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Cynthia Felice Cynthia Felice (born October 12, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American science fiction writer. She is best known for her complex, carefully plotted stories and expansive universes. Her first novel, Godsfire, and her first short story, "David and Lindy", were published in 1978. She and Connie Willis have co-written three novels. that are often considered young adult fiction, according to Willis. Cynthia Felice is also a writing workshop enthusiast, and is considered an expert in many aspects of science fiction world-building. She has been included in several panels discussing future status symbols, dystopian fashion and next generation weapons. Published books Godsfire (1978) Pocket Books The Sunbound (1981) Dell Books Eclipses (1983) Pocket Books Downtime (1985) Bluejay Books/St. Martins Press Double Nocturne (1986) Bluejay Books/St. Martins Press The Khan's Persuasion (1991) Ace Books Iceman (1991) Ace Books By Felice and Connie Willis Water Witch (1982) Ace Books Light Raid (1989) Ace Books Promised Land (1997) Ace Books References External links Cynthia Felice in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction, 3rd. ed. Interview by Travis Heermann (2008) Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:American science fiction writers Category:20th-century American novelists Category:20th-century American women writers Category:Women science fiction and fantasy writers Category:American women novelists	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Peter Cook (architect) Sir Peter Cook (born 22 October 1936) is an English architect, lecturer and writer on architectural subjects. He was a founder of Archigram, and was knighted in 2007 by the Queen for his services to architecture and teaching. He is also a Royal Academician and a Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of the French Republic. His achievements with Archigram were recognised by the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2004, when the group was awarded the Royal Gold Medal. Early life and education Cook was born in Southend-on-Sea, Essex and studied architecture at Bournemouth College of Art from 1953–58. He then entered the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, graduating in 1960. Career Cook was a director of London's Institute of Contemporary Arts (1970-1972) and chair of architecture at the Bartlett School of Architecture at University College London (1990–2006), and has been director of Art Net in London and curator of the British Pavilion at the Venice Architecture Biennale. He continues to curate, organise and exhibit around the world: in Seoul, LA and Cyprus, the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris and Design Museum, London as well as in castles, sheds and garages. He is a Senior Fellow of the Royal College of Art, London. Cook's professorships include those of the Royal Academy, University College, London and the Hochschule fur Bildende Kunste (Städelschule) in Frankfurt-Main, Germany. Construction of his arts building, the Kunsthaus Graz (aka 'The Friendly Alien') in Graz, Austria (with Colin Fournier) brought his work to a wider public. In 2013 he (along with his studio CRAB) completed the Vienna Business and Economics University's new law faculty) and Australia's newest school of architecture, the Abedian School of Architecture at Bond University on the Gold Coast. Cook has also built in Osaka, Nagoya, Berlin and Madrid. He practices with Gavin Robotham as CRAB studio (Cook Robotham Architectural Bureau), and is married to the Israeli architect, Yael Reisner. Cook was awarded a knighthood in the Queen's 2007 Birthday Honours List, for services to architecture. Awards and honours 1960 – Henry Florence Student A.A. (Building Centre research Scholar) 1961 – Piccadilly Circus competition (Mention) 1962 – Gas Council House Design (First Prize) 1965 – Selected as one of "Young British Designers" Sunday Times exhibition 1996 – Jean Tschumi Medal, International Union of Architects 1969 – Grant awarded by Graham Foundation, Chicago, for Instant City 2000 – Kunsthaus Graz, Austria (with Colin Fournier) 2002 – Annie Spink Award, jointly awarded to David Greene (for contribution to architectural education) by the RIBA 2002 – Royal Gold Medal (with Archigram) by RIBA 2003 – Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres of the France Republic 2004 – Finalist for Stirling Prize for Kunsthaus Graz (with Colin Fournier) 2007 – Knighted in Queen's Honours' list (for services in architecture) 2008 – Senior Fellow of the Royal College of Art, London 2010 – Mario Pani Award for Architecture, Mexico City 2010 – Honorary Doctorate of Technology, Lund University, Sweden Success in architectural competitions 1970 – Monte Carlo Entertainments Centre (with Archigram) 1990 – Solar Housing, Landstuhl, Germany (with Christine Hawley) 1992 – Museum of Antiquities, Austria (with Christine Hawley) 2000 – The Kunsthaus, Graz (with Colin Fournier) 2006 – New Theatre Verbania, Italy (with Gavin Robotham) 2009 – Faculty of Law (D3) and Central Administration (AD), Vienna Business and Economics University (with Gavin Robotham) 2010 – 2nd prize in the Taiwan Tower international competition (with Gavin Robotham) 2011 – Soheil Abedian School of Architecture, Bond University on the Gold Coast, Australia (with Gavin Robotham and Brit Andresen) 2013 – Finalist in the National Stadium of Israel (CRAB + POPULOUS) 2013 – Finalist in the Gold Coast Cultural Precinct Current appointments Professor Emeritus at University College London Professor of Architecture at the Royal Academy of Arts Life Professor at the Hochschule fur Bildende Kunste (Städelschule) Frankfurt-Main Senior Fellow of the Royal College of Art, London Honorary Fellow of the Arts University Bournemouth Member of the Hessische Architektenkammer Member of the RIBA, Architects Registration Board (ARB) Fellow of University College London Exhibitions Archigram exhibition – 1994 onwards: Vienna, Paris, New York, London, Pasadena, Chicago, Milan, Hamburg, Seoul, Mito, Taipei, Winnipeg, Zurich, Cracow, Zaragoza, Brussels, Rotterdam. Curator of Venice Biennale of Architecture British Pavilion 2004, Cyprus Pavilion 2006 Personal exhibitions – various dates: Los Angeles, Tokyo, Oslo, Berlin, Osaka, Frankfurt. Publications 1967 – Architecture: Action and Plan. London: Studio Vista. 1970 – Experimental Architecture. London/New York: Studio Vista/Universal Books. 1972 – Archigram. London: Studio Vista/Reinhold, Birkhauser 1975 – Melting Architecture. London: Peter Cook, (published to accompany Art Net exhibition). 1976 – Art Net The Rally: Forty London Architects . London: Art Net/Peter Cook, (published to accompany Art Net exhibition). 1976 – Arcadia: The Search for the Perfect Suburb. London: Art Net/Peter Cook. 1980 – (with Christine Hawley). Six Houses. London: AA Publications, (published to accompany exhibition at the Architectural Association). 1983 – (with Barbara Goldstein). Los Angeles Now. London: AA Publications, (published to accompany exhibition at the Architectural Association). 1985 – Peter Cook – 21 Years, 21 Ideas. London: AA Publications, (foreword by Banham, Reyner and narrative by Hawley, Christine; published to accompany exhibition at the Architectural Association). 1985 – (editor with Olive Brown). Lebbeus Woods. London: AA Publications, 1985, (published to accompany exhibition at the Architectural Association). 1987 – (with Christine Hawley). Cities. London: Fisher Fine Arts, (published to accompany exhibition at the Fischer Fine Arts). 1989 – Peter Cook 1961–89. A+U. 1991 – (with Rosie Llewellyn-Jones). New Spirit in Architecture. New York: Rizzoli. 1993 – Six Conversations. London: Academy Editions, (Architectural Monographs Special Issue, No. 28). 1996 – Primer. London: Academy Editions. 1999 – Archigram. London/New York: Princeton Architectural Press (also in Japanese, German, Chinese) 1999 – (with John Hedjuk and Helene Binet). The House of the Book: Building, Zvi Hecker. London: Black Dog. 1999 – (with Neil Spiller). The Power of Contemporary Architecture. London: Academy Editions. 2000 – Bartlett Book of Ideas. London: Bartlett School of Architecture. 2001 – (with others). The Paradox of Contemporary Architecture. Chichester: Wiley-Academy. 2003 – The City, Seen As A Garden Of Ideas. New York: Monacelli. 2008 – Drawing: The Motive Force of Architecture. Chichester: Wiley. 2014 – Drawing: The Motive Force of Architecture, Second Edition: Wiley References Interview with Peter Cook on Archinect – Conversation with Peter Cook on the State of Things Simon Sadler, Archigram: Architecture without Architecture, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2005 Interview with Designboom Cook Robotham Architectural Bureau, London External links The Bartlett: Peter Cook Arcspace: Kunsthaus Graz Knighthood: Peter Cook (06/2007) Archinect interview (06/2008) Architectural Record interview (2007) RA interview (2005) Designboom interview (09/2002) Design Museum: Archigram CRAB Studio El País (spanish journal) interview (2011) Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections Interview with Peter Cook about - What is architecture?, 2014 Category:1936 births Category:Living people Category:Architects from Essex Category:Academics of University College London Category:People from Southend-on-Sea Category:Knights Bachelor Category:Royal Academicians Category:Alumni of Arts University Bournemouth Category:Alumni of the Architectural Association School of Architecture	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Timuçin Timuçin is a given name. Notable people with the name include: Timuçin Esen (born 1973), Turkish actor Timuçin Şahin (born 1973), Turkish jazz guitarist Timuçin Fabian Kwong Wah Aluo (born 1987), English DJ professionally known as Jax Jones	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Theodoros Zakkas Theodoros Zakkas (; born 11 December 1965) is a former Greek footballer. Zakkas played three seasons for Panionios F.C. in the Alpha Ethniki. He also played for Eendracht Aalst and R.A.A. Louviéroise in the Belgian First Division. Zakkas made three appearances for the Greece national football team during 1989 and 1990. References Category:1965 births Category:Living people Category:Greek footballers Category:Greece international footballers Category:Greek expatriate footballers Category:Panionios F.C. players Category:SC Eendracht Aalst players Category:R.A.A. Louviéroise players Category:Superleague Greece players Category:Belgian First Division A players Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium Category:Association football forwards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bulls (X-League) The Bulls Football Club are an American football team located in Asaka, Saitama, Japan. They are a member of the X-League. Team History 1981 Team founded by former Nihon University American football players and staff. 1999 Joined the X-League X3 league. 2004 Team named changed from Wako Securities Bulls to Nihon Unisys Bulls. Began operating as a club team. 2006 Promoted from X3 to X2. 2009 Promoted from X2 to X1. Finished 3rd in the East division (3 wins, 2 losses). Advanced to the 2nd stage. Lost 2nd stage matches to Fujitsu 0-61 and Asahi Soft Drinks 13-55. 2013 Following the addition of new multiple team sponsors, team is renamed the Bulls Football Club. Seasons {\| class="wikitable" \|bgcolor="#FFCCCC"\|X-League Champions (1987–present) \|bgcolor="#DDFFDD"\|<small>Division Champions</small> \|bgcolor="#D0E7FF"\|Final Stage/Semifinals Berth \|bgcolor="#96CDCD"\|Wild Card /2nd Stage Berth \|} Import playersCurrentFormer''' References External links (Japanese) Category:American football in Japan Category:1985 establishments in Japan Category:American football teams established in 1985	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Beara Beara may refer to: Beara (city), Bangladesh Beara Peninsula, Ireland Beara GAA, a sporting organisation on the Beara Peninsula Beara (moth), a genus of Nolidae People Ljubiša Beara (1939–2017), member of the Bosnian Serb Army Vladimir Beara (1928–2014), Yugoslav footballer	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1969 NCAA University Division Basketball Tournament The 1969 NCAA University Division Men's Basketball Tournament involved 25 schools playing to determine the national champion of men's NCAA Division I college basketball. It began on March 8, 1969, and ended with the championship game on March 22 in Louisville, Kentucky. Including consolation games in each of the regions and an overall consolation game, a total of 29 games were played. UCLA, coached by John Wooden, won the national title with a 92–72 victory in the final game over Purdue, coached by George King. Lew Alcindor of UCLA was named the tournament's Most Outstanding Player. In the game, John Vallely, the "Money Man", scored 22 points and Alcindor had 37 points, to give UCLA a win over Purdue, which is Wooden's alma mater. Purdue was hampered due to injuries to starting point guard Billy Keller and forward Herm Gilliam; Purdue had also lost 7'0" center Chuck Bavis to a broken collarbone during the Mideast Regionals against Miami, (OH). In earlier matchups, Bavis had provided an ample challenge to Alcindor. Wooden was an All-American guard for the Boilermakers from 1928 to 1932. Locations For the sixth and final time, Freedom Hall and the city of Louisville would host the Final Four. The Final Four would not return to the state of Kentucky again until 1985, when Rupp Arena hosted. For the 1969 tournament, the Midwest & West first round games got their own sites, with the East continuing to have two sites of its own. There were three new venues used, all in the first round. The tournament came to Southern Illinois University for the first time, at SIU Arena, the home of the Salukis. The tournament returned to the Dallas-Fort Worth area and for the first time games were held in Fort Worth, at the Daniel-Meyer Coliseum on the campus of Texas Christian University. In the West, the tournament returned to Las Cruces, with games held at the Pan American Center for the first time. This would be the only time the tournament would come to Carbondale, and would be the last tournament for three other arenas - Ahearn Field House, Keaney Gym and Wisconsin Field House. The tournament has yet to return to Manhattan; future games in the state of Rhode Island have been held at the Providence Civic Center; and while the tournament would come to Wisconsin again in 1984 at Milwaukee, it would not return to Madison until 2002, when the Kohl Center, the replacement for the Field House, would host. Teams Bracket * – Denotes overtime period East region Mideast region Midwest region West region Final Four National Third Place Game Regional Third Place Games See also 1969 NCAA College Division Basketball Tournament 1969 National Invitation Tournament 1969 NAIA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament 1969 National Women's Invitation Tournament References Category:NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament Ncaa Category:Sports competitions in Louisville, Kentucky Category:Basketball in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex NCAA	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ted Banker Theodore William Banker is a former professional American football player who played guard for six seasons for the Cleveland Browns and New York Jets. Banker attended Southeast Missouri State University where he was a four-year letterman in football. He won all MIAA honors and was team captain for 1981 and 1982, and was team MVP in 1982. Banker played in the NFL as an offensive lineman for six years, four with the New York the Jets (#63) and two with the Cleveland Browns Banker is the only player in NFL history to play at all five offensive line positions in the same season (Center, Left- and Right-Offensive Guard, Left- and Right-Offensive Tackle). Category:1961 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Belleville, Illinois Category:Players of American football from Illinois Category:American football offensive guards Category:Southeast Missouri State Redhawks football players Category:Cleveland Browns players Category:New York Jets players Category:People from Millstadt, Illinois	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
FlowMon Flowmon is a name for monitoring probe which is the result of academic research activity on CESNET and also a name for a commercial product which is marketed by university spin-off company Flowmon Networks. Flowmon probe - result of research activities Flowmon probe is an appliance for monitoring and reporting information of IP flows in high-speed computer networks. The probe is being developed by Liberouter team within the scope of CESNET research plan Optical National Research Network and its New Applications, research activity 602 - Programmable hardware. Flowmon probe is built upon a pair of programmable network cards, called COMBO, and a host computer with Linux operating system. The pair of COMBO cards consists of a main card with PCI, PCI-X or PCI-Express connector for a connection to a motherboard of the host computer and of an add-on card with 2 or 4 network interfaces. Both cards contain programmable chips (FPGAs) which are able to process high amount of data at multi-gigabit speed. The flow monitoring process itself is split between the hardware (acceleration cards) and the application software running on the host computer. Following the principle of hardware/software codesign, all time-critical tasks are implemented in FPGA chips on acceleration cards while more complex operations are carried out by the application software. This concept enables monitoring of modern high-speed (1 Gbps, 10 Gbps) networks with no packet loss and with no necessity of input sampling. At the same time, a flexible and user-friendly interface is provided by software. Flowmon probe is a passive monitoring device, i.e. it does not alter passing traffic in any way. Therefore, its detection is hardly possible. When connected to a network, Flowmon probe observes all passing traffic/packets, extracts and aggregates information of IP flows into flow records. Flowmon probe is able to export aggregated data to external collectors in NetFlow (version 5 and 9) and IPFIX format. Collectors collect incoming flow records and store them for automated or manual and visual analysis (automated malicious traffic detection, filter rules, graphs and statistical schemas). The whole system allows monitoring of actual state of monitored network as well as long-term traffic analysis. Flowmon probe is part of GÉANT2 Security Toolset, which consists of the NetFlow analysis tools NfSen and NfDump and the Flowmon appliance. Flowmon solution - commercial product Flowmon is network traffic monitoring and security solution of Flowmon Networks company. Flowmon Networks was established in 2007 as a university spin-off, made a technology transfer from CESNET (Czech NREN) and continue in R&D, finish prototypes and put them on the market. Flowmon solution was initially based on Flowmon probes developed by CESNET. Nowadays Flowmon is a complete flow monitoring solution which consists of Flowmon Probes, Flowmon Collectors and additional modules - Flowmon ADS, Flowmon APM, Flowmon DDoS Defender, Flowmon Traffic Recorder. Flowmon Probes provide NetFlow/IPFIX statistics about network traffic and come in standard version suitable for most of standard networks (10Mbit/s - 10Gbit/s) or hardware-accelerated version based on CESNET's FPGA boards suitable for high-speed networks (10Gbit/s - 100Gbit/s). Flowmon Collectors are appliances for NetFlow/sFlow/IPFIX/jFlow/NetFlow Lite/Net Stream/cflowd storage and analysis. Flowmon modules extend the functionality of Flowmon Probes or Flowmon Collectors which brings additional functionality - e.g. network behavior analysis (NBA), application performance monitoring, anomaly detection, HTTP logging. See also Network traffic measurement IP Flow Information Export NetFlow External sources Flexible Flowmon technical report User and Test Report on NetFlow Probe (DJ2.2.2,2) from GÉANT2 Liberouter project web page CESNET web page GÉANT2 Security Toolset Flowmon Probe description Flowmon - Network Monitoring and Security Solution Category:Network analyzers Category:Networking hardware	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Power-on reset A power-on reset (PoR) generator is a microcontroller or microprocessor peripheral that generates a reset signal when power is applied to the device. It ensures that the device starts operating in a known state. PoR generator In VLSI devices, the power-on reset (PoR) is an electronic device incorporated into the integrated circuit that detects the power applied to the chip and generates a reset impulse that goes to the entire circuit placing it into a known state. A simple PoR uses the charging of a capacitor, in series with a resistor, to measure a time period during which the rest of the circuit is held in a reset state. A Schmitt trigger may be used to deassert the reset signal cleanly, once the rising voltage of the RC network passes the threshold voltage of the Schmitt trigger. The resistor and capacitor values should be determined so that the charging of the RC network takes long enough that the supply voltage will have stabilised by the time the threshold is reached. One of the issues with using RC network to generate PoR pulse is the sensitivity of the R and C values to the power-supply ramp characteristics. When the power supply ramp is rapid, the R and C values can be calculated so that the time to reach the switching threshold of the schmitt trigger is enough to apply a long enough reset pulse. When the power supply ramp itself is slow, the RC network tends to get charged up along with the power-supply ramp up. So when the input schmitt stage is all powered up and ready, the input voltage from the RC network would already have crossed the schmitt trigger point. This means that there might not be a reset pulse supplied to the core of the VLSI. Power-on reset on IBM mainframes On an IBM mainframe, a power-on reset (POR) is a sequence of actions that the processor performs either due to a POR request from the operator or as part of turning on power. The operator requests a POR for configuration changes that cannot be recognized by a simple System Reset. See also Low-Voltage Detect Oscillator start-up timer Category:Embedded systems	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lucius Henry O'Brien Lucius Henry O'Brien may refer to: Sir Lucius O'Brien, 3rd Baronet (1731–1795), Irish politician Lucius O'Brien (priest) (1842–1913), Dean of Limerick in the Church of Ireland See also Lucius O'Brien (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Elly Mayday Ashley Shandrel Luther (April 15, 1988 – March 1, 2019), better known as Elly Mayday, was a Canadian model and advocate for women's health. She was known for battling ovarian cancer throughout her modeling career, and was often photographed with surgical scars and a bald head from chemotherapy. Early life Mayday was born Ashley Shandrel Luther on April 15, 1988, and grew up on a farm near Aylesbury, Saskatchewan (population 50). She grew up with three brothers; her family grew crops, raised cattle, horses, pigs and chickens, and ran a local restaurant. Her mother was an artist. Mayday went to boarding school at age 13, then studied gender studies and psychology at university, and afterwards took a room with her brother in Vancouver. Modeling career When she was 23 years old, Mayday was working as a flight attendant for Sunwing Airlines, which took her to routes including Cuba, Mexico, and Jamaica. She was also trying to work as a model. She adopted her stage name, Elly Mayday, as a combination of Elly May Clampett, a character from The Beverly Hillbillies, and her aviation career. She was told she was not tall or thin enough for traditional modeling, but that her 34-29-44 measurements were ideal for pin-up modeling; she won a contest for a local auto show, and was the main subject of an award-winning documentary chronicling her cancer and modeling career called A Perfect 14, referring to her clothing size. Mayday began feeling symptoms which she would describe as excruciating lower back and abdomen pain, accompanied by pressure in her lower stomach, recurring bladder infections, and a constant feeling of being unwell. She went to the emergency room four times. Doctors did not consider cancer because of her age; instead, she said, they told her that her symptoms were a result of her weight, and advised her to exercise and strengthen her core. She lost , but her pain did not go away. Mayday's continued attempts at modeling succeeded, and by early 2013 she became a model for Forever Yours, a Vancouver all-sizes lingerie company. Her symptoms increased in the summer of 2013, and she returned to her doctors saying that she would refuse to work until she was diagnosed. She was diagnosed with ovarian cancer, specifically stage III low-grade serous carcinoma, a rare form of cancer normally seen in older women. She was 25 years old. Mayday had four surgeries, including a hysterectomy, which left scars, and three months of chemotherapy which left her bald. She continued to model, and decided to embrace her baldness and scars as an opportunity to talk about her cancer. Sonya Perkins, the owner of Forever Yours, was hesitant at first, but says the campaign was a success. Photos of Mayday with a bald head and surgery scars gained her tens of thousands of followers on Facebook. She also landed an international modeling contract with Jaclyn Sarka, founder of JAG Models in New York City, who had seen her photos on Instagram before hearing about her cancer diagnosis. She was originally called a plus-size model by industry standards, a label which she rejected, saying that she embraced her size 14 body, and was normal size. Over the year and a half course of her cancer treatment, Mayday lost , down to and size 10, which she says caused "skinny shaming" on social media. Some of her former fans or friends accused her of using her cancer to make money and become famous. In July 2014, Mayday was told she was cancer free. She flew to Australia to front a campaign for the Australian Women's Weekly, and was one of six models featured in plus-size lingerie company Lane Bryant's #ImNoAngel campaign in April 2015, displaying women with model-atypical body types. Her unretouched surgery scars were visible in the photographs. In June 2015, Mayday's cancer returned, and she had a fifth surgery to remove another tumor. She posted pictures from this surgery to Instagram as well, referring to her scars as "beauty marks" but she stopped referring to herself as cancer free. Mayday kept modeling in New York until 2017, when her disease recurred, and she returned to Canada. In 2017, Mayday was the face of Canadian plus-size clothing store Addition Elle's campaign to raise money for Ovarian Cancer Canada. She posted about the difficult parts of her treatments on Instagram, including pictures of her exhausted, and videos of her talking about vomiting and undergoing chemotherapy. In 2018, she wrote an article for Flare magazine about her hysterectomy making her unable to have children. It was the first of her major operations. She had planned on eventually having five children, and when she was diagnosed consulted a fertility specialist about collecting her eggs, but was told that the drugs used would increase the progression of her cancer, so she decided against it. "I need to take care of the young girls that need me or need this voice. That's my way of parenting for now," she told the CBC. Death Mayday died in Vancouver on March 1, 2019, aged 30. Her disease had progressed, especially during the last months, and the doctors were unable to help any more. A high school friend who flew in to see her said that Mayday had accepted death. At the time of her death, Mayday's Facebook page had 500,000 followers. References External links Category:Canadian female models Category:Plus-size models Category:1988 births Category:2019 deaths Category:Writers from Saskatchewan Category:Deaths from ovarian cancer Category:Deaths from cancer in British Columbia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Joshua L. Goldberg Joshua Louis Goldberg (January 6, 1896 – December 24, 1994) was a Belarusian-born American rabbi, who was the first rabbi to be commissioned as a U.S. Navy chaplain in World War II (and only the third to serve in the Navy in its history), the first to reach the rank of Navy Captain (the equivalent of Army Colonel), and the first to retire after a full active-duty career. He had a highly unusual military background for a U.S. Navy chaplain, having been drafted into the Russian army when he was a teenager, then deserting to make his way to the United States where he enlisted in the U.S. Army, serving in an infantry unit in Europe during World War I before beginning rabbinical school studies in New York City after the war. Life and works Early life Goldberg was born on January 6, 1896, in Belarus (then part of the Russian Empire), the son of a lumber merchant in Babruysk, and educated in Odessa, Russia and Tel Aviv (then part of Palestine). He was drafted into the Imperial Russian Army when he was 18, serving as a Private until deserting his unit to flee Russia after the collapse of the Russian western front. He was able to reach the United States in 1916, after an eight-month journey by way of Siberia, Manchuria, Korea, and Japan. He arrived in Seattle and traveled to New York, where he returned to the military, enlisting to serve with artillery units in the American Expeditionary Forces in France during World War I. He served in the army 1917–1920, leaving as a sergeant. Goldberg recounted that when the Army recruiter who enlisted him discovered that he spoke almost no English, he should "keep his mouth shut." Goldberg followed the recruiter's advice, secretly spending "many an hour at night in the latrine at Fort Slocum, hiding with my [Russian-English] dictionary, trying to maintain my goal of mastering 50 new words every day." Once in France, Goldberg's fluency in French was often put to use through service as an interpreter. In addition to English and French, Goldberg spoke four other languages: Yiddish, German, Hebrew, and Russian. After the war, he returned to America to teach Hebrew, then began rabbinical studies at the Jewish Institute of Religion in Manhattan, and was ordained in 1926, accepting the position of rabbi at New York's Astoria Center of Israel in 1926. While serving at the Astoria Center, he made weekly visits to the Brooklyn Naval Hospital to visit service personnel, and later—at the suggestion of one of the doctors at that hospital—he volunteered for service as a Navy chaplain with the outbreak of World War II. Later achievements Goldberg served as president of the Alumni Association for the Jewish Institute of Religion during the 1930s. He was active in many other organizations and held numerous leadership positions during his career, including: Chaplain of the Department of Hospitals of New York City; Board of Trustees, Queens Public Library; Executive Council, Queens Council of the Boy Scouts of America; Vice President, Queens College Association; Board of Trustees, Jewish Institute of Religion; Board of Governors, Queens Committee for Jewish Social Service; National Secretary, American Jewish Congress; Executive member, Committee of Jewish Delegation in Paris, France; Vice-President, Queens Welfare Committee; and Vice-President, Queens Family Welfare Society. Along with Supreme Court Justice Charles S. Colden, Goldberg "was instrumental in the establishment of Queens College." Goldberg lectured extensively throughout the United States and authored many articles on Jewish and American life. In 1950, he was named rabbi emeritus of the Astoria Jewish Center. In 1952, during a visit to Spain, Goldberg (wearing his U.S. Navy uniform) became the first rabbi in 461 years to preach during Jewish services in Madrid, in an "improvised" synagogue. When the small community expressed its desire for a permanent rabbi, Goldberg's involvement became a factor in the hiring of Rabbi David A. Jessurun Cordozo in 1953. In 1961, Goldberg and his wife Henrietta returned from a visit to the Soviet Union to begin writing and speaking on the plight of Soviet Jews, including an article written by Goldberg that was published in Look Magazine, where he wrote that anti-semitism was more of a threat to Jews under communism than it had been under the Czars: "Being a Jew under the Czars was only a disability—not a calamity. Within these restrictions, the Jews developed a rich intellectual, cultural, and most importantly, religious life". Now, however, he continues,The Jews are afraid to go to the synagogues lest their children lose their jobs; afraid to complain, lest they be accused of being counter-revolutionaries; afraid to ask for a visa to join families in Israel lest they be accused of participating in Zionist-capitalistic conspiracies; afraid to communicate with relatives in the United States lest they be dubbed potential spies. They have become a community of whisperers in a kingdom of fear. In 1962, Goldberg served as tour leader for International Conference of Jewish War Veterans in Israel, leading a New York delegation on a tour of sites in London, Paris, Rome, and Israel. United States Navy Upon his commissioning as a U.S. Navy officer on January 8, 1942, Goldberg became the first rabbi accepted as a Navy chaplain in World War II and eventually was promoted to the rank of Navy captain. He was the first rabbi (Jewish chaplain) to earn this rank, an honor that was especially significant because at that time there were only 18 Navy chaplains holding the rank of Captain. During the war, the Navy sent him to Navy bases around the world as part of a Jewish-Catholic-Protestant chaplain team. "By conducting interfaith services, he made sure American soldiers and sailors had places to worship regardless of their faith." The trip—March 8, 1944 – May 20, 1944—covered more than 28,000 miles, including visits to naval installations in the Caribbean, South America, North Africa, and the United Kingdom, and was led by then U.S. Navy Chief of Chaplains Robert Workman. Following the trip, Goldberg spoke to stateside groups on the importance of "greater sacrifice" on the part of civilians back home. In 1944, Goldberg helped develop a "practical field training manual" for theological students being trained to serve as chaplains, and in 1945 the Navy published his 40-page manual, "Ministering to Jews in the Navy," a volume that helped non-Jewish chaplains support the needs of Jewish personnel. After the establishment of the State of Israel, Goldberg was sent on a visit as a "special representative of the Chief of Naval Operations—"concerning matters of a delicate nature and with important implications in the area of international understanding." Because the Navy had no Jewish chaplain officially attached to the staff of the Chief of Chaplains, Goldberg—as the senior Jewish chaplain in the Navy—served in an unofficial capacity as the Jewish representative to that staff. After the conclusion of World War II, Goldberg continued to work with chaplains of other faiths, including participation in two NATO conferences on "building ecumenism among the military clergy." In 1960, he became the first Jewish chaplain to receive the Legion of Merit. He had received five battle ribbons for his earlier service with the infantry. In 1949, Goldberg was assigned as chaplain to the Third Naval District—the first Jewish chaplain to serve as chaplain for a Navy district—responsible for the coordination of all Navy chaplains in New York, Connecticut, and a portion of New Jersey. His naval career had begun as a member of the staff of the Third Naval District Chaplain January 1942 – July 1949, before serving as the District Chaplain July 1949 – January 1960. Former Navy Chief of Chaplains Ross Trower wrote that Goldberg was "chiefly responsible" for the influential radio program, "The Navy Goes to Church," which "conveyed to millions of people the concern of the Navy for the spiritual welfare of its personnel." From 1950 to 1954 he served as Special Consultant to the Department of Defense Armed Forces Chaplains Board. Looking back at his Naval career, Goldberg reflected that: My life in the Navy has been a saga of deep spiritual satisfaction. The Navy Chaplain Corps motto was "cooperation without compromise", and that's what it was like. Rabbis, Priests, and Ministers went out together, worked together, and spoke on the same platform. Priests and Protestant Ministers helped arrange Passover services throughout the world. It was not a lessening of stature for us to help each other. We lifted each other up, and helped preserve the dignity of each other's religion. We were practicing "ecumenism" long before anyone had heard of the word. Retirement and death As Goldberg's retirement approached, one newspaper article included the following words: If any man served his country beyond the call of duty, if any man served in a position all the hours of every day, knowing no time off and no private life, that man is Chaplain Joshua Goldberg, who once was called the Religious Diplomat of our time. And this can be said of him that every admiral who ever served over Chaplain Goldberg, that every man who was his Boss, is turning out to honor him on his retirement. It is a rare quality that wins for a sky-pilot the friendship and respect of hard-boiled Navy Admirals. "Josh" deserves the love he has gained. Following his January 1, 1960 retirement from the Navy, Goldberg continued to support military personnel in many ways, including his decision to pay his own expenses in order to travel to Naples for a number of years in a row to lead services for the Jewish High Holy Days for overseas Jewish military personnel. Goldberg retired to West Palm Beach, where he wrote the weekly column "Wisdom of the heart," in the Palm Beach Post. On December 24, 1994, Goldberg died in West Palm Beach, Florida and was buried on January 6, 1995, in Arlington National Cemetery. He was 98. Education Goldberg's formal education included: Herzliya College, Palestine, 1914 University of Odessa, Russia, B.A., 1916 Jewish Institute of Religion, New York City, New York, M.H.L. and rabbinic ordination, 1926 Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion, New York City, New York, D.D. (Honorary), 1951 Family Goldberg married writer and former R.H. Donnelley executive Henrietta C. Davis on August 22, 1948. Goldberg had two daughters from a previous marriage to Eleanor Rottman - Josephine and Naomi. At the time of Goldberg's death, he and Henrietta had four grandchildren and two great-grandchildren. Much of Goldberg's family, including his mother and younger sister, died during World War II in the gas chambers of Auschwitz. He was also a champion level ice skater and trained the Wiener family whilst on vacation in Phoenicia, New York. Awards and memorials Goldberg received the Frank Weil Award for "distinguished contributions to the Armed Services" in 1958. That same year, Goldberg received the Gold Medal of Merit from the Jewish War Veterans of the United States. General Omar Bradley made the award presentation, with remarks by former Secretary of the Navy Charles Thomas and Roman Catholic Cardinal Francis Spellman. Among his many other awards was the Four Chaplains Award presented by the Alexander D. Goode lodge of B'nai B'rith in 1956. He also received a special "Medal for International Cooperation" from the French government, assigning him the honorary rank of Commander in the French military. In 1959, the New York Police Department Shomrim Society honored Goldberg with its first annual "Person of the Year" award. On February 10, 1995, the Captain Joshua L. Goldberg Memorial Chapel was dedicated in his honor at the National Museum of American Jewish Military History in Washington, D.C. References External links Photo of Goldberg with students of his at the Astoria Jewish Center, sometime in the 1920s Photo of Goldberg in Navy uniform with "victory matzas" – matzas produced in America in the form of the letter "V," to celebrate victory in World War II Photo of Goldberg as a Lieutenant (junior grade), Rosh Hashanah 1943 Category:Jewish American military personnel Category:American Reform rabbis Category:American religious leaders Category:Hebrew Union College alumni Category:Rabbis in the military Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit Category:United States Navy chaplains Category:United States Navy officers Category:20th-century rabbis Category:1896 births Category:1994 deaths Category:American military personnel of World War I Category:Burials at Arlington National Cemetery Category:American naval personnel of World War II Category:United States Army soldiers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kanté Kanté is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Cédric Kanté (born 1979), Malian-French football defender Daouda Kanté (born 1978), Malian football defender Koly Kanté (born 1982), Malian football defender José Kanté Martínez (born 1990), Spanish footballer Lamine Kanté (born 1987), French basketball player Mohamed T. Kanté (born 1985), Malian-American technologist and social entrepreneur Mory Kanté (born 1950), Guinean-Malian musician N'Golo Kanté (born 1991), French footballer Seydou Badjan Kanté (born 1981), Ivorian football defender Soumaoro Kanté (13th century), king of the Sosso people Youssouf Kanté (born 1984), French footballer	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
All-Women Ultra Marathon The All-Women Ultra Marathon (AWUM) is an endurance race which is held each year in Cebu, a city in The Philippines. As of 2013, it is the only ultra marathon which is designed especially for women. The All-Women Ultra Marathon is planned to coincide with the annual International Women's Day in March, and usually starts at 10 p.m. on the Saturday nearest to that day. The race is organized by the Thinktank ultra marathoners group. The aid stations at the race are sponsored and operated by volunteers from several running clubs in the area. The first All-Women Ultra Marathon was held on March 10, 2012, and was organized by the Ungo Runners and the Cebu Ultramarathoners Club. The distance of the race is 50 Kilometers. In 2014, 188 women participated in the race, up from 150 in 2013. References External links AWUM Facebook Fan Page International Women's Day All Women Ultra Marathon 2013 Photos Gallery AWUM 2012: BDM 160KM 2nd Placer Haide Acuna’s Ultra Running & Eyeliner Talk A CDO-ana Stirred the Cebuanas at All Women Ultra-Marathon 2013 Category:Sports in Cebu Category:Ultramarathons Category:Women's marathons Category:Marathons in the Philippines Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2012 Category:2012 establishments in the Philippines	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Letter (Midnight Youth song) The Letter is the first single from New Zealand band Midnight Youth's debut album, The Brave Don't Run. The song debuted on the New Zealand Top 40 Singles Chart at 34th place, and peaked at 20th place. The song was one of five finalists for an APRA SIlver Scroll in 2009 and sold gold, more than 7,500 copies, in New Zealand. References Category:2008 singles Category:Midnight Youth songs Category:2008 songs Category:Warner Music Group singles	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tangarak Tangarak (, also Romanized as Tangārak) is a village in Armand Rural District, in the Central District of Lordegan County, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported. References Category:Populated places in Lordegan County	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
George Pim George Pim (14 January 1899 – 19 July 1976) was a British bobsledder. He competed in the four-man events at the 1924 Winter Olympics and the 1928 Winter Olympics. References Category:1899 births Category:1976 deaths Category:British male bobsledders Category:Olympic bobsledders of Great Britain Category:Bobsledders at the 1924 Winter Olympics Category:Bobsledders at the 1928 Winter Olympics Category:Sportspeople from Dublin (city)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Alexander Appleford Flight Lieutenant Alexander N Robin L Appleford was one of the youngest fighter pilots who flew with the Royal Air Force during the Battle of Britain, and was one of the aircrew known as "The Few". Appleford was born in September 1921. He was educated at King's College, Taunton. After joining the RAF, he was posted on 13 May 1940 to No. 66 Squadron RAF at RAF Duxford, flying Spitfires. On 4 September 1940 Appleford was shot down over the Thames Estuary during a dogfight with a Bf 109, but baled out slightly wounded. Following the Battle of Britain, Appleford was a flying instructor. In 1943 he returned to combat duties with No. 274 Squadron RAF flying Hurricanes on coastal defence in North Africa. After a spell with the Aircraft Delivery Unit, he went to South Africa as a flying instructor. Appleford died on 17 April 2012 in Henley-on-Thames. References External links Category:1921 births Category:The Few Category:2012 deaths Category:People educated at King's College, Taunton Category:Royal Air Force officers Category:Royal Air Force pilots of World War II	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Fred Brown (virologist) Fred Brown (31 January 1925 – 20 February 2004) was a British virologist and molecular biologist. Early life He was born in Clayton-le-Moors, Lancashire and lived in neighbouring Burnley, where he was educated at Burnley Grammar School and played cricket for Burnley Cricket Club. He went on to study at Manchester University, where he graduated B.Sc. in chemistry in 1944 and received a Ph.D. in 1946. Career He stayed at Manchester as an assistant lecturer for two years before taking a post as lecturer at the Bristol University Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Research Station (1948–50) followed by one as a senior scientific officer at the Hannah Dairy Research Institute, Ayr (1950–53). A succession of other appointments followed: senior scientific officer at Christie Hospital, Manchester (1953–55), head of the Biochemistry Department at the Animal Virus Research Institute, Pirbright (now the Institute for Animal Health) (1955–83) (deputy director (1980–83)) and head of the Virology Department at Wellcome Biotechnology Laboratories, Beckenham {1983-90}. He was also appointed professorial fellow at Queen's University, Belfast (1986–2004) and Professor of Microbiology at Surrey University (1989–90) and adjunct professor, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University (1990–2004). He was a visiting scientist at the US Department of Agriculture Plum Island Animal Disease Center, New York (1995–2004) and a consultant with the US Department of Agriculture (1990–2004). Most of his efforts were directed towards the study of animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth and rabies. He undertook substantial committee work. He was a member of an international committee on the taxonomy of viruses (1968–1981) (president (1981–1987)), chairman of the comparative virology programme run by WHO and UN, scientific secretary for the International Association of Biological Standardisation (1980); chairman of the Royal Society Biological Education Committee (1983–1987), member of the Spongiform Encephalopathy Advisory Committee (1990–1998) and honorary member of the Society for General Microbiology (1991). He was also member of council and editor-in-chief of the Journal of General Virology (1975–1980) and took part in the Royal Society Infectious Diseases in Livestock Enquiry. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1981 and delivered their Leeuwenhoek Lecture in 1993. He was awarded an OBE in 1999. He died in Surrey in 2004. He had married Audrey Alice Doherty in 1948: they had two sons. References Category:1925 births Category:2004 deaths Category:People from Clayton-le-Moors Category:People from Burnley Category:People educated at Burnley Grammar School Category:20th-century British biologists Category:British virologists Category:Academics of Queen's University Belfast Category:Academics of the University of Surrey Category:Academics of the University of Bristol Category:Alumni of the University of Manchester Category:Fellows of the Royal Society Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
South African Class 2C 4-6-2 The South African Railways Class 2C 4-6-2 of 1910 was a steam locomotive from the pre-Union era in the Colony of Natal. In 1910, the Natal Government Railways placed two Class A steam locomotives with a Pacific wheel arrangement in service, built in their Durban workshops. In 1912, when these locomotives were assimilated into the South African Railways, they were renumbered and designated . The 2A and 2B classifications were never used. The Class 2C was the second locomotive type to be designed and built in South Africa, after the Natal Government Railways 4-6-2TT Havelock of 1888. Manufacturer When more locomotives were required for passenger traffic on the Natal Government Railways (NGR) mainline on the section between Estcourt and Charlestown on the Transvaal border, where gradients were less severe than in the coastal region, two Pacific type locomotives were built in the Durban workshops of the NGR and equipped with Type TJ tenders. The locomotive was designed during 1907 by NGR Locomotive Superintendent D.A. Hendrie as a redesigned version of his NGR Class A Hendrie A of 1905. Characteristics The Hendrie C, as it was popularly known, was similar to the Class A Hendrie A in general proportions, but with Walschaerts valve gear, larger diameter coupled wheels, a larger boiler with a higher boiler pressure and a more enclosed cab which offered better protection to the crew. They were equipped with Hendrie's steam reversing gear and had wide Belpaire fireboxes, carried down between the rear frames which had been widened by using a bridle casting. The cylinders were mounted horizontally since the Walschaerts valve gear did not require inclined cylinders like those on the Class A Hendrie A with its Stephenson valve gear. The coupled wheels were later retyred to a larger diameter, from . Service Natal Government Railways When they were placed in service in 1910, they were also designated NGR Class A, with engine numbers 11 and 12. The two locomotives joined the two Class A Hendrie A Pacifics of 1905 on the section from Estcourt to Charlestown. South African Railways When the Union of South Africa was established on 31 May 1910, the three Colonial government railways (Cape Government Railways, NGR and Central South African Railways) were united under a single administration to control and administer the railways, ports and harbours of the Union. Although the South African Railways and Harbours came into existence in 1910, the actual classification and renumbering of all the rolling stock of the three constituent railways were only implemented with effect from 1 January 1912. In 1912, the two locomotives were renumbered 765 and 766 and designated Class 2C on the South African Railways (SAR), after their popular Hendrie C nickname. The 2A and 2B classifications were never used by the SAR. After serving on the Estcourt to Charlestown section for many years, they were transferred to the Witwatersrand for a short period, after which they were transferred to the section between Komatipoort and Waterval Boven in the Eastern Transvaal. Here they worked passenger and fast perishables trains until they were withdrawn and scrapped in 1936. Illustration The pictures illustrate two of the NGR liveries which were applied to these locomotives. References 1220 1220 Category:4-6-2 locomotives Category:2′C1′ n2 locomotives Category:NGR shop-built locomotives Category:Cape gauge railway locomotives Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1910 Category:1910 in South Africa Category:Scrapped locomotives	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Central City, South Dakota Central City is a city in Lawrence County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 134 at the 2010 census. History Central City was founded in 1877. It was named after Central City, Colorado, by a settler from there. It began as a mining town during the Black Hills Gold Rush days. There was once a quarrel over mining boundaries that resulted in a deliberate explosion of the nearby Comstock Mine and the death of one man. A miners' sit-down strike occurred and a cavalry unit from Fort Meade led by Seth Bullock was called in to end it. Geography Central City is located at (44.367211, -103.769652). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Climate Demographics 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 134 people, 66 households, and 37 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 78 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.0% White, 1.5% Native American, 0.7% from other races, and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.7% of the population. There were 66 households of which 18.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.8% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 9.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.9% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.41. The median age in the city was 48.7 years. 11.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.2% were from 25 to 44; 45.6% were from 45 to 64; and 13.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.8% male and 52.2% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 149 people, 67 households, and 39 families living in the city. The population density was 1,033.0 people per square mile (410.9/km²). There were 76 housing units at an average density of 526.9 per square mile (209.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.33% White and 0.67% Asian. There were 67 households out of which 19.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.7% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. 32.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.80. In the city, the population was spread out with 19.5% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 33.6% from 45 to 64, and 8.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 118.2 males. The median income for a household in the city was $21,250, and the median income for a family was $31,250. Males had a median income of $23,750 versus $18,438 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,870. There were 10.5% of families and 15.9% of the population living below the poverty line, including 17.4% of under eighteens and 21.4% of those over 64. References External links Category:Cities in South Dakota Category:Cities in Lawrence County, South Dakota Category:Mining communities in South Dakota	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Socio-ecological system A social-ecological system consists of 'a bio-geo-physical' unit and its associated social actors and institutions. Social-ecological systems are complex and adaptive and delimited by spatial or functional boundaries surrounding particular ecosystems and their context problems. Definitions A social-ecological system can be defined as:(p. 163) A coherent system of biophysical and social factors that regularly interact in a resilient, sustained manner; A system that is defined at several spatial, temporal, and organisational scales, which may be hierarchically linked; A set of critical resources (natural, socio-economic, and cultural) whose flow and use is regulated by a combination of ecological and social systems; and A perpetually dynamic, complex system with continuous adaptation. Scholars have used the concept of social-ecological systems to emphasise humans as part of nature and to stress that the delineation between social systems and ecological systems is artificial and arbitrary. While resilience has somewhat different meaning in social and ecological context, the SES approach holds that social and ecological systems are linked through feedback mechanisms, and that both display resilience and complexity. Integrative approaches Until the past few decades, the point of contact between social sciences and natural sciences was very limited in dealing with social-ecological systems. Just as mainstream ecology had tried to exclude humans from the study of ecology, many social science disciplines had ignored environment altogether and limited their scope to humans. Although some scholars (e.g. Bateson 1979) had tried to bridge the nature-culture divide, the majority of studies focused on investigating processes within the social domain only, treating the ecosystem largely as a "black box" and assuming that if the social system performs adaptively or is well organised institutionally it will also manage the environmental resource base in a sustainable fashion. This changed through the 1970s and 1980s with the rise of several subfields associated with the social sciences but explicitly including the environment in the framing of the issues. These subfields are: Environmental ethics, which arose from the need to develop a philosophy of relations between humans and their environment, because conventional ethics only applied to relations among people. Political ecology, which expands ecological concerns to respond to the inclusion of cultural and political activity within an analysis of ecosystems that are significantly but not always entirely socially constructed. Environmental history which arose from the rich accumulation of material documenting relationships between societies and their environment. Ecological economics which examines the link between ecology and economics by bridging the two disciplines to promote an integrated view of economics within the ecosystem. Common property which examines the linkages between resource management and social organisation, analysing how institutions and property rights systems deal with the dilemma of the ‘tragedy of the commons’. Traditional ecological knowledge, which refers to ecological understanding built, not by experts, but by people who live and use the resources of a place. Each of the six areas summarised is a ‘bridge’ spanning different combinations of natural science and social science thinking. Conceptual foundations and origins Elinor Ostrom and her many co-researchers have developed a comprehensive "Social-Ecological Systems (SES) framework", within which much of the still-evolving theory of common-pool resources and collective self-governance is now located. It also draws heavily on systems ecology and complexity theory. The studies of SES include some central societal concerns (e.g. equity and human wellbeing) that have traditionally received little attention in complex adaptive systems theory, and there are areas of complexity theory (e.g. quantum physics) that have little direct relevance for understanding SES. SES theory incorporates ideas from theories relating to the study of resilience, robustness, sustainability, and vulnerability (e.g. Levin 1999, Berkes et al. 2003, Gunderson and Holling 2002, Norberg and Cumming 2008), but it is also concerned with a wider range of SES dynamics and attributes than any one of these terms implies. While SES theory draws on a range of discipline-specific theories, such as island biogeography, optimal foraging theory, and microeconomic theory, it is much broader than any of these individual theories alone. Being a relatively new concept, SES theory has emerged from a combination of disciplinary platforms and the notion of complexity developed through the work of many scholars, notably the Santa Fe Institute (2002). It can thus be said that complex system theory is a more important 'intellectual parent' of SES. However, due to the social context in which SES research has been placed, and the possibility of SES research translating into recommendations that will affect real people, SES research has been considerable more ‘self-conscious’ and more ‘pluralistic’ in its perspectives than complexity theory has ever acknowledged. Studying SESs from a complex system perspective is a fast-growing interdisciplinary field which can be viewed as an attempt to link different disciplines into a new body of knowledge that can be applied to solve some of the most serious environmental problems today. Management processes in the complex systems can be improved by making them adaptive and flexible, able to deal with uncertainty and surprise, and by building capacity to adapt to change. SESs are both complex and adaptive, meaning that they require continuous testing, learning about, and developing knowledge and understanding in order to cope with change and uncertainty. A complex system differs from a simple system in that it has a number of attributes that cannot be observed in simple systems, such as nonlinearity, uncertainty, emergence, scale, and self-organisation. Nonlinearity Nonlinearity is related to fundamental uncertainty. It generates path dependency, which refers to local rules of interaction that change as the system evolves and develops. A consequence of path dependency is the existence of multiple basins of attraction in ecosystem development and the potential for threshold behaviour and qualitative shifts in system dynamics under changing environmental influences. Emergence Emergence is the appearance of behaviour that could not be anticipated from knowledge of the parts of the system alone. Scale Scale is important when dealing with complex systems. In a complex system many subsystems can be distinguished; and since many complex systems are hierarchic, each subsystem is nested in a larger subsystem etc. For example, a small watershed may be considered an ecosystem, but it is a part of a larger watershed that can also be considered an ecosystem and a larger one that encompasses all the smaller watersheds. Phenomena at each level of the scale tend to have their own emergent properties, and different levels may be coupled through feedback relationships. Therefore, complex systems should always be analysed or managed simultaneously at different scales. Self organisation Self organisation is one of the defining properties of complex systems. The basic idea is that open systems will reorganise at critical points of instability. Holling’s adaptive renewal cycle is an illustration of reorganisation that takes place within the cycles of growth and renewal. The self-organisation principle, operationalised through feedback mechanisms, applies to many biological systems, social systems and even to mixture of simple chemicals. High speed computers and nonlinear mathematical techniques help simulate self-organisation by yielding complex results and yet strangely ordered effects. The direction of self-organisation will depend on such things as the system’s history; it is path dependent and difficult to predict. Examples of conceptual framework for analysis There are several conceptual frameworks developed in relation to the resilience approach. A framework that focuses on knowledge and understanding of ecosystem dynamics, how to navigate it through management practices, institutions, organisations and social networks and how they relate to drivers of change (Picture A). A conceptual model in relation to the robustness of social-ecological systems. There resource could be water or a fishery and the resource users could be farmers irrigating or inshore fishermen. Public infrastructure providers involve, for example, local users associations and government bureaus and public infrastructure include institutional rules and engineering works. The number refer to links between the entities and are exemplified in the source of the figure (Picture B). MuSIASEM or Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism. This is a method of accounting used to analyse social-ecosystems and to simulate possible patterns of development. Role of traditional knowledge in SES Berkes and colleagues distinguish four sets of elements which can be used to describe social-ecological system characteristics and linkages: Ecosystems Local knowledge People and technology Property rights institutions Knowledge acquisition of SESs is an ongoing, dynamic learning process, and such knowledge often emerges with people’s institutions and organisations. To remain effective it requires institutional framework and social networks to be nested across scales. It is thus the communities which interact with ecosystems on the daily basis and over long periods of time that possess the most relevant knowledge of resource and ecosystem dynamics, together with associated management practices. Some scholars have suggested that management and governance of SESs may benefit from combination of different knowledge systems; others have attempted to import such knowledge into the scientific knowledge field There also those who have argued that it would be difficult to separate these knowledge systems from their institutional and cultural contexts, and those who have questioned the role of traditional and local knowledge systems in the current situation of pervasive environmental change and globalised societies. Other scholars have claimed that valuable lessons can be extracted from such systems for complex system management; lessons that also need to account for interactions across temporal and spatial scales and organisational and institutional levels, and in particular during periods of rapid change, uncertainty and system reorganisation. Adaptive cycle The adaptive cycle, originally conceptualised by Holling (1986) interprets the dynamics of complex ecosystems in response to disturbance and change. In terms of its dynamics, the adaptive cycle has been described as moving slowly from exploitation (r) to conservation (K), maintaining and developing very rapidly from K to release (W), continuing rapidly to reorganisation (a) and back to exploitation (r). Depending on the particular configuration of the system, it can then begin a new adaptive cycle or alternatively it may transform into a new configuration, shown as an exit arrow. The adaptive cycle is one of the five heuristics used to understand social-ecological system behaviour. The other four heuristics are: resilience, panarchy, transformability, and adaptability, are of considerable conceptual appeal, and it is claimed to be generally applicable to ecological and social systems as well as to coupled social-ecological systems. The two main dimension that determine changes in an adaptive cycle are connectedness and potential. The connectedness dimension is the visual depiction of a cycle and stands for the ability to internally control its own destiny. It "reflects the strength of internal connections that mediate and regulate the influences between inside processes and the outside world" (p. 50). The potential dimension is represented by the vertical axis, and stands for the “inherent potential of a system that is available for change" (p. 393). Social or cultural potential can be characterised by the "accumulated networks of relationships-friendship, mutual respect, and trust among people and between people and institutions of governance" (p. 49). According to the adaptive cycle heuristic, the levels of both dimensions differ during the course of the cycle along the four phases. The adaptive cycle thus predicts that the four phases of the cycle can be distinguished based on distinct combinations of high or low potential and connectedness. Adaptive governance and SES The resilience of social-ecological systems is related to the degree of the shock that the system can absorb and remain within a given state. The concept of resilience is a promising tool for analysing adaptive change towards sustainability because it provides a way for analysing how to manipulate stability in the face of change. In order to emphasise the key requirements of a social-ecological system for successful adaptive governance, Folke and colleagues contrasted case studies from the Florida Everglades and the Grand Canyon. Both are complex social-ecological systems that have experiences unwanted degradation of their ecosystem services, but differ substantially in terms of their institutional make-up. The governance structure in the Everglades is dominated by the interests of agriculture and environmentalists who have been in conflict over the need to conserve the habitat at the expense of agricultural productivity throughout history. Here, a few feedbacks between the ecological system and the social system exist, and the SES is unable to innovate and adapt (the α-phase of reorganisation and growth) In contrast, different stakeholders have formed an adaptive management workgroup in the case of Grand Canyon, using planned management interventions and monitoring to learn about changes occurring in the ecosystem including the best ways to subsequently manage them. Such an arrangement in governance creates the opportunity for institutional learning to take place, allowing for a successful period of reorganisation and growth. Such an approach to institutional learning is becoming more common as NGOs, scientist and communities collaborate to manage ecosystems. Links to sustainable development The concept of social-ecological systems has been developed in order to provide both a promising scientific gain as well as impact on problems of sustainable development. A close conceptual and methodological relation exists between the analysis of social-ecological systems, complexity research, and transdisciplinarity. These three research concepts are based on similar ideas and models of reasoning. Moreover, the research on social-ecological systems almost always uses transdisciplinary mode of operation in order to achieve an adequate problem orientation and to ensure integrative results. Problems of sustainable development are intrinsically tied to the social-ecological system defined to tackle them. This means that scientists from the relevant scientific disciplines or field of research as well as the involved societal stakeholders have to be regarded as elements of the social-ecological system in question. References Further reading Maclean K, Ross H, Cuthill M, Rist P. 2013. Healthy country, healthy people: An Australian Aboriginal organisation’s adaptive governance to enhance its social-ecological system. Geoforum. 45:94-105. Category:Ecosystems	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Louise Thompson (TV personality) Louise Thompson is a British reality television personality known primarily for appearing in the E4 reality series Made in Chelsea. In 2015, she appeared in the second series of The Jump where she finished fourth. Career In September 2011, Louise joined the cast of semi-reality television programme Made in Chelsea for the second series following a brief appearance during the first. In December 2014, it was announced that she would be competing in the second series of The Jump where she reached the final finishing in fourth place. She released a book, Live Well With Louise in 2018. She studied at the University of Edinburgh. In September 2018, Thompson apologised after the Advertising Standards Authority criticised her for failing to make it clear that an Instagram story she posted was an advert promoting a beauty brand. Filmography References Category:Living people Category:Reality television participants Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lymantria incerta Lymantria incerta is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in India and Sri Lanka. Palpi porrect (extending forward) and hairy. Antennae bipectinate (comb like on both sides) with long branches. Head, thorax and abdomen red brown. A crimson line runs behind the head. Abdomen banded with crimson. Legs spotted with black and marked with crimson. Forewing greyish brown. The caterpillar is known to feed on Ziziphus jujube and Ziziphus mauritiana. References Category:Moths of Asia Category:Moths described in 1855	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Schmelz (Vienna) Schmelz is a former parade and exercise ground located in Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus in central Vienna, Austria. It also contained the first football field of SK Rapid Wien between 1899 and 1903. References Category:Year of establishment missing Category:Year of disestablishment missing Category:Military parades Category:Geography of Vienna Category:History of Vienna	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Gradungula Gradungula is a monotypic genus of South Pacific large-clawed spiders containing the single species, Gradungula sorenseni. It is only found in New Zealand. __TOC__ Etymology The genus name is derived from Latin "step" and "claw", referring to the enlarged front leg claws of this species. These claws also occur in other species of the family Gradungulidae. The species name "sorenseni" is named after Jack Sorensen, the discoverer of the species. Taxonomy Gradungula sorenseni was first described by Raymond Robert Forster in 1955. Distribution Gradungula sorenseni is distributed in forests throughout the western South Island and throughout Stewart Island. References Category:Gradungulidae Category:Monotypic Araneomorphae genera Category:Spiders described in 1955 Category:Spiders of New Zealand Category:Taxa named by Raymond Robert Forster	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Glastonbury Festival Glastonbury Festival (formally Glastonbury Festival of Contemporary Performing Arts) is a five-day festival of contemporary performing arts that takes place in Pilton, Somerset, in England. In addition to contemporary music, the festival hosts dance, comedy, theatre, circus, cabaret, and other arts. Leading pop and rock artists have headlined, alongside thousands of others appearing on smaller stages and performance areas. Films and albums recorded at Glastonbury have been released, and the festival receives extensive television and newspaper coverage. Glastonbury is now attended by around 200,000 people, requiring extensive infrastructure in terms of security, transport, water, and electricity supply. The majority of staff are volunteers, helping the festival to raise millions of pounds for charity organisations. Regarded as a major event in British culture, the festival is inspired by the ethos of the hippie, counterculture, and free festival movements. It retains vestiges of these traditions, such as the Green Fields area, which includes sections known as the Green Futures and Healing Fields. After the 1970s, the festival took place almost every year and grew in size, with the number of attendees sometimes being swollen by gatecrashers. Michael Eavis hosted the first festival, then called Pilton Festival, after seeing an open-air Led Zeppelin concert at the 1970 Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music. The festival's record crowd is 300,000 people; this record was set at the 1994 festival, when headliners the Levellers performed a set on The Pyramid Stage. Glastonbury Festival was held intermittently from 1970 until 1981. Since then, it has been held every year, except for "fallow years" taken mostly at five-year intervals, intended to give the land, local population, and organisers a break. 2018 was a "fallow year" and the following festival took place from 26 – 30 June 2019. History A series of concerts, lectures and recitals called the Glastonbury Festivals was established with a summer school in the town of Glastonbury between 1914 and 1926 by classical composer Rutland Boughton (1878–1960), and with their location attracted a bohemian audience by the standards of the time. They featured works by then-contemporary composers, sponsored by the Clark family, and a wide range of traditional works, from Everyman to James Shirley's Cupid and Death. 1970s Pilton Festival 1970 Glastonbury was heavily influenced by hippie ethics and the free festival movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s, beginning with the Isle of Wight Festival (1968–1970), which featured performances by The Who, amongst many other artists. Organiser Michael Eavis decided to host the first festival, then called Pilton Festival, after seeing an open-air concert headlined by Led Zeppelin at the 1970 Bath Festival of Blues and Progressive Music at the nearby Bath and West Showground in 1970. The festival retains vestiges of this tradition such as the Green Fields area, encompassing the Green Futures and Healing Field. The first festival at Worthy Farm was the Pilton Pop, Blues & Folk Festival, mounted by Michael Eavis on Saturday 19 September 1970, and attended by 1,500 people. The original headline acts were The Kinks and Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders but these acts were replaced at short notice by Tyrannosaurus Rex, later known as T. Rex. Tickets were £1. Other billed acts of note were, Steamhammer, Quintessence, Stackridge, Al Stewart and Keith Christmas. Glastonbury Free Festival 1971 The "Glastonbury Fair" of 1971 was instigated by Andrew Kerr after being found and introduced to Michael Eavis by David Trippas and organised with help from Jean Bradbery, Kikan Eriksdotter, John Massara, Jeff Dexter, Arabella Churchill, Thomas Crimble, Bill Harkin, Gilberto Gil, Mark Irons, John Coleman, and Jytte Klamer. The 1971 festival featured the first incarnation of the "Pyramid Stage". Conceived by Bill Harkin the stage was a one-tenth replica of the Great Pyramid of Giza built from scaffolding and metal sheeting and positioned over a blind spring which was found by dowsing. Performers included David Bowie, Mighty Baby, Traffic, Fairport Convention, Gong, Hawkwind, Skin Alley, The Worthy Farm Windfuckers and Melanie. It was paid for by its supporters and advocates of its ideal, and embraced a mediaeval tradition of music, dance, poetry, theatre, lights, and spontaneous entertainment. The 1971 festival was filmed by Nicolas Roeg and David Puttnam and was released as a film called simply Glastonbury Fayre. Glastonbury Festival 1979 There was a small unplanned event in 1978, when the convoy of vehicles from the Stonehenge festival was directed by police to Worthy Farm; the festival was then revived the following year (1979) by Churchill, Crimble, Kerr and Eavis, in an event for the Year of the Child, which lost money. 1980s The 1980s saw the festival become an annual fixture, barring periodic fallow years. In 1981, Michael Eavis took control of the festival, and it was organised in conjunction with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). That year a new Pyramid Stage was constructed from telegraph poles and metal sheeting (repurposed from materials of the Ministry of Defence), a permanent structure which doubled as a hay-barn and cow-shed during the winter. In the 1980s, the children's area of the festival (which had been organised by Arabella Churchill and others) became the starting point for a new children's charity called Children's World. 1981 was the first year that the festival made profits, and Eavis donated £20,000 of them to CND. In the following years, donations were made to a number of organisations, and since the end of the Cold War the main beneficiaries have been Oxfam, Greenpeace and WaterAid, who all contribute towards the festival by providing features and volunteers, who work at the festival in exchange for free entry. Since 1983, large festivals have required licences from local authorities. This led to certain restrictions being placed on the festival, including a crowd limit and specified times during which the stages could operate. The crowd limit was initially set at 30,000 but has grown every year to over 100,000. 1984 saw the stage invaded by children during The Smiths set. Weather Report played the main stage, and Elvis Costello headlined the last night for almost three hours. In 1985, the festival grew too large for Worthy Farm, but neighbouring Cockmill Farm was purchased. That year saw a wet festival with considerable rain; Worthy Farm is a dairy farm and what washed down into the low areas was a mixture of mud and liquefied cow dung. This did not prevent festival-goers from enjoying the knee-deep slurry in front of the pyramid stage. 1989 was the first year that impromptu, unofficial sound systems sprung up around the festival site – a portent of things to come. These sound systems would play loud, electronic acid house music 'round the clock, with the largest, the Hypnosis sound system, rivaling the volume of some of the official stages and running non-stop throughout the festival. 1990s The biggest festival yet was held in 1990; however, the day after the festival ended, violence – between the security guards and new age travellers (the so-called Battle of Yeoman's Bridge) – led to the organisers taking 1991 off to rethink the festival. An expanded festival returned in 1992, and this proved a great success. 1992 was the first year that the new age travellers were not initially allowed onto the site free, and a sturdier fence was designed. This success was carried through to 1993 which, like 1992, was hot and dry. In 1994, the Pyramid Stage burned down just over a week before the festival; a temporary main stage was erected in time for the festival. The 1994 festival also introduced a 150 kW wind turbine which provided some of the festival power. This festival also included the setting of a new world record on 26 June when 826 people, juggling at least three objects each, kept 2,478 objects in the air. Headliners Levellers set another record when they played to a crowd of as many as 300,000 people on their Friday performance, this is still Glastonbury's biggest ever crowd. This was also the year the festival was first televised by Channel 4; concentrating on the main two music stages, providing a glimpse of the festival for those who knew little of it. Channel 4's 4 Goes to Glastonbury brought widely expanded televised coverage of the festival for the first time in 1994 and also the following year. The TV broadcast in 1994 was a crucial factor in ensuring that Orbital's performance at the festival achieved legendary status. As a result, living rooms across the country were able to experience what a rave might look like, and suddenly dance music – which had been attacked by the establishment and mainstream press for years – didn't seem so dangerous. Indeed, 1994 was a crucial turning point for dance music's role at the festival. Speaking to The Guardian in 2013 about the Orbital gig, Michael Eavis noted that it marked dance music's appearance on the mainstream agenda. "What was previously underground made it on to one of the big stages, and there was no going back from there. As the police and the council made me very well aware, the buzz had been around the raves and the market sound systems and in the travellers' fields for years. But it needed a showcase to make it legal." The gig opened the way for others such as the Chemical Brothers, Massive Attack and Underworld, who all played high-profile stages in the following years – developments that led to the launch of the festival's Dance Village in 1997. 1995 saw the attendance rise drastically due to the security fence being breached on the Friday of the festival. Estimates suggest there may have been enough fence-jumpers to double the size of the festival. This aside, 1995 proved to be a highly successful year with memorable performances from Oasis, Elastica, Pulp, PJ Harvey, Jeff Buckley, Jamiroquai and The Cure. This was also the first year of the festival having a dance tent to cater for the rise in popularity of dance music, following the success of Orbital's headline appearance the previous year. The dance acts of 1995 were led by Massive Attack on the Friday and Carl Cox on the Saturday. The festival took a year off in 1996 to allow the land to recover and give the organisers a break. This would be a pattern which would be followed every five years until 2011, with the gap year moving to 2012. 1996 also saw the release of Glastonbury the Movie which was filmed at the 1993 and 1994 festivals. The festival returned in 1997 bigger than ever. This time there was major sponsorship from The Guardian and the BBC, who had taken over televising the event from Channel 4. This was also the year of the mud, with the site suffering severe rainfalls which turned the entire site into a muddy bog. However those who stayed for the festival were treated to many memorable performances, including Radiohead's headlining Pyramid Stage set on the Saturday which is said to be one of the greatest ever Glastonbury performances. The live recording of "Paranoid Android" from this performance, as well as others such as "The Day Before Yesterday's Man" by The Supernaturals, were released on a BBC CD entitled Mud For It. In 1998 the festival was once again struck with severe floods and storms, and again some festival goers departed early – but those who stayed were treated to performances from acts such as Pulp, Robbie Williams and Blur. Tony Bennett, however, overcame the messy environment in an immaculate white suit and tie. 1998 was also the first year that attendance officially broke the 100,000 mark. Another hot dry year was recorded in 1999, much to the relief of organisers and festival goers. The festival was again overcrowded due to fence-jumpers, but this would not prove to be a major problem until the following year, when an additional 100,000 people gatecrashed the site, increasing the attendance to an estimated 250,000 people total. The 1999 festival is also remembered for the Manic Street Preachers requesting and being given their own backstage toilets; however, it was revealed by the band that this was a joke – the "reserved" sign on the toilet was not at the authorisation of the management. 2000s 2000 saw a new Pyramid Stage introduced as well as new features such as The Glade and The Leftfield. The festival was headlined by Chemical Brothers, Travis and David Bowie who played 30 years after his first appearance. The Pyramid Stage also hosted an unusual event on the Saturday morning, with the wedding of two festival-goers, who had written to the organisers asking for permission to get married there, taking place and conducted by actor Keith Allen in front of a small group of friends and any other festival-goers who still happened to be awake. This year also saw an estimated 250,000 people attend the festival (only 100,000 tickets were sold) due to gatecrashers. This led to public safety concerns and the local District Council refused any further licences until the problem was solved. The organisers took 2001 off to devise anti-gatecrashing measures and secure the future of the festival, after the Roskilde Festival 2000 accident (though this was also a scheduled break, one which took place every five years from 1991, the year after the battle of Yeoman's Bridge, until the 2012 Olympics extended the five-year sequence from the planned 2011 rest year). It was at this point that the Mean Fiddler Organisation was invited to help, which was seen by some as a "sell-out" to corporate culture. In 2002, the festival returned after its planned fallow year, with the controversial Mean Fiddler now handling the logistics and security — especially installing a substantial surrounding fence (dubbed the "superfence") that reduced numbers to the levels of a decade earlier. The lower attendance led to a much more relaxed atmosphere and massively reduced crime levels compared to previous years. There were some incidents outside the fence involving frustrated individuals who arrived at the festival assuming they would be able to simply jump the fence and not pay for the music and performances, but despite this the event was hailed as a great success by the media companies that had taken an interest in the festival. 2002 also saw Coldplay headline the Pyramid Stage for the first time while the show was closed by a set from Rod Stewart on the Sunday night. There were some criticisms of the 2002 festival that it lacked atmosphere, because of the reduced number of people, which reflected the smaller numbers jumping the fence. The number of tickets was increased to 150,000 for 2003 which sold out within one day of going on sale, in marked contrast to the two months it took to sell 140,000 in 2002. It was also the first year that tickets sold out before the full line-up was announced. This was also the year Radiohead returned to headline the Pyramid Stage. Revenue raised for good causes from ticket and commercial licence sales topped £1 million, half of which went to Oxfam, Greenpeace and Water Aid. In 2004, tickets sold out within 24 hours amid much controversy over the ticket ordering process, which left potential festival goers trying for hours to connect to the overloaded telephone and internet sites. The website got two million attempted connections within the first five minutes of the tickets going on sale and an average of 2,500 people on the phone lines every minute. The festival was not hit by extreme weather, but high winds on the Wednesday delayed entry, and steady rain throughout Saturday turned some areas of the site to mud. The festival ended with Muse headlining the Pyramid Stage on Sunday, after Oasis had headlined on Friday. Franz Ferdinand and Sir Paul McCartney also performed. In the British press publications appeared about the use of psychedelic drugs by festival visitors. The magazine NME pronounced that 2004 would be "the third summer of love" due to the resurgence of the "shroom" that was praised as a natural alternative to ecstasy, which was said to be declining in popularity (LSD fuelled the first summer of love in 1967; ecstasy and LSD the second in 1988). After the 2004 festival, Michael Eavis commented that 2006 would be a year off — in keeping with the previous history of taking one "fallow year" in every five to give the villagers and surrounding areas a rest from the yearly disruption. This was confirmed after the licence for 2005 was granted. In 2005 the 112,500 ticket quota sold out rapidly — in this case in 3 hours 20 minutes. For 2005, the enclosed area of the festival was over , had over 385 live performances, and was attended by around 150,000 people. The Sunday headliner was originally scheduled to be Kylie Minogue, who instead pulled out in May to receive treatment for breast cancer. Basement Jaxx were announced as a replacement on 6 June. Both Coldplay and Basement Jaxx performed a cover of Kylie's "Can't Get You Out Of My Head" during their concert. 2005 saw a big increase in the number of dance music attractions, with the multiple tents of the Dance Village replacing the solitary dance tent of previous years. This new area contained the East and West dance tents, the Dance Lounge, Roots Stage, and Pussy Parlour, as well as a relocated G Stage, formerly situated in the Glade. The introduction of the innovative silent disco by Emily Eavis allowed revellers to party into the early hours without disturbing the locals — a requirement of the festival's licensing. Following the death of DJ John Peel in the autumn of 2004, the New Tent was renamed the John Peel Tent, in homage to his encouragement and love of new bands at Glastonbury. The opening day of the 2005 festival was delayed by heavy rain and thunderstorms: Several stages, including the Acoustic Tent (and one of the bars), were struck by lightning, and the valley was hit with flash floods that left some areas of the site under more than four feet of water. The severity of the weather flooded several campsites, the worst affected being the base of Pennard Hill, and seriously disrupted site services. However Mendip District Council's review of the festival called it one of the "safest ever" and gives the festival a glowing report in how it dealt with the floods. There was no festival in 2006. Instead, a documentary film directed by Julien Temple was released to make up for the lack of a festival. The film consists of specially shot footage by Temple at the festival, as well as footage sent in by fans and archive footage. Glastonbury was released in the UK on 14 April 2006. Glastonbury 2007 (20–24 June) was headlined by Arctic Monkeys, The Killers, and The Who on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, respectively. Dame Shirley Bassey was also featured. In 2007, over 700 acts played on over 80 stages and the capacity expanded by 20,000 to 177,000. This was the first year that "The Park" area opened. Designed by Emily Eavis, its main stage featured extra sets by several artists playing on the main stages including Spinal Tap, Pete Doherty and Gruff Rhys, whilst the BBC launched their new "Introducing" stage in the area. The festival had the largest attendance since the construction of the security fence, and the largest legitimate attendance to date: ticket allocation was raised by 27,500 to 137,500, which were charged at £145 and sold out in 1 hour 45 minutes. As an extra precaution against touts (scalpers), purchasers had to pre-register, including submission of a passport photo which was security printed into the ticket. Continued periods of rain throughout much of the festival caused muddy conditions, though without the flooding of 2005, in part due to the new £750,000 flood defences. However this constant rain made the general conditions within the site worse than 2 years before and more like the mud plains of 1998. It was difficult to find anywhere to sit down that had not turned to mud and key choke points, such as the thoroughfare at the front right of the Pyramid stage, turned into a quagmire. Muddy conditions on the temporary roads on the periphery of the site led to delays for people leaving the site. On 25 June, when the vast majority of festival goers were attempting to leave the festival, cars in the western car parks took over nine hours to exit the site. There was no stewarding provision in these areas, no information was disseminated regarding the delays, no organised marshalling of traffic was undertaken by the festival organisers, and no provision of drinking water was made to people stranded in their vehicles. Verbal and physical violence was witnessed between festival goers. When cars were finally allowed to leave the site the surrounding roads were found to be clear. Reported crime was down from 2005 but the number of arrests were "well up", after a proactive operation of the police and security on site. There were 236 reported crimes, down from 267 in 2005; of these, 158 were drug related (183 in 2005). 1,200 people required medical aid with 32 hospitalised, most of which were accidents caused by the mud. There was one fatality: a West Midlands man found unconscious early on the Saturday morning died in Yeovil District Hospital of a suspected drugs overdose. On 20 December 2007, Arabella Churchill, an instrumental figure in the conception of the 1971 festival and since the 1980s area coordinator of the Theatre Field, died at St Edmund's Cottages, Bove Town, Glastonbury at the age of 58. She had suffered a short illness due to pancreatic cancer, for which she had refused chemotherapy and radiotherapy. She was a convert to Buddhism, and arrangements following her death respected her belief. Michael Eavis, paying tribute to her after her death, said "Her vitality and great sense of morality and social responsibility have given her a place in our festival history second to none". The Glastonbury Festival 2008 was held on 27, 28 and 29 June, headlined by Kings of Leon, Jay-Z and The Verve on Friday, Saturday and Sunday, respectively, with other notable acts including Neil Diamond, Shakin' Stevens, Levellers, and Stackridge, who opened the first festival in 1970. Continuing the procedure introduced in 2007, ticket buyers had to pre-register and submit a passport photo between 1 February and 14 March in order to buy tickets which went on sale at 9 am on Sunday 6 April. Following 40,000 tickets not being sold, the pre-registration process was reopened on 8 April. Several reasons have been cited for this, including the poor weather of the previous four years and the controversial choice of featuring the hip hop artist, Jay-Z, as a headlining act. A day before the festival began, Michael Eavis announced that there were still around 3,000 tickets remaining, making it possible that it would be the first festival in 15 years not to sell out in advance. It had also been announced that any remaining tickets would be sold from major branches of HMV. This year saw the introduction of a new field adjacent to the Sacred space and Park Stage. Not named by the organisers, the festival goers themselves called it "Flagtopia" in reference to the flags located there. After the huge number of tents left behind in 2007 and when one of Michael Eavis's cows died after ingesting a metal tent-peg left in the soil, the Festival devised its Love the Farm, Leave No Trace campaign which gently pushed revellers to respect the environment and clear up after themselves. The Festival had always pushed a green agenda and new initiatives in 2008 included biodegradable tent pegs handed out free to all campers and biotractors running on waste vegetable oil. These new efforts were rewarded with The Greener Festival Award for 2008 alongside a number of other festivals also committed to environmentally friendly music festivals. The 2008 festival was reported to have cost £22 million to produce. The Glastonbury Festival 2009 took place between 24 and 28 June 2009. In marked contrast with previous years, the 137,500 tickets went on sale on 5 October 2008, earlier than ever before, with pre-registered customers able either to pay in full, or place a £50 reserve deposit to be paid by 1 February. Tickets for the festival sold out. The full line up was released on 25 May 2009 and included headliners Blur, Bruce Springsteen and Neil Young on the Pyramid stage. The Other stage was headlined by The Prodigy, Bloc Party and Franz Ferdinand. Other notable performers included Jarvis Cocker, Fairport Convention (who played at the first Glastonbury Festival), Tom Jones, Steel Pulse, Doves, Lady Gaga, Jason Mraz, Nick Cave, Pete Doherty, Hugh Cornwell, Status Quo, The Gaslight Anthem (in which Springsteen appeared on stage during their song "The '59 Sound"), Madness, Dizzee Rascal, Crosby, Stills & Nash, Lily Allen, Kasabian and Florence and the Machine. 2010s The Glastonbury Festival 2010 took place between 23 and 28 June. On the last night, Michael Eavis appeared on the main stage with headline artist Stevie Wonder to sing the chorus of the latter's "Happy Birthday", marking the festival's 40th year. Tickets went on sale on 4 October 2009, using the same £50 deposit scheme introduced the previous year; unlike the previous two years, and more in common with earlier festivals, the tickets for the 2010 edition sold out in less than 24 hours. U2 were due to headline the Pyramid Stage on Friday night at Glastonbury 2010, but due to frontman Bono sustaining a back injury they were forced to pull out. According to the media, Bono was "gutted", even having written a song especially for the festival. Damon Albarn's Gorillaz replaced U2, and joined Muse and Stevie Wonder for the Saturday and Sunday headline slots respectively. It was Albarn's second headlining act in two years. Pet Shop Boys returned after 10 years to headline the Other Stage on the Saturday Night. The entire stage set from their Pandemonium Tour was brought in for the performance which was extremely well received. Radiohead's Thom Yorke and Jonny Greenwood made a surprise appearance with a nine-song set. The weather at the festival was among some of the best ever, the festival-goers enjoying 3 days of abundant sunshine and very warm to hot temperatures, which reached close to 30 degrees on the Sunday; it was the first rain-free festival since 2002 and the hottest since the festival began. During 2010 Michael Eavis received a donation from British Waterways of timber from the old gates at Caen Hill Locks in Wiltshire. This was used to construct a new bridge which was dedicated to the memory of Arabella Churchill. The following year more of the redundant lock gates were used to build the Campo Pequeno amphitheatre. The Glastonbury Festival 2011 took place from Wednesday 22 until Sunday 26 June 2011. The tickets were sold out within 4 hours of going on sale on Sunday 3 October 2010. Headline acts for 2011 were U2 on the Friday night, Coldplay on the Saturday and Beyoncé on Sunday. This made Beyoncé the first woman to headline at the festival since 1999. The festival was not held in 2012, giving the site and organisers a "fallow year" which originally would have been in 2011, in keeping with the tradition of taking a break every fifth year. Michael Eavis cited the shortage and likely cost of portable toilets and policing, due to the needs of the 2012 Summer Olympics, as being amongst the reasons. The decision to move the fallow year to 2012 also proved to be a fortunate one, as Somerset experienced spells of persistent heavy rain in the period up to and including the week that the festival would normally have been held. Indeed, Emily Eavis suggested that the festival itself might have been called off, such was the severity of the weather. Registration for tickets to the 2013 festival began in June 2011 and ticket booking opened at 9am on Sunday 7 October 2012, with 135,000 selling out in a record time of one hour and forty minutes. To mark the 2012 Glastonbury weekend, Eavis was invited to guest edit the local paper, the Western Daily Press, on Saturday 23 June. During the 2014 festival, a 26-year-old Berkshire man suffered from a suspected reaction to Ketamine and later died in Bristol Royal Infirmary. Despite this, police reported that crime was down 30% from last year but reminded festival goers to look after their possessions. In 2014 Mendip District Council issued a licence for 10 years up until 2024. A few weeks before the 2015 festival Foo Fighters frontman Dave Grohl fell off a stage during a show in Gothenburg and broke his leg, forcing their late withdrawal from the line-up. Florence and the Machine were moved from second-top on the bill to Friday's headliner, while Florence's vacant gap was filled by Reading & Leeds headliners The Libertines, and their performance was well received. Kanye West and The Who were the headliners for the Saturday and Sunday, respectively. Other notable acts who performed included Motörhead (their final festival appearance in the UK before Lemmy's death), Pharrell Williams, Deadmau5, Patti Smith, the Strypes, Lionel Richie, Catfish and the Bottlemen, Enter Shikari, the Chemical Brothers, Thee Faction, Alt-J, Paloma Faith, Mary J. Blige and Paul Weller, as well as an appearance by the 14th Dalai Lama. On 28 August 2015 it was announced that hundreds of pairs of discarded wellington boots from the 2015 festival were donated to the migrant camp at Calais. On 3 April 2017, it was announced the BBC had renewed its exclusive national rights to broadcast the event until 2022. On 24 June 2017 reggae group Toots and the Maytals were slotted for 17:30, with BBC Four scheduled to show highlights from their set. When they did not show it was suspected they missed their time slot, and BBC broadcaster Mark Radcliffe apologized on their behalf stating, "If you were expecting Toots and the Maytals – and, frankly, we all were – it seems like they were on Jamaican time or something because they didn't make it to the site on time." The group credited with coining the term "reggae" in song was subsequently rescheduled by the Glastonbury Festival organizers giving Toots and the Maytals the midnight slot, with all other acts being shifted by one hour. In February 2018, festival organiser Emily Eavis confirmed in a BBC interview that a plastic bottle ban could be enforced at the 2019 event for environmental reasons. Water kiosks, where festival-goers could get any type of bottle refilled, had been introduced in 2014. In February 2019, organisers confirmed the bottle ban would begin at that year's festival, encompassing all bars, traders and backstage areas. The festival had a "fallow year" in 2018 to allow the ground to recover. It returned in 2019. Glastonbury 2019 featured new stages, art installations and areas, including a giant crane purchased from Avonmouth Docks. The Pyramid Stage was headlined by Stormzy, The Killers and The Cure, with Miley Cyrus, Janet Jackson, Kylie Minogue, Wu-Tang Clan, The Chemical Brothers and Fatboy Slim also performing. Organisation Since 1981, the festival has been organised by local farmer and site owner Michael Eavis (through his company Glastonbury Festivals Ltd). Eavis ran the festival with his wife Jean until her death in 1999, and now co-organises the event with his daughter Emily Eavis. In 2002, Festival Republic (a company consisting of both Live Nation and MCD) took on the job of managing the logistics and security of the festival through a 40% stake in the festival management company. This relationship ended in 2012 and Glastonbury festival is now independent Glastonbury Festivals Ltd donates most of their profits to charities, including donations to local charity and community groups and paying for the purchase and restoration of the Tithe Barn in Pilton. Several stages and areas are managed independently, such as The Left Field which is managed by a cooperative owned by Battersea and Wandsworth TUC, Worthy FM and a field run by Greenpeace. The sound systems on site have a total power of 650,000 watts, with the main stage having 250 speakers. There are over 4,000 toilets, 2,000 long-drop and 1,300 compost, with water supplies including two reservoirs holding of water. With the exception of technical and security staff, the festival is mainly run by volunteers. Some 2,000 stewards are organised by the aid charity Oxfam. In return for their work at the festival Oxfam receive a donation, which in 2005 was £200,000. Medical facilities are provided by Festival Medical Services who have done so since 1979. The bars are organised by the Workers Beer Company, sponsored by Carlsberg (previously Budweiser), who recruit teams of volunteer staff from small charities and campaign groups. In return for their help, typically around 18 hours over the festival, volunteers are paid in free entry, transport and food, while their charities receive the wages the volunteers earn over the event. Catering, and some retail services, are provided by various small companies, typically mobile catering vans, with over 400 food stalls on site in 2010. The camping retail chain Millets, and independent shops, set up makeshift outlets at the festival. Additionally charities and organisations run promotional or educational stalls, such as the Hare Krishna tent which provide free vegetarian food. Network Recycling manage refuse on the site, and in 2004 recycled 300 tonnes and composted 110 tonnes of waste from the site. Significant logistical operations take place to bring people into the festival by public transport each year. Additional festival trains are provided to Castle Cary railway station, mostly from London Paddington. The station operates as a mini hub with waiting shuttle buses transferring passengers from Castle Cary to the festival site as required. This is an intensive operation on the Wednesday and Thursday each year with local bus and coach operators providing these buses over the two days. Additional extra buses normally provided by Go South Coast run from Bristol to the festival. On the Monday, passengers are transferred back in just one day with additional buses provided to meet the increased requirement. National Express provide extra coaches direct to the festival site from major UK towns and much of this work is subcontracted to smaller coach operators to provide the capacity required. The Pyramid stage is 25 metres tall. The stage has 292 audio speakers. There are 8.5 km of cables for video and audio. On stage there are 354 microphones and 3743 lightbulbs. The festival is powered by Aggreko who provide over 27 megawatts of power to the site with 250 bio-diesel generators, run on 60,000 litres of waste vegetable oil (WVO) fuel. The power generated is enough to power the city of Bath and the Pyramid Stage is powered by 4 generators itself. There is 24 km of festoon lighting around the site, also installed by Aggreko. This is run with time clocks so the lights are only on when they are needed, contributing to the festival's green requirements. Political activity After recovering from stomach cancer, Eavis stood as a candidate for the Labour Party in the 1997 general election in Wells, polling 10,204 votes. In 2004, however, he suggested that disillusioned Labour voters should switch their vote to the Green Party in protest at the Iraq War, though he returned to supporting the Labour Party in 2010. In 2005, Eavis was quoted in The Guardian as being a supporter of hunting. "I don't hunt myself, but I support the people who want to hunt. With all that's going on in the world, it was outrageous to ban it." In 2006, he was appointed as President of the Somerset Chamber of Commerce and Industry. In 2011, Eavis was quoted as lamenting the decline in political activity associated with the Glastonbury Festival. He was guest editor of the Western Daily Press newspaper on Glastonbury's 'fallow' weekend, 23 June 2012. Eavis invited Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn to appear at the 2017 festival, introducing Run the Jewels' set. Eavis supports Corbyn's anti-nuclear and anti-austerity policies, saying "he’s got something new and precious, and people are excited about it. He really is the hero of the hour." Location The festival takes place in South West England at Worthy Farm between the small villages of Pilton and Pylle in Somerset, six miles east of Glastonbury, overlooked by the Glastonbury Tor in the "Vale of Avalon". The area has a number of legends and spiritual traditions, and is a "New Age" site of interest: ley lines are considered to converge on the Tor. The nearest town to the festival site is Shepton Mallet, three miles (5 km) north east, but there continues to be interaction between the people espousing alternative lifestyles living in Glastonbury and the festival. The farm is situated between the A361 and A37 roads. Worthy Farm is situated at in a valley at the head of the Whitelake River, between two low limestone ridges, part of the southern edge of the Mendip Hills. On the site is a confluence of the two small streams that make the Whitelake River. In the past the site has experienced problems with flooding, though after the floods that occurred during the 1997 and 1998 festival, drainage was improved. This did not prevent flooding during the 2005 festival, but allowed the flood water to dissipate within hours. The Highbridge branch of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway ran through the farm on an embankment, but was dismantled in 1966 and now forms a main thoroughfare across the site. Another prominent feature is the high-voltage electricity line which crosses the site east-west. In recent years the site has been organised around a restricted backstage compound, with the Pyramid stage on the north, and Other stage on the south of the compound. Attractions on the east of the site include the acoustic tent, comedy tent and circus. To the south are the green fields, which include displays of traditional and environmentally friendly crafts. In King's Meadow, the hill at the far south of the site, is a modern small megalith circle which, like Stonehenge, is coordinated with the summer solstice, and since 1990 represents a stone circle. Lineups Notes 1.Replaced Foo Fighters. Accommodation Most people who stay at Glastonbury Festival camp in a tent. There are different camping areas, each with its own atmosphere. Limekilns and Hitchin Hill Ground are quieter camping areas, whereas Pennard Hill Ground is a lively campsite. Cockmill Meadow is a family campsite and Wicket Ground was introduced in 2011 as a second family-only campsite. An accessible campsite is also available in Spring Ground. Campsite accommodation is provided in the cost of a standard entry ticket but festival-goers must bring their own tents. Tipis have been at the festival for many years. A limited number of fixed tipis are available for hire at the tipi field near the stone circle. Up to six adults can stay in each tipi and each one comes with a groundsheet and raincatcher. Internal bedding and camping equipment is not provided. Tipi Park also offers solar showers and a log-fired yurt sauna to cap off the experience. Campervans, caravans and trailer tents are not allowed into the main festival site. However, the purchase of a campervan ticket in addition to the main ticket allows access to fields just outside the boundary fence; and the cost includes access for the campervan or towing vehicle and the caravan; the car, or other vehicle used to tow the caravan, may be parked alongside it but sleeping is only authorised in the campervan/caravan and connected awning, not in the accompanying vehicle. One additional tent may accompany the caravan/campervan if space within the plot allows. Some people choose to bring or hire a motorhome, though drivers of larger vehicles or motorhomes may have to purchase a second campervan ticket if they cannot fit within the defined plot. The 2009 festival saw changes to the campervan fields; commercial vehicles were no longer classed as 'campervans', all campervans had to have a fitted sleeping area and either washing or cooking facilities, and caravans and trailer tents were allowed back at the festival. Prior to this only campervans were allowed on site, caravans and trailers being banned in the early 1990s after a number were stuck in the mud and abandoned. Festival-goers can stay at local B&B accommodation but most are not within walking distance of the festival. There are several independent Glastonbury accommodation providers close to the main site, which include smaller campsites for tents, gypsy caravans, geo-domes, private cottages and more – some festival goers choose to be ferried between the festival and their accommodation by quad-bike or even private helicopter. Cultural references Various artists have written songs entitled Glastonbury or about the festival including Nizlopi, The Waterboys and Scouting for Girls. Cosmic Rough Riders included "Glastonbury Revisited" on their album Enjoy The Melodic Sunshine (Poptones) in 2000. Amy Macdonald, in her song "Let's Start a Band" referenced Glastonbury: "Give me a festival and I'll be your Glastonbury star." Robbie Williams, in his song "The 90s", refers to his surprise appearance on stage with Oasis in 1995, which ultimately led to him leaving Take That: "Everybody's worried 'what the fuck's wrong with Robbie? He's not answering his phone, he's not talking to me, I saw him on the telly at Glastonbury'." Joe Strummer wrote the song "Coma Girl" about his experiences at Glastonbury, — in a BBC interview Bruce Springsteen cited the song as inspiring him to play the 2009 festival. U2 wrote a song titled "Glastonbury" that was supposed to premier with their appearance at the festival, but an injury to Bono forced them to cancel. They instead premiered it in a concert in Turin on their 360° Tour. Marcus Brigstocke's comic creation Giles Wemmbley Hogg had a special mock-documentary made about him going to Glastonbury as part of the Giles Wemmbley-Hogg Goes Off radio series. Deborah Crombie's novel A Finer End takes place in Glastonbury with references to a fictional account of an original 1914 Glastonbury Fayre as well as the contemporary festival. Glastonbury is also a setting in John Osborne's 2014 Radio 4 show The New Blur Album. Roxy Music did a song and album called Avalon, which is the ancient name for Glastonbury (Isle of Avalon). Awards and Nominations DJ Magazine NME Awards See also Glastonbury Anthems Glastonbury Fayre Glastonbury Festival line-ups Glastonbury (film) Glastonbury the Movie List of music festivals in the United Kingdom Worthy FM (formerly Radio Avalon) References Further reading External links The official site of Glastonbury Festival BBC Glastonbury site – exclusive rights to show performances online A brief history of Glastonbury Festival's troubles from 1970–2010 at Daily Music Guide Interactive 360º Virtual Tour of Glastonbury Festival 2015 Category:1970 establishments in England Category:Counterculture festivals Category:Music festivals in Somerset Category:Music festivals established in 1970	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Monsheim (Verbandsgemeinde) Monsheim is a Verbandsgemeinde ("collective municipality") in the district Alzey-Worms, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. The seat of the Verbandsgemeinde is in Monsheim. The Verbandsgemeinde Monsheim consists of the following Ortsgemeinden Wachenheim Category:Verbandsgemeinde in Rhineland-Palatinate	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Meningeal branch Meningeal branch (branch of the meninges) can refer to: Meningeal branches of vertebral artery Meningeal branch of occipital artery Meningeal branches of the ascending pharyngeal artery Meningeal branch of vagus nerve Meningeal branch of the mandibular nerve Meningeal branches of spinal nerve	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Office of the Chief Scientist (Australia) The Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS) is part of the Department of Industry, Innovation and Science. Its primary responsibilities are to enable growth and productivity for globally competitive industries. To help realise this vision, the Department has four key objectives: supporting science and commercialisation, growing business investment and improving business capability, streamlining regulation and building a high performance organisation. Chief Scientist The Chief Scientist is responsible for advising the Government of Australia on scientific and technological issues. The Chief Scientist chairs the Research Quality Framework Development Advisory Group, the National Research Priorities Standing Committee and is a member of other key Government committees: Coordination Committee on Science and Technology Prime Minister's Science Prizes Committee Cooperative Research Centres Committee Publicly Funded Research Agencies Committee Commonwealth, State and Territory Advisory Council on Innovation National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy Committee Chief Scientists 1989–1992: Ralph Slatyer 1992–1996 : Michael Pitman 1996–1999: John Stocker, part-time 1999–2005 : Robin Batterham, part-time 2006–2008: Jim Peacock, part-time 2008–2011: Penny Sackett, full-time. 2011–2016: Ian Chubb. 2016-present: Alan Finkel. Commonwealth Science Council The Office of the Chief Scientist provides secretariat services to a science council chaired by the Prime Minister of Australia, with the Chief Scientist holding the position of executive officer on the council. The current incarnation of the council is the Commonwealth Science Council, announced by Tony Abbott on 14 October 2014. The council held its first meeting on 27 November 2014. History of Australian science councils Prime Minister's Science and Engineering Council (1989–1997) Prime Minister's Science, Engineering and Innovation Council (1997–2013) Commonwealth Science Council (2014–present) See also Backing Australia's Ability References External links Office of the Chief Scientist Category:Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia Category:Scientific organisations based in Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Weddell Lake Weddell Lake is a lake in the valley which extends south from Weddell Arm on Broad Peninsula, Vestfold Hills on Princess Elizabeth Land in Antarctica. The lake was one of several lakes investigated by ANARE biologists wintering at Davis Station in 1974. References Weddell Lake. SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica Category:Lakes of Princess Elizabeth Land	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Congregation Sherith Israel (San Francisco, California) Congregation Sherith Israel ("loyal remnant of Israel") is one of the oldest synagogues in the United States. It was established during California’s Gold Rush period and reflects the ambitions of early Jewish settlers to San Francisco. Today it is a congregation widely known for its innovative approach to worship and lifecycle celebrations and is part of the movement of Reform Judaism. Its historic sanctuary building is one of San Francisco's most prominent architectural landmarks and attracts visitors from all over the world. Sanctuary building In the 1890s, Congregation Sherith Israel faced the prospect of outgrowing its 1870 Gothic Revival-style synagogue on Post Street. Heeding this realization, congregational leaders first secured property on the northeast corner of California and Webster Streets on September 8, 1902, then hired École des Beaux Arts-trained architect Albert Pissis to draw up plans for a new temple. Ground was broken on October 8, 1903, and the cornerstone was laid on February 22, 1904. The sanctuary was officially consecrated on September 24, 1905. While improvements have been made through the ensuing years, the building has been preserved close to its original construction. Temple Sherith Israel, a fusion of Byzantine and Romanesque forms, cost $250,000 to build in 1904–1905. The structure stands above California Street. Its signature dome – which can be seen from many vantage points throughout San Francisco – is wide at its outside diameter. The sanctuary's interior contains of space, 3,500 organ pipes, nearly 1,400 seats, 1,109 decorative light bulbs, more than 89 ornamental leaded glass windows and 32 arched clear glass windows in its outer drum. During the 1906 earthquake, the building sustained only modest damage which was quickly repaired. It was also undamaged during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Nonetheless, the State of California has mandated that unreinforced masonry structures like Temple Sherith Israel must meet stringent seismic resilience standards. In 2005, the congregation commenced a seismic retrofit of the sanctuary, funded through an ambitious capital campaign. The retrofit was completed in 2017. History and congregational life The Gold Rush and Jewish pioneers The history of Congregation Sherith Israel is also San Francisco’s history: Gold Rush, fire, earthquake, scandal, war and yet another earthquake. In 1848, the village of Yerba Buena lay poised between Mexican rule and American annexation. Then gold was found 140 miles away at Sutter's Mill. Meanwhile, Jews in Central Europe lived under repressive regimes that constrained employment, forced military conscription and restricted marriage. Understandably, many enterprising young Jews did not see much of a future for themselves in their homelands. Drawn by the lure of wealth, freedom and opportunity, California became their new Promised Land. The founding of Congregation Sherith Israel In September 1849 – months after the discovery of gold but still a year before California achieved statehood – a small band of Jewish pioneers gathered in a wood-frame tent. Although lacking a rabbi and Torah scrolls, they were determined to celebrate Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. These young Jews came from Prussia, Bavaria, England, France and the eastern United States. They worshiped together again during Passover and the High Holy Days in 1850, formed two benevolent societies to aid the needy and bought land for a cemetery. In April 1851, San Francisco’s frontier Jews met again, this time to establish a permanent congregation and elect officers. In typical fashion they split almost immediately, forming not one but two synagogues: Congregation Sherith Israel followed the minhag Polen, the traditions of Jews from Posen in Prussia, while Congregation Emanu-El chose to worship according to the German practices of Jews from Bavaria. The synagogues have been friendly neighbors ever since. The birth of a Reform Jewish institution As San Francisco boomed, keeping Sherith Israel housed proved a considerable challenge. The congregation’s first temporary meeting place, like much of the city, was destroyed by the "Great Fire" of 1851. After losing its next home to yet another of the conflagrations that routinely swept through the city during those early years, Sherith Israel's members built the temple's first house of worship on Stockton Street between Broadway and Vallejo in 1854 at a cost of $10,000. So many Jews had departed Europe for San Francisco that, by the end of the 1850s, upwards of six percent of the city’s population was Jewish – a higher percentage (briefly) than in New York. After the Civil War, another generation arrived to seek its fortune in California. In 1870, Congregation Sherith Israel moved to a Gothic-style structure on Post and Taylor Streets, where it remained for 34 years. Initially Orthodox in the Polish style, Sherith Israel took major steps toward becoming a Reform congregation during this period. In a visible departure from tradition, the Post Street sanctuary was designed for mixed seating. Gradually, with much discussion and struggle, wearing a kippah became optional, Friday evening services were initiated, a choir introduced and a new prayerbook chosen. Two dynamic rabbis hastened the move toward Reform: Rabbi Henry Vidaver (1873–1882) and Rabbi Jacob Nieto (1893–1930). In 1903, as ground was broken for the current site on California Street, Congregation Sherith Israel made these changes official and joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, now known as the Union for Reform Judaism. Congregational leadership Under the leadership of many nationally prominent rabbis, Sherith Israel has been a long-standing advocate for social justice in the Jewish community and for the many diverse multicultural communities that call San Francisco home. Present clergy Senior Rabbi Jessica Zimmerman Graf As director of congregational engagement for Synagogue 3000 from 2006-2014, Rabbi Graf was on the cutting edge of synagogue renewal and transformation, working with congregations around the country. A graduate of Columbia University, she was ordained by Hebrew Union College in New York in 2003. She has worked in congregations from New York to Juneau, Alaska, and is active in several major Jewish organizations. At Sherith Israel, Rabbi Graf served for two years as director of Magalim (circles of Jewish community). She focused on designing programs to create new dimensions of Jewish practice involving Jews from their 20s through their 40s in learning, prayer and shared experience. She helped deepen connections among people who are already members of the Sherith Israel community and brought new people into our congregational family. Rabbi Graf always sees lots of opportunities to “do Jewish” in small-group settings where people can get to know one another and talk about things that matter. Rabbi Graf wanted to be a rabbi since she was 15. However, her path to the rabbinate included some unusual twists and turns. During her junior year in Florence studying art history, she spent time exploring small Jewish communities to learn as much about them as she could. After college she worked for a professor of astronomy and astrophysics. The job took her to an observatory in the Chilean Andes to count light particles. “There I was at the top of a mountain in the Andes taking pictures of the night sky, which I’ve since paired with Jewish texts,” comments Rabbi Graf. Rabbi Graf has been delighted to return to Congregation Sherith Israel. “It’s a privilege to be here in a place that I care so much about both personally and professionally,” she notes. “To have come home to be part of a wonderful team fashioning Judaism for the future of San Francisco is very exciting.” Cantor David Frommer Cantor David Frommer became part of the Sherith Israel family on July 1, 2016. He grew up in Manhattan and, following his family’s move, graduated from high school in Kentucky. He received his B.A. with honors in History from Yale University. There, he sang with Magevet, Yale’s Jewish A Cappella Group, performing across the US and internationally in Canada, Europe and the UK. After college, David volunteered for fifteen months as a combat soldier in the Nachal Infantry Division of the Israel Defense Forces, where he served with distinction in the West Bank. During the next five years he pursued his cantorial studies at Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion's Debbie Friedman School of Sacred Music in New York. He also trained as a chaplain at the US Army Chaplain Center and School at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Following his investiture, Cantor Frommer deployed overseas as the first cantor to serve as a chaplain in the US military. He provided religious support for Jewish soldiers and civilians stationed in Afghanistan, Kuwait, Jordan and Qatar. In the US, he has served synagogues in Plano, Texas; Port Washington, New York; and Santa Rosa, California. While leading the music program and engaging in a variety of clerical activities at Sherith Israel, he is excited to continue serving the soldiers of the California Army National Guard. Cantor Frommer’s approach to Jewish worship favors spirited communal participation with moments for cantorial expression and musical dialogue between the cantor and the congregation. He cites strong influences by melodic traditions of Jewish composers as diverse as Louis Lewandowski from 19th-century Germany and Shlomo Carlebach from 20th-century America. He enjoys using a variety of methods to teach melodies and the Hebrew words that accompany them. Rabbi Educator Abby Phelps Past clergy Rabbis Henry A. Henry (1857–1863) Henry A. Henry was Congregation Sherith Israel's first rabbi. Early in his tenure, he took up the cause of Edgardo Mortara, a Jewish boy in Bologna, Italy who had been secretly baptized by his nurse. This incident sparked international outrage among Jews when police, under orders from Pope Pius IX himself, abducted the child and refused to return him to his parents. San Francisco responded in full: more than 3,000 people attended a protest meeting. Rabbi Henry later chaired a group that was formed to draft resolutions which called on the U.S. government to cooperate with European countries in their "endeavors to suppress religious intolerance and persecution". Jacob Nieto (1893–1930) Rabbi Jacob Nieto was the leading Bay Area rabbi of his day. Raised in a Sephardic family in Jamaica and a noted speaker, Rabbi Nieto stood at the center of almost every major crisis and cause during his four-decade term of service. He intervened in the Abe Ruef scandal, led relief efforts after the 1906 earthquake and fire, and defended labor organizer Thomas Mooney, wrongly convicted of an anarchist bombing in 1916. He stood up for the disadvantaged, advocated for women’s rights, supported organized labor, opposed the death penalty and objected to World War I as an imperialist venture. A religious reformer, Rabbi Nieto presided over the building of the California Street temple and guided Sherith Israel to prominence among San Francisco congregations. Jacob J. Weinstein (1930–1932) Rabbi Jacob Weinstein, an alumnus of Reed College and a Labor Zionist, was so passionate about social issues that the city’s poor and unemployed often flocked to Sherith Israel just to hear his engaging sermons. His views proved too extreme for the congregational community at the time, however, and he was eventually forced to resign after supporting a dockworkers' strike in 1932. He subsequently departed San Francisco for Chicago, where he became one of America’s most respected Reform rabbis. His later career also included a stint as president of Central Conference of American Rabbis. Morris Goldstein (1932–1972) Remembered more for scholarship than social activism, Rabbi Morris Goldstein turned his attention inward to the congregation during World War II and the post-war era. Sherith Israel's temple house building – now Newman Hall – was built during his tenure, and he was instrumental in growing membership and programs, which solidified Sherith Israel’s place as a vital part of San Francisco’s Jewish community. While at Sherith Israel, Rabbi Goldstein focused his research endeavors upon the relationship of Jesus to the Judaism of his day, earning a doctorate and publishing the book Jesus in the Jewish Tradition in 1950. Goldstein's work on Jesus and the Sanhedrin continues to be quoted in scholarship on the subject. Martin Weiner (1972–2003) Not only did Rabbi Martin Weiner reinvigorate the congregation, attracting many new families and the newly defined cohort of singles to California Street, but he was also known for his quest for social justice and his activism on behalf of civil rights, human rights and Soviet Jewry. He has been engaged with Israel through the years, speaking his mind as the situation in the Middle East has developed. Rabbi Weiner sat on the San Francisco Human Rights Commission for many years, as well as on the boards of many Jewish organizations. During the 1980s under Rabbi Weiner and, in the 1990s with Rabbi Alice Goldfinger, Sherith Israel developed model programs to feed the homeless and the homebound. A leader in the national Reform movement, he mentored many associate rabbis who went on to congregational careers throughout the U.S. He also served as the president of the Central Conference of American Rabbis and sat on the editorial committee for the Reform movement’s new prayerbook, Mishkan T'filah. Larry Raphael (2003-2016) Rabbi Raphael shepherded the congregation from strength to strength during a time of generational change in San Francisco and the American Jewish world. His lasting legacy includes creating a big tent for Judaism at Sherith Israel's Reform congregation, building community in a city of changing demographics and culture, and committing to the challenge of bringing the historic synagogue into compliance with the city’s seismic retrofit mandate. Rabbi Raphael is, was, and always will be a teacher. His plans after Sherith Israel include teaching at the Fromm Institute and at Lehraus Judaica. He also will work with faith leaders on important issues affecting the lives of San Francisco residents as a board member of the San Francisco Interfaith Council. Rabbi Raphael will also volunteer with the Bay Area Jewish Healing Center. Cantors Martin Feldman (1960–2003) Cantor Emeritus of Congregation Sherith Israel, Martin Feldman was born 1928 into a musical family in Newark, New Jersey and frequently sang in Orthodox synagogue choirs as a young boy. He attended Montclair State Teachers College and received a vocal scholarship from the David Mannes School of Music in New York City. In 1958, he graduated from Hebrew Union College with a degree in sacred music and received a certificate qualifying him to be a religious school administrator. After serving Congregation Beth Abraham in Tarrytown, New York, Cantor Feldman came west in 1960 to become cantor of Congregation Sherith Israel, where he served for 43 years. He is a past president of the Northern California Board of Cantors and has served on the National Board of the American Conference of Cantors. Cantor Feldman received a vocal scholarship from the Opera Department at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music in 1965, as well as an honorary doctorate in music from Hebrew Union College in 1998. About singing in Sherith Israel’s historic sanctuary, Cantor Feldman says, "To chant in the sanctuary was always a spiritual experience. With the music, the dome and the artwork telling the story of our people, one blends in and becomes part of thousands of years of Jewish tradition." Rita Glassman (2003–2012) Cantor Rita Glassman began learning Torah from her parents, Holocaust survivors from Lithuania and Czechoslovakia, who stressed the importance of Jewish education and values, modeling mitzvot and love of Torah. She drew particular inspiration from weekly synagogue visits with her father where she heard famous cantors from his native Vilnius, including Moshe Koussevitzky. During her junior year of college, Cantor Glassman studied abroad at the Jerusalem Academy of Music and Dance and Hebrew University of Jerusalem, majoring in musicology and Jewish studies. She received her investiture as a cantor from the Hebrew Union College in New York City in 1985 and later completed the first program for cantors at the Institute of Jewish Spirituality. Before joining Congregation Sherith Israel, she worked for congregations in New York, Pennsylvania and Iowa, as well as Bay Area congregations Beth Sholom in San Francisco and Rodef Sholom in Marin County. Cantor Glassman has also served on the Yad B'Yad Task Force of the World Union for Progressive Judaism with an emphasis on outreach to Jewish communities in Latin America. In addition to her love for chazzanut – the cantorial art – Cantor Glassman composes and records songs both in Hebrew and English in folk, pop and country music styles. Her most recent album, Journey to Shabbat, a collection of contemporary Jewish prayer melodies, was recorded in the temple's historic sanctuary. Notes References [From the original, published 1901–1906] [From Three Years in America (1862), Hanover] External links Union for Reform Judaism directory of congregations: Congregation Sherith Israel PlanitJewish.com – San Francisco Bay Area: Congregation Sherith Israel Discovering San Francisco – Churches and temples Bancroft Library Online Archive of California at UC Berkeley: Congregation Sherith Israel records, 1851–2003 Judah L. Magnes Museum at UC Berkeley: Sherith Israel records, 1851–2000 Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates projects: Sherith Israel – Seismic assessment and strengthening Category:Synagogues in San Francisco Category:Reform synagogues in California Category:Landmarks in San Francisco Category:Polish-Jewish culture in the United States Category:National Register of Historic Places in San Francisco Category:Synagogues on the National Register of Historic Places in California Category:Religious organizations established in 1851 Category:1851 establishments in California Category:Synagogues completed in 1905 Category:1900s architecture in the United States Category:Beaux-Arts architecture in California Category:Beaux-Arts synagogues Category:Byzantine Revival architecture in California Category:Byzantine Revival synagogues Category:Romanesque Revival architecture in California Category:Romanesque Revival synagogues	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bánhidi Gerle The Bánhidi Gerle (Hungarian: "Dove") was a two-seat, single-engine sport biplane built in Hungary in the early 1930s, designed by Antal Bánhidi. Design and development The aircraft had a conventional layout, with staggered, single-bay wings of equal span braced by N-struts. The pilot and passenger sat in open cockpits in tandem, and the main units of the tailskid undercarriage were divided. The fuselage was constructed of fabric-covered steel tube, while the wings were built of plywood ribs and spruce spars and also covered in fabric. Bánhidi flew a single prototype (the Gerle 11 on 4 September 1930. This was followed by examples (designated Gerle 12 to Gerle 15) built by Műegyetemi Sportrepülő Egyesület, the sport flying club at the Budapest Technical University, and by another three machines (Gerle 16 to Gerle 18) built by WNF in Wiener Neustadt. The Gerles built by Műegyetemi Sportrepülő Egyesület are sometimes known under the name MSrE Gerle or MSE Gerle. Bánhidi achieved fame with the Gerle 13 when in 1933 he made a long-distance flight of 12,258 km around the Mediterranean. Between 19 February and 24 March, he and Tibor Bisits visited twenty-two cities in Italy, France, Spain, North Africa, Egypt, Palestine, Turkey, and Greece, spending around 100 hours in the air. Later the same year, Bánhidi made a flight from Hungary through northern Europe to England and back to Hungary, his route taking him from Debrecen to Rapla, Helsingfors, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Croydon, and then non-stop back to Debrecen. This final leg of the flight covered 1,640 km, a considerable achievement in a light aircraft at the time. Replicas A flying replica of the Gerle 13 was built in 1988. A flying replica of the Gerle 12, HA-AAE, has been built at Budaörs Airport, Budapest, by Goldtimer Aviation. The first test flight took place, successfully, on December 4. 2015. Variants Gerle 11 – prototype (1 built) Gerle 12 – version with Thorotzkay engine, later changed to Manfred Weiss Sp III (1 built by MSrE) Gerle 13 – version with Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major engine (1 built by MSrE) Gerle 14 – version with Manfred Weiss Soport 1 engine (2-3 built by MSrE) Gerle 15 – version with Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major engine (1 built by MSrE) Gerle 16 – single-seat version with Armstrong Siddeley Genet engine (1 built by WNF) Gerle 17 – (1 built by WNF) Gerle 18 – version with Siemens Sh 14 engine (1 built by WNF) Specifications (Gerle 13) Notes References Category:1930s Hungarian sport aircraft Category:MSrE aircraft Category:Biplanes Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft Category:Aircraft first flown in 1930	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Padalo Padalo is a village in Krumovgrad Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria. References Category:Villages in Kardzhali Province	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
The Polly Bergen Show The Polly Bergen Show was a half-hour 18-episode comedy/variety show, starring then 27-year-old Polly Bergen, which aired on NBC in the 1957–1958 television season. The program is remembered for its impressive guest-star lineup as well as its closing theme song, "The Party's Over" (1956).The Polly Bergen Show alternated in the 9 p.m. EST Saturday time slot with the equally short-lived Club Oasis. Premiere episode In the premiere on September 21, 1957, the guests included Julius LaRosa, Jack Carson, Sylvia Sidney and Bud Collyer, the first emcee of CBS's To Tell the Truth, on which Bergen was a long-term panelist. Bergen and LaRosa performed a duet "When You and I Were Young Maggie Blues." Carson performed "Top Banana" with Bergen, who by herself sang "Tammy" and "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes." Coincidentally, four months earlier on May 16, 1957, Bergen played the title role of singer Helen Morgan in "The Helen Morgan Story" of CBS's Playhouse 90; Sylvia Sidney, one of her guests in the first episode of The Polly Bergen Show, played Helen's mother, Lulu Morgan. Bergen won an Emmy award for her portrayal of Helen Morgan. Other 1957 episodes On October 5, 1957, guest star Ernie Kovacs and Bergen performed the duet, "We're a Couple of Swells." Bergen sang "But Not for Me" and "Every Little Movement." On October 19, Bergen's guests were Howard Morris and English actress Kay Kendall, the latter in her television debut. Following the recent launch of Sputnik I by the Soviet Union, Bergen did a medley of "How High the Moon", "By the Light of the Silvery Moon" and "It's Only a Paper Moon". On November 2, Don Ameche guest-starred, he and Bergen performing a medley of Irving Berlin songs: "It's a Lovely Day Today" and "Play a Simple Melody." The whole cast closed with Alexander's Ragtime Band. On November 16, Kay Kendall and Howard Morris returned for a second appearance, with songs such as "Side by Side" and "Friendship." Iconoclastic actress Tallulah Bankhead appeared as the only guest on November 30. Howard Keel joined Bergen on December 7 and sang "Affair to Remember." Bill Bergen, Polly's father, originally William Hugh Burgin of Knoxville, Tennessee, also was a guest in this episode, the first of his several appearances on his daughter's program. On December 14, ventriloquist Paul Winchell appeared with his dummy "Jerry Mahoney", and Winchell and Bergen did a duet of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" and "Let It Snow." In this holiday segment, Bergen also sang "The Christmas Song" and joined her father again for "I'll Buy You A Star." 1958 episodes On January 11, 1958, Bergen returned after a three-week absence to play "Musical Questions" with Julius LaRosa. The two did a medley of "How Deep Is the Ocean?" and "Why is There a Rainbow in the Sky?" On January 25, Burr Tillstrom and his puppets Kukla and Ollie were the guests. Bergen opened with "Tonight, I Love Everybody." Polly and her father performed a duet of "Crawdad Song". Jack Paar was the guest on February 8. In a rare performing effort by Paar, the talk-show host and Bergen did a duet with "Memories," and then Bergen performed solo "I Want to Be Happy", "New Fangled Tango" and "I've Got a Crush on You." On February 22, Gordon MacRae guest starred. He and Bergen performed a medley with "Pennies from Heaven", "Cabin in the Sky," "I Don't Want To Set the World On Fire," and "I've Got the World on a String." The two also did a duet of "How Could You Believe Me When I Said I Loved You When You Know I've Been a Liar All My Life". Bill Bergen and MacRae yodeled "I Like Mountain Music". On March 8, Jack Paar returned, as Bergen sang "Lucky Day", "I'm Through With Love" and "Every Time We Say Goodbye". The closing number was "Takes Two to Tango". On March 22, Johnny Carson, then the host of Do You Trust Your Wife? was the only guest star. Bob Hope appeared on April 19. Bergen sang "When the World Was Young," and she and Hope performed a song-and-dance medley about Paris. On May 3, comedian Joey Bishop was the guest. The cast sang "New York, New York," and Bergen did a solo in a hansom cab to the tune of "It's A Grand Night For Singing". She and Bishop also performed "East Side, West Side." Peter Gennaro and his dancers performed "Saturday Night In Central Park." On May 17, Dick Van Dyke, Carol Haney, and Gennaro were the guests. Bergen sang "That's Entertainment", "I'm In the Mood For Love". Haney and Bergen performed a duet of "The Way You Look Tonight". Van Dyke, Haney and Bergen sang Cole Porter's "Just One of Those Things" and all guests joined the host to sing "Side By Side". Luther Henderson, Jr., conducted the orchestra. In the series finale on May 31, Jack Carter helped Bergen reminisce in a nostalgic look at the past seventeen episodes. Bergen sang "Today I Love Everybody" and "You'll Never Know". The cast was said to be leaving for Las Vegas after the concluding episode. Songs performed were "I'm Late", "Cuanto Le Gusta," and "Ridin' High." Scheduling The Polly Bergen Show and Club Oasis followed The Perry Como Show and preceded The Gisele MacKenzie Show, both NBC variety programs. Cast opposite The Polly Bergen Show was The Gale Storm Show, a CBS situation comedy, known in syndication as Oh, Susanna, and the first half of Lawrence Welk's Dodge Dancing Party on ABC. References Category:1957 American television series debuts Category:1958 American television series endings Category:1950s American television series Category:American variety television series Category:NBC original programming Category:Black-and-white television programs Category:English-language television programs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Giri/Haji Giri/Haji (English: Duty/Shame) is a British television series, which premiered on BBC Two in the United Kingdom on 17 October 2019 and was released internationally on Netflix on 10 January 2020. The series was created and written by Joe Barton and features an ensemble cast including Takehiro Hira, Kelly Macdonald, Yōsuke Kubozuka, Will Sharpe, Masahiro Motoki, Justin Long, Anna Sawai, and Charlie Creed-Miles. The series takes place between London and Tokyo, with dialogue switching between English and Japanese. Synopsis Kenzo Mori (Takehiro Hira), a Tokyo detective, travels to London in search of his brother Yuto (Yōsuke Kubozuka), who was previously assumed to have been dead. Yuto has been accused of murdering the nephew of a Yakuza member which, as a result, threatens to start a gang war back in Tokyo. As Kenzo attempts to navigate the unfamiliar territory of London to uncover whether his brother is indeed alive and guilty, he becomes acquainted with DC Sarah Weitzmann (Kelly Macdonald) of the Metropolitan Police and Rodney Yamaguchi (Will Sharpe), a young half-Japanese, half-British sex worker. While searching for his brother Yuto in London, Kenzo must also keep his family together back home in Tokyo. However, Kenzo's investigation brings him into contact with dangerous elements of London's corrupt criminal underworld. Cast and characters Takehiro Hira as Kenzo Mori, a Japanese detective who travels to London to search for his brother Kelly Macdonald as Sarah Weitzmann, a detective constable alienated within the Metropolitan Police Yōsuke Kubozuka as Yuto Mori, Kenzo's younger brother and a member of the Yakuza Will Sharpe as Rodney Yamaguchi, a charismatic half-Japanese, half-British rent boy and drug addict living in London Aoi Okuyama as Taki Mori, Kenzo's rebellious 16-year-old daughter Masahiro Motoki as Fukuhara, a Yakuza boss Charlie Creed-Miles as Connor Abbot, an organised crime boss based in London Justin Long as Ellis Vickers, an American who has a business partnership with Abbot Sophia Brown as Donna Clark, an assassin associated with Abbot Yūko Nakamura as Rei, Kenzo's wife Mitsuko Oka as Natsuko, Kenzo and Yuto's mother Tony Pitts as Steve Angling, a detective inspector and Sarah's boss Anna Sawai as Eiko, Fukuhara's daughter who has a romantic relationship with Yuto Tony Way as Roy, a detective from the Metropolitan Police who travels to Tokyo as part of an exchange programme Togo Igawa as Hotaka Mori, Kenzo and Yuto's father Jamie Draven as Ian Summers, Sarah's ex-boyfriend and a former Detective Constable in the Metropolitan Police Katsuya as Toshio, Kenzo's partner in the Tokyo Police Department Yoshiki Minato as Jiro, a member of the Yakuza Production Development Giri/Haji was announced in May 2017 as one of several new commissions by the BBC's Controller of Drama, Piers Wenger, alongside Informer, The War of the Worlds, Black Narcissus, A Suitable Boy, Little Women, A Very English Scandal, Come Home and Mrs Wilson for BBC One. In August 2018, it was confirmed that Giri/Haji would air on BBC Two. Wenger described the series as being "unlike anything we've ever seen before on British TV". Filming Filming began in London around August 2018, and continued in Hastings in March 2019. Filming also took place in Tokyo. List of episodes References External links Interview about Giri/Haji with writer Joe Barton Category:2010s British drama television series Category:2019 British television series debuts Category:BBC television dramas Category:English-language television programs Category:Japanese-language television programs Category:Japanese-language Netflix original programming Category:Netflix original programming Category:Television shows set in London Category:Television shows set in Tokyo	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Chiragh Ali Moulví Cherágh Ali (1844-1895) (also spelled Chirágh) was an Indian Muslim scholar of the late 19th century. As a colleague of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan he made a contribution to the school of Muslim Modernists and presented reformative thinking about the Qur'an. He contributed numerous works to the school of Muslim Modernists such as A Critical Exposition of the Popular Jihad and Proposed Political, Legal and Social Reforms Under Moslem Rule. His interactions with Christians in British India also marked him as a Muslim apologist with a particular focus on the wars of Muhammad. His goal in the criticism of the Qur'an as well as the shariah is to justify contemporary Western ideals through the Qur'an. Dying at age 51 during treatment, Cherágh Ali is now buried in Bombay. Family life Born in Meerut into a family originally from Kashmir, Cherágh Ali was the oldest of three siblings Wilayat Ali, Inayat Ali and Mansib Ali. Their father, Muhammad Bakhsh died at age 35. At this point, when Cherágh was 12 years old, the responsibility of educating the family fell up their mother's as well as their grandmother's shoulders. It is known that he had a wife, Abbadi Begum. Education Cherágh Ali was educated exclusively at home. One of his initial educational accomplishments was the acquisition of the languages of Persian, Arabic, English, French, Hebrew, Aramaic, Latin and Greek. Education and study was the most important aspect of Cherágh Ali's life. His studies led him offer a new translation of the text and message of the Qur'an as well as Muhammad's battles. Career In his early working years, Cherágh Ali was stationed as a clerk in Gurakhpūr but eventually found himself in Lucknow searching for a better job. He then became a collector in the Office of Settlement until Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan recommended him for a position in the government of the Nizam of Hyderabad. Cherágh had already been making some literary contributions to a variety of papers such as Mukhbir-i Sãdiq and Manshūr-i Muhhamadī. When Sir Sayyid was requested by Salar Jang I, the Prime Minister of Hyderabad State to hire a translator, Cherágh Ali was the one invited to fill that position. He was associated with Sir Sayyid throughout the rest of his career because of similar religious and political beliefs. Title In 1888, on the occasion, of the victory celebration of the army contingent of Hyderabad who fought at the war front in Burma, Cherágh Ali was presented with the honorary Victory war title Azam yar-Jung with two thousand mansab (Officers), one_thousand riders and a Flag. Political life Cherágh followed the school of Muslim Modernists and is most prominently known for his association with Sir Sayyid. The two met in 1874 when Sir Sayyid came to Lucknow after their literary excursions had led them there. Cherágh Ali was a solid supporter of Sir Sayyid's Aligarh Movement. Despite being a prominent civil servant, Cherágh Ali avoided getting caught up in political action in Hyderabad. Rather he let his literary works speak for themselves. In his writings, Cherágh Ali sought to correct what he perceived to be misperceptions of Islam and jihad. These misunderstandings, he argued, came from the historical development of hadith and the activities of Muslim jurists. He believed the jurists had taken justice into their own hands and in doing so misused or completely ignored the Qur'an. In following these beliefs, Cherágh Ali was committed to offering a fresh interpretation of the Qur'an and a moderated version of jihad. In making a point of redefining the meaning of jihad, Cherágh Ali described the wars of Muhammad as strictly defensive. He argued that all of Muhammad's wars were local and temporary, making them defensive because the Qur'an does not teach a war of aggression. He argued that Muhammad only engaged in battle in response to acts that contradicted the Qur'an's teachings. Cherágh's belief that Islam is misunderstood by the majority of the world motivated his reformation of the Qur'an. Selected list of works The Proposed political legal and social reforms (in The Ottoman Empire and Other Mohammadan States) - printed in English by Education Society's Press, Byculla - 1883 - is available on Digital Library of India The Administration Under Salarjung Prime Minister of Hyderabad - printed in English - 1884 - is available on Digital Library of India Hyderabad (Deccan) Under Sir Salar Jung Vol. 1 - printed in English by Education Society's Press, Byculla - 1884 - is available on Digital Library of India Hyderabad (Deccan) Under Sir Salar Jung Vol. 2 - printed in English by Education Society's Press, Byculla - 1885 - is available on Digital Library of India A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád' - printed in English by Thacker, Spink And Co, Calcatta 1885 - is available on Project Gutenberg Hyderabad (Deccan) Under Sir Salar Jung Vol. 3 - printed in English by Education Society's Press, Byculla - 1886 - is available on Digital Library of India Azam ul Kalam fi Irtiqa il Islam Vol 1 and 2 - printed in Urdu - 1910 - is available on Digital Library of India References Modernists Approach to the Qur'an, in Encyclopedia of the Holy Qur'an, By A. R. Agwan, N. K. Singh. Category:Kashmiri people Category:Kashmiri writers Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam Category:1844 births Category:1895 deaths	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Richard Dickson (disambiguation) Richard Dickson is an American football player. Richard Dickson may also refer to: Richard Watson Dickson (1759–1824), physician and agriculturalist Rick Dickson, athletic director See also Richard Dixon (disambiguation)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Dr. H. D. Lucas House Dr. H. D. Lucas House was a historic home located at Black Creek, Wilson County, North Carolina. It consisted of two sections: a one-story Greek Revival style doctor's office built about 1850, and a late-19th century, Victorian cottage dated to the early l880s, which served as Dr. Lucas' residence. The cottage was a one-story, three-bay, single-pile frame dwelling with a steeply pitched gable roof. The house has been demolished. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. References Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in North Carolina Category:Victorian architecture in North Carolina Category:Greek Revival houses in North Carolina Category:Houses completed in 1850 Category:Houses in Wilson County, North Carolina Category:National Register of Historic Places in Wilson County, North Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Air time (rides) In the context of amusement rides, air time, or airtime, refers to the time during which riders of a roller coaster or other ride experience either weightlessness or negative G-forces. With roller coasters, air time is usually achieved when the train travels over a hill at speed. In 2001 the Guinness World Records recorded Superman: Escape from Krypton, located at Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California, USA, one of the fastest roller coaster in the world, where riders experienced a then record 6.5 seconds of 'airtime' or negative G-force. Hypercoasters, such as Magnum XL-200 at Cedar Point, Behemoth at Canada's Wonderland, Superman the Ride at Six Flags New England, Shambhala at PortAventura Park and Goliath at Six Flags Over Georgia, along with many wooden roller coasters, such as Balder at Liseberg, The Voyage at Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana, and El Toro at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, are rides known for having a particularly high total air time. Upon opening in 2018 at Cedar Point, Steel Vengeance, the world's tallest and fastest hybrid coaster, set the record for the most airtime on a roller coaster at 27.2 seconds. Physics Air time is a result of the effects of the inertia of the train and the riders: as the train goes over a hill transitioning from an ascent into a descent guided by the rails, the inertia of the relatively loosely-attached riders causes them to momentarily continue upwards, resulting in the riders being lifted out of their seats. The duration of air time on a particular hill is dependent on the velocity of the train, gravity, and the radius of the track's transition from ascent to descent. Zero-G (where the net vertical G-force is 0) is achieved when the downward acceleration is equal to that of gravity; where the downward acceleration is greater, negative Gs arise. The zero-gravity roll is a roll specifically designed to create the effect of weightlessness and thereby produce air time. For rollercoasters there are multiple types of air time: 1G to 0G: Float (or Floating Air Time) 0G: Weightless 0G to -1G: Air Time −1G and lower: Ejector Air Time As well as rollercoasters, drop towers can provide the feeling of weightlessness. For example, in the case of The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Disney California Adventure, Tokyo DisneySea, and Disneyland Paris, the elevator drops riders faster than gravity normally would, causing them to rise off of their seats by several inches whilst being held down by only a seat belt, creating the sensation of zero-G. Most drop towers, however, have shoulder bars, preventing riders from rising significantly from their seats, even where negative Gs are present. The motion-simulator ride Mission: SPACE at EPCOT also includes the sensation of weightlessness after takeoff, just as one enters space. References Category:Roller coaster elements	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Michael L. Best Michael L. Best is an American computer scientist and international development specialist serving as the first director of the United Nations University Institute on Computing and Society established in 2015. He is associate professor (on sabbatical leave) at the Georgia Institute of Technology where he holds a joint appointment with the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs and the School of Interactive Computing. Working in the areas of ICT4D, he is co-founder and editor-in-chief emeritus of journal Information Technologies and International Development and leads the "Global Computing" column for Communications of the ACM. He has published on various topics such as formative work in ICT sustainability, rural access, and ICTs for peacebuilding in conflict stressed environments. His work has done much to promote ICT4D as an academic discipline having founded the area's most significant journal (ITID) and helped to lead its largest conference (ICTD). Early life and education Best was born in Los Angeles, California. He attended UCLA for undergraduate studies in computer science and engineering, where for his senior thesis he developed, on a Connection Machine, a massively parallel algorithm for the graph coloring problem. After graduating with a BS in 1989 he joined Thinking Machines Corp in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he worked on various projects, including parallel programming languages, message passing I/O, and network simulation for the CM 5 supercomputer. Best attended graduate school at the MIT Media Lab, receiving an MS under the supervision of Ken Haase. His PhD work, supervised by Pattie Maes, applied evolutionary theory to problems in text analysis and retrieval. ICT4D and Georgia Tech Upon graduating with his PhD in 2000, Best joined the Media Lab as a research scientist and the Center for International Development at Harvard University as a research fellow. He went on to direct the eDevelopment Group at the MIT Media Lab as well as Media Lab Asia, at the time an MIT Media Lab collaborative research initiative in India. He has served as fellow or faculty associate of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University since 2003. In 2008, Best joined the Georgia Institute of Technology as an assistant professor. In 2011 he received tenure and was promoted to associate professor. He directs the Technologies and International Development Lab (TID Lab), where he has supervised many global projects, in particular in Africa and South Asia. The TID Lab is a multi-disciplinary research collaborative combining social and computer sciences with policy and design. At Georgia Tech he has received substantial recognition for his work including the Ivan Allen Faculty Legacy Award (2009), People & Technology Award (2011), and Stephen A. Denning Faculty Award for Global Engagement (2014). His work has been supported by a variety of sponsors including The MacArthur Foundation, USAID, and Microsoft. He has published 100 papers in journals, conferences, or books. Best has made numerous contributions towards establishing ICT4D as an academic discipline. He is the founding editor-in-chief, with Ernest J. Wilson III, of the field's highest-rated journal, Information Technologies and International Development (ITID). In addition he is one of the early organizers of the area's major conference, the International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, having served as its general chair in 2012. He is founder and lead of the Global Computing column for Communications of the ACM. References Category:UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
I.O.O.F. Hall (Challis, Idaho) The I.O.O.F. Hall is an Independent Order of Odd Fellows building located on Main Avenue in Challis, Idaho. The building was constructed in two sections; the first was built prior to 1894, while the second was added in 1896. The front facade features two raised gables with decorative Queen Anne woodwork; both gables were connected by a larger gable in 1930. The Odd Fellows were a significant social group in Challis' early history, as almost all of the town's founders were members of the organization. The hall was used for nearly every large community event in Challis during the early 1900s, including dances, public exhibitions, and even the meetings of other fraternal organizations. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 3, 1980. References Category:Clubhouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Idaho Category:Queen Anne architecture in Idaho Category:Buildings and structures in Custer County, Idaho Category:Odd Fellows buildings in Idaho Category:National Register of Historic Places in Custer County, Idaho	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Doctor Decherd Doctor Decherd (foaled March 23, 2003) is a thoroughbred horse. He was a contender for the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing in 2006. Doctor Decherd was on the Derby trail in 2006, and ran against Barbaro in the Holy Bull stakes (click the Holy Bull video), won the Aventura Stakes ridden by Jockey Shaun Bridgmohan and had dropped down into the 4K claiming ranks in the spring of 2008. Because of the proactive approach to this horse's trainer, by Friends Of Barbaro Linda & Patty, to offer a retirement home for Doctor Decherd - he was retired from the track in September 2008 and brought to Texas for rehab and retraining into a second career. Doctor Decherd has sponsors amongst the Friends Of Barbaro all over the country (and Canada), who contribute to his upkeep and all "own" a little piece this horse. Connections Doctor Decherd is owned by Mike McCarty and is trained by Steve Asmussen. In all of his lifetime starts he has been ridden by Shaun Bridgmohan or Roman Chapa. Doctor Decherd was bred in Kentucky by Calumet Farm. Pedigree References Category:2003 racehorse births Category:Thoroughbred family 4-m Category:Racehorses bred in Kentucky Category:Racehorses trained in the United States	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Astana Dakar Team The Astana Dakar Team are the rally raid team, competes in the multiple rally raid races and in the Dakar Rally. The team participated in cars and trucks classes. They were founded in 2011 to develop the brand Astana, as the part of the Astana Presidential Club. References External links Social media Category:2011 establishments in Kazakhstan Category:Astana Presidential Club Category:Dakar Rally	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Triathlon at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' Girls' triathlon was part of the triathlon at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics programme. The event consisted of swimming, cycling, and running. It was held on 17 August 2014 at Xuanwu Lake. Results The race began at approximately 9:00 a.m. (UTC+8) on 17 August at Xuanwu Lake. Note: No one is allotted the number 13. Note: Rehab Hamdy (EGY) and Victorija Deldio (PHI) received a 10 seconds penalty, served during run. References Category:Triathlon at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Warkworth 30m Radio Telescope The Warkworth 30m Radio Telescope is at the Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory, just south of Warkworth off SH1 about 50 km north of Auckland. It is operated by the Institute for Radio Astronomy and Space Research, Auckland University of Technology. AUT was formally granted a license to operate the Warkworth 2 antenna by Telecom New Zealand in November 2010. Technical information It is a 30-metre Cassegrain wheel-and-track beam waveguide antenna. It was manufactured in 1983 by Nippon Electric Corp., and since then it was used by Telecom NZ for communication between New Zealand and Pacific Islands. See also Radio astronomy Radio telescope List of radio telescopes References External links http://www.icrar.org/news/news_items/dish_repurposed_in_new_zealand http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/368812/telecom_nz_gives_satellite_dish_aut/ http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/rodney-times/4350642/Astronomers-eye-old-satellite-dish Category:Radio telescopes Category:Astronomical observatories in New Zealand	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Beth Israel Congregation (Jackson, Mississippi) Beth Israel Congregation () is a Reform Jewish congregation located at 5315 Old Canton Road in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. Organized in 1860 by Jews of German background, it has always been, and remains, the only Jewish synagogue in Jackson. Beth Israel built the first synagogue in Mississippi in 1867, and, after it burned down, its 1874 replacement was at one time the oldest religious building in Jackson. Originally Orthodox, the congregation joined the Union of American Hebrew Congregations in 1874. After going through a series of rabbis, and periods without one, the congregation hired Meyer Lovitt as rabbi in 1929; he would remain until 1954. The congregation moved to a new building in 1941. Dr. Perry Nussbaum, Beth Israel's rabbi from 1954 to 1973, was active in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1967 the congregation moved to a new synagogue building, (its current one), and both the new building and Nussbaum's house were bombed by the Ku Klux Klan that year. In 2003, Valerie Cohen became the congregation's first female rabbi. , the rabbi was Jeffrey Kurtz-Lendner. With a growing membership of over 200 families, Beth Israel was the largest Jewish congregation in the state. Early years The congregation was originally established in 1860 by Jews of German background. Its primary purpose was to create a Jewish cemetery, which it immediately did, on State Street. In November 1862 the congregation hired a Mr. Oberndorfer as cantor; its next goal was provide a Jewish education for the congregation's children. At the time Jackson had 15 Jewish families. A number of accounts state that the congregation's first synagogue was built at South State and South streets in 1861 and burned by the Union Army in 1863, but the veracity of the latter claim is disputed. That year the congregation had 31 members, and adopted its first constitution. In 1867 the congregation constructed a wood frame building at the corner of South State and South streets. The building, which was used both as a schoolhouse and for prayer services, was the first synagogue in Mississippi. From the start the congregation was not unified. However, as there were only about 50 Jews in Jackson in 1868, the community was too small for two synagogues. Conflicts arose between the older German Jewish members and post-American Civil War Jewish immigrants from Poland, particularly over synagogue ritual. The synagogue followed the Orthodox nusach Ashkenaz, but some members wanted to adopt Isaac Mayer Wise's reformist Minhag America Prayer-Book. Tensions eased when Beth Israel hired its first Rabbi, the Reverend L. Winter, in 1870. He moved the congregation towards Reform Judaism, replacing Saturday services with Friday night ones, giving sermons in English, and adding confirmation ceremonies. Winter, however, left soon afterward. Beth Israel's building burned down in July 1874, and was replaced by a stone and brick building at the same location. Dedicated in 1875, the two-story brick Gothic Revival structure had "pointed-arch windows", and an auditorium on the second floor that was accessed via two curved staircases. The architect, Joseph Willis, had previously designed or remodeled several significant buildings in Mississippi, including the Old Mississippi State Capitol. In later years one straight staircase replaced the two curved ones, and the exposed brick walls were covered by stucco. In 1875, Beth Israel also formalized its move to Reform by joining the Union of American Hebrew Congregations (now Union for Reform Judaism). First half of the 20th century Following its founding the congregation grew very slowly; by 1908 there were still only 37 members, and 16 children in the religious school. By 1918, membership had fallen to 24, and children in the religious school to 10. That year the synagogue's total income was $800 (today $). In the first decades of the 20th century, the neighborhood around the South State Street building transitioned to industrial use. To accommodate members who had moved away from Jackson's downtown, in 1940 the congregation commenced construction of a new building at 546 East Woodrow Wilson Avenue (west of State Street), while holding services at Galloway Memorial Methodist Church. The congregation moved into the new building in 1941, and dedicated it in January 1942. The sanctuary had solid walnut pews that sat 300. Beth Israel's old building at South State and South streets was demolished; at the time of the move, it was the oldest building used for religious purposes in Jackson. In 2005, a historical marker was placed at the location by the State of Mississippi, commemorating the original Beth Israel synagogue buildings. In its first few decades Beth Israel went through a number of rabbis, whose tenures were all short-lived, and endured many periods without any rabbi at all. One rabbi, Louis Schreiber, was hired in 1915, and fired the next year, for "grossly insulting and hurting the feelings of Beth Israel members". In 1929 the congregation hired Meyer Lovitt as rabbi, and with him Beth Israel achieved a measure of stability. By 1939, the synagogue had 72 members, out of a total Jewish population in Jackson of around 250. Lovitt was non-confrontational, and avoided getting involved in issues relating to the civil rights movement. He minimized the differences between Christianity and Judaism, and viewed assimilation positively. He preferred that the congregation celebrate the Jewish holidays in ways that attracted no attention, and had no objection to members putting up Christmas trees, which he referred to as "Hanukkah bushes." Lovitt would remain with Beth Israel until his retirement in 1954. Perry Nussbaum era In 1954, Lovitt was succeeded by Dr. Perry Nussbaum. Born in Toronto in 1908 and raised there, Nussbaum had attended a small Orthodox synagogue as a boy, and, after high school, worked as secretary for the Holy Blossom Temple's rabbi Barnett R. Brickner. With encouragement from Brickner, in 1926 he applied and was accepted into a combined eight-year rabbinic ordination and degree program at Hebrew Union College in Cincinnati and University of Cincinnati. He graduated in 1933, Hebrew Union College's first Canadian graduate. He was the last member of his class to receive an offer of a position, so he had to accept as his first rabbinic posting a role at a Reform synagogue in Melbourne. This did not work out, as he was too inexperienced. Nussbaum subsequently served at a synagogue in Amarillo, Texas, and in 1937 accepted a position as a prison chaplain in Pueblo, Colorado, where he also worked as a part-time librarian at the local university, and taught public speaking. In 1941 he became rabbi of Temple Emanu-El in Wichita, Kansas, and in 1943 he joined the Chaplain Corps of the United States Army. He served in the Philippines, and eventually became a colonel in the United States Army Reserve. After the war, he was assistant rabbi at a synagogue in Trenton, New Jersey (a position several other rabbis had rejected). Finding that the rabbi there wanted a secretary, not an assistant, Nussbaum resigned after less than a year, and moved to Temple Emanu-el of Long Beach, New York. He found the position there extremely political, and after three years became rabbi of Temple Anshe Amunim in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. After Lovitt retired from Beth Israel, the chair of the Central Conference of American Rabbis (and former classmate and friend), Rabbi Nathan Perilman, recommended the post to Nussbaum. Perilman stated the congregation was wonderful, and would respect and appreciate him. He also lauded the city of Jackson. Looking for stability, and some "rest and relaxation", Nussbaum interviewed for the role; the search committee's first question to him was "Doctor, what's your position on school desegregation?" He replied that he was a liberal, but was careful not to get his congregants into trouble. Though the committee was concerned about his liberalism, they offered him the role, which he accepted, resigning from Temple Anshe Anusim. Nussbaum had a forceful personality, and was outspoken and not particularly tactful; some congregants remembered him decades after he retired as "headstrong" and "abrasive". He was a good educator, speaker, and pastor, and had a particular knack for composing original prayers. Nussbaum found Beth Israel's membership highly assimilated, and, in his view, some congregants were "anti-Hebrew, anti-Israel, anti-everything!" He criticized members who put up Christmas trees (a large proportion did), and slowly re-introduced Jewish rituals such as bar mitzvahs to the congregation's practice. He also developed an annual educational program for adults, and added Hebrew studies. Nussbaum supported Zionism and Israel, causes which his congregants typically publicly avoided. Upon arriving at Beth Israel he discovered that some of his richest members were supporters of the anti-Zionist American Council for Judaism, and he immediately prohibited them from meeting in the synagogue's premises, which, according to Nussbaum, "left its scars". He openly declared that Judaism was a religion distinct from Christianity, rather than just an Old Testament version of it. In 1955, Nussbaum organized the Mississippi Assembly of Jewish Congregations, which had representatives from all twenty-five of Mississippi's synagogues, and was elected its president. He was always keen on ecumenical work, but discovered that rabbis were excluded from the Jackson Ministerial Association, which was Protestant-only. He instead helped found the Jackson Interfaith Fellowship. Following the bombing of the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple in 1958, Nussbaum wrote an article in Beth Israel's bulletin titled "It Can Happen Here", in which he expressed the view that such a bombing was quite possible in Jackson. A copy of the article was reprinted in Jackson's secular press, and raised considerable opposition amongst Jackson's leadership. This in turn led to Nussbaum's first battle with his congregation; at the next board meeting it was proposed that Nussbaum be required to clear all public statements with the board before making them. The rabbi's supporters were able to defeat the resolution, but the attempt shook Nussbaum, though he did not end his activism. In 1961 Nussbaum provided considerable support to the early Freedom Riders imprisoned in Mississippi jails, and in 1966 Nussbaum began sponsoring annual "Clergy Institutes" at Beth Israel, to which he invited local black ministers. Bombings As tensions in the Southern United States heightened over the civil rights movement, the Jews of Jackson came under threat, being targeted by both the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and the Americans for the Preservation of the White Race (APWR). The latter set up a booth at Jackson's state fair selling antisemitic literature, and Samuel Bowers, the KKK's Imperial Wizard in Mississippi, ordered attacks on both the synagogue and Nussbaum. The position of Beth Israel's membership in Jackson was not secure; according to Murray Polner, writing in 1977, "Judaism may rank higher in the moral order of the Bible Belt fundamentalists than, say, Black Christianity or Roman Catholicism, but it remains nonetheless a less–than–equal sect, and extraneous and foreign religion in an area of xenophobes." Jews were unofficially excluded from membership in the Jackson Country Club, and the congregants were used to "customary slights and indignities" from Jackson's dominant white evangelical Protestant community. In 1967, the congregation moved to its current location, a building on Old Canton Road described by Jack Nelson as "an octagonal structure dominated by a massive roof". At the dedication in March of that year, both black and white ministers participated. On September 18, 1967 the new building was wrecked by a dynamite bomb placed by Klan members in a recessed doorway. According to Nelson, the explosion had "ripped through administrative offices and a conference room, torn a hole in the ceiling, blown out windows, ruptured a water pipe and buckled a wall." The bomb caused $25,000 (today $) worth of damage. Three days later the Greater Jackson Clergy Alliance "expressed their sorrow and support for the Jewish community" by organizing a "Walk of Penance". The Alliance, which had been formed two months earlier, comprised 60 clergy from 10 denominations, "the first racially integrated association of Protestants, Catholics, and Jews in Mississippi." Nussbaum had helped found it, merging into it the Jackson Interfaith Fellowship. The Reverend Thomas Tiller, the Alliance president, stated that "by default, we may have contributed to a climate of opinion which gives rise to terrorism. What concerns us, and others like us, is that we may not have been zealous enough in protecting our God-given freedoms." Despite this show of solidarity, and a reward offered of several thousand dollars, the perpetrators were not discovered. In November of that year the same group planted a bomb that blew out the front of Nussbaum's house, while he and his wife were sleeping there. Nussbaum blamed the bombings on local antisemitism and bigotry, but most of his congregation blamed it on Nussbaum's anti-segregationist activism. Though the congregation officially supported him, a number of members privately urged him to leave Beth Israel and find another pulpit. The synagogue's board of trustees voted to prohibit non-Jewish groups from using the synagogue's premises unless they had prior approval from the board; the intent was to put an end to the interracial meetings that Nussbaum held there. In the wake of the bombings, Nussbaum wanted to leave Jackson, but as a 60-year-old rabbi was unable to find another posting. He stayed at Beth Israel until his retirement in 1973, when he and his wife moved to San Diego. Late 20th and 21st centuries After Nussbaum's retirement, Beth Israel hired Richard Birnholz as rabbi. Birnholz was ordained at Hebrew Union College in 1971, and had served from 1971 to 1973 as assistant rabbi of Temple Israel in Memphis, Tennessee. While serving as rabbi, he was also a visiting professor in Millsaps College's religion department. In 1977, he won the Samuel Kaminker Memorial Award for his informal education curriculum, and in 1983 he was alumni-in-residence at Hebrew Union College in New York. He served Beth Israel until 1986, then moved to Congregation Schaarai Zedek in Tampa, Florida. Birnholz was followed by Eric Gurvis, Steven Engel, and Jim Egolf, all of whom, like Nussbaum before them, also served as the rabbis of Temple Beth El in Lexington, Mississippi, leading services there once a month on Sunday. At the end of the 20th century, Beth Israel was the largest of the fourteen synagogues in Mississippi, with 213 member families. In 2003, Beth Israel hired Valerie Cohen, Beth Israel's first female rabbi. Cohen had originally earned a B.A. in public relations, then studied at Hebrew Union College's Israel, Cincinnati and New York City campuses. She graduated in 1999 and was ordained at Manhattan's Temple Emanuel. After serving for three years as assistant rabbi at Temple Israel in Memphis, Tennessee, Cohen joined Beth Israel. She continued the tradition of her predecessors of also serving as the rabbi of Lexington's Temple Beth El. In 2005 Cohen started classes for adults who wished to celebrate their Bar and Bat Mitzvah, but had not had the opportunity when 12 or 13. That same year, in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Beth Israel welcomed between 75 and 100 evacuees from New Orleans. In 2006 Beth Israel had a membership of approximately 200 families which, in contrast with Mississippi's other Jewish congregations, was slowly growing. Beth Israel's services were attended by about 50 people in 2008. In 2013, the synagogue's windows were broken and the word "Jew" scratched into the paint of a door. Cohen accepted an offer to become rabbi of Temple Emanuel Sinai in Worcester, Massachusetts in 2014. She was followed at Beth Israel by interim rabbis Ted Riter and Stephen Wylen. Jeffrey Kurtz-Lendner joined as rabbi in 2016. A graduate of Brandeis University and the Jewish Theological Seminary, he served as rabbi of the Northshore Jewish Congregation of Mandeville, Louisiana from 2002 to 2007, and Temple Solel in Hollywood, Florida from 2007 to 2015. By 2017, membership had reached 214 families; that year, the congregation held its fiftieth annual charity food bazaar, and celebrated its fiftieth year in the Old Clanton Road building. In recognition of its contributions to the civil rights movement, the synagogue was added as a stop on the Mississippi Freedom Trail in April, 2018. Notes References American Jewish Committee. "Directories" , American Jewish Year Book, Jewish Publication Society, Volume 21 (1919–1920). Anderson, Nientara. "Chicks We Love: Headed Toward Chickdom", Jackson Free Press, March 3, 2007. Berman, Robert Lewis. A House of David in the Land of Jesus, Pelican Publishing Company, 2007. Beth Israel Congregation website. Accessed July 28, 2010. History, Beth Israel Congregation website. Accessed May 29, 2018. Rabbi Biography, Beth Israel Congregation website. Accessed July 28, 2010. Staff and Board, Beth Israel Congregation website. Accessed May 29, 2018. Senior Rabbi, Rabbis & Cantor, About Us, Congregation Shaarai Zedek of Tampa Florida website. Accessed July 28, 2010. History of Beth Israel, Jackson, Mississippi, Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life website, History Department, Digital Archive, Mississippi, Jackson, Beth Israel. Accessed July 28, 2010. History of Temple Beth El, Lexington, Mississippi , Goldring/Woldenberg Institute of Southern Jewish Life website, History Department, Digital Archive, Mississippi, Jackson, Beth Israel. Accessed July 28, 2010. An Inventory to the Perry E. Nussbaum Papers, 1947-1972, Manuscript Collection No. 430, The Jacob Rader Marcus Center of the American Jewish Archives. Accessed July 28, 2010. Jewish Film Festival - 2004, Programs & Events, The Jewish Federation of Pinellas and Pasco Counties website. Accessed July 28, 2010. Cawthon, Richard J. Lost Churches of Mississippi, University Press of Mississippi, 2011. Chalmers, David Mark. Backfire: How the Ku Klux Klan Helped the Civil Rights Movement, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003. Crone, Kandiss. 40th Anniversary of Beth Israel Bombing, WLBT, September 18, 2007. Edelstein, Steven J. "Mitzvot in Mississippi", United Jewish Communities website, 2005. Accessed July 28, 2010. Evans, Eli N.; Morris, Willie. The Provincials: A Personal History of Jews in the South, University of North Carolina Press, 2005. Gerard, Amber. "Synagogue added to Freedom Trail", Mississippi News Now, April 14, 2018. Gordon, Jean. "It will just make me more spiritual" () , The Clarion-Ledger, 2005. Kaplan, Leah. "HUC-JIR Students, Faculty, and Alumni Assist in Hurricane Relief Efforts"() , The Chronicle, Hebrew Union College - Jewish Institute of Religion, #66/2005. Kenney, David. "Synagogue vandalism investigated as hate crime", Mississippi News Now, May 17, 2013. Kent, Cindy. "Career Spotlight: Jeffrey Kurtz-Lendner, David Posnack Jewish Community Center", Sun-Sentinel, July 22, 2015. Kimbrough, Julie K. Jackson, Arcadia Publishing, 1998. Landman, Isaac. "Mississippi", The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Universal Jewish Encyclopedia Co. Inc., Volume 7, 1942. Lucas, Sherry. "Rabbi Valerie Cohen accepts position in Mass.", The Clarion-Ledger, March 31, 2014. Luter Floyd, Nell. "A Jewish tradition; Beth Israel Bazaar celebrates 50 years", The Clarion-Ledger, March 22, 2017. Lynch, Adam. "Jewish Organization Asks City to Block Holocaust Denier", Jackson Free Press, October 14, 2009. Morris, Willie; Morris, David Rae. My Mississippi, University Press of Mississippi, 2000. Nelson, Jack. Terror in the Night: The Klan's Campaign Against the Jews, Simon & Schuster, 1993. Newton, Michael. The Ku Klux Klan in Mississippi: A History, McFarland & Company, 2013. Ownby, Ted; Wilson, Charles Reagan; Abadie, Ann J.; Lindsey, Odie; Thomas,James G. "Hinds County", The Mississippi Encyclopedia, University Press of Mississippi, 2017. Pettus, Gary. "Bills and collections: 'Church tends to get what's left over'", The Clarion-Ledger, December 12, 2008. Polner, Murray. Rabbi: The American Experience, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1977. Rosen, Robert N. The Jewish Confederates, University of South Carolina Press, 2000. "Kurtz-Lendner is new Jackson rabbi", Southern Jewish Life (New Orleans edition), Volume 26, Issue 6, June/July 2016, p. 9. Sparks, Randy J. Religion in Mississippi, University Press of Mississippi, 2001. Turitz, Leo; Turitz, Evelyn. Jews in Early Mississippi, University Press of Mississippi, 1983. "Beth Israel vandalism investigated as a hate crime", WAPT, May 17, 2013. Weissbach, Lee Shai. Jewish Life in Small-Town America: A History, Yale University Press, 2008. Zola, Gary Phillip. "What Price Amos? Perry Nussbaum's Career in Jackson, Mississippi", in Bauman, Mark K. & Kalin, Berkley. The Quiet Voices: Southern Rabbis and Black Civil Rights, 1880s to 1990s, University of Alabama Press, 1997. Further reading Cohen, Edward. The Peddler's Grandson: Growing Up Jewish in Mississippi, University Press of Mississippi, 1999. Polner, Murray. "Rabbi: The American Experience," Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1977. External links "A Community's Trials: Cop Mans Post as Grandmother Is Buried", The Jewish Daily Forward, September 9, 2005. "A map and a mission: N.Y. students visit Miss.", The Clarion-Ledger. Category:1861 establishments in Mississippi Category:20th-century attacks on synagogues and Jewish communal organizations Category:Antisemitic attacks and incidents in the United States Category:Culture of Jackson, Mississippi Category:German-Jewish culture in the United States Category:History of African-American civil rights Category:Ku Klux Klan crimes in Mississippi Category:Religious buildings and structures in Jackson, Mississippi Category:Reform synagogues in Mississippi Category:Religious organizations established in 1861 Category:Synagogues completed in 1861 Category:Synagogues completed in 1875 Category:Synagogues completed in 1941 Category:Synagogues completed in 1967	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission The District of Columbia Judicial Nominating Commission is the judicial nominating commission of Washington D.C.. It selects potential judges for the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and the District of Columbia Court of Appeals. Duties When there occurs a vacancy on the Superior Court of the District of Columbia or the District of Columbia Court of Appeals, the commission, which consists of a seven member panel, is responsible for creating a list of three candidates to fill vacant positions on the District's judiciary. The commission then sends the list to the President of the United States who selects one nominee to fill the position. The nomination is then sent to the United States Senate for confirmation. If the Senate confirms a judge, he or she serves for a fifteen-year term. The commission is also responsible on selecting the chief judges on the courts to their four-year term. See also List of Superior Court of the District of Columbia judges References External links Judicial Nomination Commission District of Columbia Judicial Nomination Commission Ballotpedia Category:Selection of judges in the United States Category:Judges of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hylarana banjarana Hylarana banjarana is a species of true frogs in the genus Hylarana native to Peninsular Malaysia and extreme southern Thailand, and possibly Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers. It is becoming rare, but it is not yet considered threatened by the IUCN. References banjarana Category:Amphibians of Malaysia Category:Amphibians of Thailand Category:Frogs of Asia Category:Amphibians described in 2003	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Human trafficking in Azerbaijan Human trafficking has become a problem in Azerbaijan. Youth is the main place among people exploitation by human traffickers. There is a struggle in human trafficking for many years. There are some aid center for victims in human trafficking as the Main Department on struggle against Human traffic and the Aid Center to the victims of Human trafficking in Azerbaijan. U.S. State Department's Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in "Tier 2" in 2017. Main Department on struggle against Human trafficking Main Department on Combating Trafficking in Human Beings was established in order to effectively execute the tasks identified in the National Action Plan, ensure of security of the victims of trafficking in persons, provide them with professional aid, protection of information collected in unique center in combat with human trafficking. In fight against human trafficking trained and professional police members work in this department. Aid Center to the victims of Human Trafficking The Aid Center to the Victims of Human Trafficking operates as nonprofit institutions.The aim of the center to the victims of human trafficking are protection the rights and interests of the victims of human trafficking, medical, psychological aid, social rehabilitation of themde, their reintegration into society, to help return to normal life. Centre makes plan of social rehabilitation of victims of human trafficking for responding each of the individual human and civil rights, help legally for the recovery of the rights of victims, ensure them employment and training, providing with residential area for the victims of trafficking.If the victims are children, this center report immediately information about them to commission of protection their rights and the Commission on guardianship and custody. Aid center of victims of human trafficking provided with different types of assistance to 93 people ( 63 of them were real victims, the others were potential victims) in 2016. Measures and efforts Partnership is very important in this area. Usually the representatives of US and Azerbaijan criticise each other within the OSCE Human Dimension Implementation Meetings. US is the biggest partner of Azerbaijan in the fight against human trafficking. In March 2016, the US embassy and the Main Department for Combating Human Trafficking in Azerbaijan, organised an international conference. During the conference, carried out the coordination of joint activities of law enforcement agencies. One of the programs carried out by the United States in Azerbaijan aimed at combating human trafficking. With the support of the United States, steps were taken to create of shelters for victims of human trafficking and to increase the capacity of the labor of the people there. The United States joins forces with Azerbaijan in the fight against human trafficking in harmony with the priorities identified in the Concept of "Azerbaijan 2020: vision to future". USAID is executing joint projects with the fitting bodies of Azerbaijan. See also Human rights in Azerbaijan Human trafficking References Category:Human rights abuses Category:Global issues Category:Human rights in Azerbaijan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tatsudaryo Incident or occurred in 1954, when children of leprosy patients were denied public schooling because parents of the public school children feared their children might contract leprosy. This became national news. The issues were the right of children to attend public school despite their parents illness, the right of the general public to avoid contagion, the accuracy of the predictions made by the medical community, and the rights of the local community over national control of education. Background When leprosy sanatoriums were constructed in 1909, the question arose concerning the care of children born to leprosy patients. In the Kyushu Sanatorium, now the Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium, healthy, non-resident relatives of the family were directed to care for the children of leprosy patients. Another option was to allow the Tairo-in Sanatorium, or Tairoin Hospital take care of the children with funding provided by the leprosy prevention association. The following is a sample list of fees for children boarded out. Residence for children In 1935, Keifūen Home was constructed within the campus of Kyushu Sanatorium by the Leprosy Prevention Association for the children of patients with leprosy. In 1941, the Kaishun Byōin, a leper hospital established by Hannah Riddell was disbanded. To replace it, Tatsuda Ryo (dormitory) was constructed with 19,800 yen donated by the hospital. Those patients in the Keifuen Home were transferred to the Tatsuda Ryo. A school was created within the dormitory. There was one teacher. Education was limited. Patients' children of high school and junior high school age were attending local public schools, but primary school-age students were not. In 1942,　the Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium insisted that Kumamoto City should integrate the primary school students, as well. While the city officials agreed, the public school officials declined. Number of primary school pupils in Tatsuda Ryo Twenty-three primary aged children were involved: The Proposal of Matsuki Miyazaki Matsuki Miyazaki was a physician, leprosy specialist, and Director of the Kyushu Sanitorium. In December 1953, he met with the principal of the Kurokami Primary School to ask him to consider admitting children of leprosy patients. He requested an answer by April 1954. The school principal said he would agree if their Parent Teacher Association (PTA) would agree. Ryunosuke Seguchi was president of the PTA. He was a physician and chairman of the Kyushu Prefectural Assembly. Seguchi said that the problem should be handled cautiously but offered no definitive answer. Miyazaki then sent a formal request to the Kumamoto District Legal Affairs Bureau asking that discrimination in schooling should be halted. Seguchi publicly disagreed with this request. The issue became national news. The Incident Authorities confront the local PTA On December 9, 1953, there was an annual meeting of the PTA of the Kurokami Primary School. Participants included Miyazaki, Seguchi, members of the city educational committee, and local representatives of the city. A questionnaire had been sent out to parents. The results of the questionnaire were made public. Those in favor of schooling were 420 (34%), against schooling were 795 (64%) and 14 (2%) were neutral. The Kumamoto District Legal Affairs Bureau expressed the opinion that 1) In four other leprosy sanatoriums, there had been no trouble integrating students without infection. 2) Tadao Toda, a Professor of Bacteriology at Kyushu University and Professor Kentaro Higuchi, a Professor of Dermatology, Kyushu University had expressed the view that non-infected students infecting other pupils with leprosy was inconceivable. The three ministries of Japan of Education, Justice and Welfare expressed the view that denial of schooling would be illegal. The Ministry of Welfare stated that proper health maintenance could not lead to the infection of leprosy. The ministry of education thought that pupils should attend the school without discrimination, since there was no possibility of infection. The Ministry of Justice stated that the pupils should attend the school. On March 1, the following policy was established by the Kumamoto District Legal Affairs Bureau that 1) the city education committee should ensure that the pupils attend the public school starting April 1, 1954; 2) the Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium should give more strict health maintenance to the pupils. The meeting was attended by the Legal Affairs Bureau staff, the city education committee members and the Kikuchi Keifuen staff. The Opposition Movement started On March 1, 1954, the citizens of the Kurokami Primary School held a meeting on the school grounds. Protestors claimed that although the pupils in the Tatsuda Ryo were said to be not infected, five pupils had been isolated. The protestors did not believe that there was no danger of infection. They were not convinced of the method of treatment. The rate of developing leprosy among pupils was 0.7%. Based on that statistic, the protestors felt that they could not endanger their 1,800 students. On March 10, Okamoto, the chairman of the city education committee stated at the city assembly that they had reached the conclusion that the pupils should attend the school. This was broadcast on the radio the following day. Members of the PTA intensified their opposition. On March 12, they announced that they would stage a strike. Some of the members of PTA stated that they would favor integration if a third party would guarantee that the prospective attendees had not been infected. On April 2, a health examination of the four pupils, under question, was conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Kumamoto University. This revealed that the pupils were not infected. On April 7, the city education committee declared that the pupils would attend the school. Dissatisfied, the opposition members went on strike April 8. They displayed a large poster that pupils should not go to school with pupils with leprosy. Initially the strike was a success. Only four pupils attended the school with a kindergarten teacher. 76 pupils went to school out of 1928 registered. On the 5th day, 312 pupils attended the school. The opposition movement side started a type of Terakoya education, namely unofficial private schools at 17 sites.　On April 27, there was another examination of the four pupils under question at the Department of Dermatology, Kumamoto University. They announced that one girl needed further examination. This strengthened the opposition movement. Because of the conflict, the principal of the school retired and Toko Kozaki assumed the post of the principal on May 1. The opposition strengthens On June 15, 1954, the opposition movement requested the abolishment of the Tatsuda Dormitory. A conflict started between the two lobbyist groups. Japanese Education Minister Oodate heard from both sides when he visited Kumamoto on October 7. The group who favored integration of primary students stated that the attitude of the Kurokami Primary School was deplorable, since graduating primary students go from the Tatsuda Ryo to local secondary schools and high schools. Miyazaki said that the prevention of leprosy was a national policy. Children born of leprosy patients live in the Tatsuda Ryo in order not to infect children. The problem should be solved from the standpoint of equal right of education. In other parts of Japan, children born of leprosy patients were welcomed. The opposition said that they heard the explanation from Dr. Miyazaki, but it was pressure from the law and science. They had heard that three persons had developed leprosy from the Tatsuda Ryo. In the case of Sakurayama High School, they admitted a student secretly. The president of the PTA said that enlightenment should come first; if the local inhabitants became convinced. Otherwise, the children cannot feel safe. Meetings of both sides were frequently held in the small community. When the city education committee sent a letter allowing the children to go to school, three members of the opposition movement went on a hunger strike before the city education committee. Mediation The hunger strike continued over 155 hours when it was stopped by the mediation of Morio Takahashi, the President of the Kumamoto College of Commerce. He would take care of the questioned children (one boy and two girls) at his house and let them go to the school. A commencement ceremony took place on April 18, 1955. The children went to school accompanied by a female teacher of another school. The incident appeared to be solved but the school had taken special precautions. The children were encircled by classmates of the pro-schooling movement and special attention was given to school lunch. Starting in the fall of 1955, the children of the Tatsuda Ryo were secretly sent to various institutions and homes and relatives. In October 1957, the Tatsuda Ryo was formally abolished. Notes References Kumamoto City Education Committee, The post-war history of education in Kumamoto City, History one, 1994, pp503-526. Kikuchi Keifuen Autonomy Association or Jichikai, Kabewo Koete (Over the walls) 2006, pp82-89. National Sanatorium Kikuchi Keifuen or Kikuchi Keifuen, 50 Years of Kikuchi Keifuen'', 1960, pp67–71. Category:Kumamoto Prefecture Category:History of Kumamoto Prefecture Category:Social stigma Category:Leprosy in Japan	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Walebing Important Bird Area The Walebing Important Bird Area comprises a 13 km2 tract of land in the vicinity of the rural township of Walebing, in the northern whatbelt region of south-west Western Australia. Description The Important Bird Area (IBA) contains nesting trees suitable for black cockatoos on two private properties. It is defined by several fragments of remnant native vegetation, including small clusters and isolated large trees, but excludes areas of pasture, crops and non-native plants. It has a Mediterranean climate. Birds The site has been identified as an IBA by BirdLife International because it supports up to 40 breeding pairs of endangered short-billed black cockatoos which nest in woodland remnants and isolated trees and feed in native shrublands. It also supports western corellas, regent parrots, rufous treecreepers and blue-breasted fairywrens. References Category:Wheatbelt (Western Australia) Category:Important Bird Areas of Western Australia	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of Governors of Paraná This is the list of Presidents and Governors of the Brazilian state of Paraná. Imperial period (1853 — 1889) Republican period (1889 - present) References List of Presidents of Paraná state List of Governors of Paraná state Paraná Category:Paraná (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Bopha Puos Vaek Bopha Pos Vek is a Cambodian film. It is a sequel to the film Entry Komar. The film stars Tep Rindaro as Reahu, Pisith Pilika as Chetra Tevy, Yutthara Chanee as Entry Komar, Sok Sreymom as Angelikesor, and Buncheurn Soriyan as Chendamony. The film was distributed in VHS by Preah Vihear Production and on DVD by Klang Moueng Video. References Category:Cambodian films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sandra Sabatini Sandra Sabatini (born 21 November 1959) is a Canadian writer. Born in Guelph, Ontario, Sabatini is a graduate of the doctoral program in English Literature at the University of Waterloo. She also has a master's degree in creative writing from the University of Guelph where she currently teaches. Her first collection of short stories, The One with the News (2000), a collection of linked stories exploring the impact of Alzheimer's disease on a family, was shortlisted for the McClelland Stewart Writers Trust Journey and for the Upper Canada Writers’ Craft Award. Sabatini's second book, Making Babies: Infants in Canadian Fiction (2004), explored how babies are becoming more predominant in contemporary Canadian fiction and developing their own literary identity. Her second collection of short stories, The Dolphins at Sainte-Marie (2006), explores small town living in Southern Ontario and the curiosities of youth and inexperience. Her latest book, Dante's War, a novel, is about an Italian soldier stationed in Africa during the Second World War. It is said to be the first novel written in English to present the Italian point of view on World War II. Bibliography The One with the News – 2000 Making Babies: Infants in Canadian Fiction – 2004 The Dolphins at Sainte-Marie – 2006 Dante's War – 2009 References External links Canadian Broadcasting Corporation review University of Waterloo University of Guelph Calgary Fast Forward newspaper review of The Dolphins at Sainte-Marie Book review of "Dante's War" Category:Canadian women novelists Category:1959 births Category:Living people Sandra, Sabatini Category:Writers from Ontario Category:Canadian women short story writers Category:21st-century Canadian short story writers Category:21st-century Canadian women writers	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
John Grubb Richardson John Grubb Richardson (13 November 1813 – 1891) was an Irish linen merchant, industrialist and philanthropist who founded the model village of Bessbrook near Newry in 1845, in what is now Northern Ireland. Five years later he founded a major Atlantic steamship line that significantly improved conditions for immigrant passingers fleeing Ireland after the potato famine. He also founded Richardson Fertilizer Limited that remained in business under its original name until 2002. Richardson was the second of ten children of James Nicholson Richardson (1782–1847), a wealthy Quaker linen merchant, and Anna Grubb, from a large Quaker family in Clonmel. The Richardson family originally came to Ireland from England in 1622 and the Grubb family also came from England in 1656. John Richardson was raised at Glenmore House, outside Lisburn, County Antrim. At the age of eleven, he boarded for three years at Ballitore, County Kildare (the same Quaker school attended by Edmund Burke) before attending another Quaker school at Frenchay, Gloucestershire. In 1844, Richardson married Helena Grubb (27 March 1819 – 7 December 1849) of Cahir Abbey, Co. Tipperaray, who was his second cousin, his mother, Anne Grubb, and her father, Richard Grubb, were first cousins. John and Helena's shared second cousin once removed was Thomas Grubb, founder of the Grubb Telescope Company. John and Helena had a son, James Nicholson Richardson before she died giving birth to a daughter, named Helena. In 1853, Richardson married Jane Marion Wakefield, of Moyallon House, Co. Down. A Quaker, John declined the offer of a baronetcy. With Jane, he had one son, Thomas Wakefield Richardson and seven daughters. He died at Moyallon House, an estate inherited through his second wife's family, near Gilford, County Down. His estate surrounding his Bessbrook home at The Wood House and Derrymore House (now a National Trust property) is a designated historic park. Business career In 1830, John Grubb Richardson entered the family linen export firm, JN Richardson Sons and Owden. In 1841, one of his younger brothers, Thomas Richardson was sent to New York as agent for the family's business. In 1845, John, along with his father and older brother Jonathan, decided to manufacture linen products and purchased a burned-out mill in Bessbrook, then a small village. This project coincided with the beginning of the potato famine and farmers needed work to buy food. John, the second eldest son in the firm, was the driving force behind the manufacturing venture. Bessbrook was selected for the new business because of the availability of water power and the large amount of flax grown in the area. John expanded the site with new manufacturing buildings constructed with local Mourne granite and dedicated housing for the workforce built to a high standard for the period. In planning the community, John refused to allow a public house, pawn brokers or a police station. He famously stated that a police station was unnecessary if there were no public houses or pawn brokers. In 1852, the firm became one of the first in Ireland to install steam-powered looms. John also hired a young business partner, William Inman, to operate the linen shipping business. In 1850, Inman persuaded John and his brothers to form the Liverpool and Philadelphia Steamship Company and buy an advanced new ship, the . She proved profitable because her iron hull required less repair and her screw propulsion system left more room for passengers and freight. The ship's moderate speed also considerably reduced coal consumption. In 1852, Richardson's steamship line broke new ground by transporting steerage passengers under steam. Richardson was concerned about the poor conditions experienced by immigrants travelling to America after the famine. From the beginning, he provided better steerage quarters and adopted the recommendations of a Parliamentary Committee to provide cooked meals to immigrants. Because of his opposition to war, in 1855 Richardson sold his interest in the firm to Inman after Inman chartered ships to the French during the Crimean War. The Inman line emerged after the war as one of the major steamship firms on the Atlantic and ultimately became a part of the American Line. Richardson was also in the chemical fertiliser business. In 1855, he took over a bone-crushing business in Belfast and converted it to produce chemical fertiliser. By the 1880s, the firm manufactured over 6,000 toms annually. The company was sold after Richardson's death, but retained his name until the company closed in 2002. In 1863, John purchased his brothers' interests in the linen manufacturing business and reorganised the firm as the Bessbrook Spinning Company. At that time, the production of linen was booming because the American Civil War cut off cotton supplies to British manufacturers. In the first two years, the company's annual profits rose from just over 8,000 pounds to over 41,000 pounds. Eventually 3,000 people worked for Richardson in Bessbrook and its satellite factory at Craigmore. Later life Richardson was a strong advocate for public education. At his insistence, a public school was established in Bessbrook that educated children of all religions together. In 1861, John testified before the Clarendon Commission on this issue which ultimately resulted in the adoption of the Public Schools Act in 1868. John Richardson turned down a Baronetcy, a reward for his good works, due to his belief in equality. His eldest son by Helena Grubb, J. Nicholson Richardson, was Liberal Member of Parliament for Armagh. His great-nephew was Sir Joseph Barcroft, whose family home, The Glen, Newry, was purchased by Richardson for the Barcrofts. References Category:1891 deaths Category:Linen industry in Ireland Category:British Quakers Category:1813 births Category:People from Bessbrook	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1884 Open Championship The 1884 Open Championship was the 24th Open Championship, held 3 October at Prestwick Golf Club in Prestwick, South Ayrshire, Scotland. Jack Simpson won the Championship by four strokes, ahead of runners-up Willie Fernie and Douglas Rolland. This was the first Open Championship to be played at Prestwick after it had been extended from 12 to 18 holes in 1882. The contest was still over 36 holes but consisted of two 18-hole rounds rather than three 12-hole rounds. Conditions were difficult with a strong wind. Simpson, one of the early starters, had the best score in both rounds and was the surprise winner. Fernie and Rolland were joint second and shared the second and third prizes. Final leaderboard Source: Friday, 3 October 1884 Individual round scores are only known for the leading six players. References External links 24th Open - Prestwick 1884 (Official site) 1884 Open Championship (GolfCompendium.com) Category:The Open Championship Open Championship Open Championship Category:October 1884 sports events	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Workspot Workspot was the first Linux desktop Web Service, i.e. it provided Open Source personal computing without computer ownership. Founded by Greg Bryant, Gal Cohen, Kathy Giori, Curt Brune, Benny Soetarman, Bruce Robertson, and Asao Kamei, in 1999, it was the first application service to make use of Virtual Network Computing. Workspot also hosted a free Linux Desktop demo using VNC: 'one-click to Linux' It eventually began to charge for a remote, web-accessible, persistent desktop, and several desktop collaboration features. Workspot won Linux Journal's Best Web Application award for 2000. Badly hit by the dotcom crash, it ceased activity by 2005. Workspot was based in downtown Palo Alto, California during the dotcom boom, and funded its free desktop service through wireless contracting: they may have been the first mobile web app shop, involved in creating the first mobile apps for Google, eBay, Barnes & Noble, Amazon, Metro Traffic etc., as well as client-server software for OmniSky and Palm. Workspot released AES encryption patches for VNC. Workspot's domain and name was sold in 2013 to Workspot, Inc. References Category:Virtual Network Computing	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Are You Here Are You Here (also known as You Are Here) is a 2013 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Matthew Weiner. The film stars Owen Wilson, Zach Galifianakis and Amy Poehler. The plot follows a bipolar man who inherits his estranged father’s fortune and must then battle his sister in court for it while simultaneously battling his psychological issues. The film premiered on September 7, 2013 at the Toronto International Film Festival under the title You Are Here, and released in the United States on August 22, 2014. Plot Steve Dallas (Owen Wilson) burns through his paycheck quickly every month convincing women to have sex with him. He is able to afford this lifestyle because he works as the weatherman for a local news channel. Although expected to make his own forecasts, he relies on assistant Delia Shepard (Lauren Lapkus) to do it for him. Steve spends his free time with childhood friend Ben Baker (Zach Galifianakis), a bearded hippie who spends his days smoking cannabis. One day, Ben violently bursts into the WRSC premises to tell Steve his father has died. Steve drives him to the funeral, but they arrive late due to Ben insisting they save some crayfish from ending up as bait. Despite missing all but the lowering of the casket, Ben is received with open arms by his stepmother Angela (Laura Ramsey), a young special education teacher who married Ben's father just 5 years prior. At the reading of the will, Angela is left nothing, in accordance with her wishes; Ben's sister Terry (Amy Poehler) is left 350,000 dollars; and Ben is left the family farm, general store, and 2,000,000 dollars. In a manic episode, Ben decides to use his money to create a school that will spread New Age philosophy, and starts giving classes in the backyard of the family farm. He is soon stopped by Terry, who has decided to contest the will in court by challenging Ben's sanity, forcing Ben to have a psychiatric evaluation. On the day of the appointment, Ben runs to a neighboring Amish farm, feeling that the Amish lifestyle is a role model for his future school. The psychiatrist concludes that, though bipolar, Ben is not a danger to himself or to others, so the court rules that Ben can keep his inheritance. Celebrating the ruling, Ben and Steve get drunk and Steve attempts to reveal to Angela that he has developed genuine feelings for her in the days since they met. Ben has a depressive episode and starts believing life has no meaning. When Angela tries to console him, they end up having sex. The next morning, after taking his new medication, Ben shaves his beard, meets with Terry and gives her full control of the store. Terry makes plans to tear it down and replace it with a more modern version. Steve soon tires of the emptiness of his job and, drawn to the substance and positive influence of Angela, quits the station and drives to the farm to see her. He becomes livid when Terry tells him Ben slept with Angela, storming off and returning to the city to drink and smoke pot, despite having been sober for days to impress Angela. Making good on an earlier promise, Ben, who has moved to the city to live a normal life, eventually contacts Steve to inform him that he is giving him ownership of the farm. Steve, who has built much of his identity around helping Ben with his problems, has an identity crisis and realizes he has problems of his own that need dealing with. The film ends with Steve inviting Angela to stay on the farm and help him run it, and her forgiving him. Ben is shown in the early stages of getting to know a neighbor, a single, friendly mother with a young son. Cast Owen Wilson as Steve Dallas Zach Galifianakis as Ben Baker Amy Poehler as Terry Coulter Laura Ramsey as Angela Baker Alana de la Garza as Victoria Riolobos Lauren Lapkus as Delia Shepard Paul Schulze as Dave Harken Greg Cromer as Kyle Robertson Edward Herrmann as Dr. Vincent Jenna Fischer as Alli David Selby as Karl Stevens Peter Bogdanovich as Judge Harlan Plath Melissa Rauch as Marie Production In November 2009, it was announced that Matthew Weiner would direct a movie starring Jennifer Aniston, Bradley Cooper, and Zach Galifianakis. Galifianakis remained cast in the movie but, due to scheduling conflicts, Aniston and Cooper were replaced by Amy Poehler and Owen Wilson. Filming began on May 7, 2012, in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Release The film premiered at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival in September under the title You Are Here. It was selected to be screened in the Berlinale Special Galas section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2015. Reception The film received negative reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes giving the film an approval rating of 9% based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 3.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Given the amount of talent assembled on both sides of the camera, Are You Here falls bewilderingly flat." On Metacritic, the film holds a weighted average score of 37 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". The film received a grade C from The A.V. Club writer Ignatiy Vishnevetsky, who commented on its bland stylistic choices but praised Weiner's ability to get good performances from its actors. References External links Category:2013 films Category:2010s comedy-drama films Category:American films Category:American comedy-drama films Category:Directorial debut films Category:English-language films Category:Films shot in North Carolina Category:Lions Gate Entertainment films	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Tetrastichus coeruleus Tetrastichus coeruleus is a gregarious koinobiont wasp which can be used as a biological control agent for the common asparagus beetle. It was originally named Tetrastichus asparagi Crawford, thus most of the literature about this species has been published under this other name. Tetrastichus coeruleus has populations which are infected with the parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia and populations which are not. On average, 4.75 T. coeruleus adults emerge per larva, though this ranges between 2 and 13 specimens per larva. References Category:Eulophidae Category:Insects acting as insect pest control agents	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Pompeo Massani Pompeo Massani (Florence, December, 1850 – 1920) was an Italian painter who mainly depicted costume genre subjects, often in satirical poses. Biography He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts of Florence, then studied for three years under Michele Gordigiani. His first important work was the painting: La politica in canonica, awarded a silver medal at the Exhibition of Rovigo of 1879. In 1881 he won the first prize at the Exhibition of Genoa, for the painting: Un brindisi al frate, depicting over 36 figures; The Design Lesson, owned by the Goupil Gallery, and I vecchi celibi; ; Il concerto; In cantina; and Il saluto al gobbo. The made portraits of King Vittorio Emanuele and of the Countess of Mirafiore. Massani painted on tambourines, depicting lively public scenes, including Al teatro delle Marionette, Al circo equestre; Al teatrino; Il giocoliere, e Momento allegro. At the Exhibition of Monaco of 1889, he displayed il Circo equestre. La poesia is a canvas with five figures titled: La politica, che sta per terminare. Massani was named honorary professor of the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of Florence. In 1887, he was awarded Cross of the Knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy. He often painted elderly individuals engaged in apparent buffoonery or celebrating inebriation. Gallery References Category:1850 births Category:1920 deaths Category:19th-century Italian painters Category:Italian male painters Category:20th-century Italian painters Category:Italian genre painters Category:Italian costume genre painters Category:Florentine painters Category:Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze alumni	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Che Runqiu Che Runqiu ( ; born 25 October 1990 in Guangzhou, China), is a Chinese-born Hong Kong footballer who currently plays as a midfielder and defender for Hong Kong Premier League club Tai Po. Club career Che joined Hong Kong First Division club Tai Po in 2009. He started developed as a regular first team member in the 2011–12 season as he featured a total of 19 matches in the season. Che joined fellow First Division club Southern on 21 June 2013. On 11 July 2017, Southern announced via Facebook that they had brought back Che. On 29 July 2019, Che returned to Tai Po on a permanent basis. International career On 21 June 2013, Che was selected into the 28-men Hong Kong under-23 training squad for the 2013 East Asian Cup. Career statistics Club As of 5 May 2013. 1 Others include Hong Kong Season Play-offs. Honors Club Tai Po Hong Kong Senior Shield: 2012–13 References External links HKFA Player information Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:Footballers from Guangzhou Category:Association football midfielders Category:Association football defenders Category:Hong Kong footballers Category:Tai Po FC players Category:Southern District FC players Category:Hong Kong Premier League players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jack Cropley Jack Cropley (27 September 1924 – 29 October 2009) was a Scottish professional footballer who played as a wing half. Career Born in Edinburgh, Cropley played for Tranent, Aldershot and Weymouth. Personal life He is the father of Alex Cropley. References Category:1924 births Category:2009 deaths Category:Scottish footballers Category:Tranent Juniors F.C. players Category:Aldershot F.C. players Category:Weymouth F.C. players Category:English Football League players Category:Footballers from Edinburgh Category:Association football wing halves	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hey There Bomb Hey There Bomb is the debut EP by Melbourne rock music group, 67 Special, released in 2004. The title track, "Hey There Bomb", was given regular airplay on alternative music radio station Triple J. Track listing "Hey There Bomb" – 3:40 "Lost That" – 2:20 "Last Drag" – 2:56 "Princess Pie" – 2:57 "Curious Mind" – 5:05 References Category:67 Special albums Category:2004 debut EPs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Woodbine, Maryland Woodbine is an unincorporated rural community in Howard and Carroll counties, Maryland, United States. It is part of the Baltimore metropolitan area. It is located southeast of Frederick, west of Baltimore, north of Washington, D.C., and east of Mount Airy. The community was named for the woodbine plant, which grew in the community in fields and along riverbanks. Background Woodbine is located at the juncture of the Patapsco River, the B&O Railroad, and the road that runs north from Lisbon to Winfield on Liberty Road (Maryland Route 26) and through to Westminster, Maryland. The original road from Baltimore to Frederick runs just north of Lisbon, following a slight ridge line westward half way to Woodbine (the road was finally paved in the 1960s). This was the original trail that existed before the National Road was built (the road that runs through Lisbon). History During the Civil War, Confederate cavalry crossed the Patapsco River at Woodbine and at Hoods Mill, just a few miles east on the river and the B&O Railroad, scouting the Union Army that was on its way to the Battle of Gettysburg. The main road at that time ran just west of the existing road and up the west side of a creek that runs south and that joins with the Patapsco River just 50 yards west of the existing road. That original road, now partly unused, runs north 100 yards from the river and then Eastward (Gum Road) to join up with the existing road today. There was no bridge across the Patapsco River at that time, just a ford in the river. The town straddles the Patapsco River to the north (into Carroll County) and south (into Howard County). A new concrete bridge was constructed between 1916 and 1917. In the 1920s and 1930s the town had a large canning factory on the Carroll County side of the river. There was another small canning factory, from the turn of the century, run by water power west of Woodbine at the foot of New Port Hill. Remains of the factory still exist, and the sluice where water (from Gillis Falls Run) came to run the machinery is still visible in the wooded area below New Port Hill leading north to the dam, no longer existing. Just north, 300 yards up the hill and west of the existing road (SR 94) on John Pickett Road, was a wormseed distillery, where wormseed oil was steam-distilled. This small factory was later converted into the Woodbine Canning Factory, canning tomatoes, corn, and peas. The factory burned in June 1933 and was converted to a paper mill in the 1950s. Notable people Larry E. Haines, Maryland state senator Alex Horwath, soccer player Albin Owings Kuhn, first chancellor and chief planner of the UMBC campus Albert Levitt, jurist Kyle Snyder, Olympic gold medalist wrestler Tony Massenburg Alyssa Parker, field hockey player See also Cherry Grove, HO-1 Gary, Maryland Oakdale Manor Sunnyside (Woodbine, Maryland) References External links http://www.hometownlocator.com/City/Woodbine-Maryland.cfm http://www.google.com/maps?q=Woodbine,+MD,+USA&sa=X&oi=map&ct=title Category:Unincorporated communities in Howard County, Maryland Category:Unincorporated communities in Carroll County, Maryland Category:Unincorporated communities in Maryland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wayne Turley Wayne William Turley (born 2 November 1972) is an Australian international lawn and indoor bowler. Bowls career In 2006 he won a gold medal in the men's triples at the 2006 Commonwealth Games. He won a silver medal four years later at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi. In between he won a silver medal at the 2008 World Outdoor Bowls Championship. He married fellow Australian bowls international Claire Duke in 2013. Despite being Australian he won the 2005 fours title at the New Zealand National Bowls Championships when bowling for the Taren Point Bowls Club. References Category:Australian male bowls players Category:Living people Category:1972 births Category:Recipients of the Medal of the Order of Australia Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in lawn bowls Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for Australia Category:Bowls players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games Category:Bowls players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sphincterochila prophetarum Sphincterochila prophetarum is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Sphincterochilidae. Distribution The species occurs in Egypt (northeastern Egypt and Sinai Peninsula), southern Israel, Jordan, coastal mountains in western Saudi Arabia. Shell description The shell is covered perforate, depressed, solid, stridulate, cretaceous, white and with suture impressed. The shell has 4½ flattened or slightly convex whorls. The last whorl is very obsoletely angulated, rounded in front, shortly and suddenly deflected. The width of the shell is 16 mm. References This article incorporates public domain text from reference. Further reading Alona G., Shoreb L.S. & Steinberger Y. (2007). "Correlation between levels of sex hormones (progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen) and ecophysiological-behavior stages in two species of desert snails (Sphincterochila zonata and Sphincterochila prophetarum) in the Northern Negev Desert". General and Comparative Endocrinology 151(1): 122-127. External links George Washington Tryon, Jr. 1887. Manual of Conchology. Second series: Pulmonata. Volume 3. Helicidae - Volume I. Plate 2, figure 49-50.. Category:Sphincterochilidae Category:Gastropods described in 1852	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kolibri Choir RTS Children's Choir "Kolibri" ( / Dečji Hor RTS „Kolibri”), known simply as the "Kolibri Choir" (Hor Kolibri / Хор Колибри) is a children's choir of the Radio Television of Serbia (RTS). History The Children’s Choir "Kolibri" ("kolibri" meaning "hummingbirds" in Serbo-Croatian) was founded in 1963 by Milica Manojlović who conducted the ensemble within the Serbian Broadcasting Corporation for 44 years. During the last fifty years, the "Kolibri" Choir has given hundreds of concerts at home and abroad, taken part in radio dramas, and made regular appearances in television and films. The choir had 50 members , all between 4 and 12 years old. The Choir has also been the launchpad of several pop stars in Serbia, such as teen sensation Zoran Leković. The Kolibri Choir performs at home and abroad, making regular appearances on television and in films. All their recordings are published by the Music Production of Serbian Radio Television (PGP RTS). "Kolibri" performed in Bolshoi Theatre in Musorgsky's opera "Boris Godunov. Kolibri and Milica Manojlović worked with Vlastimir Đuza Stojiljković, Ljubiša Bačić, Sedmorica Mladih, Dragan Laković, Oliver Dragojević, Bajaga, Minja Subota, Tanja Bošković, Riblja Čorba, Ljubiša Simić, Kemal Monteno, Bora Dugić and many other musicians, actors and artists in former Yugoslavia. Awards Diploma of Radio Belgrade for the contribution to the development of children's and youth music, the Golden Ring of the Serbian Cultural and Educational Union, Diploma of the Serbian Composer's Union for the contribution to the development of musical creativity, the "UNICEF Acknowledgement", 'Golden Syrian of the Radio Television of Belgrade (RTB) for the biggest yearly achievement of RTB, the "Silver Laureate Wreath" for work, the "Medal of Days of Mokranjac", the "Days of Mokranjac Award" and the "Zmaj Award". Discography The Choir has recorded 19 singles and 42 LP records, seven audiotapes, four CDs and three video tapes, all released by PGP-RTS. AlbumsHoću u hor Kolibri75 Years of Radio Belgrade"Molimo za finu tišinu" (1979)"Pred buđenje" (1983)Divine LiturgyAl' je lep dečiji svetKolibriCommemoration to Vojislav Ilić35. BEMUS"Kolibri planeta"'' (2013) References External links Category:Choirs of children Category:Yugoslav musical groups	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Kerfuffle Kerfuffle were a four-piece English folk band, originally formed in 2001 around the East Midlands and South Yorkshire regions of the UK, initially comprising Hannah James (accordion, piano, vocals, step dancing), Sam Sweeney (fiddle, percussion), Chris Thornton-Smith (guitar) and Tom Sweeney (bass guitar). Thornton-Smith was replaced by Jamie Roberts in 2007. Kerfuffle disbanded in August 2010. The word kerfuffle is originally from Scots carfuffle meaning disturbance, commotion, or fuss. History Kerfuffle formed initially as a three-piece after Sam and Tom Sweeney met Hannah James. James was competing in a traditional music competition, the In The Tradition Award, held at the Derby Assembly Rooms. Sam had previously won this, and was attending the 2001 competition in this capacity. After playing together in the foyer, the trio decided to form a band. After going on to win the under-18 category of the 2002 Wiltshire Folk Association Young Folk Award, another competition that Sam had previously won as a soloist, the band sought a fourth member and Hannah introduced the band to guitarist Chris Thornton-Smith. Having won the WFA competition, the band was given a showcase performance at the 2002 Trowbridge Village Pump Festival. After a number of appearances at folk clubs, Kerfuffle recorded their first album in the spring of 2003. Produced by multi-instrumentalist Steafan Hannigan and recorded at his Oisín Studios, Not to Scale was released on the newly founded RootBeat Records on 14 June 2003, to coincide with the band's appearance at the first Festival of the Peak, a festival held at Carsington Water in Derbyshire. In the summer of 2003, Kerfuffle appeared at a number of other UK folk/traditional festivals, including Sidmouth Festival and a return to Trowbridge Village Pump Festival. For 2004's K2, the band decided to utilise the sound engineering skills of guitarist Chris Thornton-Smith, and the album was recorded by Chris. The album was released in time for the band's summer festival appearances, which included Cleckheaton Festival, Priddy Folk Fayre, Stainsby Festival, Saltburn Festival, Whitby Folk Week, Towersey Festival, Bromyard Festival and a slot at the Show of Hands summer concert in the Abbotsbury Subtropical Gardens. In December 2004, the band were finalists in the 2004/5 BBC Radio 2 Young Folk Awards. Summer 2005 saw the band appear at Cleethorpes Folk Festival, Middlewich Folk & Boat Festival, Priddy Folk Festival, and Saddleworth Folk Festival. Also in 2005, the band's performances began to diversify into venues such as theatres and arts centres, as well as folk clubs, most notably including a performance as the post-show entertainment at the Linbury Theatre, a studio theatre attached to the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden. The same year, Kerfuffle recorded a live session for BBC Radio 3's Late Junction. In early 2006, the band released Links. Appearances that summer at Bromyard Folk Festival, Brampton Live, Festival at the Edge and other events followed. A track from Links was included on the compilation Folk Rising released in July 2007. In late 2007, having had a successful summer including appearances at Fairport's Cropredy Convention, Derby Traditional Music and Arts Festival and Shrewsbury Folk Festival, the band announced they would start work on their fourth album, their first featuring new guitarist Jamie Roberts (of folk duo Gilmore & Roberts), who had replaced Chris Thornton-Smith earlier that year. The album, entitled To The Ground, was released in 2008. 2007 also saw Sweeney join 11-piece folk band Bellowhead, having already played some gigs as a deputy for Giles Lewin. In April 2010, Kerfuffle announced that after nine years Kerfuffle, in the current line-up, would come to an end. That summer included "farewell" visits to festivals including Sidmouth and Priddy. Their final performance was at Shrewsbury Folk Festival in August 2010. In December 2010, Sam Sweeney, James and Roberts toured performing material from Lighten The Dark: A Midwinter Album. Tom Sweeney was replaced by special guest Rob Harbron. They were supported by Hannah James' band Lady Maisery, and the set included clog dancing. In winter 2012, Kerfuffle reformed for a short UK Christmas-focussed tour, including once again Lighten the Dark material, and several clog-dancing episodes by Hannah. Discography Not to Scale (2003) K2 (2004) Links (2006) To The Ground (2008) Lighten The Dark: A Midwinter Album (2009) References External links Band website Myspace profile Category:English folk musical groups Category:Musical groups established in 2001 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 2010	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
New Mexico State Road 113 State Road 113 (NM 113) is a state highway in the US state of New Mexico. Its total length is approximately . NM 113's southern terminus is at NM 9 east of Windmill, and its northern terminus is at Interstate 10 (I-10) northwest of Separ Major intersections See also List of state roads in New Mexico References External links 113 Category:Transportation in Hidalgo County, New Mexico	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Karin Olah Karin Olah (born 1977) is a contemporary painter, collage, and fiber artist. An abstractionist, Olah's paintings incorporate fabric, thread and mixed media. Olah is known in the American South for her fabric collages which mimic elements of the natural world. Her imagery is informed by quilt-making as well as the light patterns and colors in her current surroundings of Charleston, South Carolina. She is based in Charleston, South Carolina. About Olah was born in 1977 and is from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. She attended the Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA), receiving a B.F.A. in fiber art in 1999. Following art school, Olah worked for several years in Manhattan managing a textile studio with couture fashion designer clients such as Donna Karan, Marc Jacobs, and Ralph Lauren. Olah's work is found in private and corporate collections including the Medical University of South Carolina’s Contemporary Carolina Collection, the City of Charleston's Office of Cultural Affairs; and the Shoestring Publishing Company. References External links David Pelfrey, Black & White, Abstract Planes, October 30, 2008. Catherine Hagood, Artist starts a new 'Thread' Olah's art enjoying acclaim, Charleston Post & Courier, 06/08/06. Nick Smith, Amish Incantations: Karin Olah aims for geometric elegance, Charleston City Paper, October 31, 2007. An interview with the artist at MyArtSpace Article featuring Karin Olah and other emerging artists in Charleston Magazine Represented by Eva Carter Gallery, Jules Place - Art for Living, and Roam Projects Video: Karin Olah discusses her approach to visual art at KK4 Category:21st-century American artists Category:Living people Category:1977 births Category:Maryland Institute College of Art alumni Category:People from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania Category:Artists from Charleston, South Carolina	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ceroxylon peruvianum Ceroxylon peruvianum is a species of palm tree. It is endemic to Peru. References peruvianum Category:Trees of Peru	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Climax (band) Climax was an American band formed in 1970 in Los Angeles, California, most noted for their 1971-1972 hit song "Precious and Few", which peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and #1 on Cashbox magazine's Top 100 singles chart. This disc sold over one million copies and was certified gold by the RIAA on February 21, 1972. Career Climax consisted of executive producer Marc Gordon, record producer Larry Cox, lead singer Sonny Geraci, composer and guitarist Walter D. Nims, composer, singer and keyboardist Nick D'Amico (Nicola Marcello D'Amico) and drummer Jon Jon Guttman (who wrote songs on the album and also played other percussion). Other musicians who played on the band's lone album included Gordon MacKinnon (double reed and woodwind solos); bassists Joe Osborn, Steve La Fever, Reinie Press, and Joe Bellamy; keyboardists Larry Knechtel; additional drummers John Raines and Earl Palmer; and percussionist Alan Estes. The band was together from 1970 to 1976. Climax came out of the ashes of the 1960s hit band The Outsiders. A few singles were released under the Outsiders name, but when Tom King of the original band threatened legal action, the name of the band was changed to Climax (singles released under The Outsiders name included "Lovin' You"/"Think I'm Fallin'" and "Changes"/"Lost in My World"). Following the name change, the album Climax Featuring Sonny Geraci was released. The band is often considered a one-hit wonder because other than "Precious and Few", no other releases gained much widespread success. In spite of the success of "Precious and Few", the album barely made it into the top 200 portion of the Billboard 200 sales chart, peaking at #177. "Precious and Few", the band's biggest hit, was actually first recorded in 1970 with producer Ron Kramer and arranged by Nick D'Amico. It was later re-worked by producer Larry Cox, who was assigned by label owner Marc Gordon to re-tool the band's material. Cox, who later would work with Jefferson Starship and produce many of their soft rock ballads (including "Miracles"), was introduced to Climax by fellow Texan and band keyboardist Johnny Stevenson. Cox urged the band to re-record "Precious and Few" and encouraged lead singer Sonny Geraci to capitalize on his ability to perform high-powered ballads. The story of "Precious and Few" has many twists. It was stored in the Bell Records archives for a couple of years, but was dusted off after a Bell executive heard it being played on a Santa Barbara radio station (Climax's home base). Bell Records subsidiary, Carousel, released the record in Hawaii as a test six months prior to being a hit on the mainland. After more market tests in Buffalo and Boston in early 1972, the record gained momentum quickly. On the week ending February 26, 1972, "Precious and Few" peaked at the #3 spot on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart (spending two weeks at that position), and also hit #1 on Cashbox magazine's Top 100 chart. The follow-up single to "Precious and Few" was "Life and Breath", a song written by George S. Clinton (who later would contribute to the Austin Powers movie song tracks). "Life and Breath" reached #1 status in Hawaii, #11 at KHJ in Los Angeles, and topped out on the national charts at #52 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #15 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. Once "Life and Breath" ran out of steam, Climax never recovered. They were the first band to record "Rock and Roll Heaven", a song written for Sonny Geraci by both Alan O'Day and Climax keyboard player Johnny Stevenson, who replaced Nick D'Amico after he left the band in 1971. "Rock and Roll Heaven" was later recorded by The Righteous Brothers (with some lyric changes), and became the duo's comeback hit in the summer of 1974. Climax's record label, Carousel, was owned by Marc Gordon, who was also managing The 5th Dimension at the time. The existence of another Carousel label caused Gordon to change the label's name to Rocky Road. In retrospect, Gordon's plate was full managing a supergroup, and signing and managing other artists, including Al Wilson ("The Snake" and "Show and Tell"). All of this hampered Climax's follow-up single ("Life and Breath") and future singles releases (including "Rock and Roll Heaven"). During Climax's run with Rocky Road, they charted four top 5 records in Hawaii: "Precious and Few", "Life and Breath", "Walking in the Georgia Rain" and "Caroline This Time". "Walking in the Georgia Rain" was issued with the artist name displayed as "Sonny Geraci and Climax." A short time later, an article appeared in Billboard stating that the group had recorded four new tracks with producer Steve Cropper, and "It's Gonna Get Better" would be the first track issued from the session. "It's Gonna Get Better" was issued as being performed by Sonny Geraci and Climax. The rare stock copy has another of the Cropper-produced tracks, "Let This Song Through" (written by Stevenson), on the flip. The other new tracks recorded with Cropper were left in the can, as "It's Gonna Get Better" proved to be the final Climax release. Keyboard player Johnny Stevenson also scored a solo release issued as Rocky Road 30065, pairing "The Great Campaign" (an instrumental written by Stevenson) with an instrumental version of "If It Feels Good - Do It." Some industry insiders felt Climax should have been far more successful than they actually were. The lack of a solid, powerful marketing and managing organization hurt the band when their follow-up "Life and Breath" was not given enough attention and funding to break through. After "Life and Breath" fizzled, the label was not ready to release the band's only album, Climax featuring Sonny Geraci during "Precious and Few"'s climb up the charts, which eroded the band's popularity and market edge. Yet, in spite of that, "Precious and Few" was a popular selection for proms and weddings, according to a 2011 interview with Sonny Geraci They recorded one album, many singles and unreleased sides. Nims was their principal songwriter and guitarist. "Precious and Few" was vocal arranger Tom Bahler's first opportunity to demonstrate his talents. Hired by producer Larry Cox, Bahler, along with his brother John, later created a significant impact in the music industry as arrangers and session singers in the late 1960s and 1970s performing on hundreds of singles, most notably the recordings by The Partridge Family. Nims (born on September 11, 1943) died on March 31, 2000 at age 56 after suffering a stroke. Geraci died on February 5, 2017, at the age of 69. "Sounds Like The Navy" radio show appearance In 1972, the group appeared "live in the studio" for the promotional "Sounds Like the Navy" radio show, issued on two LPs only to radio stations. Performing without any orchestral backing, the group faithfully reproduced many of their released songs and also performed several songs, including originals written by Nims, that were never issued in any other format. The show was split into four 15-minute mini episodes and the songs that were performed in full were: I've Got Everything, I Can't Quit Her, Life & Breath, The Lady Is A Nasty Dancer, Picnic In The Rain, Going Through The Motions, Droopy Shoulders, Wait For You, Child Of December, Hand Me Down My Rock N Roll Shoes, Face The Music & Precious & Few Songs performed and only had parts aired were: If It Feels Good-Do It, Diving Duck Blues, The Cage (Elton John song) & Rainbow Rides Are Free Discography Albums Climax's lone album, Climax Featuring Sonny Geraci, was released in 1972 on Rocky Road Records. The album had twelve cuts, and some were used as B-sides for subsequent singles. Side 1 "Life & Breath" - (3:17) "I've Got Everything" - (3:16) "Postlude" - (:38) (instrumental - orchestral version of "I've Got Everything") "Picnic in the Rain" - (3:29) "Face the Music" - (3:00) "Precious and Few" - (2:43) Side 2 "It's Coming Today" - (3:02) "Rainbow Rides Are Free" - (3:06) "If It Feels Good - Do It" - (3:33) "Merlin" - (4:18) "Prelude" - (:48) (instrumental - orchestral version of "Life & Breath") "Child of December" - (3:15) In 1979, a compilation album titled Picnic in the Rain was released on Koala Records. Only two of the songs had appeared on their 1972 album. Side 1 "Changes" - (2:48) "Somebody's Watching You" - (4:02) "The War" - (3:28) "Small World" - (2:47) "Child of December" - (3:19) Side 2 "Hard Rock Group" - (3:15) "Park Preserve" - (5:26) "Easy Evil" - (4:08) "Searchin'" - (4:06) "Picnic in the Rain" - (3:17) Notes: "Changes" & "Hard Rock Group": A-sides of single releases. "Hard Rock Group" appears in stereo only on this LP ("Changes" is mono). "Park Preserve": Originally B-side to "Precious & Few", this was the full unedited version and is in stereo. "Child of December" & "Picnic in the Rain": Originally released on 1972 album. "Somebody's Watching You", "The War", "Small World", "Easy Evil" & "Searchin'": Previously unreleased In 1980, Koala released yet another Climax album titled If It Feels Good, but the album was credited in error to Climax Blues Band. Most of the LP was taken from the 1972 LP, but there were three tracks unique to this release. Side 1 "I've Got Everything" "Ain't Going Nowhere" "Don't Start Something You Can't Finish" "Waitin' for the End to Come" "It's Coming Today" Side 2 "Rainbow Rides Are Free" "If It Feels Good Do It" "Merlin" "Life and Breath" Notes: "Ain't Going Nowhere" (1:30) is a partial early version of "Park Preserve" which begins with the line "Ain't goin' nowhere, I wanna be with you", goes into the middle section and then ends abruptly. The song is not the same as the version on the flip of "Precious & Few". The guitar solo is different, horns are included and the vocal is different. "Don't Start Something You Can't Finish" (2:29), written by Nims, appears only on this LP. "Waitin' for the End to Come" (2:35), also written by Nims, appears in stereo. Singles "Lovin' You" / "Think I'm Fallin'" (issued as by Sonny Geraci, on Capitol; both sides written by Walter Nims) "Changes" / "Lost in My World" (issued as by The Outsiders, on Bell with a Carousel imprint; both sides written by Nims) "Hard Rock Group" / Child of December (early version, different from album) A-side written by Nims "Precious and Few" (#3 Billboard Hot 100) / "Park Preserve" (B-side by Nims and non-LP; longer version of B-side issued on compilation CD) "Life and Breath" (#52 Billboard Hot 100) / "If It Feels Good Do It" (B-side later covered by The Stories) "Caroline This Time" / "Rainbow Rides Are Free" (A-side non-LP and written by Nims) "Rock and Roll Heaven" / "Face the Music" (A-side non-LP, written by Johnny Stevenson and Alan O'Day; lyrics revised for later version by The Righteous Brothers) "Walking in the Georgia Rain" / "Picnic in the Rain" (A-side non-LP and written by John Rhys; issued as by Sonny Geraci and Climax) "It's Gonna Get Better" /"Let This Song Through" (A-side non-LP and written by Geraci; B-side non-LP and written by Stevenson; issued as by Sonny Geraci and Climax) Unreleased songs (Some of these were recorded for their second album which was never released) "Waiting for the End to Come" (recorded as proposed A-side for Metromedia in 1969 but not released; appeared on compilation CD) "Hand Me Down My Rock & Roll Shoes" "Droopy Shoulders" "Love Doesn't Live Here Anymore" "Young Boy" (written by Lee Dresser) "Rosemary Blue" "Searchin'" (cover of The Coasters track) "Wait for You" (cover of the Neil Young track) "The War" (Lee Michaels tune) "Easy Evil" "Somebody's Watching You" (Written by Sly Stone) "Small World" "Don't Start Something You Can't Finish" "Let This Song Through" CD issues There have been three official CDs released. All are on budget labels, and none have been remastered. The first, titled Precious and Few (on KRB Records & later Classic Sound), was released in 1997 and listed ten tracks, but actually included eleven: "Precious and Few" "Life and Breath" "Merlin" "Picnic in the Rain" ("Postlude" is here prior to "Picnic...", but not listed) "Rock and Roll Heaven" "Park Preserve" (long version) "Rainbow Rides Are Free" "Waiting for the End to Come" "It's Coming Today" "If It Feels Good, Do It" The second, titled The Best of Climax featuring Sonny Geraci (on Wise Buy Records), was released in 1998, and contained fifteen songs (actually sixteen with another "hidden" song). Many were in the "unreleased" category above: "Precious and Few" "Life and Breath" "Rainbow Rides Are Free" "If It Feels Good, Do It" "Searchin'" "Picnic in the Rain" (without "Postlude") "Walking in the Georgia Rain" "Love Doesn't Live Here Anymore" "Rosemary Blue" "Droopy Shoulders" "Caroline This Time" (longer version than on the single) "Young Boy" "It's Coming Today" "Merlin" "Child of December" (with an unlisted "Prelude" before it) The third compilation was released in 2002, and is available on iTunes: "Precious and Few" "Life and Breath" "Merlin" "Park Preserve" "Picnic in the Rain" "Rainbow Rides Are Free" "Waiting for the End to Come" "It's Coming Today" "If It Feels Good Do It" "I've Got Everything" "Child of December" "Searchin'" (shorter single version) "The War" Other bootlegs have been released including a 26 track compilation called The Best of Climax. References External links Category:Bell Records artists Category:American soft rock music groups Category:Musical groups established in 1970 Category:Musical groups disestablished in 1976 Category:Rock music groups from California	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Margaret Evangeline Margaret Evangeline (born 1943 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana) is a post-minimalist painter, video, performance, and installation artist noted for her bullet-riddled paintings. Life Evangeline was born in Baton Rouge, LA, and lived in New Orleans before moving to New York City in 1992. Evangeline received her M.F.A. and B.A. from the University of New Orleans. Evangeline has had more than forty solo exhibitions in the United States and abroad and has been awarded grants from the Pollock-Krasner Foundation, New York Foundation for the Arts, and the ART/OMI Foundation Artist in Residence. Works Evangeline’s diverse practice includes large-scale site-specific installations using mirror-like surfaces. In these installations, viewers can find their reflections moving through bullet-marked environments of woods or water, with outcomes sometimes documented in Evangeline’s videos. The installations became linked with environmental art, as the shot mirror polished stainless steel panels she is known for begin as a performance in either the woods, the New Mexico landscape, or the sky, which are mirrored in the context of the artwork. In New Orleans, she filled a cottage with fertile dirt from the Mississippi River, which sprouted new growth from seeds she planted. As a process artist her work began to evolve to include autobiographical elements, which distinguishes her work from other process art. Her career-spanning monograph was published by Charta in 2011. Including an essay by Edward Lucie-Smith and an interview by Dominique Nahas, it was reviewed in The Brooklyn Rail article 'Margaret Evangeline: Shooting Through the Looking Glass' Sabachthani, a book of photographs, essays and poetry centered around a project Evangeline carried out in collaboration with her son's military unit in Iraq, was also published by Charta in November 2012. Materials and Techniques Mirror polished Stainless Steel and Gunshot Foilfaced insulation punctured with High Heels Rectangular Extruded Aluminum Pipe Metallic paint on canvas References External links Margaret Evangeline artist gallery at stuxgallery.com Category:1943 births Category:Living people Category:Artists from Baton Rouge, Louisiana Category:Artists from New York City Category:Painters from New York (state) Category:American women sculptors Category:American women painters Category:University of New Orleans alumni Category:American women video artists Category:American women installation artists Category:American women performance artists Category:20th-century American painters Category:21st-century American painters Category:American performance artists Category:American installation artists Category:20th-century American sculptors Category:20th-century American women artists Category:21st-century American women artists Category:Sculptors from New York (state)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Brian Billick Brian Harold Billick (born February 28, 1954) is an American former football coach and commentator. Billick spent nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL) as head coach of the Baltimore Ravens from January 19, 1999 to December 31, 2007; he led the Ravens to a 34–7 victory over the New York Giants in Super Bowl XXXV, the franchise's first Super Bowl appearance. He was also the offensive coordinator for the Minnesota Vikings (1994–1998) when they broke the scoring record in the 1998 season. Playing career Billick, who played football and basketball at Redlands High School in Redlands, California, had his #17 jersey retired by the school in March 2001. He played both quarterback and cornerback and holds the state record with 21 career interceptions. After spending his freshman season as a linebacker at the United States Air Force Academy, Billick transferred to Brigham Young University and became a tight end. He later told friends that he left the Air Force Academy because he learned, after he'd already enrolled, that his height and size (6-foot-5, 230 lb.) precluded him from ever becoming a fighter pilot. He received All-Western Athletic Conference and honorable mention All-America honors in 1976. Billick was selected in the 11th round with the 295th overall pick of the 1977 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers, but was released by both the 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys that year and never played in the NFL. Coaching career College In 1977, after being cut by the 49ers, Billick appeared as a contestant on TV's Match Game PM in 1977, losing to Marla Marshall. Panelist Richard Dawson remarked after Billick's loss: "Football: Failed. Game show: Failed." He later returned to his hometown of Redlands, Calif., and served as a volunteer wide receivers coach for the University of Redlands football team (NAIA), under coach Frank Serrao. That season, he also split time as an assistant coach at Redlands High School. Billick said he coached the high school team's practice from 2 to 4 p.m., then headed over to the university for the college practice. Billick worked as a graduate assistant at Brigham Young for one season (1978) before joining the 49ers as the assistant director of public relations for two years (1979–1980). He returned to coaching with San Diego State University, serving as the tight ends coach and recruiting coordinator for five seasons (1981–1985) under Doug Scovil. After being named the offensive coordinator of Utah State University, Billick improved the second-worst offense in Division I-A into a top-10 offense in three seasons (1986–1988). Billick was then hired as the assistant head coach and tight ends coach at Stanford by Dennis Green, serving both roles for three seasons (1989–91). National Football League Assistant coach Billick was hired as an Assistant coach by the Vikings. The Vikings made the playoffs during six of the seven seasons (1992–1998) that Billick spent with the team, and set several offensive records in the process. In 1998, Minnesota set an NFL record for most points scored in a season (556) (which has since been broken by the 2007 Patriots and the 2013 Broncos), and set a team record with 41 touchdown passes. His work under Minnesota head coach Dennis Green put Billick in the Bill Walsh coaching tree. Head coach Billick became the second head coach in Baltimore Ravens history on January 20, 1999 when he was appointed to replace Ted Marchibroda. He had an 85–67 record in nine seasons (1999–2007) with the team, including 5–3 in the playoffs. He won a Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XXXV over the New York Giants. Although Billick had the opportunity to interview for the head coaching job of the reactivated Cleveland Browns and was rumored to be their top candidate, he chose to interview with the Ravens first. He signed with Baltimore in under 24 hours after his initial interview. In his first season with the Ravens, Billick led the team to its first non-losing record (8–8) in the franchise's four-year history. The next season, the Ravens finished with a 12–4 record and earned their first playoff berth. Prior to reaching the playoffs, Billick forbade his players from using either the term "playoffs" or the term "Super Bowl," with the idea of keeping them focused on winning each game instead of on a more distant prize. Billick felt this approach would help them reach that goal, and went so far as to fine Tony Siragusa for violating the rule. In response, the players borrowed the term "Festivus" from the television series Seinfeld for the playoffs, and the term Festivus Maximus for the Super Bowl. When they reached the playoffs, Billick lifted this ban. The Ravens took advantage of their vaunted defense, which allowed an NFL record-low 165 points in the regular season (for a point differential of 168; the Ravens also led the league in turnover differential at +23) during the playoffs to advance to Super Bowl XXXV against the New York Giants. It was a blowout 34-7 victory, giving Billick his first and only Super Bowl. Billick led the Ravens to a 10–6 record and a victory over the Miami Dolphins in a 2001 wild card playoff game before losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Divisional Round. Baltimore finished 7–9 and missed the playoffs in 2002, but bounced back in 2003 with a 10-6 record and the franchise's first division title; the key game of this season was a wild 44–41 overtime win over the Seattle Seahawks in which the Ravens scored 20 unanswered points from the 10:14 mark of the fourth quarter through overtime; the win launched the then 5–5 Ravens into the division title. The Ravens lost to the Titans, 20–17, in the Wild Card Round of the playoffs. The Ravens missed the playoffs in 2004 with a 9–7 record and in 2005 with a 6–10 record before bouncing back in the 2006 season. Billick fired offensive coordinator Jim Fassel on October 17, 2006, assuming the role for the remainder of the season, as the Ravens earned a franchise best 13–3 record, won the AFC North, and earned the first playoff bye in team history. Baltimore, however, lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion Indianapolis Colts, 15–6, in the divisional round. Billick was fired on December 31, 2007, one day after the conclusion of a 5–11 season punctuated by a Week 15 22–16 overtime loss to the previously winless Miami Dolphins at Dolphin Stadium on December 16. He was succeeded by John Harbaugh on January 19, 2008. Broadcasting career When the Ravens were eliminated in the playoffs in 2003, Billick was used as a studio analyst by ABC Sports. After being fired by the Ravens, Billick became a draft analyst for the NFL Network during the 2008 NFL Draft. Billick then became a game analyst for the NFL on Fox during the 2008 NFL season, working alongside Thom Brennaman. Billick returned with his NFL on Fox broadcasting partner Brennaman as a game analyst for the 2009 NFL season. On NFL Network, Billick appeared alongside Dennis Green on The Coaches Show, as well as Sterling Sharpe and Brian Baldinger on Thursday and Friday editions of Playbook, the ultimate NFL “Xs and Os” program utilizing the same “all 22” game film that coaches and players use to preview upcoming games. He also serves as an analyst on NFL Network's signature show NFL Total Access and has provided on location analysis for the Network's coverage of the NFL Scouting Combine and NFL Draft. He often appeared on ESPN's Mike and Mike in the Morning to discuss football matchups and news. Billick left Fox after the 2013 season. Head coaching record References External links Category:1954 births Category:Living people Category:American football tight ends Category:Baltimore Ravens head coaches Category:BYU Cougars football players Category:Minnesota Vikings coaches Category:Utah State Aggies football coaches Category:National Football League announcers Category:National Football League offensive coordinators Category:College football announcers Category:Contestants on American game shows Category:People from Fairborn, Ohio Category:People from Redlands, California Category:Players of American football from California Category:Super Bowl-winning head coaches	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Mike Parker (American football) Michael A. Parker, (born July 1975) in Houston, Texas. He is a former professional American football linebacker in the National Football League. He played college football at University of Houston (1994-1998) where he was named All Conference Linebacker. He signed as an NFL Free Agent in 1998 for the Tennessee Oilers, also played for Minnesota Vikings and Barcelona Dragons in NFL Europe. References Category:Living people Category:1975 births Category:American football linebackers Category:Houston Cougars football players	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Protein (disambiguation) Protein is an organic compound made of amino acids. Protein may also refer to: Protein (nutrient) Protein (band) See also List of topics related to protein es:Proteína (desambiguación)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jacques Couet Jaques Couet du Vivier (Couët) (Paris 1546 - Basel, 18 January 1608) was a Huguenot pastor. Couet was born to minor nobility, son of Philibert Couet du Vivier et Marie Gohorry, a Huguenot family. After the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1752) he appears to have fled to Scotland for a time. While in Basel, while Couet was still a divinity student, he engaged in a debate with Fausto Sozzini, who was resident in the city 1575-1575, which led to Sozzini's work on the satisfaction of Christ De Jesu Christo Servatore. After a period in Bourgogne the problems of the Ligue caused him to remove to Basel in 1585. Afterwards Couet became minister of the French Huguenot church in Basel, but when normal conditions resumed continued to journey to and preach in Paris. On 17 July 1590 he was appointed by Henri IV as one of the eight pastors who should preach to him quarterly. Couet died on 18 January 1608 and was buried in the temple of the Dominicans. He published several works including in 1600 a transcript of La Conférence faicte à Nancy between a Jesuit, a capuchin and two Huguenots. He amassed a large and unusual library which after his death was inherited by his grandson, a lawyer also called Jacques Couet du Vivier. Works Response chrestienne et tres-nécessaire en ce temps, à l'épistre d'un certain François qui s'est efforcé de maintenir l'opinion de ceux qui croient la présence du corps de Christ dans le pain de la Cène, et mesme en tous lieux, escrite et mise en lumière par Jaques Couet,... 1588 Refutation des mensonges mis en avant par un qui sous le masque du nom de Nicolas d'Aubenerd se presente en un libelle diffamatoyre, intitulé: Response brève aux medisances calomnies & injures. 1593 Responses chrestienes aux doctrines non chrestienes, contenues ès libelles diffamatoires d'Antoyne Lescaille: Avec une Remonstrance nécessaire adressée audit Lescaille. Par Léonard Constant. de l'imprimerie de Iacob Stoer. 1593. Apologia de iustificatione nostri coram Deo: in qua Ecclesias Gellicas Reformatas in hoc praecipuo doctrinae Christianae capite ... unum & idem, semtire adversus quorundam Schismaticorum calumnias, maninifestissimè [sic] demonstratur. 1594 De Iesu Christo servatore, hoc est cur & qua ratione Iesus Christus noster seruator sit, Fausti Socini Senensis disputatio. repondes Iacobo Coveto. Typis Alexii Rodecii. 1594 Advertissement et requeste tres chrestienne de Notre Seigneur Iesus Christ, a toutes les Eglises Protestantes [qui] sont soubs la domination du Roy tres-Chrestien. Avec Le sommaire de la doctrine de M. Theodore de Beze & de M. Jacques Couët, & Leonard Constant, Ministre de l'Église Françoise de Basle. Editor Philippe du Pré, 1596. Antwort auf ein Schreiben von der Gegenwärtigkeit des Leibes und Blutes Christi im Abendmahl. 1599 La conference faicte a Nancy, entre un docteur iesuite accompagné d'vn Capuchin, & deux Ministres de la parole de Diev: descrite par Iaqves Covet, Parisien... Imprimé à Basle. M. DC. (German translation: Collation oder Gesprech zu Nancy gehalten zwischen einem Jesuitischen Doktor und zweyen Dienern des Worts Gottes 1601) References Category:1546 births Category:1608 deaths Category:Huguenots Category:People from Paris	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1684 in science The year 1684 in science and technology involved some significant events. Astronomy December 10 – Edmond Halley presents the paper De motu corporum in gyrum, containing Isaac Newton's derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion (incorporating inverse-square force) from his theory of gravity, to the Royal Society in London. Mathematics Gottfried Leibniz publishes the first account of differential calculus. Publications Robert Boyle publishes Experiments and Considerations about the Porosity of Bodies, the first work on this topic. Raymond Vieussens publishes Neurographia universalis, a "pioneering work" on the nervous system. Births Celia Grillo Borromeo, Italian scientist and mathematician (died 1777) Deaths April 5 – William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker, English mathematician (born 1620) May 11 – Daniel Whistler, English physician (born c. 1619) May 12 – Edme Mariotte, French physicist known for his recognition of Boyle's law (born 1620) October – Dud Dudley, English metallurgist (born 1600?) References Category:1684 in science Category:17th century in science Category:1680s in science	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl Ikrima ibn Abi Jahl Amr ibn Hishām (; 634 or 636) was a leading opponent-turned companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a Muslim commander in the Ridda wars and the conquest of Syria. In the latter campaign, he was slain by Byzantine forces. Life Ikrima's father was Amr ibn Hisham ibn al-Mughira, a leader of the polytheistic Quraysh tribe's Banu Makhzum clan who was called "Abu Jahl" (father of ignorance) by the Muslims for his stringent opposition to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Ikrima's father was slain fighting the Muslims at the Battle of Badr in 624. At the Battle of Uhud, where the Quraysh defeated the Muslims, Ikrima commanded the tribe's left wing; his cousin Khalid ibn al-Walid commanded the right wing. The Makhzum's losses at Badr had diminished their influence and gave way to the Banu Abd Shams under Abu Sufyan to take the helm against Muhammad. However, the influence of Ikrima, by then the preeminent leader of the Makhzum, in Mecca had increased toward the end of the 620s. He opposed the negotiations with Muhammad at Hudaybiyya and when Muhammad captured Mecca in 630, Ikrima fled for the Yemen where the Makhzum had commercial connections. Muhammad later pardoned Ikrima, apparently after being petitioned by Ikrima's wife and paternal first cousin Umm Hakim bint al-Harith, who had converted to Islam. According to the historian al-Waqidi, Muhammad appointed Ikrima as a tax collector of the Hawazin tribal confederation in 632. Ikrima was in the Tihama region between Yemen and Mecca when Muhammad died. According to Blankinship, after he embraced Islam, Ikrima devoted to his new religion's cause "much of the energy that had characterized his earlier opposition" to Islam. After Muhammad's death, the Islamic prophet's close associate Abu Bakr became caliph (leader of the Muslim community) and appointed Ikrima to lead a campaign against rebel Arab tribes in the Ridda wars (632–633), which saw him command expeditions around the entire Arabian Peninsula, with particular focus in Yemen. By 634, Abu Bakr reassigned Ikrima and his troops, who hailed from the Tihama, northern Yemen, Bahrayn and Oman, to reinforce Khalid's army in the Muslim conquest of Syria. Ikrima most likely killed fighting the Byzantines in the Battle of Ajnadayn in Palestine in 634, though it is also held that he may have been slain in the Battle of Yarmouk in 636. Family According to the historian al-Ya'qubi (d. 898), Ikrima was married to Qutayla bint Qays ibn Ma'dikarib, the sister of the chieftain of the Kindite Banu Mu'awiya clan, al-Ash'ath ibn Qays. She was sent from Yemen to marry Muhammad but arrived after the Islamic prophet died and afterward was wed to Ikrima. The Islamic tradition mostly agrees that Ikrima died childless, though the 8th-century historian Sayf ibn Umar mentions a son named Amr and Ibn Hazm (d. 1064), possibly deriving his information from Sayf, calls this same son Umar. The modern historian Michael Lecker holds that Ikrima's marriage to Qutayla proved problematic for later Muslim scholars as the remarriage of Muhammad's wives was forbidden. Lecker holds the Islamic tradition censored out the original report used by the traditional Muslim authors that Qutayla bore Ikrima "a feeble-minded son", which he considers to be the "more trustworthy" version. Ikrima was also married to Asma bint al-Nu'man ibn Abi al-Jawn, another Kindite wife of Muhammad whose marriage had never been consummated. He married her after a relatively short marriage to Ikrima's Makhzumite kinsman al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya. Ikrima's wife Umm Hakim married Caliph Umar () sometime after Ikrima's death. See also Laqit bin Malik Al-Azdi, opponent List of battles of Muhammad References Bibliography Category:630s deaths Category:7th-century Arabs Category:Banu Makhzum Category:Male Sahabah Category:Medieval Arabs killed in battle Category:Sahabah martyrs	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Sandeep A. Varma Sandeep A. Varma (born 1969) is an Indian film director and writer, born and brought up in Delhi. He did his early education from St. Columbus School Delhi, B. Tech from BITS – Pilani and MBA from FMS University, Delhi. He has directed Manjunath (Film) (2014) a biopic based on the true story of Manjunath Shanmugam, the IIML graduate and Indian Oil sales officer who was killed by the mafia for exposing corruption in the oil sector. The film was released on 9 May 2014. Career Sandeep A. Varma has written and directed ‘Arjun Verma’ – a full-length feature film shot on film (16mm) for Zee. He has written and directed an all India TV Commercial for IMS-ICAP ‘Score More’ that was created in-house from concept stage to direction and production. He has directed and produced several ad films for IMS in the past. He has made several short films. Two of these films on ‘Water Conservation’ and ‘Street Children’ got felicitated at the Kerala International film festival (2003) and Philadelphia Short film festival (2003). He has written mega budget serial for Star Plus on Prithvi Raj Chauhan produced by Sagar Films Ltd. He was co-writer on Rahul Rawail's Arjun Pandit starring Sunny Deol and Juhi Chawla. His short film, The Virgins, has got over 13 million views on YouTube and was recognized in many film festivals including 4th Noida International Film Festival, JIO Filmfare Short Film Awards, and Delhi Shorts International Film Festivals. Sandeep Varma has co - founded Filmboard Movies, which seeks to revolutionize the way audio/visual content is created in the industry. He wrote and directed Kahanibaaz, a digital short thriller featuring Ashish Vidyarthi, presented by Large Short Films and produced by Yellow Bulbs. It was nominated as a Semi-Finalist in the Los Angeles Cine Fest and nominated at the Pune Short Film Festival. He is part of the elite academic council of SPJIMR's new program PSMEM (Programme in Strategic Media & Entertainment Management) which was launched in partnership with The Times of India Group. Filmography Director Manjunath (2014) The Virgins (2016) Kahanibaaz (2018) Awards 2015: Screen Award for Best Screenplay – Manjunath (Film) (Won) 2015: Screen Award for Most Promising Debut Director – Manjunath (Film) (Nominated) References Category:Living people Category:Hindi-language film directors Category:Film directors from Delhi Category:1969 births	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Therese Borssén Therese Borssén, (born 12 December 1984) in Rättvik, is a Swedish former skier specialized in slalom. Her first World Cup win came in Semmering, on 29 December 2006. She resides in Rättvik and Stockholm. Therese participated in the 2006 Winter Olympics in Torino and finished 8th in slalom. She also won the Readers' Handbook Award. On 30 January 2013, she announced her retirement following the 2012–2013 season. World Cup competition victories References Therese Borssén ended her career Category:1984 births Category:Living people Category:People from Rättvik Municipality Category:Swedish female alpine skiers Category:Olympic alpine skiers of Sweden Category:Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics Category:Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Ninetynine Ninetynine (styled as ninetynine) is an indie band based in Melbourne, Australia. The band was founded by Laura Macfarlane, who played drums in Sleater-Kinney, in 1996 as a solo project. The first album, 99, was recorded with her playing all the instruments. Not long after she assembled a band with Cameron Potts, Rhonda Simmonds (who has since left the group) and Iain McIntyre (who played with Laura in several earlier bands). Other former members of the band include Michelle Mansford and Amy Clarke. Meg Butler joined in 2006. Ninetynine's music has been described as art-pop, combining elements of indie rock, post punk and power pop with strong melodic elements and a playful approach. Some of their songs incorporate experimental elements such as unusual time signatures or exotic scales. One of the band's trademarks is the use of Casiotone keyboards and chromatic percussion (typically a vibraphone) in their music, with the musicians frequently swapping instruments between songs, even sometimes in the middle of songs. Recordings Ninetynine The Triantiwontigongolo - Ninetynine EP CD 1996 (Woozy) Ninetynine 99 CD 1996 (Patsy/Endearing ) Ninetynine 767 CD and LP Album 1998 (Patsy/Endearing/Chapter) Ninetynine Girl Crazy - Woekender LP 1998 (Remedial Records) Ninetynine Ersatz Split 7” 1999 (Radio One) Ninetynine 180 Degrees CD and LP 2000 (Patsy/ Radio One) Ninetynine Vivian Girls Split 7” 2001 (Chapter) Ninetynine Anatomy of Distance CD 2002 (Patsy/Stckfigure) Ninetynine The Process CD and LP 2002 (Trifekta/Appliances & Cars) Ninetynine Receiving the Sounds of Science Fiction CD EP 2003 (Dark Beloved Cloud) Ninetynine World of Space World of Population World of Robots CD 2006 (UAR/Stickfigure) Nineytynine Chapter 99 - Compilation CD 2006 (Sones) Ninetynine Silo EP 2008 (Patsy) Ninetynine Bande Magnetique CD 2010 (Patsy) Ninetynine Woods 7” 2016 (Patsy) Ninetynine Further 7” and CD 2016 (Patsy) Ninetynine albums are released through the band's own label Patsy. Some albums have been previously released through other labels such as Chapter Music, Trifekta, Stickfigure, Unstable Ape, If Society and Endearing Records. They also have recorded a number of tracks for various compilations. Anatomy Of Distance is a retrospective compilation of tracks recorded for various compilations and 7" singles between 1997 and 2001. Receiving the Sounds of Science Fiction was released exclusively to subscribers of the New York-based Dark Beloved Cloud single club. Chapter 99 (Sones, 2006) was a compilation of previously released songs. Original releases of 99, 767 and 180 degrees came in hand-folded sleeves made of printed card. The release of Further was part of the band's 20th anniversary celebrations. Live shows and tours Ninetynine have played live extensively in Australia, and toured internationally in New Zealand, Japan, the UK, Europe and North America. External links Ninetynine Facebook page Ninetynine Bandcamp page Ninetynine Youtube Channel Ninetynine "Woods" Category:Victoria (Australia) musical groups Category:Australian indie rock groups	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
SNCASO SNCASO (abbreviated from Société nationale des constructions aéronautiques du sud-ouest, or commonly, Sud-Ouest) was a French aircraft manufacturer, which was formed in November 16, 1936, from the merger of the factories of Blériot of Suresnes, Bloch of Villacoublay and Courbevoie, SASO (Société Aéronautique du Sud-Ouest) of Bordeaux-Mérignac, UCA (Usine de Construction Aéronautique) of Bordeaux-Bègles, Société Aérienne Bordelaise (SAB) of Bordeaux-Bacalan and Lioré et Olivier of Rochefort. Additionally, SNCASO built a factory in Déols in 1936. SNCASO took over SNCAO's assets in 1941. On March 1, 1957, SNCASO merged with SNCASE (Société nationale de constructions aéronautiques du sud-est), to form Sud Aviation. Aircraft products SO.30 Bretagne SNCASO SO.60C - 1950s abandoned project for a twin-engine jet airliner SO.80 Biarritz SO.90 Corse SO.95 Corse II SO.177 SO.1100 Ariel SO.1110 Ariel SO.1120 Ariel SO.1220 Djinn SO.1310 Farfardet SO.3050 SO.4000 SO.4050 Vautour SO.6000 Triton SO.6020 Espadon SO.7010 Pégase SO.7050 Deauville SO.7055 Deauville SO.7060 Deauville SO.8000 Narval SO.9000 Trident I SO.9050 Trident II SO.M-1 SO.M-2 SO.P-1 Ferblantine References External links SNCASO page on AviaFrance. Category:Defunct aircraft manufacturers of France Category:Sud Aviation Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1936 Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1957 Category:1936 establishments in France Category:1957 disestablishments in France	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Henry Brassey Henry Arthur Brassey DL (14 July 1840 – 13 May 1891) was a British Member of Parliament. Biography Brassey was the second son of the railway contractor Thomas Brassey and his wife Maria, daughter of Thomas Harrison, of Liverpool. Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey, was his elder brother and Albert Brassey his younger brother. He was educated at Oxford, and in 1868 was elected to the House of Commons for Sandwich as a Liberal, a seat he held until 1885. Brassey also served as Deputy Lieutenant of Kent, as High Sheriff of Kent in 1890 and as a Justice of the Peace for the county. He lived at Bath House, Piccadilly, and Preston Hall, Aylesford, Kent. Brassey married Anna Harriet, daughter of Major George Robert Stevenson of Tongswood, Hawkhurst, Kent, in 1866. They had five sons and seven daughters. Their second but eldest surviving son Henry became a Conservative politician and was created Baron Brassey of Apethorpe in 1938. Another son was the soldier and polo champion Harold Brassey; a daughter, Hilda, married the 8th Duke of Richmond. Brassey died in May 1891, aged 50. His wife Anna Harriet survived him by eight years and died in 1898. References External links Category:1840 births Category:1891 deaths Henry Brassey Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Category:UK MPs 1868–1874 Category:UK MPs 1874–1880 Category:UK MPs 1880–1885 Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Kent Category:High Sheriffs of Kent	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
List of Known Space characters This is a list of fictional characters featured in the Known Space novels by Larry Niven. Individual characters Sigmund Ausfaller Sigmund Ausfaller, a native of Earth, is a member of the Amalgamated Regional Militia ("ARM"), working in the Bureau of Alien Affairs on Earth. To protect puppeteer (and Earth) interests, in "Neutron Star" Ausfaller plants a bomb in the lifesystem of Shaeffer's ship, the Skydiver, so that Shaeffer will not attempt to steal it. Years later, in The Borderlands of Sol, when Shaeffer encounters him on Jinx, he offers Shaeffer and Carlos Wu a ride home to Earth on his ship, Hobo Kelly, in hopes of attracting the attention of whoever or whatever was causing ships to disappear when entering or leaving Sol system. Some years later, Ausfaller, having almost caught up with Shaeffer on Fafnir, is killed by Ander Smittarasheed in order to protect Smittarasheed's interest in the special nanotechnology autodoc developed by Carlos Wu, left on Fafnir when Carlos escaped from Feather Filip as she shot Shaeffer in the chest with an ARM punchgun. He is later "resurrected" by Wu's Autodoc and taken to one of the Puppeteer farming worlds by Nessus. Ausfaller appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer stories "Neutron Star", The Borderland of Sol, and "Ghost", and is mentioned in the story "Procrustes". He also appears in the non-Shaeffer novel Fleet of Worlds and is the main human character in its sequels Juggler of Worlds and Destroyer of Worlds. Larchmont Bellamy Larchmont "Larch" Bellamy, a native of Earth, is a wealthy human who owns the ship Drunkard’s Walk. A lean man with a lean face, a sharp-edged nose, prominent cheekbones and dark, deep-set eyes with shaggy black eyebrows, Bellamy is in prime condition. He is 300 years old and takes boosterspice, although he was born before that drug became available; initially, like all humans before boosterspice, he relied on the organ banks to keep him healthy. An outgoing, interesting man, Bellamy talks well; he tells old jokes but does it well, and he has some new ones, too. While not xenophobic, Bellamy tends to not think of aliens as people; Shaeffer remembers that he had said they should wipe out the Kzinti for good and all. Bellamy is the leader of a hunting party visiting Gummidgy when the Kdatlyno touch-sculptor Lloobee is kidnapped. When Shaeffer discovers that Bellamy is part of the kidnap plot, he and Emil Horne are captured by the kidnappers who intend to stage their deaths as an accident. Lloobee creates a diversion, allowing Shaeffer to escape, and Bellamy pursues him. Shaeffer rams Bellamy's ship with his aircar, forcing Bellamy to land, but neither Shaeffer nor Bellamy notice that the front landing leg of his ship fails to deploy, leaving the ship balancing with its gyros alone. When Bellamy tries to save his ship, it flips end-for-end, throwing him into the air to his death. Bellamy probably had a romantic relationship with fellow kidnapper Tanya Wilson; Margo Tellefsen told Shaeffer that she might attempt to kill him in revenge for Bellamy's death. Shaeffer characterized Bellamy as a person who could tolerate aliens but who didn't like them much. He also wondered if Bellamy's age was a factor in his decision to kidnap Lloobee; when a person lives for hundreds of years and their politics and morals change over time, Shaeffer wondered, did they become indifferent to the idea of morality? Bellamy appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story "Grendel". Teela Brown Teela Brown was a member of the crew recruited by Puppeteer Nessus for an expedition to the Ringworld. Her sole qualification was that she was descended from "lucky" ancestors, six generations of whom were born as a result of winning Earth's Birthright Lottery. The consequence of her state was that she'd led such a charmed and worry-free life that she was emotionally immature and unprepared for "harsh reality." The Puppeteer saw this as a kind of artificial selection, tending to breed for a psionic power of good luck. He hoped Teela would bring luck and success to the entire expedition. Teela is a descendant of a former lover of Louis Wu. Her age in Ringworld is given as twenty, though there are conflicting data in later books. She joins the Ringworld expedition, and eventually becomes separated from the group. She meets a Ringworld native called "Seeker," and decides to remain with him on the Ringworld while the remainder of the crew returns to human space. In The Ringworld Engineers, when a second expedition returns to the Ringworld, it is revealed that Teela has become a Protector-stage human. Her new instincts force her to protect the Ringworld population. When she realizes those instincts are driving her toward an unacceptable choice, she manipulates the other characters into killing her. Further details of her life become sketchy as the Ringworld story continues through three more novels. Her story is the subject of guesswork and deduction by the other characters, and subject to inconsistent retconning among the works. The influence of her luck is a significant factor in several parts of the narrative. According to the story in Ringworld (expanded in the Known Space novel Juggler of Worlds), the Puppeteers intervened with human reproduction beginning several generations in the past, with the intention of breeding humans for luck. This would be possible because they believed luck to be an inheritable psionic ability. They suspected such an ability was latent in humans already, having come to regard humanity as an unusually lucky species. The plan worked by manipulating the reproductive laws of Earth. To stem overcrowding, the planet had strict birth control laws, limiting the number of children each person could have. The Puppeteers caused the further adoption of a Birthright Lottery, whereby any person could win the opportunity to reproduce more often. Since reproduction could be affected by pure chance, luckier people would have more children, who would inherit that luck. Therefore, the power of luck should become stronger and more widespread in each generation. In Ringworld's Children we learn that Teela Brown and Seeker had a child, who remained on the Ringworld after the end of the Fringe War. Louis speculates that Teela's luck might work for the survival of her genes, rather than Teela herself. The existence and nature of Teela's luck is debated back and forth by the characters throughout the four-book series. For most of the first book, Louis believes her to be only a statistical fluke. That is, he believes that Nessus only picked a person who had been lucky in her life so far, not one who actually causes luck to happen. But by the end of the series Louis says he believes the luck is real, because he sees no other explanation for the appalling coincidences that have swirled around her life. Niven has described the problems that such a character and such a trait pose to his story and to his fictional universe. He calls it "Author Control" to illustrate the plot and story limitations it imposes on the creative process. The story "Safe at Any Speed" is set in a time when the Teela Gene is more common among humans. Niven says there will not be more stories from this time: "Stories about infinitely lucky people tend to be dull." This indicates that the author felt constrained to develop story lines around Teela consistent with the view that luck is genetic and inheritable—any hardship inflicted upon Teela which appears unlucky on first glance must thereafter be revealed as concealing a silver lining of greater import in order to maintain indeterminacy, at the expense of dissipating plot tension (Teela was never in any danger really)—regardless of the views expressed by various characters within the narrative. Teela can also be viewed as a lampshade trope, by bending narrativium to function as a plot device ("a hero will always win when outnumbered, since million-to-one chances are dramatic enough to crop up nine times out of ten"). Gil Hamilton Gilbert Gilgamesh Hamilton is one of the few science fiction detectives to appear in the genre. He is often called "Gil the Arm", both due to his affiliation with the ARM world police force, and his unusual psychic ability. Born in Topeka, Kansas, to flatlander parents near the end of the 21st century (it is established he was born in the month of April, but 2086, 2091, 2093, and 2097 are all given as years in various stories), he emigrates to the Belt as soon as he becomes an adult. There he begins work on an arduous ten-year apprenticeship towards the acquisition of his singleship licence. During this time he works as a member of small multi-person crews. After completing several successful trips, Gil loses his right arm. While attempting to move an asteroid with explosives, crew leader "Cubes" Forsythe miscalculates, which results in the destruction of the valuable rock. A fast moving piece of shrapnel penetrates the ship, slicing off Gil's arm and killing Forsythe instantly. The remaining crewmember, Owen Jennison, quickly seals the hull breach, stops Gil's bleeding, and manages to get him to life-saving medical facilities in time. While recuperating from his injury, Gil broods over his future as a Belter. Their ship is missing a crew member, Gil is missing an arm, and Owen's reputation is ruined because he took (what Belters consider) unacceptable risks to get Gil back to safety. In the low gravity of Ceres base, Gil discovers that he has a psi power. His brain, still remembering the "image" of his lost arm, can use it much as he did his own arm. He can feel and manipulate objects via ESP and telekinesis, respectively. Finding a third crewman, Homer Chandrasekhar, they make several highly profitable trips over the following year. Gil finds his "imaginary arm", though not strong, to be an asset, as he can reach through walls, and accomplish tasks beyond the ability of a normal person. After six months, Gil has earned enough to repay all his medical fees, with a comfortable cash reserve left over. Despite much disapproval from Owen and Homer, Gil decides to return to Earth and seek to get his citizenship back. On Earth, he can easily get a transplant to replace his missing arm. In the Belt he would have to pay exorbitantly high fees for a transplant, or settle for a prosthetic. Gil, by a quirk of his own nature, can not live with a prosthetic. Gil receives his new arm, but finds he can still dissociate his imaginary arm from his real one, and reach through walls, flesh, and even vidphone screens to manipulate objects he sees in them. Shortly afterward, Gil finds out that his new arm had not come from a condemned criminal as he had hoped, but from the captured stock of "organleggers", black market dealers in illicit organ transplants. To make amends, Gil joins the ARM, the elite global police force. As an ARM, Hamilton is a high-tech detective, who hunts organleggers and other criminals for a living. With his unusual psi power, he is formidable and highly feared among his enemies. His exploits are detailed in five "Gil 'the Arm' Hamilton" stories. The stories are noir style, told in first person, and frequently involve exotic technology and locked room mysteries: "Death by Ecstasy" (1968) "The Defenseless Dead" (1973) "ARM" (1975): Hamilton is called to the scene of a murder. The victim is Dr. Raymond Sinclair, a brilliant scientist who has invented a mysterious device that creates a bubble of accelerated time. The murder scene is a locked apartment at the top of a high-rise, where the prime suspect is a beautiful young woman whom Gil refuses to believe is the killer. The Patchwork Girl (1980) The Woman in Del Rey Crater (1995) The Long Arm of Gil Hamilton (1976) contains the first three novellas. Flatlander (1995) () is a collection of all five Gil Hamilton novellas and novels. Emil Horne Emil Horne, a native of Jinx, is a top-flight computer programmer. He meets Shaeffer on a trip from Down to Gummidgy and they struck up a quick friendship. Horne is short and strongly built like most natives of Jinx, a high-gravity world. His ability to ask the right questions when programming complex problems also helps him deduce the probable identities of the kidnappers when the Kdatlyno touch sculptor Lloobee is kidnapped from the Argos as it was about to enter Gummidgy system. Despite Shaeffer's caution and some misleading comments that led Horne to believe he was wrong about Larchmont Bellamy and his crew being the kidnappers (Horne wasn't wrong but Shaeffer didn't want him running in with stun-guns blazing), they are taken prisoner when they attempt to infiltrate the location where Lloobee is being held, a cave created with a Slaver disintegrater tool, which Horne locates by having Shaeffer fly high above the ground to see the dust created by the tool. When he attempts to enter the cave, however, a stun-gun set in the "on" position a facing the door renders Horne unconscious. He is returned along with Lloobee after Shaeffer escapes from the kidnappers with Lloobee's help. Emil Horne appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story "Grendel" and is mentioned in the story The Borderland of Sol. Sharrol Janss Sharrol Janss, a native of Earth, is Shaeffer's wife and the mother of their daughter, Jeena and another child, name unknown, whom she was pregnant with when Shaeffer encountered Ander Smittarasheed on Fafnir in 2655. Sharrol first met Beowulf Shaeffer on Earth when she picked his pocket, and was later formally introduced to him by Dianna and Elephant as a fourth for bridge. Sharrol also has two children by Carlos Wu, Tanya and Louis, as part of an arrangement between the three so that Bey and Sharrol could raise children together on Earth. Sharrol suffers from Flatland Phobia, a fear of changes to a person's environment, gravity, etc. which makes them psychologically unable to bear space travel or being away from Earth. She was employed at the time she met Shaeffer as a computer analyst for Donovan's Brains, Inc. She had been previously employed by the Epcot-Atlanta police. During her childhood her father ran a lobster ranch in Boston. She was able to travel to Fafnir asleep inside Carlo Wu's special autodoc and later was frozen for travel to Home when Ander Smittarasheed located Bey on Fafnir. Sharrol Janss appears in the stories Flatlander, Procrustes and Ghost, and is mentioned in the stories Grendel and The Borderland of Sol. Alice Jordan Alice Jordan is a Belter and a Goldskin, a member of the Belt Police in the mid-twenty-fourth century. Together with flatlander Roy Truesdale, they set out for the Kuiper Belt in search of Jack Brennan, a human turned Protector who has been abducting humans for study. In Destroyer of Worlds (by Niven and Edward M. Lerner), Alice is found in a stasis field in a singleship by Outsiders. They sell the singleship containing her to Sigmund Ausfaller who releases her from stasis. Ausfaller deduces that Brennan put Alice in stasis and sent her far from the danger described in Protector because she is pregnant with his descendant. Alice later becomes involved with Louis Wu, in (by the same authorial team) Betrayer of Worlds and Fate of Worlds. Nessus Nessus is a member of the technologically advanced alien race known to Humans as Pierson's Puppeteer, and amongst themselves as Citizens. Nessus, like almost all Puppeteers ever met by humans, is insane by Puppeteer standards. Sane Puppeteers are far too cautious (cowardly from the human perspective) to go off-world or interact with non-Puppeteers, thus only insane individuals like Nessus can manage to act as business liaisons or ambassadors to other species, as he does with humans and others. Nessus demonstrates traits that in humans would be diagnosed as manic-depressive disorder, displacement, and at times, extreme suggestibility. His interactions with humans cause him to be one of the few Puppeteers to ever show any support for Human interests as coequal to Puppeteer interests. He is also directly responsible for the presence of Sigmund Ausfaller on New Terra Nessus is featured in the short story "The Soft Weapon" (printed in the 1968 collection Neutron Star) and is one of the expeditionaries to the Ringworld in the 1970 book of the same name. Nessus is also a central character of the Fleet of Worlds series of Ringworld companion novels (Fleet of Worlds, Juggler of Worlds, Destroyer of Worlds, Betrayer of Worlds, and Fate of Worlds), which opens about 200 years before Ringworld and ends following Ringworld's Children. Peter Nordbo Peter Nordbo is an astronomer and noble on Wunderland, and during the First Man-Kzin War, was pressed into service for the Kzin following their occupation of the world. At the height of the occupation, he discovered a source of bizarre radiation on a world many lightyears away, and was taken to investigate by the scientifically minded Kzin who oversaw him. During the flight, forces under Buford Early and Ulf Reichstein Markham liberated Wunderland, and Nordbo was convicted of collaboration and stripped of all of his possessions. In order to secure his release and clear his name, his daughter Tyra secured the help of Robert Saxtorph and his ship to investigate. They found that Peter had discovered a remnant of the Tnuctipun, a black hole powered hyperdrive that could also be used as a powerful Hawking radiation beam weapon. Peter had freed himself from the Kzinti and was reunited with Tyra, and after the weapon was destroyed by the Kzin, returned to Wunderland to free his name. Gregory Pelton Gregory Pelton, (aka "Elephant" for a certain anatomical resemblance to a feature of the large Earth land animal), a native of Earth, is probably the richest human alive. His great-to-the-eighth grandmother invented the transfer booth. It is rumored that he actually owns known space, and gets income from renting it out, and that General Products Corporation is actually a front for him. Pelton lives in a house on the side of a cliff in the Rocky Mountains on Earth, and having spent a lot of time in space resents being called a flatlander. Pelton is of average height but strongly built, looking not so much overweight as solid. Most humans in this period of time on Earth are in excellent health, with autodocs to maintain their bodies and boosterspice to prevent aging; Pelton presumably uses both. Pelton and Shaeffer's personalities tend to complement each other, and they quickly made friends when Shaeffer first encountered him aboard the Lensman, bound for Earth from Jinx after Shaeffer's fateful trip to the core of the Milky Way galaxy. Pelton can be cordial and pleasant but also very direct and blunt when it suits him. He is patient but his patience has limits, and while he is as cautious as anyone he can sometimes act without thinking, a trait that would have gotten him killed if Shaeffer had not talked him out of landing on the protosun's planet when they visited it in 2645, as the planet, named "Cannonball Express" by Pelton and Shaeffer, was composed of antimatter, which would have destroyed even Pelton's General Products-hulled ship, the Slower Than Infinity. Indeed, the hull eventually disintegrated due to annihilations by antimatter particles but Pelton and Shaeffer were able to escape and managed to return to Jinx. After Shaeffer and Pelton returned from Cannonball Express Pelton made plans to return but when government agencies became involved the plan bogged down in details. Ander Smittarasheed told Shaeffer that as of 2655 it was unclear whether Pelton was still involved in the project at all. Shaeffer and Pelton still maintained contact after the trip to Cannonball Express; when Shaeffer secretly emigrated to Fafnir with Sharrol, their children, and Carlos Wu and Feather Filip, Elephant gave him the money he received from General Products Corporation for the indemnity on his General Products hull, destroyed by exposure to antimatter particles from the Fast Protosun's solar wind; the money was deposited on accounts in Fafnir and Home, where the group planned to emigrate to, using assumed identities, after secretly arriving on Fafnir. Gregory Pelton appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Flatlander and was mentioned in the stories Grendel, The Borderland of Sol and Ghost. In Juggler of Worlds, Pelton is powerful enough to control the SecGen of the fictional UN, and becomes a wanted criminal on the run, the authors' way of explaining why he never returns to the Known Space universe. Regional President of We Made It This Pierson's Puppeteer, a native of the Fleet-of-Worlds working for General Products in Known Space, contracted with Shaeffer to pilot a spaceship in a close fly-by of newly discovered neutron star BVS-1 to discover what killed the first two explorers to make the attempt, Peter and Sonya Laskin. After Shaeffer's return from BVS-1, the puppeteer also agreed to pay Shaeffer one million stars in return for his silence concerning whether the puppeteer homeworld had a moon. The Regional President of We Made It appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Neutron Star. Regional President of Jinx This puppeteer (called "Honey" by an overly tired Shaeffer at one point, due to his female-sounding voice), also worked for General Products. He contracted with Shaeffer to pilot a Quantum II hyperdrive ship (named Long Shot by Shaeffer) to the core of the Milky Way galaxy, where Shaeffer discovers the core explosion. The Regional President of Jinx appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story At the Core. Ulf Reichstein-Markham Ulf Reichstein-Markham was born on Wunderland in 2390, the son of a solar system Belter. Following the occupation of Wunderland by the Kzinti in the First Man-Kzin War, at the age of 18 he joined the "Free Wunderland Navy," what purported to be a resistance group but was little more than a band of space pirates occupying the Serpent Swarm (Alpha Centauri's asteroid belt). He was responsible for the capture of the United Nations spaceship Catskinner, whose crew later were responsible for the assassination of Chuut-Riit. He also came under the control of a Thrint who escaped its Slaver stasis field before being destroyed by the Catskinner AI. By the time Wunderland was liberated in 2420, Reichstein-Markham had become an admiral, and then was chosen to be Minister of War for the free Wunderlander government. He finally died in the year 2443 after being selected to chair the Interworld Commission, an early form of pan-human government established after the peace treaty with the Kzin was signed. Prior to his death, he had used his position to give the secret of hyperdrive to the Kzin disguised as a diplomatic packet, in the hopes of creating a lasting peace of equality between the two races. Although he did not live to see it, Reichstein-Markham's treachery meant that, far from his intentions, the Kzin would grow strong enough to launch four additional wars of conquest against the human worlds. Beowulf Shaeffer Lit Shaeffer Charles Martin Shaeffer is nicknamed "Little" Shaeffer and is known to most of his friends simply as "Lit". A Belter, born in the late 21st century, he is First Speaker for the Belt Political Section when Kzanol the thrint is revived from stasis in the early 22nd century. He is friends with Lucas Garner and has visited with him at least once on Farmer's Asteroid, one of the Belt Bubbleworlds. Lit's nickname comes from the fact that he spent a good deal of time in low and zero-g during his body's growth period, and is now unusually tall. The Shaeffer family is very active in Belt politics, and are likely ancestors of Beowulf Shaeffer, but this is never established definitively. Lit Shaeffer is featured in the novels World of Ptavvs, Protector and in the short story At the Bottom of a Hole. Ander Smittarasheed Ander Smittarasheed, a native of Earth, was hired by Shaeffer to ghostwrite his neutron star story and again four years later to write his galactic core story. Athletic and well-built, easily able to have any woman for the asking, Ander tends to dress in wild flatlander style even when offworld. He has a square face, thin blond hair and a solid-looking jaw that Shaeffer compared to a prey turtle's. Ander presents himself as cool yet affable, but manages to come off (at least to Shaeffer) as being smug. When Shaeffer advertised for a ghostwriter after his neutron star episode Ander answered and managed to push himself into the situation before Shaeffer's guard was completely up. He was a very competent writer, which surprised Shaeffer, and the neutron star recording sold well, as did the core piece they did together four years later. That was the last Shaeffer saw of Ander until he appeared on Fafnir ten years later, looking for him. Smittarasheed is in the employ of Sigmund Ausfaller, an ARM and agent for the Bureau of Alien Affairs. Ander was tasked with finding Shaeffer and questioning him about the threat level of certain alien races, notably the puppeteers. This may have been done to delay Shaeffer until Ausfaller could arrive and take him into custody, but Ander did not have time to contact Ausfaller until after his initial interview with the crashlander. However, when Shaeffer offers to sell Ander the location of Carlos Wu's nanotech autodoc, Ander understands the impact of such technology (evidenced by Shaeffer's altered appearance) and is interested in spite of himself. The lure of Carlos Wu's special autodoc proves too tempting for Smittarasheed. When Ausfaller appears to take Shaeffer into custody, along with local money (probably for bribing local officials; he never intended to give it to Shaeffer), Smittarasheed kills him with the ARM punchgun left in Shaeffer's hotel room by Sharrol and taken by Ander and offers to split the money with Shaeffer for the location of Carlos's autodoc. Shaeffer agrees but leaves Fafnir without the money, knowing that the Fafnir police can link the punchgun to another crime, a survival jacket with a ragged hole through it, made by the same weapon. With Ander holding the weapon, he would be linked to that death as well as Ausfaller's. And Smittarasheed did not reckon, Shaeffer knew, on just how many Fafnir police were Kzinti who had elected to stay on that world when it was acquired by Earth in the Fourth Man-Kzin War. Smittarasheed's final fate is revealed in “In Juggler of Worlds”, where Ander is killed in a firefight with Kzniti Fafnir police. Ander Smittarasheed appears in the framing story Ghost. Nick Sohl Nicholas Brewster Sohl is a Belter, born in the mid 21st century, he is First Speaker for the Belt Political Section when Phssthpok the Pak Protector arrives in the Solar System in the early 22nd century. Together with Lucas Garner they track Phssthpok and Jack Brennan to Mars, where they find Brennan has become a protector himself (and has killed Phssthpok). Speaker-to-Animals Speaker-to-Animals (or later Chmeee) is a junior diplomat who is trained to deal with other species without reflexively killing them. He is recruited by Nessus, a Pierson's Puppeteer, as a member of an expedition to explore the Ringworld. Speaker is a Kzin, a member of an extraterrestrial race of large tiger-like beings. He is a trained diplomat posted to the United Nations. His title (in place of a name he has yet to earn) is a polite reference to how Kzinti refer to non-Kzin races. Following their return to Known Space, he is given the name of "Chmeee" (the "ch" is pronounced like a guttural German "ch", as in "ach") and given breeding rights by the Kzinti Patriarch. In the sequel The Ringworld Engineers Chmeee, along with Louis Wu, is kidnapped by the Hindmost (the exiled leader of the Puppeteers). The Hindmost wants Louis and Chmeee to uncover the secret behind the creation of the Ringworld. Chmeee appears briefly in The Ringworld Throne and Ringworld's Children. His son, Acolyte, is a supporting character in these novels. As a member of the Kzin species, Speaker-to-Animals is extremely dangerous and always ready to fight despite the fact that he is a diplomat. He was the one that caused the most damage to the Ringworld village of Zignamuclikclik and were he not a part of the Docile Kzinti project, he probably would have leveled the village to the ground. He is also responsible for the expedition's safety on Ringworld and therefore is in charge most of the time. Chmeee is approximately tall and weighs . He, like all kzinti, is covered with a thick coat of long fur that comes in various combinations of orange, yellow, and black. His face has black fur across the eyes resembling a bandit's mask, or the facial markings of a raccoon. His tail is naked and similar in appearance to a rat's tail. Kzinti ears are hairless, pink, and shaped liked a segment of a Chinese parasol (or cocktail umbrella); they can fold back flat against the head for protection during a fight. Chmeee was badly burned during Ringworld; and as a result, his body was covered with scars. After involuntarily receiving an injection of the Kzinti analog of boosterspice, his scarring gradually disappeared. However, he acquired new scars after a fight with a Pak protector in The Ringworld Engineers. Margo Tellefsen Margo Tellefsen, a native of Earth, is the captain of the Argos, bound for Gummidgy, when it is boarded and one of its passengers is kidnapped. She is slim and lovely with long, dark hair that she wore in a "free fall" effect. She has green eyes. Shaeffer considered her lovely enough (by flatlander standards) to make a fast fortune on tridee if she wanted to. Shaeffer believes that Margo is in collusion with the kidnappers, which she confirms when Shaeffer confronts this after his escape. Margo revealed that she is Bellamy's mother and therefore well over 300 years old. Shaeffer, intrigued by her request for him to stay with her for two years while Sharrol and Carlos Wu are having children for Bey and Sharrol to raise on Earth, agrees to stay with her during that time. Margo Tellefsen appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Grendel. Tanya Wilson Tanya Wilson, a native of Earth, is a companion of Larch Bellamy and one of the four people who kidnapped the Kdatlyno touch sculptor Lloobee from the spaceship Argos. Shaeffer met her when he arrived at Elephant's house during lush-hour one day. She is about 300 years old. Details on her physical appearance are sparse. She has a voice that is rich and fruity, according to Shaeffer, with a flatlander accent that doesn't ring quite true and is probably displaced in time. When Emil attempted to storm the cave where Lloobee was being held, he stunned Wilson before being stunned himself. After Shaeffer was captured she returned to the campsite, the cover story for her injury was that she was scratched by one of the native species of Gummidgy. After Bellamy was dead, Margo Tellefsen, who was Bellamy's mother, warned Shaeffer that Tanya Wilson had been in love with her son and would probably try to kill him. Tanya Wilson appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer story Grendel. Carlos Wu Carlos Wu, a native of Earth, is one of only about 120 people with an unlimited parenthood license due to his incredible genius and resistance to disease and injury. His intelligence allowed him to solve the Sealeyham Limits Problem, and to design a new autodoc based on nanotechnology. Along with being a genius mathematician, he is also a playwright and composer. Wu is an easygoing and pleasant fellow, although he broods over feeling trapped by the ARM keeping constant track of his whereabouts and activities. He is reluctant to disclose his thoughts on the cause of ships disappearing near Sol system, even when the hyperdrive in Sigmund Ausfaller's ship, Hobo Kelly, completely disappears as they approach Earth. Carlos and Bey are returning to Earth; Bey in order to be with his love, Sharrol Janss, and their two children, Tanya and Louis (both of whom were fathered by Carlos). Carlos, perhaps having a resurgence of flatland phobia, has agreed to return there with Ausfaller. Carlos and Bey meet with Dr. Julian Forward and discover that he has found a quantum black hole and is using it to make ships in hyperdrive disappear. Forward takes them hostage and attempts to destroy the Hobo Kelly, but Ausfaller fires on his ships and Shaeffer manages to damage his equipment, temporarily losing control of the quantum black hole, which Forward, sensing defeat, allows himself to be drawn into. Ausfaller rescues Bey and Carlos and they continue on to Earth where Bey rejoins Sharrol and their children and Carlos resumes his own life on Earth. Carlos and Sharrol Janss had a casual sexual relationship before Sharrol met Shaeffer, although Carlos may have been more interested in her than she in him, since he tried to convince her at one point to leave Earth with him because he felt smothered by the overprotective ARMs who were tasked with protecting his life. When Shaeffer and Janss decided to have children but Shaeffer was denied a parenthood license due to his albinism, they agreed that Carlos would father two children with Sharrol and she and Bey would raise them. Eventually Wu formed a relationship with Feather Filip, an ARM agent tasked to protect him and he and she created a plan to secretly emigrate from Earth to another planet. To minimize the chance they would be found they planned to bring others along to disguise the size of their group (the ARM would presumably be looking for two people, not a larger group). They brought Bey and Sharrol into the plan. Feather had located a ship that would transport them to Fafnir. From there, they would take the place of a family named Graynor, a group of two men, two women and two children. That family would secretly emigrate to Wunderland, where Feather had set up funding for them, while they would move on to Home. However, after reaching Fafnir, Feather turned on them, shooting Shaeffer in the chest with the punchgun, to show Carlos what she was capable of, so he would stay with her. Instead, Carlos ran with the children, Tanya and Louis, and managed to emigrate to Home without Feather's help. A year and a half later, when Ander Smittarasheed caught up to Bey and Sharrol on Fafnir, she was frozen for shipment to Home along with their daughter Jeena and their unborn child. While on Earth Carlos lived underwater at the United Nations-protected Great Barrier Reef on Earth. Carlos Wu appears in the Beowulf Shaeffer stories The Borderland of Sol and Procrustes, and is mentioned in the stories Grendel and Ghost. Louis Wu Fictional alien species In the process of exploring space, humankind encounters several intelligent alien species, including the following (in alphabetical order): Bandersnatch The Bandersnatch (plural bandersnatchi) is a fictional alien species in Larry Niven's Known Space universe. The species is named for Lewis Carroll's Bandersnatch. Niven's first story to discuss the Bandersnatchi was World of Ptavvs, published in 1966. That story relates the way that they were named as follows: Bandersnatchi are described as enormous herd animals, twice the size of an Apatosaurus with a slug-like shape and completely white, slick skin. A sauropod-like neck, with no head, extends about as high as the bandersnatch's body. The tip is thick and rounded, entirely featureless, other than two tufts of black bristles (sense organs). At the front of the body, low to the ground, is a large mouth adapted to scooping a form of mutated yeast out of shallow ocean-like yeast colonies. Niven's works describe Bandersnatchi as one giant cell with long chromosomes as thick as a human finger, rendering them impervious to the mutagenitive effects of radiation and therefore unable to mutate. As single cells, they reproduce asexually by budding. Their nerves have no cell body and no nuclei; nothing to separate them from other specialized protoplasm. The Bandersnatchi also have 6 large hearts, each weighing about 11 pounds. The brain is large, shaped long and narrow, and is encased in a bony cage. The skull is one end of this jointless, flexible, very strong cage that keeps them from ever shifting position. In the Known Space universe, the Bandersnatchi were created by the Tnuctipun during the Thrintun empire (~1.5 billion BCE) as a food source with a nearly irresistible taste to the predatory Thrintun. As such, the Thrintun had no objection to their large size. While the Thrintun believed that the Bandersnatchi possessed no intelligence, they were actually sentient beings resistant to their telepathic mind control abilities and were used by the Tnuctipun to spy on the Thrintun until a slave rebellion. This immunity to the Thrintun psychic abilities also allowed them to survive the mass-suicide command used at the end of the Tnuctipun-Thrintun war. However, because Bandersnatchi chromosomes are so thick and resilient that they never mutate, they therefore cannot evolve, and have remained biologically unchanged for the past two billion years. Bandersnatchi are portrayed as surviving on the planet Jinx, with isolated populations also scattered throughout the galaxy, including the planet Beanstalk and the 'Maps of Jinx' in the Great Oceans of the Ringworld. On Jinx, Bandersnatchi allow themselves to be hunted in exchange for specialized tools and devices, such as mechanical 'arms' specifically designed for their massive bodies, along with keeping the Bandersnatchi population in check and providing the humans with something to fight. The Hunter's equipment is restricted by agreement to make things more equal; about 40% of the hunters do not return. Along with Grogs and Dolphins, Bandersnatchi are described as a "Handicapped" (with a capital "H") race, in that they are sentient but do not possess any prehensile limbs. Chuquen The Chunquen are a slave species of the Kzinti, remarkable to their captors for the sentience of both sexes. ("They fought constantly.") Their homeworld is watery; they resisted the Kzinti invasion with missiles fired from submarines. Apparently they were exterminated before the Kzinti first encountered humans. Grogs The Grogs are Sessile sentient creatures, shaped like furry cones. They are eyeless, earless, and have a prehensile tongue. They can also control animals telepathically. The Grogs are thought by some to be the descendants of the Thrintun species, after 1.5 billion years of atrophy. Gw'oth The Gw'oth (singular Gw'o) are alien creatures first encountered in Larry Niven and Edward M. Lerner's collaborative Fleet of Worlds series of novels (a subset of Niven's Known Space future history). The Gw'oth resemble starfish and inhabit the ocean under the ice of their home world, the moon Jm'ho. When linked together – using a vestigial talent that few Gw'oth retain – they can form a powerful biological computer. One such instance is named Ol't'ro. Ol't'ro is composed of 16 Gw'oth individuals that link themselves together into a 'meld' or ensemble mind called a Gw'otesht. Ol't'ro is featured prominently throughout the Fleet of Worlds series. Ol't'ro's ultimate fate is unknown after the Fate of Worlds book in the series. Whether Ol't'ro died in the explosion of planets or somehow escaped is left unanswered. Ol't'ro had just solved the mystery of Type II hyperspatial travel so it is possible but unknown that the Gw'otesht managed to escape in that fashion. Jotoki The Jotoki (singular Jotok) are a fictional alien race, first described in the novelette "The Survivor" by Donald Kingsbury, in Man-Kzin Wars IV. Jotoki resemble large, spindly starfish. They have a torochord (ring-shaped) instead of a notochord, with five "self-sections" (apparently semi-independent brains) that operate the Jotok's body cooperatively. The Jotoki begin life as small aquatic swimmers, most of which are eaten by predators; in time, five of the survivors will merge to form one collective organism, which grows into an arboreal adolescent form; its tails become arms, and its fins differentiate into fingers. When it grows large enough, the Jotok imprints itself on an adult (if one is available) and enters a stage of rapid learning and brain growth. A Jotok who desires a family can simply go into the wilderness and "harvest" an adolescent of the proper age (a property that Kzin slavers later exploit). Unimprinted adult Jotoki are considered feral, and regarded as little more than animals. Since the five subunits that make up one Jotok individual are not necessarily genetically related, reproduction does not require sex; a Jotok can simply find a pond and deposit its offspring to begin the cycle again. Before their enslavement, Jotoki operated in groups called "clanpods", as part of their former planet-wide tradeweb. Details of this arrangement are not known. Jotok technological specialties included gravity polarizers, linguistics and biotechnology. They had the ability to force-grow clones to adulthood. The Jotoki were also experts at trade. Their interstellar trade empire was quite developed for its time, but after using Kzin as mercenaries for many years, the Kzinti revolted and conquered the Jotoki. The Jotoki became the slaves and food-animals of the ferocious Kzinti. In "modern" times (i.e. during most of the Known Space stories), Jotoki are a seldom-seen slave race of the Kzinti. The Kzinti believe that there is a free Jotoki fleet wandering amongst the stars, which would have provided their most strenuous opposition (excepting humans). In Man-Kzin Wars XI, it is established that surviving Jotoki swimmers inhabited a Wunderland swamp near a crashed Kzin cruiser. Although the swamp was rendered uninhabitable, by the end of the book it is established that humans recovered some Jotoki and are attempting to breed a free Jotok species. The success of this is unknown, since earlier-written but chronologically later Niven works do not mention free Jotoki. Kdatlyno The Kdatlyno are chiefly known for their touch sculpture, their sonar "vision". Their race was formerly subjugated by the Kzinti until freed by the humans. In appearance they are a physically large and powerful bipedal species with muscular build, rough scaly skin, retractile claws and thick hides, growing up to eight feet tall. They have no eyes, having evolved on a world which instead drove the development of echolocation rather than vision. Kdatlyno are one of the few sentient races that can physically intimidate an adult Kzin, and there is at least one mention of them being used as elite Imperial Guards for the Kzinti Patriarch, presumably due to both their great strength and their uninvolvement in Kzin imperial court politics. The short story "Grendel" features the Kdatlyno Lloobee, a touch-sculptor who works primarily for a human audience. Kzin Martians The Martians are primitive but intelligent humanoids who lived beneath the sands. Martians burst into flames when brought in contact with water. Martians killed many of the early human explorers on Mars, principally because they concealed their existence, and they weren't suspected. In the novel Protector, the Martians were wiped out when Jack Brennan caused an ice asteroid to crash into the surface of Mars, raising the average humidity of the atmosphere. Some Martians still exist on the "Map of Mars" on the Ringworld. Morlocks The Morlocks are semi-sentient humanoid cave dwellers on Wunderland. They, like humans, descended from a failed attempt by Pak Protectors to colonize Sol and nearby star systems. Named by humans for the creatures in H.G. Wells' The Time Machine. Outsiders The Outsiders are many-limbed beings that are invariably described as a cat o'nine tails with a fattened handle. Their body composition includes ultra-cold superfluid helium. Outsiders are estimated to be the most advanced species in Known Space, possibly the Galaxy, but the extent of their development remains unknown. Though they have the technology to produce advanced faster-than-light drives, they rarely use them, preferring to travel the "slow" way, just below the speed of light. They do possess a "reactionless drive" technology that allows them to reach this speed almost instantaneously. In Ringworld's Children Louis Wu says that the Outsiders have "something better" than hyperdrive but this is not elaborated on. They spend all of their time following starseeds and acting as information brokers to space-faring sentient races throughout the Milky Way. Their prices can be very high and scaled to the estimated impact the information will have on the civilization of the client race. Their most common wares are interstellar propulsion systems of various types. The Outsiders maintain a strict commercial ethos regarding any form of knowledge, which shrouds them in a secrecy only wealth can penetrate. They do not haggle. They will answer any question, even those about themselves, if you are willing to pay the price. Personal questions about the Outsiders have been priced beyond the ability of any individual or government to pay (on the order of a trillion credits). In "Peace and Freedom", it is revealed that starseeds are in fact packages of microorganisms designed to seed new planets with life, thus creating new customers for the Outsiders. They are reluctant to reveal this information because they are ashamed, since one of their starseeds created the Thrint, which destroyed nearly all intelligent life in the galaxy several billion years ago. Another theory behind the Outsiders-Starseed connection is that Starseeds actually carry Outsider 'spores;' as the Outsiders are a small numbered species their offspring are of great importance to them. The Outsiders are thought to have evolved on a cold world with no atmosphere, similar to Neptune's moon Nereid, which they lease from the Earth government. They live on thermoelectricity by lying with their heads in sunlight and their tails in shadow; the temperature difference sets up a current. In some of the later Known Space stories it has been suggested that the Outsiders do not use Hyperspace as its conditions are lethal to them because they would be unable to generate thermoelectricity. Outsider 'ships' are equipped with an artificial 'sun' for their journeys between systems, but because of the nature of their 'ships' the Hyperspace 'blind spot' would absorb this artificial light, killing Outsiders if they would remain in Hyperspace too long. (The canon of this material is debatable as it was not written by Niven directly.) The novel A Darker Geometry by Gregory Benford and Mark O. Martin revealed that the Outsiders were created by a race of extra-dimensional aliens seeking to escape the heat death of their own universe. Edward M. Lerner revealed in an online chat (as 'EML') that Larry Niven had ruled A Darker Geometry as definitely non-canonical and incompatible with the then forthcoming Juggler of Worlds, which was co-authored by Niven and Lerner. Juggler of Worlds introduces a number of possible retcons to established Outsider history. While in most of the Known Space Series, the name "Outsiders" refers to the aforementioned species, in stories that happen before the discovery of aliens the term "Outsider" refers to any alien that might make contact with mankind. The Outsiders may have inspired the Melnorme, from Star Control 2, another highly advanced and very mysterious species. The Investor species in Shaper/Mechanist stories by Bruce Sterling have a similar ethos but an altogether different biology. Pak Protectors Pierin The Pierin are a rare multi-limbed species that developed on a planet with lower gravity than Earth, thus they spend much time in the air. They have horns on their heads and wide membranous wings. They speak in raspy screeches and atonal clicks. Pierin are described as curious and friendly to the point of being nosy. They were able to develop a small space-faring civilization before being enslaved by the Kzin. Their planet of origin is known as Pierin, orbiting a star in the constellation Reticulum. At some point Human beings tried to ally with them against the Kzin. They eventually were liberated from slavery during the Man-Kzin wars. Pierson's Puppeteers Thrintun The Thrintun are an ancient species that ruled a large empire, including the region of Known Space, through telepathic mind control about 1.5 billion years ago. A technology created by one of their slave races was the stasis field, which makes its contents impervious to harm and provides indefinite suspended animation, which has figured in several Known Space stories. Thrintun were small (approximately 1.25 meters tall), highly telepathic but not particularly intelligent (with their mind control, they did not need to be), reptilian, with green scaly skin, pointed teeth, and a single eye. The species were depicted in Barlowe's Guide to Extraterrestrials Tnuctip The Tnuctipun (singular Tnuctip) were small, arboreal pack predators, averaging about 3–4 feet long. Their heads were long and lean, and their eyes opened laterally. They were highly intelligent (IQ estimated around 130–140, according to the short story "In the Hall of the Mountain King") and social. As befits their carnivorous nature, they were also ruthless, aggressive, and cunning. Their word for alien most closely translates to "food that talks". Two billion years before humans evolved, the galaxy was ruled by the Thrintun, who telepathically enslaved other species, including the Tnuctipun. The Tnuctipun invented most of the technologies from that era, including stage trees (trees containing solid rocket fuel in their trunks, originally used as cheap rocket boosters, which in the present era of the Known Space universe had evolved to seed themselves across star systems), sunflowers (flowers with integral parabolic mirrors that can focus sunlight to deadly effect), and stasis fields (a time dilation device). They were also known to have direct conversion of mass to energy and a telepathy shield (these two technologies are lost by the time most Niven stories take place). In order for the Tnuctipun to think creatively, the Thrintun allowed them some limited freedom. The Tnuctipun used that freedom to stage a rebellion against their masters, the culmination of a carefully thought out, centuries-long plan. In the novel World of Ptavvs, the protagonist Larry Greenberg, a telepath who reads the mind of a Thrint, theorizes that some of their inventions were traps: Bandersnatchi, thought to be non-sentient livestock, were in fact intelligent, created as spies immune to telepathy. Sunflowers turned against their masters and burned Thrint homes to the ground. Other Tnuctip inventions were designed to shape Thrint society to weaken it. Sunflowers encouraged a trend for the slavers to live in isolated manors, surrounded by slaves. Mutated racing viprin (fast-running creatures raced for entertainment and gambling) ruined the existing viprin herding business, which along with other similar inventions led to an economic depression prior to the Tnuctip revolt. The war escalated until the Thrintun, rather than accept defeat, employed a device that amplified the sphere of influence of a Thrint's mind control to encompass the entire galaxy. And they gave a simple command: Die. And everything in the galaxy that had evolved a backbone perished, including any Thrintun not protected by a stasis field. The Bandersnatchi were one of the only sentient races that survived this on a large scale, because they were already immune to telepathic commands. This course of events is alluded to in the novel World of Ptavvs and a still functioning suicide amplifier itself is discovered in the short story "Peter Robinson" by Hal Colebach, at which point it is destroyed. Several other Tnuctip inventions are inadvertently discovered in the various known space novels, including a prototype hyperspace shunt, discovered during the first Man-Kzin War (in the novelette Inconstant Star by Poul Anderson). The Kzinti lose the war before they can bring news of it home, and the device itself is lost. A recent Man-Kzin Wars short story – "Teacher's Pet" by Matthew Joseph Harrington, in Man-Kzin Wars XI – claimed that the Tnuctipun are responsible for creating the Pak Protectors. As with most Man-Kzin Wars material, its canonicity has not been confirmed by Niven. In 1968, Niven worked with Norman Spinrad to draft a story outline entitled Down In Flames, in which much of the history of Known Space is revealed to be a hoax, and in which it is revealed that the Kzin are the Tnuctipun. The outline was published in Tom Reamy's fanzine Trumpet, and released on the internet, but was never intended to be completed or published, and was superseded by the Ringworld series of novels. Trinocs The Trinocs are named for their three eyes; they also have three fingers on each hand and a triangular mouth. They are described as bipedal humanoids, with long legs, short torsos, and improbably flexible neck vertebrae. An unconfirmed source states that they breathe a "primordial reducing atmosphere" mainly composed of methane and ammonia, and are culturally paranoid, at least by human standards. First encountered by Louis Wu in the short story "There is a Tide". Whrloo The Whrloo are meter-tall insectoids with long eyestalks, their homeworld has low gravity with a thick, dense atmosphere. They never saw the stars until they were enslaved by the Kzinti. Others Also figuring in some stories are dolphins and other intelligent cetaceans, and various offshoots of Homo sapiens including the associate lineage of the hominids of the Ringworld. Most life in Known Space shares similar biochemistries, since they evolved from the Thrintun practice of seeding barren worlds with food yeast which they used to feed their slaves. Over a billion years, the Thrintun food yeast evolved into the different life forms in Known Space. In-universe terms Belters A Belter refers to a resident of the Asteroid Belt around Sol, sometimes known as the Sol Belt to differentiate it from Alpha Centauri's Serpent Swarm. Rugged and highly individualistic, Belters make their living by mining the ores from the asteroidal rocks. Belters inhabit the main belt, trojan asteroids of the outer planets, centaur planetoids and NEA's. Transient by nature, the only home they typically own is their pressure suit, and perhaps their singleship. As a form of heraldry, Belters decorate their skintight suits with elaborate (and often expensive) torso paintings. Most Belters, male and female, sport what is known as the Belter Crest: shaving their heads on the sides, leaving a strip of hair down the center resembling a mohawk. However, the hair in the back can be of any length, particularly for women. In lieu of (or perhaps in addition to) a wake for their dead, Belters have a custom known as the ceremonial drunk. When a Belter dies, his or her close friends will typically get intoxicated (either alone or in groups according to one's nature or circumstance) and reminisce about the deceased. The Belt Government collects a 30% tax on all cargo sold within the belt. However, one can avoid paying the tax by smuggling one's cargo to an Earth facility, which collects no taxes. The caveat is that, if one is caught smuggling by the Belt police (known as goldskins due to the color of their spacesuits), one will forfeit all of one's cargo to the Belt Government. To a Belter, smuggling is considered "illegal but not immoral". It is considered equivalent to a parking violation on Earth. If caught, one simply pays the fine and that is the end of it. According to the novel Protector, the Belt government is a meritocracy; Lit Shaeffer was chosen for a leadership position by aptitude test, and "worked [his] way up". Flatlanders Flatlander refers to any human born on Earth, in contrast to those who live on other planets or space habitats. The derogatory term was coined by Belters, whose space habitats are either enclosed, or located on large asteroids with visibly curving horizons. Whereas from any point on the surface of Earth the horizon looks flat. Of the stable population of approximately eighteen billion people living on Earth from about the 23rd century onwards, very few wind up leaving the planet for any length of time. Many suffer from the so-called flatland phobia, a chronic fear of leaving the confines of the environment in which humans evolved. Their reaction to changes in gravity, atmospheric composition, and sunlight hue can include nausea and continual panic attacks. Those who do venture into space, of course, tend to take exception to the word, as they have left the planet with no ill effects, and even relish partaking of the same adventures and benefits of space travel that non-Earthbound humans enjoy. Gregory Pelton is one of these, goading Beowulf Shaeffer into calling him a flatlander even after having traveled to a number of planets in Known Space. References Characters Category:Characters in written science fiction Category:Lists of literary characters	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Phoenix Motor Company building Phoenix Motor Company building, also known as the Dud R. Day Motor Company building, is a 1930 building created for the Phoenix Motor Company. It was designed by Lescher and Mahoney, who also designed the Orpheum Theatre. After multiple owners, the building had been boarded over and covered with stucco, sitting empty. The building was purchased by nightclub owners Pat Cantelme and Jim Kuykendall for $2.2 million in 2015. After receiving a grant for $250,000 to rehabilitate the building's original storefront, doors, windows and roof trusses, it became a music hall in August 2017. It was added to the Phoenix Historic Property Register in May 2017 and the National Register of Historic Places in 2018 See also List of historic properties in Phoenix, Arizona Phoenix Historic Property Register References External links The Van Buren Category:Houses completed in 1931 Category:National Register of Historic Places in Phoenix, Arizona	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Jan I of Żagań Jan I of Żagań () ( – 12 April 1439) was a Duke of Żagań-Głogów, since 1397 (until 1412 with his brothers as co-rulers), since 1403 Duke of Żagań, Krosno Odrzańskie and Świebodzin (again, until 1412 with his brothers as co-rulers) and since 1412 sole ruler of Żagań and Przewóz. He was the eldest son of Henry VIII the Sparrow, Duke of Głogów by his wife Katharina, daughter of Duke Władysław of Opole. Life At the time of Henry VIII's death (14 March 1397) his sons were minors. Duke Rupert I of Legnica took the regency of Głogów until 1401, when Jan I formally assumed the guardianship over his younger brothers Henry IX the Older, Henry X Rumpold and Wenceslaus and began his personal rule in Szprotawa, Przemków, Sulechów, half of Głogów, and Bytom Odrzański. In 1403 their aunt Hedwig of Legnica (Henry VI the Older's widow) renounced her dower lands (Żagań, Krosno Odrzańskie and Świebodzin) to Jan I and his brothers, who ruled jointly all the lands. Thanks to the Privilege of Elector Rudolf III of Saxony in 1408 he could maintain the unity of his Duchy, despite the protest of his brothers, who claimed their own districts. Ultimately, the division was made in 1412: Jan I retained Żagań, and one year later (in 1413) he also took possession over the Duchy of Przewóz, in the Polish-German border area (obtained as a result of his marriage with Scholastika, a daughter of Elector Rudolph III). After the extinction of the main branch of the Dukes of Legnica in 1419, Jan I played an important role at the request of many of the cities of Lower Silesia: he presided the initiative of creating an organization to fight against the gangs of robbers whose regular attack in the roads, cities and monasteries. Jan I performed faithfully his duties as vassal of Bohemia, and therefore in 1420 he took part in the expedition of Emperor Sigismund against the Hussites, and on July 28 of that year he assisted to his coronation as King of Bohemia in Prague. Three years later, John participated together with his brothers in the negotiations between the Emperor and Teutonic Knights in Preszburg (now Bratislava), where was decided an eventual war against Poland. However, given the growing difficulties of the Emperor with the Hussites and the Teutonic Knights's requests for the city of Kežmarok in exchange for his help, this meeting was unsuccessfully. Continued from husytami struggle occurred in the years 1427-1428, when together with his brother Henryk Senior IX supported militarily threatened Łużyckie City. On 1 November 1428 the brothers defeated the Hussite troops at the Battle of Kratzau. In 1429 Jan I went with the Emperor to Łuck, Lithuania, where he took part in the congress were was decided the coronation of Vytautas the Great as King. At the same time, in connection with the growing power of the Hussites, the Duke of Żagań decided to pay them high contributions, which was to ensure the safety of his lands. However, since some time ago, Jan I began to secretly promote the Hussite movement and his revolucionary ideals. On 19 April 1433, together with his brother Henry IX the Older and the Dukes of Oleśnica, he went on tour to Kalisz, where he promised to the Polish King Władysław II Jogaila his participation in the proposed expedition against the Hussites of Krzyżakom (these actions may be, however, a simple desire to safeguard his Duchy against the Hussites in case of a war). After the death of Emperor Sigismund, Jan I stood on the side of his son-in-law Albert V of Habsburg, and on 3 December 1438 he paid tribute to him in Wroclaw. AQs a reward of his loyalty, the new King gave Jan I many benefits, including the right of minting coins in the cities of Szprotawa and Żagań. Jan I had a radical and oppressive rule against his subjects, which led to a conflict with the Augustinian Order in Żagań. At some point, he even captured and imprisoned the Abbot of the monastery, for which he was excommunicated. Because of these events, in contemporary sources he was considered a cruel man and even a sadist, as was further described in the "Roczniku Głogowskim": when he had sexual relations with his wife he tend to sharpen his spurs. Finally, unable to withstand the brutal treatment of her husband, Scholastika attempted to escape from Żagań. However, she was captured and confined by order of her husband in Nowogród Bobrzański without the right to return to the castle or the capital of the Duchy. Jan I died on 12 April 1439, was buried in Ducal mausoleum of the Augustinian church in Żagań. Marriage and issue By 1405, Jan I married with Scholastika (b. ca. 1393 – d. 12 May 1461), daughter of Rudolf III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg and Elector of Saxony. They had ten children: Anna (b. ca. 1408 – d. bef. 4 November 1437), married by 1424 to Count Albert VIII of Lindow-Ruppin. Hedwig (b. ca. 1410 – d. Bernburg, 14 May 1497), married on 11 March 1434 to Prince Bernhard VI of Anhalt-Bernburg. Balthasar (b. ca. 1415 – d. Przewóz, 15 July 1472). Rudolf (b. ca. 1418 – killed in battle, Chojnice, 18 September 1454). Margareta (b. ca. 1425 – d. Salzderhelden, aft. 9 May 1491), married firstly by 1435 to Count Volrad II of Mansfeld, secondly in 1450 Count Henry XI of Honstein-Wittenberg and thirdly bef. 20 June 1457 to Duke Henry III of Brunswick-Grubenhagen. Barbara (b. ca. 1426 – d. by 28 July 1476). Scholastika (b. ca. 1428 – d. bef. 1489). Agnes (b. ca. 1430 – d. by 6 December 1473). Wenceslaus (b. ca. 1434 – d. 29 April 1488). Jan II the Mad (b. 16 April 1435 – d. 22 September 1504). Scholastika never left Nowogród Bobrzański, because this territory was granted to her in her husband's will as her dower. She ruled it until her death. References Genealogical database by Herbert Stoyan JAN I ŻAGAŃSKI This article was translated from an original in the Polish Wikipedia. \|- \|- Category:1380s births Category:1439 deaths Category:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church Category:Dukes of Żagań	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
ON 121 redirect Ontario Highway 121	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Schlegel's francolin Schlegel's francolin (Peliperdix schlegelii) is a species of bird in the family Phasianidae. It is found in Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, and South Sudan. According to the IUCN Red List, in which the species is rated as "least concern", the global population is unknown, but there have been no fluctuations in population. References Category:Peliperdix francolin, Schlegel Category:Birds described in 1863 Category:Taxa named by Theodor von Heuglin Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Metee Pungpoh Maytee Pungpoh () is a professional footballer from Thailand. He currently plays for Ayutthaya United in the Thai League 3. He played for Krung Thai Bank FC in the 2008 AFC Champions League group stages. Asian Champions League Appearances References Category:Living people Category:Thai footballers Category:1984 births Category:BG Pathum United F.C. players Category:Association football forwards	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
1352 in Ireland This is a list of events from the year 1352 in Ireland. Events Marriage of Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster, daughter and heiress of William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster to Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence References	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Guajará River Guajará River may refer to: Guajará River (Amazon), a right tributary of the Amazon in the state of Pará, Brazil Guajará River (Marajó), a river on the island of Marajó in the state of Pará, Brazil	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
755 Naval Air Squadron 755 Naval Air Squadron (755 NAS) was a Naval Air Squadron of the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm. References Citations Bibliography Category:700 series Fleet Air Arm squadrons Category:Military units and formations established in 1939 Category:Military units and formations of the Royal Navy in World War II	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Duck Lake Duck Lake may refer to: Canada Duck Lake (Vancouver Island), a lake on Vancouver Island in British Columbia Duck Lake, Halifax, a lake in Nova Scotia Duck Lake No. 463, Saskatchewan, a rural municipality in Saskatchewan. Duck Lake, Saskatchewan, a town in Saskatchewan United States Duck Lake (Blue Earth County, Minnesota), a lake in Blue Earth County, Minnesota Duck Lake (Iowa), a lake in Allamakee County, Iowa Duck Lake, Michigan, an unincorporated community and lake in Clarence Township, Michigan of Calhoun County Duck Lake, Michigan, a lake in Gogebic County, Michigan Duck Lake (Kalamazoo County), a lake in Kalamazoo County, Michigan Duck Lake (Montana), a lake	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Hughenden, Queensland Hughenden is a town and locality in the Shire of Flinders, Queensland, Australia. At the 2016 census, Hughenden had a population of 1,136. Geography Hughenden is situated on the banks of the Flinders River. History The upper Flinders River area has been occupied by the Yirandhali people from around 11,000 years ago. Jirandali (also known as Yirandali, Warungu, Yirandhali) is an Australian Aboriginal language of North-West Queensland, particularly the Hughenden area. The language region includes the local government area of the Shire of Flinders, including Dutton River, Flinders River, Mount Sturgeon, Caledonia, Richmond, Corfield, Winton, Torrens, Tower Hill, Landsborough Creek, Lammermoor Station, Hughenden, and Tangorin. Dalleburra (also known as Dalebura, Dal-leyburra, Yirandali) is a language of North-West Queensland, particularly Lammermoor Station via Hughenden. The Dalleburra language region includes the local government boundaries of the Flinders Shire Council. The region in the vicinity of Hughenden was originally known as Mokana in the Yirandhali language. British occupation began in October 1861 with the expedition group led by Frederick Walker camping near the site of the future township of Hughenden. Pastoralists soon followed and in 1863 Ernest Henry and his cousin Robert Gray established the Hughenden sheep station. Hughenden was named after Hughenden Manor in Buckinghamshire, England, the home of former British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli. Robert Gray and Ernest Henry both had a family connection with Hughenden Manor. Mary Francis Norris, the daughter of John Norris of Hughenden Manor was Henry's mother and Robert's aunt. The actual town of Hughenden began in 1870 as a barracks for the paramilitary Native Police with sub-Inspector Harry Finch and his six troopers constructing the simple buildings at the junction of Station Creek with the Flinders River. In 1877, William Mark built a pub near the barracks and in August of that year the township site was officially surveyed and allotments made available for purchase. Hughenden Post Office opened on 1 July 1878 (a receiving office had been open from 1874). Hughenden Provisional School opened on 22 April 1880, becoming Hughenden State School in 1884. On 30 January 1968, it was expanded to have a secondary department. In November 1883, "Hughenden West Estate" made up of 37 allotments were advertised to be auctioned by Wilson, Ayton and Ryan of Townsville. A map advertising the auction states the allotments are charmingly situated on high sloping ground, overlooking the Town of Hughenden, within a few minutes walk to the Post and Telegraph Offices, the Court House and the business centre of town. The map also states these residence sites only need the completion of the railway works to enormously increase its value. Hughenden North Provisional School opened , becoming Hughenden North State School on 1 January 1909. Due to low attendances, it closed in 1926. St Francis' Catholic School was opened on 1 October 1900 by the Sisters of the Good Samaritan. Torrens Creek near Hughenden is where the Americans stored explosives in World War II. The Americans didn't know of the dangerous bush fires out there. After they put out a fire they went back to camp thinking that the fire was out. However, the fire took hold again without them knowing. They then heard about twelve major explosions in succession; the explosions left craters twenty feet deep. Hot shrapnel covered a wide area and started more fires. In the townships, people said that buildings shook and windows broke, and some people were convinced that an air raid had occurred. Thousands of soldiers and civilians attacked the blaze in an attempt to stop it spreading to fuel dumps, but were unable to control it. When the fire got to the explosives it was so powerful it blew the Americans out of their trucks. Many buildings and shops got burnt down from the spreading fires. However the locals were able to save the post office. A police Constable from Torrens Creek Police was awarded the King's Medal of Bravery. In June 1945 it was announced that a new court house would be built in Hughenden in the 1945-1946 financial year with architectural plans drawn up in August 1945. However, it was not until September 1946 that the Executive Council of the Queensland Government approved expenditure of £31,560 for the project. In September 1947, the project stopped because it was determined that the foundations would not support a 2-storey building and that the new court house would have to be redesigned as single-level building. In January 1950, the new plans for the one-storey building were announced and by October that year, the construction was progressing in "leaps and bounds". A shortage of cement appears to have delayed the project until 10,000 tons of cement was imported from England in January 1951. By January 1952, three-quarters of the framing had been completed while the project was suffering from a shortage of skilled labour and the cost having risen to an estimated £60,000. In October 1954 the court house was described as "almost completed", but it was not until 1955 that the court house opened. In 1960, the Hughenden branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association opened their hall. On 9 June 2003 in the Queen's Birthday Honours List, Mrs Jean Eva Anderson of Ballater Station of Stamford was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia for her "service to the community of Hughenden, particularly through the Country Womens Association". She had given 52 years of service to the Hughenden branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association. Her award was presented to her by the Governor of Queensland, Quentin Bryce. Heritage listings Hughenden has a number of heritage-listed sites, including: 25 Gray Street: The Grand Hotel Geography Hughenden is located on the Flinders Highway, west of Townsville and north-west of Brisbane, the state capital. The region around Hughenden is a major centre for the grazing of sheep and cattle. The main feed is annual grasses known as Flinders grass, which grow rapidly on the (by Australian standards) fertile grey or brown cracking clay soils after rain between November and March. However, because the rainfall is extremely erratic — at Hughenden itself it has ranged from in 1926 to in 1950 — droughts and floods are normal and stock number fluctuate greatly. The runoff from the Flinders River is much too erratic to provide a sustainable supply for any crop-growing via irrigation. Climate Hughenden has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh). Record temperatures have varied from around in the summer months to as low as in winter, but average maximum temperatures are usually a very hot in summer and a very warm in June and July. Minimum temperatures range from in summer to around in winter. On average, a minimum below is recorded once per year. The average annual rainfall is around , of which over three-quarters falls from November to March. Between May and September, rainfall is extremely rare: the median rainfall is zero in August, less than in July and September and less than in April, May, June and October. Variability is extreme, however, and totals as high as occur roughly one year in ten, whilst in the driest years as little as can be recorded. Between December and March, monthly totals can exceed if the monsoon is vigorous, with the wettest month being January 1984 with . Humidity is generally low except when the monsoon is active, when relatively lower temperatures accompany high humidity. The same applies to cloudiness: in the dry winter months over twenty days are completely clear. Media Hughenden is served by five radio stations. Facilities Hughenden has a visitor information centre, showground, shire hall, and racecourse. The Flinders Shire Council operates the Flinders Shire Public Library at 39 Grey Street. The Hughenden branch of the Queensland Country Women's Association has its rooms at 42 Stansfield Street. Sport Hughenden has a large range of sports on offer, including pony clubs, swimming, lawn bowls, golf, netball, tennis, campdrafting, rugby league, and gymnastics. The Hughenden Hawks are the local Rugby League team. The Hughenden Rugby 7's is a popular one day Rugby Union Carnival, run in the town since 2012. Attractions Apart from agricultural business, Hughenden also boasts a replica of the Muttaburrasaurus, a dinosaur, whose bones were discovered in 1963 near Muttaburra ( by road from Hughenden) and some teeth and other bones were also discovered around Hughenden. One reason for fossils being discovered must be the dry climate, which means the rocks are usually bare of vegetation. The town is home to the Hughenden Dinosaur Festival, which attracts tourists and includes entertainment and other events. Other annual events include the Hughenden Show, held the first weekend in June; the Hughenden Country Music Festival, held every Easter week end and the Bullride and Race Day which is held in September. The Matron's Ball is also a popular annual event. In August 2008, Hughenden hosted the first Arid Lands Festival and The Great Hughenden Camel Endurance Challenge. Transport Hughenden Airport See also Porcupine Gorge National Park Kennedy Energy Park References Further reading The Railways of Hughenden Knowles, J.W. Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, April, 1965 External links University of Queensland: Queensland Places: Hughenden Town map of Hughenden, 1979, northern and southern sections Category:Towns in Queensland Category:North West Queensland Category:Shire of Flinders (Queensland) Category:Queensland in World War II Category:Localities in Queensland	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Lancastrian and Cumbrian Volunteers The Lancastrian and Cumbrian Volunteers was a Territorial Army unit of the British Army. It was formed on 1 July 1999 following the Strategic Defence Review by the amalgamation of the 4th Battalion Queen's Lancashire Regiment and the 4th (Volunteer) Battalion of the King's Own Royal Border Regiment. On 1 July 2006, the Lancastrian and Cumbrian Volunteers were amalgamated with the King's Regiment companies of the King's and Cheshire Regiment to form the new 4th Battalion (Volunteers), Duke of Lancaster's Regiment (King's Lancashire and Border). References Category:Infantry regiments of the British Army Category:Military units and formations established in 1999 Category:1999 establishments in the United Kingdom	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Wrigley Wrigley may refer to: Wrigley Company, a chewing-gum manufacturer EG Wrigley and Company, a British manufacturer of cars, car components and mechanical parts Wrigley Building, a skyscraper in Chicago Wrigley Field, a ballpark in Chicago Wrigley National Midget Tournament, Canadian ice-hockey tournament (1973-1978) Placenames Wrigley, Kentucky, United States Wrigley, Northwest Territories, Canada People Wrigley (surname)	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
Stephen Girard Whipple Stephen Girard Whipple (November 5, 1823 - October 21, 1895) was a 49er, newspaper editor, politician, and a Union officer commanding an all-volunteer "Battalion of Mountaineers" and the Humboldt Military District in the Bald Hills War against the Indians in northwest California during the American Civil War. After the Civil War he was an officer in the U. S. Army serving in the Apache Wars and in the Nez Perce War and at various frontier posts. Early life Stephen Girard Whipple was born on November 15, 1823 in Williston, Vermont. He went to California during the 1849 Gold Rush and entered state politics. He served as a member of the California State Assembly for the 12th District in 1854-55 and 1857-58. He was involved in the California State Militia and was one of several influential men who wrote to the Governor of California to establish a volunteer company called the Citizens of Crescent City in 1856 to defend Crescent City against attack by Indians of Klamath County. He was also editor of the Northern Californian, one of two newspapers on the Humboldt Bay. While Whipple was away on business, Bret Harte, who worked for Whipple's paper, wrote against the killers of the Indian Island Massacre (in opposition to Whipple's views) and soon left the area due to the threats against his life. Civil War: the Bald Hills War In the early part of the Civil War, Whipple wrote to the Department of the Pacific Commander advocating a more active prosecution of the war with the Indians in the Bald Hills War, with men used to the hardships of war in the mountainous redwood forests. His idea was adopted and he was appointed as Lieutenant Colonel commanding the 1st Battalion California Volunteer Mountaineers, a special light infantry Battalion. This unit was recruited primarily from Californians familiar with the area of the Humboldt Military District for the purpose of "capturing or killing" the Indians. On July 13, 1863, Lt. Col. Whipple was appointed to command the Humboldt Military District, which he held until February, 1864, and began implementing his approach to the war. He was elected to serve again in the Assembly for the 27th District in 1863, and gave up his command from February 8, 1864 to June 1864, to attend the meeting of the State legislature, Colonel Henry M. Black taking his place. Whipple regained the command of the district again in June 1864, and held it until the district was absorbed by the Department of California on July 27, 1865. Aggressive patrolling and skirmishing by the Mountaineers and companies of other California volunteer regiments in the district during all times of the year eventually drove the tribes to make peace in August 1864. Career in the U.S. Army and later life Following the Civil War Whipple chose to remain on active duty and received a commission as captain in the U. S. Army, most notably serving in Arizona under George Crook against the Apache. It was during his time in Arizona Territory that he made the acquaintance of Mrs. Georgia Ella [Harriman] Lord, recently widowed. Stephen later married Georgia at Saint Peter's Episcopal Church, Baltimore, Baltimore City, Maryland October 21, 1875. He adopted Georgia's daughter Sophie and they had two sons of their own; Elmer Judson Whipple, born 1876, and Stephen Cranston Whipple, born 1889. Captain Whipple also took part in the Nez Perce War. On July 1, 1877, Whipple led the attack on Chief Looking Glass' camp but failed to capture Looking Glass as ordered. He then took part in the fights at Cottonwood Ranch from July 3–5, and fought in the Battle of the Clearwater. He retired from the army in 1884 after twenty-one years of service. He was a Member of the Freemasons and of the Grand Army of the Republic. Death Whipple died in Eureka, California, on October 21, 1895 and was buried in the G.A.R. section of the Myrtle Grove Cemetery in Eureka with a government military headstone installed to mark his grave. After his death, Georgia filed for a Civil War widow's pension October 12, 1897. She received application No. 663,941 and certificate No. 512,495. During a restoration of the Myrtle Grove Cemetery a work party located Whipple's marker under several inches of earth and grass, which they cleaned and reset. References Category:1823 births Category:1895 deaths Category:Union Army officers Category:People of California in the American Civil War Category:American people of the Indian Wars Category:Bald Hills War Category:People from Williston, Vermont	{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }

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