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Flathróe mac Fiachrach
Flathróe mac Fiachrach (died 774) was a Dál nAraidi king of the Cruthin in Ulaid, a medieval over-kingdom in Ireland. He was the son of Fiachra Cossalach (died 710), a previous king. He may have belonged to the Eilne branch of the family. He ruled from 749-774.
Nothing is recorded of his reign in the annals but his death notice is significant in that it was the last time the title king of the Cruthin was used for the kings of Dál nAraidi.
Flathróe mac Fiachrach's genealogy is recorded in Leabhar na nGenealach as; "Oilill s. Cumascach s. Flannagán s. Eochaid s. Breasal s. Flaithrí s. Fiachra Cos-salach s. Dúnghalach s. Scannal s. Béice s. Fiachra Crach, who is Teallán s. Baodán s. Eochaidh.".
Notes
References
Annals of Ulster at at University College Cork
Mac Niocaill, Gearoid (1972), Ireland before the Vikings, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan
External links
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Category:Cruthin
Category:Ulaid
Category:Kings of Dál nAraidi
Category:8th-century Irish monarchs
Category:774 deaths
Category:Year of birth unknown | {
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} |
Rock Creek, Plumas County, California
Rock Creek is an unincorporated community in Plumas County, California. It lies at an elevation of 1863 feet (568 m). Rock Creek is located on the Western Pacific Railroad, west-southwest of Storrie.
References
Category:Unincorporated communities in California
Category:Unincorporated communities in Plumas County, California | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Cervical spinal nerve 5
The cervical spinal nerve 5 (C5) is a spinal nerve of the cervical segment.
It originates from the spinal column from above the cervical vertebra 5 (C5). It contributes to the phrenic nerve, long thoracic nerve, and dorsal scapular nerve before joining cervical spinal nerve 6 to form the upper trunk, a trunk of the brachial plexus, which then forms the lateral cord, and finally the musculocutaneous nerve.
Additional Images
References
Category:Spinal nerves | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Virginia's 10th House of Delegates district
Virginia's 10th House of Delegates district elects one of the 100 members of the Virginia House of Delegates, the lower house of the state's bicameral legislature. The district includes portions of Clarke, Frederick, and Loudoun counties. The district's representative is Wendy Gooditis.
District officeholders
References
010
Category:Clarke County, Virginia
Category:Frederick County, Virginia
Category:Government in Loudoun County, Virginia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest
Norway has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 58 times since making its debut in and has only been absent twice since then. In 1970, the country boycotted the contest over disagreements about the voting structure, and in 2002, they were relegated. The contest is broadcast in Norway by NRK, which also broadcasts Norway's national selection competition, the Melodi Grand Prix.
Before 1985, Norway's best result in the contest was Åse Kleveland's third-place in . Norway's three victories in the contest were achieved by Bobbysocks in , Secret Garden in and Alexander Rybak in . Norway also finished second at the contest, with former Bobbysocks member Elisabeth Andreassen. Norway has finished last in eleven Eurovision Song Contest finals, of which four times with "nul points". Norway has a total of eleven top-five results in the contest, the latest being Margaret Berger's fourth place in .
History
Norway's first entrant in the contest in 1960 was Nora Brockstedt, who finished fourth. Åse Kleveland then finished third in . Following Kleveland's result, Norway would fail to reach the top ten in 14 out of their next 15 attempts, the exception being Bendik Singers seventh place in .
Before , Norway had only reached the top five in two out of 24 attempts and had finished last six times. In 1985, Bobbysocks gave the country its first victory with the song "La det swinge" (Let It Swing). Norway went on to achieve two more top five results over the next ten years, with both Karoline Krüger in and Silje Vige in , finishing fifth.
Norway's second victory came in 1995 with Secret Garden's mainly instrumental, Celtic-influenced ethno-piece "Nocturne". In , Elisabeth Andreassen, who had won the contest as one half of Bobbysocks, returned to finish second. In , Jostein Hasselgård was fourth.
Norway won for the third time in 2009, with Alexander Rybak's smash hit "Fairytale". The 2009 winning score of 387 points being the highest ever winning total under the voting system used between 1975 and 2015. It also achieved the biggest ever margin of victory. In 2009 winning score 387 points being the highest ever winning. 492 points were able to be rewarded in 2009. (2009-Norway) That's 78.7% of the total points that could be rewarded. In 2012 winning score 372 points being the second-highest point ever winning. 492 points were able to be rewarded in 2012. That's 75.6% of the total points that could be rewarded. (2012-Sweden)
In , Norway finished last in the final for the 11th time. Norway has the two dubious distinctions of having finished last in the Eurovision final more than any other country and for having the most "nul points" (zero points) in the contest, failing to score a point four times, in , , and . Austria has also scored "nul points" four times.
Since the introduction of the semi-final round in 2004, Norway has finished in the top ten seven times. Wig Wam finished ninth with the song "In My Dreams" in , Maria Haukaas Storeng was fifth in 2008 with "Hold On Be Strong", Alexander Rybak won in 2009, Margaret Berger was fourth in 2013 with "I Feed You My Love", Carl Espen finished eighth in 2014 performing "Silent Storm", Mørland & Debrah Scarlett finished eighth in with "A Monster Like Me", JOWST featuring Aleksander Walmann finished tenth with the song "Grab the Moment" in and Keiino finished sixth with the song Spirit in the Sky in (when they also finished first with the televote in the Grand Final). Norway has a total of 11 top five and 24 top ten results in the contest.
Contestants
Hostings
Songs of Europe
Awards
Marcel Bezençon Awards
Winner by OGAE members
Related involvement
Heads of delegation
Commentators and spokespersons
Conductors
All conductors are Norwegian.
Supervisors
List of supervisors of Melodi Grand Prix, better known as MGP-general or GP-general in Norway:
Per Sundnes (–2012)
Vivi Stenberg (2013–2015)
Jan Fredrik Karlsen (2016–2017)
Stig Karlsen (2018–present)
Gallery
See also
Melodi Grand Prix
Norway in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest – Junior version of the Eurovision Song Contest.
Norway in the Eurovision Young Dancers – A competition organised by the EBU for younger dancers aged between 16 and 21.
Norway in the Eurovision Young Musicians – A competition organised by the EBU for musicians aged 18 years and younger.
Notes and references
Notes
References
External links
Melodi Grand Prix
Points to and from Norway eurovisioncovers.co.uk
Category:Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest
Category:Countries in the Eurovision Song Contest
Category:Melodi Grand Prix | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
People's Park Centre
People's Park Centre is a mixed-use development, strata-titled development located at the junction of Eu Tong Sen Street and Upper Cross Street in Outram, Singapore next to Chinatown MRT station. It has a mix of residential units, shops and offices. Constructed on the land sold in the first Government Land Sales (GLS) programme, People's Park Centre marks an important chapter in the architectural history of post-independence Singapore. Completed in 1973, the centre is now slated for redevelopment.
History
In 1967, the Singapore Government started the Government Land Sales (GLS) programme. Three plots of land are up for public tender for the first time, each on 99-years leasehold. One of the plot was subsequently developed into People's Park Centre. This was an important chapter in the architectural history of post-independent Singapore. The Singapore Land Authority, a statutory board under the Ministry of Law, stated the objective for such GLS was to develop tourism. Therefore, the land was tendered for commercial usage. Construction began afterwards and the Centre was completed in 1973.
The Centre is a strata-titled development in which the Centre ownership is subdivided into units (shops, offices or residential) with each of the owner of a unit called a Subsidiary Proprietor (SP). The common areas (such as access corridors, lifts) are shared by the SPs. Under Singapore Building Maintenance and Strata Management Act, the SPs need to form a Management Corporation Strata Title (MCST) collectively. The MCST formed must hold Annual General Meetings to decide on matters pertaining to the Centre maintenance and management. The MCST of the Centre was formed on the 28 March 1978 (MCST 0393). HBA Group Property Consultants is currently appointed to maintain the Centre by the MCST.
Layout
Located along Upper Cross Street in Outram, Singapore, People's Park Centre is a mixed-use development which is made up of residential units, shops and offices. For the retail component, there are a total of 247 shops. In a 1984 survey conducted by National University of Singapore, out of these there are 38 convenience shops, 170 retail shops as well as 39 specialty shops. There are a couple of law firms that occupies the offices in the Centre, such as the branch office of Eugene Thuraisingam LLP.
Redevelopment
The Centre is planned for redevelopment. A collective sales committee is established and a property agency will be appointed to handle the redevelopment. It is reported that around half of the owners of the Centre attended the last meeting and majority is in favour of the sales.
See also
People's Park Complex
References
External links
Category:Chinatown, Singapore
Category:Shopping malls in Singapore | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Little Leighs
Little Leighs is a village in the City of Chelmsford in the English county of Essex. It is part of the parish of Great and Little Leighs.
Little Leighs lies beside the River Ter, just south of the village of Great Leighs. Until rerouting bypassed the village, Little Leighs was on the A131 road.
The church in the village is dedicated to St John the Evangelist. Built of flint rubble, the fabric of the structure dates back at least as far as the early twelfth century.
External links
Great and Little Leighs Parish Council
Churches at the Leighs and Lt. Waltham
The War Memorials at the Churches of Gt. & Lt. Leighs and Lt. Waltham
References
Category:Villages in Essex | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Platyderus depressus
Platyderus depressus is a species of ground beetle native to Europe.
References
Category:Platyderus
Category:Beetles described in 1821
Category:Beetles of Europe | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vergilov Ridge
Vergilov Ridge (, 'Vergilov Hrebet' \ver-'gi-lov 'hre-bet\) is a submarine ridge in South Bay, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It extends 3.5 km in a southeast-northwest direction between the Vergilov Rocks and the opposite Pimpirev Beach at a depth of over 50 m, with depths exceeding 100 m on both sides of the ridge. It was formed as a frontal moraine of Perunika Glacier between the 13th and 17th centuries.
The feature takes its name from the Vergilov Rocks.
Location
Vergilov Ridge is centred at . Spanish mapping in 1991.
See also
Vergilov Rocks
Maps
Isla Livingston: Península Hurd. Mapa topográfico de escala 1:25000. Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991. (Map reproduced on p. 16 of the linked work)
L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009.
Antarctica, South Shetland Islands, Livingston Island: Bulgarian Antarctic Base. Sheets 1 and 2. Scale 1:2000 topographic map. Geodesy, Cartography and Cadastre Agency, 2016. (in Bulgarian)
Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.
L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.
References
Vergilov Ridge. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer.
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
External links
Vergilov Ridge. Copernix satellite image
Category:Ridges of Livingston Island
Category:Bulgaria and the Antarctic | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Anthony Obi
Anthony Obi was a Nigerian Lt. Colonel who served as Military Administrator of Osun State (August 1996 – August 1998) during the military regime of General Sani Abacha.
He then became Military Administrator of Abia State in August 1998, handing over power to the civilian governor Orji Uzor Kalu in May 1999.
Career
He inherited problems in Osun State with conflict between the Ife and Modakeke people, which periodically erupted into violence. A crisis was triggered when his administration decided to move the local council headquarters from one town to the other.
Anthony Obi set up a Royal Committee to make recommendations on resolving the crisis, and declared a seven-day fasting and prayer program in March 1998 concentrating on peace in Ile-Ife.
During his administration of Osun State he commissioned a water corporation office in Ifetedo, but did not provide adequate water supplies.
When two factions of the union of Local Government Employees began publishing two rival newsletters, Anthony Obi banned them both.
In September 1998, Lieut. Col. Anthony Obi told reporters that the 31 members of the Provisional Ruling Council and all 36 state military administrators would declare their assets, in line with General Abdulsalami Abubakar's intention to hand over a clean administration to civilian rulers in May 1999.
As administrator of Abia State, he built Camp Neya, a government retreat and golf course in undulating country in Igbere, commissioned on his last day in power on May 28, 1999.
References
Category:Nigerian Army officers
Category:Living people
Category:Governors of Abia State
Category:Governors of Osun State
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1996 IGA Classic – Singles
The 1996 IGA Classic – Singles was a women's tennis tournament. Brenda Schultz-McCarthy was the defending champion and won in the final 6–3, 6–2 against Amanda Coetzer.
Seeds
A champion seed is indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which that seed was eliminated.
Chanda Rubin (Semifinals)
Brenda Schultz-McCarthy (Champion)
Amanda Coetzer (Final)
Amy Frazier (Quarterfinals)
Lisa Raymond (Quarterfinals)
Joannette Kruger (Quarterfinals)
Elena Likhovtseva (Semifinals)
Florencia Labat (Second Round)
Draw
External links
1996 IGA Classic Draw
Category:U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships
Category:1996 WTA Tour | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lifestyling
Lifestyling is the practice of reducing the risk of a pension or other investment as the end of the term approaches, typically by shifting to less volatile and lower risk investment funds.
References
Description of lifestyling from Scottish Life
Category:Pensions | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Arifin Shuvoo
Arifin Shuvoo (; pronunciation : ) is a Bangladeshi film actor and television personality. He is the recipient of several awards and nominations, including two Meril Prothom Alo Awards. He made his debut in 2007, appearing in television series Ha/Na before appearing in his first film Jaago - Dare To Dream in 2010. He made a debut into mainstream cinema with Purno Doirgho Prem Kahini in 2013. For his negative role in the film, he received a nomination for Best Actor at the Meril Prothom Alo Awards. He later went on to star in Bhalobasha Zindabad in 2013 and the romantic action film Agnee in 2014. In 2015, his performance in Chuye Dile Mon earned him his first Meril Prothom Alo Award for Best Actor. He later starred in the film Musafir directed by Ashiqur Rahman in 2016.
Personal life
Shuvo is married to fashion designer Arpita Samaddar from India.
Career
2007–2009: Television
Before working in television, Shuvo worked in television commercials. He made his acting debut in 2007, with appearance in Mostofa Sarwar Farooki's television series Ha/Na in 2007, where he had a recurring role. He also had a recurring role in the show Iz Equal Two in 2008.
He then starred in the television series Serious Ekta Kotha Ache alongside Mosharraf Karim. His performance was praised by critics. Another critically praised performance of his was in the show Lilaboti. He continued in television until 2009 before starring in his debut film Jaago - Dare To Dream.
2009–2013: Debut and breakthrough
Shuvo made his film debut in 2010 with Khijir Hayat Khan's sports drama film Jaago - Dare To Dream, starring alongside Ferdous Ahmed and Afsana Ara Bindu. He made his breakthrough by starring in Shafi Uddin's Purno Doirgho Prem Kahini where he played the antagonist. The film was a huge success commercially and his performance was highly praised by critics, earning him a Best Actor nomination at the Meril Prothom Alo Awards. He next starred in Debashish Biswas' Bhalobasha Zindabad alongside Airin Sultana.
2014–present: Critical acclaim
In 2014, Shuvo was first seen in Iftakar Chowdhury's action thriller Agnee, alongside Mahiya Mahi. He next started in MM Kamal Raj's Taarkata, which received mixed to negative reviews from critics and received a mixed reaction from the audience. The film was a commercial failure. His next project, Ashiqur Rahman's Kistimaat, co-starring Achol, where he plays the role of a cop, was a huge success at box office and was critically a success. The film was one of the highest-grossing films of 2014.
In 2015, he starred in Shihab Shaheen's romantic drama film Chuye Dile Mon, alongside Zakia Bari Momo. The film and his performance was highly appreciated by both critics and audience, earning Shuvo his first Meril Prothom Alo award for Best Actor He next went on to star in Uddin's Warning alongside Mahiya Mahi. The film was a moderate success commercially.
In 2016, Shuvo starred in Ashiqur Rahman's Musafir. He then starred in Ostitto which released in May 2016. He also starred in the Indo-Bangladeshi joint venture Niyoti, which was produced by Jaaz Multimedia and Eskay Movies.
In 2017, Shuvoo began the year with Premi o Premi and Dhat Teri Ki, both being produced by Jaaz Multimedia and co-starring Nusrat Faria Mazhar. Regarding the former, the film and Shuvoo's performance were critically acclaimed. Shuvoo also gave the voiceover for the first animated film of Bangladesh Detective. Later he acted in the film Dhaka Attack which was a huge blockbuster in the box office. The film was directed by "Dipankar Dipan". The film was the highest grossing Bangladeshi film of 2017 & still it is the 3rd highest grossing Bangladeshi film of all time. And it is also the highest grossing Bangladeshi film worldwide.
In 2018, Shuvoo started the year with Valo Theko produced by 'Tiger Media' co-starring Tanha Tasnia Islam. Though the story of this film was good enough, Shuvoo received negative reviews from the critics for acting in this film. Next he started his new project Ahare co-starring Rituporna Sengupta which is completely an Indian Bengali film. His most recent work is in Shapludu, a political thriller directed by Golam Sohrab Dodul, where he portrayed the character of Arman. The movie was released on 27 September 2019. He has also signed a Police action thriller Mission Extreme.
Filmography
Film
Television
Playback
Other works
TV commercials
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:21st-century Bangladeshi male actors
Category:Bangladeshi male film actors
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Recipients of the National Film Awards (Bangladesh) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Yuri Villefort
Yuri Villefort (born March 23, 1991) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist who competes in the Welterweight division. A professional competitor since 2009, he has competed for the UFC and Strikeforce. He is the younger brother of fellow mixed martial artist Danillo Villefort.
Mixed martial arts career
Early career
Yuri started his career in 2009 and fought mainly for Florida-based promotions. With a record of six victories and no losses, Villefort signed with Strikeforce.
Strikeforce
Villefort was expected to face Travis Bush on July 24, 2011 at Strikeforce Challengers 16: Fodor vs. Terry. However, he was removed from the event due to training injuries.
Villefort made his debut against Quinn Mulhern on May 19, 2012 at Strikeforce: Barnett vs. Cormier. He lost via split decision (30–27 Mulhern, 29–28 Villefort, 29–28 Mulhern).
Villefort was expected to face Nah-Shon Burrell on September 29, 2012 at Strikeforce: Melendez vs. Healy. However, the event was cancelled due to headliner and lightweight champion Gilbert Melendez getting injured.
Ultimate Fighting Championship
Villefort made his promotional debut against fellow Strikeforce import Nah-Shon Burrell on February 23, 2013 at UFC 157. He lost the back-and-forth fight via unanimous decision (30–27, 29–28, 29–28).
Villefort faced Sean Spencer on September 4, 2013 at UFC Fight Night: Teixeira vs. Bader. He lost the fight via split decision (30–27 Spencer, 29–28 Villefort, 29–28 Spencer). and was subsequently released from the promotion.
Post-UFC career
Villefort returned to MMA after a one-year hiatus, and faced Chris Bennett at Fight Time 21 on November 7, 2014. Despite being the considerable favorite coming into the fight, Villefort would lose the fight via guillotine choke, just forty-five seconds into the first round.
Mixed martial arts record
|-
|Loss
|align=center|11–7
|João Zeferino
|Decision (unanimous)
|PFL 6
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|1:10
|Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|11–6
|Rick Story
|Decision (unanimous)
|PFL 3
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Washington, D.C., United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|11–5
|Victor Moreno
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Victory FC 59
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:29
|Omaha, Nebraska, United States
|Defended Victory FC Welterweight Championship.
|-
|Win
|align=center|10–5
|Kassius Holdorf
|Decision (unanimous)
|Victory FC 56
|
|align=center|5
|align=center|5:00
|Omaha, Nebraska, United States
|Won Victory FC Welterweight Championship.
|-
|Win
|align=center|9–5
|Cody Carrillo
|Decision (unanimous)
|Victory FC 50
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Topeka, Kansas, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|8–5
|Kenneth Glenn
|KO (knee)
|Victory FC 47
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:15
|Omaha, Nebraska, United States
|Catchweight bout of 163 lbs.
|-
|Win
|align=center|7–5
|Doug Jenkins
|KO (punches)
|Gladiator Cage Fights
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|1:40
|St. Charles, Missouri, United States
|Catchweight bout of 160 lbs.
|-
|Loss
|align=center|6–5
|Adam Townsend
|Decision (unanimous)
|RFA vs. Legacy FC 1: Pantoja vs. Page
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Robinsonville, Mississippi, United States
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|6–4
|Chris Bennett
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Fight Time 21: Soares vs. Barroso
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:45
|Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|Returned to Lightweight.
|-
|Loss
|align=center|6–3
|Sean Spencer
|Decision (split)
|UFC Fight Night: Teixeira vs. Bader
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
|
|-
|Loss
|align=center|6–2
|Nah-Shon Burrell
|Decision (unanimous)
|UFC 157
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Anaheim, California, United States
|Catchweight bout (175.8 lb); Burrell missed weight.
|-
|Loss
|align=center|6–1
|Quinn Mulhern
|Decision (split)
|Strikeforce: Barnett vs. Cormier
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|San Jose, California, United States
|<small>Moved up to Welterweight.
|-
|Win
|align=center|6–0
|Jason Fitzhugh
|Submission (armbar)
|Action Fight League: Rock-N-Rumble 3
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|2:04
|Hollywood, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|5–0
|Julio César Andrade
|Decision (unanimous)
|Bitetti Combat 6
|
|align=center|3
|align=center|5:00
|Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|4–0
|Joshua Lee
|TKO (punches)
|Unconquered 1: November Reign
|
|align=center|2
|align=center|4:08
|Coral Gables, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|3–0
|Frank Carrillo
|KO (punch)
|G-Force Fights: Bad Blood 2
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|4:03
|Coral Gables, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|2–0
|Bounmy Somchay
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|XFN: Da Matta vs. Thorne
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:22
|Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
|-
|Win
|align=center|1–0
|Lindon Mitchell
|Submission (heel hook)
|RW 3: Florida
|
|align=center|1
|align=center|0:51
|Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
|
References
External links
Category:1991 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Brasília
Category:Brazilian male mixed martial artists
Category:Welterweight mixed martial artists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Eric Prentice
Eric Dayton "Doc, Splendid Splinter" Prentice (August 22, 1926 – December 8, 2002) was a professional ice hockey left winger who played a total of 5 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Maple Leafs. Prentice still holds the record for the youngest player ever signed by the Toronto Maple Leafs - he was 17. His brother Dean had a long career in the NHL, mainly with the New York Rangers, the Boston Bruins and the Detroit Red Wings.
Career
Prentice played the 1942–43 season with the Timmins Buffalo Ankerites in the Thunder Bay Junior A Hockey League. He then spent the 1943–44 season playing with Providence-Hershey in the American Hockey League. He made his only appearance in the NHL when he played five games for the Toronto Maple Leafs. During those five games, he failed to record a point and spent 4 minutes in the penalty box. In 1944–45, he played with the Pittsburgh Hornets in the American Hockey League. He then split the 1945–46 season between the Omaha Knights in the United States Hockey League and the Hollywood Wolves in the Pacific Coast Hockey League. He went back to the Wolves in 1946–47.
Next he then played for the Fresno Falcons in 1947–48. He then spent 1948–49 with the Philadelphia Rockets before ending his professional career in 1949–50 in Oakland-LA-Fresno in the PCHL.
Post-hockey
Prentice was the father of former Premier of Alberta Jim Prentice. Prentice died on December 8, 2002 in Coleman, Alberta from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
References
Category:1926 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Category:Deaths from motor neuron disease
Category:Hershey Bears players
Category:Sportspeople from Timmins
Category:Neurological disease deaths in Canada
Category:Pittsburgh Hornets players
Category:Philadelphia Rockets players
Category:Providence Reds players
Category:Toronto Maple Leafs players
Category:Ice hockey people from Ontario | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kalyves Polygyrou
Kalyves Polygyrou or Kalives, (, ), old name Mecyberna,
is a village in Chalkidiki peninsula in Central Macedonia of Northern Greece.
There is a kindergarten and primary school to accommodate pupils of both Kalyves and the nearby village of Yerakini. Patron Saint of the village is St. Modestus.
Location
Kalyves is located on the gulf of Torone, between the two fingers (smaller peninsulas) of Kassandra and Sithonia, 70 km southeast of Thessaloniki, 4.5 km west of Yerakini (Gerakini) and 6 km east of Olynthus.
It belongs to the Municipality of Polygyros, the capital town of Chalkidiki.
Etymology and history
Kalyves Polygyrou means “Huts of Polygyros” as the first inhabitants, farmers, who settled from Polygyros in the late 1800s and early 1900s, had small houses as homesteads for the cultivation of their land in the area, ever since belonging to its municipality administration (municipal unit).
In the past the area was also involved in sericulture (silk farming).
In ancient times it used to be an independent city and seaport of Olynthus.
Economy
Olive farming is the main occupation of the residents, for green table olives and olive oil. In the north there is the Industrial area of Polygyros with a number of companies and the magnesite mines of Patelidas.
The population is increased in the summer months June to August by many holidaymakers, mainly Greeks, most of whom have their summer homes there.
It has a long beach stretching from Mikyverna (Mecyberna
) residences beach to Agios Mamas beach. On the beach one can find many hotels, taverns, bars and the remains of the old windmill “Molyvopyrgos” in the west.
A big summer resort started its operations on the beach near the windmill in the spring of 2015.
References
External links
Category:Populated places in Chalkidiki | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Southern fiscal
The southern fiscal, common fiscal or fiscal shrike (Lanius collaris) is a member of the shrike family found through most of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is also sometimes named jackie hangman or butcher bird due to its habit of impaling its prey on acacia thorns to store the food for later consumption. It was previously lumped together with the northern fiscal (Lanius humeralis). Together they were known as the common fiscal.
Taxonomy
In 1760 the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson included a description of the southern fiscal in his Ornithologie based on a specimen collected from the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. He used the French name La pie-griesche du Cap de Bonne Espérance and the Latin Lanius capitis Bonae Spei. Although Brisson coined Latin names, these do not conform to the binomial system and are not recognised by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. When in 1766 the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the twelfth edition, he added 240 species that had been previously described by Brisson. One of these was the southern fiscal. Linnaeus included a brief description, coined the current binomial name Lanius collaris and cited Brisson's work. The specific name collaris is Latin for "of the neck.
Five subspecies are recognised.
L. c. aridicolus Clancey, 1955 – south western Angola and north western Namibia (dune-fog zone of the Namib Desert)
L. c. collaris Linnaeus, 1766 – extreme southern Namibia, southern, central and eastern South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, and extreme southern Mozambique (Maputo)(except the south), Zambia, northern Botswana, and possibly also extreme south western Tanzania and extreme north eastern Namibia
L. c. marwitzi Reichenow, 1901 Uhehe fiscal – north eastern, central and south eastern Tanzania, northern Malawi
L. c. pyrrhostictus Holub & Pelzeln, 1882 – extreme north eastern Botswana (around Basuto), southern Zimbabwe (south of Harare), north eastern and eastern South Africa (Limpopo and Mpumalanga), and south western Mozambique (almost restricted to Gaza province)
L. c. subcoronatus A. Smith, 1841 – extreme south east Angola, Namibia (excluding the coastal north west and extreme south), Botswana, south western Zimbabwe, and northern South Africa (south to north western Northern Cape and central Free State)
Description
This is a fairly distinctive 21–23-cm long passerine with white underparts and black upperparts extending from the top of the head down to the tail. The bird has a characteristic white "V" on the back and a relatively long black tail with white outer feathers and white tips on the other feathers. The bill, eyes and legs are black. Adult male and female common fiscals are quite similar except for the rufous lower flank of the female.
The calls are a jumbled mix of shrike-like swizzling sounds including some imitations and a harsh Dzzzttt-dzzzt-dzzzt alarm call. Most of those calls however are either threatening or alarm calls. The species sometimes produces a surprisingly sweet, quiet song, although such song, however sweet it sounds, generally is either territorial or pair-bonding in function.
Distribution and habitat
The southern fiscal lives in a wide range of habitats from grassland with fences for perching to acacia thornveld or even woodland, but avoids very dense habitats where its hunting would be impaired.
Behaviour
The southern fiscal is usually solitary and hunts insects and small rodents from an exposed perch or the tops of shrubs. Territorial size is directly related to the density of hunting perches. Installing more artificial perches causes the fiscal to reduce its territory size and allow more birds in the affected range.
In eastern Africa, the southern fiscal is a major predator of the plain tiger butterfly.
References
Ian Sinclair, Phil Hockey and Warwick Tarboton, SASOL Birds of Southern Africa (Struik 2002)
External links
Species text - The Atlas of Southern African Birds
Videos, photos and sounds - Internet Bird Collection
southern fiscal
Category:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa
southern fiscal | {
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2007 Philadelphia mayoral election
The 2007 Philadelphia mayoral election was held on November 6, 2007 when Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States elected Michael Nutter as the Mayor of Philadelphia starting in 2008. The incumbent mayor, John F. Street was barred from seeking a third term because of term limits. The Democratic Party primary campaign saw two well-known, well-funded Philadelphia congressmen – Bob Brady and Chaka Fattah – eclipsed by self-funding businessman Tom Knox and reformist former Philadelphia City Council member Nutter, who won by a surprisingly large margin in the primary election on May 15. He went on to face Republican Party nominee Al Taubenberger in the general election, which he won by a large margin and with the lowest voter turnout in a Philadelphia mayoral election without an incumbent since 1951. Mayor Nutter was sworn in on January 7, 2008.
Background
The 2007 Philadelphia mayoral election was held to select the replacement for incumbent Mayor John F. Street, who was prevented from being re-elected a third time by term limits. Nearly four out of five Philadelphia voters are registered Democrats and the city has not elected a Republican mayor in close to sixty years.
Issues
The two major issues in the mayoral campaign were crime and corruption. Philadelphians felt crime was the most important issue because of the city's rising murder rate. There were more than 400 murders in 2006, the most in almost a decade. Corruption was also an important issue. A corruption probe resulted in the conviction a close to two dozen people, some with close ties to Mayor John F. Street. An early poll on issues concerning young adults, crime was the number one issue with public transit, economic development, education and job growth rounding out the top five.
Primary
Philadelphia City Council member Michael Nutter won the Democratic mayoral primary on May 15. His opponent, businessman Tom Knox came in second, with congressmen Bob Brady and Chaka Fattah and State Representative Dwight Evans coming in third, fourth, and fifth respectively. Al Taubenberger became the Republican nominee after running unopposed.
Businessman Tom Knox had started off strong as his self-financed campaign created a barrage of advertising. However, Michael Nutter's message of government reform and criticism of John Street gained him enough support to win the primary.
Election
On November 6, Michael Nutter easily won the mayoral election, receiving 83.4% of the vote to Taubenberger's 17.3%. The margin of victory is the largest since 1931. Nutter's margin of victory was so large the Associated Press declared a winner after just one percent of the vote was counted. Turnout in the election was light with only 28.7 percent of registered voters casting a ballot. The 2007 election had the lowest turnout in a Philadelphia mayoral election without an incumbent since the Home Rule Charter of 1951.
In the general election, the candidates for Mayor were:
Michael Nutter – A former Philadelphia City Councilman who left his seat in 2006 to run for mayor as a Democrat.
Al Taubenberger – The President of the Greater Northeast Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce who ran as a Republican.
John Staggs – A Germantown meat packer who ran as a member of the Socialist Workers Party.
In the general election, Michael Nutter became the odds-on favorite to win the election. Nutter raised US$2.9 million for his campaign while Taubenberger raised no more than US$20,000. The candidates held numerous joint appearances and had few disagreements. Towards the end of the race Taubenberger was advertising himself as the "super underdog" .
One of the most significant disagreements on issues the two candidates had was on Nutter's "stop and frisk" proposal. The proposal would allow police officers to stop and frisk people suspected of carrying illegal firearms. Taubenberger criticized the proposal, which was also criticized by Nutter's opponents in the primary and Police Commissioner Sylvester Johnson, saying the proposal could be abused and violate civil rights. Taubenberger proposed hiring more police officers to reduce the city's high murder rate.
Other disagreements dealt with the city's requirement that public employees live within the city, which Taubenberger proposed removing. Nutter said he would keep the rule, but would remove the restriction that allows only people who have lived in the city for at least one year to apply for city positions. Nutter and Taubenberger also disagreed on the city's decision to charge rent for the Cradle of Liberty Council as result of the Boy Scouts of America's policy on homosexuality which the city says violates its laws on discrimination. Nutter supported the decision saying his administration would not subsidize discrimination. Taubenberger said the decision was wrong because the Boy Scouts do too much good and keep kids off the streets.
Results
Polls
General election
Democratic primary
References
External links
The Next Mayor: an election website sponsored by Philadelphia Daily News, WHYY, and the Committee of 70.
Philadelphia Inquirer website on the race
Category:2000s in Philadelphia
Category:2007 Pennsylvania elections
Philadelphia
2007 | {
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Pseudonaja nuchalis
Pseudonaja nuchalis , commonly known as the western brown snake or gwardar, is a species of very fast, highly venomous elapid snake native to Australia. Its colour and pattern are rather variable, depending largely on its location. Some experts assert that the western brown's wide variation in appearance and extensive distribution mean that the western brown species, in fact, covers multiple related, but separate species with three derivative species now officially recognised, P. nuchalis, P. aspidorhyncha, and P. mengdeni.
The name gwardar is a word meaning "go the long way around" in an Aboriginal language . This may be regarded as advice for people who come across the species in the wild: that is, while P. nuchalis is generally cautious, shy, and inclined to retreat rather than attack, it will defend itself if cornered.
Description
The western brown snake grows up to in total length (including tail). Its back can feature shades of orange-brown with flecks and bands, or appear plain. Its belly is cream to orange with pink blotches. Some individuals have jet black heads (this can cause it to be confused with the black-headed python), while others feature a black 'V' shape on the back of their neck, below their head.
Distribution and habitat
The western brown has a wide distribution and is found across most of the Australian continent, including all of the Northern Territory, as well as most of Queensland, Western Australia, and some of Victoria.
The western brown is a ground-dwelling snake that prefers drier habitats, but is also found in coastal eucalypt forests, woodlands, and grasslands. Although the western brown is not an arboreal species, not uncommon it climbs small shrubs or trees. It also hides in crevices and under rocks, and in urban areas can be found under rubbish or tin piles.
Diet
P. nuchalis preys upon small mammals and reptiles, including lizards and mice.
Lifespan and reproduction
Little is known about the western brown's lifespan. Mating season is roughly from September to November and the female usually produces around 11-14 eggs, but may produce up to 38.
Venom and symptoms
Although the western brown snake's venom is not the most toxic in the brown snake genus, its average delivery contains a relatively high quantity of venom, thus the western brown snake has high potential to deliver a deadly bite. Its venom contains neurotoxins, nephrotoxins, and a procoagulant, although humans are not usually affected by the neurotoxins. The bite is usually painless and difficult to see due to their small fangs. Human symptoms of a western brown snake bite are headache, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, severe coagulopathy, and sometimes kidney damage. In dogs and cats, paralysis is also likely to occur.
Behaviour
The western brown snake is known to be very aggressive when disturbed or threatened, but like most snakes, usually prefers to retreat from danger. It may develop nocturnal habits during the warmer months, but is otherwise active during the day and enjoys sunlight. The snake has also been known to practise cannibalism, although this is not common. Western brown snakes kill their prey with a combination of venom and constriction.
References
Further reading
Boulenger GA (1896). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ), ... London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (Diemenia nuchalis, pp. 326–327).
Günther A (1858). Catalogue of the Colubrine Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. London: Trustees of the British Museum. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xvi+ 281 pp. (Pseudonaja nuchalis, new species, pp. 227–228).
Category:Elapidae
Category:Reptiles of Western Australia
Category:Reptiles described in 1858
Category:Snakes of Australia | {
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Läufelfingen
Läufelfingen is a municipality in the district of Sissach in the canton of Basel-Country in Switzerland.
History
Läufelfingen is first mentioned in 1226 as Leinvolvingen. In 1481 it was mentioned as Leiffeldingen.
Geography
Läufelfingen has an area, , of . Of this area, or 49.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while or 41.2% is forested. Of the rest of the land, or 9.7% is settled (buildings or roads).
Of the built up area, industrial buildings made up 1.2% of the total area while housing and buildings made up 4.3% and transportation infrastructure made up 3.2%. Out of the forested land, 39.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.6% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 14.5% is used for growing crops and 32.5% is pastures, while 2.1% is used for orchards or vine crops.
The municipality is located in the Sissach district, along the Homburger stream and along the road over the pass at Unteren Hauenstein. It consists of the haufendorf village (an irregular, unplanned and quite closely packed village, built around a central square) of Läufelfingen.
Coat of arms
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or, two Eagles displayed Sable, langued, beaked and membered Gules.
Demographics
Läufelfingen has a population () of . , 9.5% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (1997–2007) the population has changed at a rate of 0.5%.
Most of the population () speaks German (1,167 or 93.3%), with Albanian being second most common (26 or 2.1%) and Italian language being third (20 or 1.6%). There are 6 people who speak French.
, the gender distribution of the population was 49.5% male and 50.5% female. The population was made up of 1,136 Swiss citizens (89.4% of the population), and 134 non-Swiss residents (10.6%) Of the population in the municipality 472 or about 37.7% were born in Läufelfingen and lived there in 2000. There were 251 or 20.1% who were born in the same canton, while 369 or 29.5% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 144 or 11.5% were born outside of Switzerland.
In there were 10 live births to Swiss citizens and 4 births to non-Swiss citizens, and in same time span there were 16 deaths of Swiss citizens. Ignoring immigration and emigration, the population of Swiss citizens decreased by 6 while the foreign population increased by 4. There was 1 Swiss man who emigrated from Switzerland. At the same time, there were 5 non-Swiss men and 3 non-Swiss women who immigrated from another country to Switzerland. The total Swiss population change in 2008 (from all sources, including moves across municipal borders) was a decrease of 17 and the non-Swiss population increased by 8 people. This represents a population growth rate of -0.7%.
The age distribution, , in Läufelfingen is; 89 children or 7.0% of the population are between 0 and 6 years old and 196 teenagers or 15.4% are between 7 and 19. Of the adult population, 125 people or 9.8% of the population are between 20 and 29 years old. 146 people or 11.5% are between 30 and 39, 225 people or 17.7% are between 40 and 49, and 266 people or 20.9% are between 50 and 64. The senior population distribution is 148 people or 11.7% of the population are between 65 and 79 years old and there are 75 people or 5.9% who are over 80.
, there were 490 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 626 married individuals, 96 widows or widowers and 39 individuals who are divorced.
the average number of residents per living room was 0.55 which is about equal to the cantonal average of 0.56 per room. In this case, a room is defined as space of a housing unit of at least as normal bedrooms, dining rooms, living rooms, kitchens and habitable cellars and attics. About 63.8% of the total households were owner-occupied, or in other words did not pay rent (though they may have a mortgage or a rent-to-own agreement).
, there were 483 private households in the municipality, and an average of 2.5 persons per household. There were 140 households that consist of only one person and 49 households with five or more people. Out of a total of 491 households that answered this question, 28.5% were households made up of just one person and 4 were adults who lived with their parents. Of the rest of the households, there are 154 married couples without children, 163 married couples with children There were 16 single parents with a child or children. There were 6 households that were made up unrelated people and 8 households that were made some sort of institution or another collective housing.
there were 232 single-family homes (or 62.5% of the total) out of a total of 371 inhabited buildings. There were 60 multi-family buildings (16.2%), along with 55 multi-purpose buildings that were mostly used for housing (14.8%) and 24 other use buildings (commercial or industrial) that also had some housing (6.5%). Of the single-family homes 33 were built before 1919, while 48 were built between 1990 and 2000. The greatest number of single-family homes (46) were built between 1946 and 1960.
there were 557 apartments in the municipality. The most common apartment size was 4 rooms of which there were 151. There were 19 single-room apartments and 239 apartments with five or more rooms. Of these apartments, a total of 475 apartments (85.3% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 35 apartments (6.3%) were seasonally occupied and 47 apartments (8.4%) were empty. , the construction rate of new housing units was 3.2 new units per 1000 residents. the average price to rent a two-room apartment was about 629.00 CHF (US$500, £280, €400), a three-room apartment was about 839.00 CHF (US$670, £380, €540) and a four-room apartment cost an average of 998.00 CHF (US$800, £450, €640). The vacancy rate for the municipality, , was 0%.
The historical population is given in the following chart:
Heritage sites of national significance
The Ruins of Neu-Homburg Castle are listed as a Swiss heritage site of national significance.
Homberg or Neu-Homberg Castle was the seat of the Froberg family since the 13th Century until it was destroyed in 1798.
Politics
In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 34.93% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (23.55%), the FDP (16.22%) and the Green Party (14.41%). In the federal election, a total of 466 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 50.1%.
Economy
, Läufelfingen had an unemployment rate of 1.59%. , there were 65 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 25 businesses involved in this sector. 117 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 17 businesses in this sector. 298 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 33 businesses in this sector. There were 627 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 39.7% of the workforce.
the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 271. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 31, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 79, of which 65 or (82.3%) were in manufacturing and 15 (19.0%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 161. In the tertiary sector; 27 or 16.8% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 31 or 19.3% were in the movement and storage of goods, 17 or 10.6% were in a hotel or restaurant, 1 or 0.6% were in the information industry, 2 or 1.2% were technical professionals or scientists, 9 or 5.6% were in education and 62 or 38.5% were in health care.
, there were 206 workers who commuted into the municipality and 419 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 2.0 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. About 5.8% of the workforce coming into Läufelfingen are coming from outside Switzerland. Of the working population, 19.8% used public transportation to get to work, and 46.9% used a private car.
Religion
From the , 215 or 17.2% were Roman Catholic, while 747 or 59.7% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 5 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.40% of the population), and there were 41 individuals (or about 3.28% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There was 1 individual who was Jewish, and 58 (or about 4.64% of the population) who were Islamic. There was 1 person who was Buddhist and 2 individuals who belonged to another church. 156 (or about 12.47% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 25 individuals (or about 2.00% of the population) did not answer the question.
Education
In Läufelfingen about 531 or (42.4%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 118 or (9.4%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 118 who completed tertiary schooling, 72.0% were Swiss men, 20.3% were Swiss women, 5.1% were non-Swiss men.
, there were 5 students in Läufelfingen who came from another municipality, while 96 residents attended schools outside the municipality.
References
External links
Official website
Category:Municipalities of Basel-Landschaft
Category:Cultural property of national significance in Basel-Landschaft | {
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Tröndelsee
Tröndelsee is a lake in Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. At an elevation of 30 m, its surface area is 24 ha.
Category:Lakes of Schleswig-Holstein
Category:Nature reserves in Schleswig-Holstein | {
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Puerto Suello Hill Tunnel
Puerto Suello Tunnel is a rail tunnel in San Rafael, California. It was constructed in 1879 by the San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad and is long.
The tunnel was partially destroyed in 1961 by a fire, which was set by two boys. The fire killed 23-year-old firefighter Frank Kinsler when his truck fell 50 feet into the chasm. It was rebuilt for freight service in 1967, but was closed and boarded up in 1985 with the discontinuation of Northwestern Pacific Railroad services. The state-owned North Coast Railroad Authority and the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District took ownership of the tunnel in the 1970s and was thereafter acquired by SMART in 2003.
It was retrofitted by SMART for a cost of $3 million in 2015. The 2017 California floods caused damage to the tunnel, delaying system's opening testing for three weeks.
References
Category:Railroad tunnels in California
Category:Tunnels completed in 1879
Category:1879 establishments in California
Category:Public transportation in the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Tunnels in the San Francisco Bay Area
Category:Sonoma-Marin Area Rail Transit
Category:Transportation buildings and structures in Marin County, California
Category:Tunnels completed in 2017
Category:Underground commuter rail | {
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Phyllonorycter extincta
Phyllonorycter extincta is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Tunisia.
The larvae feed on Quercus coccifera and Quercus suber. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is found on the underside of the leaf.
References
extincta
Category:Endemic fauna of Tunisia
Category:Moths described in 1974
Category:Moths of Africa | {
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Florin (name)
Florin is derived via intermediary forms from Latin floris meaning flower.
The feminine form is Florina. The Italian equivalent is Fiorino, feminine Fiorina.
People named Florin
Adopted name:
Saint Florin (Florinus of Remüs, died 856 AD), 7th-century saint
Surname
Carl Rudolf Florin (1894–1965), Swedish botanist
Elfriede Florin (1912–2006), German actress
Peter Florin (1921–2014), East German politician and diplomat
Ray Florins (1947–) Race Car Driver
Given name
Florin Bratu
Florin Buhuceanu
Florin Călinescu
Florin Cernat
Florin Constantiniu
Florin Corodeanu
Florin Gheorghiu
Florin Halagian
Florin Hilbay
Florin Krasniqi
Florin Lovin
Florin Mergea
Florin Georgian Mironcic
Florin Mugur
Florin Piersic
Florin Popescu
Florin Prunea
Florin Pucă
Florin Răducioiu
Florin Segărceanu
Florin Vlaicu
See also
Florian (disambiguation)
Florinus (disambiguation)
Florence (name)
Florina (disambiguation)
Category:Romanian masculine given names | {
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2018 Indiana elections
A general election was held in the U.S. state of Indiana on November 6, 2018. Three of Indiana's executive offices were up for election, as well as a United States Senate seat and all of Indiana's nine seats in the United States House of Representatives.
United States Senate
United States House of Representatives
Secretary of State
Incumbent Republican Secretary of State Connie Lawson, who was appointed to the office in 2012, ran for re-election to a second full term in office.
Jim Harper, an attorney and 2016 Democratic nominee for the state senate in the 5th District, sought the Democratic nomination. Potential Democratic candidates include Monroe County Councilwoman Shelli Yoder.
The Indiana Green Party nominated George Wolfe, a Professor Emeritus at Ball State University and former Director of the Ball State University Center for Peace and Conflict Studies. The party has to collect 30,000 signatures to get George Wolfe on the ballot in November. The Libertarian Party nominee was Mark Rutherford, chairman of the Indiana Public Defender Commission and former vice chairman of the Libertarian National Committee.
Governing magazine projected the race as "likely Republican".
Polling
Results
Treasurer
Incumbent Republican State Treasurer Kelly Mitchell was eligible to run for re-election to a second term in office.
Auditor
Incumbent Republican State Auditor Tera Klutz was appointed to the office on January 9, 2017 to replace Republican Suzanne Crouch, who was elected Lieutenant Governor. Klutz ran for election to a first full term.
References
External links
Candidates at Vote Smart
Candidates at Ballotpedia
Campaign finance at National Institute on Money in State Politics
Official Secretary of State campaign websites
Jim Harper (D) for Secretary of State
Connie Lawson (R) for Secretary of State
Mark Rutherford (L) for Secretary of State
Official State Treasurer campaign websites
John Aguilera (D) for Treasurer
Kelly Mitchell (R) for Treasurer
Official State Auditor campaign websites
Tera Klutz (R) for Auditor
Joselyn Whitticker (D) for Auditor | {
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Euseius alatus
Euseius alatus is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.
References
Category:Arachnids
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Animals described in 1966 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Álvaro de Sande
Don Álvaro de Sande (1489 – 20 October 1573) was a Spanish nobleman and military leader.
He was born in Cáceres, the son of Don Juan de Sande, second señor de Valhondo. Don Alvaro de Sande participated in numerous campaigns in the Spanish Army, including the Conquest of Tunis (1535), the conquest of Düren and Roermond in 1543, and the grand Battle of Mühlberg in 1549, in which Sande distinguished himself. When the German Campaign ended, Sande fought in the Italian War of 1551–1559 against France in the Tercios of Milan.
Despite his advanced age, he participated in 1560 in the Battle of Djerba against the Turks, which ended in disaster.
After the sea battle, the surviving soldiers took refuge in the fort they had completed just days earlier. When Giovanni Andrea Doria managed to escape in a small vessel, de Sande became commander of the force in the fort, which was soon attacked by the combined forces of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis. After a siege of three months, the garrison surrendered and 5,000 prisoners, including Alvaro de Sande, were carried back to Istanbul. After 2 years, de Sande was ransomed for 60,000 escudos and returned to Spain. The Holy Roman Empire's ambassador to Constantinople, Ogier de Busbecq, assisted the Spanish prisoners held by the Turks and was involved in securing de Sande's release. The two men travelled together as far as Vienna in the autumn of 1562. De Sande fought against the Turks again at the Siege of Malta in 1565.
Álvaro de Sande received Valdefuentes from King Philip II and was made first Marqués de la Piovera. He became interim Governor of the Duchy of Milan on 21 August 1571, a position that he held until 7 April 1572.
He married Antonia de Guzmán and had a son Rodrigo de Sande, 2nd marquês de la Piovera. He died in Milan.
Sources
El Periodico Extremadura (Spanish)
GeneAll.net
References
Category:1489 births
Category:1573 deaths
Category:Governors of the Duchy of Milan
Category:Marquesses of Spain
Category:Spanish generals | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Yevgeni Kornilov
Yevgeni Vladimirovich Kornilov (; born 13 August 1985) is a former Russian professional football player.
Club career
He made his debut for FC Rostov on 31 July 2004 in a Russian Cup game against FC Sodovik Sterlitamak. He also appeared for Rostov in the next Russian Cup season on 13 July 2005 in a game against FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok.
He played in the Russian Football National League for FC MVD Rossii Moscow and FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk in 2009.
External links
Category:1985 births
Category:People from Taganrog
Category:Living people
Category:Russian footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:FC Rostov players
Category:FC Taganrog players
Category:FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk players
Category:FC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk players | {
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Susan R. Wolf
Susan Rose Wolf (born 1952) is an American moral philosopher and philosopher of action who is currently the Edna J. Koury Professor of Philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She taught previously at Johns Hopkins University (1986-2002), the University of Maryland (1981-1986) and Harvard University (1978-1981).
Education and career
Wolf earned a BA from Yale University in philosophy and mathematics in 1974, followed in 1978, by a PhD in philosophy from Princeton University. Her thesis advisor was Thomas Nagel.
After completing her PhD, Wolf began her career teaching at Harvard University. In 1981 she moved to a position at the University of Maryland. From 1986 to 2002 she taught at Johns Hopkins University, where she became Chair of the Philosophy Department. She moved to her current role as Edna J. Koury Distinguished Professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 2002. Her husband, Douglas MacLean, is also a philosopher teaching at UNC-Chapel Hill. Since 2014, Wolf has served as a trustee of the National Humanities Center in Research Triangle Park, NC.
Philosophical work
Wolf's work centres on the relation between freedom, morality, happiness and meaningfulness in life. Her book Freedom Within Reason (Oxford, 1990) argues for a view of free will as the ability to do what one reasonably thinks is the right thing. This allows a deterministic universe to nevertheless contain responsibility and the feeling of autonomy for us. Wolf has also written on the topic of moral luck, suggesting a reconciliation between the rationalist and irrationalist positions. She has also published influential work on the demandingness of morality. In this area her paper "Moral Saints" has been particularly influential, attacking the idea that a morally perfect person is actually an attractive ethical ideal. Along with Philippa Foot and Bernard Williams, she has challenged the overriding of morality in practical reasoning.
Wolf has also written extensively on the meaning in human life. She addresses the topic of the meaning of life in her essay: “Happiness and Meaning: Two Aspects of the Good Life”, in which she summaries her view as "Meaning arises when subjective attraction meets objective attractiveness… meaning arises when a subject discovers or develops an affinity for one or typically several of the more worthwhile things…". In other words, living a meaningful life consists of one’s active engagement with objectively worthwhile things.
Awards and honours
Wolf was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1999 and of the American Philosophical Society in 2006. She received a Mellon Distinguished Achievement Award in the Humanities in 2002.
Works (selection)
The Variety of Values: Essays On Morality, Meaning, And Love, Oxford University Press, 2014;
Understanding Love: Philosophy, Film, And Fiction (editor with Christopher Grau), Oxford University Press, 2013;
Meaning in Life and Why It Matters, Princeton University Press, 2012;
Freedom Within Reason, Oxford University Press, 1994;
See also
American philosophy
List of American philosophers
References
External links
Susan Wolf's UNC homepage
"Meaningfulness - A Conversation with Susan Wolf", Ideas Roadshow, 2015
Category:1952 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century American philosophers
Category:21st-century American philosophers
Category:American philosophy academics
Category:Moral philosophers
Category:Princeton University alumni
Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Category:Hastings Center Fellows
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society | {
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Greater Tehran
Greater Tehran is the urban agglomeration around Tehran that covers central part of Tehran Province and eastern part of Alborz Province, that covers the contiguous cities of Tehran, Ray, Shemiranat, and other areas.
As of 2012, Greater Tehran had a population of close to 14 million residents. The 2016 census had the population at 13.3 million in Tehran Province (only 200 thousands of them outside Tehran and the suburban counties) and 2.2 million in Karaj and Fardis combined. This allow to estimate that the population of the urban agglomeration was about 15 million people in 2016, and it is sinking 25 cm per year because of the accelerated influx and the overuse of natural resources.
Since the 1960s, much of Greater Tehran's growth has been caused by an influx of urban poor into informal settlements on the fringe.
Greater Tehran should not be confused with the following:
Tehran Province (area 18814 km², population 13.27 m - 2016). Part of the province is too far from Tehran and has too low a population density to be classified as the part of agglomeration
Tehran County (area 1300 km², population 8.85 million (2016) with 97.5% of the population living in Tehran City itself)
Tehran City includes 22 districts, two of them fully and one partially are located outside of Tehran County. The city's area is about 730 km². The extension of the city to other counties began in 1973 to include the villages surrounding the city of Tajrish (Evin, Darakeh, Niyavaran, Rostan Abad, Gholhak, Zargandeh, Elahiyeh, Davoudiyeh, Zarrabkhaneh) and the cities of Vanak and Rey to which “Kooye Siman” had been annexed during the years 1956 to 1966.
Geographys
There is no exact definition of Tehran agglomeration borders and composition. Beside Tehran County, also Shemiranat County, Ray County, Eslamshahr County, Pakdasht County, Robat-Karim County, Varamin County, Shahriar County, Qods County, Malard County, Pishva County and Baharestan County in Tehran Province and also Karaj County and probably even Nazarabad County and Savojbolagh County in Alborz Province can be regarded as parts of the agglomeration.
References
Tehran
Category:Geography of Tehran
Category:Tehran | {
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Short Message Peer-to-Peer
Short Message Peer-to-Peer (SMPP) in the telecommunications industry is an open, industry standard protocol designed to provide a flexible data communication interface for the transfer of short message data between External Short Messaging Entities (ESMEs), Routing Entities (REs) and SMSC.
SMPP is often used to allow third parties (e.g. value-added service providers like news organizations) to submit messages, often in bulk, but it may be used for SMS peering as well. SMPP is able to carry short messages including EMS, voicemail notifications, Cell Broadcasts, WAP messages including WAP Push messages (used to deliver MMS notifications), USSD messages and others. Because of its versatility and support for non-GSM SMS protocols, like UMTS, IS-95 (CDMA), CDMA2000, ANSI-136 (TDMA) and iDEN, SMPP is the most commonly used protocol for short message exchange outside SS7 networks.
History
SMPP (Short Message Peer-to-Peer) was originally designed by Aldiscon, a small Irish company that was later acquired by Logica (since 2016, after a number of changes Mavenir). The protocol was originally created by a developer, Ian J Chambers, to test the functionality of the SMSC without using SS7 test equipment to submit messages. In 1999, Logica formally handed over SMPP to the SMPP Developers Forum, later renamed as The SMS Forum and now disbanded. The SMPP protocol specifications are still available through the website which also carries a notice stating that it will be taken down at the end of 2007. As part of the original handover terms, SMPP ownership has now returned to Mavenir due to the disbanding of the SMS Forum.
To date, SMPP development is suspended and SMS Forum is disbanded. From the SMS Forum website:
July 31, 2007 - The SMS Forum, a non-profit organization with a mission to develop, foster and promote SMS (short message service) to the benefit of the global wireless industry will disband by July 27, 2007
A press release, attached to the news, also warns that site will be suspended soon. In spite of this, the site is still mostly functioning and specifications can still be downloaded (as of 31 January 2012).
The site has ceased operation according to Cormac Long, former technical moderator and webmaster for the SMS Forum. Please contact Mavenir for the SMPP specification. The specifications are also available from the former site of the SMPP Developers Forum (predecessor to SMS Forum) at SMPP Protocol - SMS API.
Operation
Contrary to its name, the SMPP uses the client-server model of operation. The Short Message Service Center (SMSC) usually acts as a server, awaiting connections from ESMEs. When SMPP is used for SMS peering, the sending MC usually acts as a client.
The protocol is based on pairs of request/response PDUs (protocol data units, or packets) exchanged over OSI layer 4 (TCP session or X.25 SVC3) connections. The well-known port assigned by the IANA for SMPP when operating over TCP is 2775, but multiple arbitrary port numbers are often used in messaging environments.
Before exchanging any messages, a bind command must be sent and acknowledged. The bind command determines in which direction will be possible to send messages; bind_transmitter only allows client to submit messages to the server, bind_receiver means that the client will only receive the messages, and bind_transceiver (introduced in SMPP 3.4) allows message transfer in both directions. In the bind command the ESME identifies itself using system_id, system_type and password; the address_range field designed to contain ESME address is usually left empty. The bind command contains interface_version parameter to specify which version of SMPP protocol will be used.
Message exchange may be synchronous, where each peer waits for a response for each PDU being sent, or asynchronous, where multiple requests can be issued without waiting and acknowledged in a skew order by the other peer; the number of unacknowledged requests is called a window; for the best performance both communicating sides must be configured with the same window size.
Versions
The SMPP standard has evolved during the time. The most commonly used versions of SMPP are:
SMPP 3.3 the oldest used version (despite its limitations, it is still widely used); supports GSM only. Generates an immediate response for each message sent.
SMPP 3.4 adds optional Tag-Length-Value (TLV) parameters, support of non-GSM SMS technologies and the transceiver support (single connections that can send and receive messages). The exchange of SMPP request and response PDUs between an ESME Transmitter and SMSC may occur synchronously or asynchronously.
SMPP 5.0 is the latest version of SMPP; adds support for cell broadcasting, smart flow control. As of 2019, it is not widely used.
The applicable version is passed in the interface_version parameter of a bind command.
PDU format (after version 3.4)
The SMPP PDUs are binary encoded for efficiency. They start with a header which may be followed by a body:
PDU header
Each PDU starts with a header. The header consists of 4 fields, each of length of 4 octets:
command_length Is the overall length of the PDU in octets (including command_length field itself); must be ≥ 16 as each PDU must contain the 16 octet header
command_id Identifies the SMPP operation (or command). If the most significant bit is cleared, this is a request operation. Otherwise it is a response.
command_status Always has a value of 0 in requests; in responses it carries information about the result of the operation
sequence_number Is used to correlate requests and responses within an SMPP session; allows asynchronous communication (using a sliding window method)
All numeric fields in SMPP use the big endian order, which means that the first octet is the Most Significant Byte (MSB).
Example
This is an example of the binary encoding of a 60-octet submit_sm PDU. The data is shown in Hex octet values as a single dump and followed by a header and body break-down of that PDU.
This is best compared with the definition of the submit_sm PDU from the SMPP specification in order to understand how the encoding matches the field by field definition.
The value break-downs are shown with decimal in parentheses and Hex values after that. Where you see one or several hex octets appended, this is because the given field size uses 1 or more octets encoding.
Again, reading the definition of the submit_sm PDU from the spec will make all this clearer.
PDU header
'command_length', (60) ... 00 00 00 3C
'command_id', (4) ... 00 00 00 04
'command_status', (0) ... 00 00 00 00
'sequence_number', (5) ... 00 00 00 05
PDU body
'service_type', () ... 00
'source_addr_ton', (2) ... 02
'source_addr_npi', (8) ... 08
'source_addr', (555) ... 35 35 35 00
'dest_addr_ton', (1) ... 01
'dest_addr_npi', (1) ... 01
'dest_addr', (555555555) ... 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 00
'esm_class', (0) ... 00
'protocol_id', (0) ... 00
'priority_flag', (0) ... 00
'schedule_delivery_time', (0) ... 00
'validity_period', (0) ... 00
'registered_delivery', (0) ... 00
'replace_if_present_flag', (0) ... 00
'data_coding', (3) ... 03
'sm_default_msg_id', (0) ... 00
'sm_length', (15) ... 0F
'short_message', (Hello Wikipedia) ... 48 65 6C 6C 6F 20 57 69 6B 69 70 65 64 69 61
Note that the text in the short_message field must match the data_coding. When the data_coding is 8 (UCS2), the text must be in UCS-2BE (or its extension, UTF-16BE). When the data_coding indicates a 7-bit encoding, each septet is stored in a separate octet in the short_message field (with the most significant bit set to 0). SMPP 3.3 data_coding exactly copied TP-DCS values of GSM 03.38, which make it suitable only for GSM 7-bit default alphabet, UCS2 or binary messages; SMPP 3.4 introduced a new list of data_coding values:
The meaning of the data_coding=4 or 8 is the same as in SMPP 3.3. Other values in the range 1-15 are reserved in SMPP 3.3. Unfortunately, unlike SMPP 3.3, where data_coding=0 was unambiguously GSM 7-bit default alphabet, for SMPP 3.4 and higher the GSM 7-bit default alphabet is missing in this list, and data_coding=0 may differ for various Short message service centers—it may be ISO-8859-1, ASCII, GSM 7-bit default alphabet, UTF-8 or even configurable per ESME. When using data_coding=0, both sides (ESME and SMSC) must be sure they consider it the same encoding. Otherwise it is better not to use data_coding=0. It may be tricky to use the GSM 7-bit default alphabet, some Short message service centers requires data_coding=0, others e.g. data_coding=241.
Quirks
Despite its wide acceptance, the SMPP has a number of problematic features:
No data_coding for GSM 7-bit default alphabet
Not standardized meaning of data_coding=0
Unclear support for Shift-JIS encoding
Incompatibility of submit_sm_resp between SMPP versions
Using of SMPP 3.3 SMSC Delivery Receipts, especially the Message Id format in them
No data_coding for GSM 7-bit default alphabet
Although data_coding value in SMPP 3.3 are based on the GSM 03.38, since SMPP 3.4 there is no data_coding value for GSM 7-bit alphabet (GSM 03.38). However, it is common for DCS=0 to indicate the GSM 7-bit alphabet, particularly for SMPP connections to SMSCs on GSM mobile networks.
Not standardized meaning of data_coding=0
According to SMPP 3.4 and 5.0 the data_coding=0 means ″SMSC Default Alphabet″. Which encoding it really is, depends on the type of the SMSC and its configuration.
Unclear support for Shift-JIS encoding
One of the encodings in CDMA standard C.R1001 is Shift-JIS used for Japanese. SMPP 3.4 and 5.0 specifies three encodings for Japanese (JIS, ISO-2022-JP and Extended Kanji JIS), but none of them is identical with CDMA MSG_ENCODING 00101. It seems that the Pictogram encoding (data_coding=9) is used to carry the messages in Shift-JIS in SMPP.
Incompatibility of submit_sm_resp between SMPP versions
When a submit_sm fails, the SMSC returns a submit_sm_resp with non-zero value of command_status and ″empty″ message_id.
SMPP 3.3 explicitly states about the message_id field ″If absent this field must contain a single NULL byte″. The length of the PDU is at least 17 octets.
SMPP 3.4 contains an unfortunate note in the SUBMIT_SM_RESP section ″The submit_sm_resp PDU Body is not returned if the command_status field contains a non-zero value.″ Then the length of the PDU is 16 octets.
SMPP 5.0 just specifies that message_id is a mandatory parameter of the type C-Octet string of the submit_sm_resp message. According to the section 3.1.1 NULL Settings, ″A NULL string ″″ is encoded as 0x00″. The length of the PDU is at least 17 octets.
For the best compatibility, any SMPP implementation should accept both variants of negative submit_sm_resp regardless of the version of SMPP standard used for the communication.
Message ID in SMPP 3.3 SMSC Delivery Receipts
The only way to pass delivery receipts in SMPP 3.3 is to put information in a text form to the short_message field; however, the format of the text is described in Appendix B of SMPP 3.4, although SMPP 3.4 may (and should) use receipted_message_id and message_state for the purpose. While SMPP 3.3 states that Message ID is a C-Octet String (Hex) of up to 8 characters (plus terminating '\0'), the SMPP 3.4 states that the id field in the Delivery Receipt Format is a C-Octet String (Decimal) of up to 10 characters. This splits SMPP implementations to 2 groups:
Implementations using the decimal representation of an integer Message Id in the id field of the Delivery Receipt body and the hexadecimal representation of an integer Message Id in message_id and receipted_message_id fields
Implementations using the same hexadecimal number (or even the same arbitrary string) both in message_id parameter and in the id field of the Delivery Receipt body, which strictly speaking, violates the SMPP standard
Extensibility, compatibility and interoperability
Since introduction of Tag-Length-Value (TLV) parameters in version 3.4, the SMPP may be regarded an extensible protocol. In order to achieve the highest possible degree of compatibility and interoperability any implementation should apply the Internet robustness principle: ″Be conservative in what you send, be liberal in what you accept″. It should use a minimal set of features which are necessary to accomplish a task. And if the goal is communication and not quibbling, each implementation should overcome minor nonconformities with standard:
Respond with a generic_nack with command_status=3 to any unrecognised SMPP command, but do not stop the communication.
Ignore any unrecognised, unexpected or unsupported TLV parameters.
The borders of PDUs are always given by the PDUs' command_length field. Any message field must not exceed the end of PDU. If a field is not properly finished, it should be treated as truncated at the end of PDU, and it should not affect further PDUs.
Information applicable to one version of SMPP can often be found in another version of SMPP, for example with the case of SMPP 3.4 describing the only mechanism of delivery receipts in SMPP 3.3 described above.
Security
The SMPP protocol is designed on a clear-text binary protocol which needs to be considered if using for potentially sensitive information such as one-time passwords via SMS. There are, however, implementations of SMPP over secure SSL/TLS if required.
See also
Universal Computer Protocol/External Machine Interface (UCP/EMI)
Computer Interface for Message Distribution (CIMD)
Rich Communication Services
References
External links
Short Message Peer-to-Peer Protocol Specification v3.4
Short Message Peer-to-Peer Protocol Specification v5.0
SMPP v3.4 Protocol Implementation guide for GSM / UMTS
SMPP v3.4 Implementation Guide for WAP
About SMPP connection between a PC and the SMSC
SMPP implemented in Java
Category:GSM standard
Category:Mobile technology
Category:Network protocols | {
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Chilecicada
Chilecicada is a genus of cicadas in the family Cicadidae, found in South America. There is at least one described species in Chilecicada, C. occidentis.
Chilecicada is the only genus of the tribe Chilecicadini.
References
Further reading
Category:Tibicininae
Category:Cicadidae genera | {
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1981 Tangerine Bowl
The 1981 Tangerine Bowl was an American college football bowl game played on December 19, 1981, at Orlando Stadium in Orlando, Florida. The game featured the Southern Miss Golden Eagles and the Missouri Tigers.
Background
Southern Miss had finished with 9 wins in the regular season, their most since 1962 in their second straight bowl appearance, their first consecutive bowl seasons since 1957-58. Missouri had finished 5th in the Big Eight Conference, qualifying for their 4th straight bowl appearance. This was the first Tangerine Bowl for Southern Miss since 1958. This was Missouri's first ever Tangerine Bowl.
Game summary
Bobby Meyer gave the Tigers a 7-0 lead on his three yard touchdown run in the first quarter. The Golden Eagles narrowed the lead to 7-3 on a Steve Clark field goal. Missouri increased their lead with two Bob Lucchesi field goals in the span of 5 minutes to make it 13-3 at halftime. Sammy Winder made it 13-10 on his 4 yard touchdown run in the middle of the third quarter. Lucchesi made it 16-10 on his 30 yard field goal in the third quarter. He added another one from 28 yards out to make it 19-10. Southern Miss narrowed it to 19-17 with 1:03 remaining on a David Sellers touchdown pass to Louis Lipps.
Aftermath
Collins left for SMU after the game, and the Eagles did not return to a bowl game until 1988. Southern Miss has not played in the Tangerine (now Citrus) bowl since. Missouri did not return until 2015.
Statistics
References
Tangerine Bowl
Category:Citrus Bowl (game)
Category:Missouri Tigers football bowl games
Category:Southern Miss Golden Eagles football bowl games
Category:December 1981 sports events
Tangerine | {
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Ovid, Missouri
Ovid is an extinct town in Ray County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
A post office called Ovid was established in 1888, and remained in operation until 1904. Besides the post office, Ovid had a country store.
References
Category:Ghost towns in Missouri
Category:Former populated places in Ray County, Missouri | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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MP3 Rocket
MP3 Rocket is a YouTube downloader and MP3 converter that allows users to download videos and music from YouTube.
History
The MP3 Rocket software project was started in November 2005 by MP3 Rocket Inc. MP3 Rocket was first released in December 2005 as a gnutella network application.
In January 2011 MP3 Rocket closed its P2P service and converted its software into a YouTube downloader.
Features
MP3 Rocket comes in two versions, a freely downloadable basic version and the MP3 Rocket Pro payware that provides a higher download bitrate of 320 kbs. MP3 Rocket includes a media player and a video conversion tool. The program's license agreement states that it may be used to download content only for the purpose of time shifting and that downloaded content may not be stored "any longer than is reasonably necessary in order to listen to or view the broadcast at a more convenient time."
References
External links
Category:2005 software
Category:Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Category:Windows multimedia software | {
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Sutton Community Hall
The Sutton Community Hall is a historic municipal building in Sutton, Alaska. It is located on the west side of Jonesville Road, about north of its junction with the Glenn Highway. It is a single-story wood frame structure, measuring , with a shallow-pitch gabled sheet metal roof. The building has entrances on the north, south and east sides, the east-facing one sheltered by a hood with diagonal bracing. The exterior has several types of cladding, including asphalt shingles and board-and-batten siding. The building was built in 1927 to serve as a bunkhouse for workers building the Eklutna Power Plant, and was moved to the present location in 1950 to serve the unincorporated community of Sutton as a meeting space. The hall served the community as its principal civic and social meeting space for forty years.
The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. It was at that time unused and in deteriorating condition.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska
References
Category:Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Alaska
Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1927
Category:Buildings and structures in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska
Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Alaska
Category:Relocated buildings and structures in Alaska | {
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Kokkadavil
Kokkadavil is a small area located at Tharuvana in Vellamunda panchayat, Wayanad district, in the state of Kerala, India.
See also
Tharuvana
Vellamunda
Mananthavady
References
Category:Villages in Wayanad district | {
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Bres (Taramundi)
Bres is one of four parishes (administrative divisions) in Taramundi, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.
Situated at above sea level, it is in size, with a population of 164 (INE 2004).
Villages and hamlets
Arrojo
Bres
Cabaza
Entorcisa
Freije
Galiñeiros
Leiras
Lóutima
Mazo de Bres
Silvallana
Teixo
Category:Parishes in Taramundi | {
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Farm to Market Road 585
Farm to Market Road 585 (FM 585) is a farm to market road located in Brown and Coleman counties in west central Texas.
Route description
FM 585 begins at an intersection with US 67 / US 84 approximately west of Bangs. The roadway travels to the north through unincorporated Brown County, intersecting FM 2492 west of Thrifty and FM 1850 west of Grosvenor. FM 585 then curves to the west and enters Coleman County before reaching its terminus at SH 206 near the community of Echo between Coleman and Burkett.
History
FM 585 was designated on July 16, 1945. The highway originally ran from its junction with US 84 northward approximately to the road connecting the communities of Thrifty and Fry (present-day FM 2492). On October 26, 1954, the roadway was extended north to the intersection with FM 1850. The route reached its current length on May 2, 1962, when it was extended northward and westward to connect with SH 206, replacing FM 2560.
Major intersections
References
0585
Category:Transportation in Brown County, Texas
Category:Transportation in Coleman County, Texas | {
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Tiris Zemmour Region
Tiris Zemmour () is the northern-most region of Mauritania. Its capital is Zouérat. Other major cities/towns include F'dérik and Bir Moghrein. The region borders Algeria to the north-east, Mali to east, the Mauritanian region of Adrar to the south and Western Sahara to west and north-west.
As of 2013, the population of the region was 53,261, compared to 49,842 in 2011. As of 2008, the activity rate was 50.80 and economic dependency ratio was 0.71. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 81.00.
Demographics
As of 2013, the population of the region was 53,261, compared to 49,842 in 2011. 55.61% of the population were females and 44.39% were males. As of 2008, the rate of household confirming the existence of public telephone in their neighbourhood or village was 96.75, the rate of households benefiting from electricity in their neighbourhood was 4.06%, the rate of households benefiting from health center or health post in their neighbourhood was 1.72%, and rate of households benefiting from sanitary services was 0.51%.
Economy
As of 2008, the activity rate was 50.80 and economic dependency ratio was 0.71. The fraction of people working in government was 23.10%, individual / household private was 5.80%, other was 33.60%, para public was 20.20%, and private enterprise was 17.30%. The Grand Total as of 2008 was 943.01. As of 2013, the coverage rate of DPT3 Children From 0 to 11 Months in the region was 74.80%, BGC vaccination was 78.20 and polio vaccination coverage was 74.50. As of 2007, the number of tourist establishments in the region was 4. As of 2008, the literacy rate for people aged 15 years and over was 81.00. The net enrolment ratio of girls for secondary level was 36.90%, net enrolment ratio of boys for secondary level was 23.30%, and total net enrolment ratio at secondary level was 30.20%.
Geography
Mauritania is mostly covered with desert, with only its western regions around the coast of Atlantic Ocean having some vegetation. There are some oasis in the desert regions. Since it is a desert, there are large shifting dunes forming temporary ranges. The average elevation is around above the mean sea level. The rainfall in the northern regions closer to the Tropic of Cancer receives around of annual rainfall compared to the southern portions that receives around . The average temperature is , while during the night it reaches . Due to the geography, the inhabitants historically, have been nomadic. In modern times, people have migrated to urban centres during the drought in 1970 and 1980. There are a few sedentary cultivators, who are located only in the Southern regions of the country. Research has indicated that the Saharan movement has resulted in reduction of rains in the region from the 1960s, when it received close to of rainfall.
Administration
Tiris Zemmour is divided into three departments, namely, Bir Moghrein, F'Derik and Zouérat. The local administration is adopted from French local administration framework with a Ministry of Internal Control governing the local bodies. The original administration was held by Governors of each district, but after the municipal elections in 1994, the powers has been decentralized from the district bodies. Mauritania has been divided into 13 wilayas (regions), including the Nouakchott Capital District. The smallest administrative division in the country is the commune and the country has 216 of them. A group of communes form a moughataa (department) and the group of moughataa form a district. There are total of 53 moughataa for the 13 districts in the country. The executive power of the district is vested on a district chief, while it is on hakem for moughataa. Out of the 216 communes, 53 classified as urban and rest 163 are rural. The communes are responsible for overseeing and coordinating development activities and are financed by the state. The Local Governments have their own legal jurisdiction, financial autonomy, an annual budget, staff, and an office. The elections for the local government are conducted every five years along with Senate and Parliamentary elections. On account of the political instability, the last elections were held in 2006.
See also
Departments of Mauritania
Geography of Mauritania
Regions of Mauritania
References
Category:Regions of Mauritania | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Clostridium frigoris
Clostridium frigoris is a bacterium from the genus of Clostridium.
References
Category:Clostridiaceae
Category:Bacteria described in 2003
frigoris | {
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Robert Bacon (Iowa politician)
Robert P. "Rob" Bacon (born 1955) is a Republican politician and legislator from the state of Iowa. He was elected to the Iowa House of Representatives in 2012 to represent the 48th district. He was previously elected to the Iowa Senate in 2010 to represent District 5, which serves Wright, Hamilton, and Story Counties. Bacon was born in Chicago and his hometown is Maxwell, Iowa.
Current legislative committees
Bacon has been a member of the following legislative committees:
Economic Growth/Rebuild Iowa, Member
Human Resources, Member
Local Government, Member
Subcommittee on Health and Human Services (Joint Appropriations), Member
Veterans Affairs, Member
Political experience
Bacon has had the following political experience:
Representative, Iowa State House of Representatives, 2013–present
Senator, Iowa State Senate, 2011–2013
City Council member, Freemont
City Council member, Maxwell
Professional experience
Bacon is a licensed funeral director, and has been managing funeral homes since 1983. He is the owner of Bacon Funeral Homes.
Personal life
Bacon's wife is Carol. They have four children.
References
External links
Rob Bacon at Iowa Legislature
Category:1955 births
Category:Living people
Category:Members of the Iowa House of Representatives
Category:Iowa state senators
Category:Iowa Republicans
Category:Politicians from Chicago
Category:Politicians from Sioux City, Iowa
Category:Funeral directors
Category:21st-century American politicians | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Lightning Thief (musical)
The Lightning Thief: The Percy Jackson Musical is a musical with music and lyrics by Rob Rokicki and a book by Joe Tracz, based on the 2005 novel of the same name by Rick Riordan. The musical follows Percy Jackson, a teenager who newly discovers that he is a demigod and goes on an epic quest to find Zeus' missing lightning bolt and prevent a war between the Greek gods.
Background
It was initially introduced in New York City by Theatreworks USA in 2014 as a one-hour musical, part of its free theatre series, and went into a national tour. It was announced on January 10, 2017 that a new version would be produced, with a new score and an updated, expanded script. The musical would have a limited run, with performances beginning on March 23, an opening set for April 4 and a last performance on May 6 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre. The show announced its national tour on April 17, 2018, which debuted in Chicago in 2019.
On August 12, 2019 it was announced that the musical would play a 16-week limited run on Broadway beginning previews September 20 and an opening set for October 16 at the Longacre Theatre. On August 19, it was announced that the entire national tour cast would be reprising their roles for the Broadway run.
Plot
Act 1
Percy Jackson, a teenager with ADHD and dyslexia, is on a field trip to the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art. While there, his substitute pre-algebra teacher, Mrs. Dodds, asks to speak with him. Once alone, Mrs. Dodds transforms into a Fury, a mythological Greek demon of Hades. Thanks to a pen that transforms into a sword named Riptide, thrown to Percy by his Latin teacher, Mr. Brunner, Percy manages to fend off and vaporize Mrs. Dodds. After this incident, Percy is expelled from his school due to him failing to stay with the group, and him already being on probation. When Percy tries to explain what happened, he is shocked to find that neither Mr. Brunner or his best friend, Grover Underwood remember Mrs. Dodds, nor does anyone else ("Prologue/The Day I Got Expelled"). Percy says goodbye to them, and heads home for summer vacation.
Back at his apartment, his mother, Sally, seems to understand and even forgive Percy's expulsion, while her boyfriend, Gabe, does not. Gabe bullies Percy, and Sally confesses she needs to tell him about his father, who left before Percy was born. Percy, extremely bitter about his father and upset with himself for being expelled yet again, laments on his actions, being increasingly hard upon himself. Sally assures Percy the quirks and abnormalities of someone is what makes them special ("Strong"). Sally takes Percy to the beach where she met Percy's father, and the two run into Grover. Shockingly for Percy, Grover turns out to actually be a satyr, a Greek goat-like protector.
Suddenly, a Minotaur (half-bull, half-man) attacks the trio. Sally sacrifices herself so that Percy and Grover can make it to a place she calls "camp". The Minotaur kills Sally right before Percy's eyes who, in vengeance of his mother, finishes him off. Percy is kicked in the head and falls unconscious, where he dreams of a man in a Hawaiian shirt, who gives him a seashell, claiming, "What belongs to the sea can always return" ("The Minotaur/The Weirdest Dream").
When Percy awakes, he finds himself in a place called Camp Half-Blood. The shell the strange man in his dream gifted him remains in his pocket. The camp director, Mr. D (who is actually Dionysus, god of wine and madness), reluctantly explains to Percy that he is a demigod, the son of a human and a Greek god ("Another Terrible Day"). Mr. Brunner (who is really Chiron, an immortal centaur), is also at the camp, and explains to Percy that the gods will send a sign to claim him. However, Percy is still skeptical and angry that his father has shown no sign of care for him all these years. Luke Castellan, a nineteen-year-old son of Hermes, sympathises with Percy, telling him that lots of half-bloods never know their godly parents, as they are not claimed ("Their Sign").
Percy settles in and meets several other campers such as Silena Beauregard (a daughter of Aphrodite), Katie Gardner (a daughter of Demeter), Clarisse La Rue (a daughter of Ares who takes an immediate disliking to Percy), and Annabeth Chase (a daughter of Athena who took care of Percy while he was unconscious). Annabeth quickly takes the helm of the leader during a game of capture the flag, instructing Percy to sit and wait in the boys' bathroom to assure he won't "mess things up". Clarisse singles him out and tries to "pulverize" him, but the toilets unexpectedly burst to life, dousing her ("Put You in Your Place"). After things settle down, the campers, bar Clarisse, join around the campfire and vent about their unsteady, and in some cases harmful, relationships with both their godly and mortal parents ("Campfire Song").
Percy is claimed as the son of Poseidon, god of the sea, and it is at once rumored that Zeus' lightning bolt has been stolen and Percy is the number one suspect. Percy is told he and two others must go on a quest to retrieve the bolt, to prevent a war between the gods. He is also sent to receive a prophecy from the Oracle of Delphi ("The Oracle"). After the Oracle's prophecy, Percy is upset that he has to leave Camp Half-Blood for a quest that will be unsuccessful, and in turn, externalizes his grievances ("Good Kid"). Percy however, only accepts the quest because Luke hints that his mom will be in the Underworld, the target location of the search, since Hades is the rumored real thief. Annabeth and Grover force themselves into the quest, and after a pair of winged shoes is given to them from Luke, the three are pushed into the woods with little care and protection ("Killer Quest!").
Act 2
The three questers have just escaped a bus, attacked by the three Furies. Just after blowing it up, they become hopelessly lost ("Lost!"). In a frantic decision, Percy suggests they should enter Aunty Em's Garden Gnome Emporium. The strange Auntie Em requests to take pictures of the three, but is revealed to actually be Medusa. Percy cuts off her head with his pen/sword, Riptide, and, as a joke, sends the head to the gods over the mail. Annabeth seems particularly upset with this run-in, so while Grover scouts out their surroundings, Percy confronts her about this. She confesses that for her whole life she has been ignored by everyone around her, and is desperate for a chance to prove herself to Athena, her mother, and make the history books ("My Grand Plan").
Grover returns with train tickets to St. Louis and they set off, encountering many dangers such as a Chimera, nasty storms, some dam snacks and the Lotus Hotel and Casino. They also meet up with Ares, who gives them a lift to Nevada ("Drive"). While on a bus ride to Los Angeles, Percy has a dream of a man speaking with someone whom the man refers to as "my lord". The powerful voice mentions sacrifices and brings up a name, Thalia ("The Weirdest Dream Reprise"). Percy wakes with a jolt and asks Grover if he has ever heard of someone named Thalia. Grover confides that a few years back he was sent to escort Luke, Annabeth and Thalia Grace, Zeus's daughter, to camp. However, the team was attacked, and Grover failed to save Thalia, who ended up sacrificing herself, and being turned into the tree that protects the boarders of Camp Half-Blood. He holds himself responsible, and thinks Percy will be ashamed of him ("The Tree on the Hill"). Percy assures Grover that no matter who he is or what he does, Percy will always want him as a friend.
The trio arrive in the Underworld, where they are given a tour of the horror by Charon and several long-dead musicians ("DOA"). Percy realizes that the lightning bolt is hidden in his backpack, and the three work out the possibilities of how it could have gotten there. An incident where Percy is nearly dragged into Tartarus by the shoes Luke gave him occurs and the group is discovered. After a brief conversation with an innocent Hades, Percy withdraws the shell from his pocket and blows it, realizing it was from Poseidon, and it opens a portal out of the Underworld. Vowing to return to save his mom, Percy, Annabeth and Grover escape. Percy hypothesizes that Ares is the one who planted the bolt in his bag and comes to terms with both himself and Poseidon, declaring himself a son of Poseidon, and uses his gift with water and the help of Annabeth and Grover to best Ares ("Son of Poseidon").
The trio return to camp heroes, but Percy couldn't be more troubled. He confides in Luke that he feels just as confused as before, and Luke agrees, stating he felt similar after his own quest. Luke inadvertently tells Percy that he is the true lightning thief and that he has teamed up with Kronos to get back at the gods, who he feels have done him wrong ("The Last Day of Summer"). Luke attacks Percy and escapes. Percy declares that there will be a war no matter how they try to stall it, but he and his friends will be prepared and do whatever it takes to fight it ("Bring on the Monsters").
Principal roles and original cast
Musical numbers
Act 1
"Prologue/The Day I Got Expelled" – Percy, Mr. Brunner, Mrs. Dodds, Grover, Company
"Strong" – Sally and Percy
"The Minotaur/The Weirdest Dream" – Percy, Sally, Grover and Company
"Another Terrible Day" – Mr. D
"Their Sign" – Chiron, Percy and Luke
"Put You in Your Place" – Clarisse, Annabeth, Percy and Company
"The Campfire Song" – Luke, Annabeth, Percy, Grover, Katie, Silena, and Chiron
"The Oracle" – Oracle, Ensemble
"Good Kid" – Percy and Company
"Killer Quest!" – Percy, Grover, Annabeth, and Company
Act 2
"Lost!” – Percy, Annabeth and Grover
"My Grand Plan" – Annabeth
"Drive" – Grover, Annabeth, Percy, Ares and Company
"The Weirdest Dream (Reprise)" – Percy, Kronos, Luke
"The Tree on the Hill" – Grover, Thalia, Annabeth, Luke, Percy, Company
"D.O.A." – Charon and Company
"Son of Poseidon" – Percy, Ares, Annabeth, Grover, Sally, Company
"The Last Day of Summer" – Percy, Luke, Company
"Bring on the Monsters"– Percy, Annabeth, Grover, Clarisse, Chiron, Silena, and Luke
Recording
The original cast album was released on July 7, 2017. For a limited-time, Broadway Records offered a special package that included an official Lightning Thief T-shirt in addition to a physical copy of the cast album.
A deluxe version of the original cast album was released on December 6, 2019. The album contains 5 cut songs sung by members of the Broadway cast.
A karaoke album was also released on December 6, containing the songs "Good Kid", "Killer Quest!", "My Grand Plan", "The Tree On The Hill", and "Bring On The Monsters".
Critical response
The Lightning Thief: The Percy Jackson Musical received positive reviews from critics off-Broadway. Fern Siegel, for The Huffington Post, praised the musical for its dialogue, story and cast, calling it "a reminder that Off-Broadway is an important venue for musicals", while Raven Snook, for Time Out, describe it as "worthy of the gods".
Frank Scheck, in reviewing the production for The Hollywood Reporter, wrote that the musical "proves far more enjoyable than the misbegotten 2010 film version or its 2013 sequel" and "also provides an excellent if irreverent introduction to Greek mythology that just might persuade some kids to dig deeper."
The show opened on Broadway to widely negative reviews. Jesse Green, the co-chief theater critic for The New York Times, wrote, "it is both overblown and underproduced, filled with sentiments it can't support and effects it can't pull off". He criticized the show as having "all the charm of a tension headache".
Awards and nominations
References
External links
Category:2017 musicals
Category:Musicals based on novels
Category:Greco-Roman mythology in popular culture | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi
Ayyub ibn Habib al-Lakhmi (fl. AD 716) was the 5th Umayyad Governor of Al-Andalus who succeeded his cousin Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa. He ruled for only 6 months, after which he moved to Cordoba and made it the capital of Muslim Iberia in place of Toledo.
Category:Umayyad governors of al-Andalus
Category:Umayyad conquest of Hispania | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ahmad Yani International Airport
Ahmad Yani International Airport () is an airport that serves the city of Semarang, in Central Java, Indonesia. The airport is named in honor of Ahmad Yani, who is a National Hero of Indonesia. It is one of the fastest-growing airports in the world by number of passengers. It became an international airport with the first flight of Garuda Indonesia to Singapore in August 2004. The airport is operated by PT Angkasa Pura I, a state enterprise of the Indonesian Ministry of Transport that manages airports in the eastern part of the country.
The airport used to be a military airbase owned by the TNI (Armed Forces of Indonesia) until 1966, when the airport was declared open to domestic commercial flights, while continuing to operate as an airbase for the Indonesian Army. The area is commonly known as Kalibanteng, hence it was commonly known as Kalibanteng Airbase. The new floating terminal of the airport was officially opened by Indonesian President Joko Widodo on 7 June 2018.
History
General Ahmad Yani International Airport used to be a military airbase for the Indonesian Army. It was opened for commercial flights after a joint decree between Chief of the Air Staff, Minister of Transport, and the Army Chief of staff on 31 August 1966. Since 1 October 1995, management was transferred to PT Angkasa Pura I. This marked the start of the fully commercial function of the airport until now.
Expansion began in 2004, done in phases starting with the addition to the length of the runway to accommodate the safer landing of larger aircraft. The airport gained its international status in August 2004 with its inaugural flight from Semarang to Singapore, as mentioned in the Minister's Decree No. 64/2004 on 10 August 2004. However, due to the global recession, the Semarang-Singapore route operated by Garuda was discontinued. Batavia Air took over this route in November 2009. Batavia Air ceased operations on 31 January 2013 as an outcome of a petition for bankruptcy on 30 January 2013. Currently, AirAsia, Indonesia AirAsia, and SilkAir have routes to Singapore and Kuala Lumpur from Semarang's General Ahmad Yani International Airport.
Development
General Ahmad Yani International Airport used to have a terminal to the south of the runway, with one arrival and departure gate each for domestic and international flights. The old terminal had a total area of 6,708 square meters in size. Facilities include souvenir shops, food outlets, bank, money changer, hotel and travel booking offices, taxi and rental car services. The airport is in the coastal area of Maron beach in the West Semarang district, which is prone to flooding and abrasion.
Central Java Government announced plans to expand the airport in 2004. The airport previously had a 1,850 m runway which was only capable of handling Boeing 737 Classics. Since the expansion, it has a 2,560 m runway which is capable of handling Boeing 767 and Airbus A320.
On 17 June 2014 Angkasa Pura I and military officials signed an agreement allowing the use of military land for 30 years and implementing the expansion project.
New terminal
On 17 June 2014, groundbreaking was done to build a new terminal for the airport.
On 6 June 2018, the new terminal was opened for the public. It is the first floating terminal in Indonesia, which has an area of 58,652 square metres, nearly 10 times larger in size than the old terminal. After the new terminal was opened, the old terminal was returned to the army. The new terminal is also equipped with six jet bridges.
The new terminal is designed on an eco-friendly theme, to register the terminal for green building certification. The unique passenger terminal built on top of a swamp, set to turn the airport into Indonesia's very first floating airport. The construction of the new terminal uses Earth-conscious materials and makes use of its surrounding swamps. The new terminal mainly uses glass materials to acquire more natural lighting inside the terminal, which saves electricity. Another eco-friendly design element is the airport's "reverse osmosis" technology to provide clean water by using rainwater and seawater, which is processed in a groundwater tank located underneath the airport terminal. There are water ponds around the airport that provides raw material for osmosis and control water levels to prevent flooding during the rainy season. Solar cells also contribute to the airport's street lighting. The new terminal has an interior garden, as well as a mangrove forest.
There is a multisensory waiting room specifically for autistic children, which is equipped with floor and wall mattresses, balls, beanbags, aquatic bubble tube, changing-colors LED, laser finger, and vestibular boards. The multisensory room is the first-ever sensory room at any Indonesian airport and also the first in the Asia-Pacific.
Airlines and destinations
Passenger
Citilink flight from Semarang to Jeddah includes a stop-over at Hyderabad. However, Citilink does not have rights to transport passengers solely between Semarang and Hyderabad.
Cargo
Statistics
Accidents and incidents
On 1 May 1981, Vickers Viscount 832 PK-RVN of Mandala Airlines carrying 44 passengers and crew was damaged beyond economic repair when it departed the runway on landing, causing the starboard and nose gear to collapse.
On 18 October 1992, Merpati Nusantara Airlines Flight 5601 operating a CASA/IPTN CN-235-10 PK-MNN crashed on a domestic flight from Semarang to Bandung The aircraft impacted Mount Papandayan and burst into flames, killing all 27 passengers and 4 crew aboard. It is the worst disaster involving a CASA/IPTN CN-235.
On 30 November 1994, A Fokker 28 Mk 4000 PK-GKU of Merpati Nusantara Airlines operating on flight 422 from Jakarta touched down during heavy rain far along the runway. Then it overran the runway and fell into a ditch, causing it to break into three pieces. All 85 passengers and crew survived.
On 25 December 2016, Wings Air flight IW1896 from Bandung, using an ATR 72-600 (registration PK-WGW) suffered a landing accident. At the time of the approach, it was raining at the airport with Cumulonimbus clouds in the area at 1500 feet. Following a VOR/DME approach, the aircraft landed on runway 13 and bounced; the right main gear then folded inwards causing the aircraft to veer right. The aircraft stopped on the right runway edge near taxiway D tilting to the right. All 68 passengers and 4 crew survived.
Ground transportation
Bus
From 2005 until 2007 there was a shuttle bus service connecting the airport to the city center and Semarang Old Town. However, due to protests from local airport taxi operators, this service was terminated.
In 2013, Trans Semarang, a bus rapid transit (BRT) operator, started to serve Ahmad Yani Intl Airport. Only one route went through the airport but all the available routes are interconnected. The expected interval is 15 to 30 minutes between buses unless there is traffic jam.
Car and taxi
There are Airport taxis provided and the reception available right in the arrival terminal. Please note that some public taxis in Semarang can't take passengers in the airport terminal.
Awards
For the third consecutive year, General Ahmad Yani Airport won the Cleanest Airport Award among 9 Class B Airports in Indonesia in 2013.
Gallery
References
External links
PT. Angkasa Pura I: Ahmad Yani Airport
Ahmad Yani Airport Website
Category:Buildings and structures in Semarang
Category:Transport in Central Java
Category:Airports in Central Java | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Fairyland (horse)
Fairyland (foaled 14 January 2016) is an Irish Thoroughbred racehorse. She was one of the best two-year-old fillies in Europe in 2018 when her wins included the Marble Hill Stakes, Lowther Stakes and Cheveley Park Stakes. In the following year she won the Flying Five Stakes and ran well in several major sprint races.
Background
Fairyland is a bay filly with a white star bred in Ireland by the Tally-Ho Stud. In October 2017 the yearling filly was offered for sale at Tattersalls and was bought for 925,000 guineas by Michael Magnier of behalf of his father, John Magnier's Coolmore Stud organisation. The filly was sent into training with Aidan O'Brien at Ballydoyle. Like many Coolmore horses, the official details of her ownership changed from race to race: he has sometimes been listed as being the property of Evie Stockwell (John Magnier's mother), while on other occasions she was described as being owned by a partnership comprising Stockwell, Derrick Smith and Michael Tabor.
She was sired by Kodiac, a sprinter who won four minor races from twenty starts and finished second in the Hackwood Stakes and fourth in the Prix Maurice de Gheest. His other foals have included Tiggy Wiggy, Best Solution (Grosser Preis von Baden) Gifted Master (Stewards' Cup) and Kodi Bear (Celebration Mile). Fairyland's dam Queenofthefairies, a half-sister to Dream Ahead, did not race, but produced at least two other winners including Now Or Never (Derrinstown Stud 1,000 Guineas Trial). She is a distant female-line descendant of Cantrip, a full sister to the Epsom Derby winner Aboyeur.
Racing career
2018: two-year-old season
Fairyland was ridden by Ryan Moore when she made her racecourse debut in a six furlong maiden race at Naas Racecourse on 7 May and started at odds of 3/1 in a ten-runner field. She raced close to the leaders from the start, took the advantage a furlong from the finish and won "comfortably" by one and three quarter lengths. Nineteen days later the filly was stepped up in class and matched against male opposition in the Listed Marble Hill Stakes over the same distance at the Curragh in which she was partnered by Seamie Heffernan. After tracking the front-runners she took the lead in the last quarter mile and drew away to win by two and a half lengths and a neck from her stablemates Van Beethoven and Land Force. The second and third placed horses went on to win the Railway Stakes and the Richmond Stakes respectively. Heffernan was again in the saddle when the filly was sent to England to contest the Albany Stakes at Royal Ascot and started the 5/2 second favourite against seventeen opponents. Racing on the far side of the straight course (the right-hand side from the jockeys' view) she finished a close third behind Main Edition and La Pelosa, both of whom raced on the opposite side of the track. In the aftermath of the race she was reported to be "under the weather" as many of the Ballydoyle horses were affected by a viral infection.
After a break of two months, Fairyland returned for the Lowther Stakes at York Racecourse and started 6/4 favourite ahead of the Princess Margaret Stakes winner Angel's Hideaway. Ridden by Moore she led for most of the way and after being headed by The Mackem Bullet inside the furlong she rallied in the final strides to regain the advantage and win by a nose. After the race O'Brien said "I'm delighted with her. She did get headed so it was great to see her battle back... She's a lovely filly and [the Cheveley Park Stakes] is the way we'll be heading... she's a big, rangy filly - she looks more like a three-year-old than a two-year-old".
On 29 September Fairyland, ridden by Donnacha O'Brien, started at odds of 6/1 for the Group 1 Cheveley Park Stakes at Newmarket Racecourse. Her ten opponents included Pretty Pollyanna (winner of the Prix Morny), So Perfect (Grangecon Stud Stakes), Lady Kaya (second in the Moyglare Stud Stakes), Signora Cabello (Queen Mary Stakes, Prix Robert Papin), Queen of Bermuda (Firth of Clyde Stakes), Angel's Hideaway and The Mackem Bullet. After tracking the leaders she took the lead just inside the final furlong and kept on strongly to win by a neck from The Mackem Bullet with So Perfect half a length away in third place. Aidan O'Brien commented "We thought she would come forward from York and she did. She's a lovely, big filly and has loads of speed. Donnacha gave her a peach of a ride. We always thought she would maybe get a mile but she's not short of speed and has a lovely mind. We probably wouldn't run her again this season".
2019: three-year-old season
On her three-year-old debut Fairyland was ridden by Frankie Dettori when she was one of fifteen fillies to contest the 1000 Guineas over the Rowley Mile at Newmarket on 5 May. Starting the 15/2 fifth choice in the betting she raced in mid-division before keeping well under pressure to finish fifth behind Hermosa, Lady Kaya, Qabala and Angel's Hideaway. In the Irish 1000 Guineas at the Curragh she never looked likely to win and came home sixth behind Hermosa, beaten more than eight lengths by the winner. Fairyland was dropped back to sprint distances for the King's Stand Stakes over five furlongs at Royal Ascot and finished fifth behind Blue Point, Battaash, Soldier's Call and Mabs Cross. On her next race she contested the six-furlong July Cup at Newmarket in which she ran third to the colts Ten Sovereigns and Advertise.
In the Nunthorpe Stakes at York of 23 August Fairyland failed to recover from a poor start and trailed home tenth of the eleven runners in a race won by Battaash. The filly maintained her busy schedule in the Haydock Sprint Cup on 7 September when she ran sixth to Hello Youmzain beaten just over three lengths by the winner. Eight days after her defeat at Haydock Fairyland was partnered by Ryan Moore when she started at odds for 12/1 for the Group 1 Flying Five Stakes at the Curragh. Soffia (Sapphire Stakes) started favourite while the other seven runners included Mabs Cross, Soldier's Call, Houtzen (P J Bell Stakes), Invincible Army (Duke of York Stakes) and So Perfect (Lacken Stakes). After settling just behind the leaders Fairyland overtook the front-running outsider Caspian Prince approaching the final furlong and kept on well to hold off the late challenge of her stablemate So Perfect to win by a short head. O'Brien commented "Her best run of the year was back at five at Ascot in the King's Stand. The ground was too soft for her at Haydock and she got upset in the stalls and banged her head before that at York. You would have to be delighted."
Fairyland ran in France for the first time on 6 October when she contested the Prix de l'Abbaye over 1000 metres on very soft ground at Longchamp Racecourse but never looked likely to win and came home tenth behind Glass Slippers.
Pedigree
References
External links
Career 1-2-3 Colour Chart – Fairyland
Category:2016 racehorse births
Category:Racehorses bred in Ireland
Category:Racehorses trained in Ireland
Category:Thoroughbred family 1-b | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Piotrkowska Street
Piotrkowska Street (), the main artery of Łódź, Poland, is one of the longest commercial thoroughfares in Europe, with a length of around 4.2 km. It is one of the major tourist attractions of the city. It runs longitudinally in the straight line between the Liberty Square (Plac Wolności) and the Independence Square (Plac Niepodległości).
From the very beginning this street was the central axis, around which the city grew bigger, and its development spontaneously gave the present shape to its centre. At first the city was mainly the highway, but later it changed into the city's showcase, the leisure and shopping centre, where the life of growing industrial agglomeration could be observed. The street deteriorated remarkably after World War II. Only after 1990 was it revitalized step by step and changed into a kind of pedestrian precinct. It has a function similar to a market square of old towns in other cities. Nowadays the buildings, town-planning, institutions, restaurants, clubs and pubs situated next to this street, create its specific atmosphere, which is said to have a "cult" character reaching even outside of Łódź.
History
In the beginning, the present Piotrkowska Street functioned as a route joining Piotrków Trybunalski and Zgierz. On this path a small, roadside urban settlement called Łódź was located. In 1821 Rajmund Rembieliński - the president of the Commission of the Province of Mazovia - took some action in order to regulate the building development in the industrial settlement. This settlement was called The New Town and it was situated in the south from the "old" Łódź. On the street plan of the settlement, the route line was outlined, and along it the cross streets and standard 17,5–21 meters wide plots with a surface area of one morgen, allotted to weaving craftsmen. Standard houses were built on those plots – a workshop, which stood facing the route, whereas the rest of the plot was a "garden" for the owner's family. At the northern end of the route, the New Town Market was outlined (now the Liberty Square), which had stood in the south from the Old Town Market. At first (around 1815) the name Piotrkowska Street was used to describe the northern part of the route joining both markets, whereas the southern part (the present Piotrkowska Street) didn't have any name. This means that Piotrkowska Street was a kind of courtyard and market for the huge "manufacture of Łódź", so for the whole New Town. The fact that Łódź had this function, is the reason why in this city never developed anything like a classical city centre with a centrally situated market and co-centrally expanding commercial institutions and public organizations, and Piotrkowska Street took on this role.
Revitalization
Before 1990 Piotrkowska Street didn't differ much from other streets, although it was the most important street in the city. The plans of changing Piotrkowska Street into a pedestrian zone, resulted only in moving the trams to a horizontal Promenade (today called Kościuszki Avenue).
Before this change the promenade had a function of a pedestrian avenue. In its centre there was a wide green belt, which later on was used as a tram line. There was not enough of political will to change Piotrkowska Street into a real pedestrian precinct, although this idea came back from time to time. The first step was the gradual reduction of street traffic by introducing "no parking" or "you must turn" signs on almost every crossroad from Mickiewicza Avenue to the Independence Square.
In 1945-1990 the street suffered from the gradual degradation. Until the 1970s the old, eclectic apartment houses weren't considered by the authorities of those days as historic monuments. Several of them were destroyed and in their places office buildings and shopping centers were built, usually in the international style. In the 1980s some falling off decorative elements of the elevation, dangerous for the passers-by, were simply removed from the walls, even though the renovation of some chosen buildings had already begun.
The character of the street changed only after 1990. In this year an architect and a member of an artistic group "Łódź Kaliska", Marek Janiak, came up with the idea of creating the Foundation of Piotrkowska Street. Its goal was to revitalize this street and turning it into a pedestrian precinct. As the first one, a distance between Piłsudskiego Avenue and Tuwima Street was excluded from traffic. It was covered with colorful cobblestones and equipped with modernistic street lights and other elements of the so-called street furniture. It was strongly criticized by art conservatives and culture historians, because it didn't suit the general climate of the street.
The next parts of the street in the northern direction to the Liberty Square were revitalized and excluded from street traffic in 1993-1997. They were paved with black cobblestones imitating the old pavement and equipped with more and more beautiful elements of the so-called street furniture. Every new part, however, has another kind of surface and another style of decorative elements, which is being criticized as well. Even before the last part of the street, which was meant to be a pedestrian precinct, could be given to the public use, the cobblestones on the first part were remarkably destroyed. From 1995 those cobblestones were gradually replaced by the new ones, which were more grey in color and much more solid. That created a perfect opportunity to build the monument Lodz Citizens of the Millennium.
Together with the decoration change of Piotrkowska Street, apartment houses and little palaces standing next to it were revitalized. Some pubs, restaurants, shops and cafés moved inside them. At first mainly the front elevations of apartment houses were renovated, but as the popularity of the street increased and some of the most attractive buildings in the front were rented, revitalization gradually reached also backyards and back-premises. Nowadays, although not all of them, the huge number of backyards are paved with cobblestones and used for trading purposes.
Today
Today Piotrkowska Street is the axis of Łódź agglomeration. Here, in its proximity, almost all of the most important administrative offices, banks, shops, restaurants and pubs are situated. The most of the events, outdoor parties, marches and official celebrations, organized by the city of Łódź, are taking place here...
Piotrkowska, which was called by many people Bigel some time ago, now is more and more commonly described as Pietryna. It is a cultural, political, sentimental, commercial and business centre of Lodz.
Between Tuwima Street and Nawrot Street there is the Monument of Łódź Citizens of Millennium Change, which is a nominal surface covering the part of Piotrkowska Street. This is probably the only monument of this kind in the world, consisting of 13.454 nominal cobblestones.
Some time ago a huge shopping centre Galeria Łódzka was built next to Piotrkowska Street. This made many shops move from Piotrkowska Street, and that's why we could observe the visible standstill. But after about a year the empty spaces that remained after the previous shops, started to be used again, some of them, however, still stood empty in the beginning of 2006. In this group was one of the most representative- the former Dom Buta. The similar process is being observed after another shopping centre – Manufaktura - was opened next to the northern end of the street.
The northern part of the street is pedestrianised, although emergency and 'security' vehicles are allowed to speed along it - and do with alarming hostility and frequency, even weaving between the numerous beer gardens in the summer. The width of Piotrkowska Street varies between 17 and 26 meters.
OFF Piotrkowska
OFF Piotrkowska is an alternative dining and shopping area situated in the former Ramisch factory at 138–140 Piotrkowska, which operated as Franciszek Ramisch’s cotton mill until 1990.
Food trucks, bars, clubs, alternative music venues, studios, design companies and publishing houses occupy the buildings and open spaces. The usable area is 6,537 sqm and the plot area is 12,898 sqm.
Łódź Walk of Fame
The walk of fame(pl) on Piotrkowska street, designed by Andrzej Pągowski in 1998, on either side of Piotrkowska: outside the Grand Hotel and across the street, includes: Roman Polański, Pola Negri, Jadwiga Andrzejewska, Jerzy Antczak, Stanisław Bareja, Zbigniew Cybulski, Jacek Fedorowicz, Aleksander Fogiel, Aleksander Ford, Janusz Gajos, Wojciech Jerzy Has, Piotr Hertel, Jerzy Hoffman, Agnieszka Holland, Gustaw Holoubek, Krystyna Janda, Stefan Jaracz, Kazimierz Karabasz, Jerzy Kawalerowicz, Krzysztof Kieślowski, Wojciech Kilar, Edward Kłosiński, Bogumił Kobiela, Marek Kondrat, Krzysztof Kowalewski, Witold Leszczyński, Tadeusz Łomnicki, Jan Machulski, Juliusz Machulski, Janusz Majewski, Roman Mann, Janusz Morgenstern, Andrzej Munk, Leon Niemczyk, Daniel Olbrychski, Cezary Pazura, Franciszek Pieczka, Wojciech Pszoniak, Włodzimierz Puchalski, Stanisław Różewicz, Zbigniew Rybczyński, Jan Rybkowski, Andrzej Seweryn, Piotr Sobociński, Witold Sobociński, Bogusław Sochnacki, Władysław Starewicz, Allan Starski, Danuta Szaflarska, Jerzy Toeplitz, Beata Tyszkiewicz, Andrzej Wajda, Jerzy Wójcik, Zbigniew Zamachowski, Krzysztof Zanussi, and Zbigniew Zapasiewicz.
The road traffic
Starting from the Independence Square to the crossing with Mickiewicza and Piłsudskiego Avenues, there is a normal road traffic and this part of the street is covered with an ordinary asphalt and pavements made of concrete panels. On the part from the Independence Square to Żwirki and Wigury Streets, there still is quite an intensive bus and tram traffic. Despite this there are many shops, restaurants and pubs too, although they do not have such a representative character, as those located on the promenade.
Gallery
References
External links
The City of Łódź Office
Virtual Łódź
A virtual walk on Piotrkowska Street (pl)
Pictures of Piotrkowska Street (pl)
Category:Łódź
Category:Transport in Łódź
Category:Streets in Poland | {
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Electro-Magnetic Laboratory Rail Gun
The Electro-Magnetic Laboratory Rail Gun is a 32-megajoule electro-magnetic laboratory rail gun being evaluated by the US Office of Naval Research (ONR) Naval Air Warfare and Weapons Department. The US Navy is pursuing development of the launcher system through two industry teams -- General Atomics and BAE Systems - to reduce risk in the program and to foster innovation in next-generation shipboard weapons. The same amount of energy is released by the detonation of of C4.
The two prototype demonstrators incorporate advanced composites and improved barrel life performance resulting from development efforts on laboratory railgun systems located at the Naval Research Laboratory and NSWC-Dahlgren Division.
A 32 Megajoule prototype has been delivered by BAE Systems. This particular rail gun delivers fire from up to 220 miles in range, around 10 times the distance capable of standard ship mounted guns with rounds landing more swiftly and with little or no warning compared to a volley of Tomahawk cruise missiles. BAE was awarded the contract to build the prototype in July 2006. The first industry-built launcher, a 32-megajoule prototype demonstrator made by BAE Systems, arrived at the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Dahlgren in January 2012.
A previous 32-megajoule installation existed at Kirkcudbright Electromagnetic Launch Facility at the Dundrennan Weapons Testing Range in Scotland, United Kingdom.
Development program
The Electro-Magnetic Laboratory Rail Gun is a long-range naval weapon that fires projectiles using electricity instead of chemical propellants. Magnetic fields created by high electrical currents accelerate a sliding metal conductor, or armature, between two rails to launch projectiles at 4,500 mph to 5,600 mph. Electricity generated by the ship is stored over several seconds in the pulsed power system. Next, an electric pulse is sent to the railgun, creating an electromagnetic force accelerating the projectile to Mach 7.5. Using its extreme speed on impact, the kinetic energy warhead eliminates the hazards of high explosives in the ship and unexploded ordnance on the battlefield.
The program was initiated in 2005. The goal during Phase I is a proof-of-concept demonstration at 32 mega-joule muzzle energy has been achieved. A future weapon system at this energy level would be capable of launching a projectile to a range of 100-nautical miles. This launch energy has the advantage of being able to stress many components to evaluate full-scale mechanical and electromagnetic forces.
Phase I was focused on the development of launcher technology with adequate service life, development of reliable pulsed power technology and component risk reduction for the projectile.
Phase II, which started in 2012, is planned to advance the technology for transition to an acquisition program, concentrating on demonstrating a repeated rate fire capability. Thermal management techniques required for sustained firing rates will be developed for both the launcher system and the pulsed power system.
References
External links
Electromagnetic Railgun at ONR
Electromagnetic (EM) Railgun, BAE Systems
Category:Railguns
Category:Large-calibre artillery
Category:Superguns | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Liyuan Dam
The Liyuan Dam is a concrete-face rock-fill dam on the Jinsha River on the border of Yulong County and Shangri-La County, Yunnan Province, China. The dam will have an associated hydroelectric power station with a 2,400 MW power station containing 4 x 600 MW generators. Construction on the river diversion for the dam began in 2008. It began to impound its reservoir in November 2014 and on December 28, 2014 the first generator was commissioned. The second generator was commissioned in July 2015.
The dam withholds a reservoir of , of which is active or "useful" storage. The normal reservoir level is above sea level with a minimum of . The catchment area for the reservoir in the upstream basin is while the reservoir surface area is .
See also
List of power stations in China
References
Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Yunnan
Category:Dams in China
Category:Dams on the Jinsha River
Category:Dams under construction in China
Category:Concrete-face rock-fill dams
Category:Dams completed in 2014
Category:2014 establishments in China | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Hans Schildmacher
Hans Egon Wilhelm Schildmacher (13 March 1907 - 3 September 1976) was a German zoologist who specialized in ornithology particularly on avian physiology and endocrinology. He served as a professor of zoology at the University of Greifswald.
Hans was born in Magdeburg where his father Otto was a watchmaker. He studied in the local schools and was interested in the animal world and especially through the influence of Paul Rabitz. He founded an ornithological association at Magdeburg in 1923 and in 1924 he was in charge of cattle at Magdeburg Kreuzhorst under August Mertens. He graduated in the natural sciences with studies at Halle and Berlin. In 1931 he began to study Herbst corpuscles with Erwin Stresemann. He later worked at the museum at Hannover and then at Heligoland where he worked with Rudolf Drost. In 1929 he joined the University of Rostock for postdoctoral studies. In 1939 he joined the military service as a military entomologist to help fight malaria in southern Europe. After the Second World War he worked at the University of Greifswald and improved the Hiddensee bird reserve. In 1951 he became a professor and became a full professor of zoology in 1969. He took an active role in bird conservation in East Germany as an expert on the committee of the Kulturbund.
References
External links
Biography (in German)
Category:German ornithologists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Response regulator
A response regulator is a protein that mediates a cell's response to changes in its environment as part of a two-component regulatory system. Response regulators are coupled to specific histidine kinases which serve as sensors of environmental changes. Response regulators and histidine kinases are two of the most common gene families in bacteria, where two-component signaling systems are very common; they also appear much more rarely in the genomes of some archaea, yeasts, filamentous fungi, and plants. Two-component systems are not found in metazoans.
Function
Response regulator proteins typically consist of a receiver domain and one or more effector domains, although in some cases they possess only a receiver domain and exert their effects through protein-protein interactions. In two-component signaling, a histidine kinase responds to environmental changes by autophosphorylation on a histidine residue, following which the response regulator receiver domain catalyzes transfer of the phosphate group to its own recipient aspartate residue. This induces a conformational change that alters the function of the effector domains, usually resulting in increased transcription of target genes. The mechanisms by which this occurs are diverse and include allosteric activation of the effector domain or oligomerization of phosphorylated response regulators. In a common variation on this theme, called a phosphorelay, a hybrid histidine kinase possesses its own receiver domain, and a histidine phosphotransfer protein performs the final transfer to a response regulator.
In many cases, histidine kinases are bifunctional and also serve as phosphatases, catalyzing the removal of phosphate from response regulator aspartate residues, such that the signal transduced by the response regulator reflects the balance between kinase and phosphatase activity. Many response regulators are also capable of autodephosphorylation, which occurs on a wide range of time scales. In addition, phosphoaspartate is relatively chemically unstable and may be hydrolyzed non-enzymatically.
Histidine kinases are highly specific for their cognate response regulators; there is very little cross-talk between different two-component signaling systems in the same cell.
Classification
Response regulators can be divided into at least three broad classes, based on the features of effector domains: regulators with a DNA-binding effector domain, regulators with an enzymatic effector domain, and single-domain response regulators. More comprehensive classifications based on more detailed analysis of domain architecture are possible. Beyond these broad categorizations, there are response regulators with other types of effector domains, including RNA-binding effector domains.
Regulators with a DNA-binding effector domain are the most common response regulators, and have direct impacts on transcription. They tend to interact with their cognate regulators at an N-terminus receiver domain, and contain the DNA-binding effector towards the C-terminus. Once phosphorylated at the receiver domain, the response regulator dimerizes, gains enhanced DNA binding capacity and acts as a transcription factor. The architecture of DNA binding domains are characterized as being variations on helix-turn-helix motifs. One variation, found on the response regulator OmpR of the EnvZ/OmpR two-component system and other OmpR-like response regulators, is a "winged helix" architecture. OmpR-like response regulators are the largest group of response regulators and the winged helix motif is widespread. Other subtypes of DNA-binding response regulators include FixJ-like and NtrC-like regulators. DNA-binding response regulators are involved in various uptake processes, including nitrate/nitrite (NarL, found in most prokaryotes).
The second class of multidomain response regulators are those with enzymatic effector domains. These response regulators can participate in signal transduction, and generate secondary messenger molecules. Examples include the chemotaxis regulator CheB, with a methylesterase domain that is inhibited when the response regulator is in the inactive unphosphorylated conformation. Other enzymatic response regulators include c-di-GMP phosphodiesterases (e.g. VieA in V. cholerae), protein phosphatases and histidine kinases.
A relatively small number of response regulators, single-domain response regulators, only contain a receiver domain, relying on protein-protein interactions to exert their downstream biological effects. The receiver domain undergoes a conformational change as it interacts with an autophosphorylated histidine kinase, and consequently the response regulator can initiate further reactions along a signaling cascade. Prominent examples include the chemotaxis regulator CheY, which interacts with flagellar motor proteins directly in its phosphorylated state.
Sequencing has so far shown that the distinct classes of response regulators are unevenly distributed throughout various taxa, including across domains. While response regulators with DNA-binding domains are the most common in bacteria, single-domain response regulators are more common in archaea, with other major classes of response regulators seemingly absent from archaeal genomes.
Evolution
The number of two-component systems present in a bacterial genome is highly correlated with genome size as well as ecological niche; bacteria that occupy niches with frequent environmental fluctuations possess more histidine kinases and response regulators. New two-component systems may arise by gene duplication or by lateral gene transfer, and the relative rates of each process vary dramatically across bacterial species. In most cases, response regulator genes are located in the same operon as their cognate histidine kinase; lateral gene transfers are more likely to preserve operon structure than gene duplications. The small number of two-component systems present in eukaryotes most likely arose by lateral gene transfer from endosymbiotic organelles; in particular, those present in plants likely derive from chloroplasts.
References
Category:Protein families
Category:Bacterial proteins
Category:Signal transduction | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Xerox art
Xerox art (sometimes, more generically, called copy art, electrostatic art, or xerography) is an art form that began in the 1960s. Prints are created by putting objects on the glass, or platen, of a copying machine and by pressing "start" to produce an image. If the object is not flat, or the cover does not totally cover the object, or the object is moved, the resulting image is distorted in some way. The curvature of the object, the amount of light that reaches the image surface, and the distance of the cover from the glass, all affect the final image. Often, with proper manipulation, rather ghostly images can be made. Basic techniques include: Direct Imaging, the copying of items placed on the platen (normal copy); Still Life Collage, a variation of direct imaging with items placed on the platen in a collage format focused on what is in the foreground/background; Overprinting, the technique of constructing layers of information, one over the previous, by printing onto the same sheet of paper more than once; Copy Overlay, a technique of working with or interfering in the color separation mechanism of a color copier; Colorizing, vary color density and hue by adjusting the exposure and color balance controls; Degeneration is a copy of a copy degrading the image as successive copies are made; Copy Motion, the creation of effects by moving an item or image on the platen during the scanning process. Each machine also creates different effects.
Accessible art
Xerox art appeared shortly after the first Xerox copying machines were made. It is often used in collage, mail art and book art. Publishing collaborative mail art in small editions of Xerox art and mailable book art was the purpose of International Society of Copier Artists (I.S.C.A.) founded by Louise Odes Neaderland.
Throughout the history of copy art San Francisco and Rochester are mentioned frequently. Rochester was known as the Imaging Capital of the World with Eastman Kodak and Xerox, while many artists with innovative ideas created cutting edge works in San Francisco. Alongside the computer boom a copy art explosion was taking place. Copy shops were springing up all over San Francisco, and access to copiers made it possible to create inexpensive art of unique imagery. Multiple prints of assemblage and collage meant artists could share work more freely. Print on demand meant making books and magazines at the corner copy shop without censorship and with only a small outlay of funds. Comic book artists could quickly use parts of their work over and over.
Early history 1960s–1970s
The first artists recognized to make copy art are Charles Arnold, Jr. and Wallace Berman. Charles Arnold, Jr. an instructor at Rochester Institute of Technology, made the first photocopies with artistic intent in 1961 using a large Xerox camera on an experimental basis. Wallace, called the "father" of assemblage art, would use a Verifax photocopy machine (Kodak) to make copies of the images which he would often juxtapose in a grid format. Berman was influenced by his San Francisco Beat circle, and by Surrealism, Dada, and the Kabbalah. Sonia Landy Sheridan began teaching the first course in the use of copiers at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1970.
In the 1960s and 1970s, Esta Nesbitt was one of the earliest artists experimenting with xerox art. She invent three xerography techniques, named transcapsa, photo-transcapsa, and chromacapsa. Nesbitt worked closely with Anibal Ambert and Merle English at Xerox Corporation and the company sponsored her art research from 1970 until 1972.
Copy artists' dependence upon the same machines does not mean that they share a common style or aesthetic. Artists as various as Ian Burn (a conceptual/process artist who made "Xerox Book" in 1968), Laurie Rae Chamberlain (a punk-inspired colour Xeroxer exhibiting in the mid 1970s) and Helen Chadwick (a feminist artist using her own body as subject matter in the 1980s) have employed photocopiers for very different purposes. Other artists who have made significant use of the machines include: Tim Head, Guy Bleus, Ginny Lloyd, Sonia Sheridan, Tom Norton, David Hockney, M. Vänçi Stirnemann, Russell Mills, Carol Key, Sarah Willis, Graham Harwood, Alison Marchant, Joseph D. Harris, Evergon, Pati Hill, Tyler Moore, and the Copyart Collective of Camden.
In the mid-1970s Pati Hill did art experiments with an IBM copier. Hill's resulting xerox artwork was exhibited at Centre Pompidou, Paris, the Musée d’Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, and the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, among other venues in Europe and the US.
Recognition of the art form
San Francisco had an active Xerox arts scene that started in 1976 with LaMamelle gallery with the All Xerox exhibit and in 1980 the International Copy Art Exhibition, curated and organized by Ginny Lloyd, was also held at LaMamelle gallery. The exhibition traveled to San Jose, California and Japan. Lloyd also made the first copy art billboard (the first of three) with a grant from Eyes and Ears Foundation.
A gallery named Studio 718 moved into the Beat poet area of San Francisco's North Beach neighborhood. It shared space in part with Postcard Palace where several copy artists sold postcard editions and also housed a Xerox 6500. At around the same time color copy calendars produced in multiple editions made by Barbara Cushman sold at her store and gallery, A Fine Hand.
In the 1980, Marilyn McCray curated the Electroworks Exhibit held at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum and International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House. On view at the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum were more than 250 examples of prints, limited-edition books, graphics, animation, textiles, and 3-D pieces produced by artists and designers.
Galeria Motivation of Montreal, Canada held an exhibit of copy art in 1981. PostMachina, an exhibit in Bologna, Italy held in 1984, featured copy art works.
In May 1987, artist and curator George Muhleck wrote in Stuttgart about the international exhibition "Medium: Photocopie" that it inquired into "new artistic ways of handling photocopy." The book which accompanied the exhibition was sponsored mainly by the Goethe Institut of Montreal, with additional support from the Ministere des Affaires Culturelles du Quebec.
The complete collection I.S.C.A. Quarterlies is housed at the Jaffe Book Arts Collection of the Special Collections of the Wimberly Library at Florida Atlantic University in Boca Raton, Florida. The collection began in 1989 with several volumes donated by the Bienes Museum of the Modern Book, in Fort Lauderdale, FL. The Jaffe hosted an exhibition in 2010 of copy art by Ginny Lloyd, showcasing her works and copy art collection. She lectures and teaches workshops at the Jaffe on copy art history and techniques. She previously taught the workshop in 1981 at Academie Aki, Other Books and So Archive, and Jan Van Eyck Academie in The Netherlands; Image Resource Center in Cleveland and University of California - Berkeley.
In 2018, Whitney Museum curatorial fellow Michelle Donnelly presented Experiments in Electrostatics, a show of xerographic works produced by American artists during the period 1966 to 1986.
Current artwork
Copiers add to the arts, as can be seen by surrealist Jan Hathaway's combining color xerography with other media, Carol Heifetz Neiman's layering prismacolor pencil through successive runs of a color photocopy process (1988-1990), or R.L. Gibson's use of large scale xerography such as in Psychomachia (2010).
In 1991, independent filmmaker Chel White completed a 4-minute animated film titled "Choreography for Copy Machine (Photocopy Cha Cha)". All of the film’s images were created solely by using the unique photographic capabilities of a Sharp mono-colour photocopier to generate sequential pictures of hands, faces, and other body parts. Layered colors were created by shooting the animation through photographic gels. The film achieves a dream-like aesthetic with elements of the sensual and the absurd. The Berlin International Film Festival describes it as "a swinging essay about physiognomy in the age of photo-mechanical reproduction. The Austin Film Society dubs it, "Doubtlessly the best copy machine art with delightfully rhythmic sequences of images, all to a cha-cha-cha beat." The film screened in a special program at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival, and was awarded Best Animated Short Film at the 1992 Ann Arbor Film Festival
Manufacturers of the machines are an obvious source of funding for artistic experimentation with copiers and such companies as Rank, Xerox, Canon and Selex have been willing to lend machines, sponsor shows and pay for artists-in-residence programs.
See also
Scanography
References
Further reading
Copy Art Bibliography compiled by Reed Altemus for Leonardo/ISAST
Jaffe Center for the Book Arts Carbon Alternative exhibit
Creative Photocopying (1997), Walton, S. and Walton, S. Aurum Press. .
Lloyd, Ginny. Let's Make Copy Art On-Your-Own. Jupiter, FL. TropiChaCha Press. 2013.
Category:Photographic techniques
Category:Art genres
Category:Fluxus
Category:Artists' books | {
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An American in Rome
An American in Rome (originally Un americano a Roma) is a 1954 Italian comedy film directed by Steno. The film consists in a satire of americanization, and it was referred as "a milestone in the evolution of Italian self-identification". It starred Alberto Sordi, with a very young Ursula Andress in a minor role.
Overview
Sordi reprises the character of Nando Mericoni he played a few months before in an episode of comedy film Un giorno in pretura. The character eventually returned in Sergio Corbucci's Di che segno sei? (1975).
Due to the continuous references of Nando to Kansas City, Alberto Sordi received in 1955 its honorary citizenship. Nando would really refer to the state of Kansas and not to the city (he spoke about the life in the Kansas City and referred to him as a sort of highway policeman of the K.C.).
Plot summary
Italy in the Fifties. The image of grandeur and opulence, brought by the arrival of American troops in 1944, still has its effect on many young Italians. One of them is Ferdinando "Nando" Mericoni (Alberto Sordi), a connoisseur of the American world as represented in American cinema of which he is fervent devotee. Believing his future lies beyond the Atlantic, Nando who is born and raised in Rome, americanizes his life by imitating the sounds of American language and trying to recreate a Hollywood setting in his room, in his antics which leave a trail of victims, especially his now desperate parents, and his girlfriend Elvira (Maria Pia Casilio), who, probably allured by his manner, loves him despite everything.
Nando wears a studded leather bracelet, a cowboy belt, a tight white t-shirt, jeans and baseball cap, refers to his loved ones in what he considers American terms (Elvy, papi, mami) but also lives out everyday situations as though they were scenes in an American film in which he is the main actor.
After several misadventures, he finds his only recourse suggested by a famous film of the time, Fourteen Hours by Henry Hathaway, then he climbs the Colosseum and threatens to kill himself if someone will not help him get to the United States. After endless hours on top of the monument, Nando's dream seems to materialize with the arrival of the American ambassador. The ambassador promises him a journey to the United States and a job there to persuade him to come down, but once Nando comes down the ambassador attacks him furiously. Nando, hospitalized, recognizes the hopelessness of his dreams and desires, but in his heart he will still remain an irreducible American in Rome.
Cast
Alberto Sordi: Nando Mericoni (Santy Bailor)
Maria Pia Casilio: Elvira (Elvy)
Giulio Calì: Father of Nando
Anita Durante: Mother of Nando
Ilse Petersen: Molly, the American painter
Vincenzo Talarico: On. Borgiani
Carlo Mazzarella: Secretary of the Embassy
Rocco D'Assunta: italian Commissioner
Ursula Andress: Astrid
Carlo Delle Piane: Romolo Pellacchioni aka "Cicalone"
Galeazzo Benti: Fred Buonanotte
Pina Gallini: television spectator
Leopoldo Trieste: television spectator
Venantino Venantini : private of Military Police
References
External links
Category:1954 films
Category:1950s comedy films
Category:1950s satirical films
Category:Italian films
Category:Films directed by Stefano Vanzina
Category:Italian comedy films
Category:Films set in Rome
Category:Titanus films
Category:Films produced by Carlo Ponti
Category:Films produced by Dino De Laurentiis
Category:Films scored by Angelo Francesco Lavagnino
Category:Minerva Film films | {
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Order of the Francisque
The Order of the Gallic Francisque is an order and medal which was awarded by the Vichy Regime, the Nazi-aligned government of France during World War II.
The order was created by the arrêtés of 26 May, 1941, the law of 16 May, 1941 and the decrees of 14 March, 1942 and 31 July, 1942.
The Francisque was the personal symbol of Philippe Pétain, Marshal of France and Head of State.
Although the personal symbol of Philippe Pétain, the francisque was gradually used on official documents as the coat of arms of the Vichy regime.
Description
Although called francisque, the medal and generally speaking the symbol used on official document is a labrys.
Notable holders
At least, 2626 persons received the order of the Francisque. The official number remains unknown as the archives listing all the holders burnt at the end of the Second World War. The holders include:
The widow of the général Charles Huntziger was the first to receive the order of the francisque;
The Lumière brothers in 1941;
Raymond Marcellin;
François Mitterrand (1943), former French president, receiver number 2202;
Raoul Salan;
Marc Boegner, reverend of the French Protestant Church and president of the Protestant Federation of France;
Paul Dungler;
Charles Vanel, actor;
Pierre Fresnay, actor;
, father of the former French president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing;
Jacques Ploncard d'Assac, journalist and writer;
Charles Maurras, journalist and writer;
Henry Coston, journalist and writer;
Maxime Real del Sarte, sculptor;
Antoine Pinay, French politician;
Henri Pourrat, actor;
Xavier Vallat, French politician;
Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour, French politician;
Pierre Dunoyer de Segonzac, founder of the École des cadres d'Uriage;
Paul Morand, writer;
Louis II, Prince of Monaco;
René de Chambrun, lawyer, and stepson of Pierre Laval;
Maurice Couve de Murville, French politician and former Prime Minister;
, member of the French resistance, affiliated to the resistance network of François Mitterrand, father of Hubert Védrine, former French minister of foreign affairs;
References
Category:Civil awards and decorations of France
Category:Vichy France | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Drozdowo, Olecko County
Drozdowo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kowale Oleckie, within Olecko County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately east of Kowale Oleckie, north of Olecko, and east of the regional capital Olsztyn.
The village has an approximate population of 250.
Notable residents
Gustav von Saltzwedel (1808–1897), politician
Wilhelm von Saltzwedel (1820–1882), public official
References
Drozdowo | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Tin Yuet
Tin Yuet may refer to:
Tin Yuet Estate, a public housing estate in Tin Shui Wai, Hong Kong
Tin Yuet stop, an MTR Light Rail stop adjacent to the estate | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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DNO ASA
DNO ASA ‘DNO’ is a Norwegian oil and gas operator focused on the Middle East and the North Sea. Founded in 1971 and listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange, the Company holds stakes in onshore and offshore licenses at various stages of exploration, development and production in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Norway, the United Kingdom and Yemen.
About DNO
DNO is Norway's oldest oil company and the first to list on the Oslo Stock Exchange in 1981. During the last two decades the company's focus has shifted from the North Sea to the Middle East region.
In 2004, DNO was the first international oil company to enter the Kurdistan region of Iraq, at a time when the Kurdish region's oil industry was virtually non-existent. The company began production from its flagship Tawke oil field in Kurdistan in 2007 – just two years after the start of exploration activities. The neighboring Peshkabir field was brought on production in 2018.
DNO is now the leading international operator in Kurdistan in terms of production (more than 110,000 barrels of oil per day in 2017) and reserves (the Tawke and Peshkabir fields together hold more than 500 million barrels of proven and probable reserves).
The company re-entered the North Sea as well in 2017, acquiring offshore exploration licenses in Norway and the United Kingdom. This has since expanded to include the Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea.
Operations
Kurdistan region of Iraq
DNO entered the region in 2004 and now has a leading position in reserves and production.
Norway
DNO re-entered Norway in 2017 through the acquisition of Origo Exploration and now holds twenty-one licenses on the Norwegian Continental Shelf.
United Kingdom
DNO entered the United Kingdom in 2017 through the acquisition of Origo Exploration and now holds three licenses to the UK Continental Shelf.
Yemen
DNO entered Yemen in 1998 and was the company's first foray into the Middle East.
Assets
Kurdistan, Iraq
Norway
United Kingdom
Yemen
Board of Directors
Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani - Executive Chairman
Bijan Mossavar-Rahmani is an experienced oil and gas executive and has served as DNO's Executive Chairman of the Board of Directors since 2011. Mr. Mossavar-Rahmani serves concurrently as Executive Chairman of Oslo-listed RAK Petroleum plc, DNO's largest shareholder. He is a member of the nomination and remuneration committees.
Lars Arne Takla - Deputy Chairman
Lars Arne Takla has extensive experience from various managerial, executive and board positions in the international oil and gas industry. He was elected to DNO's Board of Directors in 2012 and is a member of the HSSE committee.
Elin Karfjell - Director
Elin Karfjell is Managing Partner of Aelika AS and has held various management positions across a broad range of industries. Ms. Karfjell was elected to DNO's Board of Directors in 2015 and is a member of the audit committee.
Gunnar Hirsti - Director
Gunnar Hirsti has executive experience from various managerial, executive and board positions in the oil and gas industry as well as the information technology industry in Norway. He was elected to DNO's Board of Directors in 2007 and is a member of the audit and remuneration committees.
Shelley Watson - Director
Shelley Watson began her career as a reservoir surveillance and facilities engineer with Esso Australia in its offshore Bass Strait operation. She has served on DNO's Board of Directors since 2010 and is a member of the audit committee.
Criticism from the National Contact Point
The Norwegian National Contact Point concluded in 2018 that DNO had not met the expectations expressed in the OECD Guidelines on prior notice and consultation with the employees of DNO Yemen in connection with suspension of the company's Yemeni operations in 2015. The key issue in the complaint concerned lack of prior notice and consultation between DNO and the employee representatives in Yemen in connection with collective dismissals and suspension of production in the war-like situation that prevailed in 2015. The complaint also concerned the question of whether DNO had obstructed the workers’ right to organize and collective bargaining in Yemen, and the validity of dismissals as part of the downsizing process.
Industri Energi had for some time tried to help the workers of DNO Yemen after having received desperate appeals from the workers who were sacked by text messages and e-mails when the company withdrew from the country, and not been given the wages and benefits they were entitled to. Still the workers have not received the compensation they legally are entitled to according to court decisions in Yemen.
References
External links
Norwegian Petroleum Directorate´s fact page on DNO
Stock information on DNO (from Oslo Børs/Oslo Stock Exchange)
Financial statements and presentations
Reports and presentations
Category:Oil companies of Norway
Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1971
Category:Companies listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange
Category:Energy companies established in 1971
Category:1971 establishments in Norway | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Coleford, Gloucestershire
Coleford is a market town in the west of the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England, two miles (3.2 km) east of the Welsh border and close to the Wye Valley. It is the administrative centre of the Forest of Dean district. The combined population of the town's two electoral wards at the 2011 census was 8,359.
History
Coleford was originally a tithing in the north-east corner of Newland parish. The settlement grew up, as its name suggests, at a ford, through which charcoal and iron ore were probably carried. By the mid-14th century, hamlets called Coleford and Whitecliff had grown up along the road in the valley of Thurstan's Brook. Coleford had eight or more houses in 1349 and was described as a street in 1364. It had a chapel by 1489. In 1642 the commander of a parliamentary garrison in Coleford started a market in the town, because the nearest chartered market, in Monmouth, was under royalist control.
Coleford saw some action during the English Civil War. On 20 February 1643, Lord Herbert, the Earl of Worcester's eldest son, and the King's Lieutenant-General of South Wales, marched through Coleford heading for Gloucester, at the head of an army of 500 horse and 1500 foot. At Coleford their progress was impeded by a troop of Parliamentarians under Colonel Berrowe, aided by a disorderly group of country people. A skirmish ensued, during which the market-house was burnt, and Major-General Lawday, who commanded the foot, and two other officers were shot dead from a window. Colonel Brett was then put in command of the foot, Lord John Somerset continuing at the head of the horse. The Royalists forced a passage through, after capturing Lieutenant-Colonel Winter, together with some other officers and soldiers, and so, putting the Parliamentarians to flight, marched unimpeded for Gloucester.
Following the restoration, a market was granted in 1661, and a new market house built in 1679. Much building took place within the town and by 1710 it was reckoned to have 160 houses. Among the older surviving buildings in the market place the Old White Hart Inn dates from the 17th century. In the late 18th century and the early 19th the town also expanded along its other streets and most of its older houses were rebuilt. The Angel inn, which had opened by the 1650s, was re-fronted or rebuilt around 1800. For many years it housed an excise office and in the mid 18th century it was the town's principal coaching inn and it was used for public meetings and assemblies. The number of public houses increased as the town grew in importance and in 1830 there were seven or eight inns, most of them in the market place, and a larger number of beerhouses.
The market house (or town hall) was rebuilt on a larger scale in 1866. Also in the market place was the church, which was rebuilt on an octagonal plan in 1820, but proved too small for the growing congregation and was pulled down in 1882, its tower being retained for a clock tower. A much larger church, St John the Evangelist's, was built on a hillside overlooking the town. This church was closed in 2016, and its building put up for sale. Expansion of the town continued in piecemeal fashion throughout the 20th century with both council and private development. Traffic congestion in the market place was eased by the demolition of the town hall in 1968 and the introduction of a gyro system around the clock tower.
Industry
Iron production in Coleford dates to the Middle Ages, this produced large quantities of waste material or cinders. Some formed prominent mounds, which by the late 17th century were being re-worked to provide iron-ore for the furnaces which were more efficient by that time. The medieval ironworks were moveable forges operating on the royal demesne woodland of the Forest of Dean. An ore smithy, or furnace, was operating at Whitecliff in 1361, and the hamlet had a number of furnaces and forges in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the later Middle Ages iron was also worked in Coleford town, where there was a furnace next to the chapel in 1539.
There was coalmining to the north and east of Coleford from the 16th century. Limestone was also quarried at the south-west end of Whitecliff before the 17th century. Lime kilns operated at Whitecliff, and Scowles, which supplied much lime to Monmouthshire.
In 1798, work commenced on Whitecliff Ironworks, situated on the south-western edge of Coleford. The furnace began operating probably in 1801 or 1802. A second furnace was built beside it before 1808. The output was limited by the quality of coke used. In 1809 David Mushet, a noted metallurgist, was employed to increase productivity but the works remained unprofitable and Mushet withdrew from the venture after a few months. The furnaces were abandoned several years later, perhaps by 1812, and certainly by 1816. The surviving ruins are open to the public for viewing.
Transport
A tramway opened in 1812 to link mines in the Forest with the River Wye at Redbrook and Monmouth and ran through Coleford. The Monmouth tramway continued in use until its track east of Coleford was lifted in the late 1870s.
The first railway to reach Coleford, a branch line from Parkend, was opened by the Severn and Wye Railway Company in 1875. It ran through Milkwall to a station on the south-east side of the town. A second railway from Monmouth, the Coleford Railway, using parts of the old tramway route, was completed in 1883. It included a short tunnel at Whitecliff and crossed the Newland road to reach a station next to that of the Severn & Wye Co. A junction was made between the two railways in 1884, after the Monmouth line was taken over by the Great Western Railway. The Severn and Wye line, on which passenger services had ceased in 1929, was abandoned in 1967 and the track between Whitecliff and Parkend had been removed by 1971. Some railway buildings at Coleford, including a goods shed, were incorporated in the Coleford Great Western Railway Museum, opened in 1988.
The nearest railway station today is Lydney.
Today
Coleford adapted more ably to the mine closures of the 1950s than its neighbour Cinderford. Today its prime location in the heart of the Forest makes it popular with walkers and cyclists, and the local council has made moves to encourage further tourists. The large factory in the town, originally called Carters, then Beechams, then GlaxoSmithKline, is now owned by the Japanese firm Suntory. It is the sole production facility for Ribena and Lucozade. One old building that has survived is the former goods shed for the defunct railway line to Monmouth; it is now the Coleford GWR Museum.
SPP Pumps Ltd, Britain's leading pump manufacturer also has their main UK manufacturing site at Coleford which has over 300 people on site. The factory mainly caters to the Industrial and offshore firefighting oil and gas markets as well as the UK municipal water market.
Noted inhabitants
By date of birth:
Mary Howitt (1799–1888), author of over 200 books, was born here.
Alan Cornwall (1898–1984), county cricketer and Marlborough College schoolmaster
Andrew Taylor (born 1951), author
Shoo Rayner (born 1956), children's writer and illustrator
Steven Sproat (born 1960), ukulele player
Paul Groves (living), poet and schoolteacher, lived locally from 1971 to 1996.
Olly Alexander (living), singer with the group Years & Years
References
Gallery
External links
Coleford Town Council
Category:Forest of Dean
Category:Market towns in Gloucestershire
Category:Towns in Gloucestershire
Category:Towns of the Welsh Marches | {
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Dewitt Log Homestead
The Dewitt Log Homestead is a registered historic building near Oxford, Ohio, listed in the National Register on 1973-04-13.
This log cabin was built in 1805 by Zachariah Price Dewitt and Elizabeth Dewitt and is the oldest extant structure in the Oxford Township of Butler County, Ohio. It is the only remaining home of the several built by pioneers along the Four-Mile Creek, just east of what is now the Miami University campus. The cabin and surrounding land is now owned by Miami University and is maintained by the Oxford Museum Association as a historic house museum. The cabin is on the north side of Ohio State Route 73 where it crosses Four-Mile Creek.
Zachariah DeWitt was born on April 24, 1768, in New Jersey, and by the 1780s, he had resettled in Kentucky along with two brothers. He married Elizabeth Teets (b. 1774) on March 11, 1790. When Ohio became a state in 1803, residents of Kentucky were drawn to its cheap and newly available land. By 1805 Zachariah and Elizabeth DeWitt had resettled near Four Mile Creek where he built his cabin and opened a sawmill. The cabin is on the east bank of the creek just north of Route 73. Both Zacariah and Elizabeth Dewittt are buried in the Darrtown, Ohio Pioneer Cemetery.
The cabin is located on property belonging to Miami University, and the structure has been leased to the Oxford Museum Association. The association undertook the restoration of the house in 1973. Work included exposing and fixing the original adz-marked timber walls, rebuilding the limestone chimney, and replacing floors. The smokehouse was restored in 1999-2000. The association finished its work in 2003. Later work included interior work. The site was dedicated in May 2003.
References
Further reading
Smith, Ophia D. Old Oxford Houses and the People Who Lived In Them. Bicentennial Edition, 1976.
External links
Oxford Museum Association - official site
Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio
Category:Miami University
Category:Log cabins in the United States
Category:Houses completed in 1805
Category:Houses in Butler County, Ohio
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Butler County, Ohio
Category:Museums in Butler County, Ohio
Category:Historic house museums in Ohio
Category:1805 establishments in Ohio
Category:Log buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Ohio | {
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Chronicle of a Death Foretold (musical)
Chronicle of a Death Foretold is a musical with a book and lyrics by Graciela Daniele and Jim Lewis (and additional material by Michael John LaChiusa) and music by Bob Telson. It is based on Gabriel García Márquez's 1981 novella of the same name.
Production
The musical premiered on Broadway at the Plymouth Theatre on June 15, 1995, and played 37 performances and 28 previews before closing on July 16, 1995. The show was a presentation of Lincoln Center Theater, as part of their New Collaboration Series. The production was conceived, directed, and choreographed by Graciela Daniele. The original production starred Tonya Pinkins, Saundra Santiago as Angela Vicario and dancers George de la Peña (as Santiago), Alexandre Proia (as Bayardo San Roman), Gregory Mitchell and Luis Perez. It was nominated for three Tony Awards and five Drama Desk Awards, although it failed to win any awards.
Synopsis
In a small town in South America, Bayardo San Roman, a newly married man rejects Angela Vicario, his young bride when he discovers that she is not a virgin. She returns to her family home, where they make her reveal her lover. She names Santiago, the best friend of her brothers, who is actually innocent. They are determined to avenge the family honor by killing their best friend: a "death foretold."
Analysis
The show is called a "dance theatre" piece, "driven more by dance than by music." John Simon, writing in New York Magazine termed it a "dance-drama", with "dancing, singing, speaking, and posturing." The show has three songs and no actual book, with the "narrative propelled by dance."
Critical reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times found the musical "a frequently stunning show that is less a conventional musical adaptation than a performance piece". Time magazine wrote that, despite the fact that in "the novella's passage from page to stage, something of its fateful weight has been forfeited", the musical was "smart, surrealistic and visually entrancing."
Awards and nominations
Original Broadway production
References
External links
Chronicle of a Death Foretold at the Internet Broadway Database
Category:1995 musicals
Category:Broadway musicals
Category:Musicals based on short fiction | {
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Luciano Guaycochea
Luciano Guaycochea (born 24 April 1992) is an Argentinian professional footballer. He currently plays as a Midfielder for Cúcuta Deportivo in Colombia.
Guaycochea has scored his first professional goal against TKİ Tavşanlı Linyitspor in the 30th minute in the 2013–14 Turkish Cup.
References
External links
Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:Argentine footballers
Category:Süper Lig players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Category:Argentine expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Category:TFF First League players
Category:TKİ Tavşanlı Linyitspor footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Argentine expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Venezuela
Category:Expatriate footballers in Colombia
Category:Akhisar Belediyespor footballers
Category:Zulia F.C. players
Category:Cúcuta Deportivo footballers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Metric Martyrs
The Metric Martyrs were a British advocacy group who campaigned for the freedom to choose what units of measurement are used by traders. The group believed that vendors should have the freedom to mark their goods with imperial weights and measurements alone. This opposes the current legal position that imperial units may be used so long as metric units are also displayed.
The advocacy group was formed by individuals who had been accused of offences related to selling loose produce using imperial measures, including not displaying metric signage, and for using unstamped weighing machines (which had had their stamps removed by the authorities). Newspapers dubbed the group the "metric martyrs" after Chris Howell, then weights and measures spokesman for the Institute of Trading Standards Administration (today the Trading Standards Institute), said that they could martyr themselves if they wanted to.
As of 2017, their website is defunct.
Legal cases
In 2001 Steve Thoburn, the main defendant in the original case, was convicted of two offences under the Weights and Measures Act 1985 of using weighing equipment that was not stamped by a Weights and Measures Inspector. The stamps had been obliterated because the scales were not capable of weighing in the metric system as well as imperial, and hence were no longer permitted for commercial use. He was initially convicted and given a six-month conditional discharge. In Thoburn v Sunderland City Council the fines were challenged in court; the verdict was in favour of Sunderland City Council, upholding the imposition of the fines. The challenges were made on the grounds that British law does not prohibit the use of imperial units when selling loose goods, but metric units must also be displayed.
The Magistrates' Court's decision was upheld on appeal by the Divisional Court. A petition for leave to appeal to the House of Lords was refused, as was an application to the European Court of Human Rights (alleging a breach of the right to a fair trial).
Thoburn died of a heart attack in March 2004.
Colin Hunt was convicted in 2001 of six offences under the Price Marking Order 1999 for failing to display a unit price per kilogram.
John Dove and Julian Harman were also convicted in 2001 of two offences under the Price Marking Order 1999 of failing to display a unit price per kilogram, and of two offences of using a scale that was only capable of weighing in the imperial system.
Peter Collins, who was prosecuted in 2000, was not convicted of any criminal offence. Collins appealed to a Magistrates' court to have limits on his street trading licence removed. These limits, to which all traders are subject, allowed him to label his goods in imperial quantities only if metric quantities were also displayed no less prominently.
In 2008, Nic Davison was served with an infringement notice for selling draught beer by the litre rather than pints, at his Polish restaurant in Doncaster. Trading Standards officers threatened Davison with prosecution, and called on him to change the glasses used in his restaurant. Davison refused, stating the supremacy of EU law in UK law in matters of weights and measures. The case against him was dropped. Davison had sought the help of then Prime Minister Gordon Brown and of his MP Ed Miliband.
Pardon campaign
UK regulations drawn up in response to EEC/EU weights and measures directives had required the use of metric units for certain activities, including sale by weight or measure in the retail trade of certain produce. Prior to 1 January 2000, these regulations applied to most pre-packaged food but on that date, they were extended to cover selling transactions where the product was weighed in front of the customer. The regulations permitted the equivalent imperial unit to be displayed alongside the metric unit as a "supplementary indicator". In 2007 the European Commission announced that for the cases where metric units were required, it had extended the option to also use imperial units indefinitely. These changes followed from public pressure, and concerns that phasing out dual-labelling would create a trade barrier with the United States, where dual-labelling is required.
In response to the European Commission's announcement, there have been calls for a posthumous pardon for Steve Thoburn, who died after having his petition to the European Court of Human Rights denied. Despite an early day motion by Philip Davies MP, the pardon was denied on the grounds that an offence had been committed under the law which was in force at the time. The 2007 EU announcement was not about a change to existing (2001) legal requirements, but rather abandoned plans for a change in 2009. Moreover, the Office for Criminal Justice Reform claimed that even if the law were to be changed, there would still be no case for a pardon "as citizens are expected to comply with the law as it is at the time".
Regulation and units of measure
In the original case, several statutes were cited including Magna Carta, the Acts of Union 1707 and European Communities Act 1972.
Since medieval times, The Crown has asserted the right to regulate weights and measures in the market place. Even though the barons forced King John to accept Magna Carta in 1215, it was issued in the name of the king. Article 35 stated:
Prior to England and Scotland uniting in 1707, each kingdom enforced their own system of weights and measures. Article 17 of the Act of Union ensured that there was a single system of weights and measures across the newly created United Kingdom by requiring that both nations adopted the English system.
The concept of a single system of measures under government control continues. In 2003 the summary of a government report stated:
See also
Directive 80/181/EEC
Metrication in the UK
Metrication opposition
Thoburn v Sunderland City Council
Notes
References
Category:Metrication in the United Kingdom
Category:Legal history of the United Kingdom
Category:Metrication opposition
Category:Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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2011 Carlisle City Council election
The 2011 Carlisle City Council election took place on 5 May 2011 to elect members of Carlisle District Council in Cumbria, England. One third of the council was up for election and the council stayed under no overall control.
After the election, the composition of the council was
Labour 24
Conservative 22
Liberal Democrats 4
Independent 2
Background
Before the election Labour were the largest party on the council with 23 seats, compared to 22 Conservatives, 5 Liberal Democrats and 2 independents. However the Conservatives ran the council in alliance with the Liberal Democrats. At the election one councillor stood down, Labour's Mary Styth, who had held Belle Vue ward.
18 seats were contested at the election, with Labour standing in all 18 seats, the Conservatives in 17, the Green Party in 8, Liberal Democrats 7, UK Independence Party 4, Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition 4, British National Party 2 and the Communist Party in 1 seat. The candidates in Morton ward included Conservative Judith Pattinson, who was attempting to return to the council she had left in 2004, and the former Labour mayor John Metcalfe, who was standing as a Communist.
There were also going to be 6 independent candidates, however the former Conservative councillor for Belah, Alan Toole, withdrew on 5 April. The other independents included Andrew Hill, a campaigner against the redevelopment of the Sands Centre in Carlisle, and husband and wife Jonathan and Julia Devlin. Jonathan Devlin had been Conservative councillor for Lyne since 2007, but stood as an independent after the Conservatives began looking for other candidates to stand for the seat.
Campaign
A big issue at the election were the cuts being made by the national Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition, with Labour saying the Liberal Democrats in particular would suffer as a result. Other local issues included a redevelopment at Carlisle Lake District Airport and a proposed new housing estate in Crindledyke.
Labour targeted Castle ward, which the Liberal Democrats held, and where Labour had come close at the 2010 election. However the Conservatives hoped to challenge Labour in Belle Vue and Yewdale wards.
Election result
Only one seat changed parties, with Labour gaining the only seat the Liberal Democrats had been defending, in Castle ward. This meant that Labour remained the largest party on the council with 24 councillors, but without a majority as the Conservatives remained on 22 seats, the Liberal Democrats had 4 and there were 2 independents.
The Liberal Democrats suffered a substantial drop in the share of the vote, with the party coming fifth in Currock ward and third in Morton, a seat the party had previously held. The Liberal Democrats said they had suffered as a result of entering the coalition government nationally, while the Labour group leader, Reg Watson, saw the results as giving Labour "a good chance" to take control at the 2012 election.
Following the election, Conservative Mike Mitchelson was re-elected as leader of the council by 26 votes to 25. Meanwhile, Joe Hendry became the new leader of the Labour group on the council taking over from Reg Watson, while the 2 independent councillors joined together in an Independent group.
Ward results
References
Category:2011 English local elections
2011
Category:2010s in Cumbria
Category:May 2011 events in the United Kingdom | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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William H. Beaver
William H. Beaver (born 1940) is an accounting researcher and educator. He is the Joan E. Horngren Professor of Accounting, Emeritus, at Stanford University. Early in his career, he was professor at University of Chicago.
He served as president of the American Accounting Association from 1979 to 1981.
In 1989, he was awarded the Seminal Contributions in Accounting Literature Award for his article
"Information Content of Annual Earnings Announcements" published in Journal of Accounting Research in 1968.
He received the Outstanding Accounting Educator Award of the American Accounting Association in 1990.
In 1996, he was one of three inductees to the Accounting Hall of Fame.
References
Biography at OSU's Accounting Hall of Fame
Category:1940 births
Category:Living people
Category:Accounting academics
Category:Stanford University Graduate School of Business faculty
Category:University of Chicago faculty | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Minami-Hashimoto Station
is a train station in the city of Sagamihara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is 31.3 rail kilometers from the terminal station of the Sagami Line, .
History
Minami-Hashimoto Station was opened on November 1, 1932, as , a rail siding on the Sagami Railway. It was renamed in 1940. On April 1, 1941, it was elevated in status to a . On June 1, 1944, the Sagami Railway was nationalized and merged with the Japanese Government Railways, at which time the station received its current name. On April 1, 1987, with the dissolution and privatization of the Japanese National Railways, the station came under the operation of JR East. Scheduled freight services were discontinued from 1996. Automated turnstiles using the Suica IC card system came into operation from November 2001. The station building was complexly rebuilt in 2006.
Line
Minami-Hashimoto Station is served by the following line:
East Japan Railway Company
Sagami Line
Station layout
The station consists of a single island platform, connected to a modern station building by an overpass.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
Gallery
External links
JR East page for Minami-Hashimoto Station
Category:Railway stations in Kanagawa Prefecture
Category:Railway stations opened in 1932
Category:Railway stations in Sagamihara
Category:Sagami Line | {
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Kate Rushin
Donna Kate Rushin (born 1951), popularly known as Kate Rushin, is a Black lesbian poet. Rushin's prefatory poem to the 1981 collection, This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, is considered iconic.
Publications
Rushin, Kate. The Black Back-Ups (Firebrand Books, 1993).
Rushin, Kate. "After the Accident." Callaloo 23, no. 1 (2000): 192-193.
Rushin, Kate. "Word Problems." Callaloo 23, no. 1 (2000): 190-191.
Rushin, Kate. "Reeling Memories For My Father." Callaloo 23, no. 1 (2000): 188-189. Reprinted: Kate Rushin. "Reeling Memories for My Father." Callaloo 24, no. 3 (2001): 885-86.
Rushin, Kate. "The Tired Poem: Lost Letter from a Typical Unemployed Black Professional Woman." In Feminism and Community, edited by Weiss Penny A. and Friedman Marilyn, 77-82. Temple University Press, 1995. Reprinted in Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, ed. Barbara Smith (Rutgers University Press, 2000): 247-251.
Rushin, Kate. "The Black Back-Ups." Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology, ed. Barbara Smith (Rutgers University Press, 2000): 60-63.
Rushin, Kate. "Instructions from the Flight Crew to a Poet of African Descent Living in a State of Emergency." Callaloo 22, no. 4 (1999): 976-976.
Rushin, Kate. "Rosa Revisited" in Teaching the art of poetry: the moves, A, Baron Wormser and A, David Cappella (Routledge, 1999): 305-306.
Rushin, Kate. "A Pacifist Becomes Militant and Declares War." In My Lover is a Woman – Contemporary Lesbian Love Poems, Lesléa Newman (Ballantine Books, 1999): 211-214.
Rushin, Kate. "Six Poems." The Radical Teacher, no. 42 (1992): 22-23.
Rushin, Kate. "Comparative History: Our Stories." Callaloo, no. 39 (1989): 290-91.
Rushin, Kate. "Living in My Head." The Women's Review of Books 1, no. 2 (1983): 15.
Rushin, Kate. "The Brick Layers." The Women's Review of Books 1, no. 2 (1983): 15.
Rushin, Kate. "This Bridge Poem." In This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color, edited by Cherríe Moraga and Gloria E. Anzaldúa (Kitchen Table Press, 1983; reprinted State University of New York Press Albany, 2015): xxxiii-xxxiv. Republished in Feminist Theory Reader: Local and Global Perspectives, ed. Carole McCann and Seung-kyung Kim (Routledge, 2013): 266-267.
Awards
Rose Low Rome Memorial Poetry Prize
Grolier Poetry Prize
References
Category:1951 births
Category:Living people
Category:American women poets
Category:African-American women writers
Category:African-American poets
Category:Lesbian writers
Category:LGBT poets
Category:20th-century American poets
Category:20th-century American women writers
Category:21st-century American poets
Category:21st-century American women writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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D. Bruce Johnstone
Donald Bruce Johnstone, also known as D. Bruce Johnstone, (born January 13, 1941) is an American educator who served as Chancellor of the State University of New York (SUNY), headquartered in Albany, New York; and President of Buffalo State College, in Buffalo, New York. Johnstone is also Professor Emeritus at the University at Buffalo (UB). He was named SUNY Chancellor Emeritus in 2014.
Background and education
Johnstone was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and earned degrees in Economics and Education at Harvard University. He also earned a Ph.D. in Higher Education at the University of Minnesota in 1969. He is married to wife, Gail, and has two adult children, a son and daughter.
Honorary degrees
Johnstone also holds honorary doctoral degrees from American institutions of higher education, including:
D'Youville College;
Towson State College; and
California State University at San Diego.
Career
In Westport, Connecticut, Johnstone worked as a high school economics and American history teacher.
After working as an administrative assistant to former United States Senator Walter F. Mondale and a project specialist at the Ford Foundation, Johnstone took academic and administrative positions at the University of Pennsylvania.
At the University of Pennsylvania, he was Executive Assistant to the President and Vice President for Administration.
In 1979, Johnstone became the President of Buffalo State College.
Johnstone was chosen to head the State University of New York System (SUNY) in 1988.
Johnstone resigned as Chancellor in 1994 after experiencing pancreatic cancer, and later, returned to education at University at Buffalo.
Accomplishments as SUNY Chancellor
Johnstone was the first SUNY System president to be named as a SUNY chancellor.
As SUNY Chancellor, Johnstone oversaw the largest and most comprehensive university system in the United States. In 1993, the SUNY System included 64 college campuses with an enrollment of more than 400,000 students, as well as a budget of $4.5 billion.
Johnstone commissioned an influential support to spur lawmakers to enable the SUNY System to adapt to the changing needs of New York State, specifically, the need to educate older and more ethnically diverse students and to supply the State healthcare system with an ample supply of healthcare workers.
International endeavors
Johnstone currently serves as Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Higher and Comparative Education and Director of the International Comparative Higher Education Finance and Accessibility Project at UB. The Project examines the worldwide responsibility change in higher education costs from taxpayers and governments to students and their parents. The Project has been active in sponsoring or co-sponsoring higher education financing conferences, internationally, in Moscow, Russia; Prague, Czech Republic; Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Nairobi, Kenya; Wuhan, China; and Arusha, Tanzania.
Johnstone has been a consultant to the World Bank in Kenya, Romania, and Morocco. For Kenya, he headed a team on university finance reform there.
Following 2007, Johnstone has been an Erasmus Mundus lecturer at the Universities of Tampere, Finland and Oslo, Norway, speaking on topics in higher education administration. During 2007-2008, he was also the Distinguished Scholar Leader of the Fulbright New Century Scholars Program. This group is composed of 32 international and 12 American scholars who examine access to higher education through international viewpoints.
Professional interests and scholarship
Johnstone's interests include economics and finance in higher education. Additional interests are in the areas of student finance and loans; governance and leadership in higher education; international comparative higher education finance and governance; federal and state policies for higher education; college-level learning in high school; and learning productivity.
Johnstone has authored several books and many articles, mostly in the area of student finance. He has also written or edited books, book chapters, articles, and/or monographs. Other authorship topics have included student financial assistance policy; international comparative higher education finance; learning productivity; higher education's financial condition; and system governance.
Books
Johnstone, D.B., & Marcucci, P. (2010). Financing higher education in international perspective: Who pays? Who should pay? Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
Johnstone, D.B, d’Ambrosio, M., & Yakoboski, P. (Eds.), (2010). Higher education in a global society. New York, NY/Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Johnstone, D.B. (2006). Financing higher education: Cost-sharing in international perspective. Boston, MA: Boston College Center for International Higher Education; and Rotterdam, Holland: Sense Publishers.
Texeira, P., Johnstone, B., Rosa, M.J., & Vossensteyn, H. (Eds.), (2006). Cost-sharing and accessibility in Western higher education: A fairer deal? Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
Johnstone, D.B. (1986). Sharing the costs of higher education: Student financial assistance in the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Sweden, and the United States. New York, NY: College Entrance Examination Board.
Johnstone, D.B. (1972). New patterns for college lending: Income contingent loans. New York, NY, & London, England: Columbia University Press.
References
External links
Brief biography
Johnstone's University at Buffalo faculty page
Category:1941 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Minneapolis
Category:Chancellors of the State University of New York
Category:Buffalo State College faculty
Category:University at Buffalo faculty
Category:University of Minnesota alumni
Category:University of Pennsylvania faculty
Category:Harvard Graduate School of Education alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Mystki, Lubusz Voivodeship
Mystki () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Lubiszyn, within Gorzów County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Lubiszyn and west of Gorzów Wielkopolski.
Before 1945 the area was part of Germany (see Territorial changes of Poland after World War II).
References
Mystki | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Purius superpulverea
Purius superpulverea is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1925. It is found in Mexico and southern Texas.
Adults have been recorded on wing in March, October and November.
References
Category:Moths described in 1925
Category:Phaegopterina | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Malibu High School
Malibu High School (MHS) is a public secondary school in Malibu, California for middle school (grades 6–8) and high school (grades 9–12). As one of three high schools in the Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District, MHS serves the Malibu and Santa Monica communities and by inter-district permit, the greater Los Angeles area and Ventura County.
Location
The school is located in the northwestern part of Malibu, one block from the Pacific Ocean and the famed Zuma Beach in the Malibu Park district. Its address is on Morning View Drive, made famous by the breakout album by Incubus. The school spans 35 acres (0.14 km²) of rolling hillsides between Merritt Drive to the south, Via Cabrillo Street to the north, and Harvester Road to the east. The campus is located next to Juan Cabrillo Elementary School, a public school, and Malibu Methodist Preschool & Nursery, a private pre-kindergarten school for ages 0–5.
The school is accessible via the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) bus line 534. The majority of students arrive on campus by private car or school bus.
History
The campus is located on land originally part of Juan Cabrillo Elementary School, which was partitioned in 1963 to create Malibu Park Junior High School, named after its surrounding region in Malibu. With no public secondary school existing in Malibu, upon promotion from middle school the high school-age students commuted 2 hours roundtrip to Santa Monica to attend Santa Monica High School.
In 1992, the district converted the Malibu Park Junior High School campus to its present combined middle school/high school, and allowed MHS's first freshman class to walk onto campus. The State of California erroneously shows the high school established in 1993. Classes were added every succeeding year, culminating in the first 1992 freshman class graduating in 1996. The school mascot, a grinning mako shark, was designed by an art student in the first graduating class of 1996.
The high school's first principal was Michael Matthews. Under Matthews's tenure in 2003, the school earned its designation as a California Distinguished School and first achieved a national ranking as #177 in Newsweek|Newsweek's Top 1200 Schools in America, a ranking system based on what percentage of a school's student body takes Advanced Placement exams in any given year.
Demographics
For the 2007-08 school year, MHS's student composition was:
1,303 enrolled students; 52.9% male, 47.1% female
Middle school (grades 6–8) class size averages 163.7
High school (grades 9–12) class size averages 203.8
Student demographics: 0.3% American Indian or Alaska Native, 2.0% Asian, 1.1% Pacific Islander/Filipino, 9.2% Hispanic or Latino, 2.5% African American, 84.7% White, 0.2% Multiple
For the 2007-08 school year, MHS's teacher composition included:
High school: 64 certified teachers; 53.1% male, 46.9% female
High school: Certificated teacher demographics: 6.2% Hispanic or Latino, 4.7% African American, 87.5% White (non-Hispanic), 1.6% Multiple.
Environmental concerns
The Santa Monica-Malibu Unified School District had performed a polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) cleanup of the school in 2009 and 2010 with the California Department of Toxic Substance Control (DTSC) advising. In October 2013, after three teachers developed thyroid cancer, a group of teachers grew concerned that environmental contaminants at Malibu High School may be to blame; caulk tested for PCB showed levels "slightly elevated" above the regulatory limit of 50ppm in November 2013. The three relevant government agencies, the DTSC, Los Angeles County Department of Public Health and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were informed and certain buildings were closed to students.
According to various documents and interviews with local residents who were present during World War II, the Malibu High School site served as a military training center during that war. Upon recommendation of Hugh Kaufman, a senior EPA policy analyst, teachers approached Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) for help. In February 2014, PEER attorneys wrote to the school district asking for a site assessment of the campus. After a five-month investigation, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers responded in July 2014, that the school had never been a military site. The District hired an environmental firm named Environ, whose initial clean up plan was criticized for allowing elevated PCB levels to remain inside classrooms for 15 years or more, for not testing caulk in all rooms built prior to 1979 and for air quality monitoring of only one year. The plan was rejected by the EPA in April 2014. Environ released a second PCB clean up plan on July 3, 2014. Two weeks later PEER published PCB test results of caulking and dirt from rooms sampled in June, and not previously tested by the District, "at thousands of times the levels previously released to the public".
Academics
MHS consistently boasts the highest SAT and API scores in its three high school districts. MHS has periodically been awarded honors by various ranking authorities; Newsweek Magazine's Top 1200 Schools in America ranked Malibu High #184. In 2007 U.S. News & World Report ranked Malibu High #98 of the top 100 schools in the country and awarded a Gold Medal. Over fifteen Advanced Placement courses are offered at the school.
Besides regular college-preparatory, honors, and Advanced Placement courses, the school is one of a handful in California that provides extensive resources for Special Education (SpEd) students. , 125 SpEd students were enrolled with 26 SpEd faculty at MHS, where roughly 10% of the student body are receiving 24% of the school's instructors.
Zuma Project
During the school's first several years in existence, MHS students who took tenth-grade Biology or the Honors Marine Biology elective course participated in a year-long field ecology study known as "The Zuma Project". Taking advantage of the school's proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the program had students collect oceanographic and biological data as well as plankton samples every week during the academic year. The research program has been copied and used by other schools as part of the UCLA OceanGLOBE program. The project has since been discontinued.
Athletics
Malibu High School athletic teams are nicknamed the Sharks. The school is a charter member of the Citrus Coast League, a conference within the CIF Southern Section that was established in 2018. Prior to that, Malibu was part of the Tri-County Athletic Association. A study published in 2007 by the MHS Site Governance Council reported that 75% of all honors and AP enrolled students participate in the school's sports programs.
In 2019, the school switched its 11-man football program to an eight-man format. As a result, the school no longer competes in the Citrus Coast League in that sport.
Performing arts
MHS has won several awards in instrumental and choral music. In 2011, all four MHS choirs received "Superior" ratings (the highest rating possible). In March 2014, the Malibu High School chorale choir performed at Carnegie Hall in New York. In the summer of 2016, the MHS Orchestra performed at Carnegie Hall.
Publications
The school's journalism department produces a monthly newspaper, The Current. A yearbook class also publishes the high school yearbook, Aquarius. In 2008 a school literary magazine, The Inkblot, was added, published by students showcasing student stories, poetry, cartoons, and illustrations. In 2016, the literary magazine was relaunched as The Undertow, the name it has operated under ever since.
Memorable events
2013: Some MHS teachers claim that recent construction and moldy classrooms are making them sick, causing cancer.
2012: Student accuses teacher of misconduct, gains media attention
2009: MHS palm trees go missing.
2008: MHS vandalism causes a stir with racial implications.
2007: MHS is chosen by U.S. News and World Report as #98, one of the top 100 schools in the nation and awarded a Gold Medal.
2007: MHS technology controversy arises concerning students posting videos of teachers on YouTube.
2003: MHS is ranked by Newsweek as #177 among the nation's best schools. MHS consistently ranks in the top 184 schools on Newsweek's list.
1996: MHS's first class of seniors graduates.
Notable alumni
Devendra Banhart, musician
Jesse Billauer, motivational speaker and surfer
Colbie Caillat, musician
Lauren Dukoff, photographer
Taylor Goldsmith, musician
Clay Greenbush, actor
Bella Hadid, model
Gigi Hadid, model
Anwar Hadid, model
Blake Mills, musician
Dominique Swain, actress
Kaia Gerber, model
Chloe Rose Lattanzi, actress
Notable faculty
Dr. Louis Leithold, author of The Calculus, a widely used high school and college textbook (2005)
In popular culture
Scenes from the movie Smile (2005) were shot at Malibu High School. The film was inspired by the international organization Operation Smile and portrays real-life MHS figures such as former principal Dr. Mike Matthews (played by Sean Astin). MHS hosts a student chapter of Operation Smile to help fundraise, and every year, a few students accompany Operation Smile tours.
Scenes from the Disney Channel Original Movie Brink! were also shot at MHS and Zuma Beach.
The TV series 90210 showed a "Malibu High School" flag at a surf competition.
The school was referenced in the movie Double Take (2001) as Eddie Griffin's character school.
References
External links
MHS sports at maxpreps.com
Category:Buildings and structures in Malibu, California
Category:Educational institutions established in 1992
Category:Public middle schools in California
Category:High schools in Los Angeles County, California
Category:Public high schools in California | {
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List of Pakistani films of 2003
A list films produced in Pakistan in 2003 (see 2003 in film) and in the Urdu language:
2003
See also
2003 in Pakistan
External links
Search Pakistani film - IMDB.com
2003
Pakistani
Films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Fiston Abdul Razak
Fiston Abdul Razak (born 5 September 1993) is a Burundian footballer who currently plays for JS Kabylie and the Burundi national team as a Striker.
Club career
Before join JS Kabylie, he played successively for LLB Académic FC, Rayon Sports F.C., CSMD Diables Noirs, Sofapaka F.C., Mamelodi Sundowns F.C., Bloemfontein Celtic F.C., C.D. Primeiro de Agosto and Al-Zawra'a SC.
International career
Abdul Razak was named in the Burundi national team squad to represent the nation at the 2014 African Nations Championship held in South Africa.
International goals
Scores and results list Burundi's goal tally first.
Honours
Club
Mamelodi Sundowns F.C.
Telkom Knockout: 2015
Al-Zawraa
Iraqi Premier League: 2017–18
References
External links
Fiston Abdul Razak at Footballdatabase
Category:1993 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Bujumbura
Category:Burundian footballers
Category:Burundi international footballers
Category:Burundian expatriate footballers
Category:Kenyan Premier League players
Category:Sofapaka F.C. players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Kenya
Category:Mamelodi Sundowns F.C. players
Category:Expatriate soccer players in South Africa
Category:Association football forwards
Category:2014 African Nations Championship players
Category:2019 Africa Cup of Nations players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tasley, Virginia
Tasley is a census-designated place (CDP) in Accomack County, Virginia, United States. The population as of the 2010 Census was 300.
History
At one time, Tasley was a bustling railroad town, boasting the first electric power plant, first paved road and first self-organized volunteer fire company in the county. The Shore's main highway, US 13, ran right through the middle of town. Steamships from Baltimore docked at nearby Onancock; the produce and goods were carried from there to Tasley's busy rail station for fast shipment. In its heyday, Tasley boasted three restaurants, four general stores, a hotel, post office, rail station, two tractor dealerships, two sawmills, volunteer fire company, ice plant, coal sales, car dealerships, several produce grading sheds and power plant.
When the railroad ceased passenger service in 1958, the town was dealt a blow, but the coming of the Route 13 bypass in the mid-1960s robbed Tasley of its commercial and industrial status. Today, Tasley is home to A&N Electric Cooperative, which provides electric power for the entire Eastern Shore of Virginia; the Foodbank of the Eastern Shore is headquartered there and Studebaker’s Antiques sells top of the line vintage advertising items worldwide. A new fire station is being planned, and several formerly empty buildings have been purchased and repurposed.
References
External links
Town website
Category:Census-designated places in Accomack County, Virginia
Category:Census-designated places in Virginia | {
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1918 Campeonato Carioca
The 1918 Campeonato Carioca, the thirteenth edition of that championship, kicked off on April 14, 1918 and ended on January 5, 1919. It was organized by LMDT (Liga Metropolitana de Desportos Terrestres, or Metropolitan Land Sports League). Ten teams participated. Fluminense won the title for the 7th time. No teams were relegated.
Participating teams
System
The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title. The team with the fewest points would dispute a playoff against the champions of the second level.
Championship
Second-place playoffs
The regulation also stipulated that the runners-up of the championship would also receive a trophy. Since São Cristóvão and Botafogo tied in points for that position, they had to dispute a playoff.
Relegation playoffs
The last-placed team, Mangueira, would dispute a playoff against Americano, champions of the Second Level. Mangueira won the playoff.
References
Category:Campeonato Carioca seasons
Carioca | {
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Wichabai
Wichabai is a community in the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region of Guyana, located at , altitude 157 metres.
Category:Populated places in Guyana | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lorenzo Carbonell Santacruz
Lorenzo Carbonell Santacruz () (Alicante, 1883—1968) was the mayor of Alicante between 1931 and 1936.
He was a member of the Republican Youth of Alicante and was elected to the Council of Alicante in 1909 under a Republican-Socialist coalition, before founding the Radical Republican Socialist Party (RRSP) in the city.
In the 1931 municipal elections, 81% of the votes in Alicante were for the Republican-Socialist coalition, and he was unanimously elected the mayor of Alicante.
During his term, an ambitious program of urban reform was instigated, for example the urbanisation of a part of the centre of the city that was blocking the urban expansion, creation of new ways of communication, increasing the construction of schools, and a project to urbanise the beach at San Juan, which counted on the support of the Minister of Public Works, Indalecio Prieto.
Category:1883 births
Category:1968 deaths
Category:People from Alicante
Category:Radical Socialist Republican Party politicians
Category:Valencian politicians | {
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} |
Meiwa
was a after Hōreki and before An'ei. This period spanned the years from June 1764 through November 1772. The reigning empress and emperor were and .
Change of era
1764 : The era name became Meiwa (meaning "Bright Harmony") because of the enthronement of Empress Go-Sakuramachi.
As a cultural phenomenon, the literature of this period records concerted attempts to distill the aggregate characteristics of the inhabitants of Edo (Edokko) into a generalized thumbnail description. These traits (Edokko katagi) were put into use to draw a contrast between Edokko and those who didn't have this "sophisticated" gloss -— those not from the city, as in merchants from the Kyoto-Osaka region or samurai from distant provinces. Sometimes Edokko katagi was presented with pride; and it was used mockingly.
Events of the Meiwa Era
1765 (Meiwa 2): Five-momme coin issued.
1766 (Meiwa 3): A planned insurrection to displace the Shōgun was thwarted.
1768 (Meiwa 5): Five-momme usage halted.
1770 (Meiwa 7): A typhoon flattened the newly built Imperial Palace in Kyoto.
1770 (Meiwa 7): A great comet (Lexell's Comet) with a very long tail lit up the night skies throughout the summer and autumn.
1770 (Meiwa 7): Although no one could have known it at the time, this was the first of 15 consecutive years of drought in Japan.
April 1, 1772 (Meiwa 9, 29th day of the 2nd month): "The Great Meiwa Fire"—one of the three greatest Edo fire disasters. Unofficial reports describe a swath of ashes and cinders nearly five miles wide and long—destroying 178 temples and shrines, 127 daimyō residences, 878 non-official residences, 8705 houses of bannermen, and 628 blocks of merchant dwellings, with estimates of over 6,000 casualties. All this devastation subsequently engendered the staggering costs of reconstruction.
August 2, 1772 (Meiwa 9, 4th day of the 6th month): A terrible tempest hit the Kantō bringing floods and ruining crops.
August 17, 1772 (Meiwa 9, 19th day of the 6th month): Another storm with more flooding and winds no less intense blew down an estimated 4000 houses in Edo alone.
1772 (Meiwa 9): At the time, it was said that "Meiwa 9 is Year of Trouble" because it was marked by an extraordinary succession of natural calamities. The pun was made linking the words "Meiwa" + "ku" (meaning "Meiwa 9") and the sound-alike word "meiwaku" (meaning "misfortune" or "annoyance").
1772 (Meiwa 9, 11th month): The nengō was changed to Anei (meaning "eternal tranquillity"), but this symbolic act was proved futile.
Notes
References
Hall, John Whitney. (1955). Tanuma Okitsugu, 1719-1788: Forerunner of Modern Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. OCLC 445621
Nara, Hiroshi. (2004). The Structure of Detachment: the Aesthetic Vision of Kuki Shūzō with a translation of "Iki no kōzō." Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ; ; OCLC 644791079
Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301
Screech, Timon. (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822. London: RoutledgeCurzon. ; OCLC 65177072
Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Odai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691.
External links
Lexell's Comet: -- Comet ("D/1770 L1") is named after Lexell.
National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection
Toyohara Chikanobu, Mirror of the Ages (Jidai Kagami): Meiwa no koro.
Category:Japanese eras
Category:1760s in Japan
Category:1770s in Japan
Category:1764 establishments in Japan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hugh F. Foster Jr.
Hugh Franklin Foster, Jr. (March 2, 1918 – December 13, 2004) was an American major general. He served in World War II and the Vietnam War, as well as with the United Nations Forces in Korea after the Korean War.
World War II
After graduating from West Point in 1941, Foster joined the Signal Corps. He was assigned to the 4th Signal Company, 4th Infantry Division stationed at Fort Benning. There he worked with a platoon of Comanche Indians to develop a voice code based on their tribal language. See Comanche code talkers.
He went on to serve in the North African campaign and Italian campaigns.
Korea
During the Korean War, Foster was stationed in Austria as a battalion commander (63rd Signal Battalion). He was the Signal Officer for United Nations Forces in Korea in 1965–66.
Vietnam War
During the Vietnam War, Foster commanded the 1st Signal Brigade.
Career after Vietnam
Following his service in the Vietnam War, Foster was given command of the United States Army's Communications Electronics Command in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey in May 1971, serving until August 1975.
References
External links
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/vhp/story/loc.natlib.afc2001001.34677/
https://web.archive.org/web/20090403082727/http://www.1stsigbde.org/MGFoster.htm
https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/10464450
http://www.wwiilectureinstitute.com/stories/foster.htm
Category:1918 births
Category:2004 deaths
Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)
Category:United States Army generals
Category:United States Military Academy alumni
Category:Burials at West Point Cemetery
Category:Newport Harbor High School alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
NZDA
NZDA may stand for:
Dargaville Aerodrome, an airport ner Dargaville
New Zealand Dental Association, a dental association in New Zealand | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Monson Developmental Center
The Monson Developmental Center was a Massachusetts state facility in Monson, Massachusetts. The property, whose core has been in state control since 1854, historically housed a variety of facilities for providing services to the indigent or sick. It was closed in 2012, and the state is (as of 2017) soliciting bids for sale and reuse of the developed portions of the property.
History
In 1854 the Commonwealth of Massachusetts acquired of land in northern Monson, on which it erected an almshouse to provide facilities for poor immigrants fleeing the Irish Potato Famine. In 1855, it was renamed the State Farm School, and later the State Primary School, and it housed children who were wards of the state. It served in this role until 1887. In 1898 the state's Hospital for Epileptics opened on the grounds, using the old facilities and adding several more buildings. Over the first half of the 20th century the facility was expanded, growing to 72 buildings on of land.
The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. Since then, its population has continued to decline, and the state in 2008 announced plans to close the facility. In 2012 the state relocated the last 31 residents, and began to consider the future of the property. After the facility was closed, the state planned to demolish nearly half the buildings, citing either their deteriorated condition or the presence of asbestos. In 2017, the state opened a request for proposals for redevelopment of about , representing most of the previously developed portion of the land.
See also
Belchertown State School, a similar state-owned facility
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hampden County, Massachusetts
References
Category:Hospitals in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Category:Historic districts in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Category:Defunct hospitals in Massachusetts
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Hampden County, Massachusetts
Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Category:Monson, Massachusetts
Category:1854 establishments in Massachusetts
Category:2012 disestablishments in Massachusetts | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Francisco de Vargas
Francisco José de Vargas Benítez (born 22 October 1970) is a Paraguayan lawyer and politician.
Biography
De Vargas studied law at the Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción; he specialized in Criminal Law.
A man with strong ties to the Authentic Radical Liberal Party of former President Federico Franco, he worked combatting illegal drug trade.
On 15 August 2013 he was sworn in as Interior Minister of Paraguay in the cabinet of President Horacio Cartes.
References
Category:1970 births
Category:Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción alumni
Category:Paraguayan lawyers
Category:Criminal defense lawyers
Category:Authentic Radical Liberal Party politicians
Category:Interior Ministers of Paraguay
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Kao Pan Yu Shi
Kao Pan Yu Shi (考槃余事, Desultory Remarks on Furnishing the Abode of the Retired Scholar) is a 1590 compendium on the art of living by Ming dynasty author Tu Long([屠隆).
Desultory Remarks has fifteen treatises:
Calligraphy and books
Rubbings
Paintings
Paper
Ink
Brushes
Inkstones
zither)
Incense
Tea
Potted plants
Fish and birds
Mountain studio
Necessities of life and dress
Utensils of the studio
Art historian Craig Clunas suggests that the Desultory Remarks is essentially a compendium on the art of living gathered from various other existing sources, such as Gao Lian's Eight Treatises on the Nurturing of Life, (for which Tu Long wrote a preface). Whether or not this is the case, Tu Long's discourses certainly had greater immediate recognition and influence; they were much more widely cited in later collections, and were a primary source for Wen Zhenheng's Treatise of Superfluous Things.
References
Tu Long, Kao Pan Yu Shi Gold Wall Press 2012 304pp (明 屠隆 考槃余事 金城出版社）
Category:Chinese tea classic texts
Category:1590 books | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Sunder Lal Patwa ministry
In 1990 election to Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Bharatiya Janata Party won 220 out of total 320 seats. Sunder Lal Patwa the leader of the BJP legislative party was sworn in as Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh on 5 March 1990. Here are the names of the ministers in his ministry:
Cabinet ministers
Sunder Lal Patwa-Chief minister
Shitla Sahai
Ramhit Gupta
Kailash Chawla
Nirbhay Singh Patel
Vikram Verma
Balihar Singh
Himmat Kothari
Laxmi Narayan Gupta
Nanki Ram Kanwar
Babulal Gaur
Smt Kusum Mehdele
Ministers of State
Gyan Singh
Sudhakar Bapat
Dyanedra Singh
Omkar Tiwari
Mohammed Gani Ansari
Sujan Singh Patel
Tawar Singh Gehlot
Mahesh Prasad Shukla
Kripa Ram Sahu
Lila Ram Bhojwani
Rajendra Prakash Singh
Haridas Bhardwaj
Kishan Lal Verma
References
Category:1990 in India
Category:Madhya Pradesh ministries
Category:Bharatiya Janata Party state ministries | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Elizabeth and Her German Garden
Elizabeth and Her German Garden is a novel by Elizabeth von Arnim, first published in 1898; it was very popular and frequently reprinted during the early years of the 20th century.
The story is a year's diary written by the protagonist Elizabeth about her experiences learning gardening and interacting with her friends. It includes commentary on the beauty of nature and on society, but is primarily humorous due to Elizabeth's frequent mistakes and her idiosyncratic outlook on life.
She looked down upon the frivolous fashions of her time writing “I believe all needlework and dressmaking is of the devil, designed to keep women from study.”
The book is the first in a series about the same character. It is noteworthy for being published without a named author.
In popular culture
Molesley lends a copy of this book to Anna in the second episode of the second series of Downton Abbey.
In the novel The Shell Seekers (1988) by Rosamunde Pilcher, Sophie reads Elizabeth von Arnim's "Elizabeth and her German Garden“. In chapter 9 ("Sophie“), Sophie says to Penelope: "[…] I always go back to it. It comforts me. Soothes me. It reminds me of a world that once existed and will exist again when the war has finished.“
In the novel The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society, it is referred to by Elizabeth as having been the topic of discussion at the society meeting that she pretended had taken place on the night of the roast pork dinner.
Literature
Eberle, Iwona: Eve with a Spade: Women, Gardens, and Literature in the Nineteenth Century. Munich: Grin, 2011.
Haines, Sheila. ‘Angles had everywhere taken the place of curves’: Elizabeth von Arnim and the German Garden. In: Turn of the Century Women 2.2 (1985): 36-41.
Howard, Elizabeth Jane. Introduction to Elizabeth and Her German Garden, by Elizabeth von Arnim. London: Virago, 1985. v-xii.
Kellaway, Deborah. Gardening writers. In: The Cambridge Guide to Women’s Writing in English. Ed. Lorna Sage, advis. eds. Germaine Greer et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 263f.
Paparunas, Penny. Geschlechterdiskurs um 1900 – Review of Elizabeth von Arnim's 'Elisabeth und ihr Garten'. Frauenzeitung 2 (2007): 41.
Roemhild, Juliane. Feminity and Authorship in the Novels of Elizabeth von Arnim. New Jersey, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press 2014.
Trodd, Anthea. Elizabeth and Her German Garden. In: The Cambridge Guide to Women's Writing in English. Ed. Lorna Sage, advis. eds. Germaine Greer et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 219.
External links
Notes
Category:1898 British novels
Category:Novels by Elizabeth von Arnim | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Corcept Therapeutics
Corcept Therapeutics Inc. is a pharmaceutical company engaged in the discovery, development and commercialization of drugs for the treatment of severe metabolic, psychiatric and oncologic disorders. Corcept has focused on the adverse effects of excess cortisol, studying new compounds that may mitigate those effects. Its executive team is headed by CEO, president and director Joseph K. Belanoff, MD, and by chief medical officer Robert S. Fishman, MD.
History
Backed by Silicon Valley biotech investors, Corcept Therapeutics was founded in May 1998 by psychiatrists Alan Schatzberg and Joseph K. Belanoff. Eight years later, Corcept remained a small firm with 11 full-time employees. Much of its work (e.g., drug manufacturing and testing on patients) was farmed out to others.
In June 2008, U.S. Senator Chuck Grassley, then the ranking Republican on the Senate Finance Committee, criticized Corcept cofounder and prominent psychiatrist Alan Schatzberg, chair of the psychiatry department at Stanford University School of Medicine, for not fully informing the university about the value of his shares in Corcept. According to Grassley, Schatzberg had reported stock holdings in Corcept worth "over $100,000," when, in fact, the psychiatrist's stake exceeded $6 million. In July, Stanford said that Schatzberg "appropriately disclosed any potential financial conflict of interest," but announced he would nevertheless step down temporarily as principal investigator on his National Institute of Mental Health grant to study the effectiveness of the abortion drug mifepristone as an antidepressant. Grassley also asked Stanford to explain its own financial ties with Corcept, saying the university held licensing agreements for mifepristone. The National Institutes of Health later reinstated Schatzberg as principal investigator.
Treatments
Prolonged exposure to cortisol can lead to a wide range of sometimes life-threatening conditions, including Cushing's syndrome, antipsychotic drug-induced weight gain, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, Alzheimer's disease, posttraumatic stress disorder, alcoholism, prostate, breast and ovarian cancer. Corcept Therapeutics has developed over 300 proprietary molecules, which it investigates in collaboration with outside researchers to determine if they can mitigate the effects of excess cortisol.
Korlym
In 2012, Corcept launched the prescription medicine Korlym, a cortisol receptor blocker to control hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) in adult patients with endogenous Cushing's syndrome who have type 2 diabetes or glucose intolerance and have failed surgery or are not candidates for surgery. Korlym was the first FDA-approved oral therapy for the treatment of such patients. Since Korlym was an orphan drug—i.e., one developed specifically to treat a rare medical condition—Corcept received seven years of exclusive marketing rights, as well as tax credits for clinical trial costs, marketing application filing fee waivers, and assistance from the FDA in the drug development process. In 2013, Corcept reported $19.7 million in federal tax credits. Corcept's marketing exclusivity for Korlym will end on February 17, 2019, at which time competitors could attempt to introduce generic equivalents. As of 2018, Korlym is Corcept's only product and treats about 1,000 patients annually in the U.S.
Korlym's active ingredient is mifepristone, also known as RU-486, which is a medication typically used in combination with misoprostol to bring about an abortion.
Developed in France in 1980, mifepristone was approved by the FDA in 2000 for abortion in the U.S. Since then, mifepristone has been marketed by Danco Laboratories, a private pharmaceutical distributor, under the brand name Mifeprex, and is Danco's only product.
In 2018, Kaiser Health News reported that the difference in price between Danco's Mifeprex and Corcept's Korlym "is striking, even though the ingredients are the same: One 200-milligram pill to prompt an abortion costs about $80. In contrast, a 300-milligram pill prescribed for Cushing's runs about $550 before discounts. Patients wanting an abortion take only one pill. People with Cushing's often take up to three pills a day for months or years." While the price of Mifeprex has remained stable, the price for Korlym has increased nearly 150 percent over the past six years, rising to an average yearly cost per patient of $180,000. "We have an expensive drug," said Corcept's CEO Joseph K. Belanoff, MD. "There's no getting around that."
In 2017, Corcept's revenue nearly doubled to $159.2 million, and executives expect to reach $275 million to $300 million in 2018. In January 2018, Corcept's stock price rose 27.4 percent. Executives say revenue from Korlym, which cost about $300 million to develop, has paid for development of new drugs. By December 2016, Corcept had discovered three structurally distinct series of selective cortisol modulators that, unlike mifepristone, do not terminate pregnancy. In March 2018, Corcept reported an encouraging phase II clinical trial update on relacorilant, a possible successor to Korlym that could treat Cushing's syndrome without the side effects of endometrial thickening and vaginal bleeding experienced by some women.
Warning. Since each tablet for oral use contains 300 mg of mifepristone, Korlym should never be taken by women who are pregnant or who might become pregnant. Taking Korlym during pregnancy will result in the loss of a pregnancy.
Oncology
In December 2013, the company announced plans to extend its development program for glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists into oncology, and licensed patent rights from the University of Chicago's Center for Technology Development & Ventures covering the use of GR antagonists in combination with chemotherapy in the treatment of breast cancer.
References
External links
Company website
Category:Pharmaceutical companies of the United States
Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ
Category:Health care companies based in California | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lakhimpur district
Lakhimpur ( ) is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. The district headquarter is located at North Lakhimpur. The district is bounded on the North by Siang and Papumpare District of Arunachal Pradesh and on the East by Dhemaji District and Subansiri River. Majuli District stands on the Southern side and Biswanath District is on the West.
History
Lakhimpur figures largely in the annals of Assam as the region where tribes from the east first reached the Brahmaputra. The most prominent of them was the Chutiya rulers who held the areas of the present district for long, until the outbreak of the Ahom-Chutiya war in the 16th century and eventually the area came under the rule of the Ahom dynasty. The area was later given by Ahoms to the Baro-Bhuyans to rule like feudal lords, as they had helped defeat the Chutiya and Kachari kingdoms. There was a Chutia principality formed by the king Lakshminarayan in the start of the 15th century upon which the district has been named. The copperplate inscription of a land grant given by the Chutia king in the year 1403 A.D. in the west of the Subansiri rive(Swarnadi) as well as the ruins between Dhal and Ghagar rivers(near present-day North Lakhimpur town) shows the evidence of the settlement. The Burmese, who had ruined the native kingdoms, at the end of the 18th century, was in 1826 expelled by the British under the Treaty of Yandaboo. They placed the southern part of the state, together with Sivasagar under the rule of Raja Purandhar Singh; but it was not till 1838 that the whole was taken under direct British Administration.
Lakhimpur district used to have several other districts of Arunachal Pradesh within its fold and was known as the Lakhimpur Frontier Tract. After independence, the district contained the present day Dibrugarh district, Tinsukia district and Dhemaji district. Its headquarter was at Dibrugarh.
In 1976, Dibrugarh district was separated from Lakhimpur. This was repeated on 14 October 1989, with the formation of Dhemaji district.
Etymology
The name Lakhimpur was derived from the name "Lakshmipur" which was given by the Chutiya king named Lakshminaryan who ruled during the 15th century. Later, it was changed by the Baro-Bhuyans to Lakhimpur, when they were made feudal lords of the region by the Ahoms after defeating the Chutiya kings and was kept in memory of the land (in present-day Darrang district), which they lost to the Koch kingdom.
Geography
Lakhimpur district occupies an area of , comparatively equivalent to Indonesia's Yapen Island.
Located in the North-East corner of the Indian State of Assam, the district of Lakhimpur lies on the North bank of the river Brahmaputra. It is bounded on the North by Lower Subansiri and Papumpare Districts of the state of Arunachal Pradesh and on the East by Dhemaji District. Majuli, the largest river-island district is on the South and Biswanath District is on the West. The Brahmaputra is navigable for steamers in all seasons as far as Dibrugarh, in the rainy season as far as Sadiya; its navigable tributaries within the district are the Subansiri, Ranganadi, and Dikrong. The exact location of the district is 26.48’ and 27.53’ Northern latitude and 93.42’ and 94.20' East longitude (approx.).
The district has three sub divisions -- Dhakuakhana, Narayanpur-Bihpuria and North Lakhimpur (sadar). Lakhimpur district has eight Police stations. viz. North Lakhimpur, Boginadi, Panigaon, Dhakuakhana , Ghilamara, Narayanpur, Laluk and Bihpuria.
Forests are mainly tropical rain forest. Important reserved forests includes Ranga Reserve, Kakoi Reserve, Dulung Reserve and Pabho Reserve. Some varieties are Hollokh (Terminalia myriocarpa), Ajhar (Lagerstroemia speciosa), Simolu (Bombax ceiba or Salmalia malabarica), Sum (Machilus), Gomari (Gmelina arborea), Sisu (Dalbergia sissoo), Silikha (Terminalia chebula), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Nahar (Mesua ferrea) etc. Wild elephants, buffaloes, tigers, deer etc. are there in the forests. Varieties of bird species are observed in swampy areas.
The great Subansiri River has legends of once famous gold washing. But as of now, there is no any major exploration of minerals in the district, except some minor exploration for petroleum by ONGC (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation) near Dhakuakhana.
Economy
The economy of Lakhimpur is mainly based on agriculture. Major crops are rice, tea, mustard, sugarcane, etc. A small number of are located in the district.
Divisions
There are four Assam Legislative Assembly constituencies in this district: Bihpuria, Naoboicha, Lakhimpur, and Dhakuakhana. Dhakuakhana is designated for scheduled tribes. Bihpuria is in the Tezpur Lok Sabha constituency, whilst the other three are in the Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency.
Demographics
Population
According to the 2011 census Lakhimpur district has a population of 1,042,137, roughly equal to the nation of Cyprus or the US state of Rhode Island. This gives it a ranking of 435th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 17.06%. Lakhimpur has a sex ratio of 965 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 78.39%.
Language
The district is multi-cultural and multi-ethnic in nature. Indigenous Assamese ethnic groups like Chutiya, Ahom, Koch, Mising, Deori, Tiwa (Lalung), Bodos, Thengal Kachari, Sonowal Kachari,
Khamti dominates the district. Other groups include Bengali Muslims who have a sizeable population in the district. Tea tribes community also called Adivasi forms nearly one-tenth of the district's population and mainly resides in the western and northern part of the district along the foothills. Other communities include Bengali Hindus, Nepali speakers,
Flora and fauna
In 1996 Lakhimpur district became home to the Bardoibum-Beelmukh Wildlife Sanctuary, which has an area of . It shares the park with Dhemaji district.
See also
Lakhimpur (Lok Sabha constituency)
Latabari
References
Official site
External links
District Administration website
Category:Districts of Assam
Category:Districts of India | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sweet Memories (Mickey Newbury album)
REDIRECT Mickey Newbury
Category:1985 compilation albums
Category:Mickey Newbury albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Janove Ottesen
Janove Ottesen (born Jan Ove Ottesen, 1975) is a Norwegian musician, born in Stord, Hordaland, Norway. He specializes in vocals, guitar and barrels, and is a leading member of the Norwegian band Kaizers Orchestra.
History
Youth and first contact with music
Bryne, where Ottesen grew up, had few activities available at the time other than football, so he was given a guitar by his grandmother when he was a child. Ottesen and his friend Geir Zahl began writing music in his cellar, recording their music on a cheap tape recorder.
The partnership between Ottesen and Zahl eventually evolved into the band Blod, Snått og Juling. In 1994 they produced their first studio album En glad tunnel, which only sold 50 copies. They made a more serious attempt with better studio equipment for their second album, but this still only managed to sell around 100 copies.
gnom and Kaizers Orchestra
Ottesen moved to Bergen in 1995 to study. In 1996 he joined the army, but soon after moved back to Bergen and became a music teacher. Upon his return Ottesen and Geir formed a new band gnom. They released the album Mys in 1998, but it sold poorly. After gnom's dissolution, the pair finally found critical success in forming the band Kaizers Orchestra.
Solo career
After two albums had been released by Kaizers Orchestra, Janove decided to launch a parallel solo career while working on a third album Maestro (released in 2005). His 2004 solo album, Francis' Lonely Nights is entirely in English and contains 12 songs, two of which had their music videos filmed in Scandinavia.
In September 2015 Ottesen announced he was returning to the mainstream music industry under the artist name Janove. His first single "Regnbuen Treffer Oss Ikkje Lenger" ("The Rainbow Doesn't Hit Us Anymore") premiered on Spellemannprisen on 30 January 2016 as he performed it live for the first time. He says his music will have influences of R'n'B, hiphop and rap music". The lyrics will also be more modern than the fans might have gotten used to with Kaizers Orchestra.
Career as a producer and other music
In 2007, Kaizers decided to take a break for the majority of the year, only writing up demos for their fourth album and playing three concerts (including opening the German art expo Documenta festival). Janove took this opportunity to write music for Det Tusende Hjertet, a family musical which opened in November 2007. In August 2007 he revealed that his next side project will not be a solo album, and that he has assembled another band (like fellow Kaizer bandmate Terje Winterstø Røthing and his band Skambankt). Nothing is known about the status of this project.
Aside from his work with Kaizers and as an independent artist, he has also acted as producer for multiple albums, working with various artists with various styles, including Micke From Sweden (Folk), Britt-Synnøve Johansen (Tango), and The Brigade (Americana). He also participated in Geir "Uncle Deadly" Zahl's album Monkey Do, that was released on 1 February 2010.
Personal life
Ottesen is married and has two children. They live in Stavanger.
Discography
Blod, Snått & Juling
Ein Glad Tunnel (released in 50 copies in 1994, only on music cassette)
Sympatiske Fisk (released in 100 copies in 1995, only on music cassette)
Unreleased Cassette (1996)
gnom
Mys (1998)
Kaizers Orchestra
Albums
Ompa til du dør (2001)
Evig pint (2003)
Maestro (2005)
Maskineri (2008)
Våre demoner (2009)
Violeta Violeta (2011/2012)
Violeta Violeta Vol. I (Jan. 2011)
Violeta Violeta Vol. II (Nov. 2011)
Violeta Violeta Vol. III (Nov. 2012)
EPs and Live Recordings
Gul EP (2000)
Død manns tango EP (2001)
Mann mot mann EP (2002)
The Gypsy Finale (2004)
Maestro EP (2005)
Live at Vega (2006)
250 prosent (2008)
Live i Oslo Spektrum (2011)
Stjerner i posisjon (2013)
Solo
Albums
Unreleased Solo Project (1997)
Francis' Lonely Nights (2004)
Artisten og Marlene (2017)
Hengtmann (2018)
Det sorte karneval (2020)
EPs
Spindelvevriff (2018)
Singles
Regnbuen treffer oss ikkje lenger (2016)
Verden går til helvete, tralala (2016)
Aldri la de tru de er bedre enn deg (2016)
Marlene (2016)
Hengtmann (2017)
Våpen (feat. Ane Brun) (2017)
Bak en sky heim (2018)
En større dag (2018)
Det sorte karneval (2019)
Verdens lengste farvel (2020)
Musical Theatre & Orchestral
Det Tusende Hjertet (2007)
Pirater! (with Geir Zahl, Unreleased, 2011)
Sonny (Unreleased, 2011)
Do You Love Me (Collaboration with Stavanger Symphony Orchestra, 2012)
Peter Pan (Unreleased, 2016)
The Mute (collaboration with Stavanger Symphony Orchestra, 2018, recording 2019)
Violeta Violeta (Musical theatre adaptation of Kaizers' trilogy, with Geir Zahl, in development)
External links
www.janove.no (official homepage)
Kaizers Orchestra (official website)
Category:Living people
Category:Musicians from Bryne
Category:Norwegian guitarists
Category:Male guitarists
Category:Norwegian male singers
Category:Norwegian multi-instrumentalists
Category:Waldorf school alumni
Category:People from Stord
Category:1975 births
Category:Kaizers Orchestra members | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Titanogomphodon
Titanogomphdon is an extinct genus of diademodontid cynodonts from the Middle Triassic Omingonde Formation of Namibia. It is known from a single partial skull that was described in 1973 from the Omingonde Formation. The type and only species is Titanogomphodon crassus. At about , the skull of Titanogomphodon was significantly larger than that of its closest relative, Diademodon (hundreds of skulls of Diademodon are known and none exceed in length). Its teeth are similar to those of another group of cynodonts called Traversodontidae, but the similarities are likely the result of convergent evolution. Aside from its larger size, Titanogomphodon differs from Diademodon in having a bony projection on the postorbital bar behind the eye socket.
Diet
Like Diademodon, Titanogomphodon was probably herbivorous. It is part of a very diverse fossil assemblage in the Omingonde Formation that includes several other types of cynodonts, including Diademodon, Cynognathus, and Trirachodon, as well as other therapsids such as Dolichuranus and Herpetogale. The Omingonde assemblage was part of a larger continental fauna that ranged across much of Gondwana during the Middle Triassic.
Other finds
An isolated upper jaw of a diademodontid described from the Fremouw Formation of Antarctica in 1995 may also belong to Titanogomphodon based on its large size. However, since the only known fossil of Titanogomphodon is a lower jaw, the two specimens cannot be assigned with certainty to the same taxon.
References
Category:Cynognathian genera
Category:Middle Triassic synapsids of Africa
Category:Fossils of Namibia
Category:Omingonde Formation
Category:Triassic Antarctica
Category:Fossils of Antarctica
Category:Fossil taxa described in 1973 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
CUDI
The University Corporation for Internet Development (; CUDI) is a non-profit consortium to build and operate a Mexican high-performance backbone network for research and education, sometimes called Internet-2 for Mexico.
Overview
Established in 2000, the RedCUDI (CUDI Network) backbone had, during many years, a capacity of 155 Megabits per second (STM-1) using ATM, recently 10 Gigabits links, with 3 international links to Abilene Network, Gigabit links to the California Research and Education Network (CalREN) managed by CENIC, and one Mbit link to RedCLARA. Over 200 members institutions (research centers, universities) participate in RedCUDI, some corporate and affiliate institutions, in all of the 31 states of Mexico. Its purpose has been to develop and deploy advanced network applications and technologies such as IPv6, IP multicasting, quality of service, Software-defined networking and other innovations.
External links
Home of CUDI
Category:National research and education networks
Category:Universities and colleges in Mexico | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Wagerup, Western Australia
Wagerup is a town located in the Peel region of Western Australia just off the South Western Highway. It is located between Waroona and Harvey, south of Waroona.
History
The town's name was initially spelt Waigerup or Waigeerup, derived from an Aboriginal name meaning "the place of the emu" (waitch), and was applied to a brook in the area. The same spelling was used when the railway station opened in 1896. However, by 1899, when the townsite was gazetted, the current spelling had been adopted (according to local legend, the man who painted the sign for the railway station misspelt the name).
In the mid 1970s serious community concern about impending mining in jarrah forests saw considerable protests about the construction of the Wagerup refinery. The Campaign to Save Native Forests and South West Forests Defence Foundation challenged the planned mining venture, and the conditions under which Alcoa was to be mining.
Present day
Alcoa have operated an alumina refinery in Wagerup since 1984. For years, residents and Alcoa workers have reported illnesses such as respiratory irritation, frequent nosebleeds, headaches, nausea and higher rates of cancer, as reported in numerous media outlets including the ABC's Four Corners program, although no formal causal link has ever been established. In September 2006, Alcoa obtained permission from the Western Australian government to expand the size of the refinery to become the biggest such refinery in the world, with production capacity increased from 2.6 million tonnes per year to around 4.7 million tonnes per year, although very strict conditions have been imposed on the expansion by the Health and Environment departments. Residents in nearby Yarloop subsequently announced plans to fight the decision in the Supreme Court.
See also
Campaign to Save Native Forests
List of Alumina Refineries
References
Further reading
Hunte, H.E. (chair) (1978) Report by the Steering Committee on Research into the Effects of Bauxite Mining on the Water Resources of the Darling Range, September 1978. Perth, WA: Dept. of Industrial Development, Western Australia,
Lines, William J. (2006) Patriots: defending Australia's natural heritage St Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press.
Working Groups of Technical Review Committee to Hunt Steering Committee and Kelsal Steering Committee. (1976) Research into the effects of bauxite mining in the Darling Range. Research into the effects of woodchipping in the Manjimup area, reports of Working Groups of Technical Review Committee to Hunt Steering Committee and Kelsall Steering Committee, Perth, WA: Dept. of Conservation & Environment.
External links
Alcoa Australia website
Category:Towns in Western Australia
Category:Peel (Western Australia)
Category:Mining towns in Western Australia
Category:Shire of Waroona | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sha Kong Wai
Sha Kong Wai () is a village in Ha Tsuen, Yuen Long District, Hong Kong. Part of it is a historic walled village.
History
The village was probably founded in the 17th century, in the late Ming Dynasty.
See also
Walled villages of Hong Kong
References
Category:Walled villages of Hong Kong
Category:Ha Tsuen | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptachloropropane
1,1,1,2,2,3,3-Heptachloropropane is a compound of chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon. Its linear formula is CClCHCl
References
Category:Chloroalkanes | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Jefferson Stow
Jefferson Pickman Stow (4 September 1830 – 4 May 1908), was a newspaper editor and magistrate in South Australia.
Stow was born at Buntingford, Hertfordshire, scotland the second son of the Rev. Thomas Quentin Stow and his wife Elizabeth, née Eppes. Jefferson Stow came to South Australia with his parents and brothers ( Randolph Isham Stow and Augustine Stow) in 1837. After engaging in farming pursuits, he went to the Victorian diggings in 1856, and in 1864 to Escape Cliffs in the Northern Territory where of a party of 40 under B. T. Finniss were to establish a settlement named Palmerston at the mouth of the Adelaide River. Stow travelled privately, as representative of a some investors in the associated land scheme. A year later, disillusioned with the prospects of that location, he was one of a party of seven who sailed from Adam Bay to Champion Bay in Western Australia in a small ship's boat they dubbed the Forlorn Hope.
Before leaving, he sent off for publication in The Advertiser a litany of negative observations on the site chosen, and particularly on Finniss as a leader.
An account of this expedition was published by Stow, who was immediately appointed to the staff of The Advertiser, and in 1876 was appointed editor in succession to William Harcus.
Stow was the author of "South Australia: its History, Productions and Natural Resources," compiled at the request of the South Australian government for circulation at the Calcutta International Exhibition (1883), and published that year. It is a well written and concise manual, and has had an extensive circulation in Australia, England and India. Stow was appointed a magistrate in 1884, and in 1886 Commissioner of Insolvency, and Special and Stipendiary Magistrate at Mount Gambier, South Australia and later at Port Pirie. Stow retired in 1904; he died on 4 May 1908 at North Adelaide, survived by his wife, two sons and five daughters.
References
External links
Category:1830 births
Category:1908 deaths
Category:Australian newspaper editors
Category:Australian magistrates
Category:People from Buntingford
Category:English emigrants to Australia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Andenes
is the administrative centre of Andøy Municipality which is located in the Vesterålen district of Nordland county, Norway. The village of Andenes is the northernmost settlement of the island of Andøya (and in Nordland county). To the east is the island of Senja (in Troms county), and to the west the endless horizon of the North Atlantic Ocean. Andenes Lighthouse sits along the harbor and can be seen for long distances. Andøya Airport, Andenes is located just south of the village, off of Norwegian County Road 82.
The village has a population (2018) of 2,694 which gives the village a population density of .
History
Andenes was already an important fishing village during the Iron Age. By the early 1900s, it had become one of the largest fishing ports in Norway.
The municipality of Andenes was established on 1 January 1924 when it was separated from Dverberg municipality. Initially, Andenes had 2,213 residents. On 1 January 1964, Andenes was merged with Dverberg and Bjørnskinn municipalities to create the new municipality of Andøy.
In the early 1980s, the population of the village of Andenes was 3,770, which made it the largest village in Vesterålen. The downsizing of Andøya Air Station and general population centralization in Norway has led to a dramatic decline in inhabitants over the last 20 years.
Name
The Old Norse form of the name was Andarnes (from originally Amdarnes). The first element is the genitive case of Ömd (the old name of the island Andøya) and the last element is nes which means "headland".
Air Station
The construction of Andøya Air Station was commissioned in 1952 and funded in large part by NATO. It was to be situated between Haugnes and Andenes. A DC-3 Dakota of the Royal Norwegian Air Force (RNoAF) undertook the first landing on 17 September 1954. The air station however was not fully operative until 15 September 1957.
In 1961, the 333 Squadron was moved from Sola Air Station to Andøya with their Grumman HU-16 Albatross. In 1969, these were replaced by the Lockheed P-3 Orion. In 1989, the Lockheed P-3C Orion replaced the aging P-3Bs. However, two of the newest P-3Bs were converted to P-3Ns and fly missions for the Norwegian Coast Guard. Besides fisheries, Andøya Air Station has been the largest workplace in Andøy since the 1970s.
In the autumn of 2011, an Orion aircraft from Andenes patrolled the Indian Ocean from a forward base in the Seychelles, supported by 44 personnel and contributing 29 patrols of 8–10 hours to NATO's anti-piracy operation. The flights led directly to the arrest of five pirate groups.
Geography
The village lies north of the Arctic Circle and the midnight sun is visible from May 19 to July 25. The sun is below the horizon from November 25 to January 28.
Climate
Andenes has a climate on the boundary between the subarctic and the subpolar oceanic climates, due to it being extremely mild for its latitude as a result of Gulf Stream influence. Summers are extremely cool due to the moderation, whereas even during the polar night period, daytime highs frequently rise above freezing.
Culture
Andenes Church is located in the central part of the village. The local newspaper is named Andøyposten. Andenes hosts the annual "Rock mot Rus" (Rock against drugs) festival, where young people perform their own rock music as well as more known headliner such as Dead by April, Dimmu Borgir, Kvelertak, Turdus Musicus and Torch.
Notable residents
Tom Stenvoll, footballer for Stabæk
David Pedersen, singer known from the TV-show Idol
Kristian & Roger Adolfsen, owners of Norlandia Hotels & Resorts and Norlandia Omsorg. Read more about them at http://www.adolfsen.com
References
External links
Official site
Web-cam of Andenes harbour
Official site of Whalesafari
Coast Flights to and from Andenes
Category:Andøy
Category:Villages in Nordland
Category:Populated places of Arctic Norway | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Apeadero
Apeadero is a barrio in the municipality of Patillas, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 699.
References
External links
Category:Barrios of Patillas, Puerto Rico | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Strike action in association football
The following is a history of strike action in association football.
History
England
During 1960 the Professional Footballers' Association (PFA), led by Jimmy Hill, organised a campaign seeking the abolition of the maximum wage, which then stood at £20 per week, and of the retain and transfer system. Following talks involving the PFA, the Football Association, the Football League and the Ministry of Labour, the Football League committee offered a gradual increase in the maximum to £30, taking place over five years. At a PFA meeting in London, 250 players voted unanimously for strike action. Two further meetings elsewhere in the country brought the total to 712 players, of whom 18 voted against strike action. On 9 January 1961 the League made a revised proposal, but PFA members rejected it by a three to one margin. On 18 January, three days before the planned strike, the parties agreed to an immediate abolition of the maximum wage and the strike was called off.
In September 2011, players from Plymouth Argyle considered going on strike, due to a dispute over wages.
Italy
Serie A experienced its first ever player strike in March 1996. The start to the 2011–12 season was delayed due to strike action by players, following a failure of the players' and clubs' respective unions to agree on a new collective bargaining agreement. On 5 September 2011, the strike was called off after a compromise was reached.
Norway
In Norway, short-term player strike action led to the cancellation of fixtures in the Tippeligaen and Adeccoligaen in both June 2002 and May 2011. The 2002 dispute concerned insurance terms and general working conditions. The 2011 action was prompted by regulations on holidays and whether players were required to use football boots and sports equipment produced by respective club sponsors. In both periods the disputes were settled after one round of league fixtures.
Portugal
Scotland
Spain
In November 2009, Spanish players threatened a strike due to tax increases.
In March 2011, Spanish league matches were postponed due to a dispute over television revenue, but a week later the strike was blocked by the Spanish courts.
In August 2011, further strike action was announced, after players asked for a guaranteed wage, in case their clubs went bankrupt, and the strike action disrupted the first week of the Spanish season. Players including Ikechukwu Uche came out to the media to discuss why they were going on strike.
On 25 August, it was announced that talks between the Liga de Futbol Profesional (LFP) and Association of Spanish Footballers had reached a resolution, and that league football would resume the next weekend.
In March 2012, professional footballers from Rayo Vallecano went on strike in support of the 2011–2012 Spanish protests.
A 2013–14 Copa del Rey match between Racing Santander and Real Sociedad was suspended after the Santander players refused to play, having worked without pay for several months.
United States
Members of the MLS Players Union voted for a strike to delay the start of the 2010 Major League Soccer season, as scheduled for March 2010. The main issues for the players related to guaranteed contracts and freedom of transfer. The season commenced as planned when the dispute was settled five days before the first game.
References
Category:Sports labor disputes
Category:Association football controversies
Category:Association football culture | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ice hockey in Finland
Ice hockey is the most popular sport in Finland in terms of television viewership and game attendance figures. It is third most popular sport in participation amongst children.
History
Ice hockey leagues were first established in Finland in the 1920s. SM-sarja was established as the first national men's ice hockey league in 1928. Viipurin Reipas were champions in the inaugural year and remain one of the oldest ice hockey teams in Finland, still competing today under the name Lahti Pelicans.
National board
Finnish Ice Hockey Association is the national board for ice hockey in the country and has been instrumental in producing many world class ice hockey players.
National teams
Finland is currently third in the IIHF World Rankings for both the men's and women's national team programs.
Finland men's national ice hockey team is one of the major powers in world hockey; they won their third World Championship in 2019. The men's national team is a member of the so-called "Big Six" an unofficial group of the top men's national teams in world hockey.
Finland women's national ice hockey team is recognized as one of the few national teams able to challenge American and Canadian dominance in the highest levels of women's world hockey. The team took silver at the World Championship in 2019 after a controversial loss to the United States in the finals. Though they did not claim gold, multiple Finnish players received awards in the 2019 tournament; team captain Jenni Hiirikoski was awarded MVP and Best Defenceman, Noora Räty was awarded Best Goaltender, and forward Michelle Karvinen was named to the All-Star Team along with Hiirikoski and Räty.
Domestic Leagues
Liiga (called SM-liiga until 2013) is the elite league for men's ice hockey in Finland; it was created 1975 as the first domestic professional ice hockey league and replaced SSM-sarja as the top national division. Mestis is the second-highest men's ice hockey league in Finland; many Mestis teams are associated with Liiga systems as farm teams. The Suomi-sarja is Finland's third-tier men's ice hockey league.
Naisten Liiga (called Jääkiekon naisten SM-sarja until 2017) is the elite league for women's ice hockey in Finland; it has been in operation since the 1982-1983 season. Naisten Mestis is the second-level of women's ice hockey in Finland. Naisten Suomi-sarja is the third-level of women's ice hockey in Finland.
References | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Agriculture in Malawi
The main economic products of Malawi are tobacco, tea, cotton, groundnuts, sugar and coffee. These have been among the main cash crops for the last century, but tobacco has become increasingly predominant in the last quarter-century, with a production in 2011 of 175,000 tonnes. Over the last century, tea and groundnuts have increased in relative importance while cotton has decreased. The main food crops are maize, cassava, sweet potatoes, sorghum, bananas, rice,and Irish potatoes and cattle, sheep and goats are raised. The main industries deal with agricultural processing of tobacco, tea and sugar and timber products. The industrial production growth rate is estimated at 10% (2009).
History of agriculture in Malawi
Colonial period
Although Nyasaland, as the country was known before 1964, had some mineral resources, particularly coal, these were exploited in colonial times. Without economic mineral resources, the protectorate's economy had to be based on agriculture, but in 1907 most of its people were subsistence farmers. In the mid-to-late 19th century, manioc, rice, beans and millet were grown in the Shire Valley, maize, cassava, sweet potatoes and sorghum in the Shire Highlands, and cassava, millet and groundnuts along the shores of Lake Nyasa (now Lake Malawi). These crops continued to be staple foods throughout the colonial period, although with less millet and more maize. Tobacco and a local variety of cotton were grown widely.
Europeans wrongly criticised the practice of shifting cultivation in which trees on the land to be cultivated were cut down and burnt and their ashes dug into the soil to fertilize it. The land was used for a few years after another section of land was cleared. Compared to European, North American and Asian soils many sub-Saharan African soils are low in natural fertility, being poor in nutrients, low in organic matter and liable to erosion. The best cultivation technique for such soils involves 10 to 15 years of fallow between 2 or 3 years of cultivation, the system of shifting cultivation and fallowing that was common in Nyasaland as long as there was sufficient land to practice it. Throughout the protectorate, the colonial Department of Agriculture held negative attitudes towards African agriculture, which it failed to promote and favoured European planter interests. Although in the early years of the 20th century, European estates produced the bulk of exportable cash crops directly, by the 1940s, a large proportion of many of these crops (particularly tobacco) was produced by Africans, either as smallholders on Crown land or as tenants on the estates.
Most people in Nyasaland were subsistence farmers growing maize, millet and other food crops for their own consumption. Its colonial export economy had to be based on growing economic crops, but before 1907 commercial agriculture had hardly started to develop. In pre-colonial times trade was limited to the export of ivory and forest products in exchange for cloth and metals and, for the first few years of the protectorate, ivory and rubber collected from indigenous vines were the principal elements of a tiny export trade. The first estate crop was coffee, grown commercially in quantity from around 1895, but competition from Brazil which flooded the world markets by 1905 and droughts led to its decline in favour of tobacco and cotton. Both these crops had previously been grown in small quantities, but the decline of coffee prompted planters to turn to tobacco in the Shire Highlands and cotton in the Shire Valley. Tea was also first planted commercially in 1905 in the Shire Highlands, but significant development of tobacco and tea growing only took place after the opening of the Shire Highlands Railway in 1908.
In the early years of the 20th century, European estates produced the bulk of exportable cash crops directly, but by the 1930s, many of these crops, particularly tobacco and cotton, were produced by Africans, either as smallholders on Crown land or as tenants on the estates. The first estate crop was coffee, grown commercially in quantity from around 1895, but competition from Brazil after 1905 led to its decline in favour of tobacco and cotton. Both these crops had previously been grown in small quantities, but the decline of coffee prompted planters to turn to tobacco in the Shire Highlands and cotton in the Shire River Valley. Tea was also first planted commercially in 1905 in the Shire Highlands, but significant development of tobacco and tea growing only took place after the opening of the Shire Highlands Railway in 1908. During the time of the protectorate, tobacco, tea and cotton were the main export crops, but tea was the only one that remained an estate crop throughout. The main barriers to increasing exports were the high costs of transport from Nyasaland to the coast the poor quality of much of the produce and, for African farmers, the planters’ opposition to them growing cotton or tobacco in competition with the estates.
The area of Flue-cured tobacco farmed by European planters in the Shire Highlands rose from 4,500 acres in 1911 to 14,200 acres in 1920, yielding 2,500 ton of tobacco. Before 1920, only about 5% of the crop sold was dark-fired tobacco produced by African farmers, but this rose to 14% by 1924. The First World War boosted the production of tobacco, but post-war competition from United States Virginia adversely affected Nyasaland growers. Much of the tobacco produced by the European estates was a low-grade, and the decline in flue-cured tobacco intensified throughout the 1920s. Europeans produced 86% of Malawi's tobacco in 1924, 57% in 1927, 28% in 1933, but only 16% in 1936. Despite this decline, tobacco still accounted for 65-80% of exports in the years from 1921 to 1932. Formation of a Native Tobacco Board in 1926 stimulated production of fire-cured tobacco. By 1935, 70% of the national tobacco crop was grown in the Central Province where the Board had around 30,000 registered growers. At first, these farmed Crown land (also called Native Trust Land), but later estates contracted sharecropping “Visiting Tenants”. The number of growers expanded after the Second World War, so by 1950 there were over 104,500 growers planting 132,000 acres and growing 10,000 tons of tobacco; only 15,000 were in the Southern Province. About three-quarters were smallholders, the rest estate tenants. Numbers declined later, but there were still 70,000 in 1965, producing 12,000 tons.
Egyptian cotton was first grown commercially by African smallholders in the upper Shire valley in 1903 and spread to the lower Shire valley and the shores of Lake Nyasa. By 1905 American Upland cotton was grown on estates in the Shire Highlands. African-grown cotton was bought by The British Central Africa Company Ltd and the African Lakes Corporation until 1912 when government cotton markets were established where a fairer price for cotton was given. After reckless planting on unsuitable land, consolidation of the planted area to 10,000 acres and improving quality increased cotton exports to a peak of 44% of total exports in 1917 when the First World Was stimulated demand. A shortage of manpower caused a post-war drop in production, with no recovery until 1924, but then reaching 2,700 tons in 1932 and a record of 4,000 tons exported in 1935. This was mainly African production in the lower Shire valley, as output from European estates became insignificant. The relative importance of cotton exports dropped from 16% of the total in 1922 to 5% in 1932, then rallied to 10% in 1941, falling to 7% in 1951. The quality of cotton produced improved from the 1950s with stricter controls on pests and, although 80% of the crop continued to be grown in the lower Shire valley, it also began to be grown in the northern shore of Lake Malawi. Production varied widely, and increasing amounts were used domestically, but at independence cotton was only the fourth most valuable export crop.
Tea was first exported from Nyasaland in 1904 after tea plantations were established in the high rainfall areas of Mlanje District, later extended into Cholo District. Exports steadily increased at first, and the importance of tea increased dramatically after 1934, from only 6% of total exports in 1932 to over 20% in 1935. It never fell below that level, rising to over 40% from 1938 to 1942, and in the three years 1955, 1957 and 1960 the value of tea exports exceeded that of tobacco and until the mid-1960s, Nyasaland had the most extensive area of tea cultivation in Africa. Despite its value to the protectorate's economy, the main problem with its tea on the international market was its low quality.
Groundnut exports were insignificant before 1951 when they amounted to 316 tons, but a government scheme to promote their cultivation and better prices led to a rapid increase in the mid-to-late 1950s. At independence, the annual exports totalled 25,000 tons and groundnuts became Nyasaland's third most valuable export. They are also widely grown for food. In the 1930s and 1940s, Nyasaland became a major producer of Tung oil and over 20,000 acres on estates in the Shire Highlands were planted with Tung trees. However, after 1953, world prices declined and production dropped as Tung oil was replaced by cheaper petrochemical substitutes. Until the 1949 famine, maize was not exported but a government scheme then promoted it as a cash crop and 38,500 tons were exported in 1955. By independence, local demand had reduced exports to virtually nil.
The basis of estate agriculture in Nyasaland for much of the colonial period was the system of thangata which, in the early colonial period, meant that African on estates had to perform agricultural labour in lieu of the rent for a plot of land on which they could grow food. At first, estates usually required two months’ labour a year from adult men, one month for rent, the second for Hut tax. However, on some estates the obligations of labour tenants were extended. The demand for estate labour declined in the 1920s, and British Central Africa Company was the first estate owner to modify thangata. The company issued seed to African tenants so that they could grow cotton or tobacco under supervision, and then sell their crops to the company at low prices. The Natives on Private Estates Ordinance 1928 formalised this arrangement by allowing landlords to receive rents in cash, in a fixed quantity of acceptable crops or by direct labour. The term thangata applied both to rent in kind, common on tobacco and cotton estates, and to the older form of labour thangata, which persisted on the tea estates that required direct labour.
By 1946, those estate companies that had formerly relied on labour tenants for their workforce complained that thangata was virtually unenforceable, as the workers ignored their contracts with impunity and refused to pay rent. A proposed rent increase in 1953 led to further resistance, and riots in August 1953, leading to eleven dead and seventy-two injured. Following these riots, the Governor Colby urged that estate land should be acquired through voluntary purchase, and the colonial administration purchased 142,000 hectares by 1954. At independence in 1964, only 171,000 hectares of estates remained, mostly tea plantations.
After independence
At independence in 1964, the cultivable area of Malawi was estimated at 3.42 million hectares (net of the remaining estates), about 90% of which was cultivated. Most of the land in Malawi suitable for farming food crops was available at the time of independence to Malawians without an obligation to pay cash rent or provide labour services. From 1950 to the mid-1980s, Malawi exported substantial amounts of maize. Initially, this was the result of a policy change to promoting maize as a cash crop after the 1949 famine, but it continued despite later indecision on whether such surpluses should be promoted. Smallholders’ estimated average yields from local maize rose from 0.6 tonne a hectare in the 1950s to 0.8 tonne a hectare in the 1960s, then to 1.2 tonnes a hectare (1.8 tonnes with moderate fertilizer) in the 1980s. Up to the mid-1980s, Malawi was a net maize exporter; its agricultural growth rate was 6% a year between 1973 and 1982.
From approximately 1950 to 1980 Malawi enjoyed adequate and reliable rains. Food security seemed assured and consumption exceeded production only in five years in this period, none leading to serious shortages. This supported the dual agricultural policy, developed since 1961 by Hastings Banda, first as Agriculture minister, later President, of securing food self-sufficiency through smallholder maize production and promoting cash crops, particularly tobacco on estates. However, this apparently successful dual policy faltered in the late 1970s. Banda retained control over agricultural policies as Prime Minister in 1964 and President from 1966 to 1994, so its successes or failures were primarily his. Banda recognised Malawi had few resources other than agriculture. He at first favoured smallholder agriculture, as few European-owned estates remained. However, the policy of growing Burley tobacco on estates was developed from 1968. Burley tobacco is a fairly inexpensive air-cured variety used as a filler for certain cigarettes im contrast to the more expensive flue-cured variety. In 1966, President Banda argued that customary land tenure was insecure and inhibited investment. The Customary Land Development Act, 1967 allowed the creation of agricultural leases of up to 99 years over Customary Land. Many in the Central Region were intended to grow Burley tobacco and controlled by Banda himself, or senior officials and politicians.
There were 229 mostly European-owned estates of 79,000 hectares in 1970, but 14,355 of 759,000 hectares in 1989 and their final area exceeded a million hectares. Only about 25% of the land was used in a four-year tobacco cultivation rotation. Many estates became insolvent, despite easy credit and were foreclosed by the parastatal banks. When estates were formed, former residents lost their Customary Land rights and left or became estate labourers or tenants. There were 51,000 agricultural workers (mostly on tea estates) in 1968, 181,000 in 1980 and 200,000 in 1990. Tenants replaced employees later and 675,000 estate tenants were registered in 1990 and 580,000 “squatters” lived on surplus land as a low-paid casual labour pool. Few grew all their food but relied on rations or purchases. This occupation of land by inefficient tobacco estates undermined food security.
With more intensive agricultural use, the amounts and duration of fallow were progressively reduced in more populous areas. A situation approaching continuous mono-cropping developed on many Malawian smallholdings, which placed soil fertility under gradually increasing pressure Maize monocropping without fallow or fertiliser leads to reduced yields, but even so, up to 1982 it was estimated that Malawi had sufficient arable land to meet the basic food needs of its population, if it were distributed equally. By 1992, cultivation had spread to hillsides and onto steep Rift Valley slopes where it was unsustainable. The area of smallholder maize increased 20% between 1968 and 2000 by using marginal land. Many rural smallholdings were less than two hectares in the 1960s: by the mid-1980s the average plot was hardly more than one hectare.
Throughout most of the 20th century Malawi's main food crop was maize and at the end of that century, 90% of its grain was maize, which provided 56% of all calories consumed. Malawi was the world's most maize-dependent country, except for Zambia. Its traditional substitutes were cassava on the Lakeshore and sweet potatoes in the Shire floodplain. The estimated area of maize cultivation increased from around 1.3 million hectares in 1980 to over 1.6 million hectares in 2000. However, maize harvests began to fluctuate widely, from highs of about 1.5 million tonnes in 1989 and about 1.3.million tonnes in 1990 to lows of about 0.6 million tonnes and about 1994 and 0.8 million tonnes in 1992. In view of the fluctuation in maize harvests, from the 1990s crops of sweet potatoes and cassava increased the result of USAID projects to promote drought-resistant foods.
The area of cassava planted is estimated to have increased from 72,000 hectares in 1990 to over 200,000 hectares in 2001, with estimated output increasing from 168,000 tonnes in 1990 to 3.4 million tonnes in 2001. The area of sweet potatoes planted is estimated to have increased from 43,000 hectares to over 192,000 hectares between 1990 and 2001, while estimated output increased from 177,000 tonnes to 3.4 million tonnes over the same period. There is some disagreement about the magnitude of this increase, but they suggest that maize is no longer the most important crop by tonnage, although it still accounts for 60% of the area of food planted.
Despite a collapse in tobacco prices in 1979, The World Bank thought growing Burley tobacco by smallholders would relieve poverty by allowing farmers to buy imported cheap maize for food. From 1987, market liberalisation allowed smallholder to grow Burley, and they could only sell it freely in 1996173. The richest 25% of smallholders earned significant amounts from Burley after liberalisation. Malawi's Burley production increased from 45,600 tonnes, all estate-grown, in 1988 to 142,200 tonnes (including 98,600 tonnes grown by smallholders) in 2000. It grew 10% of world Burley in 1992, but the market started to decline and the US dollar price of Malawian Burley halved between 1988 and 2000; its lower grades were unsaleable. Detailed surveys estimated that in 2000 10% of Malawi's rural households grew Burley tobacco using 3% of cultivable land each year. In the four-year cycle, and including the estates growing it, Burley tied-up 300,000 hectares of land that could have been used for maize, when the areas of maize plantings were some 1.6 to 1.7 million hectares. Households with sufficient land, labour, fertilizer and credit for both food and tobacco achieved only modest returns but were vulnerable to price fluctuations and bad weather. Burley was not the solution to Malawi's problems.
Malawi currently has a food gap equivalent to 500,000 to 600,000 tonnes a year of maize. Attempts have been made to close this gap with other foods, but the two most likely ways to close it are either to import large quantities of maize or grow more maize. Paying for maize imports reduces Malawi's foreign currency reserves to very low levels and creates very high level of debt, and growing more maize would require massive investment.
Agricultural marketing
Colonial period
The declared objectives of colonial Malawi's legislation on the production and marketing of economic crops were to increase the quantity and improve the quality of the crops, and to stabilise the income of farmers through periods of price fluctuation. However, rather than promotion, restrictions were imposed on the number of African smallholder growers and their output by registration schemes, fixing producer prices, licensing buyers and exporters and establishing commodity boards, which often had exclusive responsibility for crop production and marketing. These restrictions did not apply to the production and marketing of the crops grown on European-owned estates. The use of marketing controls allowed the Nyasaland government to increase its revenues. By offering smallholders prices that were lower than the world market prices, the colonial state indirectly taxed the smallholders, extracting large parts of their profits. Market regulations were extended food crops after the Second World War, and by the mid-1950s marketing boards controlled the trade of most African small holder produce.
Regulations introduced for tobacco in 1926 and cotton in 1934 required the registration of African peasant growers, and a Native Tobacco Board (later renamed the African Tobacco Board) was created. Settler demands for the regulation of the peasant tobacco and cotton sectors were partly motivated by fears that profitable smallholder farming could reduce the availability of cheap African labour for their estates. The formation of the Native Tobacco Board stimulated African production in the Central Region, but registered growers paid heavily for it. At first, the Board charged a levy of thirty pence a hundred pounds of tobacco, 10% of the price it paid growers. In 1930, this was raised to one third of the price paid to meet increased costs. In the Second World War and after the Board recovered its costs and underpaid growers, retaining between 25% and 35% of the auction prices obtained to meet costs equal to only 15% to 20% of those prices.
A Maize Control Board was formed in 1947. It was supposed to ensure that Malawi's maize supplies were maintained and to guarantee minimum prices to farmers, but it was hampered by lack of funds and its objectives were unattainable with the organisation it had. To cover the cost of a country-wide network, the Board fixed a very low buying price and sold maize at double this price. These low prices discouraged farmers from growing maize commercially, and inhibited the development of grain markets. The quantities of maize available for the home market dropped significantly at a time of growing demand caused by poor harvests in the run up to the major famine in 1949. After the 1949 famine, the MCB promoted maize production, but when world prices fell in the 1950s, it abandoned the import and export trade, and the Nyasaland administration discouraged maize production in agriculturally unsuitable areas.
In 1952, an African Produce and Marketing Board (later renamed the Agricultural Production and Marketing Board) was created with control over the marketing of African produce including maize, beans, peas, wheat, groundnuts, rice, sorghum millet, cassava and cotton seed. In 1956, the activities, powers and duties of the Maize Control, African Tobacco and Cotton Control boards were transferred to the Agricultural Production and Marketing Board. It had powers to buy smallholder surpluses, but its producer prices were biased against peasant producers and did not reflect the rise in living costs: they were so unsatisfactory that even settlers on the Legislative Council called for the revision of the Board's pricing policy.
When Dr Hastings Banda became Agriculture Minister in 1961, these policies were little changed. The Agricultural Production and Marketing Board was replaced by the Farmers Marketing Board (FMB) in 1962, and European Board members were replaced by growers’ representatives. The Farmers Marketing Board was given wide powers to buy, sell and process farm products, promote price stability and subsidise seed and fertilizer.
After independence
During the first years after independence in 1964, Banda and the governing Malawi Congress Party actively supported the smallholder farming sector, as few European-owned estates remained. Banda recognised Malawi had few resources other than agriculture. He was an interventionist, and Farmers Marketing Board became an aggressive purchaser of smallholders’ produce. However, disappointing smallholder production and the development of a policy of growing Burley tobacco on estates caused the government to transfer land to the estate sector. The activities of the FMB were widened to include participation in business ventures, and accumulate investment funds, competition in marketing African food crops was restricted and the monopoly strengthened.
In 1971, the FMB was replaced by the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC). ADMARC was given the new power to assist any public or private organization with capital, credit or other resources in any projects relating to the economic development of Malawi. Its objectives were to increase the volume of exportable economic crops and improve their quality, to promote the consumption of Malawian agricultural produce abroad and to support smallholder farmers. It took over the FMB monopolies over maize, tobacco and cotton, and its powers to fix prices, operate markets and supply credit. Smallholders supported ADMARC's high operating costs and much of its profits came from underpaying them, but it only re-invested 5% of funds in smallholder farms. Transferring resources away from smallholders to the state led to corruption and abuse of office. ADMARC subsidised tobacco estates and other businesses, and by the mid-1980s, it diverted two-thirds of its income into these estates. The main beneficiaries of this strategy were the political elite who controlled the tobacco estates food and ADMARC employees. In 1979, when tobacco prices collapsed, it was threatened by liquidity problems, and by 1985, it was insolvent.
From 1971, ADMARC subsidised fertilizer for every farmer, but tobacco estates benefited most, as tobacco needed more fertilizer than maize. Estates also had access to credit without which few smallholders could afford even subsidised fertilizer. The Malawi government agreed to partially privatise it to obtain World Bank loans, but the World Bank required an phased elimination of fertilizer subsidies. A complete withdrawal of subsidies prevented 75% of smallholders buying fertilizer in 1988/89, so temporary subsidies were provided up to 1994/95. The partial privatisation left ADMARC with limited funds to supply fertilizer and seed to smallholders, and the closure of many of its depots hindered distribution. An increase in maize producer prices in 1988 did not compensate farmers who had previously grown hybrid maize for their lost subsidies, so many reverted to growing local maize without fertilizer. ADMARC's weakness led to increased consumer prices, reduced food security and a food crisis in 1991-92.
After the World Bank inspired partial privatisation in 1987, ADMARC was short of funds to provide services. Despite market liberalisation, few private traders emerged, and maize markets were disrupted and Malawi became increasingly dependent on imported maize. The World Bank criticised the losses it made on imported maize, and in 1996, it required the creation of an agency independent of government influence to control grain imports. ADMARC kept control over domestic grain and started selling the domestic reserves to meet its debts. ADMARC continued selling its reserves in 2000, and in 2001 despite a poor harvest. The failure to prevent food shortages caused deaths from hunger and related diseases, mainly in 2002.
The World Bank disliked ADMARC being under political control and proposed that it should only keep its core agricultural marketing operations and only provide marketing services in those outlying areas of the country with limited private sector competition: these reforms were implemented from 2006 on. The private sector lacked the capacity to provide competitive marketing services. It was unable to store enough of grain to meet food needs in the lean season, unwilling to buy maize from smallholders in remote rural areas and without the capacity to import sufficient maize during national shortfalls to maintain prices. As Malawian maize markets did not act competitively, state intervention through ADMARC was needed, and it remained as a residual buyer and seller. At the peak of liberalisation in 2002/03, there were only 180 ADMARC outlets. By 2009/10, the number of ADMARC-operated markets had grown to 788, and in 2010/11 the figure rose to 904. It remains under the control of politicians, and this has led to claims of corruption and the public perception that ADMARC does not act in the best interests of those it is meant to assist. ADMARC expanded in the decade after 2002 and still exists because of the failure of the agro-dealer programme to create an efficient private sector marketing system.
The International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), and Group of Eight (G8) were all actively interested and involved with the Malawi case. To create a stable economy and a government which the first world can work with the IMF employed SAPs (Structural Adjustment Policies) to restructure the country. This interjection by so many global organizations show how the period from 1990 - 2012 was one of neo-colonialism. These global institutions primarily follow the guidance and objectives of the first world. Malawi demonstrates the "economic imperialism". which these institutions created. The infrastructures employed through SAPs are modified to insure dependency on the first world and create a distinction between the levels of development. The restrictions of power put on Malawi eliminated rhea prosperity of the middle class. No real transfer of power to legitimate African authorities has ever been conducted since the end of colonialism. which consistently undermines the real interests of the state. The Colonialism Reparations movement emphasize the neo-colonist regime which is taking place in Malawi and other African states. It is a movement which is increasing in its legitimacy throughout the world.
Food shortages
Pre-colonial and colonial periods
Seasonal hunger was common in pre-colonial and early colonial times, and gave rise to several coping strategies such as growing secondary crops like millet or sweet potatoes in case the maize crop failed, gathering wild food or relying on support from family or friends. In a purely peasant economy, farmers grow food primarily for their families’ needs. They normally have only small surpluses to store or for sale and little money to buy food in a time of shortage, even if it was available in any market. There were no significant markets, as any surplus grain not stored would be bartered for livestock or passed to dependents. If drought coincided with warfare, famine could be catastrophic, as in the great 1861-63 famine in southern Malawi, when 90% of the population of some villages died of starvation or disease, or through war. However, seasonal shortages occurred in most years and droughts ever six years on average. The imposition of colonial rule itself caused local food shortages, sometimes amounting to famine, where villages were burned and cattle killed. There were several significant famine in the first half of the 20th century, including one in the lower valley of the Shire River, an area which frequently experienced shortages, in 1903. Low rainfall in 1900-01, 1918 and 1920–21 and 1922 caused severe drought in the south and centre of the country, while in 1926 crops were destroyed by flooding. There was also distress in the north nearKasungu in 1924-25 and around Mzimba in 1938, and the shores of Lake Malawi suffered food shortages almost annually in the 1930s. However, for the first 50 years of colonial rule, much of the country fared better that the drier areas of southern Tanganyika, eastern Northern Rhodesia or Mozambique, where famine was endemic. The colonial authorities also provided some famine relief by moving maize from districts with surpluses to those with shortages and making free issues to children, the old and destitute, but they were reluctant to issue free relief to the able-bodied. After the great famine ended in 1863, despite regular seasonal hunger and high levels of chronic malnutrition, as well as acute episodes of food shortage and famine, there was no "famine that kills" until 1949.
Markets where food was exchangeable for cash were established during the colonial era, although, as long Malawi as was largely agricultural, its markets remained rudimentary. It is likely that introduction of a market economy eroded several pre-colonial survival strategies and eventually created an underclass of the chronically malnourished poor. However, some coping strategies were in use up to the 1950s, including growing secondary crops like millet or sweet potatoes in case the maize crop failed, gathering wild food or relying on support from family or friends. The older strategies were supplemented by the use of cash to make good food deficits, whether it was earned directly, remitted by a migrant worker relative or borrowed. Many families could grow sufficient food for normal subsistence; other rural families contained the “traditional” poor. These include the aged, disabled and widows as well as some female-headed families that were unable to cultivate sufficient land for their families’ subsistence. However, the ranks of impoverished female-headed families were swelled by families of absent migrant workers if they did not receive cash remittances, a new and non-traditional group of the poor. Insecure rent-paying tenant families or sharecroppers required to concentrate on farming economic crops might lack land for subsistence cultivation, face the economic drains of paying rent and taxes or receive an inadequate payment for their produce, leaving them vulnerable to food insecurity. It is probable that rapid social and economic changes took place in Central and East Africa in the late pre-colonial and early colonial periods. Some individuals found new opportunities to increase their wealth and status, but others (particularly women) lost a degree of their former security and became marginalised.
The 1949 famine was centered on the Shire Highlands and around the shores of Lake Malawi and, as the last major famine in this area was in 1926, it was unexpected and unprepared for. The rains failed in December and again in March: the worst affected areas had less than half their normal rain. The maize crop was only 65 to 70% of the normal harvests of 1950 and 1951 and was preceded by two quite poor harvests, which reduced smallholders’ reserves. Government and mission employees, many urban workers and some estate tenants received free or subsidised food or food on credit, but those less able to cope and those already in poverty suffered most. Traditionally, rural women in Nyasaland shared food with their neighbours and distant relatives, and this continued in the early stages of the 1949 famine. However, as it progressed, food was only shared with close family members, not remoter relatives, and the old, the young and widows, deserted wives or the wives of absent migrant workers were excluded from food sharing. The term “ganyu" originally meant the food or beer given to neighbours in appreciation of their help with agricultural tasks. However,its use as the term for the work a poor person did for food or cash for more prosperous neighbours arose in the mid-1950s, in response to the 1949-50 famine. In 1949 and 1950, 25,000 tons of food were imported to counteract the famine, although initial deliveries were delayed. The official mortality figure was 100 to 200 deaths, but the true number of may have been higher, and there was severe food shortage and hunger in 1949 and 1950. A detailed study of this famine concluded that large areas of uncultivated land on private estates in the Shire Highlands were not available to African cultivators, who lived on overcrowded Crown Land, where growing tobacco competed with food crops, creating food insecurity. The formation if a Maize Control Board, established in 1947 may also have worsened the situation. Although it was set up to guarantee minimum prices, even in years of surpluses and paying the same prices in remote areas as in accessible ones, it hoped to create a grain reserve against famine. However, when it was set up, most Malawian families grew their own food, and the few urban and plantation workers could be supplied locally. This, and the Maize Control Board's policy of keeping prices low through concerns about over-producing maize inhibited commercial grain markets developing. Its first years of operation, 1947 and 1948 coincided with poor harvests, and in those years it bought a less than half its estimated requirements in those years. Following the famine, the production of tobacco in the affected areas decreased and Maize Control Board prices for maize were increased. The Maize Control Board had purchased just over 7,000 tons if maize in 1948: its successors purchased 30,000 tons in 1964 and 128,000 tons in 1979, showing that Malawi's maize trade was under-developed in 1949.
After independence
No famines occurred for over forty years after 1949: from approximately 1950 to 1980 Malawi, like much of inter-tropical Africa, enjoyed adequate and reliable rains. Food security seemed assured: the only years when consumption exceeded production were in 1963, 1970, 1975, 1976 and 1980 and none were as serious as 1949 or later shortages. In 1961, in the approach to independence, the colonial-era marketing boards were replaced by the Farmers Marketing Board with wide powers to buy, sell and process farm products, promote price stability and subsidise seed and fertilizer prices. Before 1969, it made no profits from its purchasing monopoly, but after this the Farmers Marketing Board and its successor, the Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC), created in 1971, profited significantly. Smallholders had to support the high operating costs of ADMARC, much of whose income came from underpaying them. ADMARC only re-invested 5% of funds in smallholder farms, but subsidised tobacco estates, so that by the mid-1980s, it diverted two-thirds of its income to estates. Until 1979, it had sound finances: when tobacco prices collapsed, its lack of liquidity threatened its main creditors, Malawi's two commercial banks. From 1980, Malawi's rainfall tended to decrease and fall for shorter periods. As its rural population grew, food production only exceeded consumption in 1993 and annual maize consumption fell from 240 kilos in the 1960s to 160 kilos in the 1990s: this deficiency was only remedied by large increases in the root crop harvest after 1995. There was a paradox: Malawi's maize exports indicated food sufficiency, but increasing malnutrition did not.
Smallholders were discouraged from growing tobacco in favour of maize. Growing maize as a cash crop requires reasonable sale prices, low input costs (particularly fertilizer) and farmers having some financial reserves. Farm incomes were declining by 1976 and, from 1981 to 1986, the real value of Malawi maize producer prices fell to 40% to 60% of those of other Central and East African states. Even with low fertilizer prices, maize growing was difficult. From 1971, ADMARC subsidised fertilizer prices for every farmer. Estates benefited most, as tobacco needs more fertilizer than maize, and few smallholders could buy enough fertilizer, even if subsidised. After 1985, declining world tobacco prices and supporting the estates made ADMARC insolvent. The Malawi government agreed to partially privatise it to obtain World Bank loans, which required a phased but complete elimination of fertilizer subsidies. These subsidies decreased from 30.5% in 1983/84 to nothing in 1988/89, which prevented most smallholders from buying fertilizer. Between 1989/90 and 1994/95, subsidies were twice restored and twice removed. Privatisation left ADMARC short of funds to supply fertilizer and seed to smallholders, and it was unable to give credit. All these factors increased the possibility of food shortages and lessened the ability of government or smallholders to cope with them. After its privatisation, ADMARC had to support Mozambican refugees, who numbered over 500,000 by 1988, but it could not replenish its stocks from the poor harvests of the late 1980s. Cassava pests, rare before 1987, severely depleted this main alternative to maize. It only needed a significant fall in rainfall to cause a crisis.
Malawi's rainfall in 1989-90 and 1990-91 was at best moderate and locally poor. Smallholder food reserves were depleted before the deeper crisis in 1991-92. Rainfall before planting in 1991 was low and sporadic; withdrawing fertilizer subsidies made a poor harvest poorer. Only 40% of the normal maize crop was gathered in 1992. The famines of the 1990s represent exceptional food shortfalls within longer periods of increasing shortages. Although rainfall or agricultural output data do exist for 1991 and 1992, there are few contemporary accounts of a 1992 famine. This is because President Banda suppressed discussion about food insecurity and information on malnutrition. After he was voted from office a better-documented drought occurred in 1993-94. J Milner, (2004). Agriculture and Rural Development in Malawi: the Role of Policies and Policy Processes, p 42. There are no generally available or accepted figure for famine deaths in 1992. Apart from the lack of rainfall, the main causes of famine in the 1990s include the state regulation of agriculture and the distortions caused by diverting resources to inefficient estates and failure to support smallholders growing food crops. This intensified pressure on food-growing land without providing an alternative way for poorer Malawians to earn a living' as ADMARC failed to pay reasonable prices for the crops that farmers had to grow. Although the withdrawal of fertilizer subsidies exacerbated agricultural decline, its seeds lay in government policies since 1968 or earlier. Many poorer tenants and squatters relied on food-for-work arrangements or casual paid labour on the estates to supplement the limited food they could grow, and this short-term rural casual work paid for in kind called ganyu became a way of life for an increasing number of poorer Malawians.
After erratic rainfall and poor harvests in 1997 and 1998 maize stocks were low and consumer prices: ADMARC had to release reserves and import maize to prevent famine. However, both the 1999 and 2000 harvests were excellent, at over 2 million tonnes of maize, with large sweet potato and cassava crops. However, it appeared that Southern Africa was entering a decade of subnormal rains and 1997 and 1998 were a foretaste of this. The harvests of 2001, 2002 and 2003 were disappointing, that of 2004 was severely deficient in maize and in root crops; the next satisfactory harvest was in 2005. Average rainfall was light in the 2000/01 and 2003/04 growing seasons, locally high in 2001/02 and 2002/03: it was characterised by too much or too little rain at the wrong time or place. Between 2001 and 2004, Malawi produced more food in than in 1992 or 1994, but as its population was much higher, more maize had to be imported, and difficulty obtaining imports created internal food shortages in these years. Rural poverty increased and by 2005, about 14% of Malawian adult were HIV positive. Disabilities and deaths from AIDS may have discouraged growing labour-intensive tobacco or maize in favour of cassava, reducing family incomes and coping resources.
Poor families were those with less than one hectare of land, or whose adults consumed less than 200 kilos of maize each year; they formed 55% of the population in 1989, including most smallholders. This included 20% of families with less than half a hectare or adults eating less than 133 kilos of maize (the ultra-poor). By 2003, 72% were poor, 41% ultra-poor: many were estate labourers or tenants, or in female-headed households. Many were malnourished, consuming only 1,818 daily calories (1,165 calories for the ultra-poor). Families with half a hectare or less relied on casual labouring (often food-for-work, termed "ganyu") and with those dispossessed by estate formation made up a virtually landless underclass. In congested parts of the Shire Highlands, the poorest 65% had only 0.2 hectare. As 95% of all suitable, and some marginal, land was already cultivated, land shortages could only intensify. Labour and fertilizer shortages or costs prevented poor households from growing Burley tobacco. For these, market liberalisation removed the safety net that subsidies had previously given. As fertilizer costs increased, in poor years the earnings of many smaller Burley growers did not meet the costs of production or allow purchases of extra food. Most tobacco growers reserved only 0.3 to 0.5 hectare to grow food, insufficient for family needs in some years.
After the 1992 famine, foreign aid was made conditional on re-establishing political liberalisation. The privatised ADMARC received limited state funding to create a Strategic Grain Reserve of 180,000 tonnes to stabilise prices for farmers and consumers and had to use commercial loans to import large quantities of maize each year in the 1990s. From 1997, after criticism from the World Bank that ADMARC was subsidising imports of maize, ADMARC lost responsibility for this, controlling only domestically-produced grain. The Malawi government required it to buy domestic maize at a fixed minimum price to support farmers, and this forced ADMARC to sell its strategic reserve in 1997, and again in 2000 to pay off its commercial loans, creating insecurity.
Although universal fertilizer subsidies had been abolished in 1995, the Malawi government arranged for 2.86 million smallholders to receive free Starter Packs both in 1998 and 1999. Each contained enough hybrid maize seed and fertilizer to plant 0.1 hectare and produce between 125 and 175 kilos of maize, enough to feed a family for a month. Perhaps unfortunately, the 1999 and 2000 harvests were good and foreign aid donors criticised the scheme which, although it added an estimated 499,000 tonnes and 354,000 tonnes respectively to those two maize harvests, did not target only the poorest smallholders, and cost as much for each pack as the market value of the maize produced. A Targeted Inputs Programme (TIP) of maize seed and a little fertilizer was aimed at the very poor in 2001 and 2002, but 1.5 million TIP packs each year produced little maize because they were issued too late in the planting season. Although Starter Packs had been withdrawn just before these two years of poor harvests, delays and bad weather were the main causes of food shortages not reducing pack numbers or content.
Malawi was increasingly dependent on imported maize in deficit years, but ADMARC had started selling domestic reserves in 2000, the year after a good harvest, but continued in 2001: some maize was exported at low prices. Failure to prevent food shortages is shown by estimated deaths from hunger and related diseases', for which there was a credible report of over 1,000 deaths, compared to the 100 to 200 estimated for 1949. Although 1992 famine deaths were not fully reported, they were probably far less than in 2002. The IMF identified four main areas for improving food security: improving transparency by external audit, removing price distortions and reducing costs. However, the biggest threat to food security was Malawi's reliance on maize, not a drought-resistant crop.
Following a bad maize harvest in 2005, almost five million of Malawi's 13 million people needed emergency food aid during the Malawian food crisis. Bingu wa Mutharika, Malawi's newly elected president, decided to subsidize agricultural inputs such as fertilizer by reinstating and increasing fertilizer subsidies despite skepticism from the United States and Britain.
Malawi's soil is depleted, like that of other local countries. Many of its farmers could not afford fertilizer at the then-current market prices. Bingu wa Mutharika declared he did not get elected to rule a nation of beggars. After initially failing to persuade the World Bank and other donors to help subsidize green revolution inputs, the president decided to spend $58 million from Malawi's own reserves to provide seeds and fertilizers to the poorest farmers. The World Bank eventually endorsed a scheme to allow the poorest 1.3 million farm families to buy three kilograms of hybrid maize and two 50-kilogram bags of fertilizer at a third of the market price. Following a bumper harvest in 2007, Malawi sold more maize to the World Food Program of the United Nations than any other southern Africa country, and exported hundreds of thousands of tons of corn to Zimbabwe. The success of these subsidies caused some re-examination of the role of agriculture in helping poor in Africa, and of government investment in basic components of farming, such as fertilizer, improved seed, farmer education, credit and agricultural research. Despite this, the UN Food and Agriculture Agency recorded that in the period 2010-12, 23.1% of the population were under-nourished, almost the same percentage was recorded for the whole period from 2004 to 2009, and only a slight fall from the 26.8% in 1999-2001
Although Malawi enjoyed ample rains in early 2011 and a good harvest, long spells of dry weather in January and February 2012 caused reduced food crop production in parts of central and southern Malawi, which resulted in food deficits in poor households in the areas affected, requiring humanitarian support from December 2012. These food deficits required the release of 47,600 tonnes of maize from the government Strategic Grain Reserve.
See also
University of Malawi, Bunda College of Agriculture
Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation
Malawian cuisine
References
External links
Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security of Malawi
Category:Economy of Malawi
Malawi
Category:Agriculture in Malawi | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Fireworks (2006 TV series)
Fireworks () is a 2006 South Korean television series starring Han Chae-young, Kang Ji-hwan, Park Eun-hye and Yoon Sang-hyun. It aired on MBC from May 13 to July 9, 2006 on Saturdays and Sundays at 21:40 for 17 episodes.
Plot
Headstrong and resourceful, Shin Na-ra once dreamed of becoming a career woman, but she spent the best years of her life supporting Kang Seung-woo, her boyfriend of seven years. Now he is a successful accountant and she is unemployed and rapidly approaching thirty. Na-ra hopes to marry Seung-woo, but after he returns from a business trip, he unexpectedly breaks up with her on their anniversary, telling her that not only did he have an affair, but he fell in love with the other woman, a cosmetics manager named Cha Mi-rae.
To drown her sorrows, Na-ra drinks a large amount of alcohol and unknowingly drops the ring Seung-woo once gave her into a shot glass of soju. A stranger, Na In-jae, drinks the shot without seeing the ring and both of them end up in the hospital.
Later, Na-ra decides to confront the woman who stole her boyfriend, but while at Mi-rae's cosmetics company, a job ad catches her eye. With nothing to lose, Na-ra fakes being her 20-year-old sister Na-kyung, a high school graduate, and starts working as a sales clerk at the company. Just her luck, Na-ra's co-worker is In-jae, who turns out to also be in love with Mi-rae. The two constantly clash at work, with Na-ra finding In-jae immature and spoiled. But what she doesn't know is that In-jae is actually the son of the company's vice president who was forced by his mother to learn the ropes by starting from the bottom.
Cast
Han Chae-young as Shin Na-ra
Kang Ji-hwan as Na In-jae
Park Eun-hye as Cha Mi-rae
Yoon Sang-hyun as Kang Seung-woo
Park Jung-soo as Park Jin-hwa
Kim So-yeon as Shin Na-kyung
Park Geun-hyung as Shin Ho-sub
Kim Chang-sook as Choi Soon-young
Park So-ri as Im Choon-ae
Kim Joo-hyun as Jo Ah-ra
Lee Jae-young as Ho-sung
Lee Min-ho as Bong-chang
Chae Eun-joo as customer
References
External links
Fireworks official MBC website
Category:Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation television dramas
Category:2006 South Korean television series debuts
Category:2006 South Korean television series endings
Category:Korean-language television programs
Category:South Korean melodrama television series
Category:South Korean romance television series
Category:Television series by Chorokbaem Media | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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