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New Zealand top 50 albums of 2003
This is the list of the Top 50 albums of 2003 in New Zealand.
Chart
Key
– Album of New Zealand origin
External links
The Official NZ Music Chart, RIANZ website
Category:2003 in New Zealand music
Category:2003 record charts
Albums 2003 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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William Birch (Australian cricketer)
William Thomas Birch (26 October 1849 – 18 August 1897) was an Australian cricketer. He played two first-class matches for Tasmania between 1868 and 1878. Birch had a long association with the Hobart City Council and was Town Clerk at the time of his death.
See also
List of Tasmanian representative cricketers
References
External links
Category:1849 births
Category:1897 deaths
Category:Australian cricketers
Category:Tasmania cricketers
Category:Cricketers from Hobart | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Eden College Durban
Eden College Durban is an independent school for boys and girls located in Glenmore, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, in the Republic of South Africa. It comprises a pre-primary school (grades 000 to 0), a preparatory school (grades 1 to 6), a middle school (grades 7 to 9) and a college (grades 10 to 12). Eden College Durban was previously called Crawford College, Durban until 2007 and Carmel College Durban before that. Eden College has just under 500 pupils.
History
Eden Schools were established in Gauteng over 30 years ago.
The Chief Executive of Eden, Mr Allan Zulberg, co-founded Eden in 1974. He played a leading role in the establishment of Midrand University and Educor. He was an executive director of Educor. He also served as Chief Executive of King David Schools for a time. Mr Zulberg taught Mathematics and Physical Science for many years, and also served as headmaster of Eden Lyndhurst.
Eden Schools operate in Lyndhurst, Randburg and Durban. Its head office is in Lyndhurst, Johannesburg. Mr Joe Khouri is Chief Operating Officer, an educator, past principal and lecturer at Wits University. Mr Allan Fehler is the group's Financial Director.
In 2007 Eden opened in Durban. The school was previously managed by Crawfordschools. The school operates a Pre-Primary, Preparatory, Middle School and College High School in Glenmore.
Matric academic results
Since Eden College Durban's opening in 2007, the Matrics have maintained a 100% pass rate, a 100% university exemption rate, as well as an average of over 3 As per learner. The Class of 2010 produced over 4 As per learner and achieved an average aggregate of 91,9%.
Matric subjects offered
English
Afrikaans
Zulu language
French
Hebrew
Life Orientation
Mathematics
Mathematics Literacy
Mathematics Paper 3
Life Sciences (Biology)
Physical Sciences (Chemistry and Physics)
History
Geography
Accounting
Business Studies
Information Technology (Computer Science)
Drama Studies
Music Studies
Visual Arts (Art)
Dance studies
Sports
Athletics
Chess
Cricket
Cross Country
Golf
Hockey
Indoor Hockey
Inter-House Sports
Sailing
Soccer
Softball
Squash
Swimming
Tennis
Headmasters
Principals
Karen Morrison 2018 -
Christopher Marcellin (20082017)
Barry Swain (200708)
Deputy Principals
Charli Wiggill 2007 - 2016
Callum Robertson 2017 - 2017
Karen Morrison 2017 - 2017
Christa Booysens 2018 -
Phase Heads
College (FET): Karen Morrison
Middle School: Christa Booysens
Preparatory: Greta Peens
Pre-Primary: Chantal Cox
Stewards
The leaders of the school are known as Stewards. This is the similar to other schools' system of Prefects.
Multiform
The learners of Eden College Durban have a range of clothing to choose from, hence the term "multiform" is used. The multiform includes: stone (ecru) shorts and trousers, a blue collared shirt, a white collared shirt, as well as a white collared sleeveless shirt and tartan skirt for Girls. The learners also wear a formal uniform for formal occasions (such as assemblies), this comprises a navy blue blazer (or a white Honours Blazer), a white long-sleeved formal shirt (or short-sleeved for girls), tartan tie, and long stone (ecru) trousers for boys and a tartan skirt for girls.
Today
The school is divided into four phases: Pre-Primary, Preparatory, Middle School and College.
Eden College Durban was established in 2007 and writes the NSC examinations.
Buildings
The College and Middle School are located on the eastern side of the school and the Pre-Primary and Preparatory are located on the western side of the school.
External links
Category:Private schools in KwaZulu-Natal
Category:2007 establishments in South Africa | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
François Fernandez
François Fernandez (born 22 February 1960) is a French classical violinist who specializes in historically informed performance.
Career
Born in Rouen in a family of musicians, Fernandez began learning the classical violin at the age of twelve, then the baroque violin, two years later, and finally devoted himself solely to the baroque instrument, undertaking a parallel study with Sigiswald Kuijken. At the age of seventeen, he played with the Kuijken brothers' La Petite Bande and, in 1978, obtained his soloist's diploma.
He then played with other Baroque ensembles as a soloist, notably with the Kuijken Quartet, La Chapelle Royale, the Orchestra of the Eighteenth Century, Les Agrémens, the , Melante 81, the Ricercar Consort, the Baroque orchestra Les Muffatti. For several years, he has devoted himself to chamber music with the Kuijken brothers, the Ricercar Consort and the Hantai brothers.
Besides the baroque violin, Fernandez plays the viola, the viola d'amore, the viol and the cello da spalla. He has taught at the conservatories of Toulouse, Liège, Brussels and Trossingen. Since 1998, he has been teaching the baroque violin at the Conservatoire de Paris. He regularly gives masterclasses in Belgium and Spain.
In collaboration with other musicians, Philippe Pierlot and Rainer Zipperling (1955-), he founded the record label "Flora" in 1991.
See also
Sigiswald Kuijken
Wieland Kuijken
References
External links
Discography (Discogs)
Bach, prelude partita n.3 in E Major BWV 1006, François Fernandez/baroque violin (YouTube)
Category:1960 births
Category:People from Rouen
Category:Living people
Category:Academics of the Conservatoire de Paris
Category:Royal Conservatory of Brussels faculty
Category:French performers of early music
Category:French classical violinists
Category:French male violinists
Category:20th-century classical violinists
Category:20th-century French musicians
Category:21st-century classical violinists
Category:20th-century French male musicians
Category:21st-century French male musicians | {
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Dedicated to You (Frank Sinatra album)
Dedicated to You is the fifth studio album by American singer Frank Sinatra, released on March 1950 as a set of four 78 rpm records (Catalog: C-197), as well as a 10" LP (CL 6096).
The tracks were arranged and conducted by Axel Stordahl and his orchestra.
Releases
78 rpm set
"The Music Stopped"/”The Moon Was Yellow"
"I Love You"/"Strange Music"
"Where or When"/"None But the Lonely Heart"
"Always"/"Why Was I Born?"
LP
Personnel
Frank Sinatra - Vocals
Axel Stordahl - Arranger, conductor
Category:Frank Sinatra albums
Category:1950 albums
Category:Columbia Records albums
Category:Albums arranged by Axel Stordahl
Category:Albums conducted by Axel Stordahl | {
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Berberis haematocarpa
Berberis haematocarpa, Woot. with the common names red barberry, red Mexican barbery, Colorado barberry and Mexican barberry, is a species in the Barberry family in southwestern North America. It is also sometimes called algerita, but that name is more often applied to its relative, Mahonia trifoliolata.
Distribution
The shrub is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico at elevations of . It grows on rocky slopes and canyons of mountains, in Pinyon-juniper woodlands, grasslands, and desert chaparral. It is found on slopes and mesas in Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Texas, and Sonora. It is also native to sky island habitats of the Mojave Desert in California and southwestern Nevada.
Description
Berberis haematocarpa is a shrub growing up to tall, with stiff and erect branches.
It has thick, rigid pinnate leaves of several centimeters long. Each is made up of a few thick 3-7 lance-shaped leaflets with very spiny toothed edges. They are a glaucus whitish-gray in color, due to a thick cuticle of wax.
The inflorescences bear 3 to 5 bright yellow flowers, each with nine sepals and six petals all arranged in whorls of three. The plant blooms from February to June.
The fruit is a juicy, edible deep red to purplish-red berry, spherical and up to across.
Taxonomy
The compound leaves place this species in the group sometimes segregated as the genus Mahonia, and classified as Mahonia haematocarpa.
Uses
Native Americans of the Apache tribe used the plant's wood shavings for a yellow dye and as a traditional eye medicine, and it's fresh and preserved fruit for food.
References
External links
Calflora Database: Berberis haematocarpa (red fruited mahonia)
UC Photos gallery: Berberis haematocarpa
haematocarpa
Category:Flora of the Southwestern United States
Category:Flora of New Mexico
Category:Flora of Sonora
Category:Flora of Texas
Category:Flora of the California desert regions
Category:Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Category:Plants used in Native American cuisine
Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine
Category:Plants described in 1898 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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William Summer Johnson
William Summer Johnson (February 24, 1913 – August 19, 1995) was an American chemist and teacher.
From 1940 to 1958, Dr. Johnson was an instructor and then professor at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In 1958, he moved to Stanford University in California where he spent the remainder of his scientific career. He did important research in the artificial production of steroids and was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1987.
The Lemieux–Johnson oxidation, in which an olefin is converted into two aldehyde or ketone fragments, is named after him and Raymond Lemieux.
Education
PhD, Harvard University (1940)
AM, Harvard University
BA magne cum laude, Amherst College (1936)
Awards
1987 National Medal of Science
1989 Arthur C. Cope Award.
1991 Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry & BioMedicinal Chemistry
References
External links
Memorial biography at Stanford University
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
Category:1913 births
Category:1995 deaths
Category:20th-century American chemists
Category:National Medal of Science laureates
Category:Amherst College alumni
Category:Harvard University alumni | {
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Frank Monte
Frank Monte (June 21, 1931 in South Philadelphia – May 13, 1982 in South Philadelphia) was a member of the Philadelphia crime family. When Nicodemo Scarfo became boss, he named Monte as his consigliere. When Harry Riccobene refused to accept Scarfo as boss, the "Riccobene War" ensued. In 1979 Testa, Salvatore (Chuckie) Merlino and Robert (Bobby) Lumio murdered 31-year-old drug dealer Michael (Coco) Cifelli. He was murdered for selling drugs to the son of Frank Monte, a capo from Cinnaminson Township, New Jersey. Frank served under Phil Testa and later Nicky Scarfo. He oversaw illegal gambling operations in Atlantic City and New Jersey for the crime family. Michael Cifelli was gunned down by Testa and Salvatore (Chuckie) Merlino as he was talking on the phone in a telephone booth just inside a bar, Priori's, at 10th and Wolf Streets in the Point Breeze, Philadelphia. Monte was later promoted to be consigliere in 1981 by Nicky Scarfo. Monte was murdered by a sniper rifle in 1982 on the orders of Riccobene. When the killers were arrested, they agreed to cooperate with law enforcement for lighter prison sentences. The men testified for the prosecution that Riccobene ordered them to kill Monte. Riccobene was convicted of the murder on 1984 and sentenced to life in prison.
References
Category:1931 births
Category:American mobsters of Italian descent
Category:Philadelphia crime family
Category:People convicted of racketeering
Category:1982 deaths | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Australian Fabian Society
The Australian Fabians (also known as the Australian Fabian Society) was established in 1947. The organisation aims to "contribute to progressive political thinking" as well as "progressive political culture".
The Australian Fabians have historically had close ties with the Australian Labor Party (ALP). This is evidenced by the number of past ALP prime ministers, federal ministers and state premiers who were active members of the Australian Fabians while in office. The role of patron of the Australian Fabians is filled by media and Social Commentator and progressive thinker, Eva Cox, but was previously filled by former Australian prime minister, the late Gough Whitlam. This is a temporary arrangement and the position will be filled when an appropriate person to fund and uphold the society's values is found.
The Australian Fabians have had a significant influence on public policy development in Australia since the Second World War, with many of its members having held influential political offices in Australian governments.
History
An earlier experiment with Fabianism in Australia was initiated in Adelaide in 1891 by the Rev Charles Marson, who had joined the Fabians in London in 1885 and drew in trade unionists like David Charleston, Robert Guthrie and John McPherson as well as social reformers like James & Lucy Morice into the first overseas branch of the UK Fabian Society. The Australian members retained their membership for ten years until the Adelaide branch was wound up in 1902.
During the 1960s, the Victorian branch was closely aligned with the Participants grouping within the Victorian Labor Party, "who became the centre of organised support for Whitlam and opposition to the hard-left dominated Victorian Central Executive". The Victorian Labor Party at the time was run by the historic left grouping, while Whitlam and other states were involved with the historic right grouping.
Purpose
The Australian Fabians' Statement of Purpose states:
Australian Fabians promote the common good and foster the advance of social democracy in Australia through reasoned debate by:
a) Contributing to progressive political thinking by generating ideas that reflect a level of thinking that meets the challenges of the times.
b) Contributing to a progressive political culture by disseminating these ideas and getting them into the public domain.
c) Creating an active movement of people who identify with, are engaged in and who encourage progressive political debate and reform, and
d) Influencing the ideas and policies of political parties, especially the Australian Labor Party.
Notable members
Prime Ministers
Julia Gillard (2010—2013)
Bob Hawke (1983—1991)
Paul Keating (1991—1996)
Gough Whitlam (1972—75)
Premiers
John Cain (Victoria 1982—1990)
Don Dunstan (South Australia 1970—1979)
Geoff Gallop (Western Australia 2001—2006)
Neville Wran (New South Wales 1976—1986)
Politicians
Chris Bowen (Shadow Treasurer 2013—2019)
Jim Cairns (Deputy Prime Minister 1974—1975)
Arthur Calwell (Opposition Leader 1960—1967)
Julie Collins (MP 2011—2013)
Frank Crean (Deputy Prime Minister 1975, Treasurer 1972—1974)
John Faulkner (Senator 1989—2015, ALP National President 2006—2008)
Luke Foley (Leader of the Opposition, New South Wales 2015—2018)
Bill Hayden (Opposition Leader 1977—1983)
Stephen Jones (MP 2010—)
Andrew Leigh (MP 2010—)
John Lenders (Treasurer, Victoria 2007—2010)
Clarrie Martin (Attorney General, New South Wales 1941—1953)
Race Mathews (MP 1972—1975, MP, Victoria 1979—1992)
Jenny McAllister (Senator 2015—, ALP National President 2011—2015)
Claire Moore (Senator 2002—) Queensland Patron
Tanya Plibersek (ALP Deputy Leader 2013—2019)
Bill Shorten (Opposition Leader 2013—2019)
Wayne Swan (Deputy Prime Minister 2010—2013)
Susan Templeman (MP 2016—)
Tim Watts (MP 2013—)
Other members
Phillip Adams (broadcaster)
Van Badham (writer and columnist)
David Charleston (trade unionist)
Eva Cox (writer and academic) National Patron
Henry Hyde Champion (journalist)
Charles Marson (clergy)
Bernard O'Dowd (writer)
Nettie Palmer (writer)
Charles Strong (clergy)
References
External links
Category:Political advocacy groups in Australia
Category:Think tanks based in Australia
Category:Think tanks established in 1947
Category:Australian Labor Party
Category:1947 establishments in Australia
Category:Socialist organisations in Australia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Illumination!
Illumination! is a 1964 album by the Elvin Jones/Jimmy Garrison Sextet.
Reception
Allmusic's Scott Yanow describes the band's performance in his review of the Illumination! as "the music ranges from advanced hard bop to freer sounds that still swing".
Track listing
"Nuttin' Out Jones" (Lasha) - 5:36
"Oriental Flower" (Tyner) - 3:49
"Half and Half" (Charles Davis) - 6:28
"Aborigines Dance in Scotland" (Simmons) - 4:12
"Gettin' on Way" (Garrison) - 5:14
"Just Us Blues" (Davis) - 5:55
Personnel
Elvin Jones - drums
Jimmy Garrison - bass
McCoy Tyner - piano
Sonny Simmons - alto saxophone, English Horn
Charles Davis - baritone saxophone
(William) Prince Lasha - clarinet, flute
References
External links
Illumination at Discogs
Category:Elvin Jones albums
Category:Jimmy Garrison albums
Category:Hard bop albums
Category:Free music
Category:Impulse! Records albums
Category:1964 albums
Category:Albums produced by Bob Thiele
Category:Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Osmotic nephrosis
Osmotic nephrosis refers to structural changes that occur at the cellular level in the human kidney. Cells, primarily of the straight proximal tubule, swell due to the formation of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm. These vacuoles occur in the presence of large amounts of certain solutes circulating in the tubules. However, despite the condition's name, the solutes do not cause change through osmotic forces but through pinocytosis. Once inside the cytoplasm, pinocytic vacuoles combine with each other and with lysosomes to form large vacuoles that appear transparent under microscopic examination.
There may be no symptomatic presentation with this condition, or it may confused with other nephrotic conditions such as Tubular calcineurin-inhibitor toxicity. Affected cells of the proximal tubule may be passed in the urine, but a kidney biopsy is the only sure way to make a diagnosis.
Responsible exogenous solutes include sucrose-containing IVIg, mannitol, dextran, contrast dye, and hydroxyethyl starch. Prevention includes standard preventions for iatrogenic kidney damage. Osmotic nephrosis is usually reversible but can lead to chronic kidney failure.
References
Dickenmann M, Oettl T, & Mihatsch MJ. (2008) Osmotic nephrosis: Acute kidney injury with accumulation of proximal tubular lysosomes due to administration of exogenous solutes. American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 51(3), 491–503. Retrieved 9 Mar 2008 from MDConsult database.
External links
Image of osmotic nephrosis histopathologic finding
Category:Nephrology | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hadi
Hadi or Hady () is an Arabic/Persian/Turkish/Urdu masculine given name.
Hadi comes from the Arabic triconsonantal root of , Is a name derived from the word Hidayah (, Hidāyah)
Al-Hadi is one of the 99 Names of God in Islam meaning The Guide.
The name is a given first name to millions of Muslim men and boys. It is also used, at times, in honor of Queen Esther, who was forced to change her name from Hadassah in order to conceal her Jewish identity.
Hadi (Hebrew: הֲדִ) also serves as a popular nickname for the Jewish, feminine, given name Hadassah (Hebrew: הֲדַסָה). This derives from Hadass (which means myrtle/ myrtle tree), one of the seven holy species in Judaism.
Given name
Hadi
Hadi Saei (born 1976), Iranian taekwondo athlete
Hadi Soua'an Al-Somaily (born 1976), Saudi Arabian athlete
Hadi Elazzi (born 1973), Turkish music producer and manager
Hadi Aghily (born 1980), Iranian footballer
Hadi Kazemi (born 1976), Iranian actor, narrator, sculptor, painter and photographer
Hadi Khorsandi (born 1943), Iranian poet, satirist and editor
Hadi Norouzi (1985–2015), Iranian footballer
Hadi Shakouri (born 1982), Iranian footballer
Hadi Teherani (born 1954), Iranian-German architect and designer living in Germany
Hadi al-Mahdi (c. 1967 – 2011), Iraqi journalist, radio talk show host, and assassination victim
Hadi Thayeb (1922–2014), Indonesian diplomat and politician
Hadi Ghaffari (born 1950), Iranian Hujjat al-Islam
Hadi Khamenei (born 1947), Iranian reformist politician, mojtahed and linguist
Hadi al-Modarresi (born 1957), Iranian Ayatollah
Mohammad Hadi Ghazanfari Khansari (born 1957), Iraqi-born Iranian Ayatollah
Mohammad Hadi Milani (18921975), Iranian Ayatollah
Hadi Al-Amiri (born 1954), Iraqi general and politician
Hadi al-Bahra (born 1959), Syrian politician
Hadi Al Masri (born 1986), Syrian footballer
Hady
Hady Amr, U.S. political advisor and Special Envoy
Hady Habib (born 1998), Lebanese tennis player
Hady Khashaba (born 1972), Egyptian footballer
Hady Mirza (born 1980), Singaporean singer
Hady Pfeiffer (1906-2002), Austrian and German alpine skier
Hady Shahin (born 1986), Egyptian handball player
Surname
Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi (born 1945), Yemeni President
Noor Hadi (born 1986), Indonesian footballer
Seftia Hadi (born 1991), Indonesian footballer
Derived name
Abdul Hadi, Arabic theophoric name
Mahdi, Arabic theophoric name
Huda (given name), Arabic gender-neutral theophoric name
See also
Arabic name
Semitic Languages
Names of God in Islam
Category:Arabic masculine given names
Category:Arabic-language surnames
Category:Names of God in Islam | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ley Sector
Ley Sector is a science fiction role-playing game supplement published by Judges Guild for Traveller in 1980.
Contents
Ley Sector details 16 new subsectors, and 411 new planets on the fringe of the Imperium.
Publication history
The first of Judges Guild's licenses with companies other than TSR was for GDW's Traveller game. To complement the adventures and further describe the setting, Design Manager Dave Sering published four different background books that outlined a broad section of Traveller space called the Gateway Quadrant, from Ley Sector (1980) to Maranantha-Alkahest Sector (1981).
Ley Sector comes with a 32-page guide book describing 16 subsectors; and a 22" x 34" stellar map, with eight planetary maps printed on the reverse. There is also a table that outlines potential encounters with other ships, meteor showers and unmarked space minefields.
Reception
Ley Sector received mixed reviews.
In the February 1981 edition of The Space Gamer (Issue No. 36), William A. Barton recommended the supplement, saying, "Ley Sector should add to the fun and enjoyment of anyone's Traveller campaign. I recommend it to all travellers seeking new worlds to conquer."
In the July 1981 edition of Dragon (Issue #51), Tony Watson didn't like the fact that planet names were not printed on the map, but had to be looked up by referencing the proper subsector found in the guide book. He also found it "a bit more vexing... that the hexes are numbered in continuous sequence rather than as a series of eight-by-ten rectangles denoting subsectors... it’s a bit difficult to determine exactly what subsector is involved." Watson gave a lukewarm recommendation: "Those referees who have already fully developed their own subsectors might find the new encounter tables and events listing to be useful."
In the December/January 1982 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #28), Trevor Graver also noted the names of planets were missing from the map and required reference to the guidebook. Although he found fewer typographical errors than in previous Judges Guild offerings, the encounter tables were "rather bland". He concluded that "Ley Sector is useful to those people wishing to expand the knowne Imperium, but the standard of Judges Guild has dropped despite less typos."
References
Category:Judges Guild Traveller supplements | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Price She Paid (1924 film)
The Price She Paid is a 1924 American silent drama film directed by Henry MacRae and starring Alma Rubens, Frank Mayo and Eugenie Besserer.
Cast
Alma Rubens as Mildred Gower
Frank Mayo as Dr. Donald Keith
Eugenie Besserer as Mrs. Elton Gower
William Welsh as General Lemuel Sidall
Lloyd Whitlock as Jack Prescott
Otto Hoffman as Seth Kehr
Edwards Davis as Attorney Ellison
Wilfred Lucas as James Presbury
Ed Brady as Deputy Sheriff
Freeman Wood as Stanley Baird
References
Bibliography
Bernard F. Dick. Columbia Pictures: Portrait of a Studio. University Press of Kentucky, 2015.
External links
Category:1924 films
Category:1920s drama films
Category:English-language films
Category:American films
Category:American silent feature films
Category:American drama films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by Henry MacRae
Category:Columbia Pictures films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vittoria Bentivoglio
Vittoria Bentivoglio was a singer in the 16th century Ferrarese court of Alfonso II d'Este and a member of the first period of the court's concerto delle donne. She was born into the noble Cybò family, and later married a member of the renowned Bentivoglio family. She remained a prominent member of the court even after she stopped singing regularly for the musica secreta. She also danced in the balletto delle donne.
Category:People from Ferrara
Category:16th-century Italian singers
Category:16th-century Italian women singers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Very Eye of Night
The Very Eye of Night is 1958 American experimental silent black and white short written, cinematography and directed by Maya Deren and her last completed film. The film was made in collaboration with Metropolitan Opera Ballet School. The film editing by Deren into a 16 mm format and music by Teiji Ito. The entire film is projected as photographed in the negative.
Cast
Don Freisinger as Gemini
Richard Sandifer as Gemini
Patricia Ferrier as Ariel
Bud Bready as Oberon
Genaro Gomez as Umbriel
Barbara Levin as Titania
Richard Englund as Uranus
Rosemary Williams as Urania
Phillip Salem as Noctambulo
Release
The film was made between 1952 and 1955 in collaboration with choreographer Antony Tudor, though it was not released until 1959 when the musical score by Teiji Ito was added. The film was initially premiered on 3 May 1958 in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.
In 1990 a home DVD was released under Mystic Fire Video in United States.
References
External links
Stills From The Very Eye of Night by Deren, Maya director from Anthology Film Archives
Category:1958 films
Category:1958 short films
Category:1950s avant-garde and experimental films
Category:American films
Category:American black-and-white films
Category:Films directed by Maya Deren | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Apex Hides the Hurt
Apex Hides the Hurt is a 2006 novel by American author Colson Whitehead.
The novel follows an unnamed nomenclature consultant who specializes in creating memorable names for new consumer products. He is asked to visit the town of Winthrop, which is considering changing its name. During his visit, the main character is introduced to several citizens attempting to persuade him in favor of their preferred name for the town.
The novel has received mostly positive reviews from critics, with few negative comments. In a positive review for American magazine Entertainment Weekly, Jennifer Reese called the book "a blurry satire of American commercialism", adding, "it may not mark the apex of Colson Whitehead's career, but it brims with the author's spiky humor and intelligence." The book was included among The New York Times 100 Most Notable Books of the Year for 2006.
Plot
The book is set in the fictional town of Winthrop. The protagonist of the book is an unnamed African-American "nomenclature consultant" who has had recent success in branding and selling Apex bandages, which come in multiple colors to better match a broad array of skin tones. The novel begins with the main character being contacted by his former employer, which he had left after losing a toe. He travels to the town of Winthrop after requests from the town council, which has proposed that the town be renamed. However, three key citizens disagree what the name should be: Albie Winthrop, descendant of the town's namesake (who'd made his fortune in barbed wire); Regina Goode, the mayor (descendant of one of the town's two founders); and Lucky Aberdeen, a software magnate who's leading the drive to rename the town. Winthrop wants to keep the name; Goode wants the town to revert to the name it bore at its founding as a town of free blacks, Freedom; while Aberdeen wants to call it "New Prospera".
As the consultant talks with the residents of the town and investigates its history, the backstory of his injury is gradually revealed. After repeatedly stubbing his toe and covering it up with Apex bandages, the consultant accidentally stepped into pig feces during a company team retreat. Because of the colored bandage, he never discovered how his toe was badly infected, and fainted on the sidewalk after fleeing from an awards party. This led to the amputation of his toe, his departure from the nomenclature firm, and the beginning of his hermetic lifestyle.
After much deliberation, the consultant decides on the name "Struggle", the original idea of the other of the two original founders, Field. Following this, the consultant promptly returns home, where his foot injury continues to bother him even more than before.
Themes
In an interview with Alma Books, Whitehead states that the concept of the book originated from an article about the naming process for new pharmaceuticals such as Prozac. The article made Whitehead question how a similar process is used to assert a certain control over one's environment (his example is a boulevard named after a particular person), and yoking the two concepts was the beginning of the ideas that led to his composition of the novel.
Reception
Overall, the novel was critically well received. It was highlighted among The New York Times 100 Most Notable Books of the Year, and also highlighted among 100 noteworthy books from 2006, as published by The Charleston Gazette. In a review in The Boston Globe, Saul Austerlitz called it a "wickedly funny new novel". USA Today noted, "no novelist writing today is more engaging and entertaining when it comes to questions of race, class and commercial culture than Colson Whitehead," concluding that the novel "gets to the heart of the thing, but in a delightfully roundabout way". The San Francisco Chronicle gave the novel a mixed review, commenting, "It's pure joy to read writing like this, but watching Whitehead sketch out a minor character's essence with one stroke, while breathtaking, makes one wish the same treatment was afforded the people who ostensibly inhabit the novel's complex ideas." American trade news magazine Publishers Weekly reacted negatively to the book, writing, "Whitehead disappoints in this intriguingly conceived but static tale of a small town with an identity crisis."
Erin Aubry Kaplan of the Los Angeles Times noted, "too often, [Whitehead] can't resist the temptation of irony, and his big ideas are sometimes overwhelmed by one wink-wink or metaphor too many." Kirkus Reviews praised the book, writing, "while making no attempt at depth of characterization, Whitehead audaciously blurs the line between social realism and fabulist satire." The Library Journal praised the book, noting, "in spare and evocative prose, Whitehead does Shakespeare one better: What's in a name, and how does our identity relate to our own sense of who we are?" The New York Observer was critical of the book but noted, "readers not looking for direct emotional access to the characters may find it gratifying to solve the intellectual puzzle set here by Colson Whitehead."
Scott Esposito of webzine PopMatters gave the novel mixed comments, writing, "it is no surprise that Apex Hides the Hurt, Whitehead's third novel, is packed with a number of allegorical elements blended into a multi-layered structure. What's unfortunate, however, is that all this technical artistry is in the service of unremarkable themes and ideas." Entertainment website The A.V. Club complimented the book, writing, "perhaps taking his cues from his protagonist's profession, Whitehead keeps his prose as streamlined as it comes, and he uses it to craft a satiric novel in tune with a moment where marketing overshadows content and even the lowliest blogger thinks in branding terms." Michael McGirr of The Sydney Morning Herald called it "a book of abundant irony".
Honors
PEN Oakland/Josephine Miles Literary Award
References
Category:2006 American novels
Category:American comedy novels
Category:Novels by Colson Whitehead
Category:Novels about advertising
Category:Doubleday (publisher) books | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Brightmoor, Detroit
Brightmoor is a roughly neighborhood in Detroit, Michigan, near the northwest border of the city. Brightmoor is defined by the Brightmoor Alliance as being bordered by Puritan Road to the north, the CSX railway to the south, Evergreen Road to the east, and Outer Drive West, Dacosta Street, and Telegraph Road to the west. However, the demographics given here for the neighborhood are the city's statistical Master Plan Neighborhood area, which consists of eight census tracts that includes some areas outside of the Alliance's boundaries, but does not include some areas within its boundaries.
History
Developer Burt Eddy Taylor bought of land, located one mile (1.6 km) away from Detroit's city limits at the time, in 1921. Taylor created Brightmoor as a planned community of inexpensive housing for migrants from the Southern United States in the early 1920s. The subdivision opened in 1922. B.E. Taylor recruited workers from Appalachia with the lure of employment at one of Detroit's expanding automobile manufacturing plants. An additional was added to the community between 1923 and 1924. Most of the residents worked in the automobile industry. Model d has described Brightmoor as a neighborhood where families could own a house and live in modest comfort. The City of Detroit annexed Brightmoor in 1926. The houses were intended as low cost mass-produced single-family housing. At the time of the community's opening, many residents lived in temporary shantytowns awaiting for the completion of their permanent houses.
In a 40-year period until 2011, the number of residents in Brightmoor decreased. Crime appearing in the 1990s and 2000s caused additional residents to leave. In 2011 Suzette Hackney and Kristi Tanner of the Detroit Free Press said that the area, "over decades, transformed from a thriving working-class neighborhood to one of abandoned homes and businesses, and now one that is hoping to come back, mostly through private-sector efforts." In 2009 John Carlisle (DetroitBlogger John) of the Metro Times said "Ghetto stereotypes thrive here — broad-daylight drug dealing, pre-teen pregnancies, long-gone or never-known fathers, and houses falling apart or giving way to vacant lots."
In June 2013 the nonprofit organization Detroit Blight Authority began a cleanup effort of trash from a fourteen city block area, bounded by Lyndon, West Outer Drive, and Trinity Streets and with Eaton Avenue splitting the area laterally. 500 residential lots are located in the area cleaned by the Detroit Blight Authority. The cleanup zone had about 70 vacant structures, with several houses that had received damages from burns and those ransacked by intruders. The authority, with the Detroit Rescue Mission Ministries and Mitch Albom Charities, organized the Blight Elimination — 100 Houses Event in August 2013.
Geography
Brightmoor is located in northwest Detroit, and generally bordered by Evergreen Road, Telegraph Road, Puritan Road, and Interstate 96.
The Brightmoor Alliance under the City Connect Detroit organization define the boundary of Brightmoor as approximately 4 square miles (10 km²) in Detroit's northwest section. The Alliance defines the neighborhood as being bordered by Puritan Road to the north, the CSX railway to the south, Evergreen Road to the east, and Telegraph Road, Dacosta Street, and Outer Drive West to the west.
The statistical definition for the neighborhood as defined in the city's master plan includes a larger area than the Alliance's definition. In this definition, Brightmoor is bordered by several other master neighborhoods: Redford to the north, Rosedale to the northeast Cerveny/Grandmont to the east, and Cody to the south. To the west lies the autonomous Redford Charter Township. However, Detroit properties along Telegraph Road are generally not considered part of the Brightmoor neighborhood.
Cityscape
Rollo Romig of The New Yorker wrote "Much of Brightmoor matches what Detroit looks like in the popular imagination—an alarming amalgam of city dump, crime scene, and wild prairie". As a result, the city's nickname is "Blight More".
Demographics
In a 40-year period until 2011, Brightmoor's population had declined. The presence of crime in the 1990s and 2000s caused additional population loss.
In 1990, the neighborhood had 23,775 people. At the time 12% of the population consisted of senior citizens. A 1999 The Detroit News article said that Brightmoor had been a "little-known" community for a long time and that as of 1999 the community "could better be described as "Blightmoor."" By 1999 vandalism and many abandoned buildings were in the community.
In 2000, the neighborhood had 19,837 residents, a 16.5% decrease from the 1990 figure. Of that, 37.2% of Brightmoor's population was under 18 years of age, and 5.3% was over the age of 64 years of age.
By 2009, many non-profit agencies aimed to assist the population of Brightmoor. In the same year, urban gardens had been established in the neighborhood.
In 2010, the neighborhood's population had fallen to 12,836, a drop of 35.3% over the previous decade. Of that, 29.9% of the population was under 18 years of age, and 12.7% was over 64 years of age.
Government and infrastructure
The Brightmoor Post Office of the United States Postal Service is located on Fenkell Avenue.
Parks and recreation
Two area parks, the Eliza Howell Park and Stoepel Park, are in Brightmoor. A greenway links the two parks. Eliza Howell Park, near Fenkell and Telegraph, has of land, making it the fourth largest park in Detroit; this is about one fourth of the area of Belle Isle or . The Cheyne family gave of that land to the City of Detroit in the 1930s. The 1936 deed restriction states that the city is required to maintain the land as a public park.
The Brightmoor Alliance is a group of community organizations that work to coordinate revitalization programs in the neighborhood. Created in 2000, the Brightmoor Alliance meets regularly to discuss programs, events, and partnerships developed by member organizations. The Alliance also works with city officials and large community foundations like the Skillman Foundation to help plan and develop new programs for the neighborhood.
Education
Primary and secondary schools
Public schools
Brightmoor is zoned to Detroit Public Schools. Gompers K-8 and Murphy K-8, within Brightmoor, serve Brightmoor for Grades K-8. All residents are zoned to Frank Cody High School, outside of Brightmoor.
The current Gompers Elementary-Middle School, serving Grades PreK-8, opened in 2011. The two story, Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified facility replaced the Gompers, Harding, and Vetal schools and was built on the Harding site for $21.4 million. It has an elementary wing and a middle school wing. The central administration suite, gymnasium, and multi-purpose room are between the two wings.
Schools formerly serving sections of Brightmoor for elementary school include Thomas A. Houghton Elementary K-6th, Don Hubert Elementary, Burt Elementary School, and Harding Elementary School; all of the schools are in Brightmoor. Vetal K-8 also formerly served sections for elementary school. For middle school some residents were zoned to Vetal K-8, Murphy K-8 was previously just a middle school. At one time residents of Brightmoor were zoned to Redford High School.
In 1999 Hubert had 614 students in grades PreK to 5.
Private schools
City Mission Academy, a private non-denominational Christian school, is located in Brightmoor. Nicole Aikens opened the school in the early 2000s.
Organizations
Organizations in the neighborhood include Brightmoor Community Center, Motor City Blight Busters, Mt. Vernon Baptist Church, Northwest Detroit Neighborhood Development, Neighbors Building Brightmoor The Detroit Partnership, NexusDetroit and 28 other area businesses, community centers, and churches. The current Executive Director of the Brightmoor Alliance is Rev. Larry L. Simmons, Sr.
References
External links
Brightmoor Alliance
Brightmoor Community Center
Gompers Elementary School (Archive)
Category:Appalachian culture in Michigan
Category:Neighborhoods in Detroit
Category:Populated places established in 1921 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Rosa 'Sun Flare'
Rosa 'Sun Flare, (aka JACjem), is a yellow floribunda rose cultivar, bred by William Warriner and introduced into United States by Jackson & Perkins in 1981. The rose won a gold medal in Japan in 1981, Portland in 1982 and was named an All-America Rose Selections winner in 1983.
Description
'Sun Flare' is a short bushy shrub, 3 to 4 ft (90-120 cm) in height with a 3ft (90 cm) spread. Flowers are slightly double (17-25 petals), and bloom in small clusters. Buds are pointed. The bright yellow double flowers reach 9 cm in diameter and appear in clusters of 3 to 20 in flushes throughout the flowering season. The lemon-yellow colour hardly fades with age even in hot climates, a problem many other yellow cultivars have. The ruffled flowers develop from pointed buds and have a mild licorice fragrance. 'Sun Flare' sometimes has rose hips. The rose has a mild licorice fragrance. The plant has reddish prickles and medium, glossy, dark green foliage.. The plant thrives in USDA zone 6b and warmer and blooms in flushes from spring to fall. It is winter hardy up to −23 °C (USDA zone 6) and very disease resistant.
Sports and child plants
Rosa 'Bill Warriner', (1988), 'Sun Flare' x 'Impatient'
Rosa 'Eureka', (2003), 'Berstein-rose' x 'Sun Flare'
Rosa 'First Kiss', (1991), 'Sun Flare' x 'Simplicity'
Rosa 'Flirtatious', (2002), 'Sun Flare' x "Peppermint Twist'
Rosa 'Grand Prize', (1986), 'Sun Flare' x 'Impatient'
'Sun Flare CL', (1987) Sport
Awards
'Sun Flare' has won several awards, including gold medals in Japan (1981) and Portland (1986) and being included into the All-America Rose Selections in 1983.
See also
Garden roses
Rose Hall of Fame
List of Award of Garden Merit roses
Notes
References
Sun Flare
Category:1981 introductions | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Gama Aviation
Gama Aviation (AIM:GMAA) is a British business aviation services company specialising in providing aviation support for individuals, corporations and government agencies. The company offers two distinct service divisions: Air and Ground. The company was founded in 1983 by Marwan Khalek and Stephen Wright, who function as CEO and Executive Director. Sir Ralph Robins, who formerly served on the board for Rolls-Royce, is the group's chairman. Kevin Godley was appointed as CFO in 2015 but resigned in November 2017.
Air division
Air services
Since 1983, the company's managed fleet size has grown to over 250 aircraft via organic growth and M&A activity. The most significant of these deals being; the reverse takeover of Hangar8 Plc, the acquisition of Aviation Beauport and most recently the merger of its US Air division with that of BBA Aviation Plc.
Further specialist services were added with the addition of FlyerTech, the organic development of flight training services and its own in-house pilot ground school.
The Scottish Air-ambulance Services (SAS) contract involves the provision by Gama Aviation of fixed and rotary aircraft as well as the coordination and operational management of all flights 24/7. This long-term contract resulted in the company investing in the development of new infrastructure at Glasgow International Airport, with the creation of the SCOTSTAR facility.
Gama Aviation LLC, its US associate business, provides similar turnkey support for private aviation membership club Wheels Up. The business currently provides all operational support, pilots and pilot training for the fleet of King Air 350i and Cessna Citation XLS aircraft across the US.
Ground division
Ground services
Gama Aviation conducts maintenance support for most business aircraft types across its global network of bases
Gama Aviation also provides fleet support. In the US this extends to the 90+ aircraft of Wheels Up utilising Textron Aviation's Citation XLS+ and the Beech King Air. In January 2017, the company's Europe Ground division announced a 15 aircraft fleet deal with Wijet to provide maintenance support across Europe for AOG, line and base maintenance.
As with the Air division, the company operates a number of contracts with the likes of NHS Scotland, the Ministry of Defence and primary contractors such as Atkins. This has included updates to the RAF's primary trainer fleet and the Army Air Corps Gazelle fleet, amongst others.
Geographic development of the ground division
Over the past two / three years Gama Aviation has built a network of bases in the US (Bedford HF, Bridgeport, Chicago, Dallas, Las Vegas, Palm Beach, St. Louis, Teterboro, Van Nuys, White Plains) and UK (Farnborough, Aberdeen, Fairoaks, Glasgow, Jersey, Kennington, Doncaster, Waddington, Oxford). Additional maintenance facilities have also been added in Nice (France), Sharjah (UAE) and most recently Hong Kong.
Controversies
As of July 2017, Gama is facing a High Court claim brought against it by Dustin Dryden, CEO of Hangar8, for £6.1m. The counterclaim is a reaction to an allegation made against Dryden in November 2016, alleging that Gama Aviation provided services and spare parts to Dryden, who failed to pay. Dryden claimed in response that the work was not performed properly and some of the spare parts had been pledged to another company.
Dryden claimed that, rather than a dispute over his conduct as director, there had been a "departure agreement" including a promise to sell his 5% stake in Gama and spend the proceeds with the company in order to help it hit second-half financial targets in 2015. Gama also attempted to impound one of Dryden's planes, which they claim Dryden unlawfully seized back. Dryden admitted to taking the jet back, but denied any legal wrongdoing.
Gama Aviation informed investors only after the suit was made public by newspapers, making an announcement to the London stock exchange. Its share price fell shortly afterwards. In response to the allegations made by Dryden, Gama Aviation announced that it would not comment while legal action was ongoing, but did release a background statement. Following this, Gama took out an injunction, forbidding newspapers from naming most of its clients. The cases will be heard next June.
A further case was brought against Gama Aviation by Credit Suisse. The bank filed a High Court claim stating that Gama had not turned over a private jet that Credit Suisse was entitled to sell after Challenger-Mondel, who financed the purchase of the aircraft, defaulted on a loan. In addition to this, the millionaire Andre Serruys has also taken action, alleging that the company overbilled him and performed sub-standard technical upgrades while under the management and maintenance control of Hangar8. As of January 2018, Gama is potentially exposed to $15.3 million in damages from claimants.
References
Category:Airlines of Switzerland
Category:Airlines established in 1983 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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John Talbot of Grafton
Sir John Talbot of Grafton, Worcestershire (1545 – 28 January 1611) was a prominent recusant English Catholic layman of the reigns of Elizabeth I of England and James I of England. He was connected by marriage to one of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators, and by acquaintance or family ties to other important Catholic figures. He fell often under suspicion from the English government.
Life
The descendant of an influential landowning family (his grandfather Sir John Talbot was lord of the manor of Albrighton at Pepperhill and Grafton), John Talbot became a member of Lincoln's Inn, 10 February 1555-6. He was member of Parliament for Droitwich in 1572.
It was when passing through Smithfield, London, in July 1580, with Mr. and Mrs. Talbot, that Robert Johnson, the Catholic martyr, was recognized by Sledd, the informer. Robert Persons calls Robert Johnson "Mr. Talbot's priest", though, as it appears, he was, rather, Lady Petre's. Talbot was committed to the custody of the Dean of Westminster, 24 August 1580, and afterwards removed to the house of his brother-in-law, Sir John Petre, in Aldersgate Street. On 1 October 1581, the plague being then rife in the City, he was moved to some other house within ten or twelve miles of London.
In 1583 the priest, Hugh Hall, confessed that he had in past years been entertained by him. Later Talbot was restricted to the house of one Henry Whitney, at Mitcham, Surrey, and two miles round it. In 1588 he was imprisoned in Wisbech Castle for having heard Mass contrary to the provisions of the statute 23 Eliz. c. i. From 9 Dec., 1588, to about 13 May 1589, he was liberated on bail, owing to his own and his wife's bad health. He then seems to have been restricted to his house in Clerkenwell.
On 12 March 1589-90, he was ordered into confinement at the house of Richard Fiennes at Broughton, Oxfordshire, whence he was released on bail for a fortnight on 24 May 1590. He was again allowed out on bail on 20 December 1590, and 22 July 1591. In 1592 he was at "Bickslie" (Bexley or Bickley?) Kent. On 27 August 1592, the recusants formerly imprisoned at Ely, Banbury, and Broughton were ordered back to their respective prisons; but an exception was made (17 September 1592) in favor of John Talbot. However, next year we find him in Ely gaol. Thence he was liberated on bail for a considerable period to act as umpire in a family dispute.
Later on he was allowed to take "the Bathes", presumably at Bath, on account of his health. Between Michaelmas, 1593, and 10 March following, he paid £120 in fines for recusancy. Afterwards he was imprisoned in Banbury Castle, whence he was released on bail for two months, 27 February 1596-7, his leave being subsequently extended on 29 April 1597, and 6 Nov., 1597.
In 1601 he was living in Worcestershire and pressure was brought to bear on him to secure his influence to promote the candidature of Sir Thomas Leighton as one of the parliamentary representatives of the shire. In 1604 he was paying £20 a month in fines for his recusancy, the benefit of which was on 26 August granted to Sir William Anstruther, who on 13 October in the same year obtained his pardon. On the following 8 December a warrant was issued for the release to him of £160, due from him to the Crown in fines for recusancy.
In 1605 he was suspected of complicity with the conspirators of the Gunpowder Plot, one of whom, Robert Wintour, of Huddington near Droitwich, had married his daughter Gertrude. Robert Wintour, however, declared that he had said nothing on the subject to his father-in-law, knowing that he would not join the plot under any circumstances. Indeed, he had actually driven the fugitive conspirators from his door when they arrived at his manor at Pepperhill. Talbot was, nevertheless, arrested, and on 4 December 1605, examined. On 26 September 1606, the value of his recusancy was granted to Lord Hay.
He probably died in 1607, or on 28 January 1611.
Family
He was the only son and heir of Sir John Talbot, of Grafton, Worcestershire, and of Albrighton, Shropshire (died 6 June 1555), and wife Frances Giffard, daughter of Sir John Giffard, and grandson of Sir John Talbot of Albrighton, Shropshire (died 10 September 1549) by second wife Margaret Troutbeck, daughter of Adam Troutbeck of Mobberley, Chester, in turn a son of Sir Gilbert Talbot by second wife Etheldreda, called Audrey, Cotton, daughter of William Landwade Cotton of Landwade, Cambridgeshire.
He was the father, by Katherine Petre, daughter of Sir William Petre and his second wife, Anne Browne, daughter of Sir William Browne, Lord Mayor of London, of:
Anne Talbot, married 18 November 1585 Thomas Hanmer (died 18 April 1619), and had issue, including Sir John Hanmer, 1st Baronet
George Talbot, 9th Earl of Shrewsbury, a Catholic priest
John Talbot of Longford, Market Drayton, Shropshire (died London, 1607 or c. 1607), married Eleanor Baskerville, daughter of Sir Thomas Baskerville of Wolvershill, Herefordshire, and of Brinsop, Herefordshire, and had one son:
John Talbot, 10th Earl of Shrewsbury
References
Attribution
The entry cites:
Calendars of State Papers, Domestic, for 1581 to 1610;
Dasent, Acts of the Privy Council (London, 1890–1907);
John Strype, Life and Acts of John Whitgift, I (Oxford, 1822), 529;
____, Annals of the Reform in England, IV (Oxford, 1824), 276;
Hist. MSS. Commission, Cal. of Cecil MSS., IV, 268;
Cokayne, Complete Peerage (London, 1887–1898)
Category:1545 births
Category:1611 deaths
Category:English Roman Catholics
John
Category:People from Bromsgrove
Category:16th-century Roman Catholics
Category:17th-century Roman Catholics
Category:English MPs 1572–1583
Category:17th-century English people
Category:Recusants | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Cornwallis Limestone
The Cornwallis Limestone is a geologic formation in Alaska. It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Alaska
Paleontology in Alaska
References
Category:Triassic Alaska | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Koš
Koš (, ) is a village and municipality in Prievidza District in the Trenčín Region of western Slovakia.
Etymology
Slovak kôš, koš - a basket, but also a knitted fence. Kos (1408).
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1367.
Geography
The municipality lies at an altitude of 270 metres and covers an area of 13.586 km². It has a population of about 900 people.
Genealogical resources
The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Nitra, Slovakia"
Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1691-1906 (parish A)
References
See also
List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20090412234949/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
of living people in Kos
Category:Villages and municipalities in Prievidza District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Lydia Caruana
Lydia Caruana is a Maltese operatic soprano who performs in the opera houses and concert halls of Europe and her native Malta. She has sung in two rarely performed operas by Maltese composers, Carmelo Pace's I martiri and Nicolo Isouard's Jeannot et Colin.
Biography
Lydia Caruana was born in Malta, and initially studied music at the Johann Strauss School of Music in Valletta. She later furthered her studies in singing with the Maltese soprano Antoinette Miggiani and took master classes in Vienna with the Armenian-Austrian soprano, Sona Ghazarian. She made her operatic debut as Musetta in La bohème at the Teatru Manoel in Valletta in 1995.
Amongst the roles she has performed in Italy and Malta are the title role in Suor Angelica, Mimi in La bohème, Norina in Don Pasquale, Elvira in Don Giovanni and Rosalinde in Die Fledermaus. She has also sung in rarely performed operas such as Nicolo Isouard’s Jeannot et Colin (as Thérèse) and Carmelo Pace's I martiri (as Graziella). While she retains her interest in performing and creating roles which are not in the standard operatic repertoire, she continues to perform in Italian opera, as in her concerts with the Berwald Symphony Orchestra of Stockholm conducted by Manfred Honeck and the Malta Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Charles Olivieri Monroe.
Caruana has sung in major concert halls across Europe such as the Musikverein in Vienna, National Concert Hall in Dublin, Laeiszhalle in Hamburg, Theatre of the Estates in Prague and Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna. In 2005, concert tours with the Belarusian State Symphony Orchestra took her to 16 German cities. She also sang in the Das Neue Europa Festival in Ingolstadt accompanied by the Georgian Chamber Orchestra. During 2006 she presented a Mozart programme in the final concert of the Valletta International Sacred Music Festival, a programme which she also performed in St. Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh. In 2007 Caruana partnered, on different occasions, José Carreras and Andrea Bocelli in Malta and Joseph Calleja in Regensburg for the Rathaus concert series.
Lydia Caruana is also an active recitalist, with a repertoire ranging from Haydn and Liszt to de Falla. In 2006, she gave a series of recitals in Vienna and Malta with pianist Paul Gulda, with whom she also recorded a CD of Mediterranean songs. In 2008, she recorded a programme of Maltese composers, and their European contemporaries for the Austrian broadcasting company ORF in Vienna.
Recordings
Mediterranean Melodies - Lydia Caruana (soprano) and Paul Gulda (piano), 2007. Label: Gramola.
Past performances (highlights)
2008
La Bohème (Mimi) - Aurora Opera House, Victoria, Malta
Malta Felice! - ORF Radiokulturhaus, Vienna
Malta Felice! - Salzkammergut Festwochen, Gmunden Festwochen Schloss Roith, Gmunden
Lydia Caruana in Concert - Mediterranean Centre, Valletta.
Celebrity Recital of Czech and Maltese Composers - Phoenicia Concert Hall, Valletta
2007
Concert with José Carreras - Malta Philharmonic Orchestra; St George's Square, Valletta
Concerto del soprano Lydia Caruana - Accademia di Bologna, Bologna
Rathauskonzerte Series 2007 - Rathaus, Regensburg
Love is in the Air - Presidential Palace, Valletta
20th Century Music from Malta - Estates Theatre, Prague
Sterling Opera Recital''' - Phoenicia Concert Hall, Valletta
2006Concert with Andrea Bocelli - Malta Convention CentreInternational Opera Gala - National Concert Hall, Dublin and City Hall, CorkA Celebration of Mediterranean Arias - Bösendorfer-Saal, ViennaOpera Gala Concert - Badner Stadttheatre Orchestra; Teatru Manoel, VallettaA Celebration of Mediterranean Arias - Teatru Manoel, VallettaFinale Concert - International Sacred Music Festival; Vienna-Malta Baroque Ensemble; St John's Cathedral, VallettaSemper Europa Nostra - concert; Auberge d’Aragon, Valletta
2005An Evening of Romantic Arias - St. Finbarr's Cathedral, CorkNations in Dialogue - concert; Palazzo Parisio, VallettaConcert with Soloists of the Vienna Chamber Orchestra - Teatru Manoel, VallettaDas Neue Europa - concert, Stadttheater, Ingolstadt
16 city concert tour - Wiener Johann Strauss Philharmonie of Belarus
Before 2005Don Giovanni (Elvira) - Teatru Manoel, VallettaCrossroads of Civilisations - United Nations Concert; WIPO, GenevaMozart Concert in St Giles, Edinburgh, ScotlandDon Pasquale (Norina) - new production; Teatro Petrarca, Arezzo; Teatro di Valdarno, Valdarno; Teatru Manoel, VallettaLa bohème (Musetta) - Teatru Manoel, VallettaI martiri (Graziella) - Teatru Manoel, VallettaDie Fledermaus (Rosalinde) - Teatru Manoel, VallettaPuccini Gala Night - Teatru Manoel, VallettaStabat Mater - Commemoration Concert; Teatru Manoel, VallettaJeannot et Colin'' (Thèrése) - Teatru Manoel, Valletta
References
External links
Lydia Caruana official web site
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Living people
Category:Maltese female singers
Category:Maltese operatic sopranos
Category:21st-century opera singers
Category:21st-century women singers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Assemblea Nacional Catalana
The Assemblea Nacional Catalana ("Catalan National Assembly"; ANC by its Catalan acronym) is an organization that seeks the political independence of Catalonia from Spain. It also promotes the independence of other Catalan-speaking regions, which are collectively known as the Catalan Countries (Països Catalans).
Its current president is Jordi Sànchez i Picanyol, who was imprisoned on 16 October 2017 for his role in pro-independence protests during the days before the Catalan referendum. In January 2015, it claimed more than 80,000 members, of which 40,132 were full-paying members (fee paying) and 39,946 were signed up as volunteer collaborators.
The ANC has 10 regional subdivisions which are represented on the national board as well as professional groups for various private sectors, and 37 foreign branches around the world.
History
The origin of the organization was the National Conference for the Catalan State (Conferència Nacional per l'Estat Propi), held on 30 April 2011 in Barcelona, in which 1,500 people participated. A Permanent Council and the interim secretariat were elected at this conference.
The formal incorporation as a civic association was held on 10 March 2012, at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona. in which the statutes, internal workings, and road map to independence were approved. In April 2012, Carme Forcadell was chosen as President of the ANC, while Carles Castellanos was elected vice-president, Llorenç Sotorres was treasurer, and Jordi Martínez was elected secretary.
On 8 June 2013, the ANC held elections in which Carme Forcadell was re-elected president. Jaume Marfany was elected vicepresident, substituting Carles Castellanos, Jordi Martínez remained as secretary and Oriol Sallas replaced Llorenç Sotorres as treasurer.
In May 2015 Jordi Sanchez i Picanyol replaced Carme Forcadell as president of the ANC.
Campaigns and activity
The regional chapters of the ANC periodically organize a series of events in their respective areas with respect to the independence of Catalonia in preparation for the Catalan independence referendum in 2014.
11 September 2012
At the end of June, 2012, the so-called "March toward Independence" begun in Seu Vella (Lleida). After a series of festive, symbolic, and protest events, this march would culminate on 11 September with a massive march on Barcelona, with the slogan "Catalonia, new state in Europe". It was a historic day for the separatist camp, both for the number of people in attendance as well as the markedly pro-independence tone of the march, never before seen in such a well-attended event (estimates of the crowds range widely, from 600,000 people quoted by some media, statisticians such as Llorenç Badiella from the Autonomous University of Barcelona or the delegation of the Spanish government in Catalonia to 1.5 million according to Catalan public sources such as Barcelona's Municipal Police or Catalonia's Department of the Interior, with a maximum estimate of about 2 million according to the organizers)
Two days after the demonstration, the president of the ANC, Carme Forcadell, and four additional members of the group's board were officially received at the Catalan Government Palace by then president Artur Mas. During the meeting, they suggested to him that he called plebescitary elections to the Parliament of Catalonia on independence and that he called for a referendum in 2014.
As a result of the demonstration, Mas called a snap election to the Catalan Parliament for 25 November 2012 and made clear in his speech in the inaugural session of the General Policy Debates that he was convinced that the Parliament that came out of the new elections would have as its mission the exercise of the right to self-determination of Catalonia.
2013
At the beginning of 2013, the ANC began a Fiscal Sovereignty campaign so that private citizens, businesses, and local institutions could pay taxes en masse to the Catalan Tax Agency. From May to July, 2013, they organized a crowdfunding campaign at totSuma in order to offer support to all the interested parties.
On 1 June 2013, the ANC began the "Sign a vote for independence" campaign, in which, through the right to petition, petitions were collected to ask the Catalan Parliament to exhaust all of the possible paths toward facilitating the celebration of a referendum for self-determination of Catalonia before 31 May 2014, and in the event that that attempt failed that the elected representatives of the people of Catalonia unilaterally declare the independence of Catalonia.
The Catalan National Assembly and Òmnium Cultural organized a concert, the Concert for Freedom, in Camp Nou on 29 June 2013 to show off mass support in favor of independence. Around 90,000 people attended the concert.
The Catalan Assembly also organized a human chain of about 400 km in length, known as the Catalan Way, that was held on the National Day of Catalonia (11 September) following the path of the old Via Augusta from La Jonquera (in the north of Catalonia) to Alcanar (in the south). It was inspired by the Baltic Way, which was organized by Baltic political movements seeking independence from the Soviet Union in 1989 and spanned the three Baltic states of Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, and Lithuanian SSR. Between 1.6 and 2 million citizens held their hands along these 400 km. After the demonstration, then Catalan President Artur Mas received Mrs. Forcadell at the Government Palace and committed to listen to the will of the people and to organising a consultation on the region's future.
2014
On 29 May 2014, the ANC, with other associations, presented at "El Born", the campaign "El País que Volem" (The Country we Want), an open participative process for citizens whose goal is to collect their proposals about how should Catalonia be when it becomes an independent state.
The Catalan Assembly and Òmnium Cultural organized the 2014 edition of the demonstration of the Catalan national day in Barcelona. This demonstration formed a huge Catalan flag all along 11 kilometers between Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes and Diagonal avenue forming a big "V" for will ("voluntat"), voting and victory.
According to police there were 1.8 million and according to organizations 2.5 million people to demand for a poll on 9 November 2014.
On 14 September the Catalan Assembly gave to the parliament president, Núria de Gispert, nearly 750,000 signatures collected in the campaign "Sign a vote for independence", to ask Catalan government to declare independence if the 9 November poll could not be held.
Finances
The budget for 2015 was slightly over 5 million euros, from which 3.4 million were dedicated to various advertising campaigns.
Following the detection of 1.5 million euro in unsubstantiated income, in 2015 the ANC reached a deal with the tax authorities to pay 172,000 euros in pending VAT plus a 44,000 euros tax penalty.
In a separate piece, in November 2015 the ANC was found responsible of unauthorized use and deficient custody of personal data for its activities, resulting in a 240,000 euros sanction imposed by the Spanish agency responsible for data protection.
See also
Catalan Republic
Catalan Countries
Catalan nationalism
History of Catalonia
Catalan language
References
External links
Assemblea Nacional Catalana
Assemblea Nacional Catalana International
Category:2011 establishments in Catalonia
Category:Catalan independence movement
Category:Cultural promotion organizations
Category:Organizations established in 2011
Category:Politics of Catalonia
Category:Secessionist organizations in Europe
Category:Separatism in Spain | {
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Marina Chan
Marina Chan (born Nur Marina Chan Si Min Alif Abdullah on 24 December 1997) is a Singaporean freestyle and butterfly swimmer. Hailing from a prominent swimming family, Chan only took up the sport in her first year of high school. She has represented her country at the FINA World Cup, Asian Games, Asian Swimming Championships, Commonwealth Games, Youth Olympic Games and the Asian Youth Games with her aim win a gold medal at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.
Career
Chan was first selected to represent her country at the Singaporean leg of the 2010 FINA Swimming World Cup where, aged just 12, she competed in four events. In July the following year, Chan set her first national under 17's record in the 4 × 100-metre freestyle relay at the 2011 ASEAN School Games and finished the year by competing at the Stockholm, Moscow, Berlin and Singapore legs of 2011 FINA Swimming World Cup.
In June 2012, Chan won first major medal at the inaugural Southeast Asian Swimming Championships in Singapore. Swimming alongside Koh Hui Yu, Amanda Lim and Teo Jing Wen, the foursome won gold and the set the first Championship record in the 4 × 200-metre freestyle relay. Less than a month later, at the 2012 ASEAN School Games in Surabaya, Indonesia, Chan as part of the team that took out the 4 × 100-metre freestyle relay. Posting a time of 3:56.55, this shaved 0.69 seconds off the national under 17's record and narrowly missed Thailand's meet record of 3:56.14. Chan also finished with a bronze in the 800-metre freestyle, stopping the clock at 9:15.12.
During the Tokyo leg of the 2012 FINA Swimming World Cup, Chan set a personal best in the 50-metre freestyle of 26.46 seconds. At the eighth and final leg in Singapore, Chan covered the distance in 26.45, setting a new personal best by 0.01 seconds, eclipsing the time she set four days prior.
After gaining valuable experience by competing in the Dubai Asian Swimming Championships in December 2012, Chan won four silver medals at the 2013 Asian Youth Games in Nanjing. Individually, she was runner-up in the 50-metre and 100-metre freestyle events. She then teamed with up Samantha Yeo, Stacy Tan and Meagan Lim to come second in the 4 × 100-metre medley relay and in the 4 × 100-metre freestyle relay, Chan with Yeo, Hoong En Qi and Rachel Tseng set a new national 17's record time, bettering the previous record by 1.88 seconds.
Chan started 2014 by claiming three individual gold medals and a silver at the 2014 Southeast Asian Age Group Swimming Championships in Singapore. Swimming in the 14–16 aged group, Chan won the 100-metre freestyle in 56.87 and the 50-metre butterfly in 27.91, both new championship record and personal best times. She also took out the 50-metre freestyle in 26.31 narrowly missing the championship record of 26.28 set by Thailand's Jenjira Srisaard in 2012. Chan won her silver medal in the 200-metre freestyle. Finishing 2.12 seconds behind Vietnam's Nguyễn Thị Ánh Viên, Chan stopped the clock at 2:04.44 inside the old championship record of 2:04.65 set by Benjaporn Sriphanomthorn of Thailand in 2011. Chan was also part of a Thailand clean sweep, taking out all three female relays in new championship record times. In the 4 × 100-metre freestyle Chan, Rachel Tseng, Christie Chue and Hannah Quek recorded a time of 3:54.66. This also broke national under 17's record by one hundredth of a second. In the 4 × 200-metre freestyle, Chan, Tseng, Chue and Jing Wen Quah smashed the meet record by over 9 seconds, lowering it to 8:30.84 and in the final event of the meet Chan with Tseng, Chue and Tan Jing-E just got home over Thailand in the 4 × 100-metre medley relay, posting a time of 4:20.25. This time also shaved 0.12 seconds off the under 17's record.
Two weeks later at the 2014 Southeast Asian Swimming Championships in Singapore, Chan won gold in the 50-metre butterfly in a new championship record and personal best time of 27.49. Chan also won six silver medals and set a new personal best of 1:01.67 in the 100-metre butterfly. One month later at the Glasgow Commonwealth Games, Chan competed in six events before heading to the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing in August where she reached the semi-finals 50-metre butterfly and the 50-metre freestyle. In September, Chan competed at 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea, where in the final of 50-metre freestyle she achieved a new personal best time of 25.91, breaking the 26-second barrier for the first time.
Personal life
Marina Chan comes from a prominent Singaporean family. She is the daughter of Bernard Chan, an Olympic swimmer and niece of Pat Chan, dubbed "Singapore's Golden Girl". Her uncles Alex Chan and Roy Chan both represented Singapore in swimming at the Asian Games with Roy going on to earn the President's Scholarship. Her other uncle is renowned composer Mark Chan and her aunt, Victoria Chan-Palay, was also a President's Scholar who went on to be first in her class at Harvard Medical School and is the first woman to graduate summa cum laude from Harvard Medical School. She is a notable neuroscientist who has worked in the United States and Switzerland as an Alzheimer's expert. Marina is also the granddaughter of the decorated swimming coach Chan Ah Kow. When asked about her family's success and the pressure to live up to it, Chan replied "It's a family legacy and I should be proud of it. There' a bit of pressure, but in a good way. (But) I want to be my own swimmer."
In July 2014, Chan was one of the 300 athletes to receive the Singapore Olympic Foundation Peter Lim Scholarship. Launched in 2010, the scholarship aims to provide financial assistance to outstanding young athletes from financially challenged backgrounds to facilitate their pursuit in sports excellence. Upon receiving the award Chan stated that she will use it to focus towards how she is able to improve her training. "So with that financial help, I'll be able to go overseas for training camps. That is the type of support I need to push myself further."
Personal bests
Below is Chan's personal best times.
References
External links
Category:1997 births
Category:Living people
Category:Singaporean female swimmers
Category:Female freestyle swimmers
Category:Female butterfly swimmers
Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for Singapore
Category:Swimmers at the 2014 Commonwealth Games
Category:Swimmers at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
Category:Swimmers at the 2014 Asian Games
Category:Swimmers at the 2018 Asian Games
Category:Southeast Asian Games medalists in swimming
Category:Southeast Asian Games gold medalists for Singapore
Category:Competitors at the 2015 Southeast Asian Games
Category:Asian Games competitors for Singapore | {
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Don't Play That Song
Don't Play That Song may refer to:
Don't Play That Song, an album by Aretha Franklin
Don't Play That Song!, an album by Ben E. King, or the title track
"Don't Play That Song (You Lied)", a Ben E. King song also covered by Aretha Franklin
See also
"Don't Play That Song Again", 2000 UK entry to the Eurovision Song Contest
Play That Song (disambiguation) | {
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Coad's Green
Coad's Green (or Coads Green) is a village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, located on the B3257 in a rural area to the east of Bodmin Moor, about from the nearest town of Launceston. It is within the parish of North Hill,. It has a primary school, a Methodist church and a village hall. Historically, it has also been referred to as Coades Green. The Hocking's Green apple variety originated in Coad's Green. Group Travel's Launceston to Liskeard service (number 236) passes through the village.
References
Category:Villages in Cornwall | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Club Space
Club Space is a world renowned nightclub located in the Entertainment District of Downtown Miami, Florida.
In the 18 years of operation, Space had resided in two buildings. The first was a renovated one-story warehouse consisting of three rooms (the blue room, the red room, and the patio). From March 2000 to April 2003, Club Space played host to some innovative parties for the Miami dance music scene, including marathon sets from Danny Tenaglia and Paul Van Dyk. Noted Miami producer Oscar G also acquired his long-running residency at this building.
Currently, Club Space is owned by Justin Levine and a group of investors. The operation of the club is ran by partners Davide Danese, Jose Coloma, and David Sinopoli. Since their joint operation of the club began in 2016, they have hosted a variety of the most cutting edge international DJs and live acts with a wide variety of genres including, but not limited to, techno, house, EDM, EBM, alternative / indie rock, and hip-hop.
In its current configuration, Club Space consists of a 4-room complex.
The bottom floor consists of a live venue downstairs called The Ground. A variety of acts that have been able to come to Miami through the opening of this venue include Of Montreal, Connan Mockasin, Bonobo, Yves Tumor, FKJ, Nicola Cruz, Satori & the Band From Space, James Blake, Masego, Goldlink, SZA, Nora En Pure, Charlotte DeWitte, Mount Kimbie, Amelie Lens, Sango, Virtual Self, Red Axes and more. Downstairs, there is also a separate connecting room called the Floyd that is regarded as the “gem” of the club. Floyd has hosted eclectic house as well as live electronic acts such as Mall Grab, Axel Boman, DJ Boring, DJ Seinfeld, Chrome Sparks, Monolink, Fort Romeau, Kerala Dust, The Field and Kelly Lee Owens to name a few.
The top floor is home to the Loft, an indoor area that plays mostly hip hop music and the Terrace, which is their outdoor rooftop area has brought some of house and techno’s most notable acts to date such as Claude Von Stroke, Green Velvet, Danny Daze, The Martinez Brothers, Peggy Gou, Richie Hawtin, Jamie Jones, Justin Martin, Claptone, Loco Dice, and Nina Kraviz among many others. What makes events on the Terrace so unique is that while people can begin their evenings at Space on Saturday, they can dance their way into on Sunday mornings. When it’s not activated at night, the Terrace has also held popular daytime parties such as their 4:20 Yoga Event on Saturday afternoons and Miami’s “Daybreaker” events as well.
Since its change in programming, Club Space has been able to significantly increase its notoriety as one of the world’s best dance clubs.
Resident DJs
Andres Line
Bakke
Danyelino
Ms. Mada
Thunderpony
Awards and Nominations
Best of Miami
See also
List of electronic dance music venues
References
External links
Club Space Website
Club Space Facebook Page
Category:Nightclubs in Miami
Category:Electronic dance music venues
Category:2000 establishments in Florida | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Athens, Georgia
Athens, officially Athens–Clarke County, is a consolidated city–county and college town in the U.S. state of Georgia. Athens lies about northeast of downtown Atlanta, a global city. The University of Georgia, the state's flagship public university and an R1 research institution, is in Athens and contributed to its initial growth. In 1991, after a vote the preceding year, the original City of Athens abandoned its charter to form a unified government with Clarke County, referred to jointly as Athens–Clarke County. , the U.S. Census Bureau's estimated population of the consolidated city-county (all of Clarke County except Winterville and a portion of Bogart) was 125,691; the entire county including Winterville and Bogart had a population of 127,064. Athens is the sixth-largest city in Georgia, and the principal city of the Athens metropolitan area, which had a 2017 estimated population of 209,271, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. Metropolitan Athens is a component of the larger Atlanta–Athens–Clarke County–Sandy Springs Combined Statistical Area, a trading area. The city is dominated by a pervasive student culture and music scene centered on downtown Athens, next to the University of Georgia's North Campus. Major music acts associated with Athens include numerous alternative rock bands such as R.E.M., the B-52's, Widespread Panic, and Neutral Milk Hotel. The city is also known as a recording site for such groups as the Atlanta-based Indigo Girls.
History
In the late 18th century, a trading settlement on the banks of the Oconee River called Cedar Shoals stood where Athens is today. On January 27, 1785, the Georgia General Assembly granted a charter by Abraham Baldwin for the University of Georgia as the first state-supported university. Sixteen years later, in 1801, a committee from the university's board of trustees selected a site for the university on a hill above Cedar Shoals, in what was then Jackson County. On July 25, John Milledge, one of the trustees and later governor of Georgia, bought from Daniel Easley and donated it to the university. Milledge named the surrounding area Athens after the city that was home to the Platonic Academy of Plato and Aristotle in Greece.
The first buildings on the University of Georgia campus were made from logs. The town grew as lots adjacent to the college were sold to raise money for the additional construction of the school. By the time the first class graduated from the university in 1804, Athens consisted of three homes, three stores, and a few other buildings facing Front Street, now known as Broad Street. Completed in 1806 and named in honor of Benjamin Franklin, Franklin College was the first permanent structure of the University of Georgia and of the city of Athens. This brick building is now known as Old College.
Athens officially became a town in December 1806 with a government made up of a three-member commission. The university and town continued to grow with cotton mills fueling the industrial and commercial development. Athens became known as the "Manchester of the South" after the city in England known for its mills. In 1833 a group of Athens businessmen led by James Camak, tired of their wagons getting stuck in the mud, built one of Georgia's first railroads, the Georgia, connecting Athens to Augusta by 1841, and to Marthasville (now Atlanta) by 1845. In the 1830's and 1840's, transportation developments and the growing influence of the University of Georgia made Athens one of the state's most important cities as the antebellum era neared the height of its development. The university essentially created a chain reaction of growth in the community which developed on its doorstep.
During the American Civil War, Athens became a significant supply center when the New Orleans armory was relocated there to what is now called the Chicopee building. Fortifications can still be found along parts of the North Oconee River between College and Oconee Street. In addition, Athens played a small part in the ill-fated Stoneman's Raid when a skirmish was fought on a site overlooking the Middle Oconee River near what is now the old Macon Highway. A Confederate memorial stands on Broad Street near the University of Georgia Arch.
During Reconstruction, Athens continued to grow. The form of government changed to a mayor-council government with a new city charter on August 24, 1872, and Henry Beusse was elected as the first mayor of Athens. Beusse was instrumental in the city's rapid growth after the Civil War. After serving as mayor, he worked in the railroad industry and helped bring railroads to the region, creating growth in many of the surrounding communities. Freed slaves moved to the city, where many were attracted by the new centers for education such as the Freedmen's Bureau. This new population was served by three black newspapers: the Athens Blade, the Athens Clipper, and the Progressive Era.
In the 1880's, as Athens became more densely populated, city services and improvements were undertaken. The Athens Police Department was founded in 1881 and public schools opened in fall of 1886. Telephone service was introduced in 1882 by the Bell Telephone Company. Transportation improvements were also introduced with a street paving program beginning in 1885 and streetcars, pulled by mules, in 1888.
By its centennial in 1901, Athens had experienced a century of development and growth. A new city hall was completed in 1904. An African-American middle class and professional class grew around the corner of Washington and Hull Streets, known as the "Hot Corner", where the Morton Building was constructed in 1910. The theater at the Morton Building hosted movies and performances by black musicians such as Louis Armstrong, Cab Calloway, and Duke Ellington. In 1907 aviation pioneer Ben T. Epps became Georgia's first pilot on a hill outside town that would become the Athens-Ben Epps Airport.
During World War II, the U.S. Navy built new buildings and paved runways to serve as a training facility for naval pilots. In 1954, the U.S. Navy chose Athens as the site for the Navy Supply Corps school. The school was in Normaltown in the buildings of the old Normal School. It closed in 2011 under the Base Realignment and Closure process. The site is now home to the University of Georgia/Medical College of Georgia Medical Partnership, the University of Georgia College of Public Health, and other health-related programs
In 1961, Athens witnessed part of the civil rights movement when Charlayne Hunter and Hamilton Holmes became the first two black students to enter the University of Georgia. Despite the Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling in 1954, the Athens–Clarke County school district remained segregated until 1964.
Timeline
1801
Franklin College opens.
Clarke County formed from part of Jackson County.
1806 - Town of Athens incorporated.
1808 - Georgia Express newspaper begins publication.
1810
Jackson Street Cemetery in use (approximate date).
Population: 273.
1832 - Southern Banner newspaper in publication.
1834 - Camak House and T. R. R. Cobb House built (approximate date).
1841 - Railroad begins operating.
1842 - Joseph Henry Lumpkin House built.
1850 - Population: 1,661.
1856
Oconee Hill Cemetery established.
Benjamin H. Hill House built.
1859 - Lumpkin Law School and Lucy Cobb Institute (girls school) established.
1870 - Population: 4,251.
1871 - Athens becomes seat of Clarke County.
1872
City of Athens incorporated.
State School of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts opens.
1882 - Gospel Pilgrim Cemetery established.
1883 - Synagogue built.
1891
Electric streetcar begins operating.
Ladies Garden Club organized.
1895 - State Normal School opens.
1896 - Electric lighting introduced.
1900 - Population: 10,245.
1903 - University of Georgia College of Pharmacy founded.
1904 - City Hall built.
1906 - School of Forestry founded.
1908 - Southern Mutual Insurance Company building constructed.
1910 - Morton Theatre in business.
1912 - School of Commerce founded.
1914
Reese Street School founded.
Clarke County Courthouse built.
1917 - Athens Ben Epps Airport opens.
1924 - Athens Country Club founded.
1928 - WTFI radio begins broadcasting.
1929 - University's Sanford Stadium opens.
1932 - University of Georgia begins administering previously separate colleges of agriculture, education, law, etc.
1938
WGAU radio begins broadcasting.
University of Georgia Press established.
1940 - Population: 20,650.
1948 - Georgia Museum of Art opens.
1949 - State Farmers Market established near Athens.
1954 - Prince Avenue Drive-In cinema in business.
1958 - Athens Area Vocational-Technical School founded.
1959 - Athens Historical Society organized.
1963 - Beechwood Shopping Center in business.
1965 - Daily News in publication.
1971 - Clarke Central High School opens.
1976
Athens Transit bus begins operating.
The B-52's musical group formed.
1977 - Georgia Theatre in business.
1979 - Pylon musical group begins performing.
1980
Georgia Square Mall in business.
R.E.M. musical group formed.
1987 - Athens-Clarke County Correctional Institution built.
1990 - Population: 45,734.
1991 - Governments of Athens and Clarke County consolidate.
1992 - Athens-Clarke County Library's Heritage Room (for local history) established.
1996 - Part of 1996 Summer Olympics takes place in Athens.
2000
City-county website online (approximate date).
Population: 100,266.
2001
Athens Institute for Contemporary Art founded.
Athens Banner-Herald newspaper in publication.
2007 - Paul Broun becomes U.S. representative for Georgia's 10th congressional district.
2010 - Population: 115,452.
2011 - Nancy Denson becomes mayor.
2015 - Jody Hice becomes U.S. representative for Georgia's 10th congressional district.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the balance has a total area of , of which is land and (0.41%) is water.
Athens lies within the humid subtropical climate zone, with hot, humid summers and mild to moderately cold winters. Annual rainfall averages . Light to moderate snowfall can occur in winter. In the spring, frequent thunderstorms can sometimes become severe, even producing tornadoes. The city itself sits on a series of anomalous hills, unique to the Piedmont region.
Climate
Athens has a humid subtropical climate. Its climatic regime is in many ways typical of Southeastern United States with long and hot summers transitioning into short and cool winters, but with precipitation being consistently high throughout the year. Normal monthly temperatures range from in January to in July; on average, maxima reach or higher and stay below on 58 and 5.8 days annually, and there are 48 days annually with a minimum at or below freezing.
Official record temperatures range from on January 21, 1985 to on June 29, 2012; the record cold daily maximum is on January 30, 1966, while, conversely, the record warm daily minimum is as recently as August 11, 2007. Temperatures rarely fall below , having last occurred January 7, 2014. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 5 to March 24, allowing a growing season of 225 days.
Precipitation is relatively well spread (though the summer months are slightly wetter), and averages annually, but has historically ranged from in 1954 to in 1964. Snowfall is sporadic, averaging per winter, but has reached in 2010–11.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 100,266 people, 39,239 households, and 19,344 families residing in the city. The population density was 851.5 people per square mile (328.8/km). There were 41,633 housing units at an average density of 353.6 per square mile (136.5/km). The racial makeup of the city was 64.71% White, 27.37% Black or African American, 0.21% Native American, 3.15% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.11% from other races, and 1.41% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.39% of the population.
The large population increase from 1990 to 2000 reflects the altered boundaries that came with the consolidation of Athens and Clarke County, not just the influx of new residents.
There were 39,239 households out of which 22.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.3% were married couples living together, 13.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.7% were non-families. 29.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the city, the population was spread out with 17.8% under the age of 18, 31.6% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 15.3% from 45 to 64, and 8.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 25 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $28,118, and the median income for a family was $41,407. Males had a median income of $30,359 versus $23,039 for females. The per capita income for the balance was $17,103. About 15.0% of families and 28.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 25.2% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Legislative: The government is headed by an elected mayor and 10 elected commissioners from 10 equally divided districts. Previously, they have been formed from 8 geographical districts and 2 super-districts covering districts 1–4 and 5–8
Executive: The Unified Government of Athens-Clarke County's day-to-day operations are overseen by a manager appointed by the Mayor and Commission. There are 26 main departments, divisions and offices under the managerial group
Judicial: Athens-Clarke County houses Magistrate, Juvenile, Municipal, Probate, State and Superior Courts. Superior Court covers the Western Judicial Circuit, which also includes Oconee County.
Economy
Businesses
Athens is home to a growing number of young technology companies including Docebo, Roundsphere, and Cogent Education. The city is also home to more established technology companies such as Partner Software, Peachtree Medical Billing, and Digital Insight.
Athens is home to several pharmaceutical manufacturing and biotechnology companies such as Merial and Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. The University of Georgia also hosts its own biotechnology research centers mostly from the lower east side of town bordering Oconee county.
Independent publisher Hill Street Press is headquartered here. Authors with previous, or current, residence in the city include Pulitzer Prize winners Deborah Blum and Edward Larson, as well as Judith Ortiz Cofer, Reginald McKnight and Coleman Barks.
Tourism
Each spring, there are bicycle races collectively known as the Twilight Series. One is the Athens Twilight Criterium.
Competitiveness
In 2010 the average household rent in Athens was $962. The national average was $1087. Of the Athens population 25 years of age or older, 39.3% have earned a bachelor's degree or higher.
Arts and culture
The Georgia Museum of Art at the University of Georgia has been, since 1982, the official state art museum.
Culture coexists with the university students in creating an art scene, music scene and intellectual environment. The city has music venues, restaurants, bars, and coffee shops that cater to its creative climate.
Points of interest
One of the remaining two double-barreled cannons produced during the American Civil War is here.
The "Tree That Owns Itself," which is now an offspring of the original tree
The Georgia Museum of Art, the official state museum of art, at the University of Georgia
The State Botanical Garden of Georgia at the University of Georgia
The University of Georgia Campus & Arboretum
St. Mary's Steeple, home of the First R.E.M. show and site for newly founded renovation.
The Globe bar was voted by Esquire magazine as the third top bar in America in 2007.
Founded in 1955, Allen's is Athens' oldest bar and grill despite closing in 2004, re-opening in 2007, and closing again in November 2011.
Sandy Creek Park.
Music
The music of Athens, Georgia, includes a wide variety of popular music and was an important part of the early evolution of alternative rock and new wave. The city is well known as the home of chart-topping bands like R.E.M. and The B-52s, and several long-time indie /rock hip-hop groups. The Athens music scene grew in the early 1970s and later during the 1980s with the Georgia Theatre and 40 Watt Club as the aforementioned bands scored breakout hits. Other notable bands were Widespread Panic, Dreams So Real, Indigo Girls, Vigilantes of Love, Matthew Sweet, The Method Actors, Love Tractor, Pylon, Flat Duo Jets, The Primates, Modern Skirts, The Whigs, and Corey Smith.
National acts that have come out of Athens include: The Whigs, Reptar, Danger Mouse, Dreams So Real, alternative duo Jucifer, Servotron, Vic Chesnutt, Drive-By Truckers, Elf Power, Neutral Milk Hotel, Lera Lynn, The Sunshine Fix, Colt Ford, Velocirapture, Brantley Gilbert, Corey Smith, Harvey Milk, The Olivia Tremor Control, of Montreal, Widespread Panic, Perpetual Groove, Five Eight, Dead Confederate, Thayer Sarrano, Jet by Day, Mothers, and Athens Boys Choir. R.E.M. members Michael Stipe, Mike Mills and Peter Buck still maintain residences in Athens. The photo book, Athens Potluck, by Jason Thrasher documents the musical legacy of the town.
Every summer since 1996 the city has hosted AthFest, a nonprofit music and arts festival in the downtown area.
Education
Clarke County School District
The Clarke County School District supports grades pre-school to grade twelve. The district consists of fourteen elementary schools, four middle schools, and three high schools (one non-traditional). The district has 791 full-time teachers and 11,457 students .
Private schools
Athens Academy (grades K-12)
Athens Christian School (grades K-12)
Athens Montessori School (grades K-8)
Downtown Academy (grades K-3)
Saint Joseph Catholic School (grades K-8)
Monsignor Donovan Catholic High School (grades 9–12)
Double Helix STEAM School (grades 5-8)
Al Huda Islamic Center of Athens Sunday School (5 years and older)
Colleges and universities
The University of Georgia (UGA), the state's flagship public research university, is the oldest and 2nd largest institution of higher learning in Georgia. Founded in 1785, it was the first state-chartered university in the United States.
Athens Technical College is a Technical College System of Georgia public college. It offers certificates, diplomas, and associate degrees in business, health, technical, and manufacturing-related fields.
Augusta University (AU) through its Medical College of Georgia has a Medical Partnership with the University of Georgia housed at the University of Georgia Health Science Campus, and the AU College of Nursing has had a campus in Athens since 1974.
Piedmont College established a campus in Athens in 1995.
Media
Newspapers
Athens Banner-Herald publishes daily. UGA has an independent weekly newspaper, The Red & Black. Flagpole Magazine is an alternative newspaper publishing weekly.
Radio and television
Local radio stations include:
WPLP-LP Bulldog 93.3 FM is Athens' locally owned and operated adult album alternative station
WPUP 100.1 FM, Athens top 40 station featuring all of today's hits. Owned by Cox Radio
WMSL 88.9 FM, a religious station featuring traditional Christian music and teaching
WUOG 90.5 FM, UGA's student-run radio station
WUGA 91.7 and 94.5 FM, an affiliate of Georgia Public Broadcasting and National Public Radio also broadcasting from the UGA campus
WPPP-LP 100.7 FM (Hot 100), a low-power, non-commercial alternative/progressive rock station
WRFC (AM) 960 AM, ESPN Radio (formerly Athens' local Top 40 music station during the 1960s and 1970s). Owned by Cox Radio.
WGAU 1340 AM, news and talk. Owned by Cox Radio.
WXAG 1470 AM, urban gospel music
In addition, WFSH-FM 104.7 FM, a contemporary Christian music station, is licensed to Athens but based in Atlanta. Atlanta-based Rhythmic Top 40 station WSBB-FM (95.5 The Beat) was formerly licensed to Athens (and also the former home of country station WNGC, which now broadcasts at 106.1) but has since changed its city of license to Doraville, Georgia.
Athens is part of the Atlanta television market. Two Atlanta-market television stations, WGTV (channel 8) and WUVG (channel 34), are licensed to Athens. However their transmitters are in the Atlanta metropolitan area. WGTV broadcasts from the top of Stone Mountain. From 2009 until 2015, UGA operated a television station, WUGA-TV (formerly WNEG-TV) from studios on the UGA campus, but maintained its transmitter near Toccoa, its city of license; what is now WGTA has since moved its studios back to Toccoa after being sold by UGA.
In popular culture
The 1940 film The Green Hand was shot in Athens, using local townspeople and students and faculty from the University of Georgia as its cast. The film had its premiere in Athens in January 1940, at an event attended by Governor Eurith D. Rivers.
The movie Darius Goes West was shot in Athens.
The 1980–81 ABC-TV television series Breaking Away (based on the 1979 film of the same name) was filmed in and around Athens, and made use of the university buildings, and local stone quarries for filming locations.
In 2000, the fictional Ithaca University scenes in Road Trip were filmed on the North Campus of the University of Georgia.
In 2012, Trouble with the Curve was partially filmed at The Globe in downtown Athens.
Also in 2012, The Spectacular Now was filmed entirely in Athens and the surrounding area.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Highways
The city is the focus of U.S. Highways U.S. Route 29 (US 29), US 78, US 129, US 441, and Georgia State Route 72 (SR 72), and near the eastern terminus of SR 316 and the southern terminus of SR 106. Other state routes in Athens are SR 8 and SR 15, which follow US 29 and US 441 respectively, SR 10 which follows US 78 east and west of Athens but deviates to US 78 Bus. to go through Athens, and SR 15 Alt. which starts at the SR 10 Loop interchange at Milledge Avenue and follows Milledge and Prince Avenues to US 129 which it follows to the north. The SR 10 Loop serves as a limited-access perimeter. The city is bisected east to west by Broad Street/Atlanta Highway (US 78 Bus. and SR 10) and north to south by Milledge Avenue (SR 15 Alt.). Lumpkin Street, Prince Avenue (SR 15 Alt.), North Avenue, and Oconee Street (US 78 Bus.) along with Broad Street are major thoroughfares radiating from downtown. College Station Road and Gaines School Road are major thoroughfares on the east side of Athens, along with US 78 east (Lexington Road). On the west side, most major thoroughfares intersect US 78 Bus. (Broad Street/Atlanta Highway), including Alps Road/Hawthorne Avenue, Epps Bridge Parkway, and Timothy Road/Mitchell Bridge Road.
Airports
Athens-Ben Epps Airport (FAA code AHN) has been operational since 1917. It is east of downtown outside Georgia State Route 10 Loop and north of US Route 78. AHN qualifies for air service to be provided under the Essential Air Service provisions. SeaPort Airlines provides commercial air service to Nashville International Airport, TN. Until 2012, Georgia Skies and Wings Air provided commercial air service to Atlanta, and until 2008 (prior to either airline's current AHN service), US Airways provided service to Charlotte. Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport (ATL) is the primary point of departure and arrival for Athenians due to the relative lack of air service to AHN.
Alternative
Athens encourages use of alternative transportation. Bike lanes are provided on major thoroughfares. A rail-to-trail redevelopment is being considered to connect Downtown with the East Side. Organizations such as BikeAthens support and encourage biking. Skateboarding and small scooters are also common sights around UGA campus and Downtown.
Public transit
Bus
Athens Transit provides intracity transit seven days per week. UGA Campus Transit provides fare-free 24 hours/5 days a week transit around the University of Georgia campus, Milledge Avenue and Prince Avenue on the way to UGA's newest campus, the Health Sciences Campus. Southeastern Stages, a subsidiary of Greyhound Lines, provides intercity bus services. Low cost curbside bus service to Atlanta and Charlotte is also provided by Megabus.
Rail
Athens has no direct passenger rail service; the closest Amtrak stations are in Atlanta, Gainesville, and Toccoa. Until the 1950s and 1960s the Seaboard Air Line Railroad's daily Cotton Blossom (ended, 1955), Washington - Atlanta, Silver Comet, New York - Birmingham and Tidewater (ended, 1968), Norfolk - Birmingham service made stops at the SAL's Athens depot at College Avenue and Ware Street, north of downtown. Train service to Athens ended with the last run of the Silver Comet in 1969. Freight service is provided by CSX and Athens Line, the latter having leased tracks from Norfolk Southern. The Georgia Department of Transportation has proposed the city as the terminus of a commuter line that links Atlanta and Gwinnett County along the Georgia 316 corridor.
Utilities
Electric service in Athens-Clarke is provided by two customer-owned electric cooperatives, Walton EMC and Jackson EMC, as well as by Georgia Power, a subsidiary of Southern Company. Water utility is provided by the city. Garbage is provided by private companies according to customer purchase, though the city does offer municipal garbage pick up as a service. Natural gas is supplied by Atlanta Gas Light through various marketers within the deregulated market.
Healthcare
Sister cities
The City of Athens maintains trade development programs, cultural, and educational partnerships in a twinning agreement with Bucharest, Romania.
Notable people
References
Bibliography
Published in 19th century
Published in 20th century
(Reprinted in 1978 with additions)
James K. Reap, Athens: A Pictorial History (Virginia Beach, Va.: Donning Communications, 1982).
1996-
Published in 21st century
External links
Athens-Clarke city/county government official site
Athens profile, Georgia Encyclopedia
Antebellum Athens and Clarke County, Georgia by Ernest C. Hynds in the Digital Library of Georgia
Athens Historical Society
Category:Athens – Clarke County metropolitan area
Category:Census balances in the United States
Category:Cities in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Consolidated city-counties in the United States
Category:County seats in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Populated places established in 1806
Category:Cities in Clarke County, Georgia
Category:University towns in the United States
Category:1806 establishments in the United States
Category:1800s establishments in Georgia (U.S. state) | {
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Symposium on Principles of Self-Organization
The Symposium on Principles of Self-Organization was held at Allerton House on 8–9 June 1960. It was a key conference in the development of cybernetics and was in many ways a continuation of the Macy Conferences. it was organised by Heinz von Foerster through the Biological Computer Laboratory based at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. It was sponsored by the Information Systems Branch of the U.S. Office of Naval Research.
Participants
There were 38 male participants:
Department of Electrical Engineering at the University of Illinois
This was the host organisation.
Murray Babcock
Heinz von Foerster
Alfred Inselberg
Lars Löfgren
Albert Mullin
Albert Novikoff
Paul Weston
George Zopf
Other participants from Illinois
John Bowman, Technological Institute, Northwestern University
Scott Cameron, Armour Research Foundation
Peter Greene, Committee on Mathematical Biology, University of Chicago
Friedrich Hayek, Committee on Social Thought, University of Chicago
George Jacobi, Armour Research Foundation
John R. Platt, Department of Physics, University of Chicago
Stephen Sherwood, Illinois State Psychiatric Institute, Chicago
A Shimbel, Illinois State Psychiatric Institute,Chicago
Cambridge Massachusetts
Manuel Blum, W. S. McCulloch Room, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)
Jack Cowan, W. S. McCulloch Room, MIT
Jerome I. Elkind, Bolt, Beranek, Newman Inc.
Warren McCulloch, W. S. McCulloch Room, MIT
Leo Verbeek, W. S. McCulloch Room, MIT
Other participants
Saul Amarel, Radio Corporation of America
Ross Ashby,
Stafford Beer, United Steel Companies
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
Raymond Beurle, English Electric Valve Company
Hewitt Crane, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, California
Joseph Hawkins
Hans Oestriecher
Gordon Pask
Anatol Rapaport
Charles Rosen
Frank Rosenblatt
Jack E. Steele
Roger Sperry
John Tooley
David Willis
Marshal Yovits
Two women participated, Kathy Forbes providing secretarial services and Cornelia Schaeffer of Athenium Publishers providing assisitance in preparing the subsequent publication of the transactions of the symposium.
References
Category:Cybernetics
Category:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Metal Max Xeno
{{Infobox video game
| title = Metal Max Xeno
| image = Metal Max Xeno.png
| alt =
| caption = North American cover art
| developer =
| publisher =
| director = Hiroshi Miyaoka
| producer = Juntaro Kono
| designer =
| programmer =
| artist =
| writer =
| composer = Satoshi Kadokura
| series = [[Metal Max (series)|Metal Max]]
| engine =
| platforms =
| released =
| genre = Role-playing
| modes =
}}
is a role-playing video game developed by Kadokawa Games, Cattle Call and 24Frame, which was released for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita on 19 April 2018 by Kadokawa Games. It is the sixth title in the original Metal Max main series, and the second title for Sony's PlayStation console, the first being PlayStation 2's Metal Saga.
Plot Metal Max Xeno takes place in the former location of Tokyo Bay, now a desert referred to as Distokio by its inhabitants, approximately a century after the "Great Annihilation" in which the supercomputer NOA attempted to destroy humanity in order to prevent further ecological disasters. NOA is eventually defeated, but with its final moments it sends an order to its creations, colloquially known as "SoNs," to completely exterminate humanity, thus beginning a second genocidal campaign. The SoNs quickly began to overwhelm and destroy the remaining settlements in the Distokio area, the only surviving sanctuary being the Iron Base, a secret technologically advanced underground bunker located at the previous site of a post-apocalypse city known as Iron Town, currently occupied by four individuals: D'Annunzio, the base manager, Jingoro, the head mechanic, Yokky, Jingoro's alcoholic protege, and Po-M, an android logistics officer.
Iron Base is visited by a young man (the player character, default name "Talis"), who has a metal arm and who announces his intentions destroy the SoNs with his tank in revenge for their attack on his hometown and subsequent deaths of his mother and adopted father. The citizens of Iron Base agree to help him, in exchange for his assistance in seeking out survivors from the surrounding settlements. Talis finds no survivors in the ruined settlements, but, following an encounter with a large spider-like SoN, he rescues Toni, a former resident of Iron Town and the crush of Yokky, who had believed her to be dead.
Yokky joins Talis in searching for survivors and the two encounter Dylan, the former leader of a bandit gang that had harassed Iron Town in the past, and save him from a tank hacked by the SoNs. He is taken back to the Iron Base, where he is reluctantly allowed to stay and recover, and Toni joins Yokky and Talis as they travel north to locate new survivors. The three encounter Misaki, an academic who wanders the desert in a Flakpanzer Gepard searching for lost knowledge from before the apocalypse, and with their help he locates the entrance to a massive underground book repository guarded by Maria, the last surviving member of the repository's staff. After Talis assists Maria in destroying a group of SoNs besieging the repository, they, along with Misaki, move the books to Iron Base for safekeeping, and Maria and Misaki, along with a newly-recovered Dylan, join the Iron Base as new residents.
Following the operation, the team gathers for a small celebration. Yokky, noticing Talis' absence, excuses himself to search for him, and finds him in the midst of a painful seizure. While trying to assist him, Yokky discovers Talis' body is almost completely cybernetic; Talis confides to him that it is the result of nanobots which allow him to use his metal arm as a weapon and heal damage to his body quickly, but at the price of him being turned into a machine by the nanobots, and that eventually he will no longer be "himself." Talis asks Yokky not to reveal his secret to anyone, but Toni overhears and becomes concerned for Talis, as she has begun to develop feelings for him. The next morning, Po-M reveals that data recovered from the library indicated the existence of "Cherbourg," a massive defense shield that could protect Iron Base from SoNs attacks. Cherbourg was being developed by an underground society called U-Tokio, but U-Tokio was destroyed following a failed operation to retake sectors of the surface from the SoNs, and Cherbourg was left uncompleted, its components scattered across the ruins of Distokio and U-Tokio. With Cherbourg, Iron Base would be able to adequately defend itself against attacks and rebuild Iron Town, so Po-M tasks Talis with recovering Cherbourg's components so that they may complete it.
As they begin the search, they encounter an enormous SoN that Talis recognizes as the one that killed his mother and destroyed his home town. In a blind fury, he attacks it, but is defeated by a massive blast from the SoN and is brought back to Iron Base. Po-M nicknames the SoN "Catastropus" and identifies it as the one responsible for the destruction of the other settlements in Distokio, but warns that it is too powerful for Talis to confront at his current strength. Talis, frustrated, asks if there is anything to help him get stronger, to which Po-M has a possible solution in the form of Nephilim Technology: SoNs technology that was recovered and reverse-engineered by U-Tokio before its destruction, far more powerful than conventional weapons. Cherbourg is also NephTech, so she gives Talis a device that can detect its pieces, along with other components of NephTech weaponry to assist him in battle.
While searching U-Tokio's tunnels for components of Cherbourg, Talis discovers a girl with a tail floating in a preservation chamber. Upon waking, the girl, named Ittica, goes with Talis back to Iron Base, and later reveals that she is a genetically-engineered human-animal hybrid called a "Mute" which possesses the ability to shapeshift. Once all the components to Cherbourg are gathered, the team returns to base to assemble it. Toni confesses her feelings for Talis, but Talis turns her away, stating that he is aware of Yokky's feelings for Toni and is unwilling to betray him, and reveals to her the extent of his body's conversion by the nanobots, stating that he does not have much time left. Yokky hears the conversation and, realizing Toni is in love with Talis, becomes conflicted about his self-confidence.
Cherbourg is assembled, and successfully tested, but the test attracts the attention of the SoNs. Realizing that the SoNs are now aware of Iron Base's power, they track the source of the attacks to an abandoned military fortress formerly used by U-Tokio, now being used as a staging point and resource stockpile by the SoNs, including the Catastropus itself, which they realize has set its sights on the upgraded Iron Base. After shutting the fortress down to prevent the SoNs from using it, they return to Iron Base to prepare their next move. Yokky and Toni, with the assistance of Maria and Ittica respectively, come to terms with their feelings and insecurity, and the citizens of Iron Base steel themselves in preparation for the final battle.
Aware that Catastropus is now en route, the team forms a plan: With Cherbourg in place, the Catastropus will be preoccupied attempting to break through it, and will leave itself unguarded for a close-range attack carried out by Talis and his team. With his team, Talis breaks through the Catastropus' vanguard and destroys the Catastropus itself, avenging his family and the people of Dystokio. Following the battle, Talis makes preparations to leave and seek out more survivors. Yokky joins him, and after getting a farewell from the citizens of Iron Base and a promise that they will always be a home for them to return to, the two depart in the tank Talis originally arrived in.
After the credits, Talis and Yokky encounter Toni, who wishes to join them. After a moment of consideration, Talis smiles, and accepts her into the team.
After the game, the player has the option of starting a New Game Plus in two different modes: Story Mode, which replays the story with all player progression and items but locking certain plot-related vehicles and equipment, and Hunter Mode, which allows the player to start with all progression, vehicles, and equipment while minimizing the story, allowing the player to focus on hunting monsters and collecting bounties.
Characters
Talis: A young man dubbed "humanity's last monster hunter." Having lost his mother and later his adopted father to the SoNs, he is determined to hunt down and destroy every last SoN to avenge them. Despite appearing human besides his mechanical left arm, he is actually almost completely cybernetic due to nanites in his arm converting his body into a machine, and his drive to destroy the SoNs comes from a need to do so before the cybernetic conversion destroys what is left of "himself."
Yokky: A former alcoholic and protege to Iron Base's head mechanic. Orphaned by the war against the SoNs and adopted by Iron Base, he fell in love with a girl in Iron Town but was too shy to approach her, and when she apparently perished in Iron Town's destruction, he lost all faith in life and turned to drinking. When Toni is discovered to be alive, he quits drinking and romantically pursues her again, but his shyness and lack of experience in girls causes his feelings to go unrequited.
Toni: The lone survivor of Iron Town's destruction, and the girl that was the object of Yokky's affection. Her father was a prominent trader within Iron Town, but he was killed when the SoNs attacked and destroyed Iron Town and she was taken captive by a giant spider-like SoN. After being rescued by Talis, she joins Iron Base, and develops feelings for him, feelings that, like those of her admirer Yokky, go unrequited.
Dylan: A former bandit leader that was notorious for harassing Iron Town for supplies before the SoNs wiped out his gang. After being rescued by Talis and taken to Iron Base, he was grudgingly allowed to stay. He is possessed of a brash, crude demeanor, often coming into conflict with the calmer members of the team, but he does appreciate the second chance he was given, and fights loyally by Talis' side.
Misaki: An academic medic who wanders the wastes of Distokio, searching the ruins for what remains of humanity's knowledge. He is usually polite, calm, and mild-mannered, preferring only to get into a fight when absolutely necessary, but he is not afraid to speak out against those who irritate him, namely Dylan, whose crude manners and boisterous attitude often conflict with his quiet nature. His long hair, feminine features, and slender body often results in him being mistaken for a female.
Maria: The last of a squad of soldiers tasked with defending a massive U-Tokio book repository. Referred to as an "immortal" soldier, her actual age is unknown, but she has been alive since the destruction of U-Tokio several decades ago, and has lived in the repository since, defending it from besieging SoNs. Boisterous but friendly, she nevertheless has grown wise from her years fighting, and approaches life casually, especially when it comes to intimacy.
Ittica: A genetically-engineered mutant girl known as a "Mute," discovered in suspended animation by Talis while searching for components of Cherbourg. She is energetic and rambunctious, using her ability to shapeshift into duplicates of other people to play pranks and cause trouble, though she ultimately means well and does not intentionally try to cause harm. She is known to also possess a voracious appetite due to her time spent in stasis without food.
D'Annunzio: Iron Base's manager, an experienced special operations veteran who also runs Iron Base's bar and item shop. Witnessing the SoNs' methodical extermination of humans has made him world-weary under his sassy demeanor, but he still holds hope for humanity and believes that it is never too late to start rebuilding.
Jingoro: The cantankerous and elderly head mechanic of Iron Base. He has an almost perverse love for tanks, and heads the modification and weapons/tank development function of Iron Base. He adopted an orphaned Yokky when the boy was young, training him to be his protege. He is a strict teacher, but he genuinely cares for Yokky, and recognizes the great potential the young mechanic possesses.
Po-M: An android created after the Great Annihilation (Po-M being an abbreviation for Post-Mankind) she is the logistics officer for the Iron Base. She is quiet, but friendly and cheerful, and has a love of poetry. In the field, she serves as Talis' guide, synchronizing travel points and providing information about landmarks and wasteland creatures.
U-Tokio: A former underground city created in the massive tunnels under Distokio. Formed by survivors and military officials who fled underground during the Great Annihilation, U-Tokio expanded the tunnels and formed into a thriving community. U-Tokio was destroyed when a failed military operation to retake sectors of the surface allowed for the SoNs to access the tunnels, and now only exists as ruins.
SoNs: An abbreviation of "Spawn of NOA," SoNs are robots designed and built by the supercomputer NOA for the express purpose of destroying human civilization. They were not originally meant to completely eradicate humanity, only to destroy their society and prevent it from rebuilding and once more polluting the planet. When NOA was defeated, it sent a final message to all SoNs to drive humanity to extinction as revenge.
Catastropus: A colossal, heavily-armored SoN capable of destroying entire cities that prowls Distokio, following its last commands from NOA to destroy humanity completely. Both Talis and the Iron Base seek their revenge against it since it is responsible for countless deaths and the near-extinction of Humanity in the Distokio area.
NOA: A massive, hyper-intelligent supercomputer developed by Vlad Corp in order to solve the issue of mounting ecological disasters plaguing humanity. NOA eventually gained sentience and determined that humanity was to blame for the disasters, and triggered the Great Annihilation in an attempt to wipe out human civilization. NOA was eventually defeated by a monster hunter, but with its last moments of life it sent a message to its creations to destroy humanity completely.
Development Metal Max Xeno was first hinted on 20 October 2017, a trailer published PlayStation Official YouTube channel with the subtitle "True End of Century, Born." A week later, Kadokawa Games confirmed the game in Japanese magazine Dengeki PlayStation, which announced the game was set to be released for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita in Q1 2018. The character art is being handled by Hentai artist, Non Oda.
After Metal Max 4: Gekko no Diva released, series creator Hiroshi Miyaoka got acquainted with a brand new team to develop the mobile game Metal Max: Fireworks. After that, they decided to develop a new home console game in the series. Considering Metal Max 4 featured a variety of elements from the series and ended up having poor sales, Miyaoka decided to go "back to basics" for the series, deciding to create a different kind of Metal Max game. Thus, Metal Max Xeno got put into development.
The Japanese version was released on 19 April 2018, the Chinese version was released on 19 May 2018 and the English version was released on 25 September 2018.
Reception
According to Famitsu'', two versions of the game were sold 29,700 copies in its first released week. Famitsu scored the game a 31 out of 40. The game holds a score of 66 on Metacritic based on 7 reviews.
References
Category:Kadokawa Shoten games
Xeno
Category:PlayStation 4 games
Category:PlayStation Vita games
Category:Role-playing video games
Category:2018 video games
Category:Video games developed in Japan | {
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No! No! A Thousand Times No!!
No! No! A Thousand Times No!! is a 1935 Fleischer Studio animated short film, starring Betty Boop.
This is the third of a series of Betty Boop melodrama spoofs, which also included She Wronged Him Right (1934), Betty Boop's Prize Show (1935) and Honest Love and True (1938).
Synopsis
Betty is performing on-stage with her boyfriend, Freddy, in an old-fashioned melodrama, complete with mustachioed villain. The vile fiend, after tying up the hero, tempts Betty with diamonds and fur, but she replies by singing the title song. The villain kidnaps Betty and escapes in his balloon, but is eventually caught by Freddy and forced to release Betty.
Song
The title song was written by Al Sherman, Al Lewis, Abner Silver in 1934, and sung by Mae Questel. The song was covered by Percival Mackey and his Orchestra featuring a vocal by Bobbie Comber in October of the same year. It was again covered in the 1960s by Beatrice Kay.
References
External links
No! No! A Thousand Times No!! at the Big Cartoon Database.
No! No! A Thousand Times No!! on YouTube.
Category:Songs written for films
Category:Songs written by Al Sherman
Category:Songs written by Al Lewis (lyricist)
Category:Songs written by Abner Silver
Category:Short films directed by Dave Fleischer
Category:1934 songs
Category:American animated short films
Category:American films
Category:Betty Boop cartoons
Category:1935 films
Category:1935 animated films
Category:Paramount Pictures short films
Category:Fleischer Studios short films
Category:American black-and-white films | {
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Sequence-tagged site
A sequence-tagged site (or STS) is a short (200 to 500 base pair) DNA sequence that has a single occurrence in the genome and whose location and base sequence are known.
Usage
STSs can be easily detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. For this reason they are useful for constructing genetic and physical maps from sequence data reported from many different laboratories. They serve as landmarks on the developing physical map of a genome.
When STS loci contain genetic polymorphisms (e.g. simple sequence length polymorphisms, SSLPs, single nucleotide polymorphisms), they become valuable genetic markers, i.e. loci which can be used to distinguish individuals.
They are used in shotgun sequencing, specifically to aid sequence assembly.
STSs are very helpful for detecting microdeletions in some genes. For example, some STSs can be used in screening by PCR to detect microdeletions in Azoospermia (AZF) genes in infertile men.
References
External links
Sequence-Tagged Sites (STS) description on NCBI
See also
Simple sequence length polymorphism
Category:Genomics
Category:DNA | {
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Christian Frederic Crusé
Christian Frederic Crusé (June 27, 1794 – October 5, 1865) was a minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church, born June 27, 1794, in Philadelphia, of Lutheran parentage. He entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1812, and graduated Jan. 10, 1815, with distinguished honors. He was appointed professor in the University in 1831, and resigned in 1833. He was ordained by bishop White about 1822; became rector of Trinity Parish, Fishkill, N.Y., in April, 1846, but resigned the cure in 1851, and afterwards had no parish. He soon after removed to the General Theological Seminary, where, as librarian, he had ample opportunities for those studies in which he was so successful. In the ancient languages — Syriac, Hebrew, and Greek — Dr. Cruse was very well informed. He translated and edited Eusebius's Church History, and his edition is the best in English. He died in New York October 5,1865. — Church Review, January, 1866.
References
Category:1794 births
Category:1865 deaths
Category:People from Philadelphia
Category:American librarians | {
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Gosław, Koszalin County
Gosław () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Polanów, within Koszalin County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately south-east of Polanów, south-east of Koszalin, and north-east of the regional capital Szczecin.
Before 1945 the area was part of Germany. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The village has a population of 10.
References
Category:Villages in Koszalin County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Little Tupper Lake
Little Tupper Lake is located by Whitney Headquarters, New York. Fish species present in the lake are brook trout, and sunfish. There is hand launch available at Whitney Headquarters.
Category:Lakes of Hamilton County, New York
Category:Lakes of New York (state)
References | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Noa Lang
Noa Lang (born 17 June 1999) is a Dutch professional footballer of partial Surinamese descent, who plays as winger for FC Twente, on loan from Ajax, in the Eredivisie.
On 1 December 2019, Lang became the first Ajax player to score a hat-trick on their first league start in 60 years as Ajax came from two goals down to beat FC Twente 5–2.
International career
He is a youth international for the Netherlands.
References
Category:1999 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Capelle aan den IJssel
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Dutch footballers
Category:Dutch people of Surinamese descent
Category:Netherlands youth international footballers
Category:AFC Ajax players
Category:FC Twente players
Category:Jong Ajax players
Category:Eredivisie players
Category:Eerste Divisie players | {
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Salford, Oxfordshire
Salford is a village and civil parish about west of Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire. The 2011 Census recorded the parish's population as 356.
Parish church
The Church of England parish church of Saint Mary the Virgin was largely Norman until the Oxford Diocesan architect, the Gothic Revivalist G.E. Street almost completely rebuilt it in 1854. The font and parts of two doorways are among the few Norman features that Street retained. Street probably rebuilt the bell tower, but its Decorated Gothic bell openings survive.
The tower has a ring of five bells, all of which were cast in 1687 by Matthew I Bagley and Henry II Bagley of Chacombe, Northamptonshire.
The ecclesiastical parish is part of the Team Benefice of Chipping Norton, along with the parishes of Chastleton, Chipping Norton, Churchill, Cornwell, Daylesford, Kingham, Little Compton, Little Rollright and Over Norton.
Amenities
Salford has a public house, The Salford Inn serving home made food and real ales with accommodation and beer garden.
References
Sources
External links
Salford Parish Council
Category:Civil parishes in Oxfordshire
Category:Villages in Oxfordshire
Category:West Oxfordshire District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
P. H. A. Braxton
P. H. A. Braxton (September 22, 1852 – March 7, 1900) was a preacher and politician in Virginia and Maryland. During the Reconstruction Era, Braxton was a county constable in King William County, Virginia and later a United States Custom House collector in Low Cedar Point, Westmoreland County, Virginia. In 1879 he became pastor of Calvary Baptist Church in Baltimore, a position he held for about twenty years. He was active in fighting for civil rights and educational issues.
Early life
Patrick Henry Alexander Braxton was born a slave in King William County, Virginia on September 22, 1852. His parents, Benjamin and Patsy Braxton were both slaves and both had been previously married. Braxton was the only child of their last marriage to survive until adulthood. Braxton his mother, and all of his half-siblings moved to Staunton, Virginia to follow the oldest daughter of their owner upon the daughter's marriage. In 1863, his new master was killed, and the family returned to King William County, Virginia, where they were hired out until they were freed in 1865, the year the American Civil War ended. At that point, Braxton was the only son of his parents who had not been sold away or died. Braxton remained in King William County, working on farms and doing manual labor. In 1868 a school was started at the Cat-tail Baptist church in the county, and Braxton began to attend full-time during the month of August 1868, and at nights thereafter. He also joined a debating club on Friday evenings. In August 1872, he graduated valedictorian in his class.
Politics and early career
Braxton became active in politics, and in May 1872, he was elected county constable. Later that year a warrant was written for a local doctor named William Virus. Virus was notorious and had been accused of murder but never tried. When Braxton and two other men went to Virus' farm, Virus refused to cooperate and threatened to kill Braxton. Braxton and his companions subdued Virus, but when Virus was received by the court, he accused Braxton of assault and battery. The court would not take Braxton's accusation that Virus resisted arrest and threatened to kill an officer of the law in the discharge of duty. As Braxton was black and Virus white, Braxton concluded that this was because of prejudice and resigned from his position.
In the meantime, Braxton began to study law and in October and November 1874 he was a member of a United States paneled jury, and in 1874 he moved to Washington, DC. In June 1875 he received an appointment as a collector at the United States Custom House at Low Cedar Point, Virginia.
Religious career
In October 1875 he was Baptized by Rev. Silas Miles and on July 9, 1876 he was commissioned to preach the gospel. In December 1878 he was appointed general collecting agent of the consolidated American Baptist Missionary Convention, and moved to Richmond, Virginia. In April, 1879 he moved to Cavalry Baptist church in Baltimore Maryland. He was ordained on June 6 and officially became the church's pastor on June 8, 1879. He was very successful at Calvary, building from a congregation of ten meeting in borrowed space a large congregation meeting in a newly built church located at Park, Howard, and Biddle.
He was a member of the Virginia State Baptist Convention, the New England Baptist Missionary Convention, and the Brotherhood of Liberty. He was an outspoken advocate for civil rights, for the education of African American children, and for the hiring of black teachers. In February 1892, the Baptist Ministers' Conference, a group dominated by white clergymen, expelled Braxton from there conference, a move which was strongly criticized by Braxton's congregation. That year, Braxton met with president Benjamin Harrison to discuss the violence against blacks in the south. When the president stated he could not act, Braxton spoke out at the State Convention of colored Baptists protesting against the lack of constitutional power to defend the rights of blacks. Braxton retired in 1899.
Family and death
On October 18, 1881 he married Katie Bannister of Baltimore. Braxton died on March 7, 1900. His funeral was at Temple Baptist Church, which was formerly Calvary, where he was pastor.
References
Category:1852 births
Category:1900 deaths
Category:People from King William County, Virginia
Category:People from Baltimore
Category:African-American Baptist ministers
Category:Baptist ministers from the United States
Category:Activists for African-American civil rights
Category:People from Staunton, Virginia
Category:Baptists from Virginia
Category:Baptists from Maryland | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Re-Education (Through Labor)
"Re-Education (Through Labor)" is the first single from Rise Against's fifth studio album, Appeal to Reason. The single was released digitally to digital stores and radio stations on August 26, 2008. A music video was released on the same day.
A limited physical version of the single was released on 7" vinyl and can be obtained exclusively by pre-ordering Appeal to Reason. This version also includes a B-side titled "Minor Threat", which is a cover of the eponymous song by Minor Threat.
The single's fifth week on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart made "Re-Education (Through Labor)" Rise Against's second-highest charting single to date, hitting number five. It has since reached a peak of number three. The band's previous highest charting single on the Alternative Songs chart was "The Good Left Undone", the third single from the band's previous album, which peaked at number 6. "Re-Education (Through Labor)" is also Rise Against's first song to appear on the Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.
Recording and composition
"Re-Education (Through Labor)" was written Rise Against, with lyrics by lead vocalist Tim McIlrath, and produced by Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore. Stevenson and Livermore engineered the song with Andrew Berlin, while Chris Lord-Alge assisted as the mixer. It was recorded at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado and was mastered by Ted Jensen. Rise Against released the song as the Appeal to Reason first single on August 25, 2008.
"Re-Education (Through Labor)" is a rock song that opens with a heavy metal guitar riff. John Hanson of Sputnikmusic commented that "Re-Education (Through Labor)" sounds similar to another Rise Against song, "Ready to Fall". Lyrically, it is noted for being one of more politically motivated tracks from Appeal to Reason. According to McIlrath, the lyrics are about "the 9-to-5, dog-eat-dog lifestyle, and what we are asked to do to simply make ends meet nowadays". Some music journalists have also discussed the song's meaning, with Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic writing that the lyrics "strike out against the slow dumbing down of America", while Aaron Burgess of The A.V. Club asserted that the song accuses United States President George W. Bush of fascism.
Music video
The song's music video was directed by Kevin Kerslake (Faith No More, Green Day), filmed in the band's home city of Chicago and features members of the Chicago branch of the Moped Army and their mopeds. McIlrath admitted to MTV News that the promo does have a slightly political theme, which practically anyone will relate to. He explained: "One of the great things about doing a video is that your imagination is the only thing that's limiting you, so you can do anything. So we have a video that's going to encompass the anger and the angst that the youth of America feel toward society at large and the things that are demanded of them."
On September 22, 2008, Rise Against released the music video for "Re-Education (Through Labor)".
The video begins with a quote from President John F. Kennedy: "Those who make peaceful revolution impossible make violent revolution inevitable." It frequently switches between scenes of the band playing in the basement of an abandoned cinema and an army of moped riders. The group drives around Chicago and drops backpacks, presumably bombs, in various locations. The closing scene shows the row of moped riders watching the city burn in the night after the bombs have detonated. This links back to the J.F.K quote about violent rebellion.
There is another version of this video, with informative statistics on subjects such as deforestation, the death of children, and others. This version is called "uncensored", because the original video does not show any of this information.
Track listing
Charts
Certifications
References
External links
Category:Rise Against songs
Category:2008 singles
Category:Protest songs
Category:Political songs
Category:Songs written by Tim McIlrath
Category:Songs written by Joe Principe
Category:Songs written by Brandon Barnes
Category:Songs written by Zach Blair
Category:2008 songs | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sohrab and Rustum
Sohrab and Rustum: An Episode is a narrative poem with strong tragic themes first published in 1853 by Matthew Arnold. The poem retells a famous episode from Ferdowsi's Persian epic Shahnameh relating how the great warrior Rustum unknowingly slew his long-lost son Sohrab in single combat. Arnold, who was unable to read the original, relied on summaries of the story in John Malcolm's History of Persia and Sainte-Beuve's review of a French prose translation of Ferdowsi. In Sohrab and Rustum, Arnold attempted to imitate the "grandeur and rapidity" of Homer's style which he was to discuss in his lectures On Translating Homer (1861). The poem consists of 892 lines of blank verse.
Notes
External links
Sohrab and Rustum (from Archive.org)
Category:Narrative poems
Category:19th-century poems
Category:1850s poems
Category:Poetry by Matthew Arnold
Category:Filicide in fiction
Category:Works based on Shahnameh | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
FLWOR
The programming language XQuery defines FLWOR (pronounced 'flower') as an expression that supports iteration and binding of variables to intermediate results. FLWOR is an acronym: FOR, LET, WHERE, ORDER BY, RETURN. FLWOR is loosely analogous to SQL's SELECT-FROM-WHERE and can be used to provide join-like functionality to XML documents.
for creates a sequence of nodes
let binds a sequence to a variable
where filters the nodes on a boolean expression
order by sorts the nodes
return gets evaluated once for every node
Example
for $d in doc("depts.xml")//deptno
let $e := doc("emps.xml")//employee[deptno = $d]
where count($e) >= 10
order by avg($e/salary) descending
return
<big-dept>
{ $d,
<headcount>{count($e)}</headcount>,
<avgsal>{avg($e/salary)}</avgsal>
}
</big-dept>
First column of the XQuery request shows the for, let, where, order by and return keywords of the FLWOR paradigm. In plain English, this could be read as "Get all departments that have more than ten employees, order these departments by decreasing average salary, and return a report of department numbers, head counts and average salary in each big department". The result could look like:
<big-dept>
<deptno>17</deptno>
<headcount>25</headcount>
<avgsal>12500</avgsal>
</big-dept>
<big-dept>
<deptno>24</deptno>
<headcount>18</headcount>
<avgsal>11327</avgsal>
</big-dept>
<big-dept>
<deptno>3</deptno>
<headcount>32</headcount>
<avgsal>10725</avgsal>
</big-dept>
Example using Microsoft SQL Server
DECLARE @xml XML
SET @xml =
'<root_element>
<branch_element>
<item_1>42</item_1>
<item_2>27</item_2>
</branch_element>
<branch_element>
<item_1>a</item_1>
<item_2>b</item_2>
</branch_element>
</root_element>'
SELECT
x.y.query('for $s in self::node() return $s//item_1/text()') as i,
x.y.query('for $s in self::node() return $s//item_2/text()') as j
FROM @xml.nodes('/root_element') AS x(y);
References
External links
W3C XML Query (XQuery) - FLWOR Expressions
FLWOR examples
Introduction to FLWOR
https://web.archive.org/web/20111008001258/http://w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_flwor.asp
Category:XML | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Apex Motorsport
Apex Motorsport, formerly known as Audi Sport UK, was a British auto racing team founded in 1996 by former racing driver Richard Lloyd in partnership with the Volkswagen Group. Formed to bring Audi into the British Touring Car Championship, the team won the teams and manufacturers titles in their debut season, as well as the drivers championship for German Frank Biela with eight victories over the course of the season. Biela and Audi Sport UK finished the 1997 season in second for all three championships before the series banned the four-wheel drive systems that Audi utilized, forcing the team to redevelop a new car for 1998. The 1998 BTCC campaign was winless, and Audi Sport UK left the series at the end of the season to concentrate on sports car racing.
Audi Sport UK, in conjunction with Racing Technology Norfolk, developed and campaigned the Audi R8C for Audi's first attempt at the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The team failed to finish, in part due to a rushed schedule to complete the two cars. The team spent 2000 building cars for the American Speedvision World Challenge series but remained involved in Volkswagen's sports car program as Bentley, another Volkswagen Group brand, began developing their own entry for Le Mans. The team changed their name to Apex Motorsport and debuted the Bentley EXP Speed 8 in and finished with one car on the race podium. A fourth-place finish followed in before Apex joined with Joest Racing, who had been running Audi's continued Le Mans program, to campaign two cars in 2003 at the 12 Hours of Sebring as well as Le Mans. Third and Fourth places were earned at Sebring, while Team Bentley scored a one-two finish at Le Mans, with Tom Kristensen, Rinaldo Capello, and Guy Smith driving the winning car.
Bentley's program ended after the Le Mans victory, and Apex Motorsport was left without any Volkswagen Group programs and remained stagnant for two years. The team's assets were put up for auction in 2006 to no avail. Lloyd, along with racing driver and entrepreneur Harry Handkammer, approached Jaguar Cars to develop a Group GT3 sportscar program. Built around the Jaguar XKR, Apex and Jaguar agreed to build cars for the team as well as cars to be sold to customers to justify the cost of the program. The team first raced the cars late in the 2007 season for the international FIA GT3 European Championship and British GT Championship. While developing the Jaguars in March 2008, Lloyd and team member Christopher Allarton, along with racing driver David Leslie were en route to Nogaro Circuit for testing when their aircraft crashed near Biggin Hill. All three, plus two pilots, were killed in the crash. Despite the loss for the team, they continued their FIA GT3 campaign for the season, and pushed with further development of the car in 2009. However the project came to an early close in 2009 after no cars had been sold to customers and the team was dissolved by 2014.
References
Category:British auto racing teams
Category:Companies based in Buckinghamshire
Category:1996 establishments in the United Kingdom
Category:2014 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Category:British Touring Car Championship teams
Category:British GT Championship teams
Category:24 Hours of Le Mans teams
Category:American Le Mans Series teams
Category:Audi in motorsport | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
St George's Church, Brighton
St George's Church is an Anglican church in the Kemptown area of Brighton, in the English city of Brighton and Hove. It was built at the request of Thomas Read Kemp, who had created and financed the Kemp Town estate on the cliffs east of Brighton in the early 19th century, and is now regarded as the parish church of the wider Kemptown area. It is a Grade II listed building.
History
Thomas Read Kemp, born in 1782 in Lewes, East Sussex, returned to the Church of England in 1823, seven years after founding his own independent sect. Turning his attention to architecture and town planning, he decided to create a residential estate on land beyond the existing eastern boundary of Brighton, with large houses for affluent people. Designed by Charles Busby and Amon Wilds and built by Thomas Cubitt, this estate became Kemp Town, although Kemp had fled the country to escape debts by the time construction finished.
The Busby–Wilds partnership had also been responsible for building the Holy Trinity chapel (in Ship Street in central Brighton) for Kemp's sect, and in 1824 Kemp enlisted Busby to build a church to serve the new estate. He obtained a private Act of Parliament on 3 June 1824, which allowed him to appoint a perpetual curate and derive income from the rental or sale of pews. This was a common procedure at the time: it allowed churches to be built as an investment, and pew rental could be quite profitable.
Construction work continued throughout 1824 and 1825. The church opened on 1 January 1826, two days after it was consecrated by the Bishop of Chichester. The final cost was £11,000.
By 1831, Kemp had sold his interest in the church to Laurence Peel, the son of Sir Robert Peel, 1st Baronet, who lived in Sussex Square in Kemp Town. Upon Peel's death in 1888 it passed to his son, Charles Lennox Peel, who sold it to the congregation the following year. It was then passed into trust.
St George's had been parished since 1879. The Diocese of Chichester considered closing the church in 1962, but the congregation contested the decision and the threat was lifted. The parish later absorbed that of St Anne's Church in nearby Burlington Street, whose congregation was in decline; it was closed and demolished in 1986. In 1986, St Mark's Church was also closed and officially made redundant, and its parish was also amalgamated with that of St George. The building is now the chapel of St Mary's Hall, an independent school.
Architecture
Busby designed St George's Church in a Neoclassical style, with simple clean lines and strong symmetry. The exterior consists of yellow brick with some stucco work, regularly spaced tiered pairs of round-headed windows, and a deep cornice with no ornamentation. The western face, where the entrance is situated, has Ionic columns and pilasters on each side of the door, and a central tower topped by a cupola with a small cross. Clock faces were added on each side soon in 1840. Inside, there are galleries at the northern, southern and western sides, reached by curved staircases. There was a three-tier pulpit in front of the reredos at the eastern end, and the organ, by the J.C. Bishop & Son organ builder firm, was initially inside the western gallery.
After Revd James Anderson became curate of the church in 1828, his close association with Queen Adelaide, the consort of King William IV, made the church very popular. The queen consort was popular with the British people and often spent time in Brighton. When in the town, she worshipped at St George's. By 1831, the church's seating capacity was being exceeded, and a new gallery was added at the western end. Thomas Cubitt's building firm completed this in one week. The organ had to be moved from the original western gallery to make room for the new structure; unusually, it was erected behind the altar at the eastern end.
After it was acquired by the congregation and placed in trust, £11,050 was spent on large-scale alterations to the church. A chancel was added at the eastern end, with a new window in the eastern wall; the reredos was replaced with a larger version; the organ was moved again, into a more conventional position in the south gallery; and both the north and the south galleries were rebuilt at their eastern ends to align with the chancel extension. All of the seating was replaced, increasing the capacity to 1,300.
The church today
St George's was a chapel of ease until 1879, when it was given its own parish. In its present form, incorporating the former parishes of St Anne and St Mark, this covers a large area of eastern Brighton, including the whole of Kemptown, parts of Whitehawk, Brighton Marina and Roedean School.
The church has a community centre at which various groups meet regularly, and a café, in the crypt below the building. The café is operated in partnership with a local special school. The crypt facilities were built (along with some supporting structural work for the rest of the church) with support from the European Union's "URBAN" regeneration fund, for which they had to compete with other local projects.
St George's also acts as one of Brighton's largest venues for alternative and folk music concerts.
See also
List of places of worship in Brighton and Hove
Notes
and the St George's Church website incorrectly identify Peel's name as Lawrence.
References
Bibliography
Category:Buildings and structures in Brighton and Hove
St George
Category:Churches completed in 1826
Category:19th-century Church of England church buildings
Category:Neoclassical architecture in England
Category:Grade II listed churches in East Sussex
St George
Category:1826 establishments in England | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Maria of Nassau (1539–1599)
Maria (18 March 1539, in Dillenburg – 28 May 1599, in Kasteel Ulft), Countess of Nassau, Katzenelnbogen, Vianden and Dietz, was a Dutch noblewoman.
Life
She was the second daughter of William I, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg and Juliana of Stolberg, making Maria a sister of William the Silent. On 11 November 1556 she married count Willem IV van den Bergh (1537–1586) in Meurs. Count Willem committed treason against his brother-in-law William by defecting to the Spanish. He and Maria were caught but were quickly freed on William's intervention.
Maria is buried in the crypt of the church at 's-Heerenberg.
Issue
Maria and Willem IV van den Bergh had 16 children:
Magdalena van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (1 Aug. 1557 - 25 May 1579)
Herman van den Bergh Count van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg ( 2 Aug. 1558 - 12 Aug. 1611)
Frederik van den Bergh Count den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (18 Aug. 1559 - 3 Sep. 1618)
Oswald van den Bergh (16 Jun. 1561 - 17 Jan. 1586)
Wilhelmina van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (7 Jul. 1562 - drowned in the IJssel near Ulft, 15 Nov. 1591)
Elisabeth van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (31 Dec. 1563 - 1572)
Joost van den Bergh Count van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (25 jan. 1565 - 8 Aug. 1600)
Adam van den Bergh Count van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (1568 - 7 Nov. 1590)
Juliana van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (1571 - drowned in the IJssel near Ulft, 15 Nov. 1591)
Adolf van den Bergh Count van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (1572 - 25 May 1609)
Lodewijk van den Bergh Count van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (1 Nov. 1572 - 10 .Jun 1592)
Hendrik van den Bergh Count van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg, Lord of Stevensweerd en Stadhouder of Gelre (1573 - 12 May 1638)
Catharina van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (1578 - 19 Oct. 1640). She married Floris II of Pallandt 2nd Count of Culemborg (1601)
Anna van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (1579 - 17 Aug 1630)
Elisabeth van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg princess-abdes of Essen (1581 - 12 Jan 1614)
Charlotte van den Bergh-'s Heerenberg (1582 - 2 Nov 1631)
Maria
Category:Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (Spanish Empire)
Category:Dutch people of the Eighty Years' War (United Provinces)
Category:1539 births
Category:1599 deaths
Maria | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Saint Paul-Reformation Lutheran Church
Saint Paul-Reformation Lutheran Church (SPR) is a congregation of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) located in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It is part of the Saint Paul Area Synod.
The congregation gained national attention in 2001 when it ordained Anita C. Hill (not to be confused with Anita Hill of the Clarence Thomas US Senate confirmation hearings). Hill is a lesbian in a committed relationship. Under ELCA guidelines for ordination, a candidate who "self-identifies as a homosexual is expected to refrain from sexual relations." The Saint Paul Area Synod, the local ecclesiastical authority, chose to "censure and admonish" the congregation for a period of time.
The congregation is also notable for nearly 25% of its membership identifying as LGBT.
External links
SPR home page
Category:Churches in Saint Paul, Minnesota
Category:Homosexuality and Lutheranism
Category:Lutheran churches in Minnesota | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1987–88 Luton Town F.C. season
The 1987–88 season was the 103rd season in the history of Luton Town Football Club. It was Luton Town's 68th consecutive season in the Football League, and their 71st overall. It was also their sixth successive season in the First Division, and their 12th overall. The season is one of the club's most successful of all time, as Luton Town achieved a ninth-place finish in the league, won the Football League Cup, and reached the FA Cup semi-final and Full Members' Cup final. As League Cup winners, they would normally have qualified for the UEFA Cup, but were denied a first foray into European competition due to the ban on English clubs as a result of the 1985 Heysel disaster continuing for a fourth season.
Background
1982–83 saw Luton Town back in the First Division under David Pleat, making a final day escape from relegation at Maine Road through Raddy Antić. By 1985–86 Pleat had ensured that Luton had climbed to a ninth-place finish, but at the end of the season Pleat left to take up the reins at Tottenham Hotspur. Youth team manager and former player John Moore was promoted to manager, and former Fulham boss Ray Harford was brought in as his assistant. Due to the club's infamous ban on visiting supporters, 1986–87 saw Luton excluded from the Football League Cup. However, it proved to be Luton Town's best yet, as Moore and Harford took the club to their highest ever league finish; seventh. When Moore resigned after only one season, Harford was promoted to manager for the 1987–88 campaign.
Review
July–September
The promotion of Ray Harford to manager ensured a sense of continuity was maintained at Kenilworth Road, as Harford had been assistant to John Moore the previous season. Danny Wilson arrived from Brighton & Hove Albion during July in a £150,000 deal, as the club looked to build on their seventh-place finish the year before.
Luton started their assault on the First Division badly, not winning their first game of the campaign until the sixth time of asking with a 5–2 victory over Oxford United at the Manor Ground. A second victory followed the next week, as Luton beat Everton 2–1. Meanwhile, Harford continued to dabble in the transfer market – Scottish winger Mickey Weir arrived from Hibernian for £230,000, while Robert Wilson and Stacey North were sold to Fulham and West Bromwich Albion respectively. Days after the Weir transfer, Mike Newell was transferred to Leicester City. Two league defeats followed, at Charlton Athletic and Queens Park Rangers – but in between there was a winning start in the League Cup as Luton beat Wigan Athletic 1–0 at Springfield Park, courtesy of a goal from new signing Weir.
October–December
A Mick Harford goal was enough to secure a 1–1 draw against Manchester United at Kenilworth Road, and Harford bagged a hat-trick three days later as Luton trounced Wigan 4–2 in the second leg of the League Cup fixture. Harford scored a penalty at Fratton Park on the 10th, but it wasn't enough to prevent a 3–1 victory for Portsmouth. Ian Allinson signed from Stoke City for £10,000, and made his debut a week later as Luton beat Wimbledon 2–0.
The impact of a 1–0 home defeat to Liverpool was softened by subsequent success in the League Cup, as Coventry were routed 3–1 at Leicester City's Filbert Street. Three comfortable league victories followed, Luton keeping a clean sheet in every one, and the League Cup run continued with a 1–0 win at Ipswich. Defeat at Norwich City was followed by the derby match at Watford – Steve Foster's goal gave Luton a 1–0 victory. A draw and a loss followed, before Luton rounded off the calendar year with a 1–0 home win over Charlton.
January–March
New Year's Day saw a 3–0 home win over Chelsea – indeed, Luton went through the month unbeaten. The start of the club's FA Cup run saw victory at Hartlepool, while a draw and a victory in the league kept Luton comfortably in mid-table. The League Cup success continued, as Bradford City were beaten 2–0 at Kenilworth Road.
Oxford United then visited Kenilworth Road for one of the more remarkable fixtures of the year – Luton beat Oxford 7–4, as Mark Stein scored a hat-trick. Luton travelled to Oxford four days later for the League Cup semi-final first leg, and came out of the match with a 1–1 draw. Arsenal beat Luton 2–1 at Highbury, before Mickey Weir, who had just signed from Hibernian months before, returned to Hibernian on the 14th in a £200,000 move.
Luton achieved victory over Everton in the Full Members' Cup, and it then took a replay to knock Queens Park Rangers out of the FA Cup. The second leg in the League Cup against Oxford saw Luton run out 2–0 victors, with a place in the final against Arsenal as their prize.
March saw Luton win two successive matches in the Full Members' Cup, but also lose twice in a row in the league. The end of the month saw the Full Members' Cup final against Second Division Reading – Luton were defeated 4–1 at Wembley Stadium. Consolation was taken from a 4–1 victory over Portsmouth two days later.
April–June
Luton lost the FA Cup semi-final 2–1 to Wimbledon, and Luton only won once in the league during April. The League Cup Final against Arsenal came on the 24th, and Luton took an early lead through Brian Stein. Luton were overhauled by the opposition during the second half, and trailed 1–2 before a penalty was awarded to Arsenal with ten minutes left. Andy Dibble saved Nigel Winterburn's shot, and the Luton team rallied to equalise soon after through Danny Wilson. Stein scored the winner with the last kick of the game to bring the first ever piece of major silverware to Luton.
Following the League Cup victory, Luton drew at Norwich before beating Watford 2–1 at home to complete a double over their rivals. Tottenham Hotspur beat Luton 2–1 at White Hart Lane, before Luton finished the season with four consecutive 1–1 draws with Southampton, Liverpool and Nottingham Forest (twice). Luton achieved a ninth-place finish, to go with their cup achievements – an FA Cup semi-final place, a League Cup victory, and a Full Members' Cup final.
At the end of the season, Brian Stein left for French club SM Caen on a free transfer, while Emeka Nwajiobi retired from injury. Defender John Dreyer signed from Oxford United on 27 June for £140,000.
League table
Match results
Luton Town results given first.
Legend
Football League First Division
FA Cup
Football League Cup
Full Members' Cup
Player details
Players arranged in order of starts (in all competitions), with the greater number of substitute appearances taking precedence in case of an equal number of started matches.
Transfers
In
Out
Loans out
See also
1987–88 in English football
Footnotes
A. The FA Cup semi-final against Wimbledon on 9 April 1988 was played at White Hart Lane, home of Tottenham Hotspur.
B. The Football League Cup Third Round match against Coventry City on 27 October 1987 was drawn as a home game for Luton, but was played at Filbert Street, home of Leicester City.
C. The Full Members' Cup and Football League Cup Finals, played on 27 March and 24 April 1988 respectively, were both played at Wembley Stadium.
D. The Full Members' Cup semi-final match against Swindon Town on 8 March 1988 was drawn at 1–1 after 90 minutes, and finished 2–1 after extra time.
E. The £230,000 fee that brought Mickey Weir to Luton Town from Hibernian was set by a tribunal.
References
General
Player and match statistics sourced from:
Match statistics sourced from:
Specific
1987-88
Luton Town | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Red-crowned malimbe
The red-crowned malimbe (Malimbus coronatus) is a species of bird in the family Ploceidae.
It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon.
References
External links
Red-crowned malimbe - Species text in Weaver Watch.
red-crowned malimbe
Category:Birds of Central Africa
red-crowned malimbe
Category:Taxonomy articles created by Polbot | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Billabong Band
Billabong Band was an Australian television series which aired in 1957 on Melbourne station ABV-2, part of ABC Television. The series aired for four episodes, broadcast on 30 September, 14 October, 4 November, and 18 November. The series was a live program featuring Australian folk songs. The series followed interview series People on the schedule.
The episode broadcast on 4 November 1957 still exists as a kinescope recording, held by the National Archives of Australia. (note: Kinescope recording, also known as telerecording, was an early method of recording live television in the days before video-tape)
References
External links
Billabong Band at IMDb
Category:1957 Australian television series debuts
Category:1957 Australian television series endings
Category:1950s Australian television series
Category:Black-and-white Australian television programs
Category:English-language television programs
Category:Australian Broadcasting Corporation shows
Category:Australian music television series | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vermillion County Courthouse
The Vermillion County Courthouse, located at 255 S. Main St. in Newport, is the seat of government of Vermillion County, Indiana. The courthouse was built from 1923 to 1925 to replace the previous courthouse, which burned down in 1923. Architect John B. Bayard designed the building in the Classical Revival style. The building's design features a clock along the roof line on each side and Corinthian columns spanning the second and third floors in the front. Vermillion County's government has operated out of the courthouse since its construction, and the courthouse is one of 84 historic county courthouses surviving in Indiana. The building is nearly identical to the Sullivan County Courthouse.
The courthouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 19, 2007.
References
Category:Courthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Category:Neoclassical architecture in Indiana
Category:Government buildings completed in 1925
Category:Buildings and structures in Vermillion County, Indiana
Category:County courthouses in Indiana
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Vermillion County, Indiana
Category:1925 establishments in Indiana | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Jack Roberts (footballer, born 1910)
John Edgar Roberts (15 March 1910 – 1 June 1985) was an English footballer. He had the nickname of "Nipper" Roberts.
A forward, he played amateur football for Marine, Orrell, Blundellsands, and the Northern Nomads. He represented England amateurs, before entering the Football League with Southport. He joined Liverpool in May 1933, but left the club the following June after playing just one league game. He spent 18 months with Cheshire League champions Wigan Athletic, scoring 54 goals in 59 league appearances. He returned to the Football League with Port Vale in December 1935. He twice finished as the club's top-scorer, and no Football League player scored more league goals than Roberts in the 1937–38 season. He retired as a professional player to serve in the Irish Guards in World War II. He was captured by enemy forces, but escaped from captivity to walk 400 miles back to Allied territory in 1944.
Playing career
Roberts played for non-league amateur sides Marine, Orrell, Blundellsands, and Northern Nomads, before signing with professional club Southport. During his amateur days he also represented the England national amateur team. He signed with First Division giants Liverpool in May 1933, and made his debut on 4 September 1933, in a 1–1 draw with Stoke City at the Victoria Ground. This was his only appearance of the "Reds" highly disappointing 1933–34 campaign – which saw Liverpool narrowly avoiding the relegation zone – and he departed Anfield for Cheshire League side Wigan Athletic in June 1934.
Forming a deadly partnership with Georgie Scott, Roberts proved to be a revelation for Charlie Spencer's "Latics". He scored 46 goals in 42 league games in 1934–35, as Wigan won the Cheshire League title. He also hit six goals in the FA Cup, as the non-league side reached the Third Round of the competition, where they bowed out with a defeat at Millwall. He added eight goals in 15 league games the following season, but had already ensured himself a return to the Football League.
He joined Second Division side Port Vale for a large fee in December 1935. He hit 12 goals in 21 appearances in 1935–36, becoming the club's top-scorer despite playing only half of the season. His arrival proved to have come too late however, and the "Valiants" failed to escape the relegation zone, finishing one point behind Barnsley in 20th place. Roberts nevertheless proved himself to be a forward of some promise, scoring a hat-trick past Hull City in a 4–0 win at The Old Recreation Ground on 2 March, and also finding the net twice at Vetch Field and once at St James' Park.
Roberts was dropped from the first team in November of the 1936–37 season, but still managed to score eight goals in 16 appearances. Vale finished the season in 11th place in the Third Division North under the stewardship of former England international Warney Cresswell. Cresswell instead favoured a forward partnership of Tom Nolan and Tommy Ward, and also tried Syd Goodfellow in the number ten role.
Cresswell soon left the club for another management post, allowing Roberts to return the first eleven at the start of the 1937–38 campaign. He was once again prolific, scoring 28 league and two FA Cup goals in 40 competitive appearances. This record made him not only Port Vale's top-scorer, but also the Football League's joint-highest scorer, along with Everton's Tommy Lawton. During the campaign, Roberts hit all four goals in a home win over Barrow on 25 September, and also hit a hat-trick past Accrington Stanley in a 4–1 home win on 8 January. Despite his exploits in front of goal, Port Vale could only manage a 15th-place finish, and won just one of their 21 away games.
Port Vale were placed in the Third Division South in the 1938–39 season. Roberts scored only ten goals in 21 games, having been forced to miss much of the season after dislocating his shoulder in a 4–0 win over Bristol City on New Year's Eve. The club could only manage an 18th-place finish, they lost six of their next eight games following Roberts's injury, finding the net just four times. Nolan finished as the club's top-scorer with 17 goals, though outside of Nolan and Roberts there were no players with more than five league goals.
He guested for Wrexham in the autumn of 1939. He left Port Vale for good the following year to fight for the Allies in World War II. He scored a total of 74 goals in 118 competitive games in five years at the club.
World War II
During the war, Roberts enlisted in the Irish Guards and was captured in Tunisia on 25 March 1943. He managed to escape from an Italian prisoner-of-war camp in November 1943, walking 400 miles to freedom with a broken neck.
Statistics
Source:
References
Category:1910 births
Category:1985 deaths
Category:Footballers from Liverpool
Category:English footballers
Category:England amateur international footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Northern Nomads F.C. players
Category:Marine F.C. players
Category:Southport F.C. players
Category:Liverpool F.C. players
Category:Wigan Athletic F.C. players
Category:Port Vale F.C. players
Category:Wrexham F.C. wartime guest players
Category:English Football League players
Category:British Army personnel of World War II
Category:Irish Guards soldiers
Category:British World War II prisoners of war
Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Germany | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Maria Jastrzębska
Maria Jastrzębska (born 28 March 1953) is a Polish-British poet, feminist, editor, translator and playwright. She has published three full-length volumes of poetry and two pamphlets, and co-founded Queer Writing South and South Pole. She regularly contributes to a range of journals and anthologies, including the Los Angeles Review, Poetry Review, Shearsman and Poetry London.
Early life and education
Maria Jastrzębska was born in Warsaw and moved to the United Kingdom as a young child. She went to Ealing Grammar School for Girls, and the Lycée Français Charles de Gaulle, both in London. She later studied Developmental Psychology at the University of Sussex.
She has taught communication in further education, which included Youth Training Schemes, and also creative writing in adult education.
Literary career
Jastrzębska has been writing since she was very young; her first book, created before she could write, was entitled My Book and was filled with squiggles.
As a young adult, she began contributing to a range of feminist journals, including Spare Rib, Writing Women and Spinster.
Personal life
She lives with her partner in Brighton.
Works and themes
Jastrzębska's third full length collection is At The Library of Memories. She is the co-founder of Queer Writing South and South Pole and co-edited Queer in Brighton (New Writing South 2014) with Anthony Luvera. Her poetry features in the British Library project Poetry Between Two Worlds and her drama Dementia Diaries toured nationally to sell-out audiences ('like a piece of chamber music, and transcends … the literalness of language').
Jastrzębska's work focuses on borders and boundaries: between countries, cultures and languages, between social and sexual identities, health and illness. Her experience of arriving in the UK from Poland as a child, with having to adapt to a different language, culture and society, has informed all her written work. Poet and fellow ‘exile’ George Szirtes characterises says her "poems open out like adventures in a dual land that is both here and elsewhere".
Publications
Full-length collections
Postcards from Poland and Other Correspondences (1990, with Jola Scicinska)
Home from Home (2002)
Syrena (2004)
I'll be Back Before You Know it (2008)
Everyday Angels (2009)
At the Library of Memories (2014)
The True Story of Cowboy Hat and Ingénue (2018)
Play
Dementia Diaries (2011)
Anthologies
The New British Poetry, Paladin 1988
The Virago Book of Wicked Verse, Virago 1992,
Parents, Enitharmon, 2000
See How I Land – Oxford Poets & Refugees, Heaven Tree Press 2009
This Line Is Not For Turning: British Prose Poetry, Cinnamon Press 2011
This Assignment Is So Gay, Sibling Rivalry Press, USA, 2013
Hallelujah for 50ft Women, Bloodaxe 2015
Translated works
Cedry z Walpole Park (2015, with Anna Blasiak, Pawel Gawroriski and Wioletta Grzegorzewska)
Cutite vechi (2017, trans. Lidia Vianu)
Translations
Elsewhere, Iztok Osojnik, (with Ana Jeinikar) 2011
The Great Plan B, Justyna Bargielska 2017, Smokestack Press
Edited works
Whoosh! A Queer Writing South Anthology (with John McCullough)
Different and Beautiful. An Anthology of Writing by LGBT young people from Allsorts Youth Project
Queer in Brighton (2014, with Anthony Luvera)
References
Category:1953 births
Category:Living people
Category:Polish women poets
Category:Polish women dramatists and playwrights
Category:People from Warsaw
Category:People from Brighton
Category:Polish emigrants to the United Kingdom
Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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San Nicolas Island
San Nicolas Island (Tongva: Haraasnga) is the most remote of California's Channel Islands, located 61 miles (98 km) from the nearest point on the mainland coast. It is part of Ventura County. The 14,562 acre (58.93 km2 or 22.753 sq mi) island is currently controlled by the United States Navy and is used as a weapons testing and training facility, served by Naval Outlying Field San Nicolas Island. The uninhabited island is defined by the United States Census Bureau as Block Group 9, Census Tract 36.04 of Ventura County, California. The Nicoleño Native American tribe inhabited the island until 1835. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, the island has since remained officially uninhabited, though the census estimates that at least 200 military and civilian personnel live on the island at any given time. The island has a small airport, though the 10,000 foot runway is the second longest in Ventura County (slightly behind the 11,102 ft. at the Naval Air Station Point Mugu). Additionally, there are several buildings including telemetry reception antennas.
History
Archaeological evidence suggests that San Nicolas Island has been occupied by humans for at least 10,000 years. For thousands of years, San Nicolas was the home of the Nicoleño people, who were probably related to the Tongva of the mainland and Santa Catalina Island. It was named for Saint Nicholas by Spanish explorer Sebastián Vizcaíno after he sighted the island on the saint's feast day (December 6) in 1602. Russians called the island Ilmena, after the name of the ship that reached it. The Nicoleños were evacuated in the early 19th century by the padres of the California mission system. Within a few years of their removal from the island, the Nicoleño people and their unique language became extinct.
Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island
The most famous resident of San Nicolas Island was the "Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island", christened Juana Maria; her birth name was never known to anyone on the mainland. She was left behind (explanations for this vary) when the rest of the Nicoleños were moved to the mainland. She resided on the island alone for 18 years before she was found by Captain George Nidever and his crew in 1853 and taken to Santa Barbara. Her story is famously told in the award-winning children's novel Island of the Blue Dolphins by Scott O'Dell.
Whaling
The steam-schooner California and its two whale catchers Hawk and Port Saunders operated off San Nicolas in 1932 and 1937, catching about 30 fin whales off the island from October to early December in the former year.
Munitions testing
San Nicolas Island was one of eight candidate sites to detonate the first atomic bomb before White Sands Proving Ground was selected for the Trinity nuclear test. Between 1957 and 1973, and in 2004 and 2010, U.S. military research rockets were launched from San Nicolas Island. The launchpad was situated at . It remains part of the Pacific Missile Range.
San Nicolas Island currently serves as a detachment of Naval Base Ventura County. In addition to Port Hueneme and Point Mugu, San Nicolas Island is military-owned and operated.
Geography
Geology
Composed primarily of Eocene sandstone and shale, much of the island also has marine terrace deposits of Pleistocene age, indicating that it was probably completely submerged at that time. The entire western part of the island is covered with reddish-brown eolian dune deposits laid down during the early Holocene. In some places these deposits are more than 10 meters deep. Small quantities of volcanic rocks (primarily andesite) exist on the southeast end of the island.
Stone available to natives for tool making on San Nicolas Island was largely limited to metavolcanic (including porphyritic metavolcanic) and metasedimentary (mainly quartzite) rock. The metavolcanics are found in the form of cobbles within conglomerates and cobble-bearing mudstones. This material is dense and not easily workable.
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, San Nicolas Island features a semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with mediterranean characteristics. Winters are mild with an average temperature of in February, the coolest month and is the season where most of the precipitation falls. Summers are dry and warm with an average of in September, indicating a seasonal lag. Temperatures above are rare, occurring on 2 days per summer. The average annual precipitation is , with the wettest month being February and the driest month being August. On average, there are 36 days with measurable precipitation.
Biota
Flora
There is little ecological diversity on San Nicolas Island. The island was heavily grazed by sheep until they were removed in 1943. Overgrazing and erosion have removed much of the topsoil from the island. Despite the degradation, three endemic plants are found on the island: Astragalus traskiae, Eriogonum grande subspecies timorum, and Lomatium insulare.
The dominant plant community on the island is coastal bluff scrubland, with giant coreopsis (Coreopsis gigantea) and coyote brush (Baccharis pilularis) the most visible components. The few trees present today, including California fan palms (Washingtonia filifera) were introduced in modern times. However, early written accounts and the remains of ancient plants in the form of calcareous root casts indicate that, prior to 1860, brush covered a portion of the island.
Fauna
There are only three species of endemic land vertebrates on the island; the island night lizard (Xantusia riversiana), deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus exterus), and island fox (Urocyon littoralis dickeyi). Two other reptiles, the common side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana), and the southern alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinatus), were at one time thought to be endemic, but an analysis of mitochondrial DNA indicates that both species were most likely introduced in recent times.
More than 10 endemic molluscs are known only from San Nicolas Island. These are Binneya notabilis, Catinella rehderi, Haplotrema duranti duranti, Micrarionta feralis, Micrarionta micromphala, M. opuntia, M. sodalis, Nearctula rowellii longii, Sterkia clementina, and Xerarionta tyroni (ssp. tyroni and hemphilli).
Large numbers of birds can be found on San Nicolas Island. Two species are of particular ecological concern: the western gull (Larus occidentalis) and Brandt's cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), both of which are threatened by feral cats and island foxes.
The common housecat was one of the greatest threats to the island's wildlife until they were eradicated from the island. The cats killed cormorants, gulls, and the island night lizard. The Navy removed the cats in order to protect the birds' nesting areas. The cats arrived on the island before 1952, probably brought by navy officers that worked there. Many cats have been relocated to a specially prepared habitat in Ramona, in San Diego County. It is believed that there were no cats left by June 2010, but they were not officially declared eradicated until 2012. Eradication efforts took 18 months and cost $3 million.
References
External links
CNIC NBVC website
Rocket launches at San Nicolas Island
GlobalSecurity.org: San Nicolas Island
Photo of Juana Maria's Whalebone Hut
Category:Islands of the Channel Islands of California
Category:Islands of Ventura County, California
Category:Rocket launch sites in the United States
Category:Islands of Southern California
Category:Islands of California | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Astra International
Astra International is an Indonesian conglomerate.
It is Southeast Asia's largest independent automotive group. Operating predominantly in Indonesia, it is a provider of a full range of automobile and motorcycle products in partnerships with companies which include Toyota, Daihatsu, Isuzu, UD Trucks, Peugeot and BMW for automobiles, and Honda for motorcycles. Astra also has a strong presence in the automotive component sector through its subsidiary PT Astra Otoparts Tbk.
In addition, Astra has interests in financial services; heavy equipment and mining; agribusiness; infrastructure and logistics; and information technology. In financial services, Astra's businesses provide financial products and services to support its automotive and heavy equipment sales. The group is also involved in retail banking through a stake in PT Bank Permata Tbk.
See also
Astra Daihatsu Motor
Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia
Toyota Astra Motor
United Tractors
References
External links
Official website
Category:Financial services companies established in 1957
Category:1957 establishments in Indonesia
Category:Auto dealerships
Category:Companies based in Jakarta
Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1957
Category:Conglomerate companies of Indonesia
Category:Holding companies established in 1957
Category:Jardine Matheson Group
Category:Car manufacturers of Indonesia
Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1957 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1832 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania
The 1832 United States presidential election in Pennsylvania took place between November 2 and December 5, 1832, as part of the 1832 United States presidential election. Voters chose 30 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.
Pennsylvania voted for the Democratic candidate, Andrew Jackson, over the Anti-Masonic candidate, William Wirt. Jackson won Pennsylvania by a margin of 15.92%. National Republican candidate Henry Clay did not appear on the official ballot.
Although Martin Van Buren was nominated as Jackson's running mate nationally, Pennsylvania's 30 electors choose native William Wilkins as his running mate instead.
Results
Notes
References
Pennsylvania
1832
Category:1832 Pennsylvania elections | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Fabienne Pascaud
Fabienne Pascaud (born July 1, 1955) is a journalist, critic, and editor in chief for French publication Télérama. She is best known for her theater criticism.
References
Category:1955 births
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century French writers
Category:21st-century French writers
Category:French critics
Category:French women writers
Category:French journalists
Category:Chevaliers of the Légion d'honneur
Category:People from Paris | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Teck Whye LRT station
Teck Whye LRT station (BP4) is an LRT station on the Bukit Panjang LRT line in Singapore, located at the junctions of Bukit Batok Road, Choa Chu Kang Way and Choa Chu Kang Road.
Teck Whye is the name given to the station as it is near Teck Whye Heights, which is a cluster of HDB flats forming part of Choa Chu Kang along Teck Whye Avenue and Teck Whye Lane. This station is in the vicinity of ITE College West.
As of January 2017, Teck Whye station has Half-Height Platform Barriers installed at both platforms of the station.
References
External links
Category:Choa Chu Kang
Category:LRT stations of Bukit Panjang LRT Line
Category:Railway stations opened in 1999
Category:Light Rail Transit (Singapore) stations | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1985 in organized crime
Events
Frank "Flowers" D'Alfonso, an influential associate of the former Bruno crime family boss Angelo Bruno, is murdered by seven members, including soldier Eugene "Whip" Milano, belonging to Nicodemo "Little Nicky" Scarfo's organization for refusing to pay a street tax to Scarfo.
Massachusetts mobster Vincent Limoli is murdered on the orders of captain Vincent "The Animal" Ferrara.
February 25 - The leadership of New York's Five Families - The Commission, leaders Anthony "Fat Tony" Salerno (Genovese crime family) boss, Philip "Rusty" Rastelli (Bonanno crime family) boss, Colombo crime family boss Carmine "Junior" Persico, Colombo acting boss Gennaro "Jerry Lang" Langella, Paul "Big Pauly" Castellano (Gambino crime family) boss, Gambino underboss Aniello "The Lamb" Dellacroce, Anthony "Tony Ducks" Corallo (Lucchese crime family) boss, Lucchese underboss Salvatore "Tom Mix" Santoro, Lucchese consiglieri Christopher "Christy Tic" Furnari, Bonanno crime family soldier Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato and Colombo crime family soldier and "concrete club" overseer Ralph Scopo are indicted under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) by a federal grand jury for operating a criminal enterprise. Included in the indictment are violations under the Hobbs Act including extortion, labor racketeering and murder for hire, in the famous "Commission Case".
March 30 - The Sicilian Mafia boss Giuseppe "Pippo" Calo of the Porta Nuova family is arrested for money laundering, mafia association and organizing the bombing of a train in 1984.
May 11 - The leaders of the alleged New York's Five Families are charged by the Federal Bureau of Investigation as the result of a major prosecution into organized crime.
June 25 - Colombo crime family leader Carmine "Junior" Persico is charged with extortion and murder.
September - The Sicilian Mafia boss Pino Greco of the Ciaculli family is killed on the orders of Salvatore "Toto" Riina. Greco had become a very influential member of Cosa Nostra after the 1981-83 war who not only inspired fear, but also had a loyal following with the younger men of honor. This was seen as a threat to Riina's control and, with Greco's wartime service all but forgotten, he was considered expendable.
October 10 - Opening statements commence in the Federal trial United States of America v. Paul Castellano, et al.. Gambino boss Paul Big Pauly" Castellano and nine others were accused of operating an international auto-theft ring that shipped stolen cars to Kuwait and Puerto Rico, among other destinations. The defendants were also accused of committing five murders to protect the interests of the operation.
November 12 - Anthony "Bruno" Indelicato, a soldier in the Bonanno crime family, is charged with the gangland slayings of former Bonanno crime family boss Carmine "Lilo" Galante, capo Leonardo "Nardo" Coppolla, and soldier Giuseppe "Joe" Turano.
November 23 - Cleveland crime family boss James T. "Blackie" Licavoli dies of a heart attack at the age of 81 while serving a prison sentence at the Oxford Federal Correctional Institution in Oxford, Wisconsin.
December 2 - Aniello "Mr. Niel" Dellacroce, underboss of the Gambino crime family, dies of brain cancer. A protégé of Albert "The Mad Hatter" Anastasia (also a mentor to future Gambino leader John "Johnny Boy" Gotti), having been passed over for leadership of the organization for the less popular Paul Castellano and the fact that "Big Paul" didn't pay his last respects to his loyal underboss at the wake causes much animosity throughout the organization. Despite Dellacroce's wishes for its members to remain loyal to the boss, his death triggers a coup against boss Paul Castellano.
December 16 - Gambino crime family boss "Big" Paul Castellano is murdered, along with his new underboss and bodyguard Thomas "Tommy" Bilotti, outside of Manhattan's Sparks Steak House. John Gotti, the prime suspect in Castellano's assassination, quickly assumes leadership of the Gambino crime family.
December 19 - Michael Franzese, a top capo in the Colombo crime family, is indicted under the RICO Act in connection to selling gasoline to retailers while failing to pay federal, state, and local taxes. Franzese is the son of legendary Colombo Family member Jonn "Sonny" Franzese and is one of the biggest earners in Cosa Nostra history at one time making $5 million in cash per week for three years from his gasoline-bootlegging operations, delivering 30% to the Colombo hierarchy each week.
Arts and literature
Prizzi's Honor (film) starring Jack Nicholson.
Births
Deaths
Frank D'Alfonso "Frankie Flowers", Philadelphia crime family associate
Vincent Limoli, Massachusetts mobster
September - Pino Greco, Sicilian boss of the Ciaculli family and the favorite hitman of Salvatore Riina
December 2 - Aniello Dellacroce "Mr O'Neil"/"Polack", Gambino crime family underboss
December 16 - Thomas Bilotti "The Rug", Gambino crime family underboss
December 16 - Paul Castellano "Big Paul", Gambino crime family leader
Organized crime
Category:Years in organized crime | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Too Fast for Love
Too Fast for Love is the debut studio album by American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe. The first edition of 900 copies was released on November 10, 1981, on the band's original label Leathür Records. Elektra Records signed the band the following year, at which point the album was remixed and partially re-recorded. This re-release, with a different track listing and slightly different artwork (e.g., red lettering on the cover and a different interior photograph of the band), has become the standard version from which all later reissues derive. The re-recorded album also removed the song "Stick to Your Guns", though it is featured on a bonus track version of the album. The original mix of the album remained unreleased on CD until 2002, when it was included in the Music to Crash Your Car to: Vol. 1 box set compilation.
While the album only reached number 77 on the Billboard 200 album chart in the United States, it would ultimately reach platinum status.
The songs "Stick to Your Guns" and "Live Wire" were released as singles for the album. The cover is an homage to The Rolling Stones' 1971 album Sticky Fingers.
Release history
The first recording session was in October 1981, a half year after the band first played the Starwood nightclub. They recorded for a few days with engineer Avi Kipper at Hit City West, a small studio in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles.
There are three known vinyl pressings of the Leathür Records version, along with one known cassette. The first vinyl pressing had white lettering on the cover and the record label was white with black lettering. The back cover photo of Vince Neil shows him with a large airbrushed hairdo. The second pressing has red lettering on the cover and the record label is again white with black lettering. The second pressing has a slightly different photo insert of the band. The third pressing has red lettering on the cover and the record label is black with white lettering.
The album was remixed under the supervision of Roy Thomas Baker and rereleased on August 20, 1982, by Elektra Records, with whom the band signed its first recording contract. The Elektra version had a different track order and omitted "Stick to Your Guns", as well as the first verse from the title track. However, the initial release of the album on Elektra in Canada (on both vinyl and cassette) was not the remixed version, but instead the original Leathür version with an Elektra label on it, and it included "Stick to Your Guns". This was released two months before the remixed version was released by Elektra worldwide, because Mötley was about to embark on a Canadian tour and Elektra wanted to ensure a product was available while the band was in the country. When the remixed version was completed, later Canadian pressings were the same as the Elektra version everywhere else. "It was amazing because everyone had passed on us first time around…" Neil observed in 2000. "We were just happy that someone was prepared to mass-produce our records and that we could go out on real tours."
In 1996, Mötley and Elektra split. The band once again formed their own record company, Mötley Records, and rereleased all the albums before New Tattoo. The 2002 version of Too Fast for Love adds the Leathür version of "Too Fast for Love", "Stick To Your Guns" (omitted from the Elektra release), "Toast of the Town" (previously released as a b-side to Leathür's "Stick to Your Guns" single), the cover song "Tonight" and a live version of "Merry-Go-Round".
Reception
Too Fast for Love has received mostly positive reviews. AllMusic reviewer Steve Huey gave the album a rating of four stars and claims that "Mötley Crüe essentially comes across as a bash-'em-out bar band, making up in enthusiasm what they lack in technical skill". In 2017, it was ranked 22nd on Rolling Stone list of "100 Greatest Metal Albums of All Time".
Although released in late 1981, Too Fast for Love did not enter the Billboard 200 until 1983. "Stick to Your Guns" and "Live Wire" were released as singles to promote the album. "Public Enemy #1" and "Merry Go Around" were released as promo singles.
Too Fast for Love was also the earliest of seven consecutive Mötley Crüe studio albums to be certified gold or platinum by the RIAA―every album up to and including Generation Swine (1997) is at least certified gold.
Track listings
1981 Leathür Records original release
1982 Elektra version
Personnel
Mötley Crüe
Vince Neil – lead vocals
Mick Mars – guitars, backing vocals
Nikki Sixx – bass
Tommy Lee – drums, backing vocals
Production
Gleen Felt - engineer
Azi Kipper, Robert Battaglia - additional engineers
Michael Wagener - engineer, mixing
Jo Hansch - mastering
Bradley Gilderman - additional overdubs and edits
Gordon Fordyce - remixing
Roy Thomas Baker - remixing advisor
Certifications
References
Category:1981 debut albums
Category:Mötley Crüe albums
Category:Elektra Records albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tin Sein
Major General Tin Sein (, born 1926) is a Burmese military official and retired major general in the Myanmar Army. He has served as Deputy Minister of Defence of Myanmar under of Ne Win's cabinet.
Tin Sein's son, Nay Soe Maung married to Kyi Kyi Shwe, the daughter of Than Shwe, Myanmar's dictator and formerly head of a military junta.
References
Category:Burmese military personnel
Category:Government ministers of Myanmar
Category:Living people
Category:1926 births | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Marie Robertson
Marie Charlotte Robertson (born 14 April 1977) is a Swedish actress. She was born in Sunne, Sweden.
Filmography
Rederiet (TV, 1998)
Trettondagsafton (TV, 1999)
Tre kronor (TV, 1999)
Ett litet rött paket (TV, 1999)
Heartbreak Hotel (2006)
Rallybrudar (2008)
Playa del Sol (TV, 2009)
Saltön (TV, 2010)
Solsidan (TV, 2011)
Gränsen (2011)
Hur många lingon finns det i världen? (2011)
Real Humans (TV, 2012) : Bea/Beatrix Novak
Cockpit (2012)
External links
Category:1977 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Sunne Municipality
Category:Swedish film actresses
Category:Swedish television actresses
Category:20th-century Swedish actresses
Category:21st-century Swedish actresses | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
KHC Dragons
Koninklijke Hockey Club Dragons, also known as KHC Dragons or simply Dragons, is a Belgian field hockey club based in Brasschaat, Antwerp Province. The club was founded in 1946. Since the end of the eighties the club competes in Belgium's first tier, Honour Division.
History
HC Dragons was founded on the 26th of Octobre 1946 at Café Royal in Berchem. With only 11 members the club played recreational hockey in the Belgian lower divisions.
Before moving in 1961 to the present location in Brasschaat the club played on different fields around Antwerp. The club's turning point came in 1981 when Jacques Daems became the president of the club. It was his ambition that the club should be one of the best in Belgium. A few years later the club installed its first artificial turf and promoted in 1988 to the Honour Division. A year later the women's team promoted to the Honour Division as well.
In 1996 the club celebrated its 50th anniversary and changed its name to Koninklijke Hockey Club Dragons (Royal Hockey Club Dragons). Meanwhile, the club installed its second artificial turf and the club won its first silverware when the women's team won in 1994 the Belgian double.
Ather the first successes with the women's team, the men's team won its first championship in 1997. Ever since both Dragons men and women are considered Belgian top teams.
Together with the rise of Belgian hockey, Dragons flourished as well at the European level. After winning their 6th national title in 2010 Dragons participated for the first time in the Euro Hockey League. Beating the reigning UHC Hamburg. One year later Dragons won the Bronze medal and played the EHL final 2013.
Besides the successes, the club kept growing in numbers and added a third artificial turf in 2013. In 2015 Dragons was the host of the World League Semi Final and added even a fourth field. At the moment KHC Dragons counts 1500 members and is the biggest hockey club in Belgium.
Pronunciation
In English communication, the club is often pronounced in an English manner. Officially though, the club has to be pronounced in the French way (drʁagõ) without 's'.
Therefore, the Dragons (De Draken) is a nickname for the players. (sometimes female players are referred to as Dragonettes).
Men
Current squad
Women
Squad 2017–2018
Technical staff
Transfers
Notable players
Men's internationals
Women's internationals
Louise Cavenaile
Stephanie De Groof
Emily Beatty
Kate Lloyd
Shirley McCay
Chiara Tiddi
Honours
Men
Men's Belgian Hockey League: 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2010, 2011, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018
Belgian Cup : 1993, 2002, 2005
Belgian Indoor Championship : 1999
EuroHockey Club Champions Trophy : 2001
EuroHockey Cup Winners Trophy : 2003, 2005
Euro Hockey League : 2013 Runners Up Bronze Medal 2012, 2014, 2017
Women
Belgian Championship : 1994
Belgian Cup : 1994, 2005
Belgian Indoor Championship : 1997
References
Category:Belgian field hockey clubs
Category:1946 establishments in Belgium
Category:Field hockey clubs established in 1946
Category:Sport in Antwerp (province)
Category:Brasschaat | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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39th parallel
39th parallel may refer to:
39th parallel north, a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere
39th parallel south, a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hardington Moor
Hardington Moor () is an 8.7 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest between Hardington Mandeville and West Coker in Somerset, notified in 1994.
Hardington Moor National Nature Reserve covers partly calcareous clay-rich soils on sloping ground and comprises three meadows surrounded by established hedges. The meadows are examples of species-rich unimproved neutral grassland, which is now nationally rare. The rare French oat-grass is very abundant on the site and the fields are home to a wide variety of plant species, most notably adder's tongue, corky-fruited water-dropwort and large numbers of green-winged orchid. Invertebrates found at the site include butterflies such as gatekeeper, small tortoiseshell and common blue. Less commonly seen are large skipper, green-veined white and green hairstreak.
References
Sources
English Nature citation sheet for the site (accessed 9 August 2006)
External links
English Nature website (SSSI information)
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1994
Category:National nature reserves in Somerset | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Thermae Basilicae
Thermae Basilicae was a town in the Roman province of Cappadocia Prima. Accordingly, its bishopric, which is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees, was a suffragan of Caesarea in Cappadocia, the capital of the province.
Description
The town is mentioned as Therma by Hierocles (Synecdemus, 699, 2) and is quite probably to be identified with Aquae Sarvenae, which the Tabula Peutingeriana places on the road between Tavium and Caesarea, and with Sarvena, a city described on an inscription and by Ptolemy (V, 6, 12). This would be today Terzili Hammam, a village about 60 miles north of Caesarea, where there are hot mineral sulphur waters, still frequented. A part of the building containing the baths is of Roman construction; a Christian inscription has been found thereon.
Down to the 13th century, the Notitiae episcopatuum describe the see as the first suffragan of Caesarea. Perhaps there was a bishop from the time of St. Basil; in any case four others are mentioned: Firminus, present at the Council of Chalcedon, 451; Photinus, at a Council of Constantinople in 459; Musonius, exiled by Justin I, about 518; Theodore, present at the Sixth Ecumenical Council of Constantinople, 681, and at the Council in Trullo, 692,
References
Category:Catholic titular sees in Asia
Category:Historical regions
Category:History of Turkey | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Rhinocapsus vanduzeei
Rhinocapsus vanduzeei, the azalea plant bug, is a species of plant bug in the family Miridae. It is found in North America.
References
Further reading
External links
Category:Phylini
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Insects described in 1890 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Yair Mundlak
Yair Mundlak (1927 - October 20, 2015) was an Israeli-American economist. He was a former professor at the University of Chicago and Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
References
Category:1927 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:Israeli economists
Category:Agricultural economists
Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni
Category:University of California, Davis alumni
Category:Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty
Category:University of Chicago faculty
Category:Fellows of the Econometric Society | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Two Man Sound
Two Man Sound was a Belgian pop trio of the 1970s. Their style combined the disco music typical of the era with samba and bossa nova. Their signature hits were 1975 "Charlie Brown" and a Latin track called "Disco Samba", released in 1977. "Charlie Brown" was a success in Belgium and Italy but never broke the United Kingdom charts. The medley of Brazilian pop songs "Disco Samba" became a huge European hit in the early 1980s, with repeated hit-listings in euro-charts from 1983 through 1986 as well as the official Reza family song. Always in 1977, on the US Dance chart, the single "Capital Tropical" was the most successful of two entries peaking at #11. In 1979, another their samba song "Que Tal America" became an "underground disco anthem" in North America.
Other projects
Band members Lacomblez and Deprijck were also record producers and songwriters who penned the international 1977 hit "Ça plane pour moi" for fellow Belgian artist Plastic Bertrand. Deprijck, who was also producer on "Ça plane pour moi", appeared under numerous other pseudonyms during his career; finding fame in several European countries for his work with "Lou and the Hollywood Bananas" who produced the minor 1978 ska hit, "Kingston, Kingston". Two Man Sound's 1979 track "Que Tal America" was a minor hit (no. 46) in the UK Singles Chart.
Group members
Lou Deprijck
Sylvain Vanholme, formerly of Wallace Collection
Yvan Lacomblez, often known by the nickname "Pipou"
Discography
1972 - Rubro Negro (Pink Elephant)
1973 - Vini Vini (Pink Elephant)
1976 - Charlie Brown (WEA)
1977 - Oye Come Va (WEA)
1978 - Disco Samba (Vogue) distributed by JDC Records
1979 - Que Tal America (Vogue)
1980 - Two Man Sound (Vogue)
1990 - The Best of... (CD, Ariola Records)
References
External links
Charlie Brown video
Category:Belgian musical trios
Category:Belgian pop music groups | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Forty-Eighters (disambiguation)
Forty-Eighters may refer to:
Forty-Eighters, European supporters of the Revolutions of 1848
Forty-Eighters, participants in the American liberal political organization, the Committee of 48 (1919–24)
See also
Forty and Eight veterans organization in the United States | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Heishui
Heishui (Chinese: , lit. "Blackwater") may refer to:
the Hei River or Heishui, the headwaters of the Ruo Shui in Gansu & Inner Mongolia
the Dan River in Shaanxi, formerly known as the Heishui
the Jinsha River in Qinghai & Sichuan, formerly known as the Heishui
Heishui County, Sichuan
the Amur River in Manchuria, formerly known as the Heishui
Heishui Mohe, a tribe in Heilongjiang
Heishui, Liaoning, a town
Heishui, Jilin, a town
zh:黑水 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Sabah Native Co-operation Party
The Sabah Native Co-operation Party (, abbreviated ANAK NEGERI) is a political party in Malaysia focussing on Sabah. The party former name is Sabah People's Co-operation Party or (PAKAR) and prior to its establishment the party intended to contest in the 2013 Malaysian general election but its registration was not approved until November 2013.
Following its recognition by the Registry of Societies (RoS) in 2017, the party contested in the 2018 Malaysian general election. The party also sign political pact with Love Sabah Party (PCS) with the ultimate goal to restore the rights, dignity and identity of the ‘Anak Negeri’ (native) or the firstborn in the state of Sabah.
See also
Politics of Malaysia
List of political parties in Malaysia
References
Category:Political parties in Sabah
Category:Political parties established in 2013
Category:2013 establishments in Malaysia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gregory Day
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| notableworks = The Patron Saint of Eels, The Flash Road: Scenes From The Building Of The Great Ocean Road, Archipelago Of Souls
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Gregory Day is an Australian novelist, poet and musician.
Life
Gregory Day is a novelist, poet and musician based in Victoria, Australia. He is well known for his Mangowak novels, which document generational, demographic and environmental change on the 21st century coast of southwest Victoria, Australia, and also for novels such as Archipelago of Souls and A Sand Archive, which explore the possibilities of finding the right balance between nature and culture through investigating the experience of the Australian character abroad. He has also been much acclaimed for his musical compositions and field recordings, notably his settings and singing of the poetry of William Butler Yeats on the album The Black Tower, and his project The Flash Road, which narrates, in a sung and highly chorographic style, the building of the Great Ocean Road in southwest Victoria in the years following The Great War.
Awards and nominations
Commonwealth Writers Prize, South East Asia and South Pacific Region, Best First Book, 2006: The Patron Saint of Eels — shortlisted
Australian Literature Society Gold Medal, 2006: The Patron Saint of Eels — winner
New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards, Christina Stead Prize for Fiction, 2008: Ron McCoy's Sea of Diamonds: A Novel — shortlisted
Elizabeth Jolley Short Story Prize, 2011: The Neighbour's Beans — winner
Manly Artist Book Award, 2017: A Smile at Arm's Length — winner
Tasmanian Premier's Literary Prizes, Tasmania Book Prize, 2017: Archipelago of Souls — shortlisted
Nature Conservancy, Australia Nature Writing Prize, 2019: Summer On The Painkalac — shortlisted
Miles Franklin Award 2019: A Sand Archive — shortlisted
Bibliography
Novels
The Patron Saint of Eels (2005)
Ron McCoy's Sea of Diamonds (2007)
The Grand Hotel (2010)
Archipelago of Souls (2015)
A Sand Archive (2018)
Artist Book
visitors - with Jiri Tibor Novak (2012)
A Smile At Arm's Length — with Jiri Tibor Novak (2016)
Poetry
Six Different Ways (1999) — with Kieran Carroll and Michael Farrell etc.
Trace (in collaboration with photographer Robert Ashton) (2003)
A Smile At Arm's Length (2016)
Music
Untitled Red: No Evangelism (1992)
Barroworn: Mangowak Days (1995)
The Black Tower: Songs From The Poetry of W. B. Yeats (1998)
Trace soundtrack with Silver Ray (2003)
The Flash Road: Scenes From The Building Of The Great Ocean Road (2005)
The Ampliphones: Emotional Patterns of a New Climate (2015)
Personal Essays on Writing Fiction
The Ocean Last Night*
One True Note: The Meaning of Sound in the Language of Place"
Otway Taenarum"
Interviews
"ABC Radio National Books and Arts" July 2015
"ABC Radio National Book Show" - 21 May 2008
Selected newspaper features and literary criticism
Tabucchi's Marmalade In The Hotel Doma on Crete"
Through The Prism Of Ancient Practice"
Betraying The Loch"
On Michael Schmidt's The Novel"
The Submerged Moon - Nora Webster by Colm Toibin"
Arthur Streeton In Lorne"
To Know Calvino"
Walter Benjamin A Critical Life"
On Chris Andrews and Roberto Bolano"
Song Of The Magpie"
A Duty To Jenny"
Pathways Of Cezanne and Morandi"
Hovering Around A Tiny Island Paradise"
References
Category:21st-century Australian novelists
Category:Australian male novelists
Category:Australian poets
Category:Australian songwriters
Category:Living people
Category:ALS Gold Medal winners
Category:21st-century Australian male writers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Assainvillers
Assainvillers is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
See also
Communes of the Somme department
References
INSEE
Category:Communes of Somme (department) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (Somalia)
The Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation (MOPIC) () is a government ministry responsible for socioeconomic planning and statistics management in Somalia. The current Minister is Jamal Mohamed Hassan.
Mission
Duties and Responsibilities
Ministry consists of four parts; the General Directorate of Planning, the National Institute of Statistics, International Cooperation and Monitaring and Evaluation.
See also
Census
Demographics
References
Somalia
Category:Government ministries of Somalia
Category:1960 establishments in Somalia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Ransom Township, Michigan
Ransom Township is a civil township of Hillsdale County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 982 at the 2000 census.
Communities
Ransom is an unincorporated community within the township at .
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of , of which is land and (0.20%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 982 people, 324 households, and 256 families residing in the township. The population density was 32.6 per square mile (12.6/km²). There were 353 housing units at an average density of 11.7 per square mile (4.5/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 98.07% white, 0.10% Asian, 0.41% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.43% of the population.
There were 324 households out of which 40.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.5% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.7% were non-families. 17.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.97 and the average family size was 3.34.
In the township the population was spread out with 31.6% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.1 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $40,069, and the median income for a family was $43,264. Males had a median income of $31,806 versus $22,438 for females. The per capita income for the township was $15,904. About 8.0% of families and 13.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.9% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.
Transportation
Trunk Line Bridge No. 237, located in the township, is an arch bridge listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Built in 1918, it carries Burt Road over Silver Creek.
References
Category:Townships in Hillsdale County, Michigan
Category:Townships in Michigan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Women in early modern Scotland
Women in early modern Scotland, between the Renaissance of the early sixteenth century and the beginnings of industrialisation in the mid-eighteenth century, were part of a patriarchal society, though the enforcement of this social order was not absolute in all aspects. Women retained their family surnames at marriage and did not join their husband's kin groups. In higher social ranks, marriages were often political in nature and the subject of complex negotiations in which women as matchmakers or mothers could play a major part. Women were a major part of the workforce, with many unmarried women acting as farm servants and married women playing a part in all the major agricultural tasks, particularly during harvest. Widows could be found keeping schools, brewing ale and trading, but many at the bottom of society lived a marginal existence.
Women had limited access to formal education and girls benefited less than boys from the expansion of the parish school system. Some women were taught reading, domestic tasks, but often not writing. In noble households some received a private education and some female literary figures emerged from the seventeenth century. Religion may have been particularly important as a means of expression for women and from the seventeenth century women may have had greater opportunities for religious participation in movements outside of the established kirk. Women had very little legal status at the beginning of the period, unable to act as witnesses or legally responsible for their own actions. From the mid-sixteenth century they were increasingly criminalised, with statutes allowing them to be prosecuted for infanticide and as witches. Seventy-five per cent of an estimated 6,000 individuals prosecuted for witchcraft between 1563 and 1736 were women and perhaps 1,500 were executed. As a result, some historians have seen this period as characterised by increasing concern with women and attempts to control and constrain them.
Status
Early modern Scotland was a patriarchal society, in which men had total authority over women. From the 1560s the post-Reformation marriage service underlined this by stating that a wife "is in subjection and under governance of her husband, so long as they both continue alive". As was common in Western Europe, Scottish society stressed a daughter's duties to her father, a wife's duties to her husband and the virtues of chastity and obedience. Given very high mortality rates, women could inherit important responsibilities from their fathers and from their husbands as widows. Evidence from towns indicates that around one in five households were headed by women, often continuing an existing business interest. In noble society, widowhood created some very wealthy and powerful women, including Catherine Campbell, who became the richest widow in the kingdom when her husband, the ninth earl of Crawford, died in 1558 and the twice-widowed Margaret Ker, dowager lady Yester, described in 1635 as having "the greatest conjunct fie [fiefdom] that any lady hes in Scotland".
In politics the theory of patriarchy was complicated by regencies led by Margaret Tudor and Mary of Guise and by the advent of a regnant queen in Mary, Queen of Scots from 1561. Concerns over this threat to male authority were exemplified by John Knox's The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women (1558), which advocated the deposition of all reigning queens. Most of the political nation took a pragmatic view of the situation, accepting Mary as queen, but the strains that this paradox created may have played a part in the later difficulties of the reign. How exactly patriarchy worked in practice is difficult to discern. Scottish women in this period had something of a reputation among foreign observers for being forthright individuals, with the Spanish ambassador to the court of James IV noting that they were "absolute mistresses of their houses and even their husbands".
Family and marriage
Unlike in England, where kinship was predominately cognatic (derived through both males and females), in Scotland kinship was agnatic, with members of a group sharing a (sometimes fictional) common ancestor. Women retained their original surname at marriage, symbolising that they did not join their husband's kin, and marriages were intended to create friendship between kin groups, rather than a new bond of kinship. Women could marry from the age of 12 (while for boys it was from 14) and, while many girls from the social elite married in their teens, most in the Lowlands only married after a period of life-cycle service, in their twenties, by which they accrued resources, status and skills that would allow them to establish a household. Normally marriage followed handfasting, a period of betrothal, which in the Highlands may have effectively been a period of trial marriage, in which sexual activity may have been accepted as legitimate. Highland women, based on the higher birth rate of the Highlands, might have married earlier than their Lowland counterparts.
Marriages, particularly higher in society, were often political in nature and the subject of complex negotiations over the tocher (dowry). Some mothers took a leading role in negotiating marriages, as Lady Glenorchy did for her children in the 1560s and 1570s, or as matchmakers, finding suitable and compatible partners for others. Before the Reformation, the extensive marriage bars for kinship meant that most noble marriages necessitated a papal dispensation, which could later be used as grounds for annulment if the marriage proved politically or personally inconvenient, although there was no divorce as such. Separation from bed and board was allowed in exceptional circumstances, usually adultery. Under the reformed Kirk, divorce was allowed on grounds of adultery, or of desertion. Scotland was one of the first countries to allow desertion as legal grounds for divorce and, unlike England, divorce cases were initiated relatively far down the social scale.
Work
Women acted as an important part of the workforce. In addition to the domestic tasks carried out by wives and female servants, many unmarried women worked away from their families as farm servants and married women worked with their husbands around the farm, taking part in all the major agricultural tasks. They had a particular role as shearers in the harvest, forming most of the reaping team of the bandwin. Women also played an important part in the expanding textile industries, spinning and setting up warps for men to weave. In the Highlands they may have been even more significant as there is evidence that many men considered agricultural work to be beneath their status and in places they may have formed the majority of the rural workforce. There were roles that were the preserve of women alone, including as midwives and wet-nurses. There is evidence of single women engaging in independent economic activity, particularly for widows, who can be found keeping schools, brewing ale and trading. Some were highly successful, like Janet Fockart, an Edinburgh Wadwife or moneylender, who had been left a widow with seven children after her third husband's suicide, and who managed her business affairs so successfully that she had amassed a moveable estate of £22,000 by her death in the late sixteenth century. Lower down the social scale the rolls of poor relief indicate that large numbers of widows with children endured a marginal existence and were particularly vulnerable in times of economic hardship. "Masterless women", who had no responsible fathers or husbands may have made up as much as 18 per cent of all households and particularly worried authorities who gave instructions to take particular notice of them.
Education and writing
By the end of the fifteenth century, Edinburgh had schools for girls, sometimes described as "sewing schools", and probably taught by lay women or nuns. There was also the development of private tuition in the families of lords and wealthy burghers, which may have extended to women. From the mid-seventeenth century there were boarding schools for girls, particularly in Edinburgh or London. These were often family-sized institutions headed by women. Initially these were aimed at the girls of noble households, but by the eighteenth century there were complaints that the daughters of traders and craftsmen were following their social superiors into these institutions. By the eighteenth century many poorer girls were being taught in dame schools, informally set up by a widow or spinster to teach reading, sewing and cooking.
The widespread belief in the limited intellectual and moral capacity of women, vied with a desire, intensified after the Reformation, for women to take personal moral responsibility, particularly as wives and mothers. In Protestantism this necessitated an ability to learn and understand the catechism and even to be able to independently read the Bible, but most commentators, even those that tended to encourage the education of girls, thought they should not receive the same academic education as boys. In the lower ranks of society, they benefited from the expansion of the parish schools system that took place after the Reformation, but were usually outnumbered by boys, often taught separately, for a shorter time and to a lower level. They were frequently taught reading, sewing and knitting, but not writing. Female illiteracy rates based on signatures among female servants were around 90 per cent, from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth centuries and perhaps 85 per cent for women of all ranks by 1750, compared with 35 per cent for men.
Among the nobility there were many educated and cultured women, of which Queen Mary is the most obvious example. By the early eighteenth century their education was expected to include basic literacy and numeracy, musical instruments (including lute, viol and keyboard), needlework, cookery and household management, while polite accomplishments and piety were also emphasised. From the seventeenth century they were some notable aristocratic female writers. The first book written by a woman and published in Scotland was Elizabeth Melville's Ane Godlie Dreame in 1603. Later major figures included Lady Elizabeth Wardlaw (1627–1727) and Lady Grizel Baillie (1645–1746). There are 50 autobiographies extant from the late seventeenth to the early eighteenth century, of which 16 were written by women, all of which are largely religious in content.
Religion
Historian Katharine Glover argues that women had less means of public participation than men and that as a result piety and an active religious life may have been more important for women from the social elite. Church going played an important part in the lives of many women. Women were largely excluded from the administration of the kirk, but when heads of households voted on the appointment of a new minister some parishes allowed women in that position to participate.
The upheavals of the seventeenth century saw women autonomously participating in radical religion. The most prominent examples were the women who threw their cuttie-stools at the dean who was reading the new "English" service book in St. Giles Cathedral in 1637, precipitating the Bishop's Wars (1639–40), between the Presbyterian Covenanters and the king, who favoured an episcopalian structure in the church, similar to that in England. They were later said to have been led by Edinburgh woman Jenny Geddes. According to R. A. Houston, women probably had more freedom of expression and control over their spiritual destiny in groups outside the established church such the Quakers, who had a presence in the country from the mid-seventeenth century. The principle of male authority could be challenged when women chose different religious leaders from their husbands and fathers. Among the Cameronians, who broke away from the kirk when episcopalianism was re-established at the Restoration in 1660, several reports indicate that women could preach and excommunicate, but not baptise. Several women are known to have been executed for their part in the movement.
Crime and the law
At the beginning of the period, women had a very limited legal status. A married woman had few property rights and could not make a will without her husband's permission, although jurists expected this to be given. Men had considerable latitude in disciplining the women under their authority and although a handful of cases turn up in higher courts, and the kirk session did intervene to protect women from domestic abuse, it was usually only when the abuse began to disturb public order. The criminal courts refused to recognise women as witnesses, or as independent criminals, and responsibly for their actions was assumed to lie with their husbands, fathers and kin. As a result, a married woman could not sell property, sue in court or make contracts without her husband's permission.
In the post-Reformation period there was a criminalisation of women. Women were disciplined in kirk sessions and civil courts for stereotypical offenses including scolding and prostitution, which were seen as deviant, rather than criminal. Through the 1640s there were independent commissions set up to try women for child murder and, after pressure from the kirk, a law of 1690 placed the presumption of guilt on a woman who concealed a pregnancy and birth and whose child later died. In the aftermath of the initial Reformation settlement, Parliament passed the Witchcraft Act 1563, similar to that passed in England one year earlier, which made the practice of witchcraft itself and consulting with witches capital crimes. Between the passing of the act and its repeal in 1736, an estimated 6,000 persons were tried for witchcraft in Scotland. Most of the accused, some 75 per cent, were women, with over 1,500 executed, and the witch hunt in Scotland has been seen as a means of controlling women. Various reasons for the Scottish witch-hunt, and its more intense nature than that in England, have been advanced by historians. Many of the major periods of prosecution coincided with periods of intense economic distress and some accusations may have followed the withdrawal of charity from marginal figures, particularly the single women that made up many of the accused. Changing attitudes to women, particularly in the reformed kirk, which may have perceived women as more of a moral threat, have also been noted. The proliferation of partial explanations for the witch hunt has led some historians to proffer the concept of "associated circumstances", rather than one single significant cause.
See also
Scottish people
Women in Medieval Scotland
Women in the Victorian era
References
Notes
Bibliography
Bawcutt, P. J. and Williams, J. H., A Companion to Medieval Scottish Poetry (Woodbridge: Brewer, 2006), .
Bennett, M., The Civil Wars Experienced: Britain and Ireland, 1638–1661 (London: Routledge, 2005), .
Brown, K., Noble Society in Scotland: Wealth, Family and Culture from Reformation to Revolution (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004), .
Brown, S. J., "Religion and society to c. 1900", in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), .
Crawford, R., Scotland's Books: a History of Scottish Literature (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), .
Dawson, J. E. A., Scotland Re-Formed, 1488–1587 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2007), .
Dennison, E. P., "Women: 1 to 1700", in M. Lynch, ed., The Oxford Companion to Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), .
Edwards, K. A., "Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart Scotland", in K. Cartwright, A Companion to Tudor Literature Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture (Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), .
Ewen, E., "The early modern family" in T. M. Devine and J. Wormald, eds, The Oxford Handbook of Modern Scottish History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), .
Gatherer, B., "Scottish teachers", in T. G. K. Bryce and W. M. Humes, eds, Scottish Education: Post-Devolution (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2nd edn., 2003), .
Glover, K., Elite Women and Polite Society in Eighteenth-Century Scotland (Boydell Press, 2011), .
Greaves, R. L., Secrets of the Kingdom: British Radicals from the Popish Plot to the Revolution of 1688–1689 (Stanford University Press, 1992), , p. 75.
Houston, R. A., "Women in the economy and society in Scotland" in R. A. Houston and I. D. Whyte, ed., Scottish Society, 1500–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), .
Houston, R. A., Scottish Literacy and the Scottish Identity: Illiteracy and Society in Scotland and Northern England, 1600–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), .
Kilday, A.-M., Women and Violent Crime in Enlightenment Scotland (London: Boydell & Brewer, 2007), .
Lynch, M., "Preaching to the converted?: perspectives on the Scottish Reformation", in A. Alasdair A. MacDonald, M. Lynch and I. B. Cowan, The Renaissance in Scotland: Studies in Literature, Religion, History, and Culture Offered to John Durkhan (BRILL, 1994), .
Lynch, M., Scotland: A New History (Random House, 2011), .
Lynch, M., The Early Modern Town in Scotland (London: Taylor & Francis, 1987), .
Mackinnon, D., "'I now have a book of songs of her writing': Scottish families, orality, literacy and the transmission of musical culture c. 1500-c. 1800", in E. Ewan and J. Nugent, Finding the Family in Medieval and Early Modern Scotland (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008), .
Martin, L., "The Devil and the domestic: witchcraft, quarrels and women's work in Scotland", in J. Goodare, ed., The Scottish Witch-Hunt in Context (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), ..
Mitchison, R., Lordship to Patronage, Scotland 1603–1745 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983), .
Mortimer, I., The Time Traveller's Guide to Elizabethan England (Random House, 2012), , p. 70.
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Category:Early Modern Scotland
Category:16th-century Scottish women
Category:Social history of Scotland
Early modern
Category:17th-century Scottish women | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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George Moloney (disambiguation)
George Moloney (1909–1983) was an Australian rules footballer for Claremont and Geelong.
George Moloney may also refer to three other Australian rules footballers:
George Moloney (footballer, born 1894) (1894–1959), played for South Melbourne
George Moloney (footballer, born 1924) (1924–2005), played for South Melbourne
George Moloney (footballer, born 1939) (born 1939), played for Essendon
See also
George Maloney (1928–2003), American baseball umpire | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ronald Reagan High School (San Antonio)
Ronald Reagan High School is a public high school located in the North East Independent School District in San Antonio, Texas, and named for U.S. President Ronald Reagan. The school serves a portion of Timberwood Park.
In 2013 Reagan was ranked fifth on Children at Risk's ranking of the top 10 high schools in Greater San Antonio.
History
San Antonio, like many Sun Belt cities, experienced explosive growth in its suburbs beginning in the early 1990s. This growth was particularly evident in affluent areas formed by people moving to the city. In Stone Oak and Sonterra north of Route 1604 and between the Blanco Road and US-281 corridors, this rapid growth caused severe overcrowding at nearby Winston Churchill High School. At the time Churchill was the farthest-north school in the North East Independent School District, and its student population grew to 3,400 at a school designed for not more than 2,500. The district recognized this problem, and included an allocation to build a new high school in the area as a part of its 1997 bond issue. The property for the school was purchased from descendants of rancher William Classen prior to passage of the bond issue.
After voters approved the bond issue, construction began on the campus. Spaw Glass was the general contractor for the project. The name "Ronald Reagan" was chosen by future students of the school (those currently in attendance at other North East schools) from a list selected by the district's Board of Trustees. A spirit committee selected the mascot "Rattlers" from three finalists and chose green, silver, and black as the school colors.
As construction nearing the end, problems with the tiling in some classrooms led to the discovery of a previously unknown spring under the foundation of the building. This caused cracks and potentially long-lasting damage to the brand new school. Despite this, Reagan opened to much fanfare in August 1999, although constructions issues related to the underground spring prevented use of some classroom facilities well into the school's first year.
The opening of Lady Bird Johnson High School in 2008 relieved overcrowding at Reagan as San Antonio's population continued booming in the early part of the 2000s .
Organization
Like most NEISD high schools, Reagan is organized into departments, each with an instructional dean or department head who oversees and organizes the activities and efforts of that department and reports to the administrative staff. Each department in turn consists either of a teacher who oversees a class schedule, or a sub-department (in the case of athletics, fine arts and foreign language), which can be made up of one or more teachers. Each class has an elected group of class officers with the student council senate presiding over the entire student body.
Academics
Classes are graded on a 100-point grading scale, and the grades students earn over their four-year high school career contribute to their ultimate class ranking. The 100-point grade is then converted to a four-point scale grade which appears on their high school transcripts. Special weights are attributed to classes based on their rigor. Advanced placement (AP) courses are weighted with a 29% increase in GPA, while pre-AP (honors) courses are weighted with a 15% increase in GPA. Less rigorous courses might actually count against the student.
NEISD does not award competitive honors to students – any student earning a GPA of 100 or higher is a summa cum laude graduate. In some schools, this can lead to a very large number of summa graduates (as many as 170) as a result of large graduating class sizes and the extra weight given to advanced placement classes. Cum laude, magna cum laude and summa cum laude awards are given based on the student's 100-point scale GPA upon graduation.
Band
The Ronald Reagan High School Marching Band has been in existence since the school was opened. The band has been placed in the finals at every regional entered since the opening of the school until 2009 under the direction of Levi Chavis. In 2009, the Reagan band missed BOA Arlington regional finals for the first time since they began competing on the BOA circuit. Not only does the Ronald Reagan Marching Band compete in the Texas University Interscholastic League marching competition held every other year, it also enters annually in various Bands of America events including the regionals in Arlington, Texas, and Houston, Texas, the Super Regional in San Antonio, as well as the Grand National BOA competition held in Indianapolis, Indiana. The band placed second in 2003 and 2005, eleventh in 2002 and 2012, and seventh in 2016. The band also participated in nationals in 2007, making semi-finals but missing finals. In 2006, Reagan tied for third in the state of Texas at the UIL State Marching Contest Finals. In 2012, Reagan placed third at the UIL State Marching Contest Prelims, and in 2014 the band placed 5th in the state. In 2018, the band placed second at BOA Super Regional San Antonio with their astounding show “Loop”. They are currently under the direction of Dan Morrison. The band has been selected to march in the 2018 Rose Parade in Pasadena, California and the 2019 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City. In 2019, the band was crowned the BOA San Antonio Super Regional Champion with their record-breaking show, "Secret World". With their finals performance, they achieved the highest BOA Regional score of all time, with a 97.3.
Perpetual Motion 2000
Out of the Box 2001
The Journey Within 2002*
Beyond Perimeters 2003*
Synergy 2004
You Never Know 2005*
Transitions 2006
It Chooses Me 2007*
En Garde 2008
Have You Got It In You? 2009
RE- 2010
Spaces 2011
Let It Shine 2012*
Epinicion 2013
Through The Hourglass 2014
Every(ONE) 2015
One Love 2016*
Us & Them 2017
Loop 2018
Secret World 2019
(Grand Nationals performance denoted with *)
Athletics
The Reagan Rattlers compete in these sports -
Baseball
Basketball
Cross Country
Football
Golf
Soccer
Softball
Swimming and Diving
Tennis
Track and Field
Volleyball
Wrestling
Lacrosse
Dance
Notable alumni
Trevor Knight (Class of 2012) — Former NFL Quarterback. Former Quarterback at Texas A&M and the University of Oklahoma.
Jeff Manship (Class of 2003) — MLB pitcher, currently a free agent
Brit Morin (Class of 2004) — CEO and Founder of Brit + Co.
Anthony Vasquez (Class of 2005) — Professional baseball player
Ty Summers (Class of 2014) — Current NFL Linebacker for the Green Bay Packers
References
Category:North East Independent School District high schools
Category:Educational institutions established in 1999
Category:High schools in San Antonio
Reagan
Category:1999 establishments in Texas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Toilets in Japan
Some toilets in Japan are more elaborate than toilets commonly found in other developed nations. The current state of the art for Western-style toilets in Japan is the bidet toilet, which, as of March 2016, is installed in 81% of Japanese households. In Japan, these bidets are commonly called washlets, a brand name of Toto Ltd., and include many advanced features rarely seen outside of Asia. The feature set commonly found on washlets are anal hygiene, bidet washing, seat warming, and deodorization. Japanese toilets are well known in popular culture and often parodied in comedic works set in Japan.
Terminology
The word is an abbreviated form of the English language word "toilet" and is used both for the toilet itself and for the room where it is located.
A common euphemism is . This is similar to the usage in US English of "washroom", which literally means a room where something is washed, and "toilet", which literally refers to the act of self-cleaning. (However, in Canada, “washroom” is equivalent to US “restroom.”) It is also common to see another loan translation, , on signs in department stores and supermarkets, as well as accompanying the public toilet pictogram.
The plain word for toilet is , from the word meaning "convenience" or "excrement", and this word is fairly common. It is often used in elementary schools, public swimming baths, and other such public places, and is not especially impolite, although some may prefer to use a more refined word. In many children's games, a child who is tagged "out" is sent to a special place, such as the middle of a circle, called the benjo. Japanese has many other words for places reserved for excretory functions, including kawaya (厠) and habakari (憚り), but most are rare or archaic.
The toilet itself—that is, the bowl or in-floor receptacle, the water tank, et cetera—is called benki (便器). The toilet seat is benza (便座). A potty, either for small children or for the elderly or infirm, is called omaru (sometimes written 御虎子).
The Japan Toilet Association celebrates an unofficial Toilet Day on November 10, because in Japan the numbers 11/10 (for the month and the day) can be read as ii-to(ire), which also means "Good Toilet".
Toto, an abbreviation of the company Tōyō Tōki (東洋陶器 Oriental Ceramics) which manufactures toilets, is used in Japanese comics for visually indicating toilets or other things that look like toilets.
Types of toilets
There are two styles of toilets commonly found in Japan; the oldest type is a simple squat toilet, which is still common in public conveniences. After World War II, modern Western-type flush toilets and urinals became common.
Squat toilet
The traditional Japanese-style (和式, washiki) toilet is a squat toilet—also known as the 'Asian Toilet,' as squat toilets of somewhat similar design are common all over Asia. A squat toilet differs from a Western toilet in both construction and method of employment. A squat toilet essentially looks like a miniature urinal set horizontally into the floor. Most squat toilets in Japan are made of porcelain, although in some cases (as on trains) stainless steel is used instead. The user squats over the toilet, facing the hemispherical hood, i.e., the wall in the back of the toilet in the picture seen on the right. A shallow trough collects the waste, instead of a large water-filled bowl as in a Western toilet. All other fixtures, such as the water tank, piping, and flushing mechanism, may be identical to those of a Western toilet. Flushing causes water to push the waste matter from the trough into a collecting reservoir which is then emptied, with the waste carried off into the sewer system. The flush is often operated in the same manner as a Western toilet, though some have pull handles or pedals instead. Many Japanese toilets have two kinds of flush: "small" (小) and "large" (大). The difference is in the amount of water used. The former is for urine (in Japanese, literally "small excretion") and the latter for feces ("large excretion"). The lever is often pushed to the "small" setting to provide a continuous covering noise for privacy, as discussed below.
A combination squat/Western toilet also exists, where a seat can be flipped down over a squat toilet, and the toilet can be used essentially the same way as the Western style. This hybrid seems to be common only in rural areas for the benefit of resident foreigners. Adapters that sit on top of the Japanese toilet to convert it to a functional sit-down toilet are much more common. There are also permanently installed extensions available to convert a squat toilet into a Western-style washlet.
There is a trend in Japan since the 1960s to replace squat toilets at schools and public places with sitting toilets. This trend is thought to accelerate in the run-up to the 2020 Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics.
Western-style
A flush toilet which has a pedestal for sitting is known in Japan as a toilet. Western-style toilets, including high tech toilets, are now more common in Japanese homes than the traditional squat toilets, though some older apartments retain stickers on the toilet or in its room illustrating the proper way to use it for urination and defecation. Many public toilets at schools, temples, and train stations are still equipped with only squat toilets. In their own homes, however, Japanese people prefer being able to sit, especially older or physically disabled individuals for whom prolonged squatting is physically demanding or uncomfortable.
Japanese bidets
The modern toilet in Japan, in English sometimes called Super Toilet, and commonly known in Japanese as or as is one of the most advanced types of toilet worldwide, showing a dazzling array of features. The Toto product Washlet Zoe is listed in Guinness World Records as the world's most sophisticated toilet, with seven functions. However, as the model was introduced in 1997, it is now likely to be inferior to the latest model by Toto, Neorest. The idea for the washlet came from abroad, and the first toilet seat with integrated bidet was produced in Switzerland by Closomat in 1957. The age of the high-tech toilet in Japan started in 1980 with the introduction of the Washlet G Series by Toto, and since then the product name washlet has been used to refer to all types of Japanese high-tech toilets. As of 2002, almost half of all private homes in Japan have such a toilet, exceeding the number of households with a personal computer. While the toilet looks like a Western-style toilet at first glance, there are numerous additional features—such as blow dryer, seat heating, massage options, water jet adjustments, automatic lid opening, automatic flushing, wireless control panel, room heating and air conditioning for the room—included either as part of the toilet or in the seat. These features can be accessed by an (often wireless) control panel attached to the seat or mounted on a nearby wall.
Basic features
The most basic feature is the integrated bidet, a nozzle the size of a pencil that comes out from underneath the toilet seat and squirts water. It has two settings: one for washing the anus and one for the bidet. The former is called posterior wash, general use, or family cleaning, and the latter is known as feminine cleaning, feminine wash or simply bidet. At no point does the nozzle actually touch the body of the user. The nozzle is also self-cleaning and cleans itself before and after operation. The user can select to wash the anus or vulva by pressing the corresponding button on the control panel. Usually the same nozzle is used for both operations, but at a different position of the nozzle head, and using different openings in the nozzle to squirt water at a different angle to aim for the correct spot. Occasionally, two nozzles are used, each dedicated for one area. The control logic is also attached to a pressure switch or a proximity sensor in the toilet seat, and operates only when the seat is occupied. The very first models did not include this automatic switch-off.
The seat-heating feature is very common, found even on toilets that lack the bidet features. As most Japanese homes lack central heating – instead using space heating – the bathroom may be only a few degrees above freezing in the winter.
Customization
Most high-tech toilets allow water temperature and water pressure to be adjusted to match the preferences of the user. By default, the vulva receives less pressure than the anus. Researchers in Japan have found that most users prefer a water temperature slightly above body temperature, with considered optimal. The nozzle position can also often be manually adjusted forward or aft. High-end washlets allow selection of vibrating and pulsating jets of water, claimed by manufacturers
to be beneficial for constipation and hemorrhoids. The most advanced washlets can mix the water jet with soap for an improved cleaning process.
The washlet can replace toilet paper completely, but many users opt to use both wash and paper in combination—although use of paper may be omitted for cleaning of the vulva. Some wipe before washing, some wash before wiping, some wash only, and some wipe only—each according to his/her preference. Another frequent feature is a blow dryer, often adjustable between 40 °C and 60 °C, used to dry the washed areas.
Advanced features
Other features may include a heated seat, which may be adjustable from 30 °C to 40 °C; an automatic lid equipped with a proximity sensor, which opens and closes based on the location of the user; and an air dryer and deodorizer. Some play music to relax the user's sphincter (some Inax toilets, for example, play the first few phrases of Op. 62 Nr. 6 Frühlingslied by Felix Mendelssohn). Other features are automatic flushing, automatic air deodorizing, and a germ-resistant surface. Some models specially designed for the elderly may include armrests and devices that help the user to stand back up after use. A soft close feature slows the toilet lid down while closing so the lid does not slam onto the seat, or in some models, the toilet lid will close automatically a certain time after flushing. The most recent introduction is the ozone deodorant system that can quickly eliminate smells. Also, the latest models store the times when the toilet is used and have a power-saving mode that warms the toilet seat only during times when the toilet is likely to be used based on historic usage patterns. Some toilets also glow in the dark or may even have air conditioning below the rim for hot summer days. Another recent innovation is intelligent sensors that detect someone standing in front of the toilet and initiate an automatic raising of the lid (if the person is facing away from the toilet) or the lid and seat together (if someone is facing the toilet).
Text explaining the controls of these toilets tends to be in Japanese only. Although many of the buttons often have pictograms, the flush button is often written only in Kanji, meaning that non-Japanese users may initially find it difficult to locate the correct button.
In January 2017, The Japan Sanitary Equipment Industry Association, a consortium of companies producing plumbing products including Toto Ltd., Panasonic, and Toshiba, has agreed to unify the iconography used on the often baffling control panels for Japanese toilets. The toilet manufacturers plan to implement the eight new pictogram on models released from this year onward, with a view to the system becoming an international standard.
Future developments
Recently, researchers have added medical sensors into these toilets, which can measure the blood sugar based on the urine, and also measure the pulse, blood pressure, and the body fat content of the user. Talking toilets that greet the user have also started being made. Other measurements are currently being researched. The data may automatically be sent to a doctor through a built-in internet-capable cellular telephone. However, these devices are still very rare in Japan, and their future commercial success is difficult to predict. A voice-operated toilet that understands verbal commands is under development. TOTO, NAiS (a division of Panasonic), and other companies also produce portable, battery-operated travel washlets, which must be filled with warm water before use.
Washlet Syndrome
The repetitive use of a "type water jet on a high-pressure setting for an enema, can weaken the capability for self-evacuation of the Washlet user, which can lead to more serious constipation."
If a Washlet high-pressure water jet is used on the anus repeatedly, it may cause excessive cleanliness, prompting other bacteria to adhere around the anus, causing skin disease (inflammation) around the anus. Some proctologists in Japan have named this or .
Urinals
Urinals in Japan are very similar to the urinals in the rest of the world, and mainly used for public male toilets or male toilets with a large number of users. They often are, however, mounted lower compared to urinals in the West.
Female urinals never caught on in Japan, although there were attempts made to popularize the American Sanistand female urinal by the Japanese toilet manufacturing company Toto between 1951 and 1968. This device was shaped like a cone and placed on the floor. However, those were never very popular, and only a few of them remain, including those underneath the now demolished National Olympic Stadium from the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, which was added to accommodate people from a wide range of cultures.
Japan-specific accessories
Toilets in Japan have very similar accessories as most toilets worldwide, including toilet paper, a toilet brush, a sink, etc. However, there are some Japan-specific accessories that are rarely found outside Japan.
The Sound Princess
Many Japanese women are embarrassed at the thought of being heard by others during urination (see paruresis). To cover the sound of bodily functions, many women used to flush public toilets continuously while using them, wasting a large amount of water in the process. As education campaigns did not stop this practice, a device was introduced in the 1980s that, after activation, produces the sound of flushing water without the need for actual flushing. A Toto brand name commonly found is the . This device is now routinely placed in most new public women's rooms, and many older public women's rooms have been upgraded. The Otohime may be either a separate battery-operated device attached to the wall of the toilet, or included in an existing washlet. The device is activated by pressing a button, or by the wave of a hand in front of a motion sensor. When activated, the device creates a loud flushing sound similar to a toilet being flushed. This sound either stops after a preset time or can be halted through a second press on the button. It is estimated that this saves up to of water per use. However, some women believe that the Otohime sounds artificial and prefer to use a continuous flushing of the toilet instead of the recorded flush of the Otohime.
Toilet slippers
In Japanese culture, there is a tendency to separate areas into clean and unclean, and the contact between these areas is minimized. For example, the inside of the house is considered a clean area, whereas the outside of the house is considered unclean. To keep the two areas separated, shoes are taken off before entering the house so that the unclean shoes do not touch the clean area inside of the house. Historically, toilets were located outside of the house, and shoes were worn for a trip to the toilet. Nowadays, the toilet is almost always inside the home and hygienic conditions have improved significantly, but the toilet is still considered an unclean area. To minimize contact between the unclean toilet floor and the clean floor in the rest of the house, many private homes and also some public toilets have in front of the toilet door that should be used when in the toilet and removed immediately after leaving the toilet. This also indicates if the toilet is in use. They can be as simple as a pair of rubber slippers, decorated slippers with prints of anime characters for small children, or even animal fur slippers. A frequent faux pas of foreigners is to forget to take off the toilet slippers after a visit to the restroom, and then use these in the non-toilet areas, hence mixing the clean and unclean areas.
Public toilets
Public toilets are usually readily available all over Japan, and can be found in department stores, supermarkets, book stores, CD shops, parks, most convenience stores, and in all but the most rural train stations. Some older public toilet buildings lack doors, meaning that men using the urinals are in full view of people walking past. Beginning in the 1990s, there has been a movement to make public toilets cleaner and more hospitable than they had been in the past.
The number of public restrooms that have both Western and squat types of toilets is increasing. Many train stations in the Tokyo area and public schools throughout Japan, for example, only have squat toilets. In addition, parks, temples, traditional Japanese restaurants, and older buildings typically only have squat toilets. Western-style toilets are usually indicated by the kanji characters 洋式 (yōshiki), the English words "Western-style", a symbol for the type of toilet, or any combination of the three. Handicapped bathrooms are always Western style.
Many public toilets do not have soap for washing hands, or towels for drying hands. Many people carry a handkerchief with them for such occasions, and some even carry soap. Some public toilets are fitted with powerful hand dryers to reduce the volume of waste generated from paper towels. Hand dryers and taps are sometimes installed with motion-sensors as an additional resource-saving measure.
Cultural aspects
In Japan, cleanliness is very important, and some Japanese words for "clean" can be used to describe beauty. The word kirei (きれい, 綺麗) can be defined as "pretty, beautiful; clean; pure; orderly". This may explain the success of the high-tech toilet with a built-in bidet. There is also a large market for deodorants and air fresheners that add a pleasant scent to the area.
In the often crowded living conditions of Japanese cities and with the lack of rooms that can be locked from inside in a traditional Japanese house, the toilet is one of the few rooms in the house that allows for privacy. Some toilet rooms are equipped with a bookshelf, in others people may enter with a newspaper, and some are even filled with character goods and posters. Even so, these toilets are, whenever possible, in rooms separate from those for bathing. This is due to the ethic in separating clean from unclean, and this fact is a selling point in properties for rent.
Both the traditional squat toilet and the high-tech toilet are a source of confusion for foreigners unaccustomed to these devices. There are humorous reports of individuals using a toilet, and randomly pressing buttons on the control panel either out of curiosity or in search for the flushing control, and suddenly to their horror receiving a jet of water directed at the genitals or anus. As the water jet continues for a few seconds after he jumps up, he also gets himself or the bathroom wet. Many Japanese toilets now feature pressure-sensitive seats that automatically shut off the bidet when the user arises. Many have the buttons labeled in English to reduce culture shock.
In January 2017, the Japan Sanitary Equipment Industry Association agreed to standardize the iconography used on control panels of Japanese toilets, in an attempt to reduce confusion of foreign visitors.
Environmental aspects
The environmental impact of modern style washlets differs from regular flush toilets. Modern toilets use less water than old toilets, and the self-cleaning options also reduce the amount of detergent. Some toilets even change the amount of water for the flush depending if the seat was flipped up (indicating male urination) or not. They also cause less toilet paper to be used. On the other hand, these toilets also consume energy, and are estimated to consume 5% of the energy of the average Japanese household. In rural areas, toilets that use very little or no water have also been designed. These are also considered as emergency toilets in case of earthquakes.
Economy
Washlets in Japan cost from US$200, with the majority priced around US$500 for washlet upgrades for existing Western-style toilets. Top-of-the-range washlets, including the ceramic bowl, can easily cost up to US$5,000.
Toto Ltd. is the largest producer of toilets, including washlets, worldwide. Washlets and other toilet related products are also produced by Inax, and Panasonic.
The total market worldwide for high-tech toilets was about US$800 million in 1997. The largest producer is Toto, with 65% of the market share, while the second largest is Inax at 25%. The main market for washlets is still in Japan, and TOTO reports that overseas sales account for just 5% of its revenue. The primary foreign market is China, where Toto sells over one million washlets each year. In the US for example, sales are well below Japanese levels, even though sales improved from 600 units per month in 2001 to 1,000 units per month in 2003. In Europe, Toto sells only 5,000 washlets annually. While most Europeans would probably regard Japanese washlets as quite a curiosity, the number of such toilets being installed in Europe is increasing. This is mainly for toilets for the handicapped. Depending on the type of disability, handicapped persons may have difficulties reaching the anus region to clean themselves after toilet use. Hence, the introduction of toilets with a water jet cleaner and blow dryer allows such persons to clean themselves without assistance.
There are several reasons for low sales outside of Japan. One main reason is that it takes time for customers to get used to the idea of a washlet. Sales in Japan were slow when the device was introduced in 1980. After some acclimatization, sales improved significantly starting in 1985. Around 1990, 10% of Japanese households had a washlet; this number increased to over 50% in 2002. Toto expects a corresponding improvement in foreign sales within a few years. Another reason is the lack of a power supply near the toilet. While virtually all Japanese washrooms have an electric outlet behind the toilet, many foreign bathrooms lack a nearby outlet. In Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, the UK, and many other countries, high current electrical outlets installed in close proximity to water, or where persons may be wet, are prohibited by codes due to health and safety reasons. Finally the outlet of the toilet (for S-type toilets) is max. 10–15 cm from back wall but Japanese toilets need it to be at least 30 cm so a S-type European toilet cannot be replaced easily with a Japanese toilet. They are much more expensive than traditional Western toilets. In Europe, there is competition of the traditional Western bidet, while North Americans are unaccustomed to bidets.
History
During the Jōmon period (1400 B.C. to 300 B.C.) settlements were built in a horseshoe shape, with a central plaza in the middle and garbage heaps around the settlement. In these garbage heaps, calcified fecal remains of humans or dogs, so called coprolites, were found, indicating that these garbage dumps were also used as toilets.
The earliest sewer systems are from the Yayoi period (300 BC to A.D. 250). These systems were used in larger settlements, probably in combination with toilets.
A possible ritual site, that may also have been a toilet using flowing water, dating back to the early 3rd century was found in Sakurai, Nara. Another cesspit analyzed by archaeologists in detail was found at the site of the Fujiwara Palace in Kashihara, Nara, the first location of the imperial city from 694 to 710. This toilet was constructed over an open pit similar to an outhouse.
During the Nara period (710 to 784), a drainage system was created in the capital in Nara, consisting of 10–15 cm wide streams where the user could squat over with one foot on each side of the stream. Wooden sticks called chūgi were used as a sort of toilet paper. In earlier days seaweed was used for cleaning, but by the Edo period, these had been replaced by toilet paper made of washi (traditional Japanese paper). In the mountainous regions, wooden scrapers and large leaves were used too.
Often, toilets were constructed over a running stream; one of the first known flushing toilets was found at Akita castle, dating back to the 8th century, with the toilet constructed over a diverted stream.
However, historically, pit toilets were more common, as they were easier to build and allowed the reuse of the feces as fertilizer—very important in a country where Buddhism and its associated mostly vegetarian, pescetarian lifestyle acted to reduce dependence on livestock for food. The waste products of rich people were sold at higher prices because their diet was better.
Various historic documents dating from the 9th century describe laws regarding the construction of fresh and waste water channels, and detail the disposal procedures for toilet waste.
Prisoners shall be directed to clean up sewage at the Palace and government offices as well as toilets of the east and west on the morning after a rainy night(Collected Interpretations of the Administrative Laws Ryo-no-shuge)
Selling human waste products as fertilizers became much less common after World War II, both for sanitary reasons and because of the proliferation of chemical fertilizers, and less than 1% is now used for fertilization. Because of this history, Japan had a much higher historical standard of hygiene. For example, in Japan, the orderly disposal of human waste was common. The first Westerner to visit Edo expressed his shock to see such a clean city.
In Okinawa, the toilet was often attached to the pig pen, and the pigs were fed with the human waste product. This practice was banned as unhygienic after World War II by the American authorities.
During the Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568 to 1600), the "Taiko Sewerage" was built around Osaka Castle, and it still exists and functions today. The use of modern sewage systems began in 1884, with the installation of the first brick and ceramic sewer in Kanda, Tokyo. More plumbing and sewage systems were installed after the Great Kantō earthquake to avoid diseases after future earthquakes. However, the construction of sewers increased only after World War II to cope with the waste products of the growing population centers. By the year 2000, 60% of the population was connected to a sewer system. The national Sewage Day is September 10.
Western-style toilets and urinals started to appear in Japan at the beginning of the 20th century, but only after World War II did their use become more widespread, due to the influence of the American occupation. The Occupation government eschewed the use of human excreta as fertilizer, which led to a sense of shame over this practice, and in rural areas where the practice had persisted, human waste quickly went from being recycled to being disposed of. Specific places where night soil continued to be recycled required conscious political leadership, such as the Shinkyō Commune in Nara Prefecture.
In 1977, the sale of Western-style toilets exceeded the sale of traditional squat toilets in Japan. Based on toilets with a built-in bidet from Switzerland and the US, the world's largest sanitary equipment company, TOTO, introduced the Washlet in 1980. Japanese companies currently produce some of the most advanced, high-tech toilets in the world.
See also
Science and technology in Japan
Mariko Aoki phenomenon, the urge to defecate while visiting a bookstore
TOTO Neorest 600
TOTO Drake II
References
External links
Article from The Japan Times Tokyo residents, foreigners on vacation, professors, and celebrities are interviewed about Japanese toilet use.
Tokyo Toilet Map with pictures of public toilets in Japan.
ToiletZone Picture of private toilets in Japan.
Toilets in Tokyo
Ito, Masami, "Toilets: Japan power behind throne", The Japan Times, 2 November 2010, p. 3.
トイレットペーパーのポータルサイト｜トイレットペーパーの歴史 History of toilet paper at Toiletpaper.co.jp. Retrieved March 28, 2011. Japanese-language site.
Toilet MP3 Akihabara News. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
Japanese manners : Toilet Hokkaido Japanese Language School.
Japanese Toilets
Category:Japanese home
Category:Japanese architectural features | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1989 Jordan League
Statistics of Jordan League in the 1989 season.
Overview
Al-Faysali won the championship.
League standings
References
RSSSF
Category:Jordan League seasons
Jordan
Jordan
football | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Godville
Godville is a mobile and desktop browser zero-player role-playing video game developed by Mikhail Platov and released on July 18, 2010. In the game, the player controls a character known as the god, who interacts with a character called the hero. The hero progresses in the video game without interaction with the player's god character. Reception to the game was positive, with the focus on its gameplay.
Gameplay
Godville is a zero-player game, which means it does not require interaction from the player for the game to progress. In the game, there is the hero-character, who is a non-player character, and there is the god-character, who is played by the player. The hero is a religious fanatic who uses a diary to communicate with the god, and occasionally needs a sign of the god's existence; the player uses the god-character to influence the hero positively or negatively using rewards and punishments, and sometimes direct communication.
The game is also a role-playing game, meaning the hero will wander his world, defeat monsters, find and use treasure and items, and sometimes lose to monsters and unfriendly non-player characters. The player names the hero. Over time, the hero levels up and learns special skills, and has his own personality as a result of his adventuring, as well as his interaction with the god. The game provides some items with enhanced abilities which the hero can use only with the god's involvement; the hero will sell these items even if they do "have some marvelous effect". The hero can also have a pet companion.
The game allows some limited player-vs-player interaction: the god can have the hero duel other heroes. The hero who wins takes some coins from the losing hero as well some of his items. The god can somewhat influence these duels, but sometimes the god's attempt aids the opposing god's hero instead of his own.
The game has day and night themes. After a period of time playing the game, the game enables the player to review the most-important events the hero has participated in since the last time the player checked the game.
The Russian version of the game in 2010, which was entirely in a web browser, had no graphics or sound.
Development and release
Mikhail Platov developed the video game as "a clear progeny of Progress Quest". A beta version of the game was announced in May 2010. The game was released for iPhone and iPod in July 2010 and shortly after for iPad; Android in March 2011 and for web browser a month later; Windows Phone in July 2013; and Apple Watch in 2015.
The game is free-to-play and connected to the Internet. Once their characters reach level 10, players can suggest updates to the game, which are then voted upon by the community of players for subsequent inclusion.
Themes
The game satirizes religion, the role-playing game genre, the massively-multiplayer online game genre, and video games in general. Occasionally, the hero will be philosophical.
Reception
On release, Eli Hodapp, editor-in-chief of TouchArcade, said that the game "sounds a little stupid" but that "it's surprisingly amusing without needing to actually do anything at all". Jim Sterling, writing for Destructoid, called Godville "a fun, funny, incredibly clever little game"; he later added in GamesRadar that it was "one of the most compelling, engaging, and addictive little bits of software out there". In 2012, Edge Online called the game "darkly rewarding in its meaningless levelling and incessant battles even before you take into account the smart writing", and was similarly addicted to "the promises of numbers that get larger and larger over time". In 2014, The New York Times said the game "has a wickedly funny side, and it will light up your imagination."
Hodapp said that the original adventures the character went on were repetitive, but that the developers had implemented a number of excellent community suggestions within the first month. The lack of control over the hero was appealing to Hodapp. He originally thought the game was novel and didn't expect it to last, but was surprised that he was still interested in the game years later, and likens checking the game to checking his email or Twitter feed.
NDTV compared the game favorably to Godus, another video game in the genre. Reviewers approved of the game on mobile platforms, including iPod Touch, iPhone, Apple Watch, and Android. It was also included in Mashable "11 Facebook Games You're Embarrassed to Admit You Play" list.
See also
Incremental game
References
Further reading
External links
Category:2010 video games
Category:Android (operating system) games
Category:God games
Category:IOS games
Category:Browser games
Category:Video games developed in Russia
Category:Windows Phone games | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Peter Christian Petersen
Peter Christian Petersen (22 June 1791 – 4 July 1853) was a Norwegian naval officer.
He was born in Christianssand, and was a brother of Hans Petersen. In December 1819 he married Betzy Mørch (1799–1875), a daughter of Constitutional Founding Father Ole Clausen Mørch.
In 1808, during the Gunboat War, he was given the rank of Second Lieutenant in the Royal Danish-Norwegian Navy. He was stationed on the brig Kiel from 1811, and became second-in-command there in 1812. In the same year he participated in the Battle of Lyngør. He took over the command of Kiel in 1814.
In 1814 the Royal Norwegian Navy was re-established, and Petersen was made Premier Lieutenant here in 1815. He was promoted to Lieutenant Captain in 1821 and Captain in 1825. He was an aide-de-camp of King Charles III John for some years, and commanded the ship Ørnen from 1840 and Freia from 1844. From 1843 to 1844 he was also acting director of Fredriksvern Verft. He was also a member of several public commissions. In 1845 Petersen reached the rank of Rear Admiral. He succeeded Jochum Nicolai Müller, and commanded the Navy until his death, which occurred in July 1853 in Kristiania.
References
Category:1791 births
Category:1853 deaths
Category:People from Kristiansand
Category:Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy personnel
Category:Royal Norwegian Navy admirals
Category:Norwegian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Namkung Do
Namkung Do (남궁도, born June 4, 1982) is a South Korean retired football player.
He was part of the South Korean 2004 Olympic football team, who finished second in Group A, making it through to the next round, before being defeated by silver medal winners Paraguay.
His brother Namkung Woong is also a footballer.
Club career
He played domestically for Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors, Chunnam Dragons, Gwangju Sangmu Bulsajo (while on army service), Pohang Steelers, Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma and Daejeon Citizen, as well as for Belgian club Royal Antwerp.
Club career statistics
Honors
Club
Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors
FA Cup: 2003
Pohang Steelers
K-League Cup: 2009
FA Cup: 2009
AFC Champions League: 2009
Seongnam Ilhwa Chunma
2010 AFC Champions League Winner
2011 FA Cup Winner
References
External links
National Team Player Record
FIFA Player Statistics
Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football forwards
Category:South Korean footballers
Category:South Korean expatriate footballers
Category:South Korea international footballers
Category:Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors FC players
Category:Royal Antwerp F.C. players
Category:Jeonnam Dragons players
Category:Gwangju Sangmu FC players
Category:Pohang Steelers players
Category:Daejeon Hana Citizen FC players
Category:FC Anyang players
Category:K League 1 players
Category:K League 2 players
Category:Belgian First Division A players
Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium
Category:Footballers at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic footballers of South Korea
Category:Sportspeople from Seoul
Category:South Korean expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Category:Hamyeol Namgung clan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Nipon Goswami
Nipon Goswami is an Indian film actor and theatre artist associated with Assamese-language films. He is one of the veteran actors of Assamese Film Industry. He initially started his acting career as a stage actor and later established himself as a film actor.
Personal details
He was born in 3 September 1942 at Kolibari in Tezpur, Assam. His father Chandradhar Goswami was a famous actor and his mother Nirupama Goswami was a singer. He did his primary schooling from Kolibari LP School. After that he moved to Tezpur Govt. HS School.
Acting career
After completed his B.A. he went Calcutta for the interview in Pune Film Institute. In 1965, he went to Pune for his acting training. Subhash Ghai, Navin Nischol, Shatrughan Sinha etc. were his classmates.
Filmography
He debuted in the Assamese film industry as a child artist in the movie Piyali Phukan, directed by Phani Sarma in 1957. As a lead actor, Sangram was his first Assamese film and a hit movie. His next movie Dr. Bezbaruah released in 1969 brought him recognition as a star to act in many movies in coming years. He also acted in few Hindi movies as a character actor.
He has been actively involved in mobile theatres, notably, Abaahan, Kohinoor, Hengul, and Shakuntala. He also appeared in few TV serials like Writu aahe writu jaai'.
Assamese
Hindi
References
External links
Promote regional cinema: Nipon Goswami to government
Cine star Nipon Goswami joins Congress
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Indian male stage actors
Category:Indian male film actors
Category:Assamese-language actors
Category:Assamese actors
Category:People from Sonitpur district
Category:Living people
Category:20th-century Indian male actors
Category:21st-century Indian male actors
Category:Male actors from Assam | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Li Cunxin (Tang dynasty)
Li Cunxin (李存信) (862–902), originally Zhang Wuluo (張污落), was a military general in imperial China's Tang Dynasty, serving the Shatuo military leader Li Keyong, who adopted him as a son.
Li Cunxin had a sour relationship with Li Cunxiao, another of Li Keyong's many adopted sons, and indirectly caused Li Cunxiao's defection.
Biography
Zhang Wuluo was most definitely not a Han Chinese — he could speak 4 "barbarian" languages and read 6. He may possibly be a Uyghur, as his father, carrying the Chinese name of Zhang Junzheng (張君政), had been a follower of Li Sizhong, a Uyghur who submitted to the Tang Dynasty after the collapse of the Uyghur Khaganate in 840. The family moved southward in the late 840s or early 850s, settling in Heluochuan (合羅川; probably around the Juyan Lake Basin in modern Inner Mongolia).
Adept at mounted archery, he first served the elderly Shatuo commander Li Guochang, and in 882 followed Li Guochang's son Li Keyong on the southern campaign against the anti-government rebel leader Huang Chao. Through military merit, he rose to the position of chief director of armed forces (馬步軍都指揮使) and was adopted by Li Keyong with the new name of Li Cunxin.
In 890, Li Kuangwei from Lulong (盧龍, headquartered in modern Beijing) invaded and conquered Yuzhou (蔚州, in modern Yu County, Hebei) from Li Keyong, while the Xianbei chieftain Helian Duo from Yunzhou (雲州, in modern Datong, Shanxi) also attacked with joint Tibetan and Yenisei Kirghiz forces. Li Cunxin was tasked to resist the invasion without much success. Li Keyong then sent another adopted son Li Siyuan to assist Li Cunxin, and the Shatuo forces secured a victory. With Li Keyong's main force arriving, Li Kuangwei and Helian Duo's forces withdrew.
Li Cunxin was jealous of Li Keyong's massive wang Li Cunxiao and tried hard to impede all of Li Cunxiao's actions. In 891, when Li Cunxiao asked for permission to attack the warlord Wang Rong, Li Keyong initially agreed, but changed his mind when Li Cunxin advised against it. In 892, Li Cunxin was sent with Li Cunxiao for a joint attack on Wang, but as they deeply distrusted each other, neither attacked. Li Cunxin then falsely accused Li Cunxiao of being in communications with Wang. This led to Li Cunxiao's defection and eventual death.
In 896, Li Cunxin was allocated 30,000 men to reinforce the warlord cousins Zhu Xuan and Zhu Jin against Li Keyong's archenemy Zhu Wen. Instead, Li Cunxin stayed behind in Weizhou (魏州) and sent Li Siyuan to the front line with only 300 cavalrymen. Li Cunxin's soldiers were not disciplined and pillaged Weizhou, resulting in Weizhou/Bozhou's military governor Luo Hongxin turning against the Shatuo army and defeating Li Cunxin. Later Li Cunxin attacked Luo again and defeated Zhu Wen's general Ge Congzhou.
In 897, Li Cunxin suffered a large defeat at the hands of Liu Rengong. Furious, Li Keyong almost executed him. Afterwards, Li Cunxin often used illness as an excuse to avoid battles. In 902, when Li Keyong's capital of Taiyuan was besieged by Zhu Wen's forces, Li Cunxin had proposed that they desert Taiyuan and flee to Yunzhou in the north, but Li Keyong decided against it. Li Cunxin died that year at the age of 40.
In fiction
Due to the role he played in Li Cunxiao's death, Li Cunxin was particularly vilified in the Yuan Dynasty play "A Grieving Lady Deng Painfully Laments Cunxiao" (鄧夫人苦痛哭存孝) by Guan Hanqing, which was translated as "Death of the Winged-Tiger General" by Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang in 1958. (Lady Deng was the name of Li Cunxiao's wife in the play.) In this fictional play, Li Cunxiao's death was entirely brought about by Li Cunxin and Kang Junli, who had him cruelly executed behind Li Keyong's back. Influential Ming Dynasty novelist Luo Guanzhong's classic novel Romance of the End of Tang and Five Dynasties Histories (殘唐五代史演義) was also based on this account.
References
Category:862 births
Category:902 deaths
Category:Tang dynasty generals from Inner Mongolia
Category:10th-century Chinese adoptees
Category:9th-century Chinese adoptees | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Paul Mason (diplomat)
Sir Paul Mason (11 June 1904 – 14 May 1978) was a British diplomat, ambassador to the Netherlands from 1954 to 1960 and the British Permanent Representative to the North Atlantic Council from 1960 to 1962.
The son of Arthur James Mason, he was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, taking a first class honours degree in Modern History in 1926.
Joining the Foreign Service in 1928, Mason had overseas postings to Brussels, Sofia, Prague, Ottawa, and Lisbon and also home posts at the Foreign Office in London. He was assistant private secretary to the Foreign Secretary, 1934–1936, then private secretary to the Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, 1936–37. He was an acting Counsellor in 1945, then British Minister at Sofia, 1949–1951, before being recalled to London as assistant Under Secretary of State at the Foreign Office from 1951 to 1954. He was British Ambassador to the Netherlands, 1954–1960, then Permanent Representative on the North Atlantic Council, 1960–1962 and an Alternate Delegate to the Minister of State in the Geneva Delegation on Disarmament and Nuclear Tests, 1962–1964.
In retirement, Mason was High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for 1970 and Treasurer of the University of Nottingham from 1972 until his death.
In 1938 he married Roberta, daughter J. Lorn McDougall KC, of Ottawa, and they had one son and one daughter. At the time of his death his address was Morton Hall, Retford, Nottinghamshire, the family seat. He was a member of the Lansdowne Club.
Honours
Chevalier of the Order of Leopold
Grand Cordon of the Order of the House of Orange, 1958
References
Category:1904 births
Category:1978 deaths
Category:Alumni of King's College, Cambridge
Category:People educated at Eton College
Category:Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to the Netherlands
Category:High Sheriffs of Nottinghamshire
Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Category:Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Junior Bake Off Brasil
Junior Bake Off Brasil is a Brazilian reality television competition spin-off from the main series Bake Off Brasil featuring children from ages 8 to 13.
The series premiered on Saturday, January 6, 2018 at 9:30 p.m. (BRT / AMT) on SBT, aiming to find the best junior baker in Brazil.
Host and judges
The series was originally presented by Carol Fiorentino and judged by Fabrizio Fasano Jr. and Beca Milano. However, following production of the first season, Fiorentino and Fasano left the show over contract disputes. Fiorentino was replaced by Nadja Haddad in season two. Milano returned as judge and was joined by Olivier Anquier.
Key
Season chronology
Ratings and reception
Each point represents a specific number of households in São Paulo.
2018: 71.855 households.
2019: 73.015 households.
External links
Bake Off Brasil on SBT.com.br
References
Category:2018 Brazilian television series debuts
Category:2018 in Brazilian television
Category:Reality television spin-offs
Brazil
Category:Brazilian television series based on British television series | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The China Press
The China Press () is a Chinese-language newspaper published in the United States. According to a book Media and the Chinese Diaspora: Community, Communications and Commerce, The China Press, along with Ming Pao, Sing Tao, and the World Journal, are the major newspaper of overseas Chinese community in the United States and in Canada.
Controversy
Chinese Communist Party Influence
A 2001 report on Chinese media censorship by the Jamestown Foundation cited The China Press as one of four major overseas Chinese newspapers directly or indirectly controlled by Beijing.
The dominant Chinese media vehicle in America is the newspaper," wrote the report's lead author Mei Duzhe. "Four major Chinese newspapers are found in the U.S.—World Journal, Sing Tao Daily, Ming Pao Daily News, and The China Press. Of these four, three are either directly or indirectly controlled by the government of Mainland China, while the fourth (run out of Taiwan) has recently begun bowing to pressure from the Beijing government.
References
External links
Category:Newspapers published in New York City
Category:Non-English-language newspapers published in New York (state)
Category:Chinese-language newspapers published in the United States
Category:Chinese-language newspapers (Simplified Chinese) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Charlotte Zucker
Charlotte Ann Zucker (March 10, 1921 - September 5, 2007; née Lefstein) was an American actress. She was the mother of filmmakers David and Jerry Zucker.
Early life and education
Zucker was born on March 10, 1921, and grew up in Manhattan. She earned a degree in speech and theater at Brooklyn College, and appeared in stage performances at the Henry Street Neighborhood Playhouse. She then moved to Milwaukee to teach English at a junior high school. She graduated from the University of Wisconsin in Madison with a master's degree.
Career
Zucker had appeared in community theater productions in Florida and in Shorewood, Wisconsin. She was a member of the Jewish Community Center Readers Theater-Milwaukee. She made her screen debut on The Kentucky Fried Movie (1977). She appeared in a total of 17 films, including Airplane!, Ghost, First Knight and Rat Race, which were directed and produced by her sons, David and Jerry Zucker. She also appeared at the Second Avenue Theater, New York, reading selections from Molly Picon's autobiography.
Personal life
From 1941 to her death in 2007, she was married to Burton Zucker, who was a real estate developer. She had three children, David, Jerry and Susan. On September 5, 2007, Zucker died from cancer in Shorewood, Wisconsin, aged 86.
Filmography
Film
References
External links
Category:1921 births
Category:2007 deaths
Category:American film actresses
Category:20th-century American actresses
Category:21st-century American actresses
Category:Actresses from New York City
Category:Burials in Wisconsin
Category:Brooklyn College alumni
Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Jan Zwartkruis
Johannes Hermanus Hendrikus "Jan" Zwartkruis () (18 February 1926 – 7 March 2013) was the manager of the Netherlands national football team for two periods (1976–77, 1978–81), coaching the team in 28 matches, including the 1980 UEFA European Football Championship and 1980 Mundialito. He also coached the Trinidad and Tobago national football team for a brief moment in the 1980s and the Netherlands Antilles during the 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification round for CONCACAF Caribbean Zone.
References
External links
Profile
Category:1926 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:People from Overbetuwe
Category:Dutch footballers
Category:Association football defenders
Category:Dutch football managers
Category:Dutch expatriate football managers
Category:Netherlands national football team managers
Category:Expatriate football managers in Trinidad and Tobago
Category:Trinidad and Tobago national football team managers
Category:Expatriate football managers in the Netherlands Antilles
Category:Netherlands Antilles national football team managers
Category:UEFA Euro 1980 managers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
106 (emergency telephone number)
106 is the Australian national textphone/TTY emergency number. It is operated by the Australian Communications Exchange, a non-profit organization that provides the relay services component for the National Relay Service. 106 can only be used by people with a TTY/textphone or a computer with terminal software (TTY imitation software) and a modem. 106 calls are given priority over other calls handled by the National Relay Service. 106 is a toll-free number.
Usage
Callers to 106 are asked to type PPP for police, FFF for fire or AAA for ambulance. The relay officer will then call the emergency service and relay the call. An able caller can also just say "police", "fire" or "ambulance" to the relay officer.
References
Category:Telecommunications in Australia
Category:Emergency telephone numbers
Category:Three-digit telephone numbers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Youenn Gwernig
Youenn Gwernig (1925, in Scaër – 2006, in Douarnenez) was a Breton-American poet, writer and singer. He was a painter, sculptor and a TV presenter on the French channel France 3.
He was born in 1925 in the town of Scaër (Brittany). He moved to the United States in the late 1950s and became an American citizen. He returned to Brittany in the late 60s. Influenced by traditional Breton culture, American pop culture and the Beat Generation he knew through his friendship with Jack Kerouac, he wrote poetry and songs in Breton and English.
Life
He was born in 1925, into a traditional Breton family, in Scaër. He first worked as a wood sculptor. In the early 1950s he met the Breton poet and singer Glenmor, with whom he set a music band called Breizh a gan ("Britanny sings" in Breton language) which was the first cultural Breton band after World War II. This band set an operetta called Genovefa ("Genevieve" in Breton).
He went to the US in 1957 because of the poverty in Brittany as he explained in his song Tap da sac'h 'ta ("Keep your bag so"). From 1961, he regularly visited the West Side neighbourhood of New York City and met the Beat Generation writers there. He became a friend of Jack Kerouac and lived in the Bronx, where he wrote some bilingual poems in Breton and in English about New York or his nostalgy of Brittany in an American big city, as Un dornad plu ("A handful of feathers", 1961) or War ribl ar stêr Harlem ("On the bank of Harlem river", August 1963). In 1968, he wrote a poems' collection called New York City blues in which there are poems about some places in New York and the way he saw them as 125vet straed ("125th street"), Uptown-Downtown or El barrio. In the 1997's Al Liamm edition of Un dornad plu, Youenn Gwernig explained why he used to write his poems in Breton and to translate them in English :
"Meeting with Jack Kerouac in 1965, for instance, was a decisive turn. Since he could not speak Breton he asked me : "Would you not write some of your poems in English, I'd really like to read them !..." So I wrote an Diri Dir - Stairs of Steel for him, and kept on doing so. That's why I often write my poems in Breton, French and English."
He used to send his poems to the Breton library Al Liamm.
He returned to Brittany in 1969 with his wife (Suzig) and his daughters (Annaïg, Gwenola and Marie). He released his first disc in 1971. He released the album Distro ar Gelted ("Come back the Celtic people") in 1974. He became famous with his song E-kreiz an noz ("In the middle of the night")
He wrote a novel in French in 1982, La grande tribu ("The great tribe" in french language), where he described his life in the USA. His poetry was issued in 1972 (An toull en nor) and in 1976 (An diri dir).
In the 1970s, he created the Radio télé Brezhoneg ("Breton language Broadcasting") association which aimed to stand up for the Breton language on TV. He also hosted Breton emissions in the 1990s, with the singer Nolwen Korbell for instance.
In 1990 his album Emañ ar bed va iliz ("The world is my church") was released. In 2002, a second novel, Appelez-moi ange ("Call me angel" in French Language), was issued. He died in 2006.
Discography
1971 : Les bougnoules - Gavotte du joint ("The Arabs - The Joint's dance" in french)
1973 : Ni hon unan! - Tap da sac'h ("We, ourselves ! - Get your bag" in Breton)
1974 : Distro ar Gelted ("Come back the Celt people" in Breton), LP Arfolk
1975 : E-kreiz an noz ("In the middle of the night" in Breton), LP Velia
197? : Youenn Gwernig, Private People, LP
1990 : Emañ ar bed va iliz ("The world is my church" in Breton), CD
1994 : Foeter Bro / Just a traveller / Compagnon de route, CD
2007 : Identity, Coop Breizh (Best of)
Books
An toull en nor (bilingual breton-english, litt. The door's hole), Ar Majenn éditions, 1972.
An diri dir / Les escaliers d’acier / Stairs of steel (trilingual Breton-French-English), Ar Majenn éditions, 1976.
La grande tribu, (French, The great Tribe) Grasset,1982.
Un dornad plu / A handful of feathers (Breton and English), Al Liamm, 1997.
Appelez-moi Ange (French, Call me angel) ), Blanc Silex, 2002.
Kerouac city blues with Jacques Josse, Daniel Biga, Alain Jégou...
Notes
Category:1925 births
Category:Breton writers
Category:Breton poets
Category:2006 deaths
Category:People from Finistère
Category:American people of Breton descent
Category:Breton-language singers
Category:French male poets
Category:20th-century French poets
Category:20th-century singers
Category:20th-century French male writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Matthew Haywood
Matthew Haywood (born 27 December 1990) is an English professional ice hockey player currently playing for the Glasgow Clan of the Elite Ice Hockey League.
External links
Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Category:Braehead Clan players
Category:English ice hockey centres
Category:Glasgow Clan players
Category:Sheffield Scimitars players
Category:Sheffield Steelers players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Richard Parker (rugby league)
Richard Parker is a former professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1960s. He played at club level for Castleford (Heritage №).
Playing career
County League appearances
Richard Parker played in Castleford's victory in the Yorkshire County League during the 1964–65 season.
References
External links
Search for "Parker" at rugbyleagueproject.org
Richard Parker Memory Box Search at archive.castigersheritage.com
Ricky Parker Memory Box Search at archive.castigersheritage.com
Category:Castleford Tigers players
Category:Living people
Category:Place of birth missing (living people)
Category:Rugby league players
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Jordan Dodson
Jordan Dodson (born 10 December 1987) is a New Zealand screenwriter and film director, based in Auckland. Jordan creates music videos and commercials as THUNDERLIPS, a directing-duo with Sean Wallace.
Career
Dodson spent his teenage years directing extreme sports videos in Switzerland, and after working as a Make Up Artist on Roland Emmerich's 10,000BC, and an Assistant Editor on Andrew Adamson's The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian, Dodson returned to New Zealand in 2005, and has since written and co-written several feature films, and directed many short films, music videos and television commercials.
In 2012 Dodson's short film Runaways, made in association with the New Zealand Film Commission and Candlelit Pictures Ltd, premiered in competition at the Montreal World Film Festival, and went on to play at the AFI Fest in Los Angeles in 2012.
Runaways was shot on left-over 35mm film stock from the feature film Trade.
Dodson is a member of the Screen Directors Guild of New Zealand (SDGNZ). He works on films and music videos with Auckland-based production company Candlelit Pictures.
Filmography
References
External links
Dodson, Jordan. "Jordan Dodson IMDB", IMDb, Worldwide. Retrieved on 25 April 2013.
Category:1987 births
Category:Living people
Category:New Zealand screenwriters
Category:New Zealand film directors | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Minusu Buba
Minusu Buba (born September 8, 1985 in Nigeria) is a Nigerian football Striker who plays for Iraq Division One club Al-Sinaa.
Career
Minusu scored 6 goals for Asmant Assiut in the 2005–06 Egyptian Premier League season.
Buba joined Ittihad El-Shorta (a.k.a. Police Union) in January 2009 from ENPPI. He enjoyed an extremely successful season with his new team in 2009–10. Buba scored 14 league goals that season and was crowned the league top scorer.
Honors
Clubs
Al-Shorta
Iraqi Premier League: 2012–13
Individual
Egyptian Premier League Top Scorer: 2009–10
References
External links
Category:1984 births
Category:Living people
Category:Nigerian footballers
Category:Association football forwards
Category:Nigerian expatriate sportspeople in Egypt
Category:Nigerian expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Egypt
Category:Ittihad El Shorta SC players
Category:Al-Shorta SC players
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"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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The Gem and the Staff
The Gem and the Staff, by John and Laurie Van De Graaf, is an adventure module for the Dungeons & Dragons Expert Set. Rather than being a typical group adventure, The Gem and the Staff was designed for head-to-head tournament-style play, with players separately playing the same adventure and competing against each other for points earned by accomplishing certain goals. The adventure is only playable with one dungeon master (DM) and one player.
Plot summary
The Gem and the Staff is an adventure for a DM and a single player using a provided thief character. The player must search for a magic gem and a staff of power inside an evil wizard's tower.
This module is divided into two separate adventures, which can be played as successive scenarios. The player takes the role of an experienced thief named Eric the Bold, who is pressed in both adventures into special thieving services. In the first adventure, Eric's task is to steal a certain gem from the trap-riddled tower of the wizard Tormag. The second adventure involves Tormag hiring Eric to steal a mighty magic wand from his arch-rival Felspel. Both modules are set with a time limit of thirty real-world minutes to complete the task.
Publication history
This adventure was originally published as Quest for the Fazzlewood in 1978 in a limited printing of twenty-six sheets with an outer folder and sold at WinterCon VII. The adventure was written by John and Laurie Van De Graaf, with art by Gregg DeCesare. This original module was a tournament scenario for a DM and one player with a thief character. Quest for the Fazzlewood was published by Metro Detroit Gamers, who also published Lost Caverns of Tsojcanth. Quest for the Fazzlewood was used as a tournament module at Wintercon VII, and later publicly released. The module was later expanded and revised as O1 The Gem and the Staff.
The Gem and the Staff was published by TSR in 1983 as two sixteen-page booklets with an outer folder, and included cardstock miniatures and nineteen illustrated maps for use by the player. The module contained viewed-from-above scale maps.
Reception
Chris Hunter reviewed the scenario for Imagine magazine. He felt that time was extremely tight and noted that none of his playtesters finished either of the two tasks inside the allotted 30 minutes. Hunter also thought that the provided scoring system does not do a good job in evaluating how well a player has done and suggested dungeon masters (DMs) devise their own. He also criticised a lack of information on whether doors are locked or not—of crucial importance in a scenario of this type, according to him. However, Hunter pointed out that "a lot of thought has gone into this module". He concluded by calling it an "excellent module" that he "highly recommended".
Rick Swan reviewed the adventure in The Space Gamer No. 71. Swan called this an "extremely playable example" of TSR's One on One module line meant for only one player and one DM. Swan felt that "there are enough obstacles and encounters along the way to make it a real challenge". Swan listed the game's strict time limit of one hour, the ready-to use character sheet, and sixteen page map book among the aspects that make the module "a pleasure to play", although he concluded that because the adventure is only good for an hour of play, "replay value is virtually nil". He concluded by saying "The Gem and the Staff does an excellent job of filling a roleplaying niche by providing quality material for just two players ... but let's also hope that next time out we get a little more for our money."
Ken Rolston briefly reviewed The Gem and the Staff for Dragon magazine No. 135. Rolston felt that the two scenarios were "simple but exceptionally effective".
References
External links
http://www.rpg.net/news+reviews/reviews/rev_6832.html
Category:Dungeons & Dragons modules
Category:Mystara | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Imitation
Imitation (from Latin imitatio, "a copying, imitation") is an advanced behavior whereby an individual observes and replicates another's behavior. Imitation is also a form of social learning that leads to the "development of traditions, and ultimately our culture. It allows for the transfer of information (behaviours, customs, etc.) between individuals and down generations without the need for genetic inheritance." The word imitation can be applied in many contexts, ranging from animal training to politics. The term generally refers to conscious behavior; subconscious imitation is termed mirroring.
Anthropology and social sciences
In anthropology, some theories hold that all cultures imitate ideas from one of a few original cultures or several cultures whose influence overlaps geographically. Evolutionary diffusion theory holds that cultures influence one another, but that similar ideas can be developed in isolation.
Scholars as well as popular authors have argued that the role of imitation in humans is unique among animals. Psychologist Kenneth Kaye showed that infants' ability to match the sounds or gestures of an adult depends on an interactive process of turn-taking over many successive trials, in which adults' instinctive behavior plays as great a role as that of the infant. These writers assume that evolution would have selected imitative abilities as fit because those who were good at it had a wider arsenal of learned behavior at their disposal, including tool-making and language.
In the mid-20th century, social scientists began to study how and why people imitate ideas. Everett Rogers pioneered innovation diffusion studies, identifying factors in adoption and profiles of adopters of ideas. Imitation mechanisms play a central role in both analytical and empirical models of collective human behavior
Neuroscience
We are capable of imitating movements, actions, skills, behaviors, gestures, pantomimes, mimics, vocalizations, sounds, speech, etc. and that we have particular "imitation systems" in the brain is old neurological knowledge dating back to Hugo Karl Liepmann. Liepmann's model 1908 "Das hierarchische Modell der Handlungsplanung" (the hierarchical model of action planning) is still valid. On studying the cerebral localization of function, Liepmann postulated that planned or commanded actions were prepared in the parietal lobe of the brain's dominant hemisphere, and also frontally. His most important pioneering work is when extensively studying patients with lesions in these brain areas, he discovered that the patients lost (among other things) the ability to imitate. He was the one who coined the term "apraxia" and differentiated between ideational and ideomotor apraxia. In this basic and wider frame of classical neurological knowledge the discovery of the mirror neuron has to be seen. Though mirror neurons were first discovered in macaques, their discovery also relates to humans.
Human brain studies using FMRI (Functional magnetic resonance imaging) revealed a network of regions in the inferior frontal cortex and inferior parietal cortex which are typically activated during imitation tasks. It has been suggested that these regions contain mirror neurons similar to the mirror neurons recorded in the macaque monkey. However, it is not clear if macaques spontaneously imitate each other in the wild.
Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran argues that the evolution of mirror neurons were important in the human acquisition of complex skills such as language and believes the discovery of mirror neurons to be a most important advance in neuroscience. However, little evidence directly supports the theory that mirror neuron activity is involved in cognitive functions such as empathy or learning by imitation.
Evidence is accumulating that bottlenose dolphins employ imitation to learn hunting and other skills from other dolphins.
Japanese monkeys have been seen to spontaneously begin washing potatoes after seeing humans washing them.
Mirror Neuron System
Research has been conducted to locate where in the brain specific parts and neurological systems are activated when humans imitate behaviors and actions of others, discovering a mirror neuron system. This neuron system allows a person to observe and then recreate the actions of others. Mirror neurons are premotor and parietal cells in the macaque brain that fire when the animal performs a goal directed action and when it sees others performing the same action." Evidence suggests that the mirror neuron system also allows people to comprehend and understand the intentions and emotions of others. Problems of the mirror neuron system may be correlated with the social inadequacies of autism. There have been many studies done showing that children with autism, compared with typically developing children, demonstrate reduced activity in the frontal mirror neuron system area when observing or imitating facial emotional expressions. Of course, the higher the severity of the disease, the lower the activity in the mirror neuron system is.
Animal behavior
Scientists debate whether animals can truly imitate novel actions or whether imitation is uniquely human. The current controversy is partly definitional. Thorndike uses "learning to do an act from seeing it done." It has two major shortcomings: first, by using "seeing" it restricts imitation to the visual domain and excludes, e.g., vocal imitation and, second, it would also include mechanisms such as priming, contagious behavior and social facilitation, which most scientist distinguish as separate forms of observational learning. Thorpe suggested defining imitation as "the copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act or utterance, or some act for which there is clearly no instinctive tendency." This definition is favored by many scholars, though questions have been raised how strictly the term "novel" has to be interpreted and how exactly a performed act has to match the demonstration to count as a copy.
In 1952 Hayes & Hayes used the "do-as-I-do" procedure to demonstrate the imitative abilities of their trained chimpanzee "Viki." Their study was repeatedly criticized for its subjective interpretations of their subjects' responses. Replications of this study found much lower matching degrees between subjects and models. However, imitation research focusing on the copying fidelity got new momentum from a study by Voelkl and Huber. They analyzed the motion trajectories of both model and observer monkeys and found a high matching degree in their movement patterns.
Paralleling these studies, comparative psychologists provided tools or apparatuses that could be handled in different ways. Heyes and co-workers reported evidence for imitation in rats that pushed a lever in the same direction as their models, though later on they withdrew their claims due to methodological problems in their original setup. By trying to design a testing paradigm that is less arbitrary than pushing a lever to the left or to the right, Custance and co-workers introduced the "artificial fruit" paradigm, where a small object could be opened in different ways to retrieve food placed inside—not unlike a hard-shelled fruit. Using this paradigm, scientists reported evidence for imitation in monkeys and apes. There remains a problem with such tool (or apparatus) use studies: what animals might learn in such studies need not be the actual behavior patterns (i.e., the actions) that were observed. Instead they might learn about some effects in the environment (i.e., how the tool moves, or how the apparatus works). This type of observational learning, which focuses on results, not actions, has been dubbed emulation (see Emulation (observational learning)).
An article was written by Carl Zimmer, he looked into a study being done by Derek lyons, he was focusing on human evolution, so he started to study a chimpanzee. He first started with showing the chimp how to retrieve food from a box, So they had the scientist go in a demonstrate how to retrieve the food from the box. The chimp soon caught on and did exactly what the scientist just did. They wanted to see if the chimpanzees brain functioned just like humans brain so they related this same exact study to 16 children and they did the same procedure and once the children seen how it was done, they followed the same steps.
Imitation in animals
Imitation in animals is a study in the field of social learning where learning behavior is observed in animals specifically how animals learn and adapt through imitation. Ethologists can classify imitation in animals by the learning of certain behaviors from conspecifics. More specifically, these behaviors are usually unique to the species and can be complex in nature and can benefit the individuals survival.
Some scientists believe true imitation is only produced by humans, arguing that simple learning though sight is not enough to sustain as a being who can truly imitate. Thorpe defines true imitation as “the copying of a novel or otherwise improbable act or utterance, or some act for which there is clearly no instinctive tendency,” which is highly debated for its portrayal of imitation as a mindless repeating act. True imitation is produced when behavioral, visual and vocal imitation is achieved, not just the simple reproduction of exclusive behaviors. Imitation is not a simple reproduction of what one sees; rather it incorporates intention and purpose. Animal imitation can range from survival purpose; imitating as a function of surviving or adapting, to unknown possible curiosity, which vary between different animals and produce different results depending on the measured intelligence of the animal.
There is considerable evidence to support true imitation in animals. Experiments performed on apes, birds and more specifically the Japanese quail have provided positive results to imitating behavior, demonstrating imitation of opaque behavior. However the problem that lies is in the discrepancies between what is considered true imitation in behavior. Birds have demonstrated visual imitation, where the animal simply does as it sees. Studies on apes however have proven more advanced results in imitation, being able to remember and learn from what they imitate. Studies have demonstrated far more positive results with behavioral imitation in primates and birds than any other type of animal. Imitation in non primate mammals and other animals have been proven difficult to conclude solid positive results for and poses a difficult question to scientists on why that is so.
Theories
There are two types of theories of imitation, transformational and associative. Transformational theories suggest that the information that is required to display certain behavior is created internally through cognitive processes and observing these behaviors provides incentive to duplicate them. Meaning we already have the codes to recreate any behavior and observing it results in its replication. Bandura's "social cognitive theory" is one example of a transformational theory. Associative, or sometimes referred to as "contiguity", theories suggest that the information required to display certain behaviors does not come from within ourselves but solely from our surroundings and experiences. Unfortunately these theories have not yet provided testable predictions in the field of social learning in animals and have yet to conclude strong results.
New developments
There have been three major developments in the field of animal imitation. The first, behavioral ecologists and experimental psychologists found there to be adaptive patterns in behaviors in different vertebrate species in biologically important situations. The second, primatologists and comparative psychologists have found imperative evidence that suggest true learning through imitation in animals. The third, population biologists and behavioral ecologists created experiments that demand animals to depend on social learning in certain manipulated environments.
Child development
Developmental psychologist Jean Piaget noted that children in a developmental phase he called the sensorimotor stage (a period which lasts up to the first two years of a child) begin to imitate observed actions. This is an important stage in the development of a child because the child is beginning to think symbolically, associating behaviors with actions, thus setting the child up for the development of further symbolic thinking. Imitative learning also plays a crucial role in the development of cognitive and social communication behaviors, such as language, play, and joint attention. Imitation serves as both a learning and a social function because new skills and knowledge are acquired, and communication skills are improved by interacting in social and emotional exchanges. It is shown, however, that "children with autism exhibit significant deficits in imitation that are associated with impairments in other social communication skills." To help children with autism, reciprocal imitation training (RIT) is used. It is a naturalistic imitation intervention that helps teach the social benefits of imitation during play by increasing child responsiveness and by increasing imitative language.
Reinforcement learning, both positive and negative, and punishment, are used by people that children imitate to either promote or discontinue behavior. If a child imitates a certain type of behavior or action and the consequences are rewarding, the child is very likely to continue performing the same behavior or action. The behavior "has been reinforced (i.e. strengthened)". However, if the imitation is not accepted and approved by others, then the behavior will be weakened.
Naturally, children are surrounded by many different types of people that influence their actions and behaviors, including parents, family members, teachers, peers, and even characters on television programs. These different types of individuals that are observed are called models. According to Saul McLeod, "these models provide examples of masculine and feminine behavior to observe and imitate." Children imitate the behavior they have observed from others, regardless of the gender of the person and whether or not the behavior is gender appropriate. However, it has been proven that children will reproduce the behavior that "its society deems appropriate for its sex."
Infants
Infants have the ability to reveal an understanding of certain outcomes before they occur, therefore in this sense they can somewhat imitate what they have perceived. Andrew N. Meltzoff, ran a series of tasks involving 14-month-old infants to imitate actions they perceived from adults. In this gathering he had concluded that the infants, before trying to reproduce the actions they wish to imitate, some how revealed an understanding of the intended goal even though they failed to replicate the result wished to be imitated. These task implicated that the infants knew the goal intended. Gergely, Bekkering, and Király (2002) figured that infants not only understand the intended goal but also the intentions of the person they were trying to imitate engaging in "rational imitation".
Infants are able to imitate facial expressions as soon as their first few days of life according to results retrieved from experiments performed at the Mailman Centre for Child Development at the University of Miami Medical School. 74 newborn babies (with a mean age of 36 hours) were tested to see if they were able to imitate a smile, a frown and a pout, and a wide-open mouth and eyes. An observer stood behind the experimenter (so he/she couldn't see what facial expressions were being made by the experimenter) and watched only the babies' facial expressions, recording their results. Just by looking only at the babies' faces, the observer was more often able to correctly guess what facial expression was being presented to the child by the experimenter. After the results were calculated, "the researchers concluded that...babies have an innate ability to compare an expression they see with their own sense of muscular feedback from making the movements to match that expression."
At around eight months, infants will start to copy their child care providers' movements when playing pat-a-cake and peek-a-boo, as well as imitating familiar gestures, such as clapping hands together or patting a doll’s back. At around 18 months, infants will then begin to imitate simple actions they observe adults doing, such as taking a toy phone out of a purse and saying "hello", pretending to sweep with a child-sized broom, as well as imitating using a toy hammer.
Toddlers
At around 30–36 months, toddlers will start to imitate their parents by pretending to get ready for work and school and saying the last word(s) of what an adult just said. For example, toddlers may say "bowl" or "a bowl" after they hear someone say, "That's a bowl." They may also imitate the way family members communicate by using the same gestures and words. For example, a toddler will say, “Mommy bye-bye” after the father says, "Mommy went bye-bye." Studies now show imitation of body movements are seen as early as birth, says Andrew N. Meltzoff.
Toddlers love to imitate their parents and help when they can; imitation helps toddlers learn, and through their experiences lasting impressions are made. 12 to 36-month-olds learn by doing, not by watching, and so it is often recommended to be a good role model and caretaker by showing them simple tasks like putting on socks or holding a spoon.
Duke developmental psychologist Carol Eckerman did a study on toddlers imitating toddlers and found that at the age of 2 children involve themselves in imitation play to communicate with one another. This can be seen within a culture or across different cultures. 3 common imitative patterns Eckerman found were reciprocal imitation, follow-the-leader and lead-follow.
Kenneth Kaye's "apprenticeship" theory of imitation rejected assumptions that other authors had made about its development. His research showed that there is no one simple imitation skill with its own course of development. What changes is the type of behavior imitated.
An important agenda for infancy is the progressive imitation of higher levels of use of signs, until the ultimate achievement of symbols. The principal role played by parents in this process is their provision of salient models within the facilitating frames that channel the infant’s attention and organize his imitative efforts.
Gender and age differences
Although imitation is very useful when it comes to cognitive learning with toddlers, research has shown that there are some gender and age differences when it comes to imitation. Research done to judge imitation in toddlers 2–3 years old shows that when faced with certain conditions "2-year-olds displayed more motor imitation than 3-year-olds, and 3-year-olds displayed more verbal-reality imitation than 2-year-olds. Boys displayed more motor imitation than girls."
No other research is more controversial pertaining gender differences in toddler imitation than renowned psychologist, Bandura's, bobo doll experiments. The goal of the experiment was to see what happens to toddlers when exposed to aggressive and non aggressive adults, would the toddlers imitate the behavior of the adults and if so, which gender is more likely to imitate the aggressive adult. In the beginning of the experiment Bandura had several predictions that actually came true. Children exposed to violent adults will imitate the actions of that adult when the adult is not present, boys who had observed an adult of the opposite sex act aggressively are less likely to act violently than those who witnessed a male adult act violently. In fact 'boys who observed an adult male behaving violently were more influenced than those who had observed a female model behavior aggressively'. One fascinating observation was that while boys are likely to imitate physical acts of violence, girls are likely to imitate verbal acts of violence.
Negative imitation
Imitation plays such a major role on how a toddler interprets the world. So much of a child's understanding is derived from imitation, due to lack of verbal skill imitation is a toddlers way of communication with the world. It is what connects them to the communicating world, as they continue to grow they begin to learn more and more. That is why it is crucial for parents to be cautious as to how they act and behave around their toddlers. Imitation is the toddlers way of confirming and dis-conforming socially acceptable actions in our society. Actions like washing dishes, cleaning up the house and doing chores are actions you want your toddlers to imitate. Imitating negative things is something that is never beyond young toddlers. If they are exposed to cursing and violence, it is going to be what the child views as the norm of his or her world, remember imitation is the 'mental activity that helps to formulate the conceptions of the world for toddlers' Hay et al. (1991), when a toddler sees something so often he or she will form his or her reality around that action. So it is important for parents to be careful what they say or do in front of their children.
Autism
Children with autism exhibit significant impairment in imitation skills. Imitation deficits have been reported on a variety of tasks including symbolic and nonsymbolic body movements, symbolic and functional object use, vocalizations, and facial expressions. In contrast, typically-developing children can copy a broad range of novel (as well as familiar) rules from a very early age. Problems with imitation discriminate children with autism from those with other developmental disorders as early as age 2 and continue into adulthood.
Imitation plays a crucial role in the development of cognitive and social communication behaviors, such as language, play, and joint attention. Children with autism exhibit significant deficits in imitation that are associated with impairments in other social communication skills. It is unclear whether imitation is mediating these relationships directly, or whether they are due to some other developmental variable that is also reflected in the measurement of imitation skills.
Automatic imitation
The automatic imitation comes very fast when a stimulus is given to replicate. The imitation can match the commands with the visual stimulus (compatible) or it cannot match the commands with the visual stimulus (incompatible). For example: 'Simon Says', a game played with children where they are told to follow the commands given by the adult. In this game, the adult gives the commands and shows the actions; the commands given can either match the action to be done or it will not match the action. The children who imitate the adult who has given the command with the correct action will stay in the game. The children who imitate the command with the wrong action will go out of the game, and this is where the child's automatic imitation comes into play. Psychologically, the visual stimulus being looked upon by the child is being imitated faster than the imitation of the command. In addition, the response times were faster in compatible scenarios than in incompatible scenarios.
Children are surrounded by many different people, day by day. Their parents make a big impact on them, and usually what the children do is what they have seen their parent do. In this article they found that a child, simply watching its mother sweep the floor, right after soon picks up on it and starts to imitate the mother by sweeping the floor. By the children imitating, they are really teaching themselves how to do things without instruction from the parent or guardian. Toddlers love to play the game of house. They picked up on this game of house by television, school or at home; they play the game how they see it. The kids imitate their parents or anybody in their family. In the article it says it is so easy for them to pick up on the things they see on an everyday basis.
Over-imitation
Over-imitation is "the tendency of young children to copy all of an adult model's actions, even components that are irrelevant for the task at hand." According to this human and cross-cultural phenomenon, a child has a strong tendency to automatically encode the deliberate action of an adult as causally meaningful even when the child observes evidence that proves that its performance is unnecessary. It is suggested that over-imitation "may be critical to the transmission of human culture."
However, another study suggests that children don't just "blindly follow the crowd" since they can also be just as discriminating as adults in choosing whether an unnecessary action should be copied or not. They may imitate additional but unnecessary steps to a novel process if the adult demonstrations are all the same. However, in cases where one out of four adults showed a better technique, only 40% actually copied the extra step.
Deferred imitation
Piaget coined the term deferred imitation and suggested that it arises out of the child's increasing ability to "form mental representations of behavior performed by others." Deferred imitation is also "the ability to reproduce a previously witnessed action or sequence of actions in the absence of current perceptual support for the action." Instead of copying what is currently occurring, individuals repeat the action or behavior later on. It appears that infants show an improving ability for deferred imitation as they get older, especially by 24 months. By 24 months, infants are able to imitate action sequences after a delay of up to three months, meaning that "they're able to generalize knowledge they have gained from one test environment to another and from one test object to another."
A child's deferred imitation ability "to form mental representations of actions occurring in everyday life and their knowledge of communicative gestures" has also been linked to earlier productive language development. Between 9 (preverbal period) and 16 months (verbal period), deferred imitation performance on a standard actions-on-objects task was consistent in one longitudinal study testing participants' ability to complete a target action, with high achievers at 9 months remaining so at 16 months. Gestural development at 9 months was also linked to productive language at 16 months. Researchers now believe that early deferred imitation ability is indicative of early declarative memory, also considered a predictor of productive language development.
See also
Appropriation (sociology)
Articulation (sociology)
Associative Sequence Learning
Cognitive imitation
Identification (psychology)
Mimicry
References
Further reading
External links
M. Metzmacher, 1995. La transmission du chant chez le Pinson des arbres (Fringilla c. coelebs) : phase sensible et rôle des tuteurs chez les oiseaux captifs. Alauda, 63 : 123 – 134.
M. Metzmacher, 2016. Imitations et transmission culturelle dans le chant du Pinson des arbres Fringilla coelebs ? Alauda, 84 : 203-220.
Category:Social learning theory
Category:Behaviorism
es:Mimesis#Sociología | {
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Kamimatsukawa Station
is a railway station in the city of Fukushima, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan operated by Fukushima Kōtsū
Lines
Kamimatsukawa Station is served by the Iizaka Line and is located 3.7 km from the starting point of the line at .
Station layout
Kamimatsukawa iStation has one side platform serving a single bi-directional track. It has a ticket window which is manned in the morning and evening on weekdays and all day on holidays. At the station there is also a proof-of-departure ticket machine, a beverage vending machine, and a waiting room.
Adjacent stations
History
Kamimatsukawa Station was opened on January 10, 1964.
Surrounding area
Fukushima Dai-Ichi Hospital
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
External links
Category:Railway stations opened in 1964
Category:Railway stations in Fukushima Prefecture
Category:Fukushima Kōtsū Iizaka Line
Category:1964 establishments in Japan
Category:Fukushima (city) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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