October 1817.
On 20 November 1844 it held £34,953 in deposits and 817 open accounts. It opened once per week, from 12 to 2pm on Mondays. The bank moved to 12 Lime Street in 1848. It maintained agencies in other parishes.
The bank ceased operation in 1884.
Citations and references
Citations
References
Pratt, John Tidd (1846), A Summary of the Savings Banks in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, etc.
Category:Defunct banks of the United Kingdom
Category:Banks established in 1817
Category:1817 establishments in the United Kingdom | {
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King Midas (Army of Lovers song)
"King Midas" is a 1996 song recorded by Swedish band Army of Lovers. The single was included on the groups greatest hits album, Les Greatest Hits. It was written by Jonas Berggren from Ace of Base, and produced by Amadin. "King Midas" charted for 6 weeks on the singles chart in Sweden and peaked at number 31. The single was also a Top-20 sales hit in Hungary, peaking at number 19 in June 1996.
Music video
The music video of "King Midas" was directed by Swedish director Fredrik Boklund. It was shot in black-and-white and features Army of Lovers performing the song in a night club. Boklund also directed the other music videos for Army of Lovers.
Track listings
Chart performance
References
Category:1996 songs
Category:1996 singles
Category:Army of Lovers songs
Category:Songs written by Jonas Berggren
Category:Stockholm Records singles
Category:English-language Swedish songs
Category:Black-and-white music videos
Category:Music videos directed by Fredrik Boklund | {
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Marine snow
In the deep ocean, marine snow is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus falling from the upper layers of the water column. It is a significant means of exporting energy from the light-rich photic zone to the aphotic zone below which is referred to as the biological pump. Export production is the amount of organic matter produced in the ocean by primary production that is not recycled (remineralised) before it sinks into the aphotic zone. Because of the role of export production in the ocean's biological pump, it is typically measured in units of carbon (e.g. mg C m−2 d−1).The term was first coined by the explorer William Beebe as he observed it from his bathysphere. As the origin of marine snow lies in activities within the productive photic zone, the prevalence of marine snow changes with seasonal fluctuations in photosynthetic activity and ocean currents. Marine snow can be an important food source for organisms living in the aphotic zone, particularly for organisms which live very deep in the water column.
Composition
Marine snow is made up of a variety of mostly organic matter, including dead or dying animals and phytoplankton, protists, fecal matter, sand, and other inorganic dust. Most trapped particles are more vulnerable to grazers than they would be as free floating individuals. Aggregates can form through abiotic processes i.e. ballasting and biotic processes i.e. extrapolymeric substances(EPS). These are natural polymers exuded as waste products mostly by phytoplankton and bacteria. Mucus secreted by zooplankton (mostly salps, appendicularians, and pteropods) also contribute to the constituents of marine snow aggregates. These aggregates grow over time and may reach several centimeters in diameter, traveling for weeks before reaching the ocean floor.
Marine snow often forms during algal blooms. As phytoplankton accumulate, they aggregate or get captured in other aggregates, both of which accelerate the sinking rate. Aggregation and sinking is actually thought to be a large component of sources for algae loss from surface water. Most organic components of marine snow are consumed by microbes, zooplankton and other filter-feeding animals within the first 1,000 metres of their journey. In this way marine snow may be considered the foundation of deep-sea mesopelagic and benthic ecosystems: As sunlight cannot reach them, deep-sea organisms rely heavily on marine snow as an energy source. The small percentage of material not consumed in shallower waters becomes incorporated into the muddy "ooze" blanketing the ocean floor, where it is further decomposed through biological activity.
Marine snow aggregates exhibit characteristics that fit Goldman's "aggregate spinning wheel hypothesis". This hypothesis states that phytoplankton, microorganisms and bacteria live attached to aggregate surfaces and are involved in rapid nutrient recycling. Phytoplankton have been shown to be able to take up nutrients from small local concentrations of organic material (e.g. fecal matter from an individual zooplankton cell, regenerated nutrients from organic decomposition by bacteria). As the aggregates slowly sink to the bottom of the ocean, the many microorganisms residing on them are constantly respiring and contribute greatly to the microbial loop.
Aggregate dynamics
Aggregates begin as the colloidal fraction, which typically contains particles sized between 1 nm and several micrometers. The colloidal fraction of the ocean contains a large amount of organic matter unavailable to grazers. This fraction has a much higher total mass than either phytoplankton or bacteria but is not readily available due to size characteristics of the particles in relation to potential consumers. The colloidal fraction must aggregate in order to be more bioavailable.
Ballasting effect
Aggregates that sink more quickly to the bottom of the ocean have a greater chance of exporting carbon to the deep sea floor. The longer the residence time in the water column the greater the chance of being grazed upon. Aggregates formed in high dust areas are able to increase their densities compared to aggregates formed without dust present and these aggregates with increased lithogenic material have also been correlated with POC fluxes. Aggregates that are able to increase their ballast effect can only do so in the surface ocean as minerals have not been observed to accumulate as they move down the water column.
Fragmentation
Once particles have aggregated to several micrometers in diameter, they begin to accumulate bacteria, since there is sufficient site space for feeding and reproduction. At this size it is large enough to undergo sinking. It also has the components necessary to fit the "aggregate spinning wheel hypothesis". Evidence for this has been found by Alldredge and Cohen (1987) who found evidence of both respiration and photosynthesis within aggregates, suggesting the presence of both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms. During zooplankton's vertical migration the abundances of aggregates increased while size distributions decreased. Aggregates were found in the abdomen in zooplankton indicating their grazing will fragment larger aggregates.
Surface coagulation
Aggregates may also form from colloids trapped on the surface of rising bubbles. For example, Kepkay et al. found that bubble coagulation leads to an increase in bacterial respiration since more food is available to them.
Filtration
Particles and small organisms floating through the water column can become trapped within aggregates. Marine snow aggregates are porous, however, and some particles are able to pass through them.
Particle associated microorganisms
Planktonic prokaryotes are further defined into two categories, free-living or particle associated. The two are separated by filtration. Particle-associated bacteria are often difficult to study, because marine snow aggregates are often ranging in sizes from 0.2 to 200 μm, sampling efforts are often difficult. These aggregates are hotspots for microbial activity. Bacteria are the most abundant organisms in aggregates followed by cyanobacteria and then nanoflagellates. Aggregates were enriched about 103 more than seawater. Seasonal variability can also have an effect on microbial communities of marine snow aggregates with concentrations being the highest during the summer.
The largest component of biomass are eukaryotic microoorganisms. Marine snow aggregates collected from the bathypelagic zone were found to consist largely of fungi and labyrinthulomycetes. Smaller aggregates do not harbor as many eukaryotic organisms which is similar to what is found in the deep ocean. The bathypelagic aggregates mostly resembled those found in the surface ocean. It implies higher rates of reminerlization in the bathypelagic zone.
Numerically, the largest component of marine snow are the prokaryotes that colonize the aggregates. Bacteria are largely responsible for the remineralisation and fragmentation of aggregates. Remineralization occurs typically below 200 m depth.
Microbial communities that form on the aggregates vary from the communities in the water column. The concentration of attached microbes are typically orders of magnitude larger than free-living microbes. Isolated bacterial cultures have up to 20-times more enzymatic activity within 2 hours of aggregate attachment. The dark ocean harbors around 65% of all pelagic Bacteria and Archaea.(Whitman et al., 1998)
It was previously thought that due to fragmentation, bacterial communities would shift as they travel down the water column. As seen in experiments, it now appears that the communities that form during aggregation remain associated with the aggregate and any community changes are due to grazing or fragmentation rather than new bacterial colony formation.
Carbon cycling
The deep ocean harbors more than 98% of the dissolved inorganic carbon(DIC) pool. Along with a rapid sedimentation rate that results in low particulate organic carbon(POC) inputs It is yet to be resolved what effect microbes have on the global carbon cycle. Studies show that microbes in the deep ocean are not dormant, but are metabolically active and must be participating in nutrient cycling by not only heterotrophs but by autotrophs as well. There is a mismatch from the microbial carbon demand in the deep ocean and the carbon export from the surface ocean. DIC fixation is on similar orders of magnitude as heterotrophic microbes in the surface ocean. Model based data reveal DIC fixation ranges from 1 mmol C m−2 d−1 to 2.5 mmol C m−2 d−2.
Microenvironments
Large aggregates can become anoxic which give rise to anaerobic metabolisms. Typically anaerobic metabolisms are confined to areas where it is more energetically favorable. Give the abundance of denitrifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria it is thought that these metabolisms are able to thrive within marine snow aggregates. In a model developed by Bianchi et al., it shows the various redox potentials within an aggregate.
Implications
Because of the relatively long residence time of the ocean's thermohaline circulation, carbon transported as marine snow into the deep ocean by the biological pump can remain out of contact with the atmosphere for more than 1000 years. That is, when the marine snow is finally decomposed to inorganic nutrients and dissolved carbon dioxide, these are effectively isolated from the surface ocean for relatively long time-scales related to ocean circulation. Consequently, enhancing the quantity of marine snow that reaches the deep ocean is the basis of several geoengineering schemes to enhance carbon sequestration by the ocean. Ocean nourishment and iron fertilisation seek to boost the production of organic material in the surface ocean, with a concomitant rise in marine snow reaching the deep ocean. These efforts have not yet produced a sustainable fertilization that effectively transports carbon out of the system.
Increases in ocean temperatures, a projected indicator of climate change, may result in a decrease in the production of marine snow due to the enhanced stratification of the water column. Increasing stratification decreases the availability of phytoplankton nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and silicic acid, and could lead to a decrease in primary production and, thus, marine snow.
Marine snow has also begun to garner interest from microbiologists, owing to the microbial communities associated with it. Recent research indicates transported bacteria may exchange genes with previously thought to be isolated populations of bacteria inhabiting the breadth of the ocean floor. In such an immense area there may be as yet undiscovered species tolerant of high pressures and extreme cold, perhaps finding use in bioengineering and pharmacy.
See also
Biological pump
Detritivore
Diffusion-limited aggregation
f-ratio
Sea snot
Sediment trap
Whale fall
Vampire squid
References
Further reading
Silver, M. (2015). "Marine Snow: A Brief Historical Sketch". Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin, 24:5-10. https://doi.org/10.1002/lob.10005
External links
SpaceRef.com, Deep sea bacteria get new genes from marine snow
U. Georgia, Marine Snow and Particles
U. Bangor, Marine Snow: Formation and composition
NIWA, What grows up must fall down: the potential impact of climate change on plankton and carbon export
Primary production and vertical export
Category:Aquatic ecology
Category:Bioindicators
Category:Biological oceanography
Category:Chemical oceanography
Category:Ecological processes
Category:Fisheries science
Category:Geochemistry
Category:Oceanographical terminology | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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1982 Wailea Pro Tennis Classic
The 1982 Wailea Pro Tennis Classic, also known as the Hawaii Open, was a men's tennis tournament played an outdoor hard courts in Maui, Hawaii, in the United States that was part of the 1982 Volvo Grand Prix circuit. It was the ninth edition of the tournament and was held from September 27 through October 3, 1982. Unseeded John Fitzgerald won the singles title.
Finals
Singles
John Fitzgerald defeated Brian Teacher 6–2, 6–3
It was Fitzgerald's 1st singles title of the year and the 2nd of his career.
Doubles
Eliot Teltscher / Mike Cahill defeated Francisco González / Bernard Mitton 6–4, 6–4
References
Hawaii Open
Category:1982 in Hawaii
Category:1982 in American tennis | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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The Mouse and the Mask
The Mouse and the Mask is a collaboration album by Danger Mouse and MF Doom under the name Danger Doom, released on October 11, 2005 by punk label Epitaph Records in the United States, marking it the third hip hop release for the label. It was also released by Lex Records in the UK on October 17, 2005, with different cover art.
Concept and History
The album is composed almost entirely of raps by MF DOOM, performed over beats created by Danger Mouse sampling music from various television shows airing on Cartoon Network's programming block Adult Swim. The album was heavily promoted by the network prior to its release.
"Sofa King" was released as a 12-inch single on November 4, 2005 and was followed by "Old School" on July 10, 2006. A video for "A.T.H.F." has also been made.
Comedian Dave Chappelle created an iTunes Celebrity Playlist and selected the Danger Doom track "Mince Meat" for his Block Party Picks. He stated, "Two very consistently good artists collaborate to make my head nod. DOOM, Mouse - Thank You. Wherever you are, nice album." MF DOOM mentions Chappelle in the song "Peoples, Places, and Things" (called "Name Dropping" on his CD "Live from Planet X"). DOOM says "Rap cats at brave as hell/Get on the mic and turn 'Gangsta!' on some 'yeah, see' like Dave Chappelle." in reference to a bit Chappelle performed in his stand up "Killin' Them Softly".
MF DOOM disses MF Grimm in this album by referring to the Monsta Island Czars (aka M.I.C.) as 'Midgets Into Crunk' in the song "El Chupa Nibre" (on the paraphrased remix version the line is changed to 'Monkeys Into Crime'). Grimm responded by releasing an entire DOOM diss track, entitled "Book of Daniel" (which concludes his 2006 triple album American Hunger), in which he mainly accuses Doom of having sold out.
"Old School" features a mix of Keith Mansfield's song "Funky Fanfare," and "Space Ho's" sample Mansfield's "Morning Broadway."
The rap that Meatwad performs at the end of "Bada Bing" is a verse from "Beef Rapp", the first song on MF DOOM's album MM..Food.
As of November 6, 2008 the album has sold 170,081 copies.
Reception
The Mouse and the Mask was well received by critics, scoring 81 out of 100 on the review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "universal acclaim". Spin ranked it 25 on their "40 Best Albums Of 2005", and said that "together, these two dudes are more animated than the cartoon characters who pop up on this disc.". Entertainment Weekly gave it an A-, calling it a "hip-hop tour-de-farce". Magnet said "wading deep into hip hop's rich history, they deliver a record that conjures the classics without sounding willfully retro". The Wire called it "[a] frenetic comedy both above and of a kind with its fratboy origins, admirably absurdist in some respects and coolly demented in others" and Vibe similarly said "[a] headphone-friendly soundtrack...[of] deliciously demented narratives." Mojo gave it 3 out of 5 stars, noting "the stoned, late-night hilarity is grounded by some deft soundtrack-funk production from Dangermouse..."
Track listing
Notes:
All songs produced by Danger Mouse
All songs written by Daniel Dumile and Brian Burton except:
"The Mask" by Daniel Dumile, Dennis Coles and Brian Burton
"Benzie Box" by Daniel Dumile, Brian Burton and Thomas DeCarlo Callaway
"Old School" by Daniel Dumile, Brian Burton and Talib Kweli Greene
Release Details
Chart Positions
Personnel
Mark Linkous – bass guitar (track 3)
Money Mark – keyboards (track 9)
Jason DeMarco – executive producer
Michael Schmelling – photography
Virginia Consea – photography
George Ella Rose – artwork
Jacob Escobedo – artwork
Gene Grimaldi – mastering
References
Category:2005 albums
Category:Adult Swim albums
Category:Albums produced by Danger Mouse (musician)
Category:Danger Mouse (musician) albums
Category:Epitaph Records albums
Category:Lex Records albums
Category:MF Doom albums
Category:Concept albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Holes (novel)
Holes is a 1998 young adult novel written by Louis Sachar and first published by Farrar, Straus and Giroux. The book centers on an unlucky teenage boy named Stanley Yelnats, who is sent to Camp Green Lake, a juvenile corrections facility in a desert in Texas, after being falsely accused of theft. The plot explores the history of the area and how the actions of several characters in the past have affected Stanley's life in the present. These interconnecting stories touch on themes such as racism, homelessness, illiteracy, and arranged marriage.
The book was both a critical and commercial success. Much of the praise for the book has centered around its complex plot, interesting characters, and representation of people of color and incarcerated youth. It won the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". In 2012 it was ranked number six among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal.
Holes was adapted by Walt Disney Pictures as a feature film of the same name released in 2003. The film received generally positive reviews from critics, grossing $71 million, and was released in conjunction with the book companion Stanley Yelnats's Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake. A sequel to Holes entitled Small Steps was published in 2006 and centers on one of the secondary characters in the novel, Armpit.
Plot
Stanley Yelnats IV is a 14-year-old boy from a hard-working but poor family that is allegedly cursed, for which they blame Stanley's "no-good-dirty-rotten-pig-stealing great-great-grandfather". Stanley's latest stroke of misfortune occurs when he is wrongfully convicted of stealing a pair of athletic shoes that belonged to a famous baseball player. He is sent to Camp Green Lake, a juvenile corrections facility which is ironically located in the middle of a desert; the lake dried up decades ago. The inmates are assigned to dig one hole each day, five feet wide and five feet deep, which the Warden claims "builds their character". The novel alternates this story with two set in the past, with interrelated but distinct plot lines.
Elya Yelnats
Stanley's Latvian great-great-grandfather, Elya Yelnats, falls in love with a fifteen-year-old girl named Myra. However, her father would rather she married the much older pig farmer Igor, who can offer him his fattest pig. Elya goes to his friend Madame Zeroni for help. Despite not approving of Myra as a partner, she gives him a tiny piglet, telling him to carry it up a mountain every day, and let it drink from a stream while singing to it. Each time, the pig will grow bigger. Zeroni says that in return, Elya must then carry her up the mountain. She warns him that if he does not do this, his family will be cursed.
Elya follows her directions—-except the direction to do the routine for a final time on Myra’s birthday—-and the pig grows to be just as large as Igor’s. After realizing Myra does not care whether she marries him or Igor, Elya leaves in disgust and instead moves to America. He forgets his promise to Zeroni. Though he falls in love and marries, he becomes beset by bad luck. The song that he sang to the pig becomes a lullaby that is passed down among his descendants.
Kissin' Kate
In the year 1888, the town of Green Lake is a flourishing lakeside community. Katherine Barlow, the white local schoolteacher, falls in love with Sam, an African-American onion seller, while rejecting advances from wealthy resident Charles Walker. There is an uproar in the town after Katherine and Sam are seen kissing. Seeing a dangerous mob gather, Katherine finds Sam and they attempt an escape across the lake in Sam's rowboat, but Walker and the mob intercept them with Walker's motorboat. Sam is shot dead, while Katherine is "rescued" against her wishes. From then on, no rain falls upon Green Lake again.
Three days later, Katherine kills the sheriff, in revenge for his refusal to help. She then becomes a prominent outlaw called "Kissin' Kate Barlow". Among her victims are Stanley's great-grandfather. He was left abandoned in the desert, but survived. Later on, she is tracked down by a now-destitute Charles Walker and his wife. They try to force her to reveal where she buried her loot, but she is bitten by a venomous lizard and dies. She taunts them with her last words: "Start digging!"
Camp Green Lake
The Warden allows the inmates the rest of their day off if they find anything "interesting". Stanley begins to suspect the Warden is looking for something. During one dig, he finds one of Barlow's lipstick tubes. He gives it to X-Ray, the ringleader of his group, who pretends to find it the next day. The Warden is excited by the discovery and orders them to enlarge X-Ray's hole. Stanley befriends Zero, a street child and a descendant of Madame Zeroni. Stanley teaches Zero to read in return for Zero digging part of Stanley's holes. This leads to an argument with the other inmates, and then the staff. Zero then flees. The camp staff decide to erase their record of him and let him die in the desert.
A few days later, Stanley follows Zero and finds him living under the remains of Sam's boat, eating very old jars of Barlow's spiced peaches, which he calls "Sploosh". Stanley notices a mountain resembling a thumbs up sign, and recalls his grandfather claimed to find "refuge on God’s thumb". They journey across the desert and up the mountain, where they discover a field of onions that was once Sam's. The boys eat the onions and find water by digging in the ground, and Stanley sings Madame Zeroni's song to Zero.
They return to camp and dig in the hole Stanley found the lipstick tube, unearthing a suitcase and venomous lizards. The Warden and staff appear and demand they hand it over, but retreat because of the lizards, which are passive to Stanley and Zero (it is implied onions deter them). The Warden is revealed to be Walker's granddaughter. Stanley's attorney appears at the camp, explaining that Stanley has been exonerated. Zero reveals the suitcase belongs to the Yelnats family, stopping the Warden from taking it. Fearing that the Warden will kill Zero if they leave him behind, Stanley refuses to leave unless Zero can come along. The attorney asks for Zero's file, but the camp staff are naturally unable to find it, so Zero is also released.
The suitcase contains financial documents that are worth a small fortune. Stanley's family buy a new house and Zero hires a team of investigators to find his missing mother. Stanley's father makes further money by inventing an antidote to foot odor, made from peaches and onions and named "Sploosh" by Zero. Meanwhile, the drought at Green Lake is brought to an end by rainfall. Camp Green Lake is closed and sold to become a Girl Scouts' camp.
Characters
Camp Green Lake
Stanley Yelnats IV (also known as "Caveman" by the rest of the campers, but referred to in the book by his proper name): Stanley is a 14-year-old boy who does not have any friends from school and is often picked on by his classmates and the school bully. Stanley's family is cursed with bad luck, and although they do not have much money, they always try to remain hopeful and look on the bright side of things. Stanley shares these traits with his family and, although he does not have a lot of self-confidence, he is not easily depressed, a characteristic that helps him adjust to the horrendous conditions of Camp Green Lake. However, he has a bad habit of blaming his great great grandfather when he gets in trouble. This habit made him impudent. As the book progresses, Stanley slowly gains strength. He identifies the people who threaten him, like the Warden, and while he tries not to get in trouble he also stands up for himself and his friends and family. Stanley rebels for the rights of his friends when he steals Mr. Sir's truck to look for his friend Zero in the dry lake bed.
Zero (Hector Zeroni): Zero is known to be the best digger at Camp Green Lake. So often, he is considered to be "stupid" or a mere nothing by the other boys and the counselors at the lake. He lacks an education, meaning he cannot really read or write. However, he is smart and manages to stand for himself in the face of adversity, breaking Mr. Pendanski's nose with a shovel after one too many snide remarks. Typically he is noted as the character that hardly speaks due to the fact that he is wary of those who mock him. He is said to always have a scowl on his face and does not like to answer questions. Zero is shown to be an honest character after becoming close friends with Stanley. Zero is the one who stole the shoes that Stanley was arrested for and accused of stealing. He is the great-great-great-grandson of Madame Zeroni, the woman who put a curse on Stanley's family. He has been homeless for most of his life, as well as being abandoned by his mother at a very young age. Although he suffers quite a bit, he always seems to persevere and come out on top.
X-Ray (Rex Washburn): X-Ray is the unofficial head of the boys in Group D. X-Ray decides that Stanley will be called Caveman and fixes the order of the line for water. X-Ray maintains his position as the leader of the boys even though he is one of the smallest and can barely see without his glasses. He convinces Stanley to give him the lipstick tube that Stanley finds in his hole so that he can have the day off instead of Stanley. X-Ray is able to maintain his position at the head of the group through a system of rewards and allies. Every time that Stanley does something nice for X-Ray, X-Ray is nice to Stanley and stands up for him when the other boys pick on him. When Stanley becomes friends with Zero, however, X-Ray's system is threatened and he becomes hostile towards Stanley. His nickname X-ray comes from it being pig Latin of his actual name, Rex.
Squid (Alan): Squid is a member of Group D at Camp Green Lake. He is often the one for taunting Stanley for sending and receiving letters to his mother. Just like X-Ray, Squid is very tough but very subservient to X-Ray's rules and directions.
Magnet (José): Another member of Group D. Magnet earned his nickname because of his ability to steal, he got into Camp Green Lake for stealing animals from the zoo and refers to his fingers as "little magnets".
Armpit (Theodore Johnson): One of X-Ray's close friends at camp, he pushes Stanley when Stanley calls him Theodore. His nickname Armpit is due to him being bitten by a scorpion at camp and the venom travelling up into his armpit, causing him to complain about his armpit hurting.
ZigZag (Ricky): Zigzag is described as being the tallest kid of Group D, constantly looking like he has been electrocuted, with frizzy hair. Stanley often thinks he is the weirdest and craziest kid at Camp Green Lake. Zigzag is the one who hit Stanley on the head with a shovel and did not apologise for doing so. Zigzag suffers from paranoia, highlighting his displayed "craziness".
Twitch (Brian): A car thief who arrives at camp after Stanley.
The Warden (Ms. Walker): Running Camp Green Lake, she is known to be violent, abusive, and quite rude. She uses her power and privilege to get what she wants and make members of the camp do as she pleases. She has hidden cameras, using them to spy on the members of the camp. She is often thought to have hidden cameras in the showers, causing Stanley to be paranoid whenever he takes a shower, rushing out as fast as possible. She wears nail polish traced with rattlesnake venom, and scratches those who displease or go against what she says. She has the members of Camp Green Lake digging holes to look for Kate Barlow's hidden treasure. She is the granddaughter of Charles "Trout" Walker. Her family had been digging the treasure out since her birth, but to no success.
Mr. Sir (Marion Sevillo): One of the counselors at Camp Green Lake, he is constantly eating sunflower seeds. He took up this habit after deciding to quit smoking. He is known to be rude and tough.
Mr. Pendanski: In Group D at Camp Green Lake Mr. Pendanski is in charge. Mr. Pendanski may seem friendly, but he is just as mean as the Warden and Mr. Sir. He never stops making fun of Zero ever since he has been at the camp, which comes back to bite him when the boy cracks him in the face with a shovel.
Town of Green Lake
Katherine Barlow (Kissin' Kate Barlow): Katherine Barlow is a sweet and intelligent woman who teaches in a one-room school house on Green Lake one hundred and ten years before Stanley arrives at Camp Green Lake. She falls in love with Sam, a man who sells onions in the town. Although the rest of the white people in the town are racist and enforce rules that prohibit black people from going to school, Kate, who is white, does not care about the color of a person's skin and she loves Sam for the person that he is. When Kate and Sam kiss, the angry townsfolk kill Sam and destroy her beloved schoolhouse. Kate is devastated by Sam's death and becomes Kissin' Kate Barlow, one of the most feared outlaws in the West. She always leaves her mark by kissing someone when she finishes killing them; if she had only robbed them, she would leave them in the hot desert. She is the outlaw responsible for robbing Stanley Yelnats I (Stanley's ancestor). Kate dies when a yellow spotted lizard bites her foot, but dies laughing because the Walker family will never find her treasure. The lipstick tube that Stanley finds during his second week at Camp Green Lake was owned by Kate Barlow.
Sam: Sam is an African-American farmer in the town Green Lake, Texas who grows onions. He believes onions are the cure to everything and makes many remedies from onions. He also has an immense love for his donkey, Mary Lou. His relationship with Kate begins when he exchanges his onions for some jars of peaches. He is murdered in cold blood by Charles "Trout" Walker.
Charles "Trout" Walker: Charles "Trout" Walker is an extremely spoiled son of a rich family in Green Lake. He gets upset when Kate denies his request to date her. This adds on to the reason of causing him to lead the townspeople to burn down the schoolhouse and kill Sam. His nickname Trout comes from his foot fungus that causes his feet to smell like dead fish. After Kate leaves to become an outlaw, he marries Linda Miller but his family loses everything after the lake dries up. He is The Warden's grandfather, who upon his death, opens up the juvenile detention camp to increase the efficiency of finding Kate Barlow's hidden treasure.
Stanley Yelnats I: Stanley Yelnats I is the son of Elya Yelnats as well as the great-grandfather of Stanley Yelnats IV. He was the one whose treasure was stolen by Kate Barlow while he was moving from New York to California. He is known to have survived by climbing to the top of a thumb-shaped mountain (God's Thumb) which happens to be Sam's old onion field.
Mid-1800s Latvia
Elya Yelnats: Elya is the great-great-grandfather of Stanley. He is often referred to as his "no-good-dirty-rotten-pig-stealing-great-great-grandfather", constantly being blamed for everything that goes wrong in Stanley's life. He is considered to be the reason why the Yelnats family has such bad luck. After he fell in love with the woman in Latvia, he travels to America, forgetting to go through with the promise he made to an old woman named Madame Zeroni. This causes generations of bad luck to trickle down the Yelnats family tree. However, he does pass down an important song that Madame Zeroni taught him in Latvia.
Madame Zeroni: Madame Zeroni is the great-great-great-grandmother of Hector Zeroni (Zero). She is great friends with Elya Yelnats, and she gives him a pig. Because Elya breaks his promise of carrying her to the top of the mountain, she is considered to be the one who put a "curse" on the Yelnats family.
Myra Menke: Myra is the most beautiful girl in the Latvian village of Elya and Madame Zeroni. Madame Zeroni compares her to a flowerpot. Myra's father promised to award her hand in marriage to whichever suitor can raise the fattest pig. When the pigs were the same size, Myra asked Elya and Igor Barkov to guess a number between 1 and 10, showing her inability to make her own decisions.
Igor Barkov: Igor was Elya's competitor for the hand of Myra Menke. He was already old and fat, but was a successful pig farmer.
Minor characters
Mr. Yelnats (Stanley Yelnats III): Mr. Yelnats is Stanley's father. He is an inventor and quite smart, but extremely unlucky. He attempts to discover a way to recycle old sneakers and because of this, the Yelnats' apartment smells bad. However, he eventually discovers a cure to ridding foot odor and is able to hire a lawyer, Ms. Morengo, to get Stanley out of Camp Green Lake.
Mrs. Yelnats: Mrs. Yelnats is Stanley's mother. She does not believe in curses but always points out the terrible luck that the Yelnats have.
Barf Bag (Louis): An inmate who left Camp Green Lake before Stanley arrived. He deliberately got a rattlesnake to bite him in order to be hospitalized.
Setting
Camp Green Lake is located on a dried-up lake in the U.S. state of Texas. The name is a false description, as the area is a parched, barren desert. The only weather is scorching sun. No rain has fallen since the day Sam was murdered. The only plants mentioned are two oak trees in front of the Warden's cabin; the book notes that "the Warden owns the shade." The abandoned town of Green Lake is located by the side of the lakebed. Camp Green Lake is a juvenile detention center, where inmates spend most of their time digging holes. The majority of the book alternates between the present day story of Stanley Yelnats, the story of Elya Yelnats in Latvia (mid-1800s) and the story of Katherine Barlow in the town of Green Lake (about a generation later). Later chapters focus less on the past stories.
Literary elements
Fairy tales
The themes typical of a folk or fairy tale are present throughout the novel, notable in both Stanley and Elya's narratives. Elya must go on an adventure to win his love's approval and prove his own worth and he is eventually placed under a witch's curse. Stanley's bad luck is blamed on the curse left on his great-great-grandfather and the Yelnats family easily believes in the power of this curse. Both Stanley and Elya are similar to fairy tale characters and are morally good, heroic protagonists who must overcome the challenges predestined for them. Both story lines are accompanied by a magic that is seen in the mountain stream, Madame Zeroni's song, and the healing power of the onions. Each of these elements in Holes mirror elements frequently found in fairy tales.
Names
Throughout the novel, names act as a theme that allows the characters to disassociate their lives at Camp Green Lake from their lives back in the real world. Names also demonstrate irony—Camp Green Lake is not actually a camp, it's located in a desert, and there is no lake. The "campers" all label themselves differently and identify with names such as Armpit and X-Ray and the guards are referred to as counselors. One of the counselors is referred to by the boys as "Mom", representing the absent parents at Camp Green Lake. Only the woman in charge is referred to in a prison-like way and is called "Warden". The different names allow the boys to bond and form a team based in their hatred for their work and the counselors. Many of the characters also have names that connect them to their family history, like the passing down of "Stanley Yelnats" and Zero's last name of Zeroni, and remind them how the actions of their ancestors affect their modern-day lives. Stanley is the fourth "Stanley Yelnats" in his family, a name that is passed down due to its palindromic nature and adds to the connection to family history.
Themes
Labor
Labor is seen throughout the novel as the children are forced to dig holes while at Camp Green Lake. This theme is unusual in children's literature as many authors portray children as carefree and without responsibility. If they do engage in work, it is synonymous with play. Critic Maria Nikolajeva contends that Holes is set apart through the not just manual, but forced labor Stanley and the other campers do daily. This is first referenced at the beginning of the book when the purpose of the camp is stated: "If you take a bad boy and make him dig a hole every day in the hot sun, it will turn him into a good boy".
Public reception
Holes has won numerous awards, most notably the 1998 U.S. National Book Award for Young People's Literature and the 1999 Newbery Medal for the year's "most distinguished contribution to American literature for children". It also won the William Allen White Children's Book Award in 2001. It continues to be well received by critics and was ranked number 6 among all-time children's novels by School Library Journal in 2012.
Betsy Hearne of The New York Times applauded the novel's integration of mystery and humor that manages to keep Holes light and fresh, and she characterizes it as a "family read-aloud." Roger Sutton of The Horn Book Magazine called Sachar's declarative style effective, and argues that it helped make the novel more poignant. Sutton appreciated the positive ending and the suspense that leads the reader to it.
Film adaptation
In 2003, Walt Disney Pictures released a film version of Holes, which was directed by Andrew Davis and written by Louis Sachar.
Sequels
Two companion novels have followed Holes: Stanley Yelnats' Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake (2003) and Small Steps (2006).
Stanley Yelnats's Survival Guide to Camp Green Lake
As Louis Sachar states: "Should you ever find yourself at Camp Green Lake—or somewhere similar—this is the guide for you." Written from Stanley's point of view, the book offers advice on everything from scorpions, rattlesnakes, yellow-spotted lizards, etc.
Small Steps
In this sequel to Holes, former inmate Armpit is now 17 and struggling with the challenges facing an African American teenager with a criminal history. A new friendship with Ginny, who has cerebral palsy, a reunion with former friend X-Ray, a ticket-scalping scheme, a beautiful pop singer, and a frame-up all test Armpit’s resolve to "Just take small steps and keep moving forward".
References
External links
Holes at publisher Scholastic Corporation
Category:1998 American novels
Category:Novels by Louis Sachar
Category:American young adult novels
Category:Newbery Medal-winning works
Category:Family saga novels
Category:National Book Award for Young People's Literature winning works
Category:Novels set in Texas
Category:Novels set in Latvia
Category:Satirical novels
Category:Farrar, Straus and Giroux books
Category:American novels adapted into films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
ROCK.IT (yacht)
The superyacht ROCK.IT was launched at the Feadship yard in Aalsmeer. The Dutch design company, Sinot Exclusive Yacht Design (who also worked with Feadship on the twins Musashi and Fountainhead), designed both the interior and exterior of ROCK.IT. Owner Jimmy John Liautaud was involved in almost every aspect of the yacht's creation.
Design
Her length is , beam is and she has a draught of . The hull is built out of steel while the material of the superstructure is made out of aluminium with teak laid decks. The yacht is Lloyd's registered, issued by Cayman Islands.
ROCK.IT accommodates ten guests with four guest staterooms, as well as the generous owner’s stateroom. Her crew of 13 is accommodated by six crew cabins. Storage rooms, laundry, the galley and the crew mess are all located on the lower deck.
The yacht has three bars, as well as deck spaces with a variety of alfresco dining options. ROCK.IT also has multiple outdoor lounges, including a sun deck with seating and a Jacuzzi flanked by sun pads.
Engines
ROCK.IT is powered by twin MTU 12V 4000 M53R diesel engines, giving her a combined power of . She has a fuel capacity of 120k litres, a water capacity of 24k litres, and a range of 5300 miles at 12 kts. She also features at-anchor stabilizers.
Usage
The yacht is viewed as extremely active, having logged over 17,000 nautical miles in the first nine months after delivery, and almost 40,000 miles as of September 2017. It has traveled around the world to destinations including Bermuda, the Keys, Panama, Costa Rica, Mexico and the Galápagos, among others.
ROCK.IT has hosted a number of famous guests, including Kid Rock.
Awards and recognition
ROCK.IT was a finalist in the World Superyacht Awards 2015, Displacement Motor Yachts of 500GT to 1,299GT category, as well as in the Showboat Design Awards 2016, Interior Design Award – Motor Yacht over 500GT and Naval Architecture Award – Displacement Motor Yacht categories.
She has been featured in a number of publications, including Boat International, Show Boats International, and The Superyacht Report.
See also
List of motor yachts by length
List of yachts built by Feadship
References
Category:2014 ships
Category:Motor yachts
Category:Ships built in the Netherlands | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Mosaic Select: Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band
Mosaic Select: Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band is a 3 CD compilation album released by Mosaic Records in October 2008 and is composed of the first five studio albums recorded by the LA-based Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band. It is volume 33 of the "Mosaic Select" series and includes the complete contents of the previously released RCA / Victor recordings, Kogun (1974), Long Yellow Road (1975), Tales of a Courtesan (Oirantan) (1976), Insights (1976), and March of the Tadpoles (1977).
Track listing
All songs orchestrated by Toshiko Akiyoshi. All songs composed by Akiyoshi except "Yet Another Tear" (Tabackin).
Disc One:
"Elegy" – 9:10
"Memory" – 10:23
"Kogun" – 6:06
"American Ballad" – 5:46
"Henpecked Old Man" – 9:11
"Long Yellow Road" – 6:23
"The First Night" – 4:50
"Opus No. Zero" – 10:04
"Quadrille, Anyone?" – 6:18
"Children in the Temple Ground" – 5:26
Disc Two
"Since Perry" / "Yet Another Tear" – 8:52
"Road Time Shuffle" – 6:25
"Tales of a Courtesan (Oirantan)" – 9:09
"Strive for Jive" – 7:46
"I Ain't Gonna Ask No More" – 6:06
"Interlude" – 4:13
"Village" – 11:04
"Studio J" – 6:00
"Transience" – 4:33
"Sumi-E" – 7:50
Disc Three:
"Minamata" (suite) – 21:37
"Peaceful Village"
"Prosperity & Consequence"
"Epilogue"
"March of the Tadpoles" – 6:54
"Mobile" – 5:20
"Deracinated Flower" – 8:14
"Yellow is Mellow" – 8:53
"Notorious Tourist from the East" – 7:35
Personnel
Toshiko Akiyoshi – piano
Lew Tabackin – tenor saxophone, flute, piccolo
Tom Peterson – tenor saxophone, alto flute, clarinet
Dick Spencer – alto saxophone, flute, clarinet
Gary Foster – alto saxophone, soprano saxophone, flute, clarinet (except "Opus No. Zero")
Bill Perkins – baritone saxophone, alto flute, bass clarinet
Joe Roccisano – alto saxophone ("Opus No. Zero")
Bobby Shew – trumpet
Mike Price – trumpet
Steven Huffsteter – trumpet ("Road Time Shuffle", "Tales of a Courtesan (Oirantan)", "Strive for Jive", "I Ain't Gonna Ask No More", "Interlude", "Village", "Studio J", "Transience", "Sumi-E", "Minamata", "March of the Tadpoles", "Mobile", "Deracinated Flower", "Yellow is Mellow" and "Notorious Tourist from the East")
Richard Cooper – trumpet ("Road Time Shuffle", "Tales of a Courtesan (Oirantan)", "Strive for Jive", "I Ain't Gonna Ask No More", "Interlude", "Village", "Studio J", "Transience", "Sumi-E", "March of the Tadpoles", "Mobile", "Deracinated Flower", "Yellow is Mellow" and "Notorious Tourist from the East")
Don Rader – trumpet ("Elegy", "Memory", "Kogun", "American Ballad", "Henpecked Old Man", "Long Yellow Road", "The First Night", "Opus Number Zero", "Quadrille Anyone?", "Children in the Temple Ground", "Since Perry" / "Yet Another Tear")
Stu Blumberg – trumpet ("The First Night", "Opus Number Zero", "Children in the Temple Ground")
John Madrid – trumpet ("Elegy", "Memory", "Kogun", "American Ballad", "Henpecked Old Man" and "Long Yellow Road")
Lynn Nicholson – trumpet ("Quadrille Anyone?", "Since Perry" / "Yet Another Tear")
Jerry Hey – trumpet ("Minamata")
Phil Teele – bass trombone
Charlie Loper – trombone
Britt Woodman – trombone (except "March of the Tadpoles", "Mobile", "Deracinated Flower", "Yellow is Mellow" and "Notorious Tourist from the East")
Bill Reichenbach Jr. – trombone ("Road Time Shuffle", "Tales of a Courtesan", "I Ain't Gonna Ask No More", "Interlude", "Studio J", "Transience", "Sumi-E", "Minamata", "March of the Tadpoles", "Mobile", "Deracinated Flower", "Yellow is Mellow" and "Notorious Tourist from the East")
Jim Sawyer – trombone ("Elegy", "Memory", "Kogun", "American Ballad", "Henpecked Old Man", "Long Yellow Road", "Strive for Jive" and "Village")
Bruce Paulson – trombone ("The First Night", "Opus Number Zero", "Quadrille Anyone?", "Children in the Temple Ground", "Since Perry" / "Yet Another Tear")
Rick Culver – trombone ("March of the Tadpoles", "Mobile", "Deracinated Flower", "Yellow is Mellow" and "Notorious Tourist from the East")
Peter Donald – drums (except "Opus Number Zero" and "Since Perry" / "Yet Another Tear")
Chuck Flores – drums ("Opus Number Zero" and "Since Perry" / "Yet Another Tear")
Don Baldwin – bass ("Road Time Shuffle", "Tales of a Courtesan", "Strive for Jive", "I Ain't Gonna Ask No More", "Interlude", "Village", "Studio J", "Transience", "Sumi-E", "Minamata", "March of the Tadpoles", "Mobile", "Deracinated Flower", "Yellow is Mellow" and "Notorious Tourist from the East")
Gene Cherico – bass ("Elegy", "Memory", "Kogun", "American Ballad", "Henpecked Old Man", "Long Yellow Road", "The First Night", "Opus Number Zero", "Quadrille Anyone?", "Children in the Temple Ground" and "Since Perry" / "Yet Another Tear")
Special guests:
Scott Elsworth – voice ("Memory")
Tokuko Kaga – vocal ("Children in the Temple Ground")
King Errisson – congas ("Village")
Hisao Kanze – utai / Nō chant ("Minamata")
Tadao Kamei – ōtsuzumi ("Minamata")
Hayao Uzawa – kotsuzumi ("Minamata")
(Monday) Michiru Mariano – voice ("Minamata")
Hiromitsu Katada – kakko ("Sumi-E")
Emil Richards – percussion ("Notorious Tourist from the East")
Sources / References
Mosaic Select MS-033, Mosaic Records
Mosaic Select 33, Toshiko Akiyoshi - Lew Tabackin Big Band at [ Allmusic.com]
Category:Toshiko Akiyoshi – Lew Tabackin Big Band albums
Category:2008 compilation albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Polynoidae
Polynoidae is a family of scaled Polychaete worms known as "scale worms". More than 900 species are currently recognised belonging to 18 subfamilies and 167 genera . They are active hunters, but generally dwell in protected environments such as under stones. The group is widely distributed from shallow intertidal waters to hadal trenches . They are the most diverse group of polychaetes in terms of genus number and second most diverse in terms of species number which is over 10% of all segmented worm species .
Description
Most species are short and flattened, but can reach as much as 20 cm in length and 10 cm width in Eulagisca gigantea.
Individuals are covered almost entirely by scales known as elytra, which can be shed and regenerated as a means of defence in many species. The scales of some species are faintly bioluminescent, and leave glowing traces around the mouthparts of their predators, making those predators more likely to be attacked in turn.
Deep sea
The first deep-sea species was collected at 1230m during the Challenger Expedition and at least 13 of the 18 known subfamilies appear to be fully restricted to the deep sea below 500m . Species have colonised submarine caves and hydrothermal vents. Deep sea species are characterised by a partial or complete loss of antennae, a reduction in jaws and delicate elytra .
Phylogenetic relationships
The phylogeny of the Polynoidea is still contentious and has been understudied, with most studies only considering the group as part of the larger phylogeny of the Annelida. One of the main deep sea subfamilies, the Marcellicephalinae has been consistently recovered as paraphyletic and Bonifácio & Menot found that ten Polynoid subfamilies could be synonymized with it to create a homogeneous clade characterised by a lack of lateral antennae .
Genera
Adyte
Acholoë
Alentia
Alentiana
Allmaniella
Andresia
Antinoana
Antinoe
Antinoella
Arcteobia
Articcolemcclearyiei
Arctonoe
Arctonoella
Asterophilia
Australaugeneria
Austrolaenilla
Barrukia
Bathyadmetella
Bathymoorea
Benhamipolynoe
Branchinotogluma
Branchiplicatus
Branchipolynoe
Bouchiria
Bylgides
Cervilia
Chaetacanthus
Dilepidonotus
Drieschella
Drieschia
Enipo
Eucranta
Eulagisca
Eunoe
Euphione
Eupnionella
Frennia
Gastrolepidia
Gattyana
Gorekia
Grubeopolynoe
Halosydna
Halosydnella
Halosydnopsis
Harmothoe
Hartmania
Hemilepidia
Herdmanella
Hermadion
Hermenia
Hesperonoe
Heteropolynoe
Hololepida
Hololepidella
Hyperhalosydna
Intoshella
Iphione
Iphionella
Kermadecella
Lagisca
Lepidasthenia
Lepidastheniella
Lepidofimbria
Lepidogyra
Lepidonotopodium
Lepidonotus
Leucia
Levensteiniella
Lucopia
Macellicephala
Macellicephaloides
Macelloides
Malmgrenia
Malmgreniella
Melaenis
Nemidia
Neohololepidella
Paradyte
Parahalosydna
Parahololepidella
Paralepidonotus
Perolepis
Phyllohartmania
Phyllosheila
Podarmus
Polyeunoa
Polynoe
Polynoella
Pottsiscalisetotus
Pseudohalosydna
Pseudopolynoe
Robertianella
Scalisetosus
Sheila
Subadyte
Telolepidasthena
Tenonia
Thermiphione
Thermopolynoe
Thormora
Uncopolynoe
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080605074349/http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/research/georges_bank/Species_List/Polynoidae.htm
http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/projects/taxinfo/browse/family/polynoidae.htm
Animal Diversity Web
Category:Phyllodocida
Category:Annelid families | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sarpsborg FK
Sarpsborg Fotballklubb is a Norwegian football club from Sarpsborg, Østfold. It was founded on 8 May 1903. Sarpsborg is one of the most successful teams in the Norwegian Football Cup, with six titles and twelve finals in total. In 2007, the club merged into the club that is now called Sarpsborg 08, and today Sarpsborg FK is an amateur club playing in the 4. divisjon, the fifth tier of Norwegian league system.
History
Sarpsborg played their first cup final as early as 1906, which they lost against Odd. In 1917, in Sarpsborg's third final, the club won its first title after Brann was beaten 4-1. Sarpsborg also won the cup in 1929, 1939, 1948, 1949 and 1951. Harry Yven participated in four of these six championships, the first time as a 17-year-old in 1929 and the last as a 37-year-old in 1949.
Sarpsborg's latest period of greatness was the years around 1970. That year, they participated in the European Cup. With the exception of 1957 to 1962 and 1973, Sarpsborg played at the top tier from the inaugural season in 1937–38 till the club was relegated in 1974. Former Scottish international forward Jim McCalliog played for Sarpsborg FK in 1979. Sarpsborg last played in the Norwegian First Division in 1997.
Other famous former players include Kristian Henriksen, Asbjørn Halvorsen, Asbjørn Hansen, Kolbjørn Nilsen, Harry Kure and Egil Olsen.
21st century
The club played in the 2. divisjon (third tier) as late as in 2007. After that season, the first team was merged with local rivals Sparta Sarpsborg to form a new team Sarpsborg Sparta FK. Sarpsborg Sparta FK took the place of Sparta Sarpsborg in the league system, namely in the 1. divisjon. Sarpsborg FK did not cease to exist, but fielded a new first team for the 2008 season, which took over the place of its own second team had occupied in the league system, in the Fourth Division. Because of the historic rivalry between SFK and Sparta, Sarpsborg Sparta changed its name to Sarpsborg 08 ahead of the 2009 season.
Achievements
Norwegian top flight:
Third place (1): 1964
Norwegian Cup:
Winners (6): 1917, 1929, 1939, 1948, 1949, 1951
Runners-up (6): 1906, 1907, 1925, 1934, 1935, 1964
European record
References
Category:Football clubs in Norway
Category:Eliteserien clubs
Category:Sport in Sarpsborg
Category:1903 establishments in Norway
Category:Association football clubs established in 1903 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1966 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final
The 1966 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final was the final of the eighth Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. It was played on 14 September and 21 September 1966 between Barcelona and Zaragoza of Spain. Barcelona won the tie 4–3 on aggregate.
Match details
First leg
Second leg
Barcelona win 4–3 on aggregate
See also
1965–66 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup
FC Barcelona in international football competitions
References
RSSSF
2
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final 1966
Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Final 1966
1966
Category:International club association football competitions hosted by Spain
Category:1965–66 in Spanish football
Category:September 1966 sports events
Category:Sports competitions in Barcelona
Category:1966 in Catalonia
Category:1960s in Barcelona | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Aquamavirus
Aquamavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Picornaviridae. Seals serve as natural hosts. Currently, only one species is placed in this genus, the type species Aquamavirus A.
Taxonomy
Group: ssRNA(+)
{{Collapsible list|title= <big>Order: Picornavirales</big>
|1=
}}
Structure
Viruses in Aquamavirus'' are nonenveloped, with icosahedral, spherical, and round geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and nonsegmented, around 6.7 kb in length.
Lifecycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Seals serve as the natural hosts.
References
External links
Viralzone: Aquamavirus
ICTV
Category:Picornaviridae | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dorothy Hood (illustrator)
Dorothy Hood (1902–1970) was an American fashion illustrator.
Early life and education
Hood was born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. She studied at New York School of Applied Design and Art Students League of New York.
Career
She began working for department stores, including Saks Fifth Avenue, and for art services. Hood designed a logo for Lord & Taylor of the American Beauty rose, to promote "The American Look", a marketing strategy developed by Dorothy Shaver who was the company's first vice president and became president in 1945. Hood and other illustrators—like Jean Karnoff, Helen Hall, and Carl Wilson—incorporated the logo in advertisements for the store. Paul Shaw from Bloomberg Business states that she was the first to incorporate the logo in ads and "As early as 1947, her logos—distinctive in their thin, scratchy line—emerge from swirling pen strokes unifying the various illustrations in an advertisement." Hood was the best known American fashion illustrator at that time and was Lord & Taylor's top illustrator.
Hood was inducted into the Society of Illustrators's Hall of Fame in 1992. Known for her ability to create a "powerful visual identity" for Lord & Taylor, her illustrations are among the 20th-century fashion illustrations in the Frances Neady collection at the Fashion Institute of Technology.
References
Category:1902 births
Category:1970 deaths
Category:American women illustrators
Category:American illustrators
Category:Art Students League of New York alumni
Category:Fashion illustrators
Category:20th-century American women artists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Budaiya
Al Budaiya () is a coastal town located in the northwestern region of Bahrain Island, in the Northern Governorate of the Kingdom of Bahrain. It neighbors the villages of Diraz and Bani Jamra.
History
The town was founded by the Dawasir tribe, but most of the tribe left en masse to mainland Saudi Arabia in 1923, after conflict emerged with the British colonial authorities. Many Dawasir tribe members later returned to Budaiya, with some still living in the village today. Prior to the discovery of oil in Bahrain, most Budaiya residents were involved in the pearl diving and fishing industry.
According to the Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia in 1917, Budaiya village was made up of three distinct quarters; Fariq-al Amarah, Fariq-al Dam (located on Ras-Budaiya) and Fariq-al Budaiya (the oldest quarter). The town had considerable numbers of stone houses and reed huts. The estimated population was 8,000 and were thought to be all adherents of Sunni Islam; 800 houses belonged to the Dawasir tribe, 100 to the Amarah tribe, 50 to the Huwala, 200 to "free negroes" and around 450 houses for black slaves. The port was home to more than 100 boats, over half of which were utilised for pearling. There were also 3 Qur'anic schools in the town. The internal affairs of the town was handled by the Shaikh of the Dawasir, without interference from the Shaikh of Bahrain.
Geography
Budaiya traditionally received its water supply from wells in the adjacent date plantations in the villages of Diraz and Bani Jamra respectively. It is now the location of most farms, stables, and traditional gulf family farms/retreats nakhal. The town serves as one end-point of the Budaiya Road, which runs to Manama. The regions on either side of road are colloquially referred to as Budaiya.
The biggest problem the Budaiya Road region is facing is deforestation due to a waves of construction, and the seeping of sea water into natural underground aquifers as a result of the pre-construction building process of the Mina Salman seaport in the 1950s. Budaiya Road is still remembered as one of the only "naturally shaded" parts of Bahrain where thousands of wild palm trees acted as filters from the hot, glaring desert sun. Most of the trees were cut down to expand the route and 'modernize' the area.
References
Further reading
Fuad Ishaq Khuri (1980). Tribe and state in Bahrain: The transformation of social and political authority in an Arab state.
External links
B
Category:Populated coastal places in Bahrain | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Senatus consultum ultimum
Senatus consultum ultimum ("final decree of the Senate" or Final Act, often abbreviated SCU), more properly senatus consultum de re publica defendenda ("decree of the Senate about defending the Republic") is the modern term (based on Caesar's wording at Bell. Civ. 1.5) given to a decree of the Roman Senate during the late Roman Republic passed in times of emergency. The form was usually consules darent operam ne quid detrimenti res publica caperet or videant consules ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat ("let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm"). It was first officially decreed prior to the fall of Gaius Gracchus in 121 BC, and subsequently at several other points, including during Lepidus' march on Rome in 77 BC, the Conspiracy of Catiline in 63 BC, and before Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC. The senatus consultum ultimum effectively replaced the disused dictatorship, by removing limitations on the magistrates' powers to preserve the state. After the rise of the Principate, there was little need for the Senate to issue the decree again.
Background and term
From around the year 500 BC, the dictatorship was the main measure of emergency power in the Roman Republic. In a senatus consultum, the Roman Senate would authorize the consuls to nominate a dictator who received imperium magnum, great power to act in a time of emergency (usually military) until the crisis was over (but no longer than half a year). The dictatorship marked the sole exception from the rules of collegiality and responsibility, meaning the dictator was not legally liable for official actions. This changed around the year 300 BC, when, against its very nature, the dictatorship was placed under the public provocatio, meaning that the Plebeian Council could be called to counter-act executive actions of the dictator. As a result, the practice was altered and later dropped altogether after 202 BC.
The senatus consultum ultimum, which replaced the dictatorship in the late 2nd century, does not have a specific name in the sources, where it is usually mentioned "by quoting what was obviously its opening advisory statements to the magistrate who had it passed". It is by that specific phrase the SCU can be traced through the years. Its short name in research literature derives from a section in Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Civili, where he writes:
Since this is the shortest mention of the decree available, "the label [...] seems to have stuck". The actual wording of the decree was however longer, Gerhard Plaumann gives it as "de ea re ita censuere: uti [...] rem publicam defendant operamque dent (or videant) ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat", having distilled this from a number of sources writing about the decree. He therefore argues that senatus consultum de re publica defendenda or "quasi-dictatorship" would be more fitting terms. It is the vague nature of the phrase that left the decree open for attacks over its legality. The word ultimum (final) does not indicate it to be the last decree passed by a senate or that it constituted an ultimatum, but rather that the decree was viewed (and for the most time used) only as a "last resort".
History
Creation of the decree
In reaction to the redundancy of the dictatorship, the senate party (or optimates) were in need of a new emergency power that would not fall under the public rights of provocatio and intercessio (or Veto). The populares under Tiberius Gracchus had challenged the power of the senate and began with a program of land reform. Because he was a Tribune of the Plebs, the senate needed extraordinary power to stop him, since Gracchus was able to appeal his demands directly to the people and bring them into law.
133 BC: First SCU against Tiberius Gracchus
After Tiberius Gracchus had won re-election as tribune, rumour spread he aimed at becoming king. Upon hearing this the senate was in uproar, with a majority favoring to intervene with violent measures, while one of the incumbent consuls, Publius Mucius Scaevola fought against it, doubting such a step would be constitutional. The senate nevertheless passed the final decree. Scaevola then refused to carry out any violent steps before Gracchus and his followers resorted to violence first. To this, Gracchus' cousin, Publius Cornelius Scipio Nasica, the Pontifex Maximus, reacted by shouting "qui rem publicam salvam esse vult, me sequatur" ("let every man who wishes the republic to be safe, follow me!") and led the senators against Tiberius, who was killed in the resulting confrontation.
Some researchers, such as Golden and Lintott/Momigliano, have doubted that the example of 133 BC constitutes a SCU, since the highest magistrate, the consul, who was addressed by the decree, did not act upon it. Plaumann has argued that this follows the false logic that the decree would only be valid once the magistrate carries it out, while in his opinion a reluctance to abide by it is possible. The killing of Tiberius Gracchus was in this case nevertheless not covered by the SCU since it was not the consul who carried it out. Chen Kefeng has pointed out that "in comparison with the later ones, [this SCU] was uncommon and in inconformity to the orthodox formula due to the un-cooperation of the highest magistrate".
Attempts to strengthen public rights against the senate
Following the precedent set in 133, several attempts were made by people generally associated with the populares party to protect the public rights of provocatio against executive power. Following the example of the leges Porciae from the beginning of the century, the lex Sempronia de capite civis, initiated by Tiberius' brother Gaius Gracchus following his election to the post of Tribune of the Plebs in 123 BC, made it impossible to carry out capital punishment only ratified by the senate. The lex Sempronia can be seen as a direct reaction to the fate of Tiberius Gracchus and his followers, who were tried and sentenced in a special tribunal with powers of capital punishment.
121 BC: SCU against Gaius Gracchus
Following Gaius Gracchus' second term in the office of Tribune of the Plebs, Lucius Opimius, a strict conservative, was elected consul, determined to oppose Gaius' proposals of land reform and the distribution of Roman citizenship to all Latin citizens. When, on the day that Opimius had planned to repeal the laws of Gaius Gracchus, one of his attendants was slain in a scuffle between the opposing camps, this gave the consul the pretext to act. The senate passed the senatus consultum ultimum and the next day, Opimius gathered the senators and their supporters to rid the city of Gaius Gracchus, who was killed in the subsequent battle.
As a consequence, Opimius was tried quod indemnatos cives in carcerem coniecisset ("for imprisoning a citizen without trial"), but was acquitted. With this legal precedent, the SCU as a measure standing above public provocatio entered the mos maiorum.
100 BC: Gaius Marius acts against Saturninus
In the year 100 BC, when Gaius Marius held his sixth consulship, his ally Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, tribune for the second time, pushed for reforms like those of the Gracchi. The senate opposed and violence broke out. The high chamber then passed the SCU and urged Marius to act, which he did to restore public order, even though he was generally allied with the populares. Unlike Opimius, Marius decided to detain the insurrectionists in the Curia Hostilia and leave their fate up to debate. However, Saturninus and his followers were lynched by the mob.
77 BC: SCU against Lepidus
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, once an ally of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, was elected to the consulship in 78 BC. He then placed himself firmly in the camp of the populares, clashing with his fellow consul Quintus Lutatius Catulus. The two camps came close to a civil war, so Lepidus was sent to administer the province of Transalpine Gaul. He returned however a year later with his army and a group of followers. The senate passed the SCU which was then acted out mainly by Catulus, now a proconsul, and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, not by the consuls themselves.
63 BC: Attacks on the SCU and Catilinarian conspiracy
Trial against Rabirius
In early 63 BC, shortly after Marcus Tullius Cicero took office as consul, Julius Caesar urged Titus Labienus, a tribune who had lost his uncle during the turmoils of 100 BC, to accuse Gaius Rabirius of participating in the murder of Saturninus and his followers. Caesar's true motive was to undermine the authority of the SCU, limiting its power and defending the sovereignty of the people against the senatorial interference made possible by the decree. The importance of the trial is illustrated by the fact that Cicero himself, even though he was incumbent consul, decided to lead the defense for Rabirius. The trial was carried out in the obsolete form of perduellio, with Caesar and his cousin Lucius Julius Caesar presiding. Cicero argued that even though Rabirius was a privatus (private man) and therefore not the addressee of the decree, he still had the duty as a Roman citizen to defend the state against its enemies, resorting to the ancient Roman principle of self-help. Labienus and Caesar argued the contrary: Even if the SCU gave the power to execute capital punishment, it should only be carried out by the highest magistrates. Rabirius was convicted but escaped punishment through a ruse during the appeal before the Concilium Plebis. The authority of the decree was nevertheless shaken and in no further cases did private persons act out a SCU.
Cicero exposes the Catilinarian conspiracy
During the year of his consulate, Cicero thwarted a conspiracy led by Lucius Sergius Catilina, aimed at overthrowing the Roman state. Equipped with the SCU that the senate had passed on October 21, Cicero held four speeches against Catiline (the Catiline Orations), driving the conspirator from the city. Catiline's supporters however started turmoil within the city while Catiline marched against it with an army. He had also tried to involve the Allobroges in his fight, but Cicero worked with the Gauls and presented Catiline's letters to them as evidence before the senate. While the conspirators were held prisoners, the senate went on to discuss their fate. Probably due to the experience of the trial against Rabirius, Cicero, who could have acted on his own under the authority given to him by the SCU, chose to seek broader support from his fellow senators just as Gaius Marius had done in 100 BC. After the majority of the house had spoken in favor of executing the culprits, Julius Caesar swayed many by suggesting that they should be exiled to various Italian cities until the revolt was over and they could be tried in court. He argued that executing the conspirators would break the lex Sempronia. Here again Caesar tried to further limit the power given by the decree by putting it under the control of provocatio laws. Cato the Younger subsequently convinced the house to impose the death penalty. The conspirators were then taken to the Tullianum prison and strangled. While Cicero received the honorary title "Pater Patriae" for his actions, which were highly popular with the public, he still feared retribution for executing Roman citizens without trial.
Cicero is exiled
After Caesar's consulate in 59 BC, he helped Publius Clodius Pulcher into the office of tribune of the plebs before setting off into his provinces. Clodius, who had a long-standing feud with Cicero, used his power to ban Cicero from the city, claiming he had broken the lex Sempronia by executing the conspirators without formal trial. Caesar's long set goal to bring the SCU back under the practice of provocatio seemed successful, until Cicero returned 15 months later, celebrated by the people.
52 BC: SCU after the murder of Clodius Pulcher
On 19 January 52 BC, a SCU was passed by the senate after public opinion had turned against the senators due to riots following the death of Publius Clodius Pulcher, who was murdered the day before by Titus Annius Milo when on his way back to Rome. The decree was aimed against the tribunes Q. Pompeius Rufus, T. Munatius Plancus and C. Sallustius Crispus, allies of Clodius', who had lit his corpse on fire inside the curia, burning it to the ground. When Pompey was declared consul sine collega two days later, the decree was obsolete, since the imminent emergency (the riots had made elections impossible) was over.
49 BC: SCU against Caesar
During his last years in Gaul, Caesar rightly feared the senate might put him to trial for his breaches of law while he was consul. He therefore aimed to run for consul once again without having to enter the city as a private man (privatus). To do this, the senate needed to allow him to run for the office in absence (in absentia), a matter promoted by his loyal tribune of the plebs, Gaius Scribonius Curio (the younger). Following fierce debates over the course of the year 50 BC, a minority of the senate party had symbolically handed Pompey a sword on 1 December 50, in a plea that he would raise an army to defend Rome against Caesar, should the latter attack the city when his demands were not met.
At the beginning of the new year, on 1 January 49, Curio returned to Rome from Caesar, bringing with him a letter, which Caesar's new tribunes Marcus Antonius and Lucius Cassius read aloud in the senate. Afterwards, the senate once again voted on a motion to strip Caesar of his army and have him returned to Rome, which carried. Negotiations between the two camps followed, led by Cicero, who was waiting outside the city limits for his triumph. After the negotiations had not brought a solution, the senate repeated its vote on 7 January, which was immediately met with a veto by the two tribunes. It was in this situation that the senate passed the senatus consultum ultimum to break the tribunes' resistance and act against Caesar, at the same time declaring him an enemy of the state (hostis). Being warned about the fate of their predecessors in office, the two tribunes of the plebs fled the city the same night. Caesar got word of the SCU on 10 January while in Ravenna, crossing the Rubicon and taking Ariminum the next day, where he met Antonius and Cassius. Here, he addressed his troops and used the tribunes as living proof to legitimise his actions, calling the SCU a "new example" (novum exemplum) not in accordance with Roman Law. He argued that not even Sulla had dared to touch the right of a tribune to cast his veto, as the senate had done now under the threat of armed violence (armis). With these events, the Great Roman Civil War had begun.
Additional examples in the Roman Republic and obsolescence in the Principate
There are several additional examples of the decree being issued during the later years of the Republic. The Oxford Classical Dictionary gives four more examples of the SCU: In 62 BC against Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos and Caesar, in 48 BC against Marcus Caelius Rufus, in 47 BC against Publius Cornelius Dolabella and in 40 BC against Quintus Salvidienus Rufus. Plaumann names the SCU of 47 BC as an exceptional case, since its addressee was Mark Antony, Caesar's magister equitum. Plaumann also writes about two SCUs in 88 BC, against public disturbances which were eventually resolved by Sulla. Another SCU could have been issued in 87 BC, when the consul Gnaeus Octavius acted against his colleague Lucius Cornelius Cinna. In 43 BC, after the assassination of Julius Caesar and the beginning of hostilities between Octavianus and Marcus Antonius, a total of four SCUs can be found in the sources, of which authors like Gerhard Plaumann, whose study on the subject is still considered canonical, can make little sense. The SCU against Salvidienus Rufus in 40 BC seems to have been a matter of pure obeisance towards the triumviri. It appears that the Principate with its higher political stability rendered the use of an emergency decree such as the senatus consultum ultimum obsolete.
Summary
As outlined above, representatives of the populares faction tried to question the validity of the decree over the entire course of its 90-year existence, without success. Among them, one of the strongest opponents was Julius Caesar, who did not put the decree into question altogether, but its ability to override the popular rights of intercessio and provocatio. He was later able to use this stance as an excuse to bring about the Civil War that would bring him the dictatorship, a reminiscence of the exact institution the SCU had once replaced. In summary, the SCU constituted an emergency decree with which the consuls, backed by the senate, were able to "claim dictatorial force". As with the dictatorship before, no positive action necessarily followed from the passing of the decree. The SCU could however be perceived as favourable to a dictator considering the Roman constitution, since it distributed power only to the highest elected officials and followed the principle of collegiality. Unlike the dictatorship, the SCU was used almost exclusively in domestic conflicts. The debate over its legality continues in the research literature. Some - like Theodor Mommsen and Andrew Lintott - follow Cicero in describing the decree as a consequence of the Roman principle of "self-help" and therefore trace its legality to the very core of the Roman constitution. Others, such as Kefeng have argued that it contradicts basic principles of the constitution, going so far as to say "that the emergence of the senatus consultum ultimum is a symbol of the decline of the traditional constitution."
See also
Roman law
List of Roman laws
State of emergency
References
Bibliography
Sources
Abbreviations for ancient sources follow the list given in Der Neue Pauly. Enzyklopädie der Antike (DNP). Edited by Hubert Cancik. Metzler: Stuttgart 1996–2003 (16 volumes in 19 sub-volumes plus 3 supplement volumes). .
App. civ. =
Caes. civ. =
Cass. Dio. =
Cic. Catil. =
Cic. fam. =
Cic. Mil. =
Cic. Phil. VIII =
Cic. Rab. perd. =
Liv. per. =
Plut. Ant. =
Plut. Caes. =
Plut. Cic. =
Plut. Pomp. =
Plut. Tib. Gracch. / C. Gracchus =
Sall. Catil. =
Sall. hist. =
Suet. Caes. =
Val. Max. =
Secondary literature
External links
The Roman Law Library, incl. Senatus consulta
Category:Roman law
Category:Roman Republic
Category:Emergency laws
Category:Roman Senate | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Teodor Corban
Teodor Corban (; born 28 April 1957 in Iași) is a Romanian actor.
Filmography
One Floor Below (2015) - Pătrașcu
Aferim! (2015) - Constantin
A Very Unsettled Summer (2013) - The Boss (as Teo Corban)
Child's Pose (film) (2013) - Mr. Şerban
Beyond the Hills (2012) - Police inspector
From Now On (Short) (2012) - Constantin
Bora Bora (Short) (2011) - Inspector
Francesca (2009) - Ion
Portrait of the Fighter as a Young Man (2010) - Teodor
Tales from the Golden Age (2009) - The Mayor (segment "The Legend of the Official Visit")
The Yellow Smiley Face (2008) - Florin Popescu
4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days (2007) - Unirea Hotel receptionist (as Teo Corban)
California Dreamin' (film) (2007) - Secretary of State
12:08 East of Bucharest (Romanian title:A fost sau n-a fost?) (2006) - Virgil Jderescu
Lombarzilor 8 (TV Series) (2006) - Vasile
A Trip to the City (Short) (2003) - The Mayor
Awards
Corban won a Gopo award for "Best actor in a leading role" in the 2016 film Bravo!.
References
External links
Category:1957 births
Category:Living people
Category:Romanian male film actors
Category:People from Iași
Category:21st-century Romanian male actors | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Racism in Portugal
An anti-discrimination law was published on 28 August 1999. It prohibits discriminatory practices based on race, skin colour, nationality and ethnic origin. According to the Portuguese Constitution, further discriminatory practices based on sex, race, language, origin territory, religion, political and ideological convictions, instruction level, economic situation, social condition or sexual orientation are also prohibited.
History
The Muslim Moors, mainly Arab and Berber people in origin, Jews and the Christian Mozarabs, were expelled out of the continent, during the Reconquista and the expansion of the newly founded Kingdom of Portugal in the 12th and 13th centuries, after the conquest of the southern lands, including Lisbon, the Alentejo, and the Algarve.
Like the other countries of the Mediterranean, Portugal has witnessed a new phenomenon since the 1974 Carnation Revolution and the end of the Portuguese overseas empire: beyond the condition of country of emigration, it became at the same time a country of immigration. There was a very large flow of African immigrants, particularly coming from the former Portuguese colonies in Africa (collectively known as PALOP countries).
Immigration to Portugal before 1980 involved different groups (mainly Europeans and South Americans, in particular Brazilian immigrants), and a different socio-economic integration, than the immigrants who came to Portugal after that date.
The 1980s also saw racist attacks against immigrants by skinheads and the far-right National Action Movement, a fringe movement.
Since the 1990s, along with a boom in construction, several new waves of Brazilians, Romanians, and Moldovans have immigrated to Portugal. A number of British and Spanish people have also immigrated to Portugal, with the British community being mostly composed of retired pensioners and the Spaniards composed of professionals (medical doctors, business managers, businesspersons, nurses, etc.). Racism is usually related with ethnicity rather than nationality, with black people being the most common target, after Ciganos. The Ciganos were the object of fierce discrimination and persecution. The number of Ciganos in Portugal is about 40,000 to 50,000 spread all over the country. The majority of the Ciganos concentrate themselves in urban centers, where from the late 1990s to the 2000s, major public housing (bairros sociais) policies were targeted at them in order to promote social integration. However, this population is still characterised by very low levels of educational qualification, high unemployment, and crime rates. The Ciganos are the ethnic group that the Portuguese most reject and discriminate against, and are also targets for discriminatory practices from the State administration, namely at a local level, finding persistent difficulties in the access to job placement, housing and social services, as well as in the relation to police forces. There are also reports on discrimination of Ciganos by owners of small shops in many parts of the country, including businesses run by other ethnic minorities, such as the Chinese. There has also been incidents of minor discrimination towards Arabs due to the history of the country.
Laws
Law number 115 of 3 August 1999 introduced the legal recognition of immigrant associations as well as the technical and financial State support for the development of their activities. The High Commissioner gives this recognition for Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities to those associations that wish to be recognised as such, as long as they fulfil the appropriate conditions foreseen in the Law. These recognised associations may have the following rights: to participate in the definition of the immigrants policies; to participate in the legislative processes concerning immigration; to participate in the consultative bodies, in the terms defined by the law; to benefit from the right to public speech on the radio and television. Since the introduction of the law, already 25 immigrant associations have been legally recognised. The associations can be of national, regional or local scope, according to the number of members each association claims to have: that is, the number of associated members will determine if an association can be considered as being of local, regional or national range. An anti-discrimination Law was published on 28 August 1999. It prohibits discriminatory practices based on 'race', colour, nationality and ethnic origin. Article I states that the objective of this law is to prevent and prohibit racial discrimination in all its forms and sanction all acts that violate a person's basic rights or impede the exercise of economic, social or cultural rights for reasons such as nationality, colour, 'race' or ethnic origin. This Law also provides for an Advisory Committee for Equality and Against Racial Discrimination. Presided by the High Commissioner for Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities, the Committee is responsible for promoting studies on equality and racial discrimination, supervising enforcement of the law, and making legislative proposals considered suitable for the prevention of all forms of discrimination. The law number 20, of 6 July 1996, introduced the possibility for immigrants, anti-racist and human rights associations to assist in a legal action against discrimination, together with the victim and the Prosecution, i.e. to formulate an accusation and to introduce evidence into the penal process
Racism and the media
Portugal, as a new country of immigration since after the Carnation Revolution of 1974, has been witnessing the growing importance of all the issues related to the phenomena of racism and xenophobia. A typical feature is the positive complicity expressed and the accepted similarities between Africans and Portuguese as well as the absence of assumed and declared racist attitudes. Existing research has also made visible the role played by the mass media in the reproduction of discourses of antiracism, particularly when the press is dominated by some specific thematization, such is the case regarding the European Year Against Racism. In this case, the issue of racism even deserved being commented by specialists in the different analysed newspapers.
A racist statement on one of most prominent news platforms in Portugal, Publico, by Maria de Fátima Bonifácio, a Portuguese historian:
"Welcome illiterates – Portuguese-African or Portuguese-Gypsy – to 'visibility' in the public space. In fact, the pilgrim idea of unrestricted and unconditional access to the university would only pass through a leftist head. And, as for improving parliamentary representativeness, the recruitment of half a dozen African or Gypsy individuals will never, ever, promote the integration of these 'invisible' communities, for the simple reason that their 'inclusion' would be nothing more than a egalitarian and multicultural farce. On one hand, those elected would soon be seen by their peers as a traitor, and on the other hand they would be looked at by their counterparts as colourful outsiders. It turns out that xenophobia and racism are a universal phenomenon, and not a specifically Portuguese problem. As much as the university doors are opened wide, no matter how many aviary doctors, the exotic minorities – in which savagery such as female genital mutilation is the currency – will never dissolve in the indigenous community (white-Portuguese society)."
Notable incidents of racism
In an incident on February 5, 2015, eighteen police officers (PSP) tortured and beat a group of youths of African descent. The police officers originally lied about what had occurred, but a two-year investigation by the National Counterterrorism Unit (UNCT) and Public Ministry (MP) uncovered what had occurred. The MP concluded that the incident began with an arbitrary and violent arrest of a young man Bruno Lopes in a suburb of Lisbon, Amadora. Despite not resisting arrest, he was subject to racial slurs, and was beaten violently. As a result, 6 individuals (including mediators of youth associations who act as informal liaisons between members of the community and police) went to inquire about the arrest status of Bruno Lopes. Unprovoked, the MP found that police brutally attacked the 6 individuals, and used a number of racial slurs. The attack included physical beatings as well as the individuals being shot with rubber bullets. One police officer was reported to have said, "They're all going to die, you f*cking blacks." The 6 individuals were then detained for two days, during which beatings and torture continued. Much of the torture was explicitly motivated by racial hatred. One officer was reported to have said "You do not know how I hate your race, I want to exterminate you all from this land, you have to deport yourself, and if I told you, you would all be sterilized." Another said, "You're going to disappear, you, your race and your shitty neighborhood!" The two days of beatings reportedly left blood all over the floor, which investigators reported observing as members of the police station attempted to clean up the floor "stained red". Originally the internal inspection authority of the police had found no evidence of mistreatment, but the investigation by UNCT and MP demonstrated that this was categorically untrue.
As of September 7, 2017, it does not appear that any of the 18 officers have faced criminal justice for their actions. 4 of the 18 officers continue to work in the same police station. Others have left the station but it does not appear to be as a result of any penalty for their actions.
Racism and violent crime rise
Crime was a major source of discontent, and sentiment that Portugal was becoming increasingly unsafe since the country turned a destination to several thousand emigrants after 1990, led to the dismissal of Internal Administration Minister Fernando Gomes in the early 2000s on the heels of gang violence that made headlines. Along with the gang crime wave, which involved large groups of youths, many of them descendants of immigrants from the former Portuguese colonies who live in several neighbourhoods around Lisbon, wreaking havoc on commuter train lines and robbing gasoline (petrol) stations, the country was also shocked by attacks on nightclubs, and a rise of violent crime related with local and international organized crime which includes a number of gangs particularly active in Greater Lisbon and Greater Porto areas. A large proportion of convicts by violent crime are foreigners and many people tend easily to blame immigrants or ethnic minorities for that type of crime.
References
See also
Environmental inequality in Europe
Lusotropicalism
Portuguese Inquisition
Category:Human rights in Portugal
Portugal
Portugal | {
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Spike (video game)
Spike is a 1983 platform game for the Vectrex video game system. The character of Spike is considered a mascot of the Vectrex, being among the first video game mascots, and Spike is one of the earliest examples of voice synthesis in video games. Spike was ported to iOS in 2013 as part of the Vectrex Regeneration app.
Gameplay
The player must navigate a tiny creature named Spike through chasms and ladders while avoiding enemies and endless pits. The player must collect Molly's bows to unlock doors and reach the final level to save Molly from the boss named Spud and bring her home.
References
Category:1983 video games
Category:Platform games
Category:Vectrex games
Category:Video games developed in the United States | {
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Westcote
Westcote is a historic house at 101 Mountain Laurel Drive in Cranston, Rhode Island. This 1-1/2 story Greek Revival cottage was built c. 1843, and was originally located on Oaklawn Avenue before being moved to its present location. It was built by a member of the locally prominent Westcott family as a farmhouse, and is a well-preserved and little-altered example of vernacular Greek Revival style.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Providence County, Rhode Island
References
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Rhode Island
Category:Houses in Cranston, Rhode Island
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Providence County, Rhode Island | {
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Association in Scotland to Research into Astronautics
The Association in Scotland To Research into Astronautics (ASTRA), is a membership-based society that concerns itself with all matters related to space research. Its current center of operations is in the Scottish city of Glasgow and it is affiliated to a number of other bodies, including the Federation of Astronomical Societies and the Glasgow Council for the Voluntary Sector.
Through a process that was undertaken in 1976, ASTRA is now registered as a charitable company, with limit by guarantee (registration number SC005527), and it was at that time that Companies House forced the society to change its name.
ASTRA holds meetings, events, and guest lectures at its Glasgow base at the Ogilvie Center, and also involves itself with events in other parts of the country. The society's members meet bi-monthly and meetings are held on the first and third Monday.
ASTRA's aim, as stated in Article 3, of their Memorandum of Association is "to promote the advancement of knowledge and the spread of education and particularly the dissemination of knowledge on space activities and all branches of science pertaining to such activities, and to stimulate public interest therein". This aim is distilled on the official ASTRA website, where the society states, on its "About ASTRA" page, that it has two objectives:
To further develop the public's interest in every aspect of space and space research.
To undertake research, provided that it is practical and possible.
In 2006 the UK National Lottery agreed to sponsor an ASTRA outreach project that sought to engage schools, or any public body, for 3 months on the subject of astronomy, at no cost to the recipient. ASTRA utilized the Scottish curriculum as a framework for the educational project and focused on the concept of "Earth & Space". The project was accessed by a large number of primary schools in North Lanarkshire and The National Lottery re-funded the initiative the following year in 2007.
Waverider
The Waverider re-entry vehicle, based on the Blue Streak missile, was devised by Professor Terence Nonweiler of Queen's University Belfast, and was intended to be the manned spacecraft in the British space programme. The programme was cancelled by the Macmillan government, but the work on Waverider continued at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough — mainly to establish Waverider's potential as a Mach 6 airliner. During this period (1960–1965) at least one Waverider was tested at the Woomera Test Range. There were rumours that free-flight tests were also conducted at this time. Tests of X and Y-winged projectiles (in effect, three or four Waveriders mounted back-to-back) related to the Waverider were performed at NASA's Ames Research Center.
Professor Nonweiler became a member of ASTRA just after he became Professor of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics at Glasgow University, and retained his membership after ASTRA's independence. He moved to New Zealand in July 1975 to become a professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Wellington. At the ASTRA AGM in 1974, Professor Nonweiler was nominated for Honorary Membership by Ian Downie, which he accepted from New Zealand.
When Duncan Lunan spoke about 'Man and the Planets' at the 'View from Earth' symposium in California in 1984, it attracted the attention of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, located in Pasadena, California. Dr. Jim Randolph attended the first ever rocket launch (to free flight) of a Waverider at Brisbane Glen outside Largs, in September 1985, shortly after ASTRA member Gordon Ross solved the problem of subsonic flight stability.
In May 1988, Professor Nonweiler came to Glasgow for a two-day conference with Jim Randolph. By that time Waverider was a serious contender to be the carrier vehicle for the NASA/JPL Parker Solar Probe mission to send an unmanned vehicle to within four solar radii (2.782 million kilometers) of the surface of the Sun. In theory, the mission could be accomplished by a Jupiter slingshot, but the radiation hazards and the very long flight time made such a method impractical. Aerogravity manoeuvres in the atmospheres of the inner planets could put the probe into a trajectory providing solar encounters every two to three months, but would require a carrier with a very high lift-to-drag ratio at high Mach numbers — for which Waverider seemed the best candidate, as Jim Randolph confirmed on his third visit to Scotland in April 1990.
In 1989, Gordon Ross completed a radio-controlled flying model (another first for ASTRA), test-flown by Richard Newlands until it was damaged in a hard landing. It was rebuilt as an exhibition model, and it and the other surviving models from the 1980s are now in the care of Glasgow's Museum of Transport.
History
ASTRA traces its roots back to 1953 when Oscar Schwiglhofer, a member of the British Interplanetary Society (BIS) (and a former student of Hermann Oberth, ASTRA's first honorary member), started a Scottish branch of the BIS with great success. This success was met with resistance from BIS London.
The society adopted its constitution on November 20, 1963, and was originally known as the Association in Scotland for Technology and Research in Astronautics. It was at this point in time that the society formally became ASTRA, due to continued differences between itself and the BIS in London, although there is currently little animosity.
In the 1970s, ASTRA held discussions concerning how best to use the resources within the Solar System, for example, by mining asteroids. From these discussions, three books were written by Duncan Lunan, part of their sales proceeds going to ASTRA. In order to receive the sales proceeds, ASTRA became a registered charity, which, in the past, required ASTRA to become a company. Although these books are now out of print, they were translated into many languages and sold many copies.
In 1976, ASTRA registered as a charitable company limited by guarantee.
In 1977, the Waverider shape was incorporated into a new ASTRA logo.
In 1978, ASTRA saved Airdrie Public Observatory, atop Airdrie Public Library, from being demolished – the previous curators had not taken great care of the observatory and it had suffered damage in a storm. ASTRA offered to repair the telescope and drive if the Monklands District Council would repair the dome. This was done and ASTRA continued to run the observatory, on behalf of North Lanarkshire Council, until 2008.
In 2003, the 25th anniversary of ASTRA managing Airdrie Public Observatory was celebrated, along with the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Society.
In 2008, ASTRA stopped managing Airdrie Public Observatory, after the ASTRA Airdrie branch agreed to dissolve its membership of ASTRA, upon which a new group, the Airdrie Astronomical Association began running the Observatory at the invitation of the North Lanarkshire council (now CultureNL).
In 2008/2009, the Airdrie Astronomical Association (AAA) was formed after the ASTRA Airdrie branch agreed to dissolve its membership of ASTRA and the new local group began running the Observatory at the invitation of the North Lanarkshire council.
References
External links
Airdrie Astronomical Association
North Lanarkshire Council
Airdrie Public Library
Category:Amateur astronomy organizations
Category:Astronomy in the United Kingdom
Category:Charities based in Scotland
Category:Science and technology in Scotland
Category:Organisations based in North Lanarkshire | {
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Viviparus viviparus
Viviparus viviparus is a species of large freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Viviparidae, the river snails.
Description
The height of the shell is 25–35 mm. The width of the shell is 20–26 mm. Males are 2 mm smaller than females of the same age. The shell colour is dark greenish brown or greyish yellow with three reddish brown spiral bands. It is striated but not with a hammer pattern. The shell apex is blunt (more pointed in other Viviparus species). The shell has 5.5-6 weakly convex whorls. The last whorl is relatively large compared to that of other Viviparus species. The umbilicus is narrow. The animal can lock itself behind a round lid adorned with concentric striations (the operculum) , allowing it to protect itself-for several months if necessary - from dehydration. Once closed the operculum is flush with the opening of the shell.The operculum is attached to the dorsum and to the rear foot of this mollusc, the body of which is wide and T shaped and whose colour varies from spotted grey to greenish to orange.His mouth has a radula and a respiratory siphon opens on the right side of the head, feeding gills located in front of the heart. This trap also allows the animal to filter the water.There are two short tentacles; the eyes are on the external side of each tentacle.
Distribution
This is a European species, which is found in Romania, Slovenia, Croatia, Czech Republic (in Bohemia only), Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Great Britain, Ireland and other countries.
Habitat
Viviparus viviparus is largely confined to major, slow-moving, lowland rivers and to lakes and prefers calcareous (base-rich) waters. They are often found in deep water.They are sometimes found in dense clusters (reaching thousands of individuals) on submerged branches and on various man-made objects present under water. More rarely, they are present more scattered in bottom mud, and then are much more discreet. They are also found in canals, artificial ponds, the water behind dams and in reservoirs but usually not in small isolated standing waters. They require high oxygen content.
Feeding
Viviparus viviparus species feeds on plankton and organic microdebris in suspension in the water and picked up through the siphon which allows the animal to breathe while filtering the water.This filter feeding habit makes it popular with owners of ponds or aquariums where they are known to consume filamentous algae, some microalgae, cyanophytes and waste solids and thus help to purify and clarify the water.They may however carry some parasites.
Reproduction
As its latin name suggests, it is a viviparous (oviviparous) snail, a rare phenomenon among snails. The female gives birth to live young, after producing eggs that hatch internally. The naturalist Jan Swammerdam, was the first to recognize the viviparous character of this species to which he gave the name of Cochlea mirabilis and Cochlea vivipara but he seems not even have understood that there were males and females in this species (most other snails are hermaphroditic).
Then in 1863 Émile Baudelot clearly states that among the paludines (river snails) there are two distinct sexes "The male system extends from the anterior end of the right tentacle to the top of the spire. We may consider it
four distinct portions, which are going from top to bottom, the testis, vas deferens, seminal reservoir and the penis..
The male is distinguished by a shorter and round tipped right tentacle, which also serves as a penis during fertilization:the female is usually slightly larger than the male at the same age, and it has two identical tentacles.
Sexual maturity is reached after two years, when the snail is about 2 cm long. Each female bears eggs (up to 30 and at all stages of development) with a size of 3 to 7 mm in diameter and up to the full development of the embryo. At the time of their expulsion, the young are about 7 mm and their shell is already marked with the characteristic stripes of the river snails. After producing all its young, the female dies.
In 1879 Mathias Duval made studies of spermatogenesis in Viviparus viviparus )
Other life
Principle predators are fish et certain insects (Coleoptera, Hemiptera...)Viviparus viviparus'' is an intermediate host of several species of trematodes which finish their life cycles in mammals and birds.
References
External links
Viviparus viviparus Species account and photograph at Mollusc Ireland.
Category:Viviparidae | {
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2005 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's long jump
The women's long jump event at the 2005 Asian Athletics Championships was held in Incheon, South Korea on September 4.
Results
References
Results
Category:2005 Asian Athletics Championships
Category:Long jump at the Asian Athletics Championships
Category:2005 in women's athletics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Citrinitas
Citrinitas, or sometimes xanthosis, is a term given by alchemists to "yellowness." It is one of the four major stages of the alchemical magnum opus, and literally referred to "transmutation of silver into gold" or "yellowing of the lunar consciousness." In alchemical philosophy, citrinitas stood for the dawning of the "solar light" inherent in one's being, and that the reflective "lunar or soul light" was no longer necessary. The other three alchemical stages were nigredo (blackness), albedo (whiteness), and rubedo (redness).
Psychologist Carl Jung is credited with interpreting the alchemical process as analogous to modern-day psychoanalysis. In the Jungian archetypal schema, nigredo is the Shadow; albedo refers to the anima and animus (contrasexual soul images); citrinitas is the wise old man (or woman) archetype; and rubedo is the Self archetype which has achieved wholeness.
References
Nigel Hamilton (1985), The Alchemical Process of Transformation
C. G. Jung, Psychology and Alchemy 2nd. ed. (Transl. by R. F. C. Hull)
E. J. Holmyard, Alchemy New York. Dower Publications. 1990
Notes
Category:Alchemical processes | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Corrections Association of New Zealand
The Corrections Association of New Zealand (CANZ) is a national trade union in New Zealand. It represents corrections staff within the New Zealand prison system run by the Department of Corrections. It has a membership of 3000.
CANZ is a member of the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions.
External links
CANZ official site.
Category:New Zealand Council of Trade Unions
Category:Trade unions in New Zealand
Category:Trade unions established in 1999
Category:Prison officer organisations | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Hidden Identity (TV series)
Hidden Identity () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Kim Bum, Park Sung-woong, Yoon So-yi and Lee Won-jong. It aired on tvN from June 16 to August 4, 2015 on Mondays and Tuesdays at 23:00 for 16 episodes.
Plot
An undercover investigative squad of homicide detectives is formed, and their extra-legal methods include wiretapping, communications monitoring and deep-cover infiltration. Among its members are Cha Gun-woo, a former ROKN SEAL and KNP SWAT member who pursues his targets doggedly and is secretly on a revenge mission after his girlfriend's death; principled and perceptive team leader Jang Moo-won, who was granted permission to form the squad and will personally face the consequences if it fails; Jang Min-joo, who's skilled in disguise, psychoanalysis and martial arts; and sly Choi Tae-pyung, who gets information from shady back-alley connections.
Cast
Kim Bum as Cha Geon-woo
Park Sung-woong as Jang Moo-won
Yoon So-yi as Jang Min-joo
Kim Hye-yoon as young Jang Min-joo (Ep. 14)
Lee Won-jong as Choi Tae-pyung
Kim Tae-hoon as Min Tae-in
Im Hyun-sung as Jin Duk-hoo
Kim Min-joon as Teacher Jeong
Kang Sung-jin as Nam In-ho
Im Jong-yoon as Han Sang-joon
Jung Do-won
Woo Jung-gook
Ryu Sung-hyun as Baek Pro
Park Sung-taek
Jang Seo-hee as Jung Ji-won
Kim Ha-rin as Yeon-hwa (Teacher Jung's wife)
Kim Ji-won as Min Tae-hee
Jung Jin as Chang-min
Hong Seung-jin as Sung-mo
Choi Jeong-woo as Lee Myung-geun, President of arms manufacturing company
Ratings
In this table, represent the lowest ratings and represent the highest ratings.
References
External links
Hidden Identity official tvN website
Category:TVN (South Korea) television dramas
Category:2015 South Korean television series debuts
Category:2010s South Korean television series
Category:Korean-language television programs
Category:South Korean crime television series
Category:South Korean thriller television series | {
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Alberto Taquini
Alberto Carlos Taquini (born January 21, 1935) is an Argentine biochemist and academic whose "Taquini Plan" resulted in the decentralization of Argentina's public university system.
Life and work
Taquini was born in Buenos Aires to Haydée Azumendi and Alberto Carlos Taquini, a renowned cardiologist. He married María Martha Bosch, and the couple had one daughter.
He enrolled at the University of Buenos Aires and earned an MD, and began his career as a teaching assistant for Dr. Bernardo Houssay, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1946. He taught at his alma mater as a full-time professor of Human Physiology, and worked alongside his father at the latter's Institute of Cardiology Research from 1954 to 1966. He was a research fellow at the University of Michigan in 1959, at the University of Ghent in 1960, and at the Argentine National Research Council (CONICET) from 1961, and was named Dean of the School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry. The elder Taquini served as Director of CONICET and as the first Secretary of State for Science and Technology of Argentina from 1968 to 1971. Taquini was appointed Chief of Staff during his father's tenure, and drafted a project to modernize and decentralize the nation's national university system, as well as to make new universities smaller and their curricula more appropriate to each province's economic needs.
Proposed at the Samay Huasi mountain retreat during a November 1968 academic colloquium, the plan was drafted by Taquini, Dr. Sadi Rife, Dr. Enrique Urgoiti, and Marcelo Zapiola, and formally presented in May 1970. The proposed reforms were supported not only by those in academia, but also by the Argentine military and State Intelligence, who felt that the 10 existing national universities (who among them taught 85% of the nation's 238,000 university students) had become too concentrated and were thus becoming conducive to student upheaval, including riots. The "Plan for the Creation of New Universities" was thus signed into law by President Roberto Levingston (a former Intelligence Director) on November 9, 1970. The number of national universities expanded from 10 to 23 by 1973 (and to 47 by 2010), and though enrollment became less concentrated, the combined total at the universities of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, La Plata, or Rosario (traditionally the largest) rose from 150,000 in 1968 to 620,000 in 2006.
Taquini recounted the experience in Nuevas universidades para un nuevo país (New Universitied for a New Nation), published in 1972, and edited Ciencia e Investigación. He continued to teach at his alma mater as Dean of the School of Pharmacy and Physiology, and contributed an over 60 articles on hypertension research in peer-reviewed journals. He served in the UNESCO Commission of Experts on Science and Technology in 1981, and was later appointed President of the Province of Buenos Aires Scientific Research Commission. A complementary proposal to his 1970 reforms was proposed by Taquini in 1989. Calling for the creation of a system of national community colleges associated with each one's nearest national university, this new plan was included as Article 22 of the Higher Education Law signed by President Carlos Menem in 1994.
Taquini received an honorary doctorate at the University of Córdoba in 2005. Remaining active in educational policy debates, he proposed implementing a form of the Bologna process in the Argentine university system to standardize parameters for students, as well as to make their transfer from one school to the next less difficult. He also welcomed the prospect of the wider use of the iPad in the classroom.
References
Category:1935 births
Category:Living people
Category:Argentine people of Italian descent
Category:People from Buenos Aires
Category:University of Buenos Aires alumni
Category:University of Buenos Aires faculty
Category:Argentine biochemists
Category:UNESCO officials
Category:Argentine officials of the United Nations
Category:University of Michigan fellows | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
The International Council for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (ICIAM) is a worldwide organisation for professional applied mathematics societies, and for other societies with a significant interest in industrial or applied mathematics. The current (2020) President is Ya-xiang Yuan.
Congress
ICIAM organizes the four-yearly International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics, the first of which was held in 1987. The most recent congress was in 2019 in Valencia (Spain), and the next will be in 2023 in Tokyo (Japan). It also sponsors several prizes, awarded at the congresses: the ICIAM/SIAM Pioneer Prize for applied mathematical work in a new field, the ICIAM Collatz Prize for scientists under the age of 42, the ICIAM Lagrange Prize for exceptional career contributions, the ICIAM Maxwell Prize for originality in applied mathematics, and the ICIAM Su Buchin Prize for contributions to emerging economies and human development.
History
Until 1999 the Council was known as the Committee for International Conferences on Industrial and Applied Mathematics (CICIAM). Formed in 1987 with the start of the ICIAM conference series, this committee represented the leaders of four applied mathematics societies: the Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (GAMM), in Germany, the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA), in England, the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), in the USA, and the Société de Mathématiques Appliquées et Industrielles (SMAI), in France. The first two presidents of the council, Roger Temam and Reinhard Mennicken, oversaw the addition of several other societies as members and associate members of the council; as of 2015 it had 21 full members and 26 associate members. Past Presidents include Olavi Nevanlinna, Ian Sloan, Rolf Jeltsch, Barbara Keyfitz, and María J. Esteban.
Collatz Prize
The Collatz Prize is awarded by ICIAM every four years at the International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics, to an applied mathematician under the age of 42. It was established in 1999 on the initiative of Gesellschaft für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik (GAMM), to recognize outstanding contributions in applied and industrial Mathematics.
Named after the German Mathematician Lothar Collatz, it is widely regarded as one of the most prestigious prizes for young applied Mathematicians.
Prize Winners
1999 Stefan Müller (mathematician)
2003 E Weinan
2007 Felix Otto (mathematician)
2011 Emmanuel Candès
2015 Annalisa Buffa
2019 Siddhartha Mishra
Maxwell Prize
The Maxwell Prize is awarded by ICIAM every four years at the International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics. Established in 1999 and named after James Clerk Maxwell, the prize provides international recognition to a mathematician who has demonstrated originality in applied mathematics. It was created on the initiative of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications with the support of the James Clerk Maxwell Foundation.
Prize Winners
1999 Grigory Barenblatt
2003 Martin David Kruskal
2007 Peter Deuflhard
2011 Vladimir Rokhlin
2015 Jean-Michel Coron
2019 Claude Bardos
References
External links
Official web site
Category:Mathematical societies | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Sérgio Sousa
Sérgio Sousa (born 11 October 1983) is a Portuguese former cyclist, who rode professionally between 2005 and 2016.
Major results
2006
9th Overall Volta ao Alentejo
2008
3rd Overall Vuelta a Extremadura
8th Overall Troféu Joaquim Agostinho
2009
4th Overall Troféu Joaquim Agostinho
2010
2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
4th Overall Troféu Joaquim Agostinho
2011
3rd Overall Vuelta a Asturias
8th Overall Volta a Portugal
10th Vuelta a La Rioja
2012
1st Mountains classification Volta ao Algarve
2nd Overall GP Liberty Seguros
3rd Time trial, National Road Championships
2014
National Road Championships
2nd Road race
3rd Time trial
2nd Overall GP Liberty Seguros
8th Overall Troféu Joaquim Agostinho
2015
6th Overall Volta ao Alentejo
7th Overall Volta a Portugal
2016
1st Overall Flèche du Sud
1st Stage 4
References
Category:1983 births
Category:Living people
Category:Portuguese male cyclists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Fred Potter
Fred Potter (born 29 November 1940) is an English retired footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
He was born in Cradley Heath and played for his local side before signing for Aston Villa in July 1959. Originally an inside forward, he made his debut on Boxing Day 1959.
References
Category:1940 births
Category:Living people
Category:English footballers
Category:English Football League players
Category:Aston Villa F.C. players
Category:Doncaster Rovers F.C. players
Category:Burton Albion F.C. players
Category:Hereford United F.C. players
Category:People from Cradley Heath
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Association football goalkeepers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Sarkofagen Mountain
Sarkofagen Mountain () is a somewhat isolated mountain in Arctic, around 11 nautical miles (20 km) south of Mount Yakovlev in the Russkiye Mountains of Queen Maud Land. Mapped by Norsk Polarinstitutt from air photos taken by Norwegian Arctic Expedition, 1958–59, and named Sarkofagen (the sarcophagus).
Category:Mountains of Queen Maud Land
Category:Princess Astrid Coast | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Li Changjiang
Li Changjiang (Chinese: 李长江; October 1944 - ) was minister and Communist Party of China (CPC) party chief of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China (AQSIQ).
Biography
Born in Shuangcheng, Heilongjiang, Li joined the CPC in December 1965, and started working in July 1970. He graduated from the Changchun Institute of Fine Optical Mechanics (now the Changchun University of Science and Technology), majoring in the design and manufacture of optical devices. He holds the title of vice research fellow at the University.
Career
He formerly served as the governor assistant and vice governor of Zhejiang Province. In 2001, he was appointed minister and vice party chief of the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and became minister and party chief of that administration in 2008. According to the Daily Telegraph, "Mr Li became a celebrity [in 2007] for his handling of the row over poisoned Chinese exports, which began with pet food tainted with melamine and moved on to lead-coated toys. He said it was a "foreign plot" by Western countries to protect themselves from Chinese imports. "
He has been a member of the 16th and 17th Central Committees of the Communist Party of China.
Resignation
Li was forced to resign in September 2008 after a State Council investigation concluded that he and Shijiazhuang Party Secretary Wu Xianguo were responsible for the "vital food safety incident", namely the dairy scandal which shook China.
Coming back
He was appointed vice director of the Office of Sweeping Pornography and Striking Illegal Publications (transliteration of 全國掃黃打非工作小組, which lacks an official translation to English) in December, 2009.
References
External links
Li Changjiang's profile at AQSIQ official website
Category:Living people
Category:1944 births
Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Heilongjiang
Category:Politicians from Harbin
Category:Communist Party of China politicians from Heilongjiang
Category:Political office-holders in Zhejiang
Category:Changchun University of Science and Technology alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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South Australian Open (golf)
The South Australian Open was a golf tournament on the PGA Tour of Australasia. The tournament ran from 1960 to 2007, and had several different sponsors.
It became the Jacob's Creek Open Championship from 2002 to 2007, sponsored by the Jacob's Creek wine brand, and was co-sanctioned during that period by the United States-based Nationwide Tour. It was played annually in Adelaide, South Australia. In 2007, the last time the tournament was held, it was one of three tournaments on the Nationwide Tour held outside the United States.
After Jacob's Creek withdrew their support following the 2007 edition, the search for a new sponsor proved fruitless and the tournament was cancelled.
Winners
Co-sanctioned PGA Tour of Australasia and Nationwide Tour event
Bolded golfers received promotion to the PGA Tour at the end of the Nationwide Tour season.
Sole-sanctioned PGA Tour of Australasia event
(a) – Amateur* – Played over 54 holes (3 rounds) in 1969 and 1993Prior to 1968 the championship was contested over 36 holes (2 rounds)
In 2006 Sheehan won at the second playoff hole. In 1993 Smith won at the third playoff hole. Miskimins dropped out at the first hole.
References
External links
Official website
Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site
Category:Former Korn Ferry Tour events
Category:Former PGA Tour of Australasia events
Category:Golf tournaments in Australia
Category:Golf in South Australia
Category:Sport in Adelaide
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1960
Category:Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2007
Category:1960 establishments in Australia
Category:2007 disestablishments in Australia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Modest tiger parrot
The modest tiger parrot (Psittacella modesta) is a species of parrot in the family Psittaculidae.
It is found in the Arfak Mountains and New Guinea Highlands.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
References
modest tiger parrot
Category:Birds of New Guinea
Category:Endemic fauna of New Guinea
Category:Least concern biota of Oceania
modest tiger parrot
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Bangor Auditorium
The Bangor Auditorium was a 5,948 seat multi-purpose arena located in downtown Bangor, Maine. It opened October 1, 1955 and was used for concerts (maximum capacity 6,800), sporting events, circus performances, political rallies, as well as trade shows with 16,000 square feet (1500 m²) of space. It was demolished in 2013. It shared the same complex as the Bangor Civic Center. For decades, it hosted the Maine Principals' Association basketball tournament each February, as well as the graduation ceremonies for Bangor High School in June. It also served as the home of the Maine Windjammers of the Continental Basketball Association, and the University of Maine men's and women's basketball teams for a few seasons until 1992. The V-shape style of the building gave it the look of giant wings and adds to the atmosphere. A statue of Paul Bunyan towered outside as a symbol of the city's prosperous history as a lumber port in the early-to-mid-19th century.
The auditorium and civic center shared its campus with Bass Park, home of the Bangor State Fair as well as Bangor Raceway, one of the oldest harness racing facilities in New England. Bangor Auditorium has hosted many major musical acts and has been a stop for World Wrestling Entertainment house shows for many years.
Over the course of a few years, the city discussed significantly renovating or replacing the aging auditorium with a state-of-the-art venue. Poor ventilation and HVAC systems as well as substandard handicap accessibility have been cited as primary reasons for this.
On August 22, 2009, the city consulted with Sink Combs Dethlefs Architects and others to discuss the construction of a $51 million, 5,000 seat arena adjacent to the existing structure. The proposal suggested using the new facility as the centerpiece of the complex, while renovating the existing auditorium and the Bangor Civic Center for smaller events at an additional cost of $18 million.
After a May 2011 public referendum in which Bangor voters supported building new facilities by a margin of 3 to 1, the plan now moved forward to build an entirely new set of primary buildings at Bass Park to replace the existing Bangor Auditorium and Civic Center with new structures, while leaving the old buildings open almost until the new buildings opened in 2013. The current plan does not rehabilitate the old structures but removes them totally in 2013. The proposed cost of the new buildings is $65 million.
Demolition began at the Bangor Auditorium and Civic Center on June 03, 2013, with the new arena completed.
The new arena, officially the Cross Insurance Center, has varying maximum seating depending on the configuration that is used. For events that use the main floor for performance there are 5,800 fixed seats. For events using an end stage of 60 feet by 40 feet the new arena will seat as many as 8,050 persons. The new facility is managed by Global Spectrum, a division of Comcast.
References
External links
Demolition Begins at Bangor Auditorium
Bangor Auditorium
Plan for Arena in Bangor Calls For 5,000 Seats (Bangor Daily News 22 August 2009)
Sink Combs Dethlefs Architects - Main Website
Global Spectator's Cross Insurance Center website
Category:Continental Basketball Association venues
Category:Maine Black Bears men's basketball
Category:Maine Black Bears women's basketball
Category:Indoor arenas in Maine
Category:Convention centers in Maine
Category:Sports venues in Maine
Category:Buildings and structures in Bangor, Maine
Category:Tourist attractions in Bangor, Maine
Category:Basketball venues in Maine
Category:1955 establishments in Maine
Category:Sports venues completed in 1955
Category:Event venues established in 1955 | {
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HSwMS John Ericsson
HSwMS John Ericsson was the lead ship of the monitors built for the Royal Swedish Navy in the mid-1860s. She was designed under the supervision of the Swedish-born inventor, John Ericsson, and built in Sweden. John Ericsson made one foreign visit to Russia in 1867, but remained in Swedish or Norwegian waters (at the time, Sweden and Norway were united in personal union) for the rest of her career. The ship was reconstructed between 1892 and 1895, but generally remained in reserve. She was mobilized during World War I and sold in 1919 for conversion to a barge.
Design and description
The John Ericsson-class ironclads were designed to meet the need of the Swedish and Norwegian navies for small, shallow-draft armored ships capable of defending their coastal waters. The standoff between and the much larger during the Battle of Hampton Roads in early 1862 roused much interest in Sweden in this new type of warship as it seemed ideal for coastal defense duties. John Ericsson, designer and builder of the Monitor, had been born in Sweden, although he had become an American citizen in 1848, and offered to share his design with the Swedes. In response they sent Lieutenant John Christian d'Ailly to the United States to study monitor design and construction under Ericsson. D'Ailly arrived in July 1862 and toured rolling mills, gun foundries, and visited several different ironclads under construction. He returned to Sweden in 1863 having completed the drawings of a Monitor-type ship under Ericsson's supervision.
The ship measured long overall, with a beam of . She had a draft of and displaced . John Ericsson was divided into nine main compartments by eight watertight bulkheads. Over time a flying bridge and, later, a full superstructure, was added to each ship between the gun turret and the funnel. Initially her crew numbered 80 officers and men, but this increased to 104 as she was modified with additional weapons.
Propulsion
The John Ericsson-class ships had one twin-cylinder vibrating lever steam engines, designed by Ericsson himself, driving a single four-bladed, propeller. Their engines were powered by four fire-tube boilers at a working pressure of . The engines produced a total of which gave the monitors a maximum speed of in calm waters. The ships carried of coal, enough for six day's steaming.
Armament
The lead ship, John Ericsson, carried a pair of smoothbore Dahlgren muzzleloaders, donated by John Ericsson, in her turret. Each gun weighed approximately and fired solid shot and a explosive shell. The massive shells took 5–6 minutes to reload. They had a maximum muzzle velocity of . These guns were designated as the M/65 by the Swedes.
In 1877 John Ericsson received a pair of 10-barreled M/75 machine guns designed by Helge Palmcrantz. Each machine gun weighed and had a rate of fire of 500 rounds per minute. Its projectiles had a muzzle velocity of and a maximum range of . These guns were replaced during the 1880s by the 4-barreled M/77 Nordenfeldt gun, which was an enlarged version of Palmcrantz's original design. The gun had a rate of fire of 120 rounds per minute and each round had a muzzle velocity of . Its maximum range was .
John Ericsson was rearmed in 1881 with two M/76 rifled breech loaders, derived from a French design. They weighed and had a muzzle velocity of . Coupled with the increased elevation of 11.29°, this gave them a range of .
Armor
The John Ericsson-class ships had a complete waterline armor belt of wrought iron that was high and thick. The armor consisted of five plates backed by of wood. The lower edge of this belt was thick as it was only three plates thick. The maximum thickness of the armored deck was in two layers. The gun turret's armor consisted of twelve layers of iron, totalling in thickness on the first four monitors. The inside of the turret was lined with mattresses to catch splinters. The base of the turret was protected with a glacis, high, and the turret's roof was 127 millimeters thick. The conning tower was positioned on top of the turret and its sides were ten layers () thick. The funnel was protected by six layers of armor with a total thickness of up to half its height.
Service
John Ericsson had her keel laid down in June 1864 and was launched 17 March 1865. She was commissioned on 13 November 1865. In July 1867 Crown Prince Oscar, later King Oscar II, inspected John Ericsson, ,
, the steam frigates Thor and , and the Norwegian monitor in the Stockholm archipelago before they departed for port visits in Helsingfors, later known as Helsinki, and Kronstadt in August, where they were visited by Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia, head of the Imperial Russian Navy. This was the only foreign visit ever made by the ship.
Generally the monitors were kept in reserve for most of the year; only being commissioned for two to four months during the summer and fall. John Ericsson kept up the pattern between 1865 and 1873, but remained in reserve afterward until 1882. She was rearmed with two M/76 guns in 1881 while her original Dahlgren guns became part of the Ericsson monument at Filipstad. She was reactivated in 1882 and 1883, but only sporadically thereafter. The ship was reconstructed between 1892 and 1895; her gun turret was fixed in place and modified to serve as a barbette for her two new Bofors M/89 guns. The guns could depress to −5° and elevate to +13°, and they had a firing arc of 290°. Two Nordenfeldt M/92 quick-firing guns were also added on the superstructure. The ship's boilers were replaced by new cylindrical ones that had a working pressure of and John Ericsson reached on sea trials on 14 May 1901. During the early 1900s the two 25-millimeter machine guns were removed and four, later six, more 57-millimeter guns added to the superstructure. The ship was assigned to the Karlskrona local defense force during 1913–18, and she was sold to the Gotland Cement Company () in November 1919. The company converted her to a barge and used her for the next forty years; her final fate is unknown.
Footnotes
References
Category:John Ericsson-class monitors of the Swedish Navy
Category:1865 ships
Category:Ships built in Norrköping | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Nick Carter, Master Detective
Nick Carter, Master Detective was a Mutual radio crime drama based on tales of the fictional private detective Nick Carter from Street & Smith's dime novels and pulp magazines. Nick Carter first came to radio as The Return of Nick Carter, a reference to the character's pulp origins, but the title was soon changed to Nick Carter, Master Detective. A veteran radio dramatist, Ferrin Fraser, wrote many of the scripts.
Program history
With Lon Clark in the title role, the series commenced 11 April 1943, on Mutual, continuing in many different timeslots for well over a decade. Between October 1944 and April 1945, it was heard as a 30-minute program on Sunday afternoons at 3pm, sponsored by Acme Paints and Lin-X, with a 15-minute serial airing four or five times a week in 1944 from April to September. In April 1945, the Sunday series moved to 6pm, continuing in that timeslot until June 1946, and it was also heard in 1946 on Tuesday from March to August.
Sponsored by Cudahy Packing and Old Dutch Cleanser and later Acme Products (makers of such home-improvement chemicals as Kem-Tone paints and Lin-X floor-cleaning waxes, a near-rival to the more-popular Johnson's Wax products heard on numerous NBC Radio shows at the same time), the series finally settled in on Sundays at 6:30pm for broadcasts from August 18, 1946 to September 21, 1952. Libby Packing was the sponsor when the drama aired on Sundays at 6pm (1952-53). In the last two years of the long run (1953-55), the show was heard Sundays at 4:30pm.
Jock MacGregor was the producer-director of scripts by Alfred Bester, Milton J. Kramer, David Kogan and others. Background music was supplied by organists Hank Sylvern, Lew White and George Wright. Walter B. Gibson, co-creator/writer of The Shadow pulp novels, was fired when he asked for a raise in 1946, and then became head writer for the Nick Carter radio series. Oddly enough, he never liked to write scripts for the radio version of The Shadow, though both characters were published by Street & Smith.
Patsy Bowen, Nick's assistant, was portrayed by Helen Choate until mid-1946; then Charlotte Manson stepped into the role. Nick and Patsy's friend was reporter Scubby Wilson (John Kane). Sgt. Mathison (Ed Latimer) was Nick's contact at the police department. The supporting cast included Raymond Edward Johnson, Bill Johnstone and Bryna Raeburn. Michael Fitzmaurice was the program's announcer. The series ended on September 25, 1955.
Chick Carter, Boy Detective
Chick Carter, Boy Detective was a serial adventure that aired weekday afternoons on Mutual. Chick Carter, the adopted son of Nick Carter, was played by Bill Lipton (1943-44) and Leon Janney (1944-45). The series aired from July 5, 1943 to July 6, 1945.
Listen to
Nick Carter, Master Detective (124 episodes)
References
External links
Jerry Haendiges Vintage Radio Logs: Nick Carter, Master Detective
Category:American radio dramas
Category:Detective radio programs
Category:1943 radio programme debuts
Category:1953 radio programme endings
Category:Mutual Broadcasting System programs
Category:1940s American radio programs
Category:1950s American radio programs
Category:Radio programs based on works
Category:Nick Carter (literary character) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Downstown
Downstown was an American comic strip created by Tim Downs in the spring of 1974, during his junior year of college at Indiana University. It began as a college feature.
Publication history
In the fall of 1975, at the beginning of his final year as a fine arts student, Tim Downs brought Downstown to Indiana University's paper, the Indiana Daily Student, which immediately began to publish the strip as a daily feature. The strip soon began syndication to other college newspapers. The first college to ever publish Downstown was the New York Institute of Technology in Old Westbury, New York.
For the next five years, Downstown appeared in a variety of campus papers across the United States. During this period, three collections of Downstown were published by the Indiana Daily Student: This is Winning?; With Love, Chuck; and Get in There and Quit.
In the fall of 1979, Universal Press Syndicate agreed to begin syndication of Downstown. Universal felt that a college setting was too narrow for a commercial strip, so Downstown became a strip about singles. The first syndicated Downstown was released on March 24, 1980, in 46 newspapers. The strip appeared as a daily and Sunday feature for the next six years. The strip ended with a week-long going-away party attended by characters from other strips. In the final strip (published February 1, 1986), the main character, John, poked a hole in the bottom of the strip border with a pickaxe and the characters were sucked through the opening.
Another collection was self-published by Downs following the end of the strip, The Laylo Papers: The Complete Guide to Relationships. The book remains in print and available for direct order from Downs.
Characters and story
In the strip, Josh and John were college roommates sharing an off-campus apartment, Fred was a student who directed registration and worked at a local restaurant, and Chuck Laylo was an exceptionally smooth and cool fraternity man—a member of the imaginary Sigma Theta fraternity.
Category:1974 comics debuts
Category:1986 comics endings
Category:American comic strips
Category:Gag-a-day comics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Saldoidini
Saldoidini is a tribe of shore bugs in the family Saldidae. There are more than 20 genera and 250 described species in Saldoidini.
Genera
These 22 genera belong to the tribe Saldoidini:
Aoteasalda Larivière & Larochelle, 2016
Calacanthia Reuter, 1891
Capitonisalda J. Polhemus, 1981
Capitonisaldoida J. Polhemus & D. Polhemus, 1991
Chartosaldoida Cobben, 1987
Chartoscirta Stål, 1868
Halosalda Reuter, 1912
Ioscytus Reuter, 1912
Kiwisaldula Larivière & Larochelle, 2016
Macrosaldula Southwood & Leston, 1959
Mascarenisalda J. Polhemus & D. Polhemus, 1991
Micracanthia Reuter, 1912
Oiosalda Drake & Hoberlandt, 1952
Orthophrys Horváth, 1911
Orthosaldula Gapud, 1986
Pseudosaldula Cobben, 1961
Rupisalda J. Polhemus, 1985
Saldoida Osborn, 1901
Saldula Van Duzee, 1914
Sinosalda Vinokurov, 2004
Zemacrosaldula Larivière & Larochelle, 2015
† Helenasaldula Cobben, 1976
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Saldidae
Category:Hemiptera tribes
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Henry Ramage
Henry Ramage VC (1827 – 29 December 1859) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Details
Ramage was about 27 years old, and a sergeant in the 2nd Dragoons (Royal Scots Greys), British Army during the Crimean War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.
On 25 October 1854 at Balaclava, Crimea, Sergeant Ramage galloped out to the assistance of a private who was surrounded by seven Russians. The sergeant dispersed them and saved his comrade's life. On the same day, he brought in a prisoner from the Russian line and also, when the Heavy Brigade was covering the retreat of the Light Cavalry, lifted from his horse a private who was badly wounded and carried him safely to the rear under heavy cross-fire.
He was born in Morningside, Edinburgh in 1827. He died in Newbridge, County Kildare, Ireland on 29th December 1859 aged 32 and is buried in Newbridge Cemetery
The medal
His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Museum at Edinburgh Castle in Edinburgh, Scotland.
References
Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999)
The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997)
Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)
External links
Location of grave and VC medal (Co. Kildare, Ireland)
The Scotsman
Category:Crimean War recipients of the Victoria Cross
Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross
Category:British Army personnel of the Crimean War
Category:Royal Scots Greys soldiers
Category:People from Edinburgh
Category:1827 births
Category:1859 deaths
Category:British Army recipients of the Victoria Cross | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Šarkan
Šarkan () is a village and municipality in the Nové Zámky District in the Nitra Region of south-west Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1247.
Geography
The municipality lies at an elevation of 150 metres (490 ft) and covers an area of 13.638 km² (5.266 mi²). It has a population of about 353 (2006).
Ethnicity
The population is roughly 88% Hungarian and 12% Slovak.
Facilities
The village has a small public library and a football pitch.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
Šarkan – Nové Zámky Okolie
Category:Villages and municipalities in Nové Zámky District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Energy democracy
Energy democracy is a political, economic, social and cultural concept that merges the technological energy transition with a strengthening of democracy and public participation. The concept is connected with an ongoing decentralization of energy systems with energy efficiency and renewable energy being used also for a strengthened local energy ownership. With new green technologies available, such a transition is possibly involving new actors: prosumers, renewable energy co-operatives and municipal, community-owned power stations which replace centralised, power corporations.
This concept is promoted by renewable energy business sector, local communities, labour unions (e.g. Global Labour Institute, Trade Unions for Energy Democracy), think tanks (e.g. Green Institute Foundation) etc. and NGO (e.g. Rosa Luxemburg Foundation).
There are various concepts of Energy Democracy. One early concept has been published by the Berlin-based group gegenstrom 2012. The thesis paper calls for “a 100% transition to renewable energy as quick as possible" and a reform of ownership of energy production: “dash energy corporations! Socialise energy provision! The gamete of energy democracy will be publicly owned city utilities (Stadtwerke) and energy cooperatives”. The concept inspired the German climate camps in 2011, as a collection of theses and arguments. The 2012 climate camp Lausitzcamp in Lusatia published a short summary of the concept: “Energy Democracy means ensuring that everyone has access to enough energy. However, the energy must be produced in a way that it neither harms nor endangers the environmental or people. Concretely, this means leaving fossil fuels in the ground, socializing and democratizing the means of production and changing our attitude towards energy consumption.”
In 2014, a concept of energy democracy was promoted by the city of Boulogne-Billancourt in France. For its participation in the Bloomberg mayors challenge, the city presented an innovative vision of Energy democracy based on the reduction of the use of fossil fuels and a system of incentives to encourage citizens in reducing their energy consumption.
Energy-democracy has been a successful concept of grass roots movements to combine resistance against fossil fuel exploitation like coal or shale gas with a positive alternative agenda. Many consider Germany and its transition to renewable energy (Energiewende) a role model of energy democracy. "The hope, moreover, is that energy democracy might offer new spaces for collaboration between ecological movements and movements for social, economic and workplace justice."
Academic, James Goodman, details the difference between energy policy in Germany and India, exploring public participation in approaches to renewable energy. He concludes that 'energy policies are found to be increasingly embedded in the wider 'climate dialectic', forcing new, more transformative possibilities onto the agenda.'
See also
Community solar farm
Community wind energy
RAPS
Soft energy path
Wadebridge Renewable Energy Network
References
Category:Distributed generation
Category:Environmental justice
Category:Renewable energy policy
Category:Types of democracy | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Picnic Bay Jetty
Picnic Bay Jetty is a heritage-listed jetty at Esplanade, Picnic Bay, Magnetic Island, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1959 to 1977. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 April 2004.
History
The Picnic Bay Jetty appears to be the third jetty constructed on the site. A permit to construct the facility was issued in 1957 and the structure was completed about mid October 1959. The present jetty was constructed under a permit issued by the Queensland Department of Harbours and Marine. It was built using Federal funds and leased to Magnetic Island company Hayles Magnetic Pty Ltd. The company was associated with tourist ventures on Magnetic Island from 1898 and leased the present jetty from 1960 until 1981.
Tourism on Magnetic Island began with the Butler family who first settled on the Island in 1877. Harry Butler and his family established a small dairy, orchard and mixed farm in Picnic Bay. The family experimented with the planting of pineapples and after building small huts adjacent to their house the island became a favourite weekend and holiday destination for mainland people. The Butler family established an intermittent ferry service at the time they began their small tourist venture. Tourist development on the island began in earnest when Robert Hayles built an hotel at Picnic Bay in 1899. Hayles arrived on the Island in 1898 after working in the pastoral and mining industries in western Queensland. Later he owned a store and a hotel in Charters Towers. In 1898 Robert Hayles purchased the holiday facilities erected by the Butler family and constructed a two-storey hotel, dance hall and his own jetty west of that constructed by Harry Butler and close to the site of the present day jetty.
In March 1900 Robert Hayles applied for permission to construct a wooden jetty which would be six feet wide and long. Construction was approved by the Marine Department late in March 1900. The new jetty was damaged during Cyclone Leonta in 1903 and by 1910 was in poor condition. Correspondence indicates that Robert Hayles carried out extensive repairs to the structure.
Initially, on the mainland, the company operated from existing wharves and temporary landings in Ross Creek. In 1909 Robert Hayles was granted creek frontage on which to build a landing depot. A new twenty-year lease agreement, granting the Hayles Company a Flinders Street frontage to Ross Creek for the construction of another depot, was signed in 1925.
To facilitate his tourism venture Robert Hayles began a program of purchase or construction of small ferries. His first purchase, from Sydney, was a small steam ferry called the Bee. After the Bee was destroyed in a storm in 1901 Robert Hayles commissioned the construction of the 22 passenger Phoenix and later the Magnet. These boats were to be the foundation of a much larger Hayles fleet that eventually operated in places such as Cairns, Darwin, Townsville, Sydney and Canberra.
The introduction of a ferry service to Magnetic Island had a significant impact on the Island community. This was particularly so after the 1900 enforcement of compulsory education (first introduced in the Education Act 1875). The establishment of a regular Magnetic Island ferry service early in the twentieth century ensured that students could live on the island and travel to school each day. From this point the permanent population on the Island began to grow and more commercial businesses were established.
The Hayles family tourism business continued to prosper and on 20 June 1910 Eustace Robert (Bob) Hayles was granted a permit to construct a jetty at Picnic Bay. While it is possible that this permit was for a second jetty it is unlikely that the Hayles Company waited six years to replace the jetty damaged in the 1903 cyclone.
A letter dated 1 February 1917 from the Townsville Harbour Board to the Marine Department indicated that there were two jetties at Picnic Bay and one at Nelly Bay. These privately owned jetties were in poor condition and the Harbour Board suggested that no further private construction of landing stages should be allowed on the Island.
The Hayles' tourism business prospered and expanded. A new hotel was constructed at Picnic Bay after the first was destroyed by fire in 1911; a guesthouse and jetty were constructed at Arcadia, Magnetic Island together with tourism ventures at Nelly and Horseshoe Bays, Magnetic Island. On 13 March 1922 the Hayles Company, Hayles Magnetic Island Pty Ltd, was formed with Bob Hayles appointed as Chairperson. The company expanded to Cairns in 1924 where they provided a regular mail and cargo service between Cairns and Cooktown. The same year the company opened an office in Darwin. From there they provided a cargo service to outlying mission stations, lighthouses and to settlements along the Victoria and Daly Rivers. In August 1920 control of the Magnetic Island foreshore was vested in the Townsville Harbour Board. While this move gave control of jetties to the Harbour Board, the Board, in June 1925, adopted a policy not to erect jetties on Magnetic Island but rather to approve the erection of shipping facilities by private developers.
While the Hayles family company continued to expand with a fortnightly Cairns to Green Island Service opened in 1928 and the introduction of Brisbane River Cruises in 1936 the outbreak of World War II in 1939 saw shipping operations cease when the Australian military requisitioned the company fleet. The facilities at Picnic Bay were also taken over as a rest and recreation camp for service personnel.
There was a period of expansion and upgrading of facilities after the company property was returned to the Hayles family in 1945. Roads, buildings and jetties were upgrades and access to jetties dredged both on Magnetic Island and in other locations. In 1957 the Townsville Harbour Board approved the construction a new jetty at Picnic Bay. Tenders were called on 15 January 1959 and the jetty, constructed by John Holland (Constructions) Pty Ltd, was completed about mid October 1959.
The Commonwealth Aid Marine Works Trust Fund, at a cost of , financed construction. It was leased to Hayles Magnetic for 20 years during which time the company was responsible for the maintenance of the structure. The shelter shed at the end of the jetty was constructed under a Community Employment Program through the Townsville City Council in 1977.
The jetty was damaged during Cyclone Althea on Christmas Eve 1971 but remained structurally sound. At the end of the lease in 1981 the Picnic Bay Jetty Maintenance Fund was established with Hayles Magnetic the major user of the facility. The Fund, which generated resources through the collection of berthing fees, provided income for jetty maintenance.
By 1984, although the company no longer had a lease on the jetty, it was berthing up to 3,640 times compared to 1,150 other berthings with a total of 250,000 to 300,000 people using the jetty annually.
In November 1985 the Townsville Harbour Board sought approval from the Department of Harbours and Marine to construct a shelter shed on the Jetty. Plans, prepared by the Townsville City Council, indicated that the original location of the structure was slightly altered to allow better access for passengers.
Apart from being a point of arrival and departure from the Island, the Jetty has always been a significant place for the Magnetic Island community. They have utilised it for fishing and as a place to walk for recreation or exercise and to sit looking across Cleveland Bay to the vista of Castle Hill and the Townsville skyline. The jetty is also frequently used as a mooring place for small yachts and fishing vessels.
In 2001 it was announced that when new harbour facilities at Nelly Bay, Magnetic Island were completed the Picnic Bay Jetty would be removed as soon as the structure became obsolete to requirements. The Magnetic Island Historical Association, the North Queensland Conservation Council and Magnetic Island community members became concerned about the proposed demolition of the jetty.
On Sunday 8 July 2001 1500 people from Townsville and Magnetic Island rallied on the Picnic Bay Jetty asking that the jetty be saved. This initial rally was followed by a series of news articles, letters to the Bulletin, letters to the Minister for Transport and a nomination to the Queensland Heritage Register.
Members of the Island community advised Townsville Cultural Heritage staff that they had already established an "Interim Management Committee" to oversee the ongoing care of the jetty if the Queensland Government was no longer prepared to maintain the structure.
Description
The jetty is located within Picnic Bay. It extends into the Bay from the Esplanade where Yule Street meets the beach.
The jetty was initially long; however, the 1977 extensions increased the length by about twenty feet.
160 square concrete piers, installed by a cantilever pile driver, are evenly spaced along the length of the jetty. Round piers encased in concrete were used in the construction of the assembly area at the end of the jetty.
The jetty structure is made up of round timber beams topped with wide timber decking. A raised walkway, which runs along one side of the jetty, has timber handrails along both sides. The remainder of the jetty is used as a driveway for luggage and emergency vehicles meeting the ferry. There is no safety rail along the outer side of the jetty.
The walkway is lit with six evenly spaced fluorescent lights. Lighting is also located in the shelter sheds at the end of the Jetty.
The sheltered area at the end of the Jetty is made up of three structures. One shed, which appears to be older, is a southeast facing skillion structure of corrugated iron. The north west wall is enclosed to provide shelter from the weather. A second shed is centrally located at the end of the Jetty. This square structure has a hipped roofline of aluminum. The covered area is split into four by central walls which have been painted with murals by children from Magnetic Island State School. Seats are located along each of these walls. A third sheltered area, which may have been part of an earlier shelter, is attached to the central structure. This area is the walkway to the main access stairway to the ferry.
Heritage listing
Picnic Bay Jetty was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 April 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.
The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history.
Picnic Bay Jetty, constructed by October 1959, is at least the third jetty constructed on this site. Leased by the Hayles Company in 1960 this jetty, and earlier jetties, has been linked with the Hayles family company on Magnetic Island since 1898.
The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.
The community values the Picnic Bay Jetty both for its contribution to the economic development of Magnetic Island as a significant tourist destination and for the jetty's role in the commercial, family and recreational life of the Island community. The importance of the jetty to the island community was recently demonstrated through the proposal to set up a management committee to assume responsibility for the structure once it becomes obsolete to requirements.
The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland's history.
The present jetty is evidence of the significant contribution made by the Hayles Company, through the company's development of Magnetic Island as a major tourist location, to the Queensland tourism industry.
References
Attribution
External links
Category:Queensland Heritage Register
Category:Picnic Bay, Queensland
Category:Ferry transport in Queensland
Category:Articles incorporating text from the Queensland Heritage Register
Category:Infrastructure completed in 1959
Category:Wharves in Australia
Category:1959 establishments in Australia | {
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Ezra Clark Jr.
Ezra Clark Jr. (September 12, 1813 – September 26, 1896) was a U.S. Representative from Connecticut.
Born in Brattleboro, Vermont, Clark moved with his parents to Hartford, Connecticut, in 1819.
He attended the public schools.
He engaged in business as an iron merchant.
He served as member of the common council and the board of aldermen.
He served as president of the National Screw Co. of Hartford, later consolidated with the American Screw Co. of Providence, Rhode Island.
He served as judge of the municipal court.
Clark was elected as the candidate of the American Party to the Thirty-fourth Congress and as a Republican to the Thirty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1855 – March 4, 1859).
He served as chairman of the Committee on Manufactures (Thirty-fourth Congress).
He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection to the Thirty-sixth Congress.
He served as president of the Hartford Board of Water Commissioners 1882–1895.
He served as president of the Young Men's Institute of Hartford for many years.
He died in Hartford, Connecticut, September 26, 1896.
He was interred in Spring Grove Cemetery.
References
Category:1813 births
Category:1896 deaths
Category:People from Brattleboro, Vermont
Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
Category:Connecticut Republicans
Category:Know-Nothing members of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut
Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives
Category:19th-century American politicians | {
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Emmons County Record
The Emmons County Record is a weekly newspaper based in Linton, North Dakota.
It has been published continuously since the late 1800s, originally by D.R. Streeter. In the late 1980s, while under the ownership of Cecil D. Jahraus, who was also the paper's editor and publisher, the Emmons County Record became the largest weekly newspaper in the state of North Dakota by circulation. Read by over 4,000 families weekly, the newspaper had a circulation permeating all 50 U.S. states and three foreign countries. Its present owner is the Burke family.
References
Category:Newspapers published in North Dakota
Category:Publications established in 1884
Category:1884 establishments in Dakota Territory
Category:Emmons County, North Dakota | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Huacaya (alpaca)
Huacaya is the one of the two breeds that make up the species Vicugna pacos, commonly known as the alpaca. The other breed is the Suri. It lives on the Altiplano plateau in the Andes at up to 4,000 m above sea level. Its natural range encompasses four South American countries.
Phenotype characteristics
Both breeds are easily identifiable by their phenotypic characteristics. There are no differences in weight, or pup at birth (7.5 to 8 kg) or the adult specimens, weighing about 70 kg in males and 65 kg in females.
Animals of the Huacaya breed have a rounded and bulky appearance. Huacaya fiber grows perpendicular to the body of the alpaca, and is bulky, smooth and dense. Its curls in its sponge-like fibre are shorter and duller compared with Suri, with an absence of wool grease that is characteristic of Corriedale sheep. Suri fiber instead lies parallel to the body in long hanging well-defined locks which grow towards the ground. The fibre is silkier and more lustrous than that of the Huacaya, as well as being longer.
Both breeds possess a vast array of coat colors, totalling 22 different varieties.
The Huacaya alpaca is found in the Andes 4,000 m above sea level. Average males weigh 70kg and females weigh 65kg. they have a rounded and bulky appearance. Many of the alpacas in Chile are Huacayas. Peru has the world’s highest population of alpacas and 93% of that is the Huacayan type. Their wool is used to make scarves, vests, and sweaters. It is said that their meat is very high in protein even though it is not hunted. It makes up the species Vicugna pacos.
Population
Huacayas far outnumber the Suri population. In Chile, all alpacas are of the Huacaya type, and there is a negligible amount of Suri specimens in Bolivia at the northern border. Peru, which contains the majority of the world's alpaca, has 93% Huacaya as estimated by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Thus of the 3.7 million animals worldwide, more than 90% are thought to be of the Huayaca breed.
Products
Fibre
Their wool is made up of between 150-170 threads / mm². At 25 μm thick, their wool is 1.5 μm thinner that of the Suri, and considerably whiter, on average. Suri wool is marginally stronger Some of the products that can be made with fine Huacaya fiber include:
Ponchos
Scarves
Vests
Sweaters
Bedspreads
Meat
While Vicugna pacos were never bred for meat, it is a useful by-product in that their meat is perfectly edible and very high in protein. The carcass weight varies at a round 50% of live weight and 23 kilogrammes. Huacaya are thought to produce more meat than the Suri. Alpaca meat has a high protein to fat ratio, with the most common breed containing on average 23% protein.
References
Category:Livestock
Category:Mammals of Argentina
Category:Mammals of Bolivia
Category:Mammals of Chile
Category:Mammals of Peru
Category:Mammals of the Andes
Category:Mammal breeds originating from Indigenous Americans
Category:Camelids
Category:Animal hair products | {
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Siraj Kassam Teli
Siraj Kassam Teli is a Pakistani industrialist. He is the former president of the Karachi Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the head of the chamber's leading group.
Education and early life
He graduated from Government College of Commerce & Economics, Karachi, in 1974. At Gul Ahmed Textile Mills Limited and Nakshbandi Industries he spent eleven years at the start of his career.
Leadership
He always raised voice for the rights of Business and Industrial Community of Karachi. To improve economic ties between India and Pakistan he on several occasions talked that business opportunities and productive developments. He feels by resolving political issues and friendly and cordial relations could bring peace and prosperity in the region.
Awards
For his outstanding contribution for the economic development of the country and, philanthropic and public work, Teli was awarded the Sitara-e-Imtiaz. He received Sitate-e-Imtiaz on 23 March 2011 from Mr. Asif Ali Zardari, President of Islamic Republic of Pakistan in recognition of his exceptional services for the promotion of Trade and Industry in Pakistan.
References
Category:Pakistani industrialists
Category:1953 births
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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John II, Marquis of Namur
John II of Namur, (1311 – 2 April 1335), was Marquis of Namur from 1330 to 1335.
He was the eldest son of John I, Marquis of Namur, and Mary of Artois.
He succeeded his father on 26 January 1330. He joined an alliance against John III, Duke of Brabant, but by the intervention of King Philip VI of France, a conflict was averted.
He died unmarried, but had an illegitimate son Philip, who was killed in 1380, while defending Dendermonde.
He was succeeded by his brother Guy.
Ancestors
Category:1311 births
Category:1335 deaths
Category:House of Dampierre
Category:Counts of Namur
[[John 02 | {
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John R. Hamilton (architect)
John R. Hamilton was a nineteenth-century English and American architect, active between 1840 and 1870.
Hamilton had a significant practice in his native England before moving to North America in 1850. Between 1852 and 1859, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Hamilton's business thrived, with a long list of private homes, churches, and several major public buildings. He then moved to New York City, can be found in the American south as a traveling graphic journalist during and after the Civil War, and was again practicing architecture from New York in 1870.
Life
England
Hamilton first appears in 1841 as a new partner of Samuel Daukes (1811-1880). Daukes was established in practice in Gloucester and Cheltenham, designing for the rapidly developing railways. Among other commissions for mansions and churches, Daukes and Hamilton designed the main building of Royal Agricultural College near Cirencester, in Victorian Tudor style. Construction began in 1845.
In 1848 the firm won a competition for the Colney Hatch Lunatic Asylum, moved offices from the Midlands to London, took into the partnership James Medland (1808–94), and changed its name to Hamilton & Medland. (Daukes continued as an unnamed partner.) That firm is credited for Welford Road Cemetery in Leicester, Ford Park Cemetery in Plymouth, Warstone Lane Cemetery, Birmingham, and insane asylums in Lincoln and Powick Hospital in Worcester.
Americas
Hamilton came to North America in 1850. A single source has an architect, with the same name, designing a residence for British emissary Louis Lewis in San Felipe, Panama in 1851. The structure still stands on Plaza Simón Bolívar as the Simón Bolívar School in San Felipe.
Hamilton arrived in Cincinnati, Ohio in approximately 1852. In city business records he was listed on his own in 1853-1855, as partners with James C. Rankin, 1856–1857, and then with James W. McLaughlin in 1857-1858.
Hamilton's 1855 Woodward High School building stands among the first buildings in America to use terracotta for exterior decoration. The historian of Cincinnati's schools noted that Hamilton had urged the adoption of terra cotta because of his extensive travels in Italy. "Unfortunately, however, its manufacture was then an untried process here, and within a few years it began to disintegrate in the walls of the structure, and it became necessary to cut it out and replace it with stone. This unfortunate state of affairs
brought the building into disrepute. Nevertheless, as an architectural design, it was eminently satisfactory."
Hamilton may have been in New York City at 36 Wall Street by 1859. According to Haverstock, page 369, "he served during the Civil War as special artist for Harper’s Weekly, traveling as far south as Port Hudson, Louisiana," and was in Richmond, Virginia, from about 1864 to 1866. In 1870 advertised his services from a New York office at 1267 Broadway.
Hamilton was an early member of the Literary Club of Cincinnati (1857), and was made a Fellow of the fledgling American Institute of Architects on April 3, 1860. Prominent Cincinnati architect Samuel Hannaford, also born in England but brought to the Cincinnati area as a child, got his start in Hamilton's office in 1857.
Henry Clay monument
In 1854 Hamilton entered and won a national design competition for the Henry Clay monument, to be built in Lexington Cemetery, Lexington, Kentucky. Hamilton's entry was accepted by the committee from more than 100 entries. The New York Times described it as,
''a gothic temple of circular form with thirteen sides, intended to illustrate the thirteen original States of the Confederacy... The upper portion of the building is to be used as a record room to contain relics of the great statesman, an original and admirable idea. Altogether this will make the most complete and graceful mausoleum in the world.
Other sources noted it was to be "constructed entirely and innovatively of cast-iron". It was never built. Citing costs, the monument committee turned to a far more conventional column design by Julius W. Adams, a Lexington civil engineer and architect.
Work
Woodward High School building, 1855 (razed 1907)
First Presbyterian Church, Aurora, Indiana, which Hamilton designed for the Gaff family in a Greek Revival Style, 1855
Saint Mary's Episcopal Church, Hillsboro, Ohio, 1855
the (new) National Theater on Sycamore Street, 1857
Masonic Temple, NEC Third and Walnut, 1859
Institute of Fine Arts (razed), 625 Broadway, New York City, for the Dusseldorf Gallery of Art, 1860
Derby's Building (razed), southwest corner of Third and Walnut, date unknown
University Club, formerly the Edmund Dexter Mansion, NEC Fourth and Broadway streets, Cincinnati
First Presbyterian Church, 1101 Bryden Rd, Columbus, Ohio, which "survives with its terracotta exterior elements"
References
Category:19th-century English architects
Category:Architects from Ohio
Category:Fellows of the American Institute of Architects
Category:Year of birth missing
Category:Year of death missing
Category:Architects from Gloucestershire | {
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Homodihydrocapsaicin
Homodihydrocapsaicin is a capsaicinoid and analog and congener of capsaicin in chili peppers (Capsicum). Like capsaicin it is an irritant. Homodihydrocapsaicin accounts for about 1% of the total capsaicinoids mixture and has about half the pungency of capsaicin. Pure homodihydrocapsaicin is a lipophilic colorless odorless crystalline to waxy compound. It produces "numbing burn" in the throat and is one of the most prolonged and difficult to rinse out. On the Scoville scale it has 8,600,000 SHU (Scoville heat units).
See also
Capsaicin
Dihydrocapsaicin
Nordihydrocapsaicin
Homocapsaicin
Nonivamide
Scoville scale
Pepper spray
Spice
References
External links
Molecule of the Month
Category:Capsaicinoids
Category:Acetamides | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Neoregostoma
Neoregostoma is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae.
Species
The Neoregostoma species contains the following species:
Neoregostoma bettelai Clarke, 2010
Neoregostoma coccineum (Gory in Guérin-Méneville, 1831)
Neoregostoma discoideum (Audinet-Serville, 1833)
Neoregostoma erythrocallum (Lane, 1940)
Neoregostoma fasciatum (Aurivillius, 1920)
Neoregostoma giesberti Clarke, 2007
Neoregostoma luridum (Klug, 1825)
Neoregostoma spinipenne (Fuchs, 1961)
Neoregostoma unicolor (Aurivillius, 1920)
References
Category:Rhinotragini | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Juggling competition
Competitive or sport juggling may range from friendly and silly games to competitive sports. Most juggling conventions include friendly games such as endurance and gladiators. Since 1969, the International Jugglers' Association (IJA) has held annual stage championships, judged both on technique and presentation. The stage championships have three categories: Individuals, Teams and Juniors (individuals under 17 years old). First, second and third-place winners in the Stage Championships are awarded medals and money prizes. In addition the Numbers Championships awards Gold medals to those who demonstrate that they can juggle the most balls, clubs or rings for the most catches.
In recent times there has been a move to more competitive and technical juggling events. The most notable example of this is the annual World Juggling Federation (WJF) Championships. Other competitions include those produced by the International Sport Juggling Federation, and the Atlanta Jugglers Association Groundhog Day competition.
One type of competition is called combat, often known as Gladiators in Europe, is a "last man standing" competition, with the participating jugglers agree to maintain a base level of juggling, normally a three club cascade, within a certain area. Participants who drop a club, or go out of bounds, have lost the round and are expected to remove themselves (and their clubs if necessary) from the competition area. Although participants are not allowed to deliberately come into body to body contact with each other unless previously specified, they are allowed to use their clubs to interfere with other participants' cascades through juggling tricks. Stealing a club out of another participant's cascade, in order to replace one's own dropped or discarded club, is a common tactic. Multiple rounds may be played, with the winner being the first to win a set number of rounds, or the person with the most wins by a set end time.
External links
Article discussing the merits of juggling competitions: "New Perspectives on Competition" (Juggler's World: Vol. 39, No. 2), Juggling.org.
Category:Competitions
Category:Juggling | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Sbor
Sbor () is a small village Pazardzhik Municipality, Pazardzhik Province, southern Bulgaria. it has 298 inhabitants. The village is situated at 300 m altitude, at 1 km to the east of the main road Pazardzhik-Panagyurishte.
The main agricultural crops raised by the locals are cereals, peanuts, cherries, apples, grapes. The most widespread domestic animals include sheep, poultry and pheasants. The village has a kindergarten and chitalishte. The main landmark is the 19th-century church "Sv. Ioan Predtecha" (1881). The village is mentioned in an Ottoman document from 1576.
A treasure trove which consists of 503 silver Roman coins was found in the vicinity of the village.
Category:Villages in Pazardzhik Province | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Welcome to Sweden (2007 TV series)
Welcome to Sweden is a Swedish reality show starring American actors Richard Kiel (known as Jaws from the James Bond films) and Verne Troyer (known as Mini-Me in the Austin Powers movies). The show aired on Swedish channel 5 in early 2007.
Overview
During the couple of winter days they visit Sweden, Kiel and Troyer get to experience as much of Swedish customs as possible, including celebrating Midsummer’s Eve, May Day, a Crayfish party, Gymnasia graduation, Gustavus Adolphus Day, Vasaloppet, opening of Parliament, a trip to Gotland and taking a booze cruise to Finland.
References
External links
Welcome to Sweden at From Sweden with Love
Category:Kanal 5 (Sweden) television programmes
Category:Swedish reality television series | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Earl Pitts (character)
This article describes Earl Pitts, the fictional radio character. For the Russian spy, see Earl Edwin Pitts.
Earl Pitts is a fictional character performed by Gary Burbank, a radio personality from Cincinnati, Ohio.
Pitts, who is almost always referred to as "Earl Pitts, Uhmerikun" (as in "American") is a stereotype of a redneck from the Southern United States. As such, Pitts presents a daily "editorial," which always begins with a bugle call of "Assembly", and the words, "Ya' know what makes me sick?" followed by another line like, "You know what makes me so angry, ah just want to soak mah butt in a bucket of toxic waste?" Pitts then goes off on a rant, either about some cultural topic of the day as seen from a redneck point of view, or an anecdote about his home life or his job at the local tavern. His family and friends—wife Pearl, son Earl Junior, daughter Sandra Dee, and good friend Dub Meeker, among others—figure prominently in many routines. His signature ending lines are "Wake Up, Uhmerika!" and "Ah'm Earl Pitts, Uhmerikun. Pitts off!" while The Washington Post march plays in the background.
Burbank, whose radio career has taken him from his native Memphis to his 20-year-plus gig working afternoon drive time at WLW-AM in Cincinnati (and briefly in national syndication), began the Pitts character shortly after arriving at WLW. The daily routines became an instant hit, and a few years later Pitts' commentaries were syndicated nationally. Earl Pitts now is heard on about 200 stations and via XM Satellite Radio's WLW simulcast.
Burbank says that Pitts is the second-longest running syndicated comedy program ever behind Paul Harvey News and Comment. Harvey's program was neither a comedy program nor syndicated; it was a network program heard on ABC Radio Networks for its entire 58-year run, and at least two national comedy shows date to before the introduction of Pitts', both launching nationwide in 1974: Dr. Demento, which syndicated until 2010, and A Prairie Home Companion, a comedy-centric variety series that has run continuously. As both of those shows are weekly series, the Pitts monologues, airing five episodes a week, have more episodes.
Earl's Web site features items for sale including purchase rights to previous monologues. Ostensibly, hearing the program online requires a subscription to the Pitts Web site. However, many stations stream the program at a regular time, and in addition, WFLA in Tampa, Florida offers a daily podcast of the show.
Despite Burbank's retirement as a host of WLW, the daily Pitts commentaries continue, and have recently expanded into television. Burbank taped several 90-second "commentaries" as Pitts to be seen on WGN America and possibly other stations owned by Tribune Company. The spots were done at the behest of Burbank's old boss at WLW, and were taped at a pub in Fort Thomas, Kentucky.
Character background
Very little has been written seriously about Pitts's home and family life; most written references contain little but nonsense. However, Pitts does frequently mention such information in his monologues. He is of indeterminate middle age and is unhappily married to his wife of twenty-five years, Pearl, with whom he has two children: his son, Earl Jr., whose age varies between teen years and early 20s and who frequently comes to his father for advice, and his teenage daughter Sandra Dee (named after, but no relation to the actress of the same name), who is noted for her presumed ugliness and is more of a nuisance. He has a little-mentioned brother, Merle Pitts. Earl has a day job as an automotive worker and a night job as a bartender at the Duck Inn, a local tavern. His experiences and interactions with the bar patrons serve as fodder for many of his monologues. He claims to be a cousin of actor Brad Pitt.
Earl's hometown is not explicitly stated in most cases; Pitts himself states that he hails from Water Valley, Mississippi but tries to sound like he comes from a generic small town near the listener—for instance, KERN in Bakersfield, California, a Pitts affiliate, claimed Pitts to be from nearby Oildale, and KSCS in Arlington, Texas claimed for many years he was the former mayor of Gun Barrel City, Texas. Earl's website states he spent many, if not all, of his early years in Rooster Ear, Mississippi, a town that does not exist in real life.
See also
Gilbert Gnarley
References
External links
Earl and Gary Burbank Show Official site
Earl Pitts podcast
Category:Radio characters
Category:Fictional characters from Cincinnati
Category:Fictional characters from Mississippi | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bäst i Test
Bäst i test (English: Best in Test) is a Swedish comedy programme based on the British show Taskmaster. It has been broadcast on SVT since spring 2017. The show features four fixed panellists per series, along with one guest per episode, who all compete in odd competitions, judged by Babben Larsson and assisted by David Sundin.
The show is based in the Filmhuset studio where the interview with the panelists takes place, together with the show's final. Most of the competitions, however, are done in and around Villa Frescati in Stockholm.
The first season had four episodes. Regular panellists were Bianca Kronlöf, Kodjo Akolor, Claes Malmberg and Pia Johansson. Guests were Marko Lehtosalo, Kalle Zackari Wahlström, Parisa Amiri and Eva Röse.
The second season with eight episodes was shown during the spring of 2018. The permanent contestants were Ola Forssmed, Marika Carlsson, Erik Ekstrand and Ellen Bergström. Guests were Ann Westin, Al Pitcher, Nisse Hallberg, Claes Malmberg, Emma Knyckare, Moa Lundqvist, Clara Henry and Thomas Petersson.
The third season with seven episodes will air in 2019 with the permanent contestants Anders Jansson, Annika Andersson, Nassim al Fakir, and Clara Henry. Guests will be Kristina Petrushina, Marika Carlsson, Måns Nathanaelson, Per Andersson, Fab Freddie, Emma Molin and Oscar Zia.
Reviews and Rewards
The show has received a negative review by Sylvia Balac from Aftonbladet, calling the show "nonsense" and ending with "Come on SVT! You should be able to do better than this." Karolina Fjellborg, also from Aftonbladet, gave a slightly more positive review saying that she has "seen worse", but still criticising that it is "another show based on nonsense and air only". Malin Slotte from Hufvudstadsbladet gave also a negative review saying that "SVT have unbuttoned their pants, laid down on the couch, and greatly lowered their ambition".
References
External links
Bäst i Test on SVT.se
Bäst i test on SVT Play
Category:2010s game shows
Category:2010s Swedish television series
Category:Sveriges Television programmes
Category:Swedish game shows
Category:Swedish comedy television series | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Joe Ferry
Dr. Joe Ferry is an Aerican record producer, author, bassist and educator.
Over the course of his 35-year career, he has produced records and played bass for numerous artists, including The Skatalites, Dr. John, Rhonda Vincent, Eileen Ivers, Nicolette Larson, John Hammond, Sue Foley, Double Trouble, The Roches, The New Orleans Klezmer All-Stars, SKAndalous All-Stars, Uzimon, Joey Ray, Huey Lewis and the News and Delbert McClinton. He has several Grammy Award nominations and one Grammy, The Chancellor's Award For Teaching Excellence, and Best Fiction at the San Francisco Book Festival.
Dr. Ferry holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Long Island University, a Master of Fine Arts degree from SUNY Purchase, and a Ph.D. From Kennedy Western University. He is a faculty member at State University of New York at Purchase.
As an educator, Dr. Joe Ferry's former students include Regina Spektor, Langhorne Slim, Dan Deacon, Blake Ian, J-Zone, Elite, Phil "The Butcha" Moffa, Richie Castellano (of Blue Öyster Cult), Jenny Owen Youngs, Bess Rogers, Hanan Rubinstein, Cyrille-Aimee, Dan Romer and many more.
Joe Ferry & The Big Ska Band, the ska group that Ferry leads, has released several albums on the Shantytown Record label, the most recent of which is entitled Big Up. In 2013, Ferry started his own publishing company and record label, Joe Ferry LLC. His debut novel, Connected: Mob Stories From My Past, received critical acclaimed with stellar reviews on amazon.com and the companion CD, Connected: Mob Stories & Reggae Riddims, features tracks by Augustus Pablo, King Tubby, Rita Marley, Victor Rice, The Butcha, Menace, Channel Tubes and The Big Ska Band. Ferry's "Mob Talk" (spoken word) EP has been released.
In addition to Big Up, albums produced by Ferry include The Crux & The Bluestocking by Emily Hope Price. His latest album, Skankology: The Ultimate Big Ska Band Collection, is in production now and the vinyl version of Connected: Mob Stories & Reggae Riddims was released in September 2013. Ferry also played bass on "Fall In Line" and "Double EP" by Matt Simons. Ferry's second novel, Connected, Songs My Father Sang, was released in 2014.
Albums
Skallelujah (N-Soul/Electica Records)
Big Ska (Shantytown Records)
Bootleg (Larchmont Recordings)
55:22 (Shantytown Records)
Big Up (Shantytown Records)
External links
Official website
Purchase
Myspace
Shanty Town Records
Jump Up Records
Joe Ferry Music
Category:American record producers
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Stójło
Stójło is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Siennica Różana, within Krasnystaw County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland.
References
Category:Villages in Krasnystaw County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
George Cavendish
George Cavendish may refer to:
George Cavendish, 1st Earl of Burlington (1754–1834), Member of the United Kingdom Parliament
George Cavendish (writer) (circa 1494–1562), English writer
George Henry Compton Cavendish (1784–1809), English politician
Lord George Augustus Cavendish (died 1794), British politician
Lord George Henry Cavendish (1810–1880), Member of the United Kingdom Parliament
George Cavendish-Bentinck (1821–1891), British barrister, Conservative politician, and cricketer
George Cavendish (Irish politician) (1766–1849), Anglo-Irish politician | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Roy Knight
Robert Ross "Roy" Knight (12 December 1891 – 11 September 1971) was a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Cookstown, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland and became a farmer and teacher by career.
Knight lived in Northern Ireland during his childhood, attending the Royal School Dungannon. He moved to Canada in 1909, attended Saskatoon Normal School, then Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario where he received his Bachelor of Arts.
He was first elected at the Saskatoon City riding in the 1945 general election, then re-elected at Saskatoon in 1949 and again in 1953. Knight was defeated by Henry Frank Jones of the Progressive Conservative party in the 1957 election. Knight was again unsuccessful there in 1958.
References
External links
Category:1891 births
Category:1971 deaths
Category:Canadian farmers
Category:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation MPs
Category:20th-century Canadian politicians
Category:Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Saskatchewan
Category:Northern Ireland emigrants to Canada
Category:Queen's University alumni
Category:People from Cookstown | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Spiroligomer
Spiroligomers (also known as bis-peptides) are synthetic oligomers made by coupling pairs of bis-amino acids into a fused ring system. Spiroligomers are rich in stereochemistry and functionality because of the variety of bis-amino acids that are capable of being incorporated during synthesis. Due to the rigidity of the fused ring system, the three-dimensional shape of a spiroligomer – as well as the display of any functional groups – can be predicted, allowing for molecular modeling and dynamics.
Synthesis
Spiroligomers are synthesized in a step-wise approach by adding a single bis-amino acid at each stage of the synthesis. This stepwise elongation allows for complete control of the stereochemistry, as any bis-amino acid can be incorporated to allow for elongation; or any mono-amino acid can be added to terminate a chain. This can be accomplished using either solution-phase or solid-phase reactions. The original synthesis of spiroligomers allowed for functionalization on the ends of the oligomers, but it did not allow for the incorporation of functionality on the interior diketopiperazine (DKP) nitrogens. Much work has been done to allow for the functionalization of the entire Spiroligomer, as opposed to just the ends. By exploiting a neighboring group effect, spiroligomers can be synthesized with a variety of functional groups along the length of the molecule.
Structure
Spiroligomers can be synthesized in any direction, and between any pair of bis-amino acids.
Spiroligomer diketopiperazines can be created between either end of a bis-amino acid.
Spiroligomers are known to be conformationally rigid, due to the fused-ring backbone.
Chemical characteristics
Spiroligomers are peptidomimetics, completely resistant to proteases, and not likely to raise an immune response.
Uses
Spiroligomers have been utilized for a variety of applications which include catalysis, protein binding, metal-binding, molecular scaffolds, and charge-transfer studies, et al.
Catalysis
Two unique types of spiroligomer catalysts (spiroligozymes) have been developed, an esterase mimic and a Claisen catalyst.
Transesterification
The first spiroligomer catalyst was an esterase-mimic, which catalyzed the transfer of a trifluoroacetate group.
Aromatic Claisen rearrangement
The second spiroligomer catalyst accelerated an aromatic Claisen rearrangement with a catalytic dyad similar to that found in ketosteroid isomerase.
Protein binding
A spiroligomer was designed to mimic P53 and bind HDM2. The molecule enters cells through passive diffusion, and this mimic was shown to stabilize HDM2 in cell culture.
Metal binding
Binuclear metal binding
Molecular scaffolds
Rods used for distance measuring with spin probes.
Electron transfer
Donor-Bridge-Acceptor
References
Category:Oligomers
Category:Amino acids | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kung Fu: The Next Generation
Kung Fu: The Next Generation is a 1987 television pilot which was intended to be a follow-up to the 1972-75 television series, Kung Fu. It was the second follow-up to the series after Kung Fu: The Movie (1986).
The pilot was not picked up for a series but in 1987 it aired on CBS Summer Playhouse, a series that aired unsold television pilots. In the 1990s, another follow-up to the series titled Kung Fu: The Legend Continues aired which ignored the continuity of the TV movies.
Synopsis
The Pilot tells the story in present day of the great-grandson of the Shaolin monk (who is also named Kwai Chang Caine after his great-grandfather) played by David Darlow and his son Johnny Caine, portrayed by Brandon Lee.
The story explains the fate of the original Caine: he had married and become a town's "medicine man". One night he had a heart attack. But when his wife returned with the town's doctor to tend to him, Caine had disappeared. His ghost appears to his great-grandson and great-great-grandson. Later, the pair destroy an arms dealing operation.
References
Pilato, Herbie J. The Kung Fu Book of Caine: The Complete Guide to TV's First Mystical Eastern Western. Boston: Charles A. Tuttle, 1993.
External links
Next Generation
Category:Television pilots not picked up as a series
Category:Warner Bros. films
Category:1987 American television episodes
Category:Martial arts films
Category:American television films
Category:American films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Swan Creek, North Carolina
Swan Creek is an unincorporated community in western Yadkin County, North Carolina south of Jonesville, North Carolina. It also shares its name with an American Viticultural Area (AVA) region in the Yadkin Valley AVA.
The AVA includes about in Iredell, Wilkes and Yadkin counties. The designation, the second in North Carolina, took effect May 27, 2008.
There are five vineyards located within the Swan Creek AVA: Raffaldini Vineyards in Ronda, and Windsor Run Cellars, Shadow Springs Vineyard, Dobbins Creek Vineyards, and Laurel Gray Vineyards in Hamptonville.
Swan Creek is named for the wild geese, erroneously called swans, that were spotted resting in a nearby stream. Quaker pioneers first settled in the area before 1797.
References
Category:Unincorporated communities in North Carolina
Category:American Viticultural Areas
Category:Unincorporated communities in Yadkin County, North Carolina | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Metarctia johanna
Metarctia johanna is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1979. It is found in Nigeria.
References
Category:Metarctia
Category:Moths described in 1979 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tom Conway
Tom Conway (born Thomas Charles Sanders, 15 September 1904 – 22 April 1967) was a British film, television and radio actor remembered for playing private detectives (including The Falcon, Sherlock Holmes, Bulldog Drummond and The Saint) and psychiatrists.
Conway is perhaps best known for playing "The Falcon" in ten of the series' entries, taking over for his brother, George Sanders, in The Falcon's Brother (1942), in which they both starred. He is also well known for his appearance in several Val Lewton films.
Early life
Conway was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. His younger brother was fellow actor George Sanders (1906–1972). Their younger sister, Margaret Sanders, was born in 1912. At the outbreak of the Russian Revolution (1917), the family moved to England, where Conway was educated at Bedales School and Brighton College. He travelled to Northern Rhodesia, where he worked in mining and ranching, then returned to England, appearing in several plays with the Manchester Repertory Company and performing on BBC Radio.
Career
MGM
When he joined his brother George in Hollywood, Conway became a contract player for MGM. During this time he changed his last name from Sanders to Conway after losing a friendly coin toss to his brother. He had small roles in Waterloo Bridge (1940), with only his voice heard, Sky Murder (1941) and The Wild Man of Borneo (1941). He had a bigger part in The Trial of Mary Dugan (1941) then was back to small parts in Free and Easy (1941), The Bad Man (1941), The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941), and Lady Be Good (1941).
Conway was a villain in Tarzan's Secret Treasure (1941), Mr. and Mrs. North (1941) and Rio Rita (1942). He was a murder suspect in Grand Central Murder (1942) and had an uncredited bit in Mrs. Miniver (1942).
RKO: The Falcon and Val Lewton
At RKO, Conway's brother George Sanders had starred in three popular "B" movies as "The Falcon". Sanders was getting sick of the role so Conway took over as The Falcon's Brother (1942), co-starring with Sanders for one film (Sanders' character was killed off). RKO signed him to a long term contract.
Conway followed this with an excellent role in Cat People (1942), the first of producer Val Lewton's legendary horror cycle. It was an even bigger hit than Falcon's Brother.
Conway starred in The Falcon Strikes Back (1942), then had the male lead in a second film for Lewton, I Walked with a Zombie (1942), now regarded as a horror classic.
He starred in The Falcon in Danger (1943) and The Falcon and the Co-eds (1943) back to back, then was top billed in Lewton's The Seventh Victim (1943) playing the same role he did in The Cat People though his character was apparently killed in that film. After The Falcon Out West (1944) he made a crime mystery, A Night of Adventure (1944), directed by Gordon Douglas. He reprised the Falcon role with The Falcon in Mexico (1944) and The Falcon in Hollywood (1945), then was top billed in a "B" mystery directed by Anthony Mann, Two O'Clock Courage (1945).
After The Falcon in San Francisco (1945), Conway was borrowed by United Artists for Whistle Stop (1946), in which he supported George Raft, Ava Gardner and Victor McLaglen. He went back to RKO for The Falcon's Alibi (1946) and a "B", Criminal Court (1946), directed by Robert Wise. The Falcon's Adventure (1946) was Conway's last "Falcon".
In June 1946 Conway obtained a release from his RKO contract. His next film was to be Strange Bedfellows at United Artists.
Freelance actor
On radio, Conway played Sherlock Holmes during the 1946–1947 season of The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes, following Basil Rathbone's departure from the series. In spite of a similar vocal timbre, Conway was not as well-received as Rathbone by audiences; he played Holmes for only one season.
He was a leading support actor in Lost Honeymoon (1947) and Repeat Performance (1947) for Eagle-Lion and Fun on a Weekend (1947) for United Artists.
Reliance Pictures, a small outfit who distributed through Fox, hired Conway to play Bulldog Drummond in The Challenge (1948) and 13 Lead Soldiers (1948). Fox cast him in the lead of some B movies: The Checkered Coat (1948), Bungalow 13 (1948), and I Cheated the Law (1949). Conway had a support part in One Touch of Venus (1948). He had the lead in The Great Plane Robbery (1950).
Conway had support parts in Painting the Clouds with Sunshine (1951) and Bride of the Gorilla (1951). He went back to leads for Confidence Girl (1952) and was a villain in Tarzan and the She-Devil (1953).
In 1951, he replaced Vincent Price as star of the radio mystery series The Saint, portrayed by Sanders on film a decade earlier.
From 1951–1954, Conway played debonair British police detective Mark Saber, who worked in the homicide division of a large American city, in the ABC series entitled Inspector Mark Saber – Homicide Detective. In 1957, the series resumed on NBC, renamed Saber of London, with Donald Gray in the title role.
Conway went to England to star in Park Plaza 605 (1953), and Blood Orange (1953) using his own name for the private detective he played. He had a support part in Paris Model (1953) and a minor role in Prince Valiant (1954), but leads in the British Barbados Quest (1955), Breakaway (1955) and The Last Man to Hang? (1956).
In 1956, the two brothers both featured (as brothers) in the film Death of a Scoundrel, though Sanders had the starring role.
In America he was in The She-Creature (1956) and Voodoo Woman (1957). In England he did Operation Murder (1957). In 1956 he was briefly hospitalised for an operation.
Conway performed in the Alfred Hitchcock Presents episode "The Glass Eye" (1957) as Max Collodi, receiving critical praise.
Final years
Conway had support roles on The Betty Hutton Show television series (1959-60) and in the feature films The Atomic Submarine (1959), and 12 to the Moon (1960). He provided his voice for Disney's 101 Dalmatians (1961) as a quizmaster in What's My Crime?—a parody of the game show What's My Line?—and as a collie who offers the dalmatians shelter in a barn, later guiding them home. His wife at the time, Queenie Leonard, voiced a cow in the barn.
His final television appearance was in the Perry Mason episode, "The Case of the Simple Simon" (1964), playing the role of Guy Penrose.
Decline and death
Despite having been financially successful in his twenty-four-year film career, Conway later struggled to make ends meet. Failing eyesight and alcoholism took their toll on him in his last years.
His first marriage ended in divorce in 1953.
His second wife (Leonard) divorced him in 1963 because of his drinking problem. His alcoholism also cost him his relationship with his brother George Sanders, who broke off all contact with him.
Conway underwent cataract surgery during the winter of 1964–1965. In September 1965 he briefly returned to the headlines, having been discovered living in a $2-a-day room in a Venice, Los Angeles flophouse. Gifts, contributions and offers of aid poured in for a time. Conway estimated he had earned $900,000 in his career but was broke. "I don't particularly want to act," he said. He said he lost his last $15,000 to swindlers in a lumber deal. Lew Ayres paid his rent.
His last years were marked with hospitalizations. It was there that former sister-in-law Zsa Zsa Gabor paid Conway a visit and gave him $200. "Tip the nurses a little bit so they'll be good to you," she told him. The following day, the hospital called her to say that Conway had left with the $200, gone to his girlfriend's house, and become gravely sick in her bed. It was 22 April 1967, and he died from cirrhosis of the liver at the age of 62. His funeral was held in London.
Filmography
Waterloo Bridge (1940) (film debut) (voice)
Sky Murder (1940) as Andrew Hendon
The Great Meddler (1940) as Henry Bergh
The Wild Man of Borneo (1941) as Actor in Film Scene (uncredited)
The Trial of Mary Dugan (1941) as Edgar Wayne
Free and Easy (1941) as Captain Ferris
The Bad Man (1941) as Morgan Pell
The People vs. Dr. Kildare (1941) as Mr. Channing
Lady Be Good (1941) as Mr. Blanton
Tarzan's Secret Treasure (1941) as Medford
Mr. and Mrs. North (1942) as Louis Berex
Rio Rita (1942) as Maurice Craindall
Grand Central Murder (1942) as Frankie Ciro
Mrs. Miniver (1942) as Man (uncredited)
The Falcon's Brother (1942) as Tom Lawrence
Cat People (1942) as Dr. Louis Judd
The Falcon Strikes Back (1943) as Tom Lawrence
I Walked with a Zombie (1943) as Paul Holland
The Falcon in Danger (1943) as Tom Lawrence
The Seventh Victim (1943) as Dr. Louis Judd
The Falcon and the Co-eds (1943) as Tom Lawrence
The Falcon Out West (1944) as Tom Lawrence
A Night of Adventure (1944) as Mark Latham
The Falcon in Mexico (1944) as Tom Lawrence
The Falcon in Hollywood (1944) as Tom Lawrence
Two O'Clock Courage (1945) as Ted 'Step' Allison
The Falcon in San Francisco (1945) as Tom Lawrence
Whistle Stop (1946) as Lew Lentz
The Falcon's Alibi (1946) as Tom Lawrence
Criminal Court (1946) as Steve Barnes
The Falcon's Adventure (1946) as Tom Lawrence
Lost Honeymoon (1947) as Dr. Robert 'Bob' Davis
Fun on a Weekend (1947) as Jefferson Van Orsdale Jr.
Repeat Performance (1947) as John Friday
The Challenge (1948) as Capt. Hugh 'Bulldog' Drummond
13 Lead Soldiers (1948) as Capt. Hugh 'Bulldog' Drummond
The Checkered Coat (1948) as Dr. Michael Madden
One Touch of Venus (1948) as Whitfield Savory
Bungalow 13 (1948) as Christopher Adams
I Cheated the Law (1949) as John Campbell
The Great Plane Robbery (1950) as Ned Johnson
Painting the Clouds with Sunshine (1951) as Bennington Lansing
Bride of the Gorilla (1951) as Dr. Viet
Confidence Girl (1952) as Roger Kingsley
Peter Pan (1953) as Narrator (voice)
Tarzan and the She-Devil (1953) as Fidel
Park Plaza 605 (1953) as Norman Conquest
Blood Orange (1953) as Tom Conway, private investigator
Paris Model (1953) as Maharajah of Kim-Kepore
Prince Valiant (1954) as Sir Kay
Barbados Quest (1955) as Tom Martin
Breakaway (1955) as Tom 'Duke' Martin
The She-Creature (1956) as Timothy Chappel
The Last Man to Hang? (1956) as Sir Roderick Strood
Death of a Scoundrel (1956) as Gerry Monte aka Sabourin
Operation Murder (1957) as Dr. Wayne
Voodoo Woman (1957) as Dr. Roland Gerard
The Atomic Submarine (1959) as Sir Ian Hunt
12 to the Moon (1960) as Dr. Feodor Orloff
One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961) as Quizmaster / Collie (voice)
What a Way to Go! (1964) as Lord Kensington (final film) (uncredited)
References
External links
Category:1904 births
Category:1967 deaths
Category:Male actors from Saint Petersburg
Category:English male radio actors
Category:Burials at Chapel of the Pines Crematory
Category:Deaths from cirrhosis
Category:English male film actors
Category:English male television actors
Category:English male voice actors
Category:English people of Estonian descent
Category:English people of German descent
Category:English people of Scottish descent
Category:British expatriate male actors in the United States
Category:People educated at Bedales School
Category:People educated at Brighton College
Category:People from Brighton
Category:People from Saint Petersburg
Category:20th-century English male actors
Category:Imperial Russian emigrants to the United Kingdom
Category:Male actors of German descent
Category:Alcohol-related deaths in California | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kyle Moore
Kyle Moore (born October 25, 1986) is a former American football defensive end. He was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round of the 2009 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Southern California. He has also been a member of the Detroit Lions, Buffalo Bills and Chicago Bears.
Early years
An army brat born in Germany, Moore attended Houston County High School in Warner Robins, Georgia, where he was named Georgia Class 5A Defensive Player of the Year as a senior defensive lineman. He had 93 tackles, 22 sacks, 18 deflections, 8 forced fumbles, 2 fumble recoveries and 1 blocked punt (for a touchdown) in 2004.
As a junior in 2003, he made All-Middle Georgia, All-Region and All-County while getting 110 tackles, 23 tackles for loss and 15 sacks. Moore was rated a Four-Star recruit and chose USC over Miami.
College career
At USC, Moore served as a backup defensive end as a true freshman and sophomore. In 2007, he did a solid job while starting at defensive end, recording 35 tackles, including 3.5 for losses of 29 yards (with 2 sacks for 20 yards), plus 2 interceptions that he returned 38 yards (19.0 avg.), 5 deflections, 1 forced fumble and 1 fumble recovery.
In 2008 Moore had arthroscopic surgery on his knee prior to 2008 spring practice, which limited him in spring drills. He started at defensive end alongside Everson Griffen.
Moore was one of twelve USC players invited to the 2009 NFL Scouting Combine.
College awards and honors
2009 Senior Bowl invitee.
2008 All-Pac-10 Honorable Mention.
2008 USC Most Inspirational Player.
Professional career
Pre-draft
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Moore was drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the fourth round (117th overall) of the 2009 NFL Draft. Played in 15 games in 2 years due to injuries. Started 7 career games as a Buccaneer. He was released on September 2, 2011.
Buffalo Bills
The Buffalo Bills signed Moore off of the Detroit Lions' practice squad on November 15, 2011.
Chicago Bears
On April 9, 2013, Moore was signed by the Chicago Bears. He was waived on August 25.
Toronto Argonauts
Moore was signed by the Toronto Argonauts on April 4, 2014, along with his former USC teammate, Kevin Thomas.
References
External links
Official Site
Toronto Argonauts bio
Buffalo Bills bio
USC Trojans bio
Category:1986 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Warner Robins, Georgia
Category:Players of American football from Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:American football defensive ends
Category:USC Trojans football players
Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Category:Detroit Lions players
Category:Buffalo Bills players
Category:Chicago Bears players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Team Russia
Team Russia was the name of the Russian backed entry in the 2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race. Team Russia was founded by Oleg Zherebtsov, the founder of the Lenta hypermarket chain in Russia. Zherebstov met former Olympic sailor and professional skipper, Andreas Hanakamp, by chance during a sailing holiday in Croatia.
The CEO of Team Russia is Michael Woods, who was director of Race Operations for the 2001-02 race.
Their yacht, a second generation Volvo Open 70, was designed by British designer Rob Humphreys and built by Green Marine in Lymington, UK she was christened Kosatka (which is Russian for orca or killer whale) at a ceremony at Gunwharf Quays Marina, Portsmouth, UK on Monday June 16, 2008, by the boats godmother Birgitta Westerberg, co-founder (with Oleg Zherebtsov), of the Solntse (Sun) Foundation charity for sick and underprivileged children in St Petersburg, Russia.
Team Russia had to suspend racing upon arrival in Singapore at the end of Leg 3 due to "insufficient funds". They officially withdrew from legs 4, 5, and 6 of the race, and whilst the team hoped to rejoin for the last legs of the race, this was not possible, however the team did sail Leg 10 beside the rest of the fleet to their hometown of St Petersberg.
Race team
The race team consisted of some previous Volvo Ocean Race sailors, as well as some newcomers to the event.
WDCS Partnership
The WDCS were announced as the official partner for Team Russia.
Kosatka sailed under the logo 'We Sail For The Whale’ which calls for the creation of twelve new marine protected areas for whales and dolphins by 2012.
For more information see: WDCS#2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race
References
External links
Team Russia
Volvo Ocean Race
WDCS: We Sail For The Whale
WDCS Homepage
Category:Volvo Ocean Race teams
Volvo Ocean Race | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Thomas W. Hyde
Thomas Worcester Hyde (January 16, 1841 – December 14, 1899) was a Union Army colonel who subsequently received brevets of brigadier general of volunteers and major general of volunteers in the American Civil War, a state senator from Maine, and the founder of Bath Iron Works, one of the major shipyards in the United States. He wrote two books about his experiences during the war and at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Biography
Born in Florence, Italy, to parents who were natives of Bath, Maine, Hyde graduated from Bowdoin College in 1861 and then from Chicago University.
Hyde began his Union Army service on April 2, 1861, as a major in the 7th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment. On February 26, 1863, he became Assistant Inspector General of the Sixth Corps of the Army of the Potomac, which was commanded by Major General William F. "Baldy" Smith. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on December 1, 1863. In 1864, he became provost marshal general of the Sixth Corps. On September 24, 1864, Hyde transferred to the 1st Maine Veteran Volunteer Infantry Regiment and was promoted to colonel on October 22, 1864. Hyde commanded Brigade 3, Division 2, VI Corps of the Army of the Shenandoah between October 30, 1864, and December 6, 1864, and the same brigade in the Army of the Potomac from December 6, 1864, when the Army of the Shenandoah returned from its detached duty to the Army of the Potomac, until June 28, 1865. Despite this service, Hyde did not receive promotion to full rank brigadier general.
While serving under Major General John Sedgwick early in the war, Hyde was present at several key Civil War battles, including the Second Battle of Bull Run, the Battle of Antietam (for which he later received the Medal of Honor), and the Battle of Gettysburg. He was also present at Confederate General Robert E. Lee's 1865 surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox Court House, Virginia. Hyde was mustered out of the volunteer army on June 28, 1865.
On January 13, 1866, President Andrew Johnson nominated Hyde for appointment as a brevet brigadier general of volunteers to rank from April 2, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on March 12, 1866. On February 17, 1869, President Johnson nominated Hyde for the brevet grade of major general of volunteers, to rank from April 2, 1865, and the U.S. Senate confirmed the appointment on March 3, 1869, one of the last brevet major general awards for Civil War service.
Starting in 1873, Hyde served three terms in the Maine Senate, including two as president. He became mayor of Bath in 1878.
In 1884, he founded Bath Iron Works and became general manager of it in 1888. Since it was founded, the shipyard has executed more than 425 shipbuilding contracts, including 245 for the U.S. Navy.
In 1894 he was named president of the Boston Elevated Railway Company.
Hyde wrote Following the Greek Cross (1894) and Recollections of the Battle of Gettysburg (1898).
Hyde died on November 15, 1899 at Fort Monroe, Virginia, after a short illness. He was buried in Oak Grove Cemetery, Bath, Maine.
Medal of Honor citation
Rank and organization: Major, 7th Maine Infantry. Place and date: At Antietam, Md., 17 September 1862. Entered service at: Bath, Maine. Birth: Italy. Date of issue: 8 April 1891. His citation read:
Led his regiment in an assault on a strong body of the enemy's infantry and kept up the fight until the greater part of his men had been killed or wounded, bringing the remainder safely out of the fight.
See also
List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L
List of American Civil War brevet Generals (Union)
Notes
References
Eicher, John H., and David J. Eicher, Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. .
Hunt, Roger D. and Jack R. Brown, Brevet Brigadier Generals in Blue. Gaithersburg, MD: Olde Soldier Books, Inc., 1990. .
External links
Why no photo? I have one (from my copy of his 1894 book, now out-of-copyright) that would do well, were I able to post it...
Category:1841 births
Category:1899 deaths
Category:Union Army colonels
Category:United States Army Medal of Honor recipients
Category:People of Maine in the American Civil War
Category:Presidents of the Maine Senate
Category:Mayors of places in Maine
Category:American shipbuilders
Category:Bowdoin College alumni
Category:Foreign-born Medal of Honor recipients
Category:People from Bath, Maine
Category:American Civil War recipients of the Medal of Honor
Category:19th-century American politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Oued Merguellil
Oued Merguellil (وادي مرق الليل) is a stream in central Tunisia that flows via Sebkhet Cherita Lake, into the Mediterranean at the Gulf of Hammamet.
Oued Merguellil is found at 35° 50′ 34″ N, 10° 16′ 18″ E in central Tunisia. The stream flow is irregular with a variation of 300mm through the year in the catchment basin.
During Roman times the area was intensely farmed and today irrigation from the stream goes to olive and apricot production. The El Haouareb Dam is on the stream.
History
Traces of human presence dating back to the Lower Paleolithic were found in the basin of the river Merguellil and demonstrate the antiquity of the settlement of the area by nomads.
Upon arrival, the Romans, became the first sedentary occupants, settled mainly in areas rich in water from the upstream reservoir, more development of housing and of agriculture and where various relics were found. They used techniques for using runoff water, including the construction of water harvesting structures, and develop olive growing - activity shown by the many olive presses found - but also the livestock and grain farming .
From the 7th century, the various invasions destroy existing facilities. The Arab, Zlass tribe finally settled in the plain, confining the Berbers in the mountains as Jebel Ousselat. The Arabs do not bring new farming techniques and focus on urban development. Kairouan is well equipped with a large water development, the Aghlabid pools, which collects the waters of the watershed to supply the city with drinking water.
The 18th and 19th centuries, saw the area retain a nomadic economy but the region and the poverty that affects areas steppe. When French colonists settled in the valley in the late they established large plantations, and force the nomads off the steppe into the mountains. Two large French only areas were established to export grain, livestock products and the arboriculture to France. There were one at site of El Haouareb dam (3700 hectares ) and the other at Haffouz and Oueslatia (8000 hectares). The modernized agriculture profoundly changed the agricultural landscape, including the destruction of traditional water collection facilities. Ally plowing quickly cause erosion and a significant decrease in soil fertility.
After the Tunisian independence in 1956, arboriculture and the appearance of the large scale irrigation(especially from the 1970s ) improved the agricultural potential of the basin but also reduced the area available for livestock, which results in a decrease in herd size and a further settling of nomads.
The traditionally popular, mountainous areas become areas of poverty, the development of cities rapidly promoting the rural exodus, although few watershed inhabitants migrated abroad. That is why the Tunisian Government was implementing a policy for remote areas of the upstream basin since 1987; their development remains difficult because most households do not have the running water and some homes are only accessible via non-motorable tracks.
Geography
The bed of the wadi Merguellil born in the mountain ranges of the plateau Makthar.
After crossing through the fault of El Haouareb, at which a dam was built, it turns into a large river bed but unstable across the plain of Kairouan where tributaries of Wadi Cherishira) and Djebel Baten, join it before heading north-east.
Its waters do not meet the Mediterranean but sometimes end up partly in the sebkha Kelbia while another part joined the Oued Zeroud flowing in parallel, fifteen kilometers to the south.
Infrustructure
Various dams were built on the upstream basin of Wadi Merguellil to fight against floods and supply of agricultural areas by irrigation. The hydrological functioning of the oued has thus been upset. Many facilities to protect against the erosion also significantly altered surface runoff feeding the wadi.
The Merguelil basin has seen piecemeal changes against erosion from the 1950s. After some work done in the context of public works to fight against unemployment, a project in cooperation with the USAID funded between 1962 and 1972 the first interventions (benches and hill lakes). But it is the big flood in 1969 which lead to major developments in the context of an overall policy. The El Haouareb Dam, inaugurated in 1989, is the main one; It takes its name from the town of El Haouareb located twelve kilometers southeast of Haffouz and thirty kilometers southwest of Kairouan. Sized according to the 1969 rates, it has a maximum capacity of 90 million cubic meters but was never fully completed, the average annual contribution of between 5 and 37 million cubic meters.
To prevent its silting, the upstream basin is equipped with more than 200 km² benches, lakes and dams (38 lakes and five earth dams) for an average volume of one million cubic meters. Three decades later, they have given way to integrated planning. For if it reduces the silting of the dam of El Haouareb, it causes the same time reducing water intake downstream, threatening the exploitation of groundwater in the plain of Kairouan is dependent on the charging of the dam.
Economy
In the upstream basin, the farmers practice farming in dry: arboriculture of olive trees (71% of plantations) and almonds (12%) and cereals dominate this area even though there are also small farms. However, due to the small size of farms - often less than five hectares - and fluctuating climatic conditions, farmers are often forced to seasonal migration to the cities to supplement their incomes. Moreover, apart from in a few municipalities such as El Alâa, Haffouz or Kesra, settlement is scattered, isolated and difficult to access. Crops irrigated are present only on a few places near available water resources because the erosion of soil provides low yields.
In the downstream basin, irrigated agriculture, especially vegetables, is much more present and water resources has enabled a diversification of crops even if the agricultural landscape remains little changed: cereals (such as durum wheat, sorghum, oats and barley ), potato, onion, pea, bean, pepper, watermelon, melon, tomato, olive, apple, apricot or peach. The governorate figures also ranks first nationally in the production of apricots and peppers.
The good water quality upstream basin has allowed the emergence of many boreholes to supply the area tourism of the Sahel.
References
Category:Rivers of Tunisia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Grimbergen
Grimbergen () is a municipality in the Belgian province of Flemish Brabant, 10 km north of the capital Brussels. It comprises the towns of Beigem, Grimbergen, Humbeek and Strombeek-Bever. In 2017, it had a population of 37,030 and an area of 38.61 km2, giving a population density of 959 inhabitants per km2.
Grimbergen is in the Dutch language area of Belgium. The French-speaking minority is represented by four members on the 30-seat local council. Grimbergen is mostly known for its Norbertine abbey and the beer once brewed there. Grimbergen's proximity to Brussels makes it a residential town for commuting.
History
Roman Empire and Middle Ages
In Roman times, several important roads passed near the territory of present Grimbergen. A fort was built in the 8th century at the strategic point where the road crossed the river Zenne. The local lord soon acquired a large piece of territory in this area, extending to the rivers Scheldt, Rupel, and Dender.
In the 12th century the name of the hamlet was Grentberghis, which came from the Old Dutch Grientbergen, meaning mounds of coarse sand. A community of Augustinian monks had already tried to settle here a century earlier during the reign of Godfrey III, Duke of Lower Lorraine, but it is only in the early 12th century that their religious community prospered. Under the leadership of Norbert of Xanten, the Norbertine monks built the Grimbergen Abbey here in 1128, founding a beer brewery. A few years later, the animosity between the powerful Grimbergen family and their then infant overlord Godfrey III of Leuven precipitated the Wars of Grimbergen. The unrest caused the destruction of the local castle by the Duke of Brabant, the move of the ruling Grimbergen lord to nearby Ninove, and the parceling of his territory. The city's coat of arms dates from that period.
At the beginning of the 14th century, half of the territory became part of the estate of the House of Nassau. Like everywhere else in Flanders, the Wars of Religion of the end of the 16th century caused widespread destruction. In 1752, Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, who had received the land from her consort William IV, Prince of Orange-Nassau, ceded the barony to the Prince of Berghes, who owned the other half, thereby reuniting the original land of Grimbergen as a single, but short-lived, princedom.
After the French Revolution
The feudal regime and the power of the lords came to an abrupt end under the French Regime in 1794. The clerical powers of the abbey were abrogated a couple of year later until a few years after the Belgian Revolution of 1830.
Up until then, the town's character was mostly rural and agricultural. In the middle of the 19th century, the new road linking Vilvoorde to Aalst and the Brussels-Willebroek canal started attracting industrial concerns. The vicinal tramway arrived in 1887 and a local airfield was built after World War I.
Sights
Grimbergen is home to the following sights:
The majestic church of the Grimbergen Abbey, dedicated to Saint Servatius, patron saint of the city, was rebuilt several times since its foundation in 1128. The current construction dates from 1660 and ranks among the most harmonious Baroque buildings in Belgium. The tower houses a 49-bell carillon. The houses lining the central square in front of the church have also been rebuilt in the original style of the 18th century. In 1999, the church of Grimbergen has been given the title of basilica.
The Grimbergen beer museum is located next door and gives its visitors an opportunity to taste the famous local brew.
The oldest astronomical public observatory in the country is located in the former farm dependencies of the abbey.
Grimbergen is particularly rich in castles, counting four of them on its territory, including the beautiful 17th century Renaissance-style Guldendal, and the ruins of the lords of Grimbergen's old keep now named the Prinsenkasteel. It also counts several farms dating from the 17th century as well as two medieval water mills.
Events and sports
The main annual event is the Sint-Servaasommegang, loosely translated as procession of Saint Servatius. It dates from 1280 and takes place on the Saint's birthday, May 13, or on the first following Sunday.
A well-attended kermesse takes place on the first Sunday of September.
A nativity scene is organized in the abbey church around Christmas.
The main football club used to be K.F.C. Strombeek, but is now named F.C. Molenbeek Brussels Strombeek and located in neighboring Sint-Jans-Molenbeek.
Since 2015 Grimbergen has its own field hockey club named Merode Hockey Grimbergen. After only tree years they got enough funding together to build a state of the art hockey field. Starting from January 2019 the club will be playing their own field at the Populierendallaan 111.
Notable people
August De Winter (1925–2005), politician
Hugo Broos (born 1952), former football player and coach
Alison Van Uytvanck (born 1994), tennis player
References
External links
Official Website (in Dutch, with some tourist information in English)
Official Website of the Museum for Old Techniques (in Dutch/French/English)
The Prince's Fort in Grimbergen - Werbeka Netshop (in English)
Alternate website (in Dutch)
Carillon (mostly in Dutch)
Category:Municipalities of Flemish Brabant
Category:Populated places in Flemish Brabant
Category:Populated places in Belgium | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Syndicate (2012 video game)
Syndicate is a cyberpunk first-person shooter video game developed by Starbreeze Studios and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It is a reboot of the Syndicate series of real-time tactical shooter games developed by Bullfrog Productions. The game was released in February 2012 worldwide.
Set in the year 2069, the narrative revolves around Miles Kilo, an agent of EuroCorp, one of the world's largest corporations. As an agent, Miles must help EuroCorp to eliminate important personnel from rival corporations; in the process, he discovers the evil, secret practice used by EuroCorp to recruit agents. The game features a large variety of weapons; from standard pistols to the futuristic guns. Kilo is implanted with a computer chip that allows him to access the dataverse and can use hacking to defeat enemies and solve environmental puzzles.
Pre-production of the game began in 2007. Electronic Arts approached Starbreeze Studios to revive the franchise because Electronic Arts was impressed with the quality of Starbreeze Studios' previous games and believed they could add "style" to the series. The game was returned to the drawing board after a year of development, and the co-operative multiplayer mode was added to the main game. The development team hoped the game would appeal to both newcomers and players of the original game; they maintained the theme of the original and drastically changed the gameplay. Richard K. Morgan was hired to write the story for the game.
The game received generally positive reviews from critics upon release. Critics praised the gameplay, style, graphics, art direction, artificial intelligence and the co-operative mode, but the game's story was criticized. The game's budget was smaller than typical AAA video game, and was considered as a commercial failure for Electronic Arts. The game's excessive violence led to the game being banned in Australia.
Gameplay
Unlike the original series of games, Syndicate is a first-person shooter set in 2069. Players assume control of Miles Kilo, an augmented agent working for EuroCorp in a corrupted, deceitful world in which corporations compete with each other for power. Players can run, jump, slide, hide behind covers, and carry two weapons and grenades to defeat enemies and bosses, who each have unique abilities. The game features 19 weapons, ranging from assault rifles, rocket launchers and machine pistols, to futuristic weapons such as laser rifles, Gauss Guns with bullets that can track enemies automatically, and Riotlance Dark Shooters that can paralyze enemies for a short time. Weapons can be customized and upgraded with 87 attachments and 25 upgrade options. These upgrades may alter the nature of these weapons, transforming standard ammunition to cover-penetrating ammunition. The game also features an "execution" mechanic, allowing players to perform melee takedowns.
Miles has a "DART-6" chip that grants him hacking and "breaching" abilities. Some enemies also have this type of chip, and Miles can interact with them. With the chips, objects, collectibles and enemies are automatically tagged and highlighted via augmented reality of the heads-up display. Players can use the "breaching" abilities to hack into enemies' minds and control their actions. They have access to three options; "Backfire" that causes enemies' weapons to malfunction and backfire, stunning them; "Suicide" that causes enemies to kill themselves; and "Persuade" that leads enemies to defect to the player's side before committing suicide. The game also allows players to locate enemies behind cover with the use of "Dart Overlay" and slow down time temporarily, which increases the damages dealt by players and their health regeneration rate. Abilities and skills implanted in the chip can be enhanced by collecting and extracting the chips of fallen enemies. The upgrades can boost players' damages and increases their recovery speed. Players are tasked with using the breaching abilities to interact with objects, solve environmental puzzles, strip the special armor of enemies and disarm explosives. The breaching mechanic has a time limit and must be recharged before another activation.
The game does not have a competitive multiplayer mode, but it has a cooperative multiplayer mode that pits four players together to complete a nine-mission campaign based on the campaign of the original Syndicate games. Players face enemies that become increasingly difficult to deal with as the game progresses. They can choose from four character classes: Medic, Spec Ops, Assault and Generic, each with different abilities. The breaching mechanic is also present in the mode for defensive and offensive purposes. For instance, they can hack into a turret to disable its armor or heal team-mates using this mechanic. Players receive points as they progress through the game's levels; these points can be used to research new weapons.
Synopsis
Setting
In 2017, the mega-corporation EuroCorp is created by a merger between the world's largest corporations. In 2025, EuroCorp releases the DART chip, a neural implant that allows users to access the dataverse, making most electronic devices obsolete. As a result of the DART chip, the world is no longer ruled by national governments but by mega-corporations known as "Syndicates". However, only half of the world's population embrace the chip; the "unchipped" are abandoned and denied the benefits afforded by their chipped counterparts. Corporate espionage and corporate warfare for dominance between syndicates becomes the norm, resulting in the creation of "agents"—bio-engineered enforcers augmented by a militarized version of the chip who protect the interests of their corporate masters.
Plot
In 2069, Agent Miles Kilo, EuroCorp's latest agent, is equipped with the new prototype DART 6 chip created by Eurocorp scientist Lily Drawl (voiced by Rosario Dawson). After a successful test run of the chip's abilities, EuroCorp CEO Jack Denham (voiced by Brian Cox) assigns him to kill Lily's counterpart, Chang, at the rival syndicate Aspari. Accompanied by his mentor Agent Jules Merit (voiced by Michael Wincott), Kilo attacks the Los Angeles branch of Aspari and corners Chang, who shoots himself. Kilo retrieves Chang's chip and learns from an encrypted conversation that Lily has been sharing information about the DART 6 chip with him.
Although shocked by Lily's betrayal, Denham decides to have Kilo and Merit keep Lily under surveillance because she is too valuable to eliminate. As they observe her in her apartment, Lily has an argument with a person named Kris before she is suddenly kidnapped by the syndicate Cayman-Global. Kilo fights off the Cayman-Global forces and follows Lily's abductors to their floating base in the Atlantic Ocean. Kilo kills a major Cayman-Global agent and rescues Lily, and they learn the syndicate is preparing a war against EuroCorp.
In New York, Kilo and Lily land in the Downzone where the unchipped, lower-class population lives. After they split up and head towards EuroCorp HQ, Kilo is betrayed by Lily and is sent into a trap with EMP mines, injuring him and disabling his chips. After his chips regain function, Kilo is given orders to either capture or kill Lily. After fighting off subverters, Kilo learns their leader Kris—Lily's ex-boyfriend and colleague—is responsible for instigating a war between the syndicates. Kris reveals he started the war so he could hack into the dataverse and kill the syndicates and their chipped populations as punishment for abandoning the unchipped. Lily, who wants to find a peaceful solution and make the syndicates care about the unchipped, opposes the idea. Kilo fights Kris, who attempts to suicide bomb him but kills himself instead. Kilo apprehends Lily; he can either kill her or release her. Lily is captured and a barely-alive Kilo is retrieved.
At EuroCorp New York HQ, Denham and Merit believe Kilo is brain-dead and send him to be rebooted while they plan to retrieve Lily's chip and recover useful information on DART 6. Kilo begins to remember his secret past: he learns that Denham led a EuroCorp team to kill his parents and abduct him as a baby because he has genes ideal for becoming an agent. Kilo escapes from his restraints and rescues Lily, who tells Kilo that like him, all of EuroCorp's agents were abducted as children and their memories were modified so they would remain loyal to EuroCorp. Lily created the DART 6 chip, hoping to use it to make the syndicates retain their humanity and care about both chipped and un-chipped civilians, but she realizes she was naïve to think that way.
As Cayman-Global attacks EuroCorp's New York HQ, Kilo and Lily head towards Denham's office to prevent him from activating the kill switch on their DART chips. Kilo has to fight off both EuroCorp and Cayman-Global forces, as well as several EuroCorp agents. At the top of the tower, he is forced to fight Merit and two other agents, who are under Denham's orders to kill him. Kilo defeats the agents, and overpowers and kills Merit. Kilo then heads towards Denham's office but finds Denham has activated his kill switch, which starts to affect Kilo's movements. Weakened, Kilo confronts Denham, who justifies abducting him as a child. Kilo manages to fight against the kill-switch order and corners Denham, who lets himself fall over a ledge to his death. As the game ends, EuroCorp lies in ruins and Lily gives Kilo a pistol, telling him that he is free from anyone's control.
Development
The original version of Syndicate is a tactical shooter developed by Bullfrog Productions and produced by Peter Molyneux in 1993. Electronic Arts had wanted to make a new Syndicate game for several years but had not found an opportunity to do so. They hoped to bring new elements and drastically altered gameplay concepts that would suit the franchise's universe. They eventually partnered with Starbreeze, which they recognized as an excellent studio for making first-person video games with distinctive styling. Pre-production of the game began in 2007; it was carried out by a small team of staff members after the studio completed work on The Chronicles of Riddick: Assault on Dark Athena. However, mid way through the game's development, there were also many creative differences between the developer and the publisher, and the two companies suffered from an inharmonious relationship.
During the first stage of development, the game had no co-operative multiplayer mode; it focused on the story instead of the cyberpunk element. A year after development began, the game was sent for reworking because the studio thought they had not captured the essence of the Syndicate series. The team had little experience in making a co-operative games due to technological restraints, but decided to experiment with it. The internal reception of the co-op prototype was positive; testers said it fit with the canonical fiction of the franchise. The team had once worked on a competitive multiplayer mode for the game, but thought it was not original enough for inclusion. As the game lacked a cooperative multiplayer element, the developers abandoned the use of an online pass, unlike most EA games at that time.
The development team hoped the new title would appeal to both newcomers and fans of the series, be accessible and introduce the franchise to a broader audience. They assumed most players would not have played the original Syndicate games. The team also considered that because of the change in audience tastes and the introduction of new video game platforms, altering the game's perspective to first-person was a correct decision. Turning it into a first-person game was the first design choice made by the team, who hoped allowing players to view from the agent's perspective directly would make the game more immersive for players.
The team aimed to replicate the playing experience and difficulty of the extant Syndicate. Starbreeze considered the difficulty of the first game to be part of the franchise's legacy and was worth preserving; they hoped the new game would be challenging enough for players without being frustrating. They introduced a rarely scripted artificial intelligence (AI) into the game. The AI reacts to players' actions and was programmed to relocate itself after being attacked. The new game has less gore than the older one; players still can kill innocent civilians but the team minimized these scenarios, which they thought were part of the game's environment rather than gameplay elements.
The game was designed to have a sense of unpredictability so it can be played without confining the player to rules. To achieve this, the company added the breaching system, which adds more varieties of combat and gives players more choices when dealing with the artificial intelligence. The breaching system, which originated as a mini-game, was designed to be simple so it would not interrupt the flow of gameplay. Instead of being purely a first-person shooter, the game features action-adventure elements that allow players to choose their progression and tasks them with solving environmental puzzles.
Because the new game is set within a well-established franchise, Starbreeze tried to retain the essence of the world and rebuild these elements. The game's story was written by British science-fiction writer Richard K Morgan, whom the team approached after they read his book Altered Carbon. Syndicate was Morgan's second video-game script after 2011's Crysis 2; he used the original game for reference and included elements that those who had played it would immediately recognize. He preserved the original's dystopian setting and theme, and hoped to use these elements to build a powerful story. Morgan traveled to Sweden to meet Starbreeze's game designers to ensure the game's story would not contradict its overall design.
The team's goal was to make the game different from contemporaneous first-person shooters. The team ensured the game had its own style that would differentiate itself from other games. This was achieved by using a "split-world aspect", which divided the game's into two areas, each with a different artstyle. The team added details and aesthetics to the game's three syndicates in the upper zone so they would easily be recognized and be different from each another. "The Downzone", where non-implanted poor people live, has a different design from the three syndicates. The team took ideas for this area from Mirror's Edge. Both sides were inspired by futuristic films such as Blade Runner, Minority Report and Gattaca. In addition, the split-world concept applies to the gameplay. The Downzone enemies tend to be more aggressive and anti-agents, and some gameplay segments such as the breaching system are inapplicable in such areas.
Syndicate uses Starbreeze's in-house game engine, which had been modified for the creation of the game. The team used Beast to achieve global illumination and a realistic lighting system, and a new physics solver to deliver more physical interactions. The team aimed to maintain a consistent visual quality on all the platforms on which the game was released, even though the PC version had the advantage of higher resolution and frame rate. The engine allowed the inclusion of post-process-effects previously used in Assault on Dark Athena, such as motion blur and depth of field. Their artstyle was changed to suit the game's overall style.
Marketing
In 2008, Electronic Arts announced that Starbreeze Studios was working with EA on two projects; one was a new project set in one of EA's older franchises under the name Project Redlime. The name "Syndicate" was trademarked multiple times by Starbreeze and EA, and a small portion of the game's script was accidentally leaked before the game's official revelation. EA officially revealed the game on 12 September 2011, and announced that it is a reboot for the franchise. A demo of the game, which only included the co-op mode and the "Western Europe" map, was released for the Xbox Live Marketplace and PlayStation Network on 31 January 2012. The game was announced and shipped in under six months; it was released worldwide on 21 February 2012.
Reception
Critical reception
Syndicate received generally positive reviews from critics. The game's story received mixed responses. The reviewer from GameTrailers called the plot predictable and considered several of the game's plot points boring. He praised the game's dialogue for its flow and the backstory presented. The reviewer said the campaign lacked scale but was nevertheless enjoyable and worthwhile playing. He also said the celebrity-led voice cast had successfully brought "believability" to the game. This was echoed by Jeff Gerstmann from Giant Bomb. In contrast, Martin Gaston from VideoGamer.com said he was disappointed with the campaign and considered it one of the game's biggest flaws. He said the world deserves more exploration than it had in Syndicate, and that the development team did not seem to understand the creative vision of the first version of the game. He also said the emphasis on morals did not excel because it does not fit the game's overall style. He disliked the game's protagonist, who he thought was bland, making him difficult for players to relate to. Xav De Matos from Joystiq said the story is filled with promises but the overall product failed to differentiate itself from other shooters with similar themes. Dan Whitehead from Eurogamer compared it unfavourably to its predecessors and called it unambitious and uninspiring.
The overall gameplay received praise. Gaston described the shooting as "clever" and said the DART-6 breaching abilities have encouraged players to experiment. He said the combination of the breaching system and gunfights made Syndicate better than some other contemporaneous first-person shooters. GameTrailers' reviewer said the DART-6 system provides players with choice and the recharge time of the breaching abilities tasks players with managing a "micro-economy" that encourages and rewards skills. Both Gaston and GameTrailers said the game missed out opportunities for limiting the use of some of Kilo's powers, which are only shown in cutscenes. Gerstmann liked the game's gameplay and said the control was fun, and that he appreciated the ability to shoot while running. He also admired the breaching abilities and found them satisfying to use. Whitehead shared similar thoughts, saying the breaching abilities tasks players with deploying strategy and make the game deeper than typical run-and-gun video games.
The game's AI received praise. GameTrailers' reviewer said enemies "know how to die in style" and that the boss fights are memorable, even though they can be repetitive. Gaston considered it "missed opportunities". De Matos appreciated the boss fights and said it was fun and interesting, and tasks players with learning the pattern of these boss fights and using the correct skill to defeat them.
Reviewers praised the game's graphical quality. Gerstmann said the use of lighting added a unique style to the game. He also liked the depiction of the two major areas of the game, and the game's sounds, which he said suited the tone of the game. Alexandra Hall from GamesRadar said "Starbreeze really coaxed some beautiful sights out of aging hardware". She added that some players may not be pleased with the game's bloom effects. David Houghton of the same publication said the game is "a decent shooter" but that its lightbloom effects were "nonsensically over-the-top". Peter Eykemans from IGN echoed similar thoughts, declaring that the motion bloom and blinding light a problem. However, he admitted that the game "constantly looks great", and that its simple design has made the game to look very polished.
The four-player, co-operative, multiplayer mode received acclaim. Gaston said it was a "watered down version of Left 4 Dead", but it was nonetheless a fun and pleasant experience for most players. De Matos said the game had encouraged players to work together to defeat enemies and to plan before attacking, which he said had turned the mode to a "gratifying" experience. He criticized the game's difficulty, which he said does not scale well, and the scripted enemies, which made the game less dynamic. Whitehead highly recommended the co-operative mode, which he thought should have been the game's main focus. He added that it provided more freedom to the players than the campaign.
Critics had mixed feelings about the game. Gerstmann said he had an "outstanding time" with it, and that it had offered an excellent twist to the genre. De Matos said it had successfully branched out the franchise to a new direction, even though it may not be what players of the original Syndicate would expect. However, he said the spirit of the franchise is still maintained and preserved. Gaston said Starbreeze was not able to capture the franchise's vision and that the game was not well-executed overall. Whitehead described the game as "fun", even though he thought Syndicate was a forgettable experience that will live under the shadow of rival shooters.
Syndicate Wars producer and lead programmer Mike Diskett criticized the game stating that it was "nothing like the original games." This encouraged him to make a spiritual successor to Syndicate Wars called Satellite Reign, which was a Kickstarter success and garnered better reception than EA's reboot.
Sales
In an interview with Computer and Video Games, Frank Gibeau of EA said the Syndicate revival had not been as successful as had been hoped, saying, "Syndicate was something that we took a risk on. It didn't pay off—it didn't work." In a 2012 interview with Edge, Mikael Nermark, CEO of Starbreeze Studios, said the game sold around 150,000 copies worldwide. According to Nermark, the budget for creating this game was less than those of other triple-A video games; he also said that despite the poor commercial performance, the team was still proud of the final product.
Australian censorship
On 20 December 2011, it was reported that Syndicate has been refused classification by the Australian Classification Board. The board was especially critical of what it considered to be the game's excessive violence: explicit depictions of dismemberment, decapitation, exposed flesh and bone from injuries; and copious blood spray. EA Australia said they would not appeal the decision or change the game to address the Board's concerns. EA also complained about Australia's "archaic censorship on games" and said Syndicate would be released on schedule and uncut with an adults-only rating in New Zealand.
References
Notes
References
External links
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Charles Thomas (American football)
Charles Ladd Thomas (October 21, 1871 – September 19, 1920) was an American football player and coach and newspaper reporter and editor. A native of Omaha, Nebraska, Thomas enrolled at the University of Michigan, where he played at the guard position for the Michigan Wolverines football teams of 1891 and 1892. After graduating from Michigan in 1893, Thomas returned to Nebraska, where he served as an assistant football coach at the University of Nebraska under Frank Crawford in 1893 and 1894. In 1895, he took over as Nebraska's head football coach, posting a 6–3 record. In 1897, Thomas was the head football coach at Nebraska Wesleyan University. From 1901 to 1902, he served as the head football coach at Arkansas, where he compiled a 9–8 record.
Nebraska
After Frank Crawford left Nebraska to go to the University of Texas in 1894, Thomas became the head coach for the 1895 season. He remained the coach for one year and had a 6–3 record while winning a share of the Western Interstate University Football Association title. Thomas took the Nebraska football team on its first long road trip with a game in Butte, Montana to play Butte's local athletic club.
Late life and death
Thomas later worked as a reporter and editor for the Omaha Daily Bee in his hometown of Omaha, Nebraska. He died at his home in Omaha, on September 19, 1920, after suffering a paralytic stroke.
Head coaching record
References
External links
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William Bayly (barrister)
William Bayly, Bayley or Bayliffe JP ( 1540 – 1612) was an English barrister and administrator who briefly served as a Member for the borough of Chippenham in the English Parliament of 1572.
Early life and family
Bayly was born at Chippenham around 1540. He was the son of John Bayly, a lawyer at Lyon's Inn and Joan or Jone, both of Castle Cary, Somerset. The Bayly family were of reasonable nobility; they were armigerous and allied, mostly in providing legal and agency assistance, to the influential Seymour family. On 27 November 1559, aged 19, William was admitted to the Middle Temple for training as a barrister. Completing his tuition, he was called to the Bar and subsequently granted the lease to Chippenham's Monkton House and half its estate (400 acres) in 1567 by Gabriel Pleydell, an infamous politician who had once conspired to exile Queen Mary I. Bayly became Pleydell's son-in-law through his marriage to Gabriel's only daughter, Agnes, in St Andrew's Church, Chippenham. The section of the church in which they married was formerly named "Bayliffe's Aisle" in their honour.
References
Notes
Footnotes
Bibliography
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KHUM
KHUM is a commercial Freeform broadcast radio station licensed to Cutten, California, serving Eureka and Humboldt County in California. KHUM is owned and operated by Lost Coast Communications, Inc.
KHUM simulcasts on translator K282AD, broadcasting at 104.3 FM. The translator and the station's studios are located in Ferndale, California.
History and operations
Founded by Jacqueline Debets and Cliff Berkowitz, KHUM signed on January 7, 1996. Patrick Cleary (along with his family) is KHUM's majority owner.
Programming
Cliff Berkowitz is KHUM's Program Director and Larry Trask is the Music Director. Past air staff include Lila Nelson, Emily McLongstreet, Michael Moore, Pam Long, Matt Brunner, Gary Franklin, Jess McGuinty, Ryan Lee and Mike Dronkers. Air staff also included "Digital" Dan Lawrence, who lost part of his throat to cancer and used a computer voice simulator during his two radio programs.
The current weekday lineup consists of Cliff Berkowitz "in the morning", Bayley Brown during the midday, Larry Trask in the afternoon and Amy Berkowitz in the evening. Chas Lewis, Darren Weiss and Lyndsey Battle are also heard on KHUM.
Each year, KHUM undertakes a local Stop The Violence campaign, which includes three weeks of drive-time interviews with experts in and survivors of domestic abuse, street violence, and systemic violence. KHUM maintains a Stop The Violence Fund at a local foundation, and annual donations are made to local charities.
KHUM broadcasts live coverage of the annual world championship Kinetic Sculpture Race, which was founded in Ferndale and runs down Main Street past their studio.
Awards
KHUM has won numerous national awards for production and programming, including an Edward R. Murrow Award from the Radio-Television News Director Association for its broadcast series, Picking Up: Meth on the North Coast, an NAB Crystal Radio Award for public service on June 12, 2006, as well as several awards for commercial writing and production. In 2006, KHUM was awarded the "Friend in Need Award" by the National Association of Broadcasters for keeping the "community safe and informed" after a large storm left three quarters of Humboldt County without power.
Translator
In addition to the main station, KHUM is relayed by an FM translator to widen its broadcast area.
References
External links
K-HUM Online
Category:1996 establishments in California
Category:Freeform radio stations
Category:Radio stations established in 1996
HUM
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Saurolophus
Saurolophus (; meaning "lizard crest") is a genus of large saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaurs that lived about 70.0–66 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous of North America and Asia; it is one of the few genera of dinosaurs known from multiple continents. It is distinguished by a spike-like crest which projects up and back from the skull. Saurolophus was a herbivorous dinosaur which could move about either bipedally or quadrupedally.
The type species, S. osborni, was described by Barnum Brown in 1912 from Canadian fossils. A second valid species, S. angustirostris, is represented by numerous specimens from Mongolia, and was described by Anatoly Konstantinovich Rozhdestvensky.
Discovery and history
Barnum Brown recovered the first described remains of Saurolophus in 1911, including a nearly complete skeleton (AMNH 5220). Now on display in the American Museum of Natural History, this skeleton was the first nearly complete dinosaur skeleton from Canada. It was found in rocks of early Maastrichtian age, in the Upper Cretaceous Horseshoe Canyon Formation (then known as the Edmonton Formation) near Tolman Ferry on the Red Deer River in Alberta. Brown wasted little time in describing his material, giving it its own subfamily. Saurolophus was an important early reference for other hadrosaurs, as seen in the names of Prosaurolophus ("before Saurolophus") and Parasaurolophus ("near Saurolophus"). However, little additional material has been recovered and described.
Instead, more abundant remains from Asia have provided more data. Initial remains were not promising; a partial fragmentary ischium from Heilongjiang, China, that Riabinin named S. kryschtofovici. Much better remains were soon recovered, though, but from Mongolia's early Maastrichtian-age Nemegt Formation. The 1946–1949 Russian-Mongolian paleontological expeditions recovered the large skeleton that became S. angustirostris as described by Anatoly Rozhdestvensky. Other skeletons from a variety of growth stages have also been discovered, and S. angustirostris is now the most abundant Asian hadrosaurid.
Species
Two species are regarded as valid today: the type species S. osborni, and S. angustirostris. S. osborni Brown, 1912 is known from a skull and skeleton, two other complete skulls, and skull fragments. S. angustirostris (Rozhdestvensky, 1952) is known from at least 15 specimens. It differs from S. osborni by some details of the skull, as well as in the pattern of scales found in skin impressions. The Mongolian species had a longer skull (by 20%) and the front of the snout (the premaxillary bones) were more upwardly directed. S. angustirostris also had a distinctive row of rectangular scales along the midline of the back and tail, known as 'midline feature-scales'; these are not currently preserved in S. osborni. In S. angustirostris, the scales on the tail flank were arranged in vertical patterns, which may have corresponded to striped coloration in life. This area was covered in radial scale patterns in S. osborni, possibly indicating a more mottled or spotted coloration. S. kryschtofovici Riabinin, 1930 is not considered valid; either it is regarded as a dubious name, or as a synonym of S. angustirostris (although the name antedates S. angustirostris).
Until a 2011 reevaluation of the species by Phil R. Bell, S. angustoristris was not well-described. No autapomorphies, unique derived traits, had been established distinguishing it from S. osborni. Bell found in a publication earlier in the year that the two previous studies of S. angustirostris, by Rozhdestvensky in 1952, and Maryanska and Osmolska in 1981, do not provide a comprehensive enough description to compare the species with S. osborni.
In 1939–40, two partial skeletons were found in the late Maastrichtian age Moreno Formation of California. These specimens were referred to cf. Saurolophus sp. In 2010, one of the skulls was instead assigned to Edmontosaurus. A 2013 study placed the two specimens in a new species, S. morrisi. In 2014, the species was reassigned to a new genus, Augustynolophus.
Description
Saurolophus is known from material including nearly complete skeletons, giving researchers a clear picture of its bony anatomy. S. osborni, the rarer Albertan species, was around long, with its skull long. It has been estimated to have weighted around . S. angustirostris, the Mongolian species, was larger; it got as large as in length, and larger remains are reported. It has been estimated to have potentially weighed up to . The largest known skull of S.angustirostris measures in length. Aside from size, the two species are virtually identical, with differentiation hindered by lack of study.
The most distinctive feature of Saurolophus is its cranial crest, which is present in young individuals, but is smaller. It is long and spike-like and projects upward and backward at about a 45° angle, starting from over the eyes. This crest is often described as solid, but appears to be solid only at the point, with internal chambers that may have had a respiratory and/or heat-regulation function. The unique crest of Saurolophus is made up almost completely by the nasal bones, and in S. angustirostris it is solid. In adult specimens the crests are a rounded triangular shape in cross section. The crest protrudes past the edge of the skull backwards. Thin processes from the frontals and prefrontals extend along the underside of the crest, probably to strengthen it. At the end of the crest is a swelling of the nasal, which is often termed differently.
The holotype of S. angustirostris is a skull and postcrania, so the cranium of the species is well-described. Bell et al. re-evaluated the entire species in a 2011 publication with Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. Their description found the skull to be generalized among hadrosaurines, and are much larger than any skulls of S. osborni. The most unusual feature for a hadrosaurine is the long, protruding, solid crest that extends upwards diagonally from the back of the skull roof. Unlike lambeosaurines, the crests are made up completely of the nasal bone. The premaxilla bones make up almost 50% of the entire skull length, and both sides are filled with small holes. Only in adult individuals has the front of the premaxillary contact been fused. Longer than the premaxilla, the nasal bones are the longest in the skull. They make up the entire length of the crest, and are never preserved as fused.
Classification
Barnum Brown, who described the first specimens, put it in its own subfamily in "Trachodontidae" (=Hadrosauridae), the Saurolophinae. At the time, this also included Corythosaurus and Hypacrosaurus, the only well-known examples of what would become the Lambeosaurinae. Brown thought that Saurolophus had an expanded tip to the ischium bone in the hip, as dinosaurs now recognized as lambeosaurines had, but this appears to have been based on a mistakenly associated lambeosaurine ischium. Additionally, he misinterpreted the crests of Saurolophus and lambeosaurines as being made of the same bones.
Most publications before 2010 classified Saurolophus as a member of Hadrosaurinae, often known colloquially as the "flat-headed hadrosaurs". In 2010, the subfamily Saurolophinae was brought back into use because Hadrosaurus appears to have branched off prior to the "hadrosaurine"–lambeosaurine split. As a result, Hadrosaurinae by definition cannot include the traditional "hadrosaurines". Saurolophinae is the oldest available name for the former "hadrosaurine" clade. Saurolophus, as the name suggests, is a saurolophine, as it has a saurolophine pelvis and a (largely) solid crest.
The following cladogram of hadrosaurid relationships was published in 2013 by Alberto Prieto-Márquez et al. in Acta Palaeontologica Polonica:
Paleobiology
As a hadrosaurid, Saurolophus would have been a bipedal/quadrupedal herbivore, eating a variety of plants. Its skull permitted a grinding motion analogous to chewing, and its teeth were continually replacing and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. Plant material would have been cropped by its broad beak, and held in the jaws by a cheek-like organ. Its feeding range would have extended from the ground to about above.
Crest function
The distinctive spike-like crest of Saurolophus has been interpreted in multiple ways, and could have had multiple functions. Brown compared it to the crest of a chameleon, and suggested it could provide an area for muscle attachment and a connection point for a nonbody back frill like that seen in the basilisk lizard. Peter Dodson interpreted similar features in other duckbills as having use in sexual identification. Maryańska and Osmólska, noting the hollow base, suggested that the crest increased the surface area of the respiratory cavity, and helped in thermoregulation. James Hopson supported a function as a visual signal, and further mentioned the possibility that the inflatable skin flaps over the nostrils could have acted as resonators and additional visual signals. This idea has been picked up by authors of popular dinosaur works, such as David B. Norman, who discussed hadrosaurid display at length and included a life restoration of such an adaptation in action.
Ontogeny
Though the growth rates of Saurolophus are poorly understood, a group of perinatal Saurolophus was recently discovered in an area of the Gobi Desert known as "The Dragon's Tomb". The animals uncovered had skull lengths less than five percent of the length of the skulls of the adults, indicating they were in the earliest developmental stage at the time of their deaths The discovery of Saurolophus neonates also indicates the distinct crest found in adults was poorly developed in infancy. It remains unknown if the animals were still within their eggs or if they had hatched before they died. The specimens were described in the journal PLOS One on October 14, 2015 by Leonard Dewaele et al.
Paleoecology
S. osborni is known only from the upper part (unit 4) of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. It lived alongside other dinosaur species including the ornithopods Hypacrosaurus altispinus and Parksosaurus warreni, ankylosaurid Anodontosaurus lambei, pachycephalosaurid Sphaerotholus edmontonense, ornithomimids Ornithomimus brevitertius and an unnamed species of Struthiomimus, small theropods including Atrociraptor marshalli and Albertonykus borealis, and the tyrannosauroid Albertosaurus sarcophagus. The dinosaurs from this formation form part of the Edmontonian land vertebrate age. The Horseshoe Canyon Formation is interpreted as having a significant marine influence, due to an encroaching Western Interior Seaway, the shallow sea that covered the midsection of North America through much of the Cretaceous. S. osborni may have preferred to stay inland. A 2001 study suggested that Saurolophus osborni was part of a distinct inland fauna characterized by an association between Anchiceratops ornatus and it, while the contemporary coastal fauna was characterized by the association of Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis and Edmontosaurus regalis. However, the association between S. osborni and Anchiceratops was later noted to be in error, Anchiceratops only occurs lower in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, before the major transgression of the Western Interior Seaway represented by the Drumheller Marine Tongue.
S. angustirostris was one of the largest herbivores of the Nemegt Formation, which lacked large horned dinosaurs, but had sauropods and a more diverse theropod fauna. It coexisted with the rare hadrosaurid Barsboldia, flat-headed pachycephalosaurian Homalocephale and domed Prenocephale, the large ankylosaurid Saichania, rare saltasaurid sauropods Nemegtosaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia, the alvarezsaurid Mononykus, three types of troodontids including Zanabazar, several oviraptorosaurians including Rinchenia and Nomingia, the ostrich-mimics Gallimimus and Deinocheirus, therizinosaurid Therizinosaurus, tyrannosaurid relative Bagaraatan, and the tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus. Unlike other Mongolian formations like the well-known Djadochta Formation that includes Velociraptor and Protoceratops, the Nemegt is interpreted as being well-watered, like the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta. When examined, the rock facies of the Nemegt formation suggest the presence of stream and river channels, mudflats, and shallow lakes. Sediments also indicate that a rich habitat existed, offering diverse food in abundant amounts that could sustain Cretaceous dinosaurs.
S. angustirostris was common, and would have been an important large herbivore in the Nemegt Formation. By comparison, S. osborni was rare in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, and faced competition from other duckbills (genus Hypacrosaurus). Comparisons between the scleral rings of Saurolophus and modern birds and reptiles suggest that it may have been cathemeral, active throughout the day at short intervals.
See also
Timeline of hadrosaur research
References
External links
Saurolophus, from the Natural History Museum
Category:Late Cretaceous dinosaurs of Asia
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Category:Maastrichtian life
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