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Yunior Pérez
Yunior Pérez (born 10 July 1981) is a Cuban rower. He competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Cuban male rowers
Category:Olympic rowers of Cuba
Category:Rowers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Rowers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Granma Province | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
San Pietro a Majella
San Pietro a Majella is a church in Naples, Italy. The term may also refer to the adjacent Naples music conservatory, which occupies the premises of the monastery that used to form a single complex with the church.
The church stands at the western end of Via dei Tribunali, one of the three parallel streets that define the grid of the historic center of Naples; the church is considered one of the most significant examples of Angevin architecture in Naples and was built at the wishes of Giovanni Pipino da Barletta, one of the knights of Charles II of Anjou and the one responsible for destroying the last Saracen colony on the southern peninsula, in Lucera.
San Pietro a Majella was built in the early 14th century and was named for and dedicated to Pietro Angeleri da Morone, a hermit monk from Maiella (near Sulmona) who became Pope Celestine V in 1294. He was the founder of the Celestine monastic order, which occupied the church until 1799, when monasteries were suppressed by the Neapolitan Republic. After the restoration of the monarchy, the monastery was reopened, but in 1826 was converted to house the San Pietro a Maiella Conservatory, a function it preserves. The church underwent restoration in the 1930s and remains an open and active house of worship.
As was the case with much Angevin architecture in Naples, San Pietro a Majella underwent a Baroque make-over by the Spanish in the 17th century, but 20th-century restoration attempted to "undo" that and to restore the building to its original Gothic appearance.
Interior
The interior has three naves, separated by pillars supporting Gothic arches, with nine lateral chapels, plus four on each side of the chancel, and transept. The 14th century tomb of Giovanni Pipino da Barletta, architect of the church, is placed on the counter-façade. The tomb was designed by Giovanni Barrile, while the tombs of Petra family members are by the Neapolitan sculptor Lorenzo Vaccaro.
The main altar was completed in the seventeenth-century, built by Cosimo Fanzago, and Pietro and Bartolomeo Ghetti, is decorated with large vases and candlesticks in silver and preceded by a balustrade covered in polychrome marbles. It stands on it a fifteenth-century wooden crucifix, while behind there are frescoes of the 17th century and 16th century sculptures.
The ceiling of the nave, with drawers, and the transept feature paintings by Mattia Preti depicting Episodes from the life of St. Peter Celestine and Saint Catherine of Alexandria (1657-1659).
The works on the nave, starting from the entrance, are:
Accompanied by Charles II of Anjou with the Cross, St Peter Celestine the hermit becomes Pope
St Peter Celestine in prayer at the Maiella church
Glory of St Peter Celestine in papal robes, accompanied by St. Benedict
St Peter Celestine in prayer at the Maiella church, suffering temptation
The saint with the tiara in hand, in the act of making the great refusal
The works of the transept, from left to right, are:
St Catherine defends her faith in dispute with the sophists
Develops stigmata in prison and assisted by the angels
Beheading of the saint in front of the tyrant Maxentius
Mystic Marriage of St Catherine
Lifeless body of the saint, strewn with roses, is taken to heaven by angels
Chapels
First chapel on left: There is a painting by Niccolo Rossi depicting Bishop San Biagio; chapel has Maiolica tiles with designs typical of Aragon.
Second chapel on left: This is the chapel of the Spinelli-Raetano family with two funerary monuments of the family of which the one on the left wall, is characterized by a bust of the Roman period depicting Trajan. The Assumption of the Virgin (1705) painted by Giacomo del Po.
Third chapel on left: Allows entry or exit, to Piazza Luigi Miraglia through port placed under the bell tower.
Fourth chapel on left: Houses three tombs, one of which appears to be the tomb of the philosopher, physician and scientist Leonardo Di Capua. The chapel is also characterized by decorations in marble and a Crucifixion by Domenico Viola.
Fifth chapel on left: The chapel is dedicated to the Colonna-Zagarolo family. Contains three paintings by Francesco De Mura: Preaching Santoronzo (altar ),Baptism of St. Horace (left wall) and Martyrdom of St. Horace (right wall).
Transept - left apse: Dedicated to the Petra family, the chapel houses in the two side walls the funerary monuments of Domenico and Vincenzo Petra, archbishop of Damascus, cardinal, and member of the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, both works of Lorenzo Vaccaro. In addition to the tiled floor, where there are two tombstones, one of 1739 to Isabella Altemps the wife of the duke of Gallese, Nicholas Petra, the chapel is also characterized by a fresco depicting the Madonna del Soccorso.
Transept - Second to the left of the apse chapel (Chapel Pippin): The floor is majolica tiles and is marked by a monument of Paul Salbana and Giottesque frescoes depicting ‘’Stories of Mary Magdalene’’. The author of the frescoes from Bologna was identified with the anonymous "Master John Barrile" active in Naples active in the Barrile Chapel of San Lorenzo Maggiore. The cycle of frescoes may have been made earlier than 1356, the year Giovanni Pepino, the buyer, died.
Transept on the right of the apse: Contains works of Giovanni da Nola and Onofrio De Leo. Of the first there is an altar with a Deposition (painting) and a sculpture of St Sebastian. The second there are two paintings,San Cristoforo da Padua with the host (1643) and San Francesco di Paola in front of the Kings of Aragon breaking a coin from which radiates blood, and other paintings depicting the Madonna, San Domenico, John the Baptist and St Francis.
Transept right of the apse chapel (Lionella Chapel): It has a cycle of frescoes dating depicting Stories of St. Martin (1355-1360). The chapel also has sculptures in marble, representing two arms of which one of the family Lionella and the other, the family Petra (whose chapel is located inside the church, to the left of the apse), depicting a lion rampant holding a stone in one paw and a severed head in the other.
First chapel on right: There is the tomb of the family Stinga.
Second chapel on right: There is a painting of St Benedict takes leave from St Scholastica by Girolamo Cenatiempo.
Third chapel on right: The chapel was badly damaged during World War II and contains an altar and a painting of the Seven Holy Founders of the Servite Order (1892). Both come from the destroyed Church of St Thomas Aquinas.
Fourth chapel on right: (Chapel of St. Peter): On the front is a painting by Massimo Stanzione, the Madonna appearing to St Peter Celestine, while on the sides there are two paintings by Cenatiempo: on the right, Nativity of St Peter C., and left Death of St Peter Celestine (1711). Finally, in the vault and lunettes, also by Cenatiempo, are Apotheosis of St. Peter Celestine and allegorical figures.
Fifth chapel on right: There is a Marriage of St Catherine by Cenatiempo and a Dream of St Catherine by Nicola Malinconico.
Notes
Sources
De Lellis, De Minieri Riccio, Brevi notizie dell'archivio angioino, Naples 1872.
A. Venditti, Urbanistica e architettura angioina, in Storia di Napoli, Naples 1969.
O. Morisani, L'arte di Napoli nell'età angioina, in Storia di Napoli, Naples 1969.
Celano - Chiarini, Notizie del bello dell'antico e del curioso, Naples 1972.
Category:14th-century Roman Catholic church buildings
Pietro a Majella
Category:Gothic architecture in Naples
Category:Celestine Order | {
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Ditrigona pomenaria
Ditrigona pomenaria is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Oberthür in 1923. It is found in China.
The wingspan is about 21 mm. The fore- and hindwings are white and highly lustrous. The forewings with the fasciae pale brownish grey. There are broad sub-basal, antemedial, double postmedial and weakly marked narrow subterminal fasciae. The hindwings are as the forewings.
References
Category:Moths described in 1923
Category:Drepaninae
Category:Moths of China
Category:Taxa named by Charles Oberthür | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Prydki
Prydki () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Danilovsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 30 as of 2010. There are 3 streets.
References
Category:Rural localities in Volgograd Oblast | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hooper, California
Hooper is a former settlement in Contra Costa County, California. It was located on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad west of Antioch, at an elevation of 16 feet (5 m). It still appeared on maps as of 1918.
References
Category:Former settlements in Contra Costa County, California
Category:Former populated places in California | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Let the Redeemed
"Let the Redeemed" is a single by American Christian singer-songwriter Josh Baldwin that was released via Bethel Music on July 19, 2019. The song was written by Bobby Strand, Ethan Hulse, Josh Baldwin and Kalley Heiligenthal.
Background
On June 10, 2019, Bethel Music had announced via Daily Play MPE that "Let the Redeemed" would be Josh Baldwin's next single, with the song slated to impact Christian radio on July 19, 2019. On July 18, 2019, Josh Baldwin announced on social media that he would be releasing a new song the following day. The song was released on July 19, 2019.
Baldwin shared the story behind the song in a video uploaded to YouTube. He shared that the song was inspired by The Passion Translation of Psalm 107:2 which says "Tell the world how he broke through and delivered you from the power of darkness."
He also added: "I feel like the power that reaches the people the most is our testimony, the power of our testimony. There’s such hope that comes out when we share what the Lord has done in us with other people. They can see where you’ve been and where you are now and how the Lord redeemed you. The song that probably is the most powerful on earth is the song of the redeemed. And that’s what this song really is."
Composition
"Let the Redeemed" is composed in the key of A with a tempo of 80 beats per minute and a musical time signature of .
Music videos
The live music video of "Let the Redeemed" performed by Josh Baldwin, recorded at the Heaven Come Conference 2019 at the Microsoft Theatre in Los Angeles, California was published on July 19, 2019, on Bethel Music's YouTube channel. The acoustic music video of the song was released on Apple Music on the same day.
Track listing
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Release history
References
External links
on PraiseCharts
Category:2019 singles
Category:2019 songs
Category:Contemporary Christian songs | {
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} |
Timeline of Smolensk
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Smolensk, Russia.
Prior to 20th century
1137 - Russian Orthodox Diocese of Smolensk established.
1150 - Assumption Cathedral consecrated.
1408 - Smolensk becomes part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
1514 - 1 August: Siege of Smolensk (1514); Moscow in power.
1602 - Smolensk Kremlin built.
1609 - Siege of Smolensk (1609–11) by Polish forces begins near city.
1611 - Siege of Smolensk (1609–11) ends; Poles in power.
1613 - Siege of Smolensk (1613–17) begins.
1632 - October: Siege of Smolensk (1632–33) begins.
1636 - Catholic Roman Catholic Diocese of Smolensk established.
1654 - Siege of Smolensk (1654).
1667 - Smolensk becomes part of Russia per Truce of Andrusovo.
1674 - Assumption Cathedral building demolished.
1772 - Assumption Cathedral rebuilt.
1812 - August: Battle of Smolensk (1812); city taken by French forces.
1878 - newspaper begins publication.
1885 - unveiled.
1888 - founded.
1894 - Polish church built.
1897 - Population: 46,889.
1900 - Population: 57,405.
20th century
1901 - Tram begins operating.
1913 - Population: 76,000.
1917 - Labor strikes.
1918 - Smolensk State University established.
1926 - Smolensk Aviation Plant established.
1936 - of city established.
1937
City becomes part of the Smolensk Oblast.
established.
1939 - Smolensk Regional Philharmonic orchestra established.
1941 - July–August: Battle of Smolensk (1941).
1942 - Cinema opens.
1943 - August–October: Battle of Smolensk (1943).
1954 - Glinka Festival begins.
1961 - established.
1963 - (diamonds) and established.
1965
established.
Population: 183,000.
1979 - established.
1985 - Population: 331,000.
1988 - in use.
1989 - Population: 341,483.
1992 - Football Club Kristall Smolensk formed.
1995 - Tvardovsky statue unveiled in .
1998
becomes mayor.
becomes governor of Smolensk Oblast.
2000 - City becomes part of the Central Federal District.
21st century
2002
becomes governor of Smolensk Oblast.
Smolensk Archive relocated to Russia from the US.
2003 - Vladislav Khaletsky becomes mayor.
2004 - Football Club Dnepr Smolensk formed.
2010
10 April: Airplane crash; Polish president Kaczyński killed.
Population: 326,863.
See also
Smolensk history
Timelines of other cities in the Central Federal District of Russia: Moscow, Voronezh
References
This article incorporates information from the Russian Wikipedia.
Bibliography
(research utilizing the Smolensk Archive)
External links
Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Smolensk, various dates
Category:Smolensk
smolensk
Category:Years in Russia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Adrian Robinson
Adrian Lynn Robinson, Jr. (November 21, 1989 – May 16, 2015) was an American football linebacker. He was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent in 2012. He played college football at Temple University.
He also played for the Philadelphia Eagles, Denver Broncos, San Diego Chargers, and Washington Redskins.
Early years
Adrian Robinson was born on November 21, 1989, in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania to Adrian Robinson Sr, and Terry. Robinson attended Harrisburg High School, where he was named a three star prospect by scout.com. He graduated from Harrisburg High in 2008. Robinson was selected to play in the Big 33 Football Classic during his senior year and voted the most valuable player in that game. He was also a two-time all state honoree at Harrisburg. Robinson received D-1 offers from Temple, Pittsburgh, and Connecticut.
Robinson attended Temple University where he majored in communications.
College career
Temple University
In 2008, Robinson played in all twelve games of the college season, including three starts at defensive end.
In his sophomore season, Robinson was named the MAC Defensive Player of the Year. He also earned such accolades as 2009 first-team All-MAC honoree, first-team All-MAC by Phil Steele, 2009 MAC Defensive MVP by the Sporting News and ESPN.com’s All-Non-Automatic Qualifying Team selection. He was first-team All-MAC again as a junior and senior. He finished his college career with a dominating performance in the 37-15 victory over Wyoming in the 2011 Gildan New Mexico Bowl. It was Temple's first bowl victory since 1979.
Professional career
Pittsburgh Steelers
On April 28, 2012, Robinson was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers as an undrafted free agent.
Philadelphia Eagles
On August 23, 2013, the Steelers traded Robinson to the Philadelphia Eagles for running back Felix Jones. He was released by the Eagles on August 30, 2013.
Denver Broncos
On September 1, 2013, the Denver Broncos claimed Robinson. He was waived by the Broncos on October 15, 2013.
San Diego Chargers
On November 12, 2013, the San Diego Chargers signed Robinson. He was released by the Chargers on December 7, 2013.
Washington Redskins
On December 24, 2013, the Washington Redskins signed Robinson. He was waived on August 24, 2014.
Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Robinson was signed to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers' practice squad on September 10, 2014. He was released by the Buccaneers on September 23, 2014.
Hamilton Tiger-Cats
Robinson signed with the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League (CFL) on April 27, 2015.
Death
Robinson died on May 16, 2015. The medical examiner later ruled his death as a suicide by hanging.
Robinson is survived by his daughter, Avery Marie.
On October 14, 2015, Robinson's family announced that a diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) was confirmed through officials at the Concussion Legacy Foundation at Boston University.
References
External links
Pittsburgh Steelers bio
San Diego Chargers bio
Temple Owls bio
Category:1989 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:Sportspeople from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Category:Players of American football from Pennsylvania
Category:African-American players of American football
Category:American football defensive ends
Category:American football linebackers
Category:Temple Owls football players
Category:Pittsburgh Steelers players
Category:Philadelphia Eagles players
Category:Denver Broncos players
Category:San Diego Chargers players
Category:Players of American football who committed suicide
Category:Suicides by hanging in Pennsylvania
Category:Washington Redskins players
Category:Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Category:Hamilton Tiger-Cats players | {
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} |
Full Moon Fever
Full Moon Fever is the debut solo studio album by Tom Petty, released on April 24, 1989, by MCA Records. It features contributions from members of his band the Heartbreakers, notably Mike Campbell, as well as Jeff Lynne, Roy Orbison (who died prior to its release), and George Harrison, Petty's bandmates in the Traveling Wilburys. The record shows Petty exploring his musical roots with nods to his influences. The songwriting is mainly collaborations between Petty and Lynne, who was also a producer on the album. The album became a commercial and critical success peaking at No. 3 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and being certified 5× platinum in the United States and 6× platinum in Canada.
Background and recording
Having earlier in 1987 finished a Heartbreakers tour behind the album Let Me Up (I've Had Enough), Petty decided to record a solo album without the Heartbreakers (similar to the arrangement between Bruce Springsteen and The E Street Band at the time). This stirred some controversy among members of the Heartbreakers, although all but drummer Stan Lynch contributed to the album. Benmont Tench and Howie Epstein initially were not happy about playing the Full Moon Fever songs live during Heartbreakers concerts. Lynch hated playing them right up until his departure from the band, saying it made him feel like he was in a cover band.
The recording process in 1988 was a low-key affair, with many of Petty's friends contributing, including the members of the Traveling Wilburys, minus Bob Dylan. Recorded mainly in the relaxed atmosphere of Mike Campbell's garage studio, Petty would later say it was the most enjoyable record of his career. Recording of Full Moon Fever was actually interrupted to allow time for recording of the first Wilburys' album. Two songs recorded during the sessions did not make the Full Moon Fever album. "Down the Line" and "Don't Treat Me Like A Stranger" were released as B-sides. During the sessions, Petty wrote "Indiana Girl", an early draft of what would eventually become "Mary Jane's Last Dance".
Musical style and themes
The album is noted for being heavily influenced by Jeff Lynne, resulting in a cleaner and glossier version of the Heartbreakers' roots rock from previous albums. Lynne incorporated layers of keyboards and backing vocals, giving it a Beatlesque feel. The songs show Petty paying dues to his influences with a Byrds cover ("I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better") and a nod to Del Shannon in "Runnin' Down a Dream". Other songs, such as "Free Fallin'", show Petty addressing nostalgia on his rise to fame. "A Mind With a Heart of Its Own" uses a Bo Diddley-style rhythm, while "The Apartment Song" features an instrumental break with paradiddle drumming reminiscent of Buddy Holly's "Peggy Sue".
Release and reception
The album, which became Petty's commercial peak as an artist, was helped by favorable critical reviews and three hit singles. The album was released on April 24, 1989 and rose to eventually peak at No. 3 on the U.S. Billboard 200 and No. 8 in the UK. Five singles were released from the album; two hit the top 20 of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and three topped the U.S. Mainstream Rock chart. The RIAA certified Full Moon Fever 5× platinum on October 5, 2000 in the US and the CRIA certified it 6× platinum on September 18, 1991 in Canada.
Critical praise was generally high, with AllMusic giving the album ****½ in a retrospective review, admiring the craft of the album and rivaling it with the Heartbreakers' Damn the Torpedoes. This review notes there are no weak tracks on the album, calling it a "minor masterpiece". The original Rolling Stone review compared the album favorably to the Traveling Wilburys' debut, Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1, saying it has the "same restless charm", but commenting that Full Moon Fever at times seems "sprawling". The review claims the album is "another rewarding, low-key side project for Petty", giving it three-and-a-half stars out of five. A later Rolling Stone biographer claims Full Moon Fever was a "masterful solo album". It was ranked No. 92 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 100 best albums of the 1980s.
In 2000 it was voted number 534 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.
"Hello, CD listeners ..."
The original U.S. compact-disc release of the album contains a hidden track in the pregap of Track 6 ("I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better"), at the point where cassette or LP listeners would have to flip sides to continue. The track consists of a brief tongue-in-cheek monologue by Petty, over a background of barnyard noises. The interlude is not included in other physical versions of the album, though it is mentioned (as "Attention CD Listeners") in the album credits in all versions.
Track listing
Personnel
Tom Petty – lead and backing vocals, 6 and 12 string acoustic and electric guitars, keyboards, tambourine
Mike Campbell – lead guitar, bass guitar, mandolin, slide guitar, Dobro, keyboards
Jeff Lynne – bass guitar, rhythm guitar, guitar synthesizer, piano, keyboards, backing vocals
Phil Jones – drums, percussion
Additional musicians
George Harrison – acoustic guitar and backing vocals on "I Won't Back Down"
Jim Keltner – drums, maracas and tambourine on "Love Is a Long Road"
Benmont Tench – piano on "The Apartment Song"
Howie Epstein – backing vocals on "I Won't Back Down" and "Love Is a Long Road"
Roy Orbison – backing vocals on "Zombie Zoo"
Kelsey Campbell – scream on "Zombie Zoo"
Alan Weidel, Jeff Lynne, Tom Petty – hand claps on "I'll Feel a Whole Lot Better"
Del Shannon – barnyard noises in the "Hello, CD listeners..." interlude
Production
Produced by Jeff Lynne with Tom Petty and Mike Campbell
Engineers: Mike Campbell, Don Smith, and Bill Bottrell; Dennis Kirk on "Love Is a Long Road"
Assistant engineer: Alan "Bugs" Weidel
Mastered by Steve Hall
Charts and certifications
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Singles
Certifications
Notes
References
Category:1989 debut albums
Category:Tom Petty albums
Category:Albums produced by Tom Petty
Category:Albums produced by Jeff Lynne
Category:MCA Records albums
Category:Albums recorded at Sunset Sound Recorders
Category:Albums recorded at Sound City Studios
Category:Albums produced by Mike Campbell (musician) | {
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Matiatia
Matiatia is a location at the western end of Waiheke Island, in New Zealand's Hauraki Gulf. The name is used for both a valley and its surrounding hills, with the valley stretching down to a foreshore and wharf on the gulf. Matiatia is known as "The Gateway to Waiheke Island".
The name matiatia is shared with a type of beach grass, now rare, which was known to grow at the gateway.
References
Category:Waiheke Island | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Madison Square North Historic District
__NOTOC__
The Madison Square North Historic District is in Manhattan, New York City, and was created on June 26, 2001 by the city's Landmarks Preservation Commission.
Lying north and west of Madison Square Park, the district's boundaries are irregular. The main southern boundary is 26th Street between Madison Avenue almost to the Avenue of the Americas ("Sixth Avenue"), but a portion of 25th Street, from Fifth Avenue to somewhat west of Broadway, is included. On the north, the district goes no further than 29th Street, but portions of it stop at 28th Street or between 27th Street and 28th Street. From east to west, the district is entirely between Madison and Sixth Avenues, without encompassing the entirety of any of these blocks.
According to the Commission's Designation Report, the District:
consists of approximately 96 buildings representing the period of New York City's commercial history from the 1870s to the 1930s when this section prospered, first, as a major entertainment district of hotels, clubs, stores and apartment buildings, and then, as a mercantile district of high-rise office and loft structures. ... [T]he district also contains numerous row houses, Art-Deco style towers, as well as modest twentieth-century commercial structures, all of which testify to each successive phase in [the] area's development.
The Historic District lies primarily within the Manhattan neighborhood known as NoMad, for "NOrth of MADison Square Park".
Gallery
See also
Flatiron District
The Grand Madison
Herald Square
Little Church Around the Corner
Madison Square
Midtown Manhattan
Prince George Hotel
NoMad
References
Notes
External links
"Madison Square North Historic District Designation Report" NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission
"Madison Square North Historic District" map
Category:Neighborhoods in Manhattan
Category:Historic districts in Manhattan
Category:New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Category:New York City designated historic districts
Category:Midtown Manhattan | {
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New Trombone
New Trombone is the debut album by trombonist Curtis Fuller recorded in 1957 and originally released on the Prestige label.
Reception
In his review for Allmusic, Scott Yanow stated: "Trombonist Curtis Fuller's debut as a leader was a strong start to the 22-year-old's career... all of the musicians fare quite well".
Track listing
All compositions by Curtis Fuller except as indicated
"Vonce #5" - 7:40
"Transportation Blues" - 8:18
"Blue Lawson" - 6:51
"Namely You" (Gene de Paul, Johnny Mercer) - 9:25
"What Is This Thing Called Love?" (Cole Porter) - 6:30
"Alicia" bonus track on CD
Personnel
Curtis Fuller - trombone
Sonny Red - alto saxophone
Hank Jones - piano
Doug Watkins - bass
Louis Hayes - drums
References
Category:Prestige Records albums
Category:Curtis Fuller albums
Category:1957 debut albums
Category:Albums recorded at Van Gelder Studio
Category:Albums produced by Bob Weinstock | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hans Herrman Strupp
Hans Hermann Strupp (August 25, 1921 – October 5, 2006) was born in Frankfurt, Germany and died in the U.S. He moved from Nazi Germany to the U.S. and he pursued a PhD in Psychology at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. where the Department of Psychiatry granted him with a Certificate in Applied Psychiatry for Psychologists. One of the founders of this School was Harry Stack Sullivan whose work had a large impact on Strupp's academic career and thinking.
Contributions to research in psychotherapy
Strupp's work in the field of psychotherapy research is considered to be pioneering because he was the first to introduce the use of actual therapy session material, such as audio and videotapes from the therapy sessions, as methodologically significant tools for testing theories of psychotherapeutic change, something that was considered to be controversial up to that time. During the studies that he followed on the practise of psychotherapy these methods were widely used.
As a prolific scholar and researcher, he published 16 books and over 300 papers. He was member of the American Psychological Association and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Furthermore, he has contributed to one third to the foundation of Society for Psychotherapy Research (SPR). From 1972 to 1973, he was the SPR's president.
Contributions to psychoanalysis
One of his most important works was the development of Time-Limited Psychotherapy, which is described in a treatment manual called Psychotherapy in a New Key: Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy (1984) co-written by Strupp and his colleague Jeffrey Binder. In Time-Limited Psychotherapy, an integration of classical and interpersonal psychoanalytic theory is attempted, with a major result of this being the emphasis on the analysis of transference even when the external conditions, such as lesser frequency and the training of the therapist, are not those of psychoanalysis proper. Furthermore, in this manual's theory, the psychological reality is not dichotomized into veridical and distorted, with transference defined as a distortion, but it is viewed as multiple and contributed to by both participants in the interaction.
Views on efficient psychotherapy
Strupp, much like Carl Rogers, focused much of his attention on the therapeutic relationship between the therapist and patient and not on the techniques used. He noted that the attitude of the therapist toward the patient was the most significant ingredient for a successful psychotherapy; therapists who were supportive and empathetic were the most likely to have success. His many publications include Psychotherapy: Clinical, Research and theoretical issues (1973) and (with others) Psychotherapy for better or worse (1977).
Notes
References
Strupp, H. & Binder, J. (1984): Psychotherapy in a New Key, A Guide to Time-Limited Dynamic Psychotherapy. Ed : Basic Books, Inc., Publishers, New York.
http://www.insidevandy.com/drupal/node/1117 Vanderbilt University's on-line student community; retrieved from the web 22 April 2008
Admirers, Colleagues, and Mentees of Hans Strupp / http://www.psychotherapyresearch.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=104 Society for Psychotherapy research; retrieved from the web 22 April 2008
Richard Niolon (1999) / http://www.psychpage.com/learning/library/counseling/ingredthx.html Resources for students and professionals, www.psychpage.com ; retrieved from the web 20 May 2008
Category:1921 births
Category:2006 deaths
Category:German psychotherapists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Mukaihara Station (disambiguation)
Mukaihara Station may refer to:
Mukaihara Station (向原駅), on the JR West Geibi Line in Akitakata, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan
Mukaibara Station (向井原駅), on the JR Shikoku Yosan Line in Iyo, Ehime Prefecture, Japan
Mukohara Station (向原停留場), on the Tokyo Sakura Tram in Tokyo, Japan
See also
Mukainada Station (向洋駅), on the JR West Sanyo Main Line in Fuchū (town), Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Narvalina
Narvalina is a genus of flowering plants in the dahlia tribe within the sunflower family.
Species
Species
Narvalina domingensis, native to Hispaniola.
formerly included
see Cyathomone Ericentrodea Lasianthaea
Narvalina corazonensis Hieron. - Ericentrodea corazonensis (Hieron.) S.F.Blake & Sherff
Narvalina fruticosa (L.) Urb. - Lasianthaea fruticosa (L.) K.M.Becker
Narvalina homogama Hieron. - Ericentrodea homogama (Hieron.) S.F.Blake & Sherff
Narvalina sodiroi Hieron. - Cyathomone sodiroi (Hieron.) S.F.Blake
References
External links
Category:Asteraceae genera
Category:Coreopsideae
Category:Monotypic Asteraceae genera | {
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1884 Atlantic hurricane season
The 1884 Atlantic hurricane season was one of only three Atlantic hurricane seasons, along with 1852 and 1858, in which every known tropical cyclone attained hurricane status. Overall, four tropical cyclones developed, three of which made landfall. The first system was initially observed over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean on September 1. It struck Newfoundland the following day, but impact there is unknown. On September 3, the next hurricane developed, though it did not affect land in its duration. The third hurricane struck Georgia, accompanied by damaging waves in north Florida.
The final storm was last noted on October 17. These dates fall within the period with the most tropical cyclone activity in the Atlantic. Only two tropical cyclones during the season existed simultaneously. The hurricane brought heavy rainfall to Jamaica, resulting in eight deaths. This storm also left damage to crops and vessels in portions of the Bahamas and Cuba. Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s, historical data on tropical cyclones from this period may not be comprehensive. An undercount bias of zero to six tropical cyclones per year between 1851 and 1885 has been estimated.
__TOC__
Systems
Hurricane One
The first storm of the season was spotted by the steamship State of Nebraska, while located about midway between Bermuda and Sable Island at 00:00 UTC on September 1. Initially, sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) were observed, equivalent to a Category 1 hurricane. Later on September 1, the bark Engelbert lost spars and sail to the east of Sable Island. Additionally, the Naupactus encountered heavy seas and lost a portion of its deckload. Early on September 2, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm. Shortly thereafter, it made landfall in southeastern Newfoundland. Accelerating northeastward, the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone around 00:00 UTC on September 3, while located about northeast of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. The extratropical remnants moved east-northeastward across the Atlantic and struck Ireland, before dissipating late on September 6. This hurricane was added to HURDAT based on a study by Jose F. Partagas and Henry F. Diaz in 1996.
Hurricane Two
Another tropical storm was first observed by the bark Campero at 00:00 UTC on September 3, while located about northeast of Cayenne, French Guiana. Moving west-northwestward, the storm intensified into a Category 1 hurricane on September 5. The brig Comalo was damaged by the hurricane and was leaky and dismasted upon arrival in Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. By midday on September 6, the storm strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane. Early the following day, the system further intensified into a Category 3 hurricane while curving northeastward.
At 12:00 UTC on September 7, the storm attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of . Early the following day, the system weakened to a Category 2 hurricane. Around 00:00 UTC on September 12, the storm deteriorated further to a Category 1 hurricane. The next day, the hurricane began accelerating to the northeast. The steamship Marseille encountered the storm on September 14 and suffered damage. By midday on September 15, the hurricane weakened to a tropical storm and dissipated late on September 16, while located about west-southwest of Ireland.
Hurricane Three
Early on September 10, the steamship City of Palatka encountered a tropical storm, while located about east-northeast of Cape Canaveral, Florida. Heading northwestward, the storm made landfall in a rural area of McIntosh County, Georgia at 01:00 UTC on September 11, with winds of 45 mph (75 km/h). Hours later, the system weakened to a tropical depression. Late on September 12, the depression re-emerged into the Atlantic Ocean and soon re-strengthened into a tropical storm. Thereafter, the storm headed southeastward and then eastward while slowly intensifying. By September 14, the system turned southward and became a Category 1 hurricane. It curved west-southwestward on September 15, then doubled-back by the following day.
The hurricane accelerated east-northeastward starting on September 17, before turning northeastward on September 18. Around 06:00 UTC, the system attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of . At 00:00 UTC on September 20, the hurricane transitioned into an extratropical cyclone while situated about east of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Unusually high tides were reported at St. Johns, Florida, causing considerable damage to wharves and freight between September 15 and September 18, long after the storm moved offshore the Southeastern United States.
Hurricane Four
The final known tropical cyclone of the season was first observed in the Caribbean Sea by the steamship Cienfuegos on October 7, while located about south-southeast of Kingston, Jamaica. That day, the storm dropped heavy rainfall on the island, resulting in at least eight fatalities. Moving north-northeastward, the system strengthened into a Category 1 hurricane on October 8. Early the next day, the hurricane made landfall in Cuba near modern-day Guantánamo Bay with winds of 80 mph (130 km/h). While crossing the island, the system weakened to a tropical storm on October 9. In Oriente Province, "some heavy damage" and several injuries were reported. Around midday on October 9, the storm emerged into the Atlantic Ocean near Frank País, Cuba.
Continuing northward, the system became a Category 1 hurricane again on October 11. In the Bahamas, considerable damage was inflicted upon crops and fruit plantations. A number of shipping vessels were also lost. The brigantine Emma L. Hall, which was carrying 12,000 bushels of salt, suffered severe damage. At Grand Turk Island, the hurricane was considered the worst storm in 25 years. After moving north of the Bahamas, the storm strengthened into a Category 2 hurricane on October 14 and peaked with sustained winds of 105 mph (165 km/h). Shortly thereafter, the hurricane curved north-northeastward and weakened to a Category 1 hurricane on the next day. Further weakening occurred and the system fell to tropical storm intensity by October 17. The storm was last noted about southeast of Bermuda.
See also
Atlantic hurricane season
Tropical cyclone observation
Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project
References
External links
1884 "Best Track" data from HURDAT
Individual storm tracks
Atlantic Hurricane Season, 1884
Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines
Category:1884 natural disasters | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Siilinjärvi carbonatite
The Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex is located in central Finland close to the city of Kuopio. It is named after the nearby village of Siilinjärvi, located approximately 5 km west of the southern extension of the complex. Siilinjärvi is the second largest carbonatite complex in Finland after the Sokli formation, and one of the oldest carbonatites on Earth at 2610±4 Ma. The carbonatite complex consists of a roughly 16 km long steeply dipping lenticular body surrounded by granite gneiss. The maximum width of the body is 1.5 km and the surface area is 14.7 km2. The complex was discovered in 1950 by the Geological Survey of Finland with help of local mineral collectors. The exploration drilling began in 1958 by Lohjan Kalkkitehdas Oy. Typpi Oy continued drilling between years 1964 and 1967, and Apatiitti Oy drilled from 1967 to 1968. After the drillings, the laboratory and pilot plant work were made. The mine was opened by Kemira Oyj in 1979 as an open pit. The operation was sold to Yara in 2007.
The Siilinjärvi apatite mine is the biggest open pit in Finland. Currently the mine comprises two pits; the larger southern Särkijärvi and the smaller northern Saarinen satellite pit. The Särkijärvi pit is approximately 250 m deep, with a bench height of 28 m. The Saarinen pit is located some 5 km north of the main Särkijärvi pit.
The overall blast rate at the mine is 600 kt per week, 450 kt from the Särkijärvi pit and 150 kt from the Saarinen pit. Almost all of the glimmerite-carbonatite series rocks are ore-grade rocks; the fenites and crosscutting diabases are waste rocks. There are, however, some late apatite-poor carbonatite veins and certain blocks of carbonatite-glimmerite with < 0.5 wt-% P2O5. The reason why those are barren of apatite is unknown, but it could be related to metamorphism and fluid flow.
The Siilinjärvi mine is the only operating phosphorus mine in the European Union. Since 1979, over 400 Mt of rock have been mined, about 65% being ore. By year 2016, the mine had produced 24.7 Mt of the main product, apatite. Ore reserves were 205 Mt in January 2016. The current production is roughly 11 Mt of ore per year, while the average in situ grade is 4.0 wt-% of P2O5. Roughly 85% of the apatite concentrate is processed on-site in Siilinjärvi to produce phosphoric acid and fertilisers, the rest of the concentrate is used in the company's other factories. The by-products are mica and calcite concentrates. Apatite concentrate is produced by flotation in the concentrator near the Särkijärvi pit. The concentrate can be then processed into phosphoric acid using sulphuric acid. The sulphuric acid is currently derived from Pyhäsalmi mine pyrite.
Surrounding rocks
The surrounding bedrock of Siilinjärvi intrusion is Archean, although the boundary between the Archean and Paleoproterozoic bedrock is near-by. The nearest Paleoproterozoic rocks belong to the North Savo Black Schist area.
The glimmerite-carbonatite intrusion in Siilinjärvi is located in the south-eastern part of the Iisalmi granite-gneiss terrain. The terrane records both some of the youngest and oldest Archean events in the Fennoscandian Shield, the 2.6 Ga Siilinjärvi intrusion and nearly 3.2 Ga mesosomes found in granulites. Seismic studies have shown that the crustal thickness inside the Iisalmi terrane is unusually thick, some 55–60 km. The terranes thickness is due to several processes, such as thrust-stacking during the Svecofennian collision and post-collisional underplating. At the present erosion level the western part of the terrane is mostly metamorphosed at greenschist facies during the Svecofennian orogeny.
The dominating surrounding rock type in the Siilinjärvi area is a granite gneiss with varying texture and to some extent, mineralogy. The main minerals are plagioclase feldspar, quartz, microcline feldspar, biotite and hornblende. The surrounding granite gneiss extends some 100 km to the north from Siilinjärvi. The Karelian (2.0-1.9 Ga) sedimentary rocks occur in the west and north-west of Siilinjärvi. The rocks are folded mica schist -like gneisses.
The gabbros of Lapinlahti and Siilinjärvi are from the Archean Karelian orogeny. A fine-grained quartz-diorite, which intrudes the surrounding granitic gneiss, is located at the north-eastern side of the Siilinjärvi gabbro.
Rock types of the complex
Five different rocks characterise the Siilinjärvi mine: glimmerite-carbonatite series rocks, fenites, diabase dykes, tonalite-diorites and gneisses. Apatite is associated with the glimmerite-carbonatites.
Commonly, carbonatite complexes contain a core of intruded carbonatite which cuts a sequence of phlogopite-rich rocks. In Siilinjärvi, however, the glimmerites and carbonatites are well mixed and occur as subvertical to vertical laminated nearly pure glimmerites and nearly pure carbonatites. The volume of the carbonatite is greater in the center of the intrusion, and rocks near the edges of the body are almost completely glimmerites.
Ore-bearing rocks
The central ore body comprises glimmerites and carbonatites. The phlogopite-rich ore-bearing rocks vary from almost pure glimmerite to carbonate-glimmerite and silicocarbonates. Carbonatites, which contain more than 50% carbonates, represent only about 1.5 vol% of the main intrusion. These carbonatite rocks are more abundant in the center of the intrusion and they occur as thin veins in glimmerite. The ore body also contains blue-green rocks which are composed up to 50 modal% of richterite. The main minerals of the ore rocks are tetraferriphlogopite, calcite, dolomite, apatite and richterite. Zircon, magnetite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and pyroxenes occur as accessory minerals. The apatite is fluorapatite and the amount of CO2 varies.
Glimmerite is intensely foliated, greenish black, dark or reddish brown rock (depending on the dominating mica mineral) containing 0-15 % carbonate minerals. The oriented rocks are fine- to medium-grained and usually porphyritic. The matrix is composed of fine-grained, aphanitic phlogopite and the porphyroclasts are tabular phlogopite grains. The fine-grained glimmerites are often more equigranular. The mineral composition of the glimmerites are on average 82% phlogopite, 8% apatite, 7% amphiboles, 2% calcite and 1% dolomite. At some areas, the apatite content is so high that the rock is named as apatite rock (at least 25% apatite). Apatite occurs as grand sized grains in these rocks, and the diameter of the crystals can be up to several decimeters. Accessory minerals of the glimmerites include ilmenite, magnetite and pyrochlore.
The carbonate-glimmerites are lighter coloured rocks compared to the pure glimmerites. That is obviously because of the carbonate content (15-25 % carbonate minerals), but also because of the lighter, reddish brown colour of the mica. They are less oriented than the glimmerites and more equigranular. The grain size is medium. The mineral composition of the carbonate-glimmerites are on average 64% phlogopite, 10% apatite, 10% calcite, 9% dolomite and 7% amphiboles.
The silicocarbonates contain 25-50 % carbonate minerals and are quite light coloured, the shade is dependent on the mica colour. The texture is quite similar to the carbonate-glimmerites, excluding the areas, where the carbonates and micas are banded and occur as their own phases. The average mineral composition is 46% phlogopite, 22% dolomite, 19% calcite, 9% apatite and 4% amphiboles, although the amount of calcite should be higher than the one of dolomites. The accessory minerals of the silicocarbonates include strontianite, barite, zircon, ilmenite and magnetite.
The carbonatitic rocks (> 50% carbonates) in Siilinjärvi are brecciated and are mostly composed of calcite, dolomite and apatite. The accessory minerals include phlogopite, ilmenite and magnetite. Generally, the dolomite content of the carbonate rocks varies quite a lot. The content is mostly very low and the rock consist mainly of calcite, but in some areas, the dolomite content can be as high as 50%. The Siilinjärvi carbonates are light grey, white or slightly reddish fine to medium grained rocks with average grain size about 0.9-1.2 mm. These rocks occur commonly as vertical dykes.
Fenites
Fenites surround the ore-bearing rocks in the Siilinjärvi complex. They were formed metasomatically when the carbonatite-glimmerite rocks intruded into the granite gneiss host. The fenites consist mainly of perthitic microcline, richterite amphibole, and pyroxene, but there also are a wide variety of fenite types that include minerals like pyroxene, amphibole, carbonate, quartz, apatite, and quartz-aegirine. The fenites are also found as xenoliths in the glimmerite-carbonatites. The most common fenite type is a reddish or greenish grey rock with varying grain size. Microcline content of the fenites is on average about 50% and the microcline is abundant in perthite. The amount of plagioclase varies much more, and the highest percentages found are about 20-30 %. Anorthoclase content on individual plagioclase grains is 10-15 %. Amphibole percentage is 0-30 % and pyroxene percentage 0-15 % of the rock. Some fenite types contain as much as 15% biotite.
Cross-cutting dykes
Basaltic diabase dykes crosscut the entire Siilinjärvi complex. Their width varies from a couple of centimetres up to 60 metres. The diabase dykes have a very distinct northwest–southeast or north-northwest–south-southeast vertical orientation. The diabases are dark green, almost black aphanitic rocks without macroscopic orientation. The hornblende content of the Siilinjärvi diabases is 50-70 %, and plagioclase content is 25-40 %. The hornblende is altered to biotite in contact zones, and the plagioclase is albitic. The altered margins of the hornblende dyke are about 50 cm wide. The accessory minerals include titanite, epidote, pyrite, apatite, quartz and zircon. The preliminary studies show that there are at least three different diabase varieties: calcite-bearing, sulfide-bearing and barren diabase. The sulfide content is higher in the more sheared rocks.
The melasyenite, which crosscuts all the other parts of the complex but the diabase dykes, is composed of alkali feldspar, biotite, alkaline amphibole, apatite, and magnetite. The mafic melasyenite dyke is 4 km long and 20–30 m wide and appears to have a lamprophyric character. It is located in the northern part of the complex and is possibly related to the same intrusive event as the carbonatite.
Minerals of the Siilinjärvi intrusion
Most common minerals of the Siilinjärvi intrusion are micas, carbonates, apatites and amphiboles. The average composition of the Siilinjärvi ore is 65% phlogopite (including tetraferriphlogopite), 19% carbonates (calcite/dolomite ratio 4:1), 10% apatite (equivalent to 4% P2O5 in the whole rock), 5% richterite, and 1% accessory minerals (mainly magnetite and zircon).
Micas
The most common mica mineral in Siilinjärvi complex is tetraferriphlogopite, which comprises 65% of the intrusion. Some glimmerites contain over 90% tetraferriphlogopite. The colour of the mineral is black or greenish black, dark brown or reddish brown. The colour is dependent on the host rock and the intensity of the deformation of the rock. The reddish brown mica usually occurs with the carbonate-glimmerites and the black mica occurs with the glimmerites. Phlogopites show very strong red-brown to pinkish yellow reverse pleocroism, which is due to high Fe3+ contents. The phlogopite of Siilinjärvi is sold as soil conditioner under the trade name “Yara biotite”.
Phlogopite occurs as disseminated flakes, tabular crystals and lamellar or foliated aggregates. The grain size of the micas varies from only a couple of µm to several centimetres, the average size is 1–2 mm in diameter. The phlogopite is altered into brown biotite-phlogopite in the shear zones, and in the most intensely sheared zones, into biotite and chlorite. The most common inclusion mineral in micas is magnetite, but generally the inclusions are rare. Some zircon inclusions can also be found.
Carbonates
The dolomite of Siilinjärvi is yellowish or brownish white and it is hard to distinguish it from calcite. The most common form of dolomite is roundish anhedral grains with diameter of 0.2-0.4 mm. The dolomites are also found as large, almost euhedral, grains with diameter of 4–6 mm. Other common textures are myrmekite and exsolution lamellae with calcite. Euhedral grains are only found in carbonatites. The microprobe studies of Siilinjärvi dolomite show homogeneous compositions with low FeO-, SrO- and MnO –content.
Apatites
The apatite in Siilinjärvi is mainly fluorapatite, but also carbonate-fluorapatite can be found. The ore-bearing rocks of Siilinjärvi contain roughly equal amounts (about 10%) of light green to grey apatite. The amount of fluorine is about 2-4 wt-% in the Siilinjärvi apatite. The apatites of the mine contain quite high amounts of SrO, and sometimes also CO2. Apatite is found in companion with mica in mica rich rocks and with calcite, dolomite or mica in carbonate-rich rocks.
Typically, the apatite occurs as rounded grains or as hexagonal prismatic crystals. The grain size varies from 10 µm to several decimeters in diameter, so the deposit is disseminated. Usually the grain size of apatite is bigger in the carbonates and smaller in the deformed areas. The hexagonal rods and cross sections are sparse in deformed areas, where the grains are disintegrated and broken. The inclusions in the apatite are more abundant in the sheared parts of the ore. The amount is also greater in bigger grains compared to smaller ones. Some grains do not have inclusions at all. The most common inclusion minerals are carbonates, mostly dolomite. Opaques appear also as inclusions, but they are rare.
Amphiboles
The most common amphibole in Siilinjärvi is blue-green richterite, which forms about 5% of the overall volume of the intrusion and usually less than 15 vol-% of the glimmerites. The greatest percentages of amphiboles are found in the sheared parts of the ore glimmerites, where the percentage can be locally up to 40-50 %. Some carbonatite veins do not have amphiboles at all. The amphiboles of Siilinjärvi are usually subhedral and the typical grain size is about 0.1 mm. However, the grain size varies quite a lot, and large crystals with diameter of several centimeters are not uncommon. The largest found crystal clusters are up to 30 cm long. Inclusions are rare and the inclusion minerals are most commonly phlogopite and opaques. Altering of the mineral is uncommon.
Accessory minerals
Magnetite is the most common accessory mineral in the ore rocks, and constitute usually less than 1 vol% of the ore. It is mostly found in the glimmerites. Sulfide minerals represented in the ore are pyrite, pyrrhotite, and lesser amounts of chalcopyrite. Sulfides can locally occur in massive form, despite their proportional rarity.
Barite, strontianite, monazite, pyrochlore, zircon, baddeleyite, rutile and ilmenite have been identified in Siilinjärvi as rare accessory minerals. Barite can occur as intergrowths with strontianite in < 50 μm inclusions in calcite. Monazite can be found in two types: <50 μm subhedral inclusions in calcite or apatite and slightly larger sub-anhedral grains along grain boundaries. Pyrochlorite exists as inclusions mostly in phlogopite, grains are usually 50–200 μm wide. Zircon occurs as euhedral grains, which vary in size from 100 μm up to several centimeters long grains. However, zircon is an uncommon mineral in carbonates because of the low silica activity in the melt. Baddeleyite is found as inclusions in zircon.
Geological structures
The dominant foliation dip direction in the Särkijärvi area is almost N-S (265-275°) and it dips nearly vertically (85-90°) towards west. The strike of the foliation is also the dominant direction of shearing. Other shearing trend is north-west to south-east, but it is weaker. This direction is also the dominating direction of the diabases.
Shearing is a common feature in the main Siilinjärvi ore body and the contact zone between the country rock and ore body. There are also contact zones which show the primary magmatic contact. Paleoproterozoic diabase dykes crosscut the sheared zone. At least two stages of deformation can be found in the Siilinjärvi complex rocks. The deformation took certainly place during the Svecofennian orogeny, but other earlier stages of deformation may have occurred.
References
Sources
Al-Ani, T. 2013. Mineralogy and petrography of Siilinjärvi carbonatite and glimmerite rocks, eastern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland, Archive Report, 164.
Härmälä, O. 1981. Siilinjärven kaivoksen mineraaleista ja malmin rikastusmineralogisista ominaisuuksista. Master's thesis, University of Turku, Department of Geology and Mineralogy. 121 p.
Korsman, K., Korja, T., Pajunen, M., Virransalo, P., & GGT/SVEKA working group. 1999. The GGT/SVEKA transect: structure and evolution of the continental crust in the Paleoproterozoic Svecofennian orogen in Finland. International Geology Review 41, 287-333.
Lukkarinen, H. 2008. Siilinjärven ja Kuopion kartta-alueiden kallioperä. Summary: Pre-Quaternary rocks of the Siilinjärvi and Kuopio map-sheet areas. Suomen geologinen kartta 1:100 000: kallioperäkarttojen selitykset lehdet 3331, 3242. Geological Survey of Finland. 228 p.
Mänttäri, I. & Hölttä, P. 2002. U–Pb dating of zircons and monazites from Archean granulites in Varpaisjärvi, Central Finland:: Evidence for multiple metamorphism and Neoarchean terrane accretion. Precambrian Research 118, 101-131.
O’Brien, H., Heilimo, E. & Heino, P. 2015. The Archean Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. In: Maier, W., O’Brien, H., Lahtinen, R. (Eds.) Mineral Deposits of Finland, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 327–343.
Puustinen, K. 1971. Geology of the Siilinjarvi carbonatite complex, Eastern Finland. Geological Survey of Finland. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland 249, 43 p.
Salo, A. 2016. Geology of the Jaakonlampi area in the Siilinjärvi carbonatite complex. Bachelor's thesis, Oulu Mining School, University of Oulu. 27 p.
Sorjonen-Ward, P., & Luukkonen, E. J. 2005. Archean rocks. In: M. Lehtinen, P.A. Nurmi, O.T. Rämö (Eds.), Precambrian Geology of Finland—Key to the Evolution of the Fennoscandian Shield, Elsevier, 19–99.
Citations
Category:Carbonatite occurrences
Category:Geology of Finland
Category:Archean magmatism | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Juventud Guerrera
Eduardo Aníbal González Hernández (born November 23, 1974) is a Mexican professional wrestler, better known by his ring name, Juventud "Juvi" Guerrera.
Guerrera is best known for his appearances with the Mexican professional wrestling promotions AAA and Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL) and with the American professional wrestling promotions Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). Championships held by Guerrera over the course of his career include the AAA Cruiserweight Championship, IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship, WCW/WWE Cruiserweight Championship, WCW World Tag Team Championship, and WWA International Cruiserweight Championship. "Juventud Guerrera" is Spanish for "Youth Warrior".
Professional wrestling career
Early career (1992–1996)
Early in his career, Guerrera was a mainstay in the Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (later known simply as "AAA") promotion. He had a very lengthy feud with Rey Mysterio Jr. in which they traded the AAA Welterweight Title back and forth. The pair also had several tag team matches in which Guerrera would team with his father Fuerza, while Rey Jr. would tag with uncle and trainer Rey Misterio Sr.
Extreme Championship Wrestling (1996)
Guerrera first gained American exposure in Extreme Championship Wrestling alongside fellow luchadores Rey Misterio Jr., Psicosis, Konnan and La Parka, all of whom were also wrestling for Konnan's Promo Azteca in Mexico at the time. When Konnan left for WCW, Guerrera and the rest followed.
World Championship Wrestling
Early years (1996–1997)
In WCW, Guererra made his debut on August 26, 1996 edition of Monday Nitro in a victory over Billy Kidman. He would compete throughout 1996 and 1997 under a mask, like the one he wore in Mexico and ECW. His most remembered matches of 1996 and 1997 were clashes with fellow masked luchadores Rey Misterio Jr. and Psicosis.
Cruiserweight Champion (1998)
Beginning in 1998, Guerrera pinned Último Dragón to win the Cruiserweight Championship on the inaugural edition of Thunder on January 8, 1998. However, he would then lose the title to Rey Misterio Jr. one week later on the following edition of Thunder. At SuperBrawl VIII, Guerrera challenged Chris Jericho for the title in a mask vs. title match, in which Guerrera lost forcing him to unmask. After unmasking Guerrera, Jericho would often berate Guerrera for his looks by referring to him as "Quasi-juice" which was in reference to "Quasimodo", the disfigured lead character in The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Later in the year, Guerrera defeated Jericho at Road Wild to capture his second Cruiserweight Championship. He retained the belt at Fall Brawl against Silver King, before losing to Billy Kidman the following night on Nitro.
Filthy Animals (1999–2000)
Later on, Guerrera became an announcer on Thunder in order to remain on-screen while rehabilitating an injury. On November 29, 1999, Guerrera defeated Jushin Thunder Liger to win the IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship on Nitro. The next week, he would lose the title back to Liger, as Psicosis substituted for Guerrera due to injury (in reality, Guerrera and Jerry Flynn were arrested for DUI, thus no-showed). After his injury healed, he joined former rival Rey Mysterio Jr., Konnan, Billy Kidman, and others to form The Filthy Animals. During the group's run, Guerrera and Misterio Jr. became the World Tag Team Champions.
Guerrera appeared as himself in the 2000 film Ready to Rumble.
In October 2000, during a WCW tour of Australia, Guerrera was arrested at the hotel in which the wrestlers were staying, after an incident in which he was discovered naked and screaming in a hallway, and then attacking police officers who had arrived to detain him. According to the 2004 book The Death of WCW, Guerrera was reportedly under the influence of PCP at the time. Guerrera was expelled from the remainder of the tour and later released by WCW, and was ordered to pay nearly $1,800 in fines.
International appearances and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (2000–2005)
After being released from WCW, Guerrera went on to wrestle for many other promotions including AAA, Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre, World Wrestling All-Stars, Frontier Wrestling Alliance, and Xtreme Pro Wrestling (XPW). He also made a brief appearance in Pro Wrestling Noah as one of 12 participants in a championship tournament to crown the first GHC Junior Heavyweight Champion and lost to Yoshinobu Kanemaru at the tournament finals in Nagoya on June 24, 2001. While in CMLL, he frequently re-teamed with fellow WCW alumnus Rey Mysterio, who had left WCW due to its purchase by the World Wrestling Federation, in CMLL before Mysterio's signing with WWE. After Mysterio signed with WWE in 2002, Guerrera joined the upstart promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.
In TNA, Guerrera was joined by fellow AAA wrestlers Mr. Águila, Héctor Garza, Abismo Negro, Heavy Metal to form a group first known as Team AAA, then later renamed to Team Mexico to compete in TNA's World X Cup Matches. Guerrera would also take part in the 2003 Super X Cup, where he advanced all the way to the finals before being ultimately defeated by Chris Sabin. When TNA's working relationship with AAA came to an end, Team Mexico disbanded and Guererra was released from TNA to continue working for Lucha Libre promotions.
World Wrestling Entertainment (2005–2006)
In the spring of 2005, Guerrera had signed a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He debuted on television, wrestling simply as Juventud, on June 18, 2005, defeating Funaki on ''SmackDown!s sister show Velocity. On the June 23 episode of SmackDown, Juventud, Super Crazy and Psicosis (collectively called "The Mexicools") interrupted a match between Chavo Guerrero and Paul London by riding to the ring on a lawn mower and attacking both wrestlers. The following week by week of The Mexicools interrupting matches and beating down seemingly random wrestlers and cutting promos. Juventud quickly established himself as the mouthpiece/leader of the group and began using his old nickname "The Juice".
At the Great American Bash on July 24, The Mexicools defeated the newly reunited Blue World Order (Big Stevie Cool, Da Blue Guy, and Hollywood Nova) in a six-man tag team match. After more weeks of interruptions and sneak attacks, The Mexicools were sent down to Velocity. The group feuded with Velocity main-stay and then-Cruiserweight Champion Nunzio and his tag partner Vito. Each member of The Mexicools picked up numerous pinfall victories over the champion during this time.
At the October 4 SmackDown! tapings for Velocity, Juventud (along with Super Crazy and Psicosis) faced Brian Kendrick, Paul London, Scotty 2 Hotty, and Funaki in an over-the-top battle royal with the stipulation that the winner would receive a title shot at the Cruiserweight Championship at No Mercy. After finally eliminating London, Juventud won the battle royal and the title shot. At the event on October 9, he defeated Nunzio following a Juvi Driver to capture the Cruiserweight Championship, his first title in WWE and, due to the title being originally from WCW, his fourth Cruiserweight Title reign. Juventud later went on to lose the title back to Nunzio at a live event in Italy. On November 25, Juventud regained the title on an edition of SmackDown! from England. Guerrera lost the Cruiserweight title to Kid Kash at Armageddon on December 18, 2005.
On January 6, 2006, WWE announced that Guerrera was released from the company. His final match aired that evening on SmackDown!, a Cruiserweight Title rematch against Kid Kash which Juventud lost. During this match, Juventud would use many high flying moves including a 450° splash, a move WWE outright banned due to an earlier match Juventud had with Paul London where he botched the move, and resulting in London suffering several fractured bones in his face.
Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (2006–2008, 2009)
Three months later after being released from WWE, Guerrera returned to Mexico to compete with Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide (AAA). Guerrera returned to the promotion on April 30 and formed a new stable known as the "Mexican Powers" alongside Psicosis II, Extreme Tiger, Joe Lider and Crazy Boy, although Psicosis II and Extreme Tiger would later leave the group. During a TNA vs. AAA Mexico show, Juventud was one of the Mexican wrestlers who aided The Latin American Xchange and attacked A.J. Styles. This footage was later shown on the October 5, 2006 episode of TNA Impact!.
In August 2008, Juventud held a press conference to announce his departure from AAA to compete on the Mexican independent circuit. In September, he formed The Sexicools, a parody of his Mexicools group, with Intocable and Toscano. Despite rumors, Guererra did not jump to AAA's rival CMLL.
On March 15, 2009, Guerrera made a surprise return to AAA at the annual Rey de Reyes event. Juventud helped Charly Manson and D-Generation-Mex win their match and joined D-Generation-Mex. Shortly after his return to the company, Guerrera suffered bruising and a broken nose in a backstage fight with Konnan and Jack Evans. The fight started after Guerrera accused Konnan of defecating in his bag, which Konnan denied (but it was X-Pac who did it as revenge for exposing X-Pac suicide attempt), and then Evans, with whom Guerrera had had a match that evening, allegedly grabbed Guerrera from behind, provoking the fight.
Independent circuit (2008–present)
Since the incident in AAA, Guerrera has wrestled for Nu-Wrestling Evolution where he won their cruiserweight championship in a triple threat match involving PAC and Matt Cross. He has since defended it in many triple threat matches usually with PAC and Súper Nova and a few single matches with Súper Nova (all of which he has won so far). Juventud Guerrera lost the title on February 6, 2013 in Milan, being defeated by Giuseppe "King" Danza in 50 seconds.
In 2010, he made a special surprise appearance at Dragon Gate teaming with Dragon Kid in a match against BxB Hulk and Masato Yoshino. Juventud ended up losing the match for his team when he tapped out to Masato Yoshino. On May 20, 2011, he made a surprise appearance at Xtreme Italian Wrestling in a match against Thunder Storm and win the XIW Italian Championship. On September 6, 2014, Juventud made his in-ring debut for Pure Action Championship Wrestling, winning the promotion's Cruiserweight Championship at their final show, Brawl In The Falls III.
On October 12, 2016, Juventud made his debut for Lucha Ilimitado at a show in Yakima, Washington. He teamed with Psicosis in a losing effort against Hijo del Santo & El Santo Jr. Later that night, Juventud & Psicosis attacked Rey Mysterio Jr. and Jeff Hardy (who had just finished a match against one another).
On April 23, 2017, at WCPW Pro Wrestling World Cup – Mexican Qualifying Round Guerrera defeated El Hijo de Dos Caras in the semi-finals, Guerrera was defeated in the finals by Rey Mysterio.
Return to AAA (2012–2014, 2018 )
On February 23, 2012, Guerrera returned to AAA, and losing to his old rival El Hijo del Perro Aguyao in a four-way match, which also included Cibernético and Máscara Año 2000, Jr. On March 18 at Rey de Reyes, Guerrera and Joe Líder, reforming the Mexican Powers, defeated the teams of Extreme Tiger and Fénix, Halloween and Nicho el Millonario, and Chessman and Teddy Hart in a four-way tag team match. As a result, Guerrera and Líder were granted a shot at the AAA World Tag Team Championship, but were defeated on May 6 by the defending champions, Abyss and Chessman. On May 19 at Noche de Campeones, Guerrera defeated Jack Evans, Psicosis and Teddy Hart in a four-way hardcore match to win the AAA Cruiserweight Championship. On August 5 at Triplemanía XX, Guerrera teamed with Chessman for one night to take part in a Parejas Suicidas steel cage match. However, both Guerrera and Chessman managed to escape the cage and avoid having to face each other in a Hair vs. Hair match. On December 2 at Guerra de Titanes, Guerrera lost the AAA Cruiserweight Championship to Daga in a six-way ladder match. Guerrera returned to AAA on August 30, 2013, joining the recently reformed Mexican Powers stable. He, however, ended up turning on the stable on October 18 at Héroes Inmortales VII, costing Crazy Boy and Joe Líder the AAA World Tag Team Championship. He then formed a new rudo stable named Anarquía with Eterno and Steve Pain. Guerrera was seemingly written out of AAA on April 19, 2014, when Daga took over the leadership of Anarquía.
On April 20, Juventud made his comeback with Kevin Kross and Teddy Hart, directly attacking Dr. Wagner Jr. and Hernandez after the main event for the AAA Mega Championship. The trio called themselves MAD.
Personal life
González Hernández is divorced and has a son. González is the son of Fuerza Guerrera, and he had problems with his father since the 90s, when he decided to wrestle in the USA. On October 9, 2018, his brother, Hijo de Fuerza Guerrera, and sister, Fuerza Guerrera were announced as professional wrestling heirs to their father. After the presentation, Guerrera criticized the decision of his siblings becoming pro wrestlers, since neither of them had interest in pro wrestling before. He further claimed that they haven't passed the test to become professional wrestlers.
Championships and accomplishmentsAAAAAA Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
Mexican National Atómicos Championship (1 time) – with Crazy Boy, Joe Lider and Psicosis II
Mexican National Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Fuerza GuerreraBig Time WrestlingBTW United States Light Heavyweight Championship (1 time) Canadian Wrestling's EliteCanadian Unified Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)Fighting Spirit WrestlingFSW Primero Championship (1 time, current)International Wrestling All-StarsIWAS Tag Team Championship – (1 time) with Jerry EstradaInternational Wrestling Association
IWA World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Intense Championship Wrestling
ICW World Heavyweight Champion (1 time)
Insane Championship Wrestling
ICW Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Ironfist Wrestling
Ironfist Wrestling Flyweight Championship (1 time)
Nu-Wrestling Evolution
NWE Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
PWI ranked him #140 of the 500 best singles wrestlers during the PWI Years in 2003
PWI ranked him #25 of the 500 best singles wrestlers of the PWI 500 in 1998
Pro Wrestling Revolution
PWR Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Pure Action Championship Wrestling*
PACW Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
Total Nonstop Action Wrestling
America's X Cup (2004) – with Mr. Águila, Abismo Negro, Héctor Garza and Heavy Metal
World Championship Wrestling
IWGP Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
WCW Cruiserweight Championship (3 times)
WCW World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Rey Misterio Jr.
World Wrestling All-Stars
WWA International Cruiserweight Championship (2 times)
World Wrestling Association
WWA Lightweight Championship (2 times)
WWA Welterweight Championship (1 time)
WWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Fuerza Guerrera
WWA Trios Championship (1 time) – with Fuerza Guerrera and Psicosis
World Wrestling Council
WWC World Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
World Wrestling Entertainment
WWE Cruiserweight Championship (2 times)
Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards
Best Flying Wrestler (1998, 1999)
Xcitement Wrestling Federation
XWF World Cruiserweight Championship (1 time)
Xtreme Latin American Wrestling
XLAW Extreme Junior Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
Xtreme Italian Wrestling
XIW Italian Championship (1 time)
Luchas de Apuestas record
See also
The Filthy Animals
Latino World Order
The Mexicools
Team Mexico
References
External links
Category:1974 births
Category:Expatriate professional wrestlers in Japan
Category:The Latino World Order members
Category:Living people
Category:Masked wrestlers
Category:Mexican male professional wrestlers
Category:Professional wrestlers from Mexico City
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Area 1
Area 1 can refer to:
Area 1 (Nevada National Security Site)
Area One, music festival
Brodmann area 1 | {
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Anthony Connelly
Anthony Connelly was the president of New Vacation Operations and Disney Cruise Line for Walt Disney Parks and Resorts. Connelly previously served as senior vice president of operations for DCL.
Connelly began his Disney career in 1989. He has served as the executive vice president of Walt Disney Imagineering, the senior vice president and chief operations officer of Disney Cruise Line, and the senior vice president and chief financial officer for Disney's U.S. Parks and Resorts.
He has a Master of Business Administration from The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania and is also a certified public accountant.
References
Category:Walt Disney Parks and Resorts people
Category:Disney executives | {
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Vladimír Krajňák
Vladimír Krajňák (24 September 1927 – 16 January 2014) was a Slovak alpine skier. He competed in three events at the 1956 Winter Olympics.
References
Category:1927 births
Category:2014 deaths
Category:Slovak male alpine skiers
Category:Olympic alpine skiers of Czechoslovakia
Category:Alpine skiers at the 1956 Winter Olympics
Category:People from Kežmarok | {
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1928 French legislative election
Legislative elections in France to elect the 14th legislature of the French Third Republic were held on 22 and 29 April 1928. These elections saw the restoration of the two-round system system that had been abolished in 1919.
The result was a victory for the centre-right government of Raymond Poincaré, which had been in power since July 1926. A succession of centre-right governments followed until 1932.
Results
Popular Vote
Parliamentary Groups
References
External links
Map of Deputies elected in 1928 according to their group in the House, including overseas (in French)
1928
Category:1928 elections in France
Category:April 1928 events | {
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Gerard Leever
Gerard Leever (born 30 April 1960, Naarden) is a Dutch cartoonist. He is the winner of the 2006 Stripschapprijs.
References
Category:1960 births
Category:Living people
Category:Dutch cartoonists
Category:People from Naarden
Category:Winners of the Stripschapsprijs | {
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Bathoen I
Bathoen I (1845-1910) was a kgosi (paramount chief) of the Ngwaketse people (1889-1910). Together with Khama III and Sebele I he is credited with the establishment of the British Bechuanaland Protectorate, a predecessor of Botswana.
Bathoen was the son of Gaseitsiwe, and eventually succeeded him as the kgosi. He married Gagoangwe, who eloped with him in 1875, in 1890 in a Christian ceremony. Their oldest son, Seepapitso II, succeeded Bathoen.
In 1889, the British South Africa Company founded by Cecil Rhodes started to expand north, and the Tswana people became afraid that they will be eventually deposed from their lands. In response, Khama III, Sebele I, and Bathoen I, being mandated by their people, travelled to London, made public speeches in support of their causes, and finally convinced the queen to found Bechuanaland Protectorate, which would preserve the self-government institutes of Tswana, and the British would only have limited authority, such as for example a control over the railway to be built. In 1908, he led the protests by the Tswana against planned incorporation of Bechuanaland into South Africa.
Bathoen I, together with Khama III and Sebele I, is depicted on the 100 Botswana pula banknote issued in 2009. The Three Dikgosi Monument in Gaborone also commemorates the travel of three chiefs to the Great Britain.
References
Category:1845 births
Category:1910 deaths
Category:Bechuanaland Protectorate people
Category:Botswana chiefs | {
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Cambise (opera)
Il Cambise is an opera by Alessandro Scarlatti to a libretto by Domenico Lalli presented at the Teatro San Bartolomeo for carnival 1719 in Naples. It was the composer's 111th opera and his last for Naples.
Selected recordings
Sinfonia "doppo che sia alzata la tenda", Arias "Io parto vincitor". "In quelle luci belle" "Mi cinga la fama" Daniela Barcellona (mezzo) Concerto de Cavalieri, Marcello Di Lisa DHM
"Tutto appoggio il mio disegno" Max Cencic Il Pomo D'Oro, Maxim Emelyanychev Decca 2015
"Quando vedrai" "Mi cinga la fama" Carlo Vistoli (countertenor) I Talenti Vulcanici, Stefano Demicheli. Arcana 2017
References
Category:Operas
Category:1719 operas
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Sakanshah
Sakanshah (Middle Persian: Sagān-šāh, "king of the Saka") was the title used by the rulers (and later governors) of Sakastan, first appearing during Surenid rule. The title was also used by the governors of Sakastan and Turgistan during the Sasanian era. However, during the early reign of king Peroz I (r. 459–484), the title was abolished.
References
Sources
Category:Iranian words and phrases
Category:Sasanian administrative offices
Category:History of Sistan and Baluchestan Province
Category:Parthian titles and offices
Category:Royal titles | {
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Scopula pallida
Scopula pallida is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in India.
References
Category:Moths described in 1888
pallida
Category:Moths of India | {
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Manbij Subdistrict
Manbij Subdistrict () is a subdistrict of Manbij District in Aleppo Governorate of northern Syria. The administrative centre is the city of Manbij.
At the 2004 census, the subdistrict had a population of 204,766.
Cities, towns and villages
References
Category:Manbij District
Manbij | {
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Order of Ranavalona III
Madagascar instituted its first order of merit after the French occupation of the island in 1896. The Order of Ranavalona III was named after the ruling queen, Ranavalona III of Madagascar. The order was founded in 1896 and was abolished along with the Malagasy monarchy on the 28th of February, 1897. The badges of this order are therefore quite rare.
The jewel of the order is a seven pointed silver star made up out of spears. The oval medallion bears the letters "RM".
The back is flat and unadorned. It bears the mark of the Parisian jeweler Mrs. Chobillon.
The ribbon was white with a red canton.
Category:1896 establishments in the French colonial empire
Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Madagascar
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Tippecanoe Mall
Tippecanoe Mall is an enclosed shopping mall in Lafayette, Indiana. Opened in 1974, it is anchored by JCPenney, Macy's, Kohl's, and Dick's Sporting Goods. It is owned by Simon Property Group.
History
Melvin Simon & Associates opened Tippecanoe Mall in 1974. It was originally slated for a 1973 opening with Montgomery Ward and Detroit-based Federal's as its anchors, although the other anchor instead became JCPenney. William H. Block Co. was added as a third anchor.
Montgomery Ward closed its store at the mall in April 1983. The same year, high winds damaged the Block store, so Block temporarily moved its merchandise to the former Montgomery Ward while its store was repaired. By 1985, Kohl's had replaced the Montgomery Ward. Block's became Lazarus in 1987. An expansion announced in 1994 added a new wing anchored by Sears and L. S. Ayres, the latter of which relocated from Market Square Mall.
The first Hat World opened at Tippecanoe Mall in 1995. Lazarus closed its store and two others in 2002. In 2004, the Lazarus building was razed for Dick's Sporting Goods and hhgregg. L. S. Ayres became Macy's in 2006. H&M opened in 2012, replacing a former MC Sports. Hhgregg closed in 2017 as a result of Chapter 11 Bankruptcy. For the Halloween season, Spirit Halloween took over the former hhgregg spot temporarily.
On May 31, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 72 stores nationwide. The store closed on September 2, 2018.
References
External links
Tippecanoe Mall
Category:Simon Property Group
Category:Shopping malls established in 1974
Category:Shopping malls in Indiana
Category:Buildings and structures in Lafayette, Indiana
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Qeshlaq-e Ali Akbar Jafar
Qeshlaq-e Ali Akbar Jafar (, also Romanized as Qeshlāq-e ʿAlī Akbar Jaʿfar) is a village in Qeshlaq-e Jonubi Rural District, Qeshlaq Dasht District, Bileh Savar County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported.
References
Category:Towns and villages in Bileh Savar County | {
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Joe Salem (American football)
Joseph N. "Smokey Joe" Salem (born May 1, 1938) is former American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at the University of South Dakota (1966–1974), Northern Arizona University (1975–1978), and the University of Minnesota (1979–1983), compiling a career college football record of 96–91–3. Salem was most recently the quarterbacks coach at Augustana College in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, a position he held from 2006 to 2009.
Head coaching record
References
External links
Augustana profile
Category:Living people
Category:1938 births
Category:Augustana (South Dakota) Vikings football coaches
Category:Minnesota Golden Gophers football coaches
Category:Minnesota Golden Gophers football players
Category:Northern Arizona Lumberjacks football coaches
Category:South Dakota Coyotes football coaches
Category:Sportspeople from Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Category:Players of American football from South Dakota | {
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Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke
Ernst Wilhelm Ritter von Brücke (6 July 1819 – 7 January 1892) was a German physician and physiologist. He is credited with contributions made in many facets of physiology.
Biography
He was born Ernst Wilhelm Brücke in Berlin. He graduated in medicine at the University of Berlin in 1842, and during the following year, he became a research assistant to Johannes Peter Müller. In 1845 he founded the Physikalische Gesellschaft (Physical Society) in Berlin, together with Emil Du Bois-Reymond, Hermann von Helmholtz and others, in the house of physicist Heinrich Gustav Magnus. Later on, this became known as the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft (German Society of Physics). In 1846, Brücke was elected teacher of anatomy in the Akademie der Bildenden Künste, in Berlin. Following that, in 1848 he was appointed as professor of physiology at the University of Königsberg, replacing Karl Friedrich Burdach (1776–1847). In 1849 he acquired similar duties at the University of Vienna. In 1873, Emperor Franz Joseph I honored Brücke with a noble title— von Brücke— but he rarely used it.
Ernst Fleischl von Marxow (1846–1891), and Joseph Paneth (1857–1890), two colleagues of Freud, were assistants to Brücke in Vienna, however Brücke is most noted for his influence on Sigmund Freud, one of his other medical students. Freud began studying under Brücke in 1877, and continued doing so until 1883. He was tasked to examine the biology of nervous tissue, specifically comparing the brains of humans and other vertebrates to that of invertebrates. Freud would many times call Brücke the professor who shaped him the most. This influence led to the development of the science of psychodynamics. Brücke's teachings did not only influence Freud's work; parts of the noted psychologist's theory were pulled directly from his professor's principles, specifically the idea that all living things are dynamic and must bow to the laws of chemistry and physics.
Brücke retired from the University of Vienna in September 1890 and began working on a book he had long planned to write: Beauty and the Flaws of the Human Stature, which ended up being published as The Human Figure: Its Beauties and Defects.
Research
Brücke is remembered for his research on the nature of cells, work dealing with the physiology of language, investigations on the effect of electricity on muscles and studies of albumin. He also made significant contributions in the fields of physics, plant physiology, microscopic anatomy and experimental physiology.
During Brücke's lifetime, specialization was not popularized. Because of this, he had very diverse interests, and made assorted contributions to the scientific community. Early on in his career, Brücke was interested in optics, which led him to research the tapetum lucidum of the vertebrate eye and the action of the ciliary muscle. Following that, Brücke studied the eye's absorption of various light rays, the mystery of color sensation, and positive and negative afterimages. His work in the science of optics was instrumental towards Helmholtz's invention of the ophthalmoscope.
Further investigation of this related subject found Brücke examining the color changes in chameleons and cephalopods, then studying pigment cells, and observing how muscular contraction is influenced by the duration of a stimulus.
Brücke also made contributions in a completely different discipline, phonetics, when he wrote one of his early works directed at teachers of the deaf: Grundzüge der Physiologie und Systematik der Sprachlaute für Linguisten und Taubstummenlehre.
In addition to optics, cellular investigations, and phonetics, Brücke had a deep interest in philosophy and aesthetics, which was demonstrated by his authorship of semi-popular books, specifically a work on the physiology of color in applied art. Brücke's interest in color and the arts spread out from the scientific aspects of color into the industrial world as he laid down the principles of color combinations for the guidance of workers in fabrics. From this he took the short step from color to artistic form and to the declaration of the underlying principles of what makes art beautiful.
Ideology
Principles
Brücke was a positivist. During his time, it was not an organized school of thought, but more a general attitude toward man, nature, and methods of investigation. He and others who shared his beliefs wanted to bring the approach of the natural sciences in to the investigation of all human thought and action. Brücke delved deeply into his position on positivism in Lectures on Physiology, a course that was published in 1876.
While a medical student in Berlin along with his colleague Emil Du Bois-Reymond, Brücke condemned the ideas of pantheism, all nature mysticism, and all talk of occult divine forces manifesting themselves in the real world. These superstitions contrasted directly with their principles of positivism and their more materialistic views of the world. Later, the two researchers, along with Hermann von Helmholtz, turned their sights against the popular philosophic theory of the time: vitalism. Vitalism is the idea that living things are only different from inanimate objects because they contain a "vital spark", which some believed to be the soul. The three partners contested this theory, stating that only the common physical-chemical functions are involved in the life of an organism.
The alternate theory that the researchers did adhere to was one that became very popular in the coming years: naturalism. This theory fit perfectly with the beliefs of Brücke and his colleagues, as it stated that everything comes from natural properties and sources.
Feud
Josef Hyrtl (1810–1894) was the head of the institute of anatomy at the University of Vienna, and a strong believer in the vitalist theory. He and Brücke initially got along well, and it was Hyrtl's influence that allowed Brücke to be a professor at the University. However, the longer they worked in close quarters, the less civil they became. A feud started that would last throughout their academic careers.
Hyrtl was an older traditionalist with regards to physiology. He was used to anatomy being the dominant method of medical teaching and training, and Brücke challenged this with his newer version of physiology, which was animal experimentation. Brücke built a wooden hut to house dogs for his experiments in a location near both his and Hyrtl's apartments. Hyrtl made complaints that the barking of the dogs was preventing him from sleeping, and this may have been true, however, his real reason for complaining was the fact that he disliked Brücke's methods of investigation into physiology.
The feud expanded into a disagreement about the function of the semicircular canals of the inner ear. Hyrtl believed that based on their shape, the canals were used for directional hearing, while Brücke, having previous experimental knowledge about animals, concluded that the semicircular canals of the inner ear were instead sensory organs for equilibrium. This feud was a part of a deeper disagreement having to do with the two different philosophical viewpoints— vitalism and naturalism— that Hyrtl and Brücke followed.
Debate
In the Nineteenth century, there was a debate about the inaccuracy in the way artists represented movement. This was spurred by the invention of chronophotography and the assumption that this new technology would be able to change the habits of human and animal locomotion from a more aesthetic and "conventional" (incorrect) locomotion to a more natural one.
The debate was expanded to the idea that artists should make their representations, such as paintings and sculptures, in a way that accurately reflects the mechanics of the organism they are imitating. For example: artists painting a horse should paint the horse as frozen in a moment of movement that accurately reflects how a real horse moves, instead of an aesthetic, incorrect position. Brücke disagreed with this idea. He believed that artists should not be forced to contain the aesthetic of their art within parameters of reality and mechanics, because the invention of chronophotography was an ineffective stimulus for changing the locomotion of humans and animals, as it would not prompt the automatic correction of apparent impractical postures and movements. To this end, Brücke believed that there had been a decline in art ever since the artist endeavored to mimic perfect reality instead of seeking out beauty in its multitude of appearances.
Selected works
Ueber die Bewegungen der Mimosa pudica. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin: 434–455 (1848) -- On the movements of Mimosa pudica.
Beiträge zur vergleichenden Anatomie und Physiologie des Gefässsystems. Denkschriften: Akademie der Wissenschaften Wien, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe 3: 335–367 (1852) -- Contributions to the comparative anatomy and physiology of the vascular system.
Grundzüge der Physiologie und Systematik der Sprachlaute für Linguisten und Taubstummenlehrer. Wien: C. Gerold & Sohn (1856) -- Fundamentals of physiology and classification of speech sounds for linguists and deaf teachers.
Die Elementarorganismen. Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften 44: 381–406 (1861) -- Elementary organisms.
Die Physiologie der Farben für die Zwecke der Kunstgewerbe. Leipzig: S. Hirzel (1866) -- The physiology of colors for the purposes of the arts.
Die physiologischen Grundlagen der neuhochdeutschen Verskunst. Wien: C. Gerold & Sohn (1871)
Vorlesungen über Physiologie—Lectures on physiology.:
1. 2., verm. u. verb. Aufl. 1875 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
1. Physiologie des Kreislaufs, der Ernährung, der Absonderung, der Respiration und der Bewegungserscheinungen. 3., verm. u. verb. Aufl. 1881 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
2. Physiologie der Nerven und der Sinnesorgane und Entwickelungsgeschichte. 2., verm. u. verb. Aufl. 1876 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
2. Physiologie der Nerven und der Sinnesorgane und Entwickelungsgeschichte. 3., verm. u. verb. Aufl. 1884 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
2 : S/S. 1886. Physiologie der Nerven und der Sinnesorgane und Entwickelungsgeschichte. 4., verm. u. verb. Aufl. 1887 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
Notes
References
External links
Ernst Wilhelm Ritter von Brücke. WhoNamedIt.
Biography and bibliography in the Virtual Laboratory of the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science
The Human Figure: Its Beauties and Defects. In the Preface by William Anderson.
Freud was a pioneering neuroscientist. From the newspaper The Guardian.
Ernst Brücke. From The British Medical Journal and jstor.org.
The Philosophical and Cultural Interests of the Biophysics Movement of 1847. From oxfordjournals.org.
The personal and scientific feud between Ernst Brücke and Josef Hyrtl. From NCBI.
The Physiological Circus: Knowing, Representing, and Training Horses in Motion in Nineteenth-Century France. From jstor.org.
Category:1819 births
Category:1892 deaths
Category:Scientists from Berlin
Category:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Category:German physiologists
Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
Category:Rectors of universities in Austria
Category:University of Vienna faculty
Category:University of Königsberg faculty
Category:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Category:Members of the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art
Category:Austrian knights
Category:Vitalists | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Scan-back allowance
In marketing, a scan-back allowance is an amount paid by a manufacturer to retailers based on the amount of the product sold at a special reduced price for a specified length of time.
References
Category:Payment methods in retailing | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tway, Kentucky
Tway is an unincorporated community in Harlan County, Kentucky, United States. Its post office is closed.
Notable people
Green Wix Unthank, United States District Court judge
References
Category:Unincorporated communities in Harlan County, Kentucky
Category:Unincorporated communities in Kentucky
Category:Coal towns in Kentucky | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
The 10th FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) was held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates from 15–19 December 2010. This swimming-only championships took place in the Dubai Sports Complex; all events were swum in a 25-meter (short-course) pool.
FINA announced on April 9, 2006 that Dubai had defeated the only other bidder Istanbul, Turkey, 11 votes to 10, after a meeting of the FINA Bureau in Shanghai, China.
The USA topped the medal standings with a total of 25 medals. A total of 57 Championship Records were set, and 4 World Records. American Ryan Lochte and Spaniard Mireia Belmonte were named swimmers of the competition. Lochte became the first individual ever to win 7 medals at a Short Course Worlds, and became the first individual to swim a World Record since suits-rule changes went into effect in January 2010. Belmonte won a total of four medals, tied for the most with American Rebecca Soni.
Participating nations
The entry list released on the FINA website before the championships contained 153 countries.
Results
Men's events
Swimmers who participated in the heats only and received medals.
Women's events
Medal table
Highlights
For a list of day-by-day highlights from the 2010 Short Course Worlds, please see:
2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Highlights
Records
For a list of records set at the 2010 Short Course Worlds, please see this entry:
2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25m) – Records
Controversy
At the time of the event, Israel and the United Arab Emirates had no diplomatic relations; however, UAE officials said they would issue visas to the Israeli delegation attending the competition. As such, the Israeli delegation was eventually let into the country and were able to get to the Championships before racing actually started, but it was not without difficulties and several delays. Among the reported issue were that the Israelis were not issued visas nor were their passports stamped, and their arrival was delayed to just before competition started.
Notes and references
Daily reports
Dubai, Day 1: China sets first WR of the year and Spain gets first gold ever. FINA. Retrieved on 2010-12-15.
Dubai, Day 2: Two more WR and tied match (3-3) between USA and Russia. FINA. Retrieved on 2010-12-16.
Dubai, Day 3: Lochte imperial sets WR in the 200m IM. FINA. Retrieved on 2010-12-17.
Dubai, Day 4: Belmonte Garcia (ESP), a new Star is born. FINA. Retrieved on 2010-12-18.
Dubai, Day 5: Lochte (USA), first ever with 7 medals in one championships. FINA. Retrieved on 2010-12-19.
See also
2010 in swimming
List of World Championships records in swimming
References
Official event website
Summons for the 10th FINA World Swimming Championships (25m)
Psych Sheets for 2010 Dubai Short Course World Championships
Category:FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)
International
Category:Sports competitions in Dubai
Category:December 2010 sports events in Asia
Category:2010s in Dubai | {
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Ken Whiteley
Kenneth "Ken" Whiteley (born April 30, 1951) is a multi-instrumentalist, producer and composer. He began performing folk music in the early 1970s, making frequent appearances at the Mariposa Folk Festival and recording and touring with acclaimed children's performer Raffi. Whiteley frequently performed with his brother Chris Whiteley and later with his niece and nephew Jenny Whiteley and Daniel Whiteley. Whiteley has been honoured with numerous awards, including a Genie Award in 2004, and he was inducted into the Mariposa Festival Hall of Fame in 2008.
Early life and career
Whiteley was born in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania to Canadian parents. They moved to Toronto when Whiteley was five years old. He began to play guitar at the age of twelve and was influenced at an early age by the folk, blues and jug band traditions. He began performing with his older brother Chris Whiteley and in 1965 they, along with clarinettist Tom Evens, formed the Original Sloth Band. The trio recorded three albums and appeared at numerous folk festivals, including Mariposa, the Winnipeg Folk Festival and the Vancouver Folk Festival. Whiteley became a Life Member of the Toronto Musicians' Association, Local 149 of the American Federation of Musicians, in May 2017.
References
Category:Canadian folk singer-songwriters
Category:1951 births
Category:Canadian children's musicians
Category:Living people
Category:Canadian Folk Music Award winners
Category:Canadian male singer-songwriters | {
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Jamie Ellis
Jamie Ellis (born 4 October 1989) is an English professional rugby league footballer who plays as a or for the Hull Kingston Rovers in the Super League.
He has previously played for St Helens, Leigh Centurions, Hull FC, Castleford Tigers and the Huddersfield Giants. He has also spent time on loan at Hull Kingston Rovers during the 2017's Super League XXII, to which he returned on a 1-year deal for the 2020's Super League XXV.
Background
Ellis was born in St Helens, Merseyside, England.
Early career
Ellis was as a youngster with the amateur team Chorley Panthers.
St Helens career
Ellis made his professional début in a 10–20 defeat by Salford City Reds in 2009's Super League XIV. He since featured against Harlequins RL in 2009's Super League XIV Round 22 game, where he came off the bench to be utilised as a .
Leigh Centurions
At the end of 2010's Super League XV, Ellis left St. Helens, after falling out of favour with new coach Royce Simmons, and a run of bad injuries saw him leave the Super League side. He joined Championship outfit Leigh Centurions on a one-year contract.
Hull F.C.
In May 2011 it was confirmed that Ellis would be moving to Super League side Hull F.C. for the start of the 2012 campaign.
Castleford Tigers
In June 2012, Ellis signed a contract with Castleford Tigers for the 2013 season where he then left at the end of 2014.
He played in the 2014 Challenge Cup Final defeat by the Leeds Rhinos at Wembley Stadium.
In 2017 Ellis signed again with the tigers on a 3-year deal.
Huddersfield Giants
In October 2014, it was announced that he would join the Huddersfield Giants on a two-year deal starting in 2015.
Hull Kingston Rovers
In 2016 Ellis is signed onto a 1-year loan to the Hull Kingston Rovers, citing Head Coach Tim Sheens' intentions of getting the Hull Kingston Rovers back into the Super League. On 6 December 2019 Ellis returned to the Hull Kingston Rovers on a 1-year contract for 2020.
References
External links
Castleford Tigers profile
Hull KR profile
SL profile
Saints Heritage Society profile
Category:1989 births
Category:English rugby league players
Category:Hull F.C. players
Category:Leigh Centurions players
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from St Helens, Merseyside
Category:Rugby league halfbacks
Category:St Helens R.F.C. players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vigilante Terror
Vigilante Terror is a 1953 American Western film directed by Lewis D. Collins and written by Sidney Theil. The film stars Wild Bill Elliott, Mary Ellen Kay, Robert Bray, I. Stanford Jolley, Henry Rowland and Myron Healey. The film was released on November 15, 1953, by Allied Artists Pictures.
Plot
Things have gotten so bad that the citizens of Pinetop have formed a vigilante committee to maintain order, but the Brewer gang continues to operate. Tack Hamlin (Wild Bill Elliott) comes to town and is soon recruited for sheriff, and he gets right to work, trying to stop both the bandits and the masked vigilantes. Turns out that Brett (Myron Healey), who owns the saloon, leads both the outlaws and the vigilantes, and is planting false evidence on others to divert suspicion from himself.
Cast
Wild Bill Elliott as Tack Hamlin
Mary Ellen Kay as Lucy Taylor
Robert Bray as Gene Smith
I. Stanford Jolley as Matt Taylor
Henry Rowland as Mayor Winch
Myron Healey as Brett
George Wallace as Brewer
Fuzzy Knight as Strummer Jones
Zon Murray as Bill
Richard Avonde as Artie
Michael Colgan as Jamison
Denver Pyle as Sperry
Lee Roberts as Wilson
John James as Jed
References
External links
Category:1953 films
Category:American films
Category:English-language films
Category:American Western (genre) films
Category:1950s Western (genre) films
Category:Allied Artists films
Category:Films directed by Lewis D. Collins | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Cross de Atapuerca
The Cross Internacional de Atapuerca is an annual cross country running competition that takes place in Atapuerca, Spain. Established in 2004, it takes place in early November and is among the first major competitions of the cross country season. In its initial years, it was usually the first permit meeting in the European Athletic Association's cross country season, and it now begins the IAAF Permit Meeting series, having replaced the Cross de Soria event in 2010.
The Cross de Atapuerca has attracted high calibre athletes, including World Cross Country Champions Gebregziabher Gebremariam and Leonard Komon, and Marta Domínguez – the 2009 World Champion in the steeplechase. Around 2500 athletes took part in the 2009 race, which was broadcast on Teledeporte, the sports channel of Spain's state broadcaster TVE. It is part of the Spanish cross country running circuit and was ranked as the country's second best meet in 2008.
The distances for the professional senior competitions are 9 km for men and 8 km for women. In addition to the elite races, a separate mass race is held for amateur runners. The Cross de Atapuerca also features a number of different categories and distances based on age: four levels for children, youth (under 16s) and junior (under 18s) competitions, and finally a masters race for runners over 35.
The course of the race traces a path through the fields around the town of Atapuerca and passes through the Archaeological Site of Atapuerca before looping back to complete a circuit.
Past elite race winners
See also
European Cross Country Championships
References
External links
Official website
ANOC profile
Race profile from RFEA
__NOTOC__
Category:Cross country running competitions
Category:Athletics competitions in Spain
Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2004
Category:2004 establishments in Spain
Category:Cross country running in Spain | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Rui Lima
Rui Manuel Pinto de Lima (born 25 March 1978) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays for F.C. Pedras Rubras as a left midfielder.
Club career
Lima was born in Porto. During his early and mid-career, he played for hometown's Boavista F.C. on two separate occasions, also representing Gondomar SC, C.D. Aves (twice), G.D. Chaves, Vitória de Setúbal and S.C. Beira-Mar, experiencing his most solid period whilst at the latter with four consecutive Primeira Liga seasons.
In summer 2007, Lima started an abroad adventure, joining Cypriot First Division side AC Omonia. However, he would finish the campaign with another team in the country, Nea Salamis Famagusta FC, returning to Boavista in 2008 with the club freshly relegated into the second division.
After Boavista dropped another level in 2008–09, Lima returned to Cyprus, linking up with another former side, Nea Salamina. In late January 2010, however, he changed teams – and countries – again, signing with Hapoel Haifa F.C. in Israel.
References
External links
National team data
Category:1978 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Porto
Category:Portuguese footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Primeira Liga players
Category:LigaPro players
Category:Campeonato de Portugal (league) players
Category:Portuguese Second Division players
Category:Gondomar S.C. players
Category:C.D. Aves players
Category:G.D. Chaves players
Category:Boavista F.C. players
Category:Vitória F.C. players
Category:S.C. Beira-Mar players
Category:U.D. Oliveirense players
Category:S.C. Salgueiros players
Category:Cypriot First Division players
Category:AC Omonia players
Category:Nea Salamis Famagusta FC players
Category:Israeli Premier League players
Category:Hapoel Haifa F.C. players
Category:Portugal youth international footballers
Category:Portuguese expatriate footballers
Category:Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Category:Expatriate footballers in Israel
Category:Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Category:Portuguese expatriate sportspeople in Israel | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bordesley Green
Bordesley Green is an inner-city area of Birmingham, England about two miles east of the city centre. It also contains a road of the same name. It is also a ward in the formal district of Hodge Hill. Neighbouring areas include, Alum Rock, Saltley, Small Heath and Yardley.
Heartlands Hospital is located in the eastern part of Bordesley Green. The area is also served by Yardley Green Medical Centre and Omnia Practice.
Kingfisher Country Park covers the River Cole recreation grounds which are partially covered by the area's boundaries.
History
The name of this part of Birmingham is derived from an ancient area of demesne pasture, listed in early records dating back to 1285 as La Grene de Bordeslei.
The area began to be built up in 1834, with scattered developments from Bordesley along Bordesley Green from the junction of Cattell Road and Garrison Lane as far east as Blake Lane. By 1906 urban development had spread eastwards as far as Blakesland Street and Mansell Road and included a fire station and police station, both of which survive, though the fire station no longer serves its original purpose and the police station is now a hostel for homeless people.
Many roads in Bordesley Green were built not long after the Boer War at the end of the 19th century and were named to commemorate the hundreds of soldiers from Birmingham that died in that war. Examples include Pretoria Road, named after the capital of the Boer republic of the Transvaal; Churchill Road, after Winston Churchill who fought in the Boer War, was captured but escaped; Botha Road, named after the Boer general who became the first prime minister of the Union of South Africa; and Colonial Road.
Many late-Victorian and Edwardian houses remain in Bordesley Green and much of the area has physically changed little since then.
Industrial Hub
At the turn of the twentieth century Bordesley Green had become a district noted for industry and manufacturing. It was the home of the Wolseley Tool and Motor Car Company, which had a manufacturing plant in Bordesley from 1901 to 1920 where motor cars and machine tools were built.
The National Telephone Company also stationed one of its main depots in Bordesley Green's Fordrough Lane, a plant which was to become one of the three major General Post Office (GPO) factories in Birmingham. The Fordrough Lane GPO factory specialised in manual telephony, including factory repaired telephones, "candlestick" ‘phones, switchboards and associated components.
The factory played a significant role in the development of the Colossus computer which was used to read encrypted German messages in World War II.
In the 1960s, the HANDEL Nuclear Attack Warning equipment, known as the four minute warning was manufactured in Bordesley Green, along with equipment for regional seats of government, which were part of Britain's civil defence preparations for nuclear war.
Blitz
Bordesley Green was targeted during the Blitzkrieg with five raids hitting the area. The last German bomb to hit Birmingham landed on 24 April 1943 and hit Bordesley Green.
The GPO factory was also hit by German bombing raids in 1940.
Wildlife
Tumbling Pigeons
In the 1920s a Bordesley Green bus driver and pigeon fancier, William Penson, noticed one of his birds perform a backflip while in flight, and through selective breeding produced the Roller and Tumbler breed of pigeon. This breed is noted for its unique acrobatics while in flight and is used in ‘parlour rolling’ contests. Today there are hundreds of Birmingham Roller clubs around the world and fiercely fought competitions to pick the birds that perform the most dramatic tumbling.
Geology
The bedrock geology of the area consists predominantly of Sidmouth Mudstone Formation. Sedimentary Bedrock formed approximately 228 to 250 million years ago in the Triassic Period. The local environment was previously dominated by hot deserts. The types of sedimentary rocks in the Bordesley area are fluvial, lacustrine and marine in origin. They would have been detrital, deposited in lagoons or shallow seas, where a hot, arid climate would have led to the precipitation of beds of evaporites.
The superficial deposits tend to be glaciofluvial in origin, Mid Pleistocene - Sand And Gravel. Superficial Deposits in area were formed up to 2 million years ago in the Quaternary Period. The Bordesley environment would have been dominated by ice age conditions. The deposits are detrital, generally coarse-grained, forming beds, channels, plains and fans associated with meltwater.
Lost brook of Bordesley Green
Early maps of the area show a brook which extended from Shaw Hill down to Bordesley Green Road, which is now mostly submerged, with the exception of a small section which emerges from a culvert in Bordesley Green. It is called Washbrook. It’s starts up near garrison lane then flows through the South African Estate, on through the allotments. It is open in Ward End Park then on into the River Tame at Bromford.
Demography
In 2001, an estimated 31,343 people were living in the ward making it the second most populous ward, behind Sparkbrook. This increased to 33,937 by the time of the 2011 Population Census. The ward has an area of 417.7 hectares resulting in a population density of 81.25 people per hectare. Females represent 51.2% of the population, below the city average of 51.6% and the national average of 51.3%.
99.7% of residents lived in households, above the city average of 98.3%. The other 0.3% lived in communal establishments. The total number of occupied households in the ward was 9,350. This results in an average of number of people per household of 3.3, higher than the city of 2.5 and national average of 2.4. The majority of households are owner occupied (58%). 20.6% of occupied households are rented from Birmingham City Council, above the city average of 19.4%. 337 houses were identified as being vacant. Terraced houses built in the late 19th or early 20th century were the most common form of housing in the area at 54.4%, compared with the city average of 31.3% and the national average of 25.8%. At 25.4%, semi-detached houses were the second most common form of housing.
The area is an ethnically diverse community with ethnic minorities consisting of 71.1% of the population compared to 29.6% for Birmingham overall. 33.5% of the population was born outside of the United Kingdom, much higher than the city average of 16.5% and the national average of 9.3%. 62.2% of the population was of Asian origin, of which 50.5% were British Pakistanis. The proportion of Asian people in Birmingham is much lower at 19.5% and the proportion of Pakistani people is 10.6%. White British people represented 25.7% of the ward's population. There is a wide variety of languages spoken within the area such as Punjabi, Urdu, Mirpuri, Bengali, Pushto and Arabic with English being the most widely spoken language. The most dominant religion in the ward was Islam with 59.4% of the population stating themselves as Muslims, above the average for Birmingham of 14.3% and the national average of 3.1%. Christianity was the second largest religion in the ward with 27.1% of the ward's population stating themselves as Christians.
The ethnic minorities of Bordesley Green are particularly concentrated in the Victorian and Edwardian terraced houses, having emigrated to the area from the Commonwealth during the 1950s and 1960s.
The 25–44 age group represented the greatest portion of all age groups at 27.3%. At 22.2%, the 5–15 age group was the second largest. The proportion of the population that was of a pensionable age was 11.7%, below the city average of 16.7% and the national average of 18.4%. The proportion of people of a working age was 54.9%, below the city average of 59.8% and national average of 61.5%. The unemployment rate is 15.5%, higher than the city average of 9.5% and national average of 5%. 47.1% of the residents were identified as being economically active. Of the unemployed, 34.1% were in long term unemployment and 23.6% had never worked. 19.5% of the working population worked in the Wholesale & Retail Trade, Vehicle Repairs sector, followed by 19.3% of the working population working in the Manufacturing sector. The Birmingham Heartlands & Solihull Trust is the largest employer in the area, employing approximately 5,000 people. South Birmingham College is the second largest employer, employing around 850 people.
Several hundred terraced houses around Bordesley Green dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries were demolished in the early 1990s and new houses built on their site as part of a "New homes for old" initiative which allowed people to remain living in areas that their families had lived in for generations.
Politics
The Bordesley Green Ward was created in June 2004 out of the Small Heath and Sparkbrook wards. However the 2004 Council Election was marred by vote rigging by the Labour Party candidates, who were subsequently removed from the Council.
It is represented at the Birmingham City Council by three Labour councillor; Shafique Shah (Labour), Mohammed Aikhlaq (Labour) and Uzma Ahmed (Labour).
Bordesley Green has adopted a Ward Support Officer with the current holder of the title being Tracey Arthurs.
Bordesley Village
Bordesley Green has an associated village, Bordesley Village, within its ward, offering considerably better housing. The village is often referred as a separate area, and attempts are being made to separate the two to distinguish the areas. The village is also home to the City's football team, Birmingham City FC, built before the village was established from an old gypsy encampment and scrap yard. Recently, the village has seen several additions, becoming the hub of the city's new car sales, with premium firms such as Mercedes Benz, Audi & Infiniti, as well as Volkswagen & Seat and many more including motorcycle firms Heine Gericke & Triumph. The village is also served by several small shops, such as newsagents, a pharmacy and has its own dentist and doctors surgery. The village also caters for the needs of shoppers, offering a Morrisons supermarket & fuel station and Iceland, as well as fashion outlets such as JD, Bank, Topshop and other shops such as Toys R Us, Poundland, B&M and many more national companies within walking distance of the village.
The Village concept in Bordesley Green was the first "Ideal Village" in England, built between 1908 and 1914 by Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin. The pair eventually went on to build Welwyn Garden City in Hertfordshire. The villages were a welcome relief to English cities at the time and the homes were built to high standards.
Daniels Road in Bordesley Green commemorates schoolteacher Francis Daniels. Originally from Ebley near Stroud, Daniels came to Birmingham in 1891 and soon saw the need to provide affordable social security for ordinary working people. With the Lord Mayor, Alderman William Kendrick as president and Daniels himself as general secretary, the Ideal Society was formed.
By 1910 the society had moved into housing provision and commenced the building of the Ideal Village at Bordesley Green, where Finnemore Road also commemorates an early chairman of the society, William Finnemore. The first houses to be built were in Drummond Road. The village, which was designed for artisan workers, has shops, a park and a school and a much lower density of housing than the nearby terraces.
St Paul's Mission, built in 1912 in Finnemore Road as a chapel of St Margaret's Ward End, was consecrated as a parish church in 1929. A new church was built c1970 in Belchers Lane behind the old, which was retained as the church hall. The church is now the centre of a community project embracing a number of different facilities and services.
In 1998 children from Bordesley Green Primary School discovered the origin of a badly damaged stone fountain in the Ideal Park which commemorates the rescue by a local boy of a drowning girl. On 7 May 1907 16-year-old cycle polisher, Harold Clayfield of 11 Ronald Road, jumped into a 5m deep clay pit at the junction of Belchers Lane and Bordesley Green to save 4-year-old, Florence Jones. The girl was saved, but non-swimmer Clayfield, drowned. His memorial was paid for by public subscription. Sadly Florence herself was to die only four years later as a result of playing with burning pieces of paper at her home in Green Lane.
Public Art
The area features public art with the installation of Ondré Nowakowski's Sleeping Iron Giant, a large head lying on its side on a mound near the St Andrew's football ground.
Skate Park
Bordesley Green has one skate park, known locally as the Pod. It is popular with mini BMX Rocker riders.
Bordesley Green Allotments
The historic Bordesley Green Allotments is a 25-acre site that is host to the Bordesley Green Forest garden and in 2012 was the venue for the Birmingham Annual Gardening Show which is normally held in Kings Heath Park.
Education
Primary schools
Alston Junior and Infants Primary School
Bordesley Green Junior and Infants Primary School
Wyndcliffe Primary School
Secondary schools
Bordesley Green Girls' School
Saltley Academy
Further education
South and City College Birmingham – Bordesley Green Campus
Health
Heartlands Hospital
Yardley Green Medical Centre
Omnia Practice
References
2001 Population census information: Ward profiles
small heath medical practice
Birmingham City Council: Bordesley Green Ward
Category:Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands
Category:Wards of Birmingham, West Midlands | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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1955 United Kingdom heat wave
The UK drought of 1955 and associated heatwave were a set of severe weather events that occurred over all parts of the country. The drought was the 7th worst drought in Yorkshire, and worse than the famous 1976 drought and heatwave in the region. The drought followed a period of extremely wet weather previous to the event, limiting the effects. However, the usual impacts were seen with water levels and the water table dropping and reservoirs running low.
References
See also
Drought in the UK
Drought
Category:Heat waves in the United Kingdom
Heatwave
United Kingdom Heat Wave, 1955
United Kingdom Heat Wave, 1955
Category:1955 heat waves | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Seshadri Chari
Seshadri Ramanujan Chari is an Indian politician, journalist, author and strategic and foreign policy analyst. Chari is a veteran swayamsevak of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Chari currently serves on the National Executive Committee of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and formerly served as head of the Foreign Affairs Cell at BJP headquarters. Seshadri Chari has also been a consultant on governance with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), posted at Juba, South Sudan.
Early life and education
Born in Matunga, Mumbai (then Bombay) on April 2, 1953 to father Ramanujan Chari and mother Kalyani, Tamil Brahmins from Tanjavur, Seshadri Chari is one of five children. While his father worked for Sri Ram Mills and Hindustan Polymers, he was also active in the local Congress Party, it was his mother who had great influence on his growing years. A young Seshadri started going to RSS Shakha at an early age of four but became active only in his teens. As a Mukhya-Shikshak of a RSS Shakha largely attended by daily wage earners from Kerala, he was also active in the labour union led by CPM leader Ahilya Rangnekar. This association brought him close to Mr. Rangnekar and comrade B. T. Ranadive with whom he would engage in political and ideological discussions. One of his uncles S. T. Chary, who was a close associate of V.K Krishna Menon and an admirer of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, fine tuned his journalistic aspirations.
A debater and student activist at Chinai College of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai University, Chari became be part of the RSS sponsored anti-Emergency underground movement Lok Sangharsh Samiti. He offered satyagrah and was imprisoned at Arthur Road Jail.
He earned his BComm, LLB and MA (History) degrees from the University of Bombay.
Political career
Post Emergency, he became a pracharak, first in Mumbai Mahanagar and then Thane. In 1988, he was transferred to the BJP where he became the general secretary of the BJP Mumbai unit.
Chari rose to prominence as editor of the RSS's weekly journal Organiser. He wrote extensively during his incumbency from 1992 to 2004.
In 2007, Chari was president of the Party Worker Training Cell of the RSS where he was considered a moderate.
Seshadri Chari is currently engaged as Director (International Affairs), Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), Director, Forum for Strategic & Security Studies (FSSS), Secretary-General, Forum for Integrated National Security (FINS), Non-officio member, Research and Information Systems for developing countries, and is also the Director of Chronicle Society of India for Education & Academic Research (CSIEAR), a high –profile NGO actively engaged in promoting educational activities and conducting significant research in areas like Pluralism and Democracy, Conflict Resolution, Role of religion in fostering communal harmony. He is also the Vice-President for the Society for Consumers' and Investors' Protection.
Bibliography
References
External links
BJP official website
Category:Living people
Category:1953 births
Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians
Category:People from Delhi
Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lucius Caesennius Paetus
Lucius Junius Caesennius Paetus (c. 20 - 72?) was a Roman senator, and member of the gens Caesennia and Junia, who held several offices in the emperor's service. He was consul ordinarius for the year 61 as the colleague of Publius Petronius Turpilianus. Judith Ginsburg notes this made him the first novus homo to reach the ordinary consulship since Quintus Veranius 12 years before.
Early life
Paetus, also known as "Caesennius Paetus" in a number of sources, was possibly the son of Publius Caesennius Paetus, an Etruscan from Tarquinia; the "Lucius Junius" suggests he was adopted by a Lucius Junius. He may also be the great-grandson of Lucius Caesennius Lento.
Career under Nero
Paetus served as a politician and general during the reigns of the emperors Nero (54-68) and Vespasian (69-79). Ginsburg surmises that Paetus achieved the consulship through the influence of a group of senators that included the families of the Vitellii and Flavii. After he stepped down from the consulate in June, Paetus departed Rome to assume the governorship of the imperial province of Cappadocia. During his governorship, the general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo conducted Rome’s war with Parthia over Armenia. In successive campaigns, Corbulo had established Roman rule over the country, and Paetus was placed in charge of defending it from Parthian counterstrokes.
Paetus resented Corbulo’s talent as a general. In 62 however, Paetus, at the head of an army that included the legions XII Fulminata and IV Scythica, suffered a catastrophic defeat at the Battle of Rhandeia against the Parthian and Armenian forces of King Tiridates I of Armenia. Although relief forces headed by Corbulo were only 50 miles away, Paetus surrendered his fortified camp. He and his legions were shamed by passing under the yoke and were allowed to retreat from Armenia. After his defeat, Paetus' weak character and his incapability to command were revealed, and his military command was entrusted again to Corbulo. Charged with both incompetence and cowardice, Paetus was quickly pardoned by Nero, who dismissively commented that suspense would be harmful to someone of such timidity.
Career under Vespasian
In 72, Paetus, Governor of Syria since 70, had sent letters addressed to Vespasian accusing King Antiochus IV of the client Kingdom of Commagene, together with his sons Gaius Julius Archelaus Antiochus Epiphanes and Callinicus, of planning to revolt against Rome and allying themselves with the King of Parthia. It is not known whether these accusations were true or false. After reading the letters, Vespasian felt that he could no longer trust the family of Antiochus IV with the protection of the strategic crossings of the Euphrates River at Samosata, and thus resolved to directly annex Commagene.
Paetus invaded the Kingdom of Commagene at the head of Legio VI Ferrata. The client Kings Aristobulus of Chalcis and Sohaemus of Emesa also supplied troops to Paetus. The two armies encamped opposite each other, but no battle occurred, as the Commagenians were loath to confront the Roman army. Antiochus Epiphanes, his family, and Callinicus fled to Parthia, while their father, Antiochus IV, fled to Cilicia. There is, however, a possibility that Epiphanes and Callinicus made a short-lived attempt to resist invasion before fleeing to Parthia.
Antiochus IV and his family had never wanted war with Rome and they wanted to rebut these accusations. Antiochus Epiphanes, with his family and Callinicus, were brought back to Rome with an honor guard, and lived out their lives there.
Paetus' subsequent career and date of death are unknown.
Personal life
Paetus married Flavia Sabina, born c. 30, the daughter of Titus Flavius Sabinus and Arrecina Clementina and paternal niece of Vespasian. Their children included two sons: the oldest was named Lucius Junius Caesennius Paetus, consul in 79; the younger Lucius Caesennius Sospes, consul in 114.
References
Category:1st-century Romans
Category:1st-century Roman governors of Syria
Category:Flavian dynasty
Category:Imperial Roman consuls
Category:Ancient Roman generals
Category:People of the Roman–Parthian Wars
Category:Roman governors of Syria
Category:Roman governors of Cappadocia
Caesennius Paetus, Lucius
Paetus, Lucius Junius
Category:20s births
Category:70s deaths
Category:Generals of Nero
Category:Generals of Vespasian | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Jorian Jenks
Jorian Edward Forwood Jenks (1899 – 20 August 1963) was an English farmer, environmentalism pioneer and fascist. He has been described as "one of the most dominant figures in the development of the organic movement".
Early life
Born in Oxford, Jenks was the son of Edward Jenks, a leading expert on jurisprudence and his second wife. A farmer, Jenks was educated at the Harper Adams Agricultural College and Balliol College, Oxford, whilst he also served in the First World War. After emigrating to New Zealand during the 1920s, Jenks returned to England. After lecturing for a spell Jenks took over his own farm in Angmering, West Sussex. However he was forced to give up his farm due to the slump in agricultural prices and his own chronic asthma. From this point on Jenks was forced to rely on writing as his source of income, penning articles for such journals as Philip Mairet's New English Weekly and Maurice Reckitt's Christendom.
Pre-war fascism
A member of the British Union of Fascists, he was the agricultural advisor to the party. He organised garden parties to raise funds for the BUF, a fairly common technique amongst the party's more affluent and rural supporters. A self-styled 'critic of modern economy', he wrote for the BUF journal Action under the pseudonym 'Vergillius'. He was one of the group's most active members in Surrey, where a particularly active branch existed. He also wrote articles on animal husbandry for the non-BUF journal New Pioneer, an anti-Semitic work founded in late 1938 by John Beckett and Lord Lymington. In 1936 Jenks was picked as candidate for the forthcoming general election for Horsham and Worthing.
Jenks took charge of the agricultural policy of the BUF, seeking to lead Britain to agricultural autarky. He called for import controls and the establishment of an Agricultural Land Bank in order to make farm debt more manageable as well as an Agricultural Corporation to fix prices and fit in with the BUF corporatist economic policy. Landowners who were seen to be misusing their land would also be subject to compulsory purchase, with a Volunteer Land Army established to restore the reclaimed territory. Whilst Jenks' ideas were never put into practice it has been argued that they did affect government policy, as moves towards agricultural self-sufficiency became the cornerstone of policy in the late 1940s whilst earlier initiatives such as the British Empire Economic Conference and Import Duties Act 1932 also borrowed from Jenks' protectionist vision. Similarly the Defence Regulations included DR49 which allowed for compulsory land purchase, whilst the Agriculture Act 1947 allowed for price-fixing as Jenks had suggested.
Although an important member of the BUF Jenks was something of a maverick who disagreed with leader Oswald Mosley on a number of issues. Unlike Mosley, who felt that British society was in rapid decline, Jenks felt that the country was in a slow Spenglerian decay. Neither did he share the BUF leader's unbounded faith in modern science, instead taking a more sceptical stance. Despite these disagreements Jenks had a personal loyalty to Mosley, describing him as having "twice Cobbett's intellect and none of Cobbett's bigotry". He remained a BUF member and in common with most of the leading figures in the group was detained under Defence Regulation 18B in 1940. Indeed, in the run-up to the detentions Mosley's contingency plans in the event that he was imprisoned named Jenks as temporary leader in his absence, although this did not come to pass due to Jenks' own internment. Jenks was initially detained at Latchmere House in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames for interrogation, before being transferred to Walton Gaol where he was subject to 23-hour lockdown. He was released in 1941 and became a tenant farmer in Seaford, East Sussex.
Post-war activism
After the war he sought to build a 'spiritual ecologism' that would bond man and soil. To this end he joined Lady Eve Balfour's Soil Association, a pro-organic farming group, in 1945. He also joined Rolf Gardiner's Kinship in Husbandry and H. J. Massingham's Council for the Church and Countryside, two other traditionalist rural groups. He argued in favour of organicism, feeling that the quality of food and the health of a nation were inextricably linked. He felt that the key to health was Bergsonian vitalism, but added to this the belief that the decline in food standards would directly precipitate the fall of Western civilisation.
It was with the Soil Association that he reached the widest audience as he edited the group's Mother Earth journal. Whilst the Association had a wide membership Jenks saw it as a vehicle keeping Mosleyism alive in a time before the formation of the Union Movement. Although Jenks remained associated with the Soil Association until his death the group later moved to the left and Jenks' role has subsequently been marginalised. His other main group involvement was in the Rural Reconstruction Association, a group initially founded in 1929 by Quaker Montague Fordham. Jenks served as press secretary for the RRA and edited their journal Rural Economy whilst building up a coterie of former fascists or fascist sympathisers within the group in the shape of ex-BUF members Derek Stuckey and Robert Saunders as well as some former members of the English Mistery. Jenks used his position as editor of the RRA journal to advocate agricultural autarky. Ultimately he did not join the Union Movement. He also helped to produce their None Need Starve document, which offered a new agricultural plan.
Jenks' post-war writings included The Country Year (1946), British Agriculture and International Trade (1948), From the Ground Up: An Outline of the Rural Economy (1950) and The Stuff Man's Made Of: The Positive Approach to Health through Nutrition (1959) which was much more ecological and less fascist than his previous works. Although the organic movement has in general moved away from the politics espoused by Jenks, his influence has been felt as his themes of sustainability, small farming, opposition to the over-reliance on mechanised farming and mistrust of international food trade over local produce remain central. At the suggestion of Rolf Gardiner he sent his work to the former Nazi Agriculture Minister Richard Walther Darré who continued to write on the themes of blood and soil after the war.
See also
Ecofascism
History of organic farming
References
Category:1899 births
Category:1963 deaths
Category:Alumni of Harper Adams University
Category:Alumni of Balliol College, Oxford
Category:English environmentalists
Category:English farmers
Category:English fascists
Category:English non-fiction writers
Category:People from Oxford
Category:British Union of Fascists politicians
Category:English male non-fiction writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Pentarchy
Pentarchy (from the Greek , Pentarchía, from πέντε pénte, "five", and ἄρχειν archein, "to rule") is a model of Church organization historically championed in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It was formulated in the laws of Emperor Justinian I (527–565) of the Roman Empire. In the model, the Christian church is governed by the heads (patriarchs) of the five major episcopal sees of the Roman Empire: Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem.
The idea came about because of the political and ecclesiastical prominence of these five sees, but the concept of their universal and exclusive authority was firmly tied to the administrative structure of the Roman Empire. The pentarchy was first legally expressed in the legislation of Emperor Justinian I, particularly in Novella 131. The Quinisext Council of 692 gave it formal recognition and ranked the sees in order of preeminence, but its organization remained dependent on the emperor, as when Leo the Isaurian altered the boundary of patriarchal jurisdiction between Rome and Constantinople. Especially following Quinisext, the pentarchy was at least philosophically accepted in Eastern Orthodoxy, but generally not in the West, which rejected the Council, and the concept of the pentarchy.
The greater authority of these sees in relation to others was tied to their political and ecclesiastical prominence; all were located in important cities and regions of the Roman Empire and were important centers of the Christian Church. Rome, Alexandria and Antioch were prominent from the time of early Christianity, while Constantinople came to the fore upon becoming the imperial residence in the 4th century. Thereafter it was consistently ranked just after Rome. Jerusalem received a ceremonial place due to the city's importance in the early days of Christianity. Justinian and the Quinisext Council excluded from their pentarchical arrangement churches outside the empire, such as the then-flourishing Church of the East in Sassanid Persia, which they saw as heretical. Within the empire they recognized only the Chalcedonian (or Melchite) incumbents, regarding as illegitimate the non-Chalcedonian claimants of Alexandria and Antioch.
Infighting among the sees, and particularly the rivalry between Rome (which considered itself preeminent over all the church) and Constantinople (which came to hold sway over the other Eastern sees and which saw itself as equal to Rome, with Rome "first among equals"), prevented the pentarchy from ever becoming a functioning administrative reality. The Islamic conquests of Alexandria, Jerusalem, and Antioch in the 7th century left Constantinople the only practical authority in the East, and afterward the concept of a "pentarchy" retained little more than symbolic significance.
Tensions between East and West, which culminated in the East–West Schism, and the rise of powerful, largely independent metropolitan sees and patriarchates outside the Byzantine Empire in Bulgaria, Serbia, and Russia, eroded the importance of the old imperial sees. Today, only the sees of Rome and of Constantinople still hold authority over an entire major Christian church, the first being the head of the Roman Catholic Church and the second having symbolic hegemony over the Orthodox Church.
Development towards the Pentarchy
Early Christianity
In the Apostolic Age (largely the 1st century) the Christian Church comprised an indefinite number of local churches that in the initial years looked to the first church at Jerusalem as its main centre and point of reference. But by the 4th century it had developed a system whereby the bishop of the capital of each civil province (the metropolitan bishop) normally held certain rights over the bishops of the other cities of the province (later called suffragan bishops).
Of the three sees that the First Council of Nicaea was to recognize as having such extraprovincial power, Rome is the one of which most evidence is discerned. The church in Rome intervened in other communities to help resolve conflicts. Pope Clement I did so in Corinth in the end of the 1st century. In the beginning of the 2nd century, Ignatius, Bishop of Antioch, speaks of the Church of Rome as "presiding in the region of the Romans" (ἥτις προκάθηται ἐν τόπῳ χωρίου Ῥωμαίων). In the end of that century, Pope Victor I threatened to excommunicate the Eastern bishops who continued to celebrate Easter on 14 Nisan, not on the following Sunday.<ref>[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.x.xxv.html Eusebius Pamphilius: Church History, Life of Constantine, Oration in Praise of Constantine, Ch. XXIV]</ref>
The first records of the exercise of authority by Antioch outside its own province of Syria date from the late 2nd century, when Serapion of Antioch intervened in Rhosus, a town in Cilicia, and also consecrated the third Bishop of Edessa, outside the Roman Empire. Bishops participating in councils held at Antioch in the middle of the 3rd century came not only from Syria, but also from Palestine, Arabia, and eastern Asia Minor. Dionysius of Alexandria spoke of these bishops as forming the "episcopate of the Orient", mentioning Demetrian, bishop of Antioch, in the first place.
In Egypt and the nearby African territories the bishop of Alexandria was at first the only metropolitan. When other metropolitan sees were established there, the bishop of Alexandria became known as the arch-metropolitan. In the mid-3rd century, Heraclas of Alexandria exercised his power as arch-metropolitan by deposing and replacing the Bishop of Thmuis.
Council of Nicaea
The First Council of Nicaea in 325, in whose sixth canon the title "metropolitan" appears for the first time, sanctioned the existing grouping of sees by provinces of the Roman empire, but also recognized that three sees, Alexandria, Antioch and Rome, already had authority over wider areas. In speaking of Antioch, it also spoke generically about "other provinces".
While the Council did not specify the extent of the authority of Rome or Antioch, it clearly indicated the area, even outside its own province of Egypt, over which Alexandria had authority, by referring to "the ancient customs of Egypt, Libya and Pentapolis, according to which the bishop of Alexandria has authority over all these places".
Immediately after mentioning the special traditions of wider authority of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch, the same canon speaks of the organization under metropolitans, which was also the subject of two previous canons. In this system, the bishop of the capital of each Roman province (the metropolitan) possessed certain rights with regard to the bishops of other cities of the province (suffragans).
In the interpretation of John H. Erickson, the Council saw the special powers of Rome and Alexandria, whose bishops were in effect metropolitans over several provinces, as exceptions to the general rule of organization by provinces, each with its own metropolitan. After the mention of the special traditions of Rome, Alexandria, Antioch and other provinces, canon 6 goes on immediately to speak of the metropolitan form of organization, which was also the topic of the two preceding canons.
This Council's recognition of the special powers of Rome, Alexandria and Antioch served as the basis of the theory of the three Petrine sees (Rome and Antioch were said to be founded by Saint Peter and Alexandria by his disciple Mark the Evangelist) that was later upheld, especially in Rome and Alexandria, in opposition to the theory of the five Pentarchy sees.
In its seventh canon, the Council attributed special honour, but not metropolitan authority, to the Bishop of Jerusalem, which was then called Aelia, and was in the province (Syria Palaestina) whose capital was Caesarea.
Later councils
The First Council of Constantinople (381) decreed in a canon of disputed validity: "The Bishop of Constantinople, however, shall have the prerogative of honour after the Bishop of Rome; because Constantinople is New Rome." This "prerogative of honour" did not entail jurisdiction outside his own "diocese". The Emperor Theodosius I, who called the Council, divided the eastern Roman Empire into five "dioceses": Egypt (under Alexandria), the East (under Antioch), Asia (under Ephesus), Pontus (under Caesarea Cappadociae), and Thrace (originally under Heraclea, later under Constantinople).
The Council also decreed: "The bishops are not to go beyond their dioceses to churches lying outside of their bounds, nor bring confusion on the churches; but let the Bishop of Alexandria, according to the canons, alone administer the affairs of Egypt; and let the bishops of the East manage the East alone, the privileges of the Church in Antioch, which are mentioned in the canons of Nicea, being preserved; and let the bishops of the Asian Diocese administer the Asian affairs only; and the Pontic bishops only Pontic matters; and the Thracian bishops only Thracian affairs." Jerusalem was not put at the head of any of the five dioceses.
The transfer of the capital of the empire from Rome to Constantinople in 330 enabled the latter to free itself from its ecclesiastical dependency on Heraclea and in little more than half a century to obtain this recognition of next-after-Rome ranking from the first Council held within its walls. Alexandria's objections to Constantinople's promotion, which led to a constant struggle between the two sees in the first half of the 5th century, were supported, at least until the Fourth Council of Constantinople of 869–870, by Rome, which proposed the theory that the most important sees were the three Petrine ones, with Rome in first place.
The Western bishops took no part in the First Council of Constantinople, and it was only in the mid-6th century that the Latin Church recognized it as ecumenical.
The Council of Ephesus (431) defended the independence of the Church in Cyprus against the supra-metropolitan interference by Antioch, but in the same period Jerusalem succeeded in gaining supra-metropolitan power over the three provinces of Palestine.
After the Council of Chalcedon (451), the position of the Pentarchy's Patriarchate of Alexandria was weakened by a division in which the great majority of its Christian population followed the form of Christianity that its opponents called Monophysitism.
The Council of Chalcedon (451), which marked a serious defeat of Alexandria, gave recognition, in its 28th canon, to Constantinople's extension of its power over Pontus and Asia in addition to Thrace. The Council justified this decision on the grounds that "the Fathers rightly granted privileges to the throne of old Rome, because it was the royal city", and that the First Council of Constantinople, "actuated by the same consideration, gave equal privileges to the most holy throne of New Rome, justly judging that the city which is honoured with the Sovereignty and the Senate, and enjoys equal privileges with the old imperial Rome, should in ecclesiastical matters also be magnified as she is, and rank next after her".
Pope Leo I, whose delegates were absent when this resolution was passed and who protested against it, recognized the council as ecumenical and confirmed its doctrinal decrees, but rejected canon 28 on the ground that it contravened the sixth canon of Nicaea and infringed the rights of Alexandria and Antioch. By that time Constantinople, as the permanent residence of the emperor, had enormous influence.
Canon 9 of the Council declared: "If a bishop or clergyman should have a difference with the metropolitan of the province, let him have recourse to the Exarch of the Diocese, or to the throne of the Imperial City of Constantinople, and there let it be tried." This has been interpreted as conferring on the see of Constantinople a greater privilege than what any council ever gave Rome (Johnson) or as of much lesser significance than that (Hefele).
Thus in little more than a hundred years the structural arrangement by provinces envisaged by the First Council of Nicaea was, according to John H. Erickson, transformed into a system of five large divisions headed by the bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. He does not use for these divisions the term patriarchate because the term patriarch as a uniform term for the heads of the divisions came into use only in the time of Emperor Justinian I in the following century, and because there is little suggestion that the divisions were regarded as quasi-sovereign entities, as patriarchates are in Eastern Orthodox ecclesiology. Because of the decision of the Council of Ephesus, Cyprus maintained its independence from the Antioch division, and the arrangement did not apply outside the empire, where separate "catholicates" developed in Mesopotamia and Armenia.
Formulation of the pentarchy theory
The basic principles of the pentarchy theory, which, according to the Byzantinist historian Milton V. Anastos, "reached its highest development in the period from the eleventh century to the middle of the fifteenth", go back to the 6th-century Justinian I, who often stressed the importance of all five of the patriarchates mentioned, especially in the formulation of dogma.
Justinian was the first to use (in 531) the title of "patriarch" to designate exclusively the bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, setting the bishops of these five sees on a level superior to that of metropolitans.The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, s.v. patriarch (ecclesiastical), also calls it "a title dating from the 6th century, for the bishops of the five great sees of Christendom". And Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions says: "Five patriarchates, collectively called the pentarchy, were the first to be recognized by the legislation of the emperor Justinian (reigned 527–565)".
Justinian's scheme for a renovatio imperii (renewal of the empire) included, as well as ecclesiastical matters, a rewriting of Roman law in the Corpus Juris Civilis and an only partially successful reconquest of the West, including the city of Rome.
When in 680 Constantine IV called the Third Council of Constantinople, he summoned the metropolitans and other bishops of the jurisdiction of Constantinople; but since there were representatives of all five bishops to whom Justinian had given the title of Patriarch, the Council declared itself ecumenical. This has been interpreted as signifying that a council is ecumenical if attended by representatives of all five patriarchs.
The first Council classified (in the East, but not in the West, which did not participate in it) as ecumenical that mentioned together all five sees of the pentarchy in the order indicated by Justinian I is the Council in Trullo of 692, which was called by Justinian II: "Renewing the enactments by the 150 Fathers assembled at the God-protected and imperial city, and those of the 630 who met at Chalcedon; we decree that the see of Constantinople shall have equal privileges with the see of Old Rome, and shall be highly regarded in ecclesiastical matters as that is, and shall be second after it. After Constantinople shall be ranked the See of Alexandria, then that of Antioch, and afterwards the See of Jerusalem."
The 7th and 8th centuries saw an increasing attribution of significance to the pentarchy as the five pillars of the Church upholding its infallibility: it was held to be impossible that all five should at the same time be in error. They were compared to the five senses of the human body, all equal and entirely independent of each other, and none with ascendancy over the others.
The Byzantine view of the pentarchy had a strongly anti-Roman orientation, being put forward against the Roman claim to the final word on all Church matters and to the right to judge even the patriarchs. This was not a new claim: in about 446 Pope Leo I had expressly claimed authority over the whole Church: "The care of the universal Church should converge towards Peter's one seat, and nothing anywhere should be separated from its Head." In a synod held in Rome in 864, Pope Nicholas I declared that no ecumenical council could be called without authorization by Rome; and, until Pope Hadrian II (867–872), none of the Popes recognized the legitimacy of all four eastern patriarchs, but only those of Alexandria and Antioch.
The principal adviser of the two last-named popes, Anastasius Bibliothecarius, accepted the Byzantine comparison of the pentarchy with the five senses of the human body, but added the qualification that the patriarchate of Rome, which he likened to the sense of sight, ruled the other four.
While the theory of the pentarchy is still upheld by the Greek Orthodox Church successor to the Byzantine Church, it is questioned by other Eastern Orthodox, who view it as "a highly artificial theory, never implemented until the great 5c. debates over Christology had removed the Alexandrian (Coptic) Church from communion and fatally split the weakened Church of Antioch. In addition the theory's insistence on the sovereignty of these five patriarchs was at least debatable".
After the East–West Schism
By 661, Muslim Arabs had taken over the territories assigned to the patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem, which thereafter were never more than partially and temporarily recovered. In 732, Leo III the Isaurian, in revenge for the opposition of Pope Gregory III to the emperor's iconoclast policies, transferred Sicily, Calabria and Illyria from the patriarchate of Rome (whose jurisdiction until then extended as far east as Thessalonica) to that of Constantinople. The Constantinople patriarchate, after expanding eastward at the time of the Council of Chalcedon to take in Pontus and Asia, which still remained under the emperor's control, thus expanded equally to the west, and was practically coextensive with the empire.
Nearly all the Byzantine writers who treated the subject of the pentarchy assumed that Constantinople, as the seat of the ruler of the empire and therefore of the world, was the highest among the patriarchates and, like the emperor, had the right to govern them. This feeling was further intensified after the East–West Schism in 1054, which reduced the pentarchy to a tetrarchy, but it existed long before that. The idea that with the transfer of the imperial capital from Rome to Constantinople primacy in the Church was also transferred is found in undeveloped form as early as John Philoponus (c. 490 – c. 570); it was enunciated in its most advanced form by Photios I of Constantinople (c. 810 – c. 893), and was embraced by his successors, including Callistus Ι (1350–1353, 1355–1363), Philotheus (1353–1354, 1364–1376), and Nilus (1379–1388).
Thus, for the Byzantines of the first half of the second millennium, the government of the Christian Church was a primacy belonging to the patriarchate of Constantinople, which however was choosing not to insist on it with regard to the west. This was illustrated by Nilus Doxapatris, who in 1142–43 insisted strongly on the primacy of the Church of Constantinople, which he regarded as inherited from Rome because of the transfer of the capital and because Rome had fallen into the hands of the barbarians, but who expressly restricted Byzantine authority to the other three eastern patriarchates. Patriarch Callistus, mentioned above, did the same about two hundred years later. "In other words, Rome was definitely excluded from the Constantinopolitan sphere of influence and put on a par with Constantinople, as can be inferred from Nilus's statement that the bishops of Constantinople and Rome, and only these two, were called oecumenical patriarchs."
Rise of other patriarchates
The Patriarchate of Constantinople recognized the patriarchal status of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church (Metropolitanate of Preslav) in 927, which thus became the first autocephalous Patriarchate outside the empire recognized by the Orthodox Church. (Recognition had not been granted to the patriarchates of the Church of the East and Oriental Orthodoxy.) The Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church became autocephalous in 486 and was elevated to Patriarchate in 1010. The Serbian Orthodox Church became autocephalous in 1219, and was elevated to Patriarchate in 1346 (although deemed schismatic at first). The Russian Orthodox Church (Metropolitanate of Moscow) was recognized as elevated to Patriarchate in 1589.
Today the Eastern Orthodox Church includes nine patriarchates: Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople; Patriarchate of Alexandria; Patriarchate of Antioch; Bulgarian Patriarchate; Georgian Patriarchate; Patriarchate of Jerusalem; Russian Patriarchate; Romanian Patriarchate; Serbian Patriarchate.
Outside views
The Roman Catholic Church partially recognizes the Pentarchy, but not as an equal Pentarchy without an order of precedence starting with Rome (immediately followed by Constantinople). Oriental Orthodoxy still holds to the theory of the three Petrine sees. The Assyrian Church of the East has no official position on the Pentarchy.
Current patriarchs of the five sees
The following are the current archbishops of the Pentarchal sees, along with the churches that recognize them.
See also
Catholicos
Primate (bishop)
Limits of the Five Patriarchates
References
Sources
External links
Milton V. Anastos, Aspects of the Mind of Byzantium (Political Theory, Theology, and Ecclesiastical Relations with the See of Rome), Ashgate Publications, Variorum Collected Studies Series, 2001.
L'idea di pentarchia nella cristianità
Encyclopædia Britannica: Pentarchy
Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions: An A–Z Guide to the World's Religions, by Wendy Doniger, M. Webster (Merriam–Webster, 1999 , ): Patriarch''
Catholic Encyclopedia: Patriarch and Patriarchate
Category:Christian terminology | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Charles Parks (sculptor)
Charles Cropper Parks (1922 - October 25, 2012) was an American sculptor who donated almost 300 of his works to the State of Delaware in 2011.
Biography
Charles Parks was born in Onancock, Virginia in 1922. He served in the air force during World War II, before getting an education at University of Delaware and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts.
Parks and his wife, Inge, created the Charles Parks foundation in 2003. In 2011 the Parks family donated approximately 290 sculptures from Charles Parks' private collection to the State of Delaware, in the hope they would be displayed to the public.
Parks died in Wilmington, Delaware on October 25, 2012 age 90. Delaware governor, Jack Markell, described Parks as "an extraordinarily talented artist and sculptor whose life work made an impact on so many".
In April 2013 thirteen of Parks' sculptures were exhibited at the First State Heritage Park Welcome Centre and Galleries, organised by the Delaware Division of Historical and Cultural Affairs.
References
Category:1922 births
Category:2012 deaths
Category:Artists from Delaware
Category:American sculptors
Category:People from Onancock, Virginia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Yaamini
Yaamini is a 2001 Indian Malayalam film, directed by UC Roshan. The film stars Divya, Meera, Thankachan, and Bhaskar in lead roles.
Cast
Divya
Meera
Thankachan
Bhaskar
Prathapachandran as Ouseppachan
Dhanush
Gandhi
Shakeela as Yamini
Usman
Heera
Ragini
Roshini as Mini
References
External links
Category:2001 films
Category:Indian films
Category:2000s Malayalam-language films | {
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Carolina Cerezuela
Carolina Cerezuela Gil (born 14 January 1980 in Elche, Alicante, Spain) is a Spanish actress who became famous playing Mónica Salazar in Camera Café, the Spanish spin-off of Caméra Café.
In 2001, she won the beauty prize Linda of Spain (). She studied Labour Relations in the Miguel Hernández University of Elche in the province of Alicante. Her acting career began in the theater aged 15, and in spite of never having studied drama, she began to work in television aged 20.
In 2007, she appeared on the cover of the Spanish November edition of FHM.
Theater
Cuatro corazones con freno y marcha atrás (1996) by Jardiel Poncela
Hombres (1997) by Sergi Belbel.
Te odio amor mío (1998) based on texts of Dorothy Parker.
Criaturas (1999)
El enfermo imaginario - Le Malade imaginaire - The Imaginary Invalid (or The Hypochondriac) (2000) by Molière.
Television
Actress
Arrayán (television series) 2003 in the role of Julia
El Secreto (telenovela) 2002 in the role of Charlie
La verdad de Laura (telenovela) 2002 in the role of Eva
Paraíso (television series) 2003 in the role of Susi
Aquí no hay quien viva (television series) 2004 in the role of Vanessa
Paco y Veva (television series) 2004 in the role of a manager
Camera Café (television series) 2005-2009 in the role of Mónica Salazar
Los Serrano (television series) 2006 in the role of Candy
Amistades peligrosas (television series) 2006 in the role of Helena García
Manolo & Benito Corporeision (television series) 2006-2007 in the role of Lola
Hospital Central (television series) 2007-2009 in the role of Verónica Solé
¡Fibrilando! (television series) 2009 in the role of Mónica Salazar
Presenter
Esto es increíble 2006-2007
Especial Nochevieja de Telecinco together with Emilio Pineda and Carmen Alcayde
¿Xq no te callas? (television series) 2008 together with Eugeni Alemany
Singer
Manzana de Caramelo 2016 with singer Jaime Anglada as Anglada Cerezuela
References
External links
Photos and information on Carolina Cerezuela this link ends with advertising.
Web devoted to Carolina Cerezuela
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Spanish television actresses
Category:Spanish television presenters
Category:People from Elche
Category:Spanish stage actresses
Category:Women television presenters | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
ICOC
ICOC may refer to:
International Churches of Christ, a global family/network of churches.
International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation, also known as the "Hague Code of Conduct"
International Commission on Orders of Chivalry, a scholarly organisation studying chivalric orders.
International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers
See also
ICC (disambiguation), listing many organizations whose names may also be abbreviated "ICOC" | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Mottingham railway station
Mottingham railway station is a station situated on Court Road between Eltham and Mottingham, in the Royal Borough of Greenwich, south-east London. It is down the line from . The station is located in Travelcard Zone 4, on the Dartford Loop Line between Lee and New Eltham.
The station is operated by Southeastern.
History
The station was first opened by the South Eastern Railway in 1866 as Eltham for Mottingham. In 1892 it was renamed Eltham & Mottingham. In 1927 it became Mottingham.
The goods yard on the down side to the west of the platforms included a large coal office. A footbridge linking the two platforms was opened in the 1890s. Half a dozen sidings used for rolling stock were built around 1900 on the down side opposite the goods yard.
A three-storey high substation was built next to the station when the Dartford Loop Line was electrified in 1926. The substation was demolished in 1957 later to be replaced by more powerful substations at New Eltham and Hither Green.
On 19 March 1946 the station was the location of a fatal accident when an electric passenger train collided with a stationary light engine that was waiting to move into the sidings. The driver of the passenger train was killed and 13 passengers injured.
In 1955 the platforms were lengthened to take ten carriage trains. The goods yard closed and five of the six rolling stock sidings were decommissioned in 1968. The signal box closed the following year. In 1992 the platforms were lengthened again and in 2012 the platforms are again being extended to take twelve carriage trains.
The up side ticket office has a mixture of structures, the white clapboard dating from the original station of 1866, with brown brick construction of 1957 and sliding doors installed in 1988.
Location
Mottingham Station is situated in the town of Mottingham close to the junction of Court Road and the A20 Sidcup bypass. The A20 road outside is a popular hitchhiking spot to Dover.
The station is served by London bus routes 124, 126, 161, 624.
Facilities
The station has two platforms. Platform 1 is the up platform for westbound services to London and Platform 2 is the down platform for eastbound services to Kent. A ticket hall is situated on the up side but the station does not have ticket gates. There is step free access to both platforms.
The station has a car park.
Services
All trains from Mottingham are operated by Southeastern, who also manage the station.
The Monday to Friday and Saturday daytime off peak service is:
2tph to
2tph to via
2tph to
2tph to , then returning to London Cannon Street via
References
External links
An enthusiast's history of Mottingham station
Category:Railway stations in the Royal Borough of Greenwich
Category:Former South Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Category:Railway stations opened in 1866
Category:Railway stations served by Southeastern
Category:Eltham
Category:1866 establishments in England | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bowling at the 2011 Pan American Games – Women's pairs
The women's pairs competition of the bowling events at the 2011 Pan American Games took place between from October 24 to 25 at the Bolearmo Tapatio.
The participants each bowled a total of twelve games, six on each day. At the end of play, the scores were totalled and averaged, and the pair with the highest grand total won the gold medal.
Results
References
Final Results
Category:Bowling at the 2011 Pan American Games | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Futile cycle
A futile cycle, also known as a substrate cycle, occurs when two metabolic pathways run simultaneously in opposite directions and have no overall effect other than to dissipate energy in the form of heat. The reason this cycle was called "futile" cycle was because it appeared that this cycle operated with no net utility for the organism. As such, it was thought of being a quirk of the metabolism and thus named a futile cycle. After further investigation it was seen that futile cycles are very important for regulating the concentrations of metabolites. For example, if glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were to be active at the same time, glucose would be converted to pyruvate by glycolysis and then converted back to glucose by gluconeogenesis, with an overall consumption of ATP. Futile cycles may have a role in metabolic regulation, where a futile cycle would be a system oscillating between two states and very sensitive to small changes in the activity of any of the enzymes involved. The cycle does generate heat, and may be used to maintain thermal homeostasis, for example in the brown adipose tissue of young mammals, or to generate heat rapidly, for example in insect flight muscles and in hibernating animals during periodical arousal from torpor.
It has been reported that the glucose metabolism substrate cycle is not a futile cycle but a regulatory process. For example, when energy is suddenly needed, ATP is replaced by AMP, a much more reactive adenine.
Example
The simultaneous carrying out of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis is an example of a futile cycle, represented by the following equation:
For example, during glycolysis, fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate in a reaction catalysed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK-1).
ATP + fructose-6-phosphate → Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP
But during gluconeogenesis (i.e. synthesis of glucose from pyruvate and other compounds) the reverse reaction takes place, being catalyzed by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-1).
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + H2O → fructose-6-phosphate + Pi
Giving an overall reaction of:
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + Heat
That is, hydrolysis of ATP without any useful metabolic work being done. Clearly, if these two reactions were allowed to proceed simultaneously at a high rate in the same cell, a large amount of chemical energy would be dissipated as heat. This uneconomical process has therefore been called a futile cycle.
References
External links
Category:Metabolism
Category:Glycolysis | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Julius Benedict
Sir Julius Benedict (27 November 1804 – 5 June 1885) was a German-born composer and conductor, resident in England for most of his career.
Life and music
Benedict was born in Stuttgart, the son of a Jewish banker, and learnt composition from Johann Nepomuk Hummel at Weimar and Carl Maria von Weber at Dresden; it was Weber who introduced him in Vienna to Beethoven on 5 October 1823. In the same year he was appointed Kapellmeister of the Kärnthnerthor theatre at Vienna, and two years later in 1825, he became Kapellmeister of the San Carlo theatre at Naples. It was here he gave piano lessons to the young prodigy Theodor Döhler.
In Naples his first opera, Giacinta ed Ernesto, premiered in 1827, and another, written for his native city, I Portoghesi in Goa, was given there in 1830; neither of these was a great success, and in 1834 he went to Paris, leaving it in 1835 at the suggestion of Maria Malibran for London, where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1836 he was given the conductorship of an operatic enterprise at the Lyceum Theatre, and brought out a short opera, Un anno ed un giorno, previously given in Naples.
In 1838 he became conductor of the English opera at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane during the period of Michael William Balfe's great popularity; his own operas produced there were The Gipsy's Warning (1838), The Brides of Venice (1844), and The Crusaders (1846). In 1848 he conducted Felix Mendelssohn's Elijah at Exeter Hall, for the first appearance of Jenny Lind in oratorio, and in 1850 he was the accompanist and conductor on Lind's tour of America.
On his return in 1852 he became musical conductor under James Henry Mapleson's management at Her Majesty's Theatre (and afterwards at Drury Lane), and in the same year conductor of the Harmonic Union. Amongst his minor works is an Andantino for Concertina and Fortepiano written in 1858. Benedict wrote recitatives for the production of an Italian-language version of Weber's Oberon in 1860 (it was then the tradition in England to perform German operas in Italian). In the same year his cantata Undine was produced at the Norwich Festival, in which Clara Novello appeared in public for the last time.
His best-known opera, The Lily of Killarney, written on the subject of Dion Boucicault's play The Colleen Bawn to a libretto by John Oxenford, was produced at Covent Garden in 1862. His operetta The Bride of Song was brought out there in 1864.
Benedict wrote a march for the wedding of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra of Denmark in 1863. St Cecilia, an oratorio, was performed at the Norwich Festival in 1868; St Peter at the Birmingham Festival of 1870; Graziella, a cantata, was given at the Birmingham Festival of 1882, and in August 1883 was produced in operatic form at the Crystal Palace. Here also a symphony by him was given in 1873. In the autumn of 1875, Benedict corresponded with W. S. Gilbert about collaborating on a comic opera with him, but Gilbert had too many projects and the idea was dropped.
Benedict conducted every Norwich Festival from 1845 to 1878 inclusive, and the Liverpool Philharmonic Society's concerts from late 1875 to 1880. He was the regular accompanist at the Monday Popular Concerts in London from their start, and with few exceptions acted as conductor of these concerts.
He contributed an interesting life of Weber to the series of biographies of Great Musicians. In 1871 he was knighted, and in 1874 was made knight commander of the orders of Franz Joseph I of Austria and Frederick I of Württemberg. In 1884, friends set up a benefit fund to aid him financially. He died in London on 5 June 1885. A London County Council blue plaque commemorates Benedict at 2 Manchester Square, Marylebone, where he lived and died.
Compositions (selective list)
Orchestral
1827 - Concertino No.1, for piano and orchestra, Op.18 (fp. Teatro del Fondo, Naples, 26 May 1827) [later incorporated into Piano Concerto in A flat, 1867]
1833 - Concertino No.2, for piano and orchestra, Op.19 (fp. King's Theatre, London, 1837) [later incorporated into Piano Concerto in E flat, 1867]
c.1850 - Festival Overture, Op.42
1850 - Konzertstück [Piano Concerto No.1] in C minor, for piano and orchestra, Op.45 (fp. Philharmonic Society, London, 17 June 1850)
1862 - The Octoroon, overture
c.1865 - Le ménestrel, overture. Op.76
c.1865 - The Tempest, overture, Op.77
1867 - Piano Concerto [No.2] in E flat, Op.89 (fp. Crystal Palace, London, 27 April 1867)
1867 - Piano Concerto [No.3] in A flat, Op.90
1868 - La selva incantata, overture (fp. Philharmonic Society, London, 6 July 1868)
1872-73 - Symphony No. 1 in G minor, Op.101 (andante and scherzo performed Norwich Festival, 1872; first complete performance Crystal Palace, London, 22 November 1873)
1874 - Alfred and Marie, grand march [celebrating the marriage of the Duke of Edinburgh]
1874-76 - Symphony No. 2 in C (scherzo performed British orchestral Society, St James's Hall, London, 22 January 1874; three movements performed Crystal Palace, London, 17 April 1875)
Choral and vocal
1822 - L'amor timido, cantata (fp. Stuttgart, August 1822)
1860 - Undine, cantata (fp. Norwich Festival, 1860)
1863 - Richard Coeur de Lion, cantata (fp. Norwich Festival, 17 September 1863)
1866 - The Legend of St Cecilia, cantata (fp. Norwich Festival, 1 November 1866)
1870 - St Peter, oratorio (fp. Birmingham Festival, 2 September 1870)
1882 - Graziella, cantata (fp. Birmingham Festival, 29 August 1882)
1883 - Mary Stuart's Farewell, scena for contralto and orchestra (fp. Philharmonic Society, London, 25 April 1883)
Operatic
1827 - Giacinta ed Ernesto (fp. Teatro del Fondo, Naples, 31 March 1827)
1830 - I portoghesi in Goa (fp. Stuttgart, 1830; Teatro San Carlo, Naples, 28 June 1830)
1836 - Un anno ed un giorno (fp. Teatro del Fondo, Naples, 19 October 1836)
1838 - The Gypsy's Warning (fp. Drury Lane Theatre, London, 19 April 1838)
1844 - The Brides of Venice (fp. Drury Lane Theatre, London, 22 April 1844)
1845-46 - The Crusaders (fp. Drury Lane Theatre, London, 26 February 1846)
1861-62 - The Lily of Killarney (fp. Covent Garden Theatre, London, 10 February 1862)
1864 - The Bride of Song, operetta (fp. Covent Garden Theatre, London, 3 December 1864)
Incidental music
1882 - Romeo and Juliet (fp. Royal Lyceum Theatre, London, May 1882)
Other music
1858 - Andantino for Concertina and Fortepiano
1876 - Andantino, arranged by the composer for four performers on two pianofortes
1884 - Andantino, the 1876 arrangement arranged by Harry Drew for the organ.
See also
Royal Liverpool Philharmonic
References
External links
Category:19th-century classical composers
Category:German opera composers
Category:Male opera composers
Category:English opera composers
Category:Composers for concertina
Category:People from Stuttgart
Category:German classical composers
Category:German conductors (music)
Category:German male conductors (music)
Category:German people of Jewish descent
Category:English classical composers
Category:19th-century English people
Category:English conductors (music)
Category:British male conductors (music)
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:Composers awarded knighthoods
Category:Jewish classical composers
Category:English people of German-Jewish descent
Category:English Jews
Category:German Jews
Category:1804 births
Category:1885 deaths
Category:19th-century conductors (music)
Category:Burials at Kensal Green Cemetery
Category:German male composers
Category:German male classical composers
Category:English male classical composers
Category:19th-century German composers
Category:19th-century English musicians
Category:19th-century British composers
Category:19th-century male musicians | {
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Lost Pearls
Lost Pearls is a collection of out-takes recorded by the rock band Wishbone Ash between 1978 and 1982, released in 2004.
Track listings
"Is Justice Done?"
"Bells Chime"
"Hard On You"
"Out On a Limb"
"Where Have You Been?"
"Halfway House" (Martin, vocal)
"Halfway House" (Claire, vocal)
"Football and Boxing"
"John Sherry Jam"
"Too Much Monkey Business" (Live) (Demo Version)
"Night Hawker"
"Sheriff of Sherwood" (Demo Version)
Personnel
Martin Turner - bass, vocals
Steve Upton - drums
Andy Powell - guitar, vocals
Laurie Wisefield - guitar, vocals
Claire Hamill - vocals (track 7)
Trevor Bolder - bass (track 11)
References
Category:2004 compilation albums
Category:Wishbone Ash compilation albums | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Cornhole
Cornhole (also known regionally as bags, sack toss, or bean bag) is a lawn game in which players take turns throwing 16 ounce bags of corn kernels at a raised platform (board) with a hole in the far end. A bag in the hole scores 3 points, while one on the board scores 1 point. Play continues until a team or player reaches or exceeds the score of 21 by means of cancellation scoring.
Rules and regulations
Equipment and court layout
Cornhole matches are played with two sets of bags, two boards and two to eight players.
There are four bags to a set. Each set of bags should be identifiable from the other; different colors work well. The American Cornhole League's rules call for double-seamed fabric bags measuring and weighing Although bags used to be filled with corn kernels (hence the name Cornhole), bags are nowadays usually filled with plastic resin or another material that will maintain a consistent weight and shape. Bags are usually dual sided, with each side of the bag being a different material that reacts faster or slower on the board. Faster bags are preferred in humid conditions where bags will not slide as readily. Additionally, professional players may use different materials depending on their personal throwing styles. Players with a lower, harder, throw may use more rotation and a slower bag material. Players with higher, softer throws may throw with less rotation and prefer a more reactive bag.
Each board is , with a hole centered from the top. Each board should be angled with the top edge of the playing surface above the ground, and the bottom edge above the ground. A regular court places the holes apart, or between the bottoms of the platforms. Shorter distances can be used when younger players are participating or there is not sufficient room.
Bags are tossed from the pitcher's box, which is the rectangular area directly to the left or right of a platform. The bottom of the platform forms the foul line.
Gameplay
Cornhole matches are broken down into innings or frames of play. During each frame, every player throws four bags, alternating between each throw. A player must deliver the bag from either the left or right pitcher's box, and remain in that designated pitchers box for the duration of the game in doubles or crew (in crew, each player will only throw 2 bags, however). In singles play, a player will throw from both the right and left pitcher's box during the game as the players walk down to retrieve their bags in their designated lane. At no time will opponents throw from the same pitcher's box during a frame. Players may not step over the foul line or outside of the pitcher's box while pitching.
Each player must deliver the bag within twenty seconds. The time starts when the player steps onto the pitcher's box with the intention of pitching. The player who scored in the preceding frame pitches first in the next frame. If neither player scores, the player who pitched first in the preceding inning pitches first in the next inning. Note: No foot can land past the front of the board until the bag leaves the hand, otherwise the point does not count.
Cornhole can be played as singles, doubles, or crew format (4 players to a team). In doubles play, four players split into two teams. One member from each team pitches from one board and the other members pitch from the other. The first side of players alternate pitching bags until both players have thrown all four of their bags, then the players pitching from the opposing cornhole board continue to alternate in the same manner until all four of their bags are delivered and the inning or frame is completed. In singles play, two players play against each other. Delivery is handled in the same manner as doubles play. Both contestants pitch from the same cornhole board and alternate their pitches until all of their bags have been pitched, completing the inning or frame.
In crew format, each end of the board consists of two players from each team, with eight total players (4 per team). Players will throw two bags each per frame, still in alternating fashion.
Scoring
In order to score, the bags must either be tossed into the hole or land on the board. A bag that falls through the hole is worth three points. The bag can be tossed directly into the hole, slide into the hole, or be knocked into the hole by another bag. A bag that lands on the board and is still on the board at the end of the inning is worth one point. If a bag touches the ground and comes to rest on the board, it is removed from the board prior to continuation of play and not worth any points (commonly referred to as a "dirt bag"). Scoring is done by cancellation (e.g., if Team A scores 12 points in the frame and Team B scores 10 points in the frame, Team A is awarded 2 points). Play continues until a player or team reaches or exceeds 21 points.
In the common version of cancellation scoring, the total score for each team for the inning is totaled each round, and then the difference of the two scores is awarded to the team with the higher score. It is thus only possible for one team to score points each inning. For example, if one team lands two bags in the hole and one on the board for 7 points, and the other team lands one bag in the hole and two on the board for 5 points, 5 points from the round would cancel out, and the first team would thus score 2 points. Because only one team can score points in each frame, it is impossible for both teams to reach or exceed 21 points in the same inning, and therefore ties are impossible.
A cornhole match is played until the first player or team reaches 21 points at the completion of an inning. The winning team does not need to win by two or more points.
Gameplay strategy varies by player and skill level. At the professional level, players can easily slide all 4 bags into the hole if no bag blocks the path. Defensive strategies are often employed to slow down game play or force opponents to make difficult decisions, such as throwing a blocker bag that rests in front of the hole. This forces an opponent to either slide through the blocker bag to reach the hole, throw another blocker behind the bag, or attempt a riskier airmail shot over the bag (throwing directly into the hole without touching the board).
An uncommon version of scoring also includes a 2-point option. A bag is worth 2 points if it is on the board and hanging over the hole, but has not fallen through the hole. This version of game play disincentives aggressive game play and riskier airmail shots.
Other unofficial scoring variations require one team to earn exactly twenty-one points to win. If a team's score exceeds 21 after any inning, the result differs among various house rules. Options include that the team must return to fifteen points, that the team must return to their prior score, that the team must return to their prior score and deduct one point from that score, and that the team must return to their prior score and deduct from that the number of points they scored in the most recent inning. In some variations, if a team's score goes over 21 three times before their opponents reach or exceed 21, they win the match.
History
The game described in Heyliger de Windt's 1883 patent for "Parlor Quoits" displays most of the features of the modern game of "cornhole", but with a square hole instead of a round one. Quoits is a game similar to horseshoes, played by throwing steel discs at a metal spike. De Windt's patent followed several earlier "parlor quoits" patents that sought to recreate quoit game-play in an indoor environment. His was the first to use bean-bags and a slanted board with a hole as the target.
He sold the rights to the game to a Massachusetts toy manufacturer that marketed a version of the game under the name "Faba Baga". Unlike the modern game, which has one hole and one size of bags, a "Faba Baga" board had two different-sized holes, worth different point values, and provided each player with one extra-large bag per round, which scored double points.
In September 1974, Popular Mechanics magazine published an article written by Carolyn Farrell about a similar game called "Bean-bag Bull's-eye.". Bean-bag bull's-eye was played on a board the same width of modern cornhole boards (24"), but only 36" long as opposed to the 48" for cornhole. The hole was the same diameter (6") but was centered 8" from the back of the board as opposed to the 9"-center of cornhole boards. Each player threw two bags, weighing 8 ounces each, "in succession." In cornhole, the players alternate throwing 4 bags, each weighing 15.5-16.5 ounces. The boards in bean-bag bull's-eye were placed "about 30 ft. apart for adults, 10 ft. for kids." Scoring was essentially the same as that used in cornhole (3 points for a bag in the hole, 1 point for a bag remaining on the board, and cancellation scoring).
In the Chicago area, cornhole is often referred to as "bags." The game spread in Chicago, Illinois, and the Northwest region of Indiana in the late 1970s and early 1980s, perhaps due to the Popular Mechanics article mentioned above. The game's popularity on Cincinnati's west side in the 1980s spread to surrounding areas in Kentucky and Southeast Indiana.
The American Cornhole League ("ACL") was founded in 2015 by Stacey Moore. According to ACL's website, it promotes and develops cornhole as a sport on every level, created software and apps to manage cornhole leagues, tournaments, special events, and player development.
The American Cornhole Organization ("ACO"), established in 2005 and headquartered in Milford, Ohio. As of August 1, 2019 ACO claimed on its website to be the "governing body for the sport of cornhole."
The American Cornhole Association ("ACA") is an organization whose sole mission is to help cornhole players enjoy the game of cornhole. According to its website, "[o]ne of the most important ways to achieve this goal is for people to have high-quality equipment to play on." Accordingly, it appears that ACA is more focused on selling cornhole-related products and equipment than it is on being a sanctioning body of the sport; however, it does have its own rules and does sponsor events.
Variations
Smaller versions, with scaled-down board, bags, and holes are available for indoor and children's use from a variety of vendors.
Terminology
The following is a list of terms commonly used in cornhole:
Airmail: A bag that does not slide or bounce on the board but goes directly into the hole, usually over an opponent's blocker bag.
Back door, jumper Dirty Rollup: A cornhole that goes over the top of a blocker and into the hole.
Backstop: A bag that lands past the cornhole but remains on the board creating a backboard for a slider to knock into without going off the board.
Blocker: A bag that lands in front of the hole, blocking the hole from an opponent's slide shot.
Cornfusion: When players or teams cannot agree on the scoring of a given inning.
Cornhole or Drano: A bag that falls in the hole, which is worth three points. The alternative name is a reference to a trademark, that of a sink clog clearing product.
Cornholio: Same as grand bag or as just cornhole, depending on region; named for the alter-ego of the character Beavis in the animated TV series Beavis and Butt-Head.
Dirty bag: A bag that is on the ground or is hanging off the board touching the ground.
Frame: A single round or turn during which a player and opponent each throw 4 bags.
Four bagger: A sequence of a player making all four bags in the hole during a frame. There is a tradition in some areas where any social player who puts all four bags in the hole on a single turn gets to sign the board, often with some type of ceremony and recognition.
Flop or floppy bag: Type of toss that didn’t spin the bag horizontally or vertically. Without rotation or spin.
Hammer: When one or more hangers (see below) are around the hole, a so-called hammer can be used. A hammer is a bag thrown as an airmail bag with a high arch in an attempt to take hanger bags into the hole with it.
Hanger: A bag on the lip of the hole ready to drop.
Honors: The player or team who tosses first, resulting from the team scoring last or winning the coin toss before the first frame.
Hooker: A bag hitting the board and hooking or curving around a blocker and going in the hole.
Jumper: A bag that strikes another bag on the board causing it to jump up into the cornhole.
Shortbag: When a bag lands on the ground just before the cornhole board.
Skunk, whitewash or shutout: A game that ends in a 21–0 score or, by some unofficial rules, ends in an 11–0 score.
Slide, or slider: A bag that lands in front of the hole and slides in.
Swish: A bag that goes directly in the hole without touching the board. More often referred to as 'Airmail'
Wash: When each team has scored exactly the same number of points in an inning, thereby "washing out" all points scored in the inning.
Woody: Refers to any cornhole bag that has been pitched and remains on the cornhole board playing surface at the conclusion of the frame.
See also
Lawn darts
Muckers
Ladder toss
Washer pitching
Mölkky
References
Category:Lawn games
Category:Sports originating in the United States
Category:Throwing games | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lithuania at the 1998 European Athletics Championships
Lithuania, at the 1998 European Athletics Championships held in Hungary. In this European Championship started 16 athletes who represented Lithuania.
Results
Category:Nations at the 1998 European Athletics Championships
1998
European Athletics Championships | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Aemula
Aemula is an extinct genus of brachiopods that lived during the Cretaceous period. The pedunculate brachiopod species Aemula inusitata had lived on the bodies of larger animals which served for enough feeding surface, since no large attachment sites were available on the Maastrichtian chalk of the sea floor (Gould, 1977, p. 333). It was a very small animal, having a maximum length of 7 mm, and is believed to have been short lived as interpreted from its growth lines (Surlyk, 1974; Gould, 1977, p. 332).
References
External links
Aemula in the Paleobiology Database
Category:Prehistoric brachiopod genera
Category:Cretaceous animals of Europe
Category:Terebratulida | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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National Register of Historic Places listings in northern New Castle County, Delaware
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in northern New Castle County, Delaware.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on National Register of Historic Places in New Castle County, Delaware north of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, excluding the city of Wilmington. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in a map.
There are 393 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county. Of those, 222 sites are located outside Wilmington and north of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, and are listed here, including five sites that are further designated as National Historic Landmarks.
Contents: Divisions in Delaware
Current listings
|}
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Delaware
List of National Historic Landmarks in Delaware
References
Category:Buildings and structures in New Castle County, Delaware
North | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Potter's Covered Bridge
Potter's Covered Bridge, also known as Potter's Bridge and Potter's Ford Bridge, is a historic covered bridge located near Noblesville in Noblesville Township, Hamilton County, Indiana. It was built in 1871, and is a Howe truss structure measuring 260 feet long, 22 feet wide, and 20 feet tall. The single span bridge rests on limestone abutments and has walls clad in vertical board siding.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.
References
Category:Covered bridges in Indiana
Category:Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Category:Bridges completed in 1871
Category:Transportation buildings and structures in Hamilton County, Indiana
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Hamilton County, Indiana
Category:Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Indiana
Category:Wooden bridges in Indiana
Category:Howe truss bridges in the United States | {
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Flokati rug
A flokati rug is a woven wool rug. They are shaggy in appearance, and are thick and soft. Modern wool or synthetic rugs may be purchased in a variety of colours.
Name
The word comes from the Aromanian floc, from Latin floccus. Another name for a similar style of rug is βελέντζα /vel'endza/ < Turkish velense, possibly via Albanian velentse.
History
Flokati were popular in the 1970s. The word first appeared in English in 1967. The term was created by the Greek Ministries of Finance, Industry, and Commerce to apple to a rug with certain specifications: hand woven in Greece, made of 100% wool (warp, weft, and pile), with total weight of at least 1800 grams of wool per square meter. The rug must also be "subjected to the water friction process" to create the unique pile.
Gagalis Co. imported flokati from Greece starting in 1970 and sold them as "a new look in casual floor coverings."
In the October 2005 Cosmo Girl, designer Mark Montano suggested a flokati rug as a solution to the question, "What if my dormmate is the complete opposite of me?!"
Trivia
Flokati rugs were offered as prizes on the 1980s game show Press Your Luck (and often joked about when won).
They were recommended as being a good home furnishing choice in the 1977 May 52/1 issue of Bon Appétit.
References
Category:Rugs and carpets | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Shahnaz Ali
Shahnaz Ali OBE is a British woman best known for her leadership role in equality, inclusion and human rights in the National Health Service and local government in England. She is also known for her activism, as a young woman, in the anti-racist struggles in Bradford in the 1980s. She was appointed an OBE in the Queen's New Year's Honours list, December 2012 in recognition of her contributions to Equality and Diversity.
Family and educational background
Shahnaz Ali was born in Pakistan and came to England with her family, at the age of 3, in summer of 1965. She grew up in Bradford and attended Leeds Metropolitan University, earning an MA in Policy Studies in 1996.
Political activism
As a teenager growing up in Bradford, Shahnaz Ali was part of a South Asian community that was increasingly subject to hostility and racist attacks from part of the white, indigenous population. She became involved in the United Black Youth League of Bradford and took an active part in its struggles for justice and the right to live without victimisation. See also 1981 England riots. This included resisting the regular bouts of 'Paki-bashing' undertaken in the city by racists, because the police did little to protect the communities under attack. In July 1981, 12 young men from the League were arrested and charged with making explosive substances and a conspiracy to make explosive substances. If found guilty, they would have faced life imprisonment. Shahnaz Ali was detained and interviewed along with the 12 young Asian men, but never charged. The 12 were found not guilty by a verdict of 11–1 in 1982 after a trial lasting 31 days.
Ali was interviewed by the BBC for a documentary it made to mark the 30th anniversary of the Bradford 12 event. She also describes her own involvement in these events in a Podcast interview with Christine Burns.
Work history
From December 2007, Ali was Director of Equality, Inclusion and Human Rights at NHS North West, the Strategic Health Authority for the region. During that time, she has gained national recognition for her strategic leadership on equalities work.
Her work has included publishing a five-year strategy, Narrowing the Gaps, for transformative change of equality outcomes at regional level.
The strategy was in turn based on original in-depth research and analysis, published in October 2008 as "A Landscape of the Region"
Based on that research her programme also involved:
Developing the UK’s first performance measurement and improvement framework for equality outcomes in the NHS (Equality Performance Improvement Toolkit)
Pioneering a sustainable approach to long-term equality stakeholder engagement for consultation and involvement in strategic programmes (The Health Equality Stakeholder Engagement programme)
Creating the UK’s largest and most successful online library and portal for Equality and Diversity evidence and background knowledge (Health Equality Library Portal)
Championing and leading development of the first competency framework for E&D executive leadership in the public sector
Establishing a regional Equality and Diversity Leadership Forum, comprising NHS Trust chairs, chief executives and directors of partnership to lead and champion transformative regional strategy
Embedding equality governance into all major assurance processes at regional level, including the review of commissioning strategic plans, operating plans, reconfiguration plans, World Class Commissioning assurance and the Transforming Community Services project.
Ali and her team developed a philosophy for transformation over the period 2008–12 which they published in a recent peer reviewed journal paper. The paper was followed by the publication of a textbook, 'Making Equality Work' co-authored with Christine Burns and Loren Grant, in September 2013.
Selected publications
Narrowing the Gaps
A Landscape of the Region
Ali, S., Burns, C. and Grant, L. (2012), 'Equality and diversity in the health service: An evidence-led culture change'. J of Psych Issues in Org Culture, 3: 41–60. doi: 10.1002/jpoc.20095
'We know diversity work saves cash, but does George Osborne?' Shahnaz Ali. The Guardian, 4 June 2010
'A partnership of equals'. Shahnaz Ali. The Guardian, 18 March 2009.
Craig, G., Adamson, S., Ali, N., Ali, S., Atkins, L., Dadze-Arthur, A., Elliott, C., McNamee, S., Murtuja, B. (2007) Sure Start and Black and Minority Ethnic Populations. National Evaluation Report. Research Report 020. London: Department for Education and Skills.
‘Diversity means made to measure, not mass produced.’ Shahnaz Ali. Parliamentary Brief, Vol. 7, December 2000.
‘Strength Through Diversity’. Shahnaz Ali, Nursing Times, 3–9 May 2001
Positive Images. Shahnaz Ali. Health Management Magazine, August 2002
Shahnaz Ali (2002) 'Racial diversity in the NHS'. Health Service Journal, 30 September 2004.
Awards
Positive Image Role Model Campaign, 2003. HR in the NHS Conference award.
Mainstreaming diversity under best HR practice. 2000. Beacon award.
Responding to HIV/AIDS Through Partnerships. Award for Excellence, 1991. London Association of Authorities.
Homo Heroes Award for leading the way in ending homophobia and empowering people. The Lesbian and Gay Foundation, 2012.
Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 2013 New Year Honours
References
Category:Alumni of Leeds Beckett University
Category:Pakistani emigrants to the United Kingdom
Category:Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Category:People from Bradford
Category:British Muslims
Category:1961 births
Category:Living people
Category:National Health Service people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hell on the Heart
"Hell on the Heart" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Eric Church. It was released in October 2009 as the seventh single of his career and the second one from his 2009 album Carolina. The song became Church's second Top 10 hit on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart with a peak at number 10. Church wrote this song with Deric Ruttan and Jeremy Spillman.
Content
In "Hell on the Heart," the male narrator addresses about a girl he knows, staying that she is "heaven on the eyes / But boy, she's hell on the heart."
Critical reception
Giving it three stars out of five, Chris Neal of Country Weekly magazine said that it "plays like an afterthought tucked away near the end of Carolina, but its modest charms stand up reasonably well on their own." Karlie Justus of Engine 145 gave the song a thumbs-up, criticizing the "lazy" lyrics and "awkward" production, but said that it showed Church's "knack for composing a hook that can make even the most inane song[…]stick with listeners after its three minutes expire." Both Neal and Justus compared the song's theme to Terri Clark's 1998 single "You're Easy on the Eyes."
Beatles-esque?
Some listeners have described this song as "Beatles-esque", and Eric and the band appear to be aware of this similarity - the online video of the song features them on a low, sparsely furnished stage in suits and neckties, with the drummer sitting and drumming in the rear in a very Ringo-like manner behind a slimmed-down kit and frequent shots of the mainly female audience, as in old films of Beatles performances from the 1960s. Only the Vox AC30 amps are missing.
Chart performance
"Hell on the Heart" debuted at number 52 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs charts dated for the week of October 24, 2009, and, like his previous hit, "Love Your Love The Most," this one peaked at number 10.
Year-end charts
Certifications
References
External links
Category:2009 singles
Category:2009 songs
Category:Eric Church songs
Category:Capitol Records Nashville singles
Category:Song recordings produced by Jay Joyce
Category:Songs written by Eric Church
Category:Songs written by Deric Ruttan
Category:Songs written by Jeremy Spillman | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team
The 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team ("Louisiana Brigade") is a modular infantry brigade combat team (IBCT) of the Louisiana Army National Guard. It is headquartered in Lafayette, Louisiana. Currently the brigade is part of the 36th Infantry Division (United States) of the Texas Army National Guard.
History
The brigade was established in 1967, as part of an initiative by Secretary of Defense McNamara to reduce the number of National Guard divisions while increasing the number of brigades. The 256th replaced a brigade from the 39th Infantry Division in the Louisiana Army National Guard. The brigade was part of the Selected Reserve Force from 1967–1969, but the Selected Reserve Force was eliminated in an attempt to eliminate readiness differences between reserve component units. The brigade initially consisted of three infantry battalions and a "brigade base": a headquarters company; a reconnaissance troop; light tank and engineer companies; a 105mm howitzer battalion; and a support battalion In 1975, the 256th was assigned as the 'round-out' brigade for the 5th Infantry Division as part of the expansion to a 24 division force. The brigade was mechanized in 1977, when the 1st Battalion, 156th Infantry was converted to the 1st Battalion, 156th Armor
The 256th Brigade was activated from November 1990 through May 1991, and conducted training at Fort Hood, TX, but never deployed. Some controversy arose over this activation of three round out brigades (the 256th; the 48th Infantry Brigade, Georgia Army National Guard; and the 155th Armor Brigade, Mississippi Army National Guard). None of the three brigades deployed before the end of combat in Operations Desert Storm. After the 5th Infantry Division was inactivated in 1992, the 256th Brigade served as the round out brigade for the 2nd Armored Division, until the end of the round out program in 1996.
With the end of the round out program, the 256th was selected as one of 15 Enhanced Brigades in the ARNG. The enhanced brigade program increased resources and training to allow the brigades to mobilize and deploy within 120 days.
Iraq War, 2004–05
During train up for operations in the spring, summer and fall of 2004, the 256th Infantry Brigade was stationed at Fort Hood, Texas. The Brigade then completed a NTC rotation at Fort Irwin, California. The brigade spent another month training in the desert of Camp Buehring, Kuwait prior to moving into Iraq.
In 2004–2005, the 256th Brigade was sent to Iraq as part of OIF III (Operation Iraqi Freedom III, the third U.S. military rotation of forces into the area of operations). It served under the 1st Cavalry Division for its first five months and its last several months under the 3rd Infantry Division. During the first half of its combat tour in Iraq some of the brigade's subordinate units also served under the 10th Mountain Division. The brigade served in and around Baghdad, Iraq in a FOB known originally as FOB Victory until 15 June 2004. At this date FOB Victory's name was changed to FOB Liberty because on this date the Iraqi government officially "stood up". Upon the 256th's arrival at North Liberty it became Camp Tigerland. During operations in theater the brigade operated under the configuration of one-third heavy and two-thirds light.
Each battalion in the brigade had one company of heavy forces with M1A1 Abrams main battle tanks, M2A2 Bradley infantry fighting vehicles, or a mixture of the two. The other two-thirds operated primarily from HMMWV Gun Trucks that mounted either machine guns or automatic grenade launchers. The field artillery battalion was cannibalized to bring the infantry battalions up to full strength. The remainder of the Washington Artillery was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division base defense operations center (BDOC) under the command of the 103rd Field Artillery Brigade and the XVIII Airborne Corps. One howitzer platoon from the Washington Artillery was used to provide indirect fires in support of FOB Liberty. Additionally, Task Force Bengal was "stood up" as a liaison/training team to equip, train and assist the 40th Iraqi National Guard (ING) Brigade. TF Bengal consisted of soldiers and officers of the infantry, field artillery, and engineer units from the 256th Brigade as well as the 1st Battalion, 69th Infantry (The Fighting 69th) from New York City which had been attached for the deployment. Attached to the 69th Infantry was Delta 101, a company of tankers and scouts turned infantrymen from New York's 101st Cavalry Regiment. During the American Civil War, the 69th engaged the ancestral units of the 256th many times, so their attachment to each other for OIF provided a symbolic reconciliation 140 years after they fought each other to the death repeatedly from 1861 to 1865. On 21 February 2005, the 40th ING Brigade assumed authority for approximately 16 square kilometers in and around Al Akadhimian and began patrolling with approximately 2800 soldiers.
The 256th lost 32 soldiers in the Iraq War.
Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, 2005
On 29 August 2005, Hurricane Katrina struck the gulf coast of Louisiana and Mississippi while most members of the 256th Infantry Brigade were still serving their final weeks of deployment in Iraq. Following the return of the brigade to Louisiana, a detachment immediately mobilized to New Orleans to aid law enforcement with rescue efforts. With the help of the Louisiana State Police, those efforts transitioned into a support mission for the New Orleans Police Department. Joint Task Force Gator was created to help combat the rise of looting and other crimes resulting from the loss of law enforcement officers in the New Orleans area. After three-and-a-half years of assisting local police and patrolling the city, the task force was released from duty on 28 February 2009.
Conversion to a Modular Infantry Brigade Combat Team
On 1 September 2006, the 256th converted from a separate mechanized infantry brigade into a modular Infantry Brigade Combat Team. The 1st Battalion, 156th Armor inactivated and its personnel were used to form the 2d Squadron, 108th Cavalry. The 2d and 3rd Battalions, 156th Infantry converted from three mechanized infantry to infantry, and the 1st Battalion, 141st Field Artillery traded its 155mm self-propelled howitzers for 105mm towed howitzers. The brigade also formed a new battalion, the Special Troops Battalion (STB), 256th BCT, which provided a battalion headquarters for companies of engineers, signal and military intelligence.
Hurricanes Gustav and Ike, 2008
Deployment to Iraq, 2010
On Monday 19 May 2008, Louisiana's 256th BCT was alerted by the Defense Department that they might begin a second tour in Iraq starting in spring 2010. Brigades from the Texas, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee National Guards were also notified in the same press release. The press release specifically stated tours of duty in Iraq and Kuwait, and not Afghanistan. The notice of this deployment came within three years of the unit's return from their first tour of Iraq in 2004–05.
In February and March 2009, the 256th prepared for deployment to Iraq.
On 5 January 2010, the 256th BCT left for mobilization at Camp Shelby, Mississippi where soldiers trained for a variety of missions, such as PSD, FOB security, gate guard, convoy security, and more. In early March, they flew out of Gulf Coast Airport in Mississippi.
The brigade was divided into many different sections, being controlled by sustainment brigades and commands. The brigade commander, Col. Ball, did not command the entire brigade as subordinate units fell under other brigades. While select units returned home in August, the majority of brigade unit deployed back to home station in Louisiana in December 2010.
Order of battle
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (256th IBCT)
2nd Battalion, 156th Infantry
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), in Abbeville, Louisiana with a detachment in Jeanerette, Louisiana
Company A, in Breaux Bridge, Louisiana with a detachment in Plaquemine, Louisiana
Company B, in New Iberia, Louisiana with a detachment in Franklin, Louisiana
Company C, in Houma, Louisiana
Company D, in Thibodaux, Louisiana
Company G, 199th BSB (attached), in Jeanerette, Louisiana
3rd Battalion, 156th Infantry
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), in Lake Charles, Louisiana with a detachment in DeQuincy, Louisiana
Company A, in Fort Polk, Louisiana with a detachment in DeRidder, Louisiana
Company B, in Pineville, Louisiana (Camp Beauregard) with a detachment in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Company C, in Crowley, Louisiana with a detachment in New Orleans, Louisiana
Company D, in Opelousas, Louisiana
Company H, 199th BSB (attached), in Dequincy, Louisiana
1st Battalion, 173rd Infantry Alabama National Guard
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC)
Company A, in Geneva, Alabama
Company B, in Valley, Alabama
Company C, in Foley, Alabama
Company D, in Florala, Alabama
Forward Support Company, in Enterprise, Alabama
1st Battalion, 141st Field Artillery "Washington Artillery"
Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB) located in New Orleans, Louisiana (Orleans Parish).
Battery A (105mm), in New Orleans, Louisiana
Battery B (105mm), in New Orleans, Louisiana
Battery C (155mm), in New Orleans, Louisiana
Company F, 199th BSB (attached), in New Orleans, Louisiana
2nd Squadron, 108th Cavalry
Headquarters and Headquarters Troop (HHT) located in Shreveport, Louisiana
Troop A, in Natchitoches, Louisiana
Troop B, in Shreveport, Louisiana
Troop C, in Coushatta, Louisiana.
Company D, 199th BSB (attached), in Shreveport, Louisiana
199th Brigade Support Battalion (199th BSB)
Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC) located in Alexandria, Louisiana (Rapides Parish)
Company A (Supply & Transportation), in Colfax, Louisiana
Company B (Maintenance)
Company C (Medical), in St. Martinville, Louisiana
769th Brigade Engineer Battalion (769th BEB)
Battalion Headquarters and Headquarters Service Company (HSC) located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (East Baton Rouge Parish).
Company A (Combat Engineer), in New Roads, Louisiana
Company B (Combat Engineer), in Napoleonville, Louisiana
Company C (Signal), in Lafayette, Louisiana
Company D (Military Intelligence), in Lafayette, Louisiana with a TUAS detachment in Fort Polk, Louisiana
Company E, 199th BSB (attached) located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Equipment
Training sites
Weapons
Vehicles
See also
Yasser Salihee
References
External links
Louisiana National Guard Official Homepage
Global Security page on 256th Infantry Brigade
Global Security page on Louisiana Army National Guard
Infantry Brigade Combat Team (IBCT)
Infantry 999 256
Infantry 999 256
Infantry 999 256
Category:Lafayette, Louisiana
Category:Military units and formations in Louisiana
Category:Military units and formations established in 1967 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
La Grange Independent School District
La Grange Independent School District is a public school district based in La Grange, Texas (USA). As of 2019, the district's superintendent is William (Bill) Wagner, and the assistant superintendent is Stacy Eilers
The district serves the city of La Grange and unincorporated areas in Fayette County, including Winchester.
In 2009, the school district was rated "academically acceptable" by the Texas Education Agency.
Schools
All schools are located in the city of La Grange, TX.
La Grange High School- Grades 9-12; Principal: John Pineda; Assistant Principal: Brad Harbers
La Grange Middle School- Grades 7-8; Principal: Dr. Sarah Otto; Assistant Principal: Regina Walker
Hermes/Intermediate School- Grades PK-6; Principal: Lauren Almanza; Assistant Principals: Stephanie Jurek and Dawn Given
Bond 2017
On May 6th, 2017, voters approved the district's $37.9 million bond proposal, which included new elementary facilities, a band hall addition for MS/HS, and a dual credit center renovation.
For more information regarding Bond 2017, click here
References
External links
La Grange ISD
Category:School districts in Texas
Category:School districts in Fayette County, Texas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
My Documents
My Documents is the commonly recognized name of a special folder in Microsoft Windows (even though starting with Windows Vista, it is called Documents only, and the actual name of the folder might be different when the language of the installed copy of Windows is not English.) This folder is supposed to be a personal area where users store their personal non-shared documents. However, many software developers have ignored this convention and as a result, this folder has become a repository for the application data such as files containing settings and saved games. Usually, users cannot delete, move or organize these files without causing unwanted behavior in their software.
Until Windows XP, it contained other subfolders such as "My Pictures", "My Music" and "My Videos". Starting with Windows Vista, these subfolders were moved out of My Documents and were made its siblings.
Overview
Microsoft first introduced the "My Documents" folder in Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2, as a standard location for storing user-created files. The folder, located under the root directory of the boot volume. A shortcut to it is displayed directly on the user's desktop.
The Windows NT family of operating systems set up the "My Documents" folder in the user's profile folder. In Windows XP and earlier, the path is \Documents and Settings\[user name]\My Documents\ (alias %USERPROFILE%\My Documents\) on boot volume. A user can later change the physical location of "My Documents". However, "My Documents" in Windows Explorer (and file dialog boxes) doesn't appear as an absolute path. In addition to translation, the display name of the folder might change depending on owner of the folder. For example, if a user who has logged on to Windows XP and later with user account A look at the personal folders of user account B via Windows Explorer, instead of "My Documents", "B's Documents" is seen. This customization is achieved using desktop.ini file.
Windows Vista made many changes to this folder. Dropping "My" in its name, it is stored in \Users\[user name]\Documents regardless of the Windows language. Windows Explorer, however, shows a different display name for it, depending on the chosen language. For instance, an English copy of Windows shows "My Documents", a French copy shows "Mes documents" and a German copy shows "Eigene Dokumente" (changed from "Eigene Dateien" in Windows XP). Additionally, "My Pictures", "My Music" and "My Videos" are no longer stored within it; they are now called "Pictures", "Music" and "Videos" and are now its siblings.
Perversion of purpose
This folder is supposed to be a personal area where users store their personal non-shared documents. Users are supposed to be sole authority of what is stored in this folder. Creating, renaming, moving, or deleting the contents of this folder is not supposed to impact the proper execution of installed software. However, many software developers have ignored this convention and as a result, this folder has become a dumping ground for the application data such as files containing settings and saved games. For example:
Remote Desktop Connection creates a hidden Default.rdp file.
Windows PowerShell creates a WindowsPowerShell subfolder.
Microsoft Office creates a Custom Office Templates subfolder.
Fiddler creates a Fiddler2 subfolder.
Calibre creates a Calibre library subfolder.
AutoCAD 2016 creates two subfolders: AutoCAD Sheet Sets and Inventor Server SDK ACAD 2016.
Users cannot delete, move or organize these files without causing unwanted behavior in their software. Their option is to either live with this chaos, or simply store their files elsewhere.
Other "My" folders
Windows 98 introduced two additional folders with a "My" prefix: "My Music" and "My Pictures". They are not present in Windows Server 2003 by default, unless enabled using the Start menu customization. Installing Windows Media Player 10 or 11 on Windows XP adds a "My Videos" folder which Windows Media Player uses to store video files that are shown in its media library. In Windows Vista, "My" prefix is removed and these three folders are expelled out of what is now called "Documents". In addition, other user folders are added: "Contacts", "Downloads", "Favorites", "Links", "Saved Games" and "Searches". Windows 10 adds "OneDrive" and "3D Objects". In Windows 7, under the Public user folder there is a Recorded TV library, that can be added on the libraries list. Installing Visio 2003 adds a ''My Shapes'' folder.
Group Policy
On Windows machines which operate as part of a Windows Server domain, administrators can configure the location of "My Documents" (and other Special Folders) through Group Policy. Corporate desktop deployments commonly redirect "My Documents" to a folder on a file server.
See also
My Briefcase
Home directory
Windows Shell namespace
References
Further reading
Redirect My Documents to the home directory based on security group membership
Category:Windows components
Category:File system directories | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
LINPACK benchmarks
The LINPACK Benchmarks are a measure of a system's floating point computing power. Introduced by Jack Dongarra, they measure how fast a computer solves a dense n by n system of linear equations Ax = b, which is a common task in engineering.
The latest version of these benchmarks is used to build the TOP500 list, ranking the world's most powerful supercomputers.
The aim is to approximate how fast a computer will perform when solving real problems. It is a simplification, since no single computational task can reflect the overall performance of a computer system. Nevertheless, the LINPACK benchmark performance can provide a good correction over the peak performance provided by the manufacturer. The peak performance is the maximal theoretical performance a computer can achieve, calculated as the machine's frequency, in cycles per second, times the number of operations per cycle it can perform. The actual performance will always be lower than the peak performance. The performance of a computer is a complex issue that depends on many interconnected variables. The performance measured by the LINPACK benchmark consists of the number of 64-bit floating-point operations, generally additions and multiplications, a computer can perform per second, also known as FLOPS. However, a computer's performance when running actual applications is likely to be far behind the maximal performance it achieves running the appropriate LINPACK benchmark.
The name of these benchmarks comes from the LINPACK package, a collection of algebra Fortran subroutines widely used in the 1980s, and initially tightly linked to the LINPACK benchmark. The LINPACK package has been since then replaced by other libraries.
History
The LINPACK benchmark report appeared first in 1979 as an appendix to the LINPACK user's manual.
LINPACK was designed to help users estimate the time required by their systems to solve a problem using the LINPACK package, by extrapolating the performance results obtained by 23 different computers solving a matrix problem of size 100.
This matrix size was chosen due to memory and CPU limitations at that time:
10,000 floating-point entries from -1 to 1 are randomly generated to fill in a general, dense matrix,
then, LU decomposition with partial pivoting is used for the timing.
Over the years, additional versions with different problem sizes, like matrices of order 300 and 1000, and constraints were released, allowing new optimization opportunities as hardware architectures started to implement matrix-vector and matrix-matrix operations.
Parallel processing was also introduced in the LINPACK Parallel benchmark in the late 1980s.
In 1991 the LINPACK was modified for
solving problems of arbitrary size, enabling high performance computers (HPC) to get near to their asymptotic performance.
Two years later this benchmark was used for measuring the performance of the first TOP500 list.
The benchmarks
LINPACK 100
LINPACK 100 is very similar to the original benchmark published in 1979 along with the LINPACK users' manual.
The solution is obtained by Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting, with 2/3n³ + 2n² floating point operations where n is 100, the order of the dense matrix A that defines the problem. Its small size and the lack of software flexibility doesn't allow most modern computers to reach their performance limits. However, it can still be useful to predict performances in numerically intensive user written code using compiler optimization.
LINPACK 1000
LINPACK 1000 can provide a performance nearer to the machine's limit because in addition to offering a bigger problem size, a matrix of order 1000, changes in the algorithm are possible. The only constraints are that the relative accuracy can't be reduced and the number of operations will always be considered to be 2/3n³ + 2n², with n = 1000.
HPLinpack
The previous benchmarks are not suitable for testing parallel computers, and the so-called Linpack's Highly Parallel Computing benchmark, or HPLinpack benchmark, was introduced. In HPLinpack the size n of the problem can be made as large as it is needed to optimize the performance results of the machine. Once again, 2/3n³ + 2n² will be taken as the operation count, with independence of the algorithm used. Use of the Strassen algorithm is not allowed because it distorts the real execution rate.
The accuracy must be such that the following expression is satisfied:
, where is the machine's precision, and n is the size of the problem, is the matrix norm and corresponds to the big-O notation.
For each computer system, the following quantities are reported:
Rmax: the performance in GFLOPS for the largest problem run on a machine.
Nmax: the size of the largest problem run on a machine.
N1/2: the size where half the Rmax execution rate is achieved.
Rpeak: the theoretical peak performance GFLOPS for the machine.
These results are used to compile the TOP500 list twice a year, with the world's most powerful computers.
LINPACK benchmark implementations
The previous section describes the ground rules for the benchmarks. The actual implementation of the program can diverge, with some examples being available in Fortran, C
or Java.
HPL
HPL is a portable implementation of HPLinpack that was written in C, originally as a guideline, but that is now widely used to provide data for the TOP500 list, though other technologies and packages can be used. HPL generates a linear system of equations of order n and solves it using LU decomposition with partial row pivoting. It requires installed implementations of MPI and either BLAS or VSIPL to run.
Coarsely, the algorithm has the following characteristics:
Cyclic data distribution in 2D blocks.
LU factorization using the right-looking variant with various depths of look-ahead.
Recursive panel factorization.
Six different panel broadcasting variants.
Bandwidth reducing swap-broadcast algorithm.
Backward substitution with look-ahead of depth 1.
Criticism
The LINPACK benchmark is said to have succeeded because of the scalability of HPLinpack, the fact that it generates a single number, making the results easily comparable and the extensive historical data base it has associated.
However, soon after its release, the LINPACK benchmark was criticized for providing performance levels "generally unobtainable by all but a very few programmers who tediously optimize their code for that machine and that machine alone", because it only tests the resolution of dense linear systems, which are not representative of all the operations usually performed in scientific computing.
Jack Dongarra, the main driving force behind the LINPACK benchmarks, said that, while they only emphasize "peak" CPU speed and number of CPUs, not enough stress is given to local bandwidth and the network.
Thom Dunning, Jr., director of the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, had this to say about the LINPACK benchmark: "The Linpack benchmark is one of those interesting phenomena -- almost anyone who knows about it will deride its utility. They understand its limitations but it has mindshare because it's the one number we've all bought into over the years."
According to Dongarra, "the organizers of the Top500 are actively looking to expand the scope of the benchmark reporting" because "it is important to include more performance characteristic and signatures for a given system".
One of the possibilities that is being considered to extend the benchmark for the TOP500 is the HPC Challenge Benchmark Suite. With the advent of petascale computers, traversed edges per second have started to emerge as an alternative metric to FLOPS measured by LINPACK. Another alternative is the HPCG benchmark, proposed by Dongarra.
The running time issue
According to Jack Dongarra, the running time required to obtain good performance results with HPLinpack is expected to increase. At a conference held in 2010, he said he expects running times of 2.5 days in "a few years".
See also
LAPACK
References
External links
TOP500 LINPACK
a web-based LINPACK benchmark
Intel® Optimized LINPACK Benchmark
Category:Benchmarks (computing) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Johannes Buder
Johannes Erwin Buder (July 22, 1885 – ?) was a German gymnast who competed in the 1912 Summer Olympics. In 1912 he was a member of the German team which finished fourth in the team, free system competition and fifth in the team, European system event.
References
Category:1885 births
Category:Year of death missing
Category:German male artistic gymnasts
Category:Olympic gymnasts of Germany
Category:Gymnasts at the 1912 Summer Olympics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Beaumont Formation
The Beaumont Formation is a geologic formation in Texas. It preserves fossils.
See also
List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Texas
Paleontology in Texas
References
Category:Geologic formations of Texas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The House on Lily Street
The House on Lily Street is a novel by American author Jack Vance. It was published in the United States by Underwood-Miller in 1979 and again in 2002 as part of the Vance Integral Edition (VIE).
Plot introduction
A police detective investigates the murder of a solipsistic social worker who had sought the identity of the mysterious "Mr. Big", an extortionist who threatens welfare cheats with exposure unless he is paid off.
Publication history
First published in January 1979 by Underwood Miller, although believed to have been written in 1958 (http://www.integralarchive.org/biblio-2.htm)
Category:1979 American novels
Category:1979 science fiction novels
Category:Novels by Jack Vance | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Mav Weller
Maverick 'Mav' Weller (born 13 February 1992) is a former Australian rules footballer who played 123 games across a nine year career from 2011 to 2019 with , and in the Australian Football League (AFL). His tenures included 32 matches over three years at the Gold Coast Football Club, 89 matches with over five years at the club and two matches with Richmond.
AFL career
Gold Coast (2011–2013)
Weller was pre-signed to the expansion club as a 17 year old, after playing junior football at Burnie in the Tasmanian State League. He made his AFL debut against the in round 3 of the 2011 season. Weller also featured in the Gold Coast's first ever win over Port Adelaide at AAMI Stadium on 23 April 2011.
Weller was delisted by the Suns on 2 September 2013 after playing just four games in the 2013 AFL season.
St Kilda (2014–2018)
Weller was taken in the 2013 Rookie Draft by St Kilda. He was elevated off the rookie list during the 2014 season, debuting in round 7. In his first season, Weller played 16 games and kicked three goals.
In 2015, Weller was named in St Kilda's leadership group along with captain Nick Riewoldt and fellow players Leigh Montagna, Sean Dempster, Jarryn Geary, David Armitage and Jack Newnes. He played 20 matches and kicked 12 goals in his sophomore season with the Saints. Weller received a one-match ban for an off-the-ball hit on 's Rohan Bewick in round 9.
Prior to the 2016 season, Weller signed a contract extension with St Kilda, committing to the club until the end of the 2018 season. He was criticised for comments he made about former coach, Guy McKenna, but insisted these comments were taken out of context and has no negative feelings towards McKenna. Weller played his 50th game for St Kilda in the club's round 14, 2016 win against .
Weller remained a part of St Kilda's leadership group for the 2017 season, with players Seb Ross, Josh Bruce and Dylan Roberton joining the eight-man group. He played 18 matches (nine wins, nine losses) for the season. He suffered an ankle injury in round 6, which kept him sidelined for the Saints' win over the GWS Giants in round 7. He was omitted from the senior side for three matches later in the season, before returning in round 19. Weller kicked his 50th career goal in the Saints' round 10 loss to the Western Bulldogs.
Weller was delisted by the Saints at the end of the 2018 season.
Richmond (2019)
In November 2018 the Richmond Football Club signed Weller to a rookie contract under the AFL’s newly introduce pre-season supplemental selection rule. Weller played in both of the club's AFL pre-season matches, kicking three goals across the two matches. He made his AFL debut for the club in round 1, kicking one goal. Weller played again for the club's AFL side in round 2, before being dropped to reserves level to play out the remainder of the season with the club's VFL side.
Weller announced his retirement from AFL football in September of that year, playing his last match for the club at reserves level in a victorious VFL grand final.
AFL statistics
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2011
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 15 || 2 || 2 || 88 || 115 || 203 || 36 || 37 || 0.1 || 0.1 || 5.9 || 7.7 || 13.5 || 2.4 || 2.5
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2012
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 13 || 1 || 2 || 84 || 100 || 184 || 47 || 29 || 0.1 || 0.2 || 6.5 || 7.7 || 14.2 || 3.6 || 2.2
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2013
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 4 || 4 || 0 || 1 || 34 || 35 || 69 || 22 || 11 || 0.0 || 0.3 || 8.5 || 8.8 || 17.3 || 5.5 || 2.8
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2014
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 44 || 16 || 3 || 7 || 110 || 129 || 239 || 40 || 74 || 0.2 || 0.4 || 6.9 || 8.1 || 14.9 || 2.5 || 4.6
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2015
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 44 || 20 || 12 || 12 || 164 || 175 || 339 || 67 || 100 || 0.6 || 0.6 || 8.2 || 8.8 || 17.0 || 3.4 || 5.0
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2016
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 44 || 22 || 24 || 19 || 179 || 181 || 360 || 85 || 84 || 1.1 || 0.9 || 8.1 || 8.2 || 16.4 || 3.9 || 3.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2017
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 44 || 18 || 11 || 18 || 139 || 158 || 297 || 73 || 62 || 0.6 || 1.0 || 7.7 || 8.8 || 16.5 || 4.1 || 3.4
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2018
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 44 || 13 || 5 || 7 || 88 || 112 || 200 || 54 || 49 || 0.4 || 0.5 || 6.8 || 8.6 || 15.4 || 4.2 || 3.8
|- style="background-color: #EAEAEA"
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | 2019
|style="text-align:center;"|
| 16 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 17 || 14 || 31 || 6 || 2 || 0.5 || 0.5 || 8.5 || 7.0 || 15.5 || 3.0 || 1.0
|-
|- class="sortbottom"
! colspan=3| Career
! 123
! 59
! 69
! 903
! 1019
! 1922
! 430
! 448
! 0.5
! 0.6
! 7.3
! 8.3
! 15.6
! 3.5
! 3.6
|}
Personal life
Weller attended Marist College in Burnie, Tasmania. He has a younger brother, Lachie Weller, who currently plays for the Gold Coast Suns.
References
External links
Category:Living people
Category:1992 births
Category:People from Burnie, Tasmania
Category:Australian rules footballers from Tasmania
Category:Gold Coast Football Club players
Category:St Kilda Football Club players
Category:Burnie Dockers Football Club players
Category:Sandringham Football Club players
Category:Richmond Football Club players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Howl-O-Scream (disambiguation)
Howl-O-Scream refers to the following:
Howl-O-Scream, the event that takes place at Busch Gardens Tampa in Tampa, Florida
Howl-O-Scream, the event that takes place at Busch Gardens Williamsburg in Williamsburg, Virginia
Howl-O-Scream, the event that takes place at SeaWorld San Antonio in San Antonio, Texas
Related articles:
Halloween Spooktacular (SeaWorld Orlando), the event that takes place at SeaWorld Orlando in Orlando, Florida
Halloween Spooktacular (SeaWorld San Diego), the event that takes place at SeaWorld San Diego in San Diego, California
Category:Halloween events | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hugh Raffles
Hugh Raffles is an anthropologist whose work explores relationships among people, animals, and things. He is Professor of Anthropology at The New School in New York. His writing has appeared in academic and popular venues, including Granta, Public Culture, Natural History, Orion, American Ethnologist, The New York Times, and The Best American Essays.
Life
Raffles grew up in London, England, and moved to New York in the early 1990s. He lives in New York City.
Awards and criticism
Raffles was the recipient of the 2003 Victor Turner Prize for Ethnographic Writing of the Society for Humanistic Anthropology and of a Choice Outstanding Academic Title Award for In Amazonia: A Natural History.
In 2009, Raffles was awarded a Whiting Award. In 2010, Insectopedia was the winner of the 2011 Orion Book Award and received a Special Award from the Society for Humanistic Anthropology. In 2012, the book won the Ludwik Fleck Prize of the Society for Social Studies of Science and was shortlisted for the De Groene Waterman Prijs, Antwerp. The book was selected by The New York Times as a Notable Book of 2010.
Writing in the New York Times Book Review, Philip Hoare described Insectopedia as "impossible to categorize, wildly allusive and always stimulating."
Selected writing
Articles
"Mother Nature's Melting Pot," The New York Times, Op-Ed, April 2, 2011.
"Sweet Honey on the Block," The New York Times, Op-Ed, July 7, 2010.
"A Conjoined Fate," Orion (2010).
"Cricket Fighting," Granta 98: The Deep End (Summer 2007).
Reprinted in Adam Gopnik ed., The Best American Essays (2008).
"Jews, Lice, and History," Public Culture (2007).
"Intimate Knowledge," International Social Science Journal (2002), reprinted in .
Books
Insect Theatre (2013). Photographs by Tim Edgar, text by Hugh Raffles. Black Dog. .
References
External links
"The Language of the Bees: An Interview with Hugh Raffles," Cabinet, Issue 25, Spring 2007.
Big Think interview with Hugh Raffles
New Yorker blog interview with Hugh Raffles
"Are reactions to insects culturally based?" Universal Forum of Cultures 2010
New School faculty page
Profile at The Whiting Foundation
Category:Living people
Category:British anthropologists
Category:The New School faculty
Category:British Jews
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Playing God (song)
"Playing God" is a song by American rock band Paramore, taken from their third studio album, Brand New Eyes (2009). The song was written by the band's lead singer Hayley Williams, lead guitarist Josh Farro, and rhythm guitarist Taylor York, and produced by Rob Cavallo, and the band. It was released as the fifth and final single from the album on November 15, 2010. It was also the final single to feature former band members Josh and Zac Farro before their departure in 2010. Zac Farro returned to the band in 2017.
Release
In October, 2010, it was announced "Playing God" would be Paramore's next single on the Alter the Press! website, to be released on November 15, 2010. Lead singer Hayley Williams said on her Twitter: "Miss Anne will be making her final appearance in our new video for “Playing God”… She was the best car. She’ll live in our hearts 4ever".
Writing and composition
The song was written by Williams, Josh Farro and Taylor York. Williams said she wrote the song at a time when she felt "very angry".
When asked about the development of music during an interview on each track, Williams said:
Reception
The song has received general acclaim from music critics. James Montgomery of MTV praised the video, noting: "Paramore are coming home, looking back, wrapping things ... It's a story that began with the band's future in serious doubt and ends with them stronger, happier and better than ever." He also stated; "So if "God" really is the end of the BNE line, well, then it's a fitting farewell. It is time for the band to turn the page, move on." His conclusion was that the video "was a bit of professionalism and fun, and I can not wait to see where they go from here." Emma Gaedeke Billboard magazine said: "'Playing God' plays off the same momentum that the video for 'Ignorance' did, as Williams is seen poisoning, detaining and interrogating her male bandmates with a magnifying glass in a dark basement ... While the video is an accurate representation of the ill-harbored feelings that the band once shared, there is no doubt that Paramore has since recovered. By the end of the video, Williams has untied the guys just enough so they can still rock out together, suggesting that while she may not be forgetting the past, she's definitely forgiving."
Music video
The music video to promote the single was filmed on November 2, 2010 and was directed by Brandon Chesbro, who directed the band's previous videos, "The Only Exception" and "Careful". During the video's recording, Brandon posted several comments on his Twitter account, giving the news that the video was recorded during the day, and also revealing the first image from the filming of the video, depicting Williams as what appears to be a housewife, with a pink hair color. The video was released on November 16. It was the final video to feature former band members Josh Farro and Zac Farro before their departure in 2010.
Plot
The video is meant to be a sequel to "Ignorance", as Hayley is getting revenge on her band mates for doing same exact thing to her not too long ago. The video was filmed entirely in the home of Williams in Franklin, Tennessee. The video begins with Williams getting out of her car, holding a bouquet of flowers, and entering into a basement where there are the rest of Paramore seated and fastened with rope, and a single light bulb hanging over their heads. Williams sings the chorus of the song to them, throwing down the flowers, and then leaving. This shows Williams as a "bad girl", which many Paramore fans found surprising and amusing. In another short, Williams is shown sitting down, holding onto the rope in her lap while looking at real photographs of her and her band members. Next, Williams sits at a table with friends; Williams' friends shown in the video are also personal friends of the band in real life; seen on screen are the wife of Jeremy Davis; Kathryn Camsey, ex-member Hunter Lamb, Brandon Chesbro's wife and new member of the band on tour, Jon Howard. When with the friends, the band members in the basement look up to the ceiling, being able to hear what is going on. At the table, Williams sees the rope and has flashbacks to the moment in which she "poisoned" those in the basement. Once she gets her friends to leave, Williams returns to the basement where she points a magnifying glass in their faces while singing the song. When Williams returns upstairs, she faces herself in the mirror and frame set-up that's featured on the back of Paramore's album cover. When singing the bridge of the song, there shots of Josh singing the backing vocals with the band members in the basement. With shots of the rope around them coming undone by Williams, the band is shown playing the rest of the song together in the basement, showing that Williams had "freed" them. But before the song ends, Williams picks up the rope at her feet and pulls the rope still tied around the band members while playing. Walking up the steps out of the basement with one last look to the men, Williams shuts the door to the basement leaving them still tied up and trapped.
Chart positions
References
Category:2009 songs
Category:2010 singles
Category:Paramore songs
Category:Fueled by Ramen singles
Category:Song recordings produced by Rob Cavallo
Category:Songs written by Hayley Williams
Category:Songs written by Josh Farro
Category:Songs written by Taylor York | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Burgella
Burgella is a genus of fungi in the family Clavulinaceae. The genus is monotypic, containing the single species Burgella flavoparmeliae, described in 2007.
References
External links
Category:Clavulinaceae
Category:Monotypic Basidiomycota genera
Category:Fungi described in 2007 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Centrale Graduate School
The Ecoles Centrales Group is an alliance consisting of the following graduate schools of engineering:
CentraleSupélec (former Ecole Centrale Paris) established in 1829
École centrale de Lille established in 1854
École centrale de Lyon established in 1857
École centrale de Marseille established in 1890
École centrale de Nantes established in 1919
École centrale de Pékin in China, established in 2005.
École centrale de Casablanca in Morocco, established in 2013
Mahindra École Centrale in Hyderabad, India, established in 2014
The Group contributes to the harmonisation of academic programs, the sharing of experiences, and collaboration in international relations. A key stakeholder in corporate development, the Écoles Centrales Group has established a reputation as a global reference point in the education of the generalist engineers of tomorrow.
With about 6,000 graduate engineer students and 800 PhD doctorate students, a total faculty of 700 permanent academic members, 2200 part-time lecturers and associate professors, 450 technical and administrative staff, 2000 researchers, the Ecoles Centrales Group annually approves hundreds of PhD doctorate dissertations and grants 1500 Centrale graduate engineering degrees and other master's degrees. Already more than 35,000 Centrale alumni are active today in business, entrepreneurship, research & development, and management in small and large industries worldwide.
Goals
Based on nearly two centuries of recognized Centrale educational know-how in France, the Ecoles Centrales Group's goal is to promote and implement engineering education with the following characteristics, defined as the Centrale Programme:
multidisciplinary curriculum for engineers, with a broad scope of scientific, engineering and management fields taught to all students (civil engineering; mechanical engineering; electrical engineering; information theory & computer science; control science and signal processing; telecom; chemistry, physics and material sciences; micro-nano technologies; manufacturing; safety, logistics; mathematics; economics; statistics, finance; management ...) applicable for French-speaking students with a solid scientific background knowledge and intellectual agility;
first two years for acquisition of a Centrale common body of knowledges, with core and elective thematic flexibility, and at least one year of in-depth thematic studies at the end of the programme ;
close contact with the industry through joint projects and training periods, and requirements for international exposure ;
academic education and applied research closely related to industry stakeholders ;
a unique Centrale graduate diploma in each school.
Admission
Education programmes implemented in CentraleSupélec, Lille, Lyon, Marseille and Nantes include
Ingénieur Centralien (Centrale graduate engineering degree)
Masters and PhD doctorate studies
Specialized masters (Mastère MS Spécialisé)
The Centrale Programme (Centrale graduate engineering degree - Grade 300 ECTS) includes a three or four-year curriculum. Application to the Centrale Programme is possible after two/three year undergraduate studies in other educational institutes.
Admission to an école centrale requires success in either:
a French nationwide selective exam with numerus clausus : concours Centrale-Supelec, with examination centres located throughout France and in Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia;
an entrance exam for Bachelor of Science : CASTing - Concours d'Admission sur Titre Ingénieur ;
a selection process as per TIME double degrees procedures applicable in Europe ;
a selection process as per TIME Overseas double degree procedures applicable for selected universities in Brasil, Canada, Chile, China, Indonesia, Japan, USA ;
a specific application process for other international students presented by their originating University.
Thus undergraduate studies + the Centralien Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credit in the European education system.
Admission to the master's degree programme (workload is either M1+M2 = 120 ECTS or M2 = 60 ECTS) is possible upon application assessment based on academic criteria or is possible as a part of the Centralien Programme.
Several master's degrees are available from the different écoles centrales and may be taught in English and/or French, targeting diverse science and engineering domains :
Master's degrees at Centrale Lille
Master's degrees at Centrale Lyon
Master's degrees at Centrale Marseille
Master's degrees at Centrale Nantes
Master's degrees at Centrale Paris
Admission to specialized master's degree programmes (Mastère spécialisé) for master's-level specialization and continuing education in specific engineering and management fields (workload is 75 ECTS) is possible upon application assessment based on candidate profile.
MS taught in French include :
MS Centrale Lille
MS Centrale Lyon
MS Centrale Marseille
MS Centrale Nantes
MS Centrale Paris
Research labs
PhD candidates and visiting researchers should contact directly their preferred labs among 38 different research labs of the Ecoles Centrales.
CARNOT Institute affiliations :
CentraleSupélec labs are a member of CARNOT C3S Institute.
Ecole Centrale de Lille labs are a member of CARNOT ARTS Institute.
Ecole Centrale de Lyon labs are a member of CARNOT i@L Institute.
See also
TIME Network
References
Groupe Centrale brochure (in French)
Information at one member school (in English)
Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME network)
Category:Educational institutions established in 1990
*
Category:Multidisciplinary research institutes | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hunter Site
The Hunter Site, designated 15.110 by the Maine Historic Preservation Commission and also known as the Hunter Farm Site, is a prehistoric archaeological site on the banks of the Androscoggin River in Topsham, Maine. The site, located on the Hunter family farm in eastern Topsham, is a Late Archaic Native American habitation site, dating to 4000–5000 years before present. Finds at the site include calcined fragments of fish bones, indicative that the inhabitants' diet included striped bass and sturgeon. Stone tools, including projectile points, have also been found at the site.
The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sagadahoc County, Maine
References
Category:Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Maine
Category:Topsham, Maine
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Sagadahoc County, Maine | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1940 United States Senate election in Massachusetts
The United States Senate election of 1940 in Massachusetts was held on November 5, 1940, with Democratic incumbent David I. Walsh defeating his challengers.
Candidates
Democratic
David I. Walsh, US Senator since 1926 and from 1919-1925. Governor of Massachusetts from 1914-1916.
Republican
Henry Parkman Jr., Corporation Counsel for the City of Boston. Former member of the Massachusetts Senate and Boston City Council.
Prohibition
George L. Thompson, Candidate for Governor of Massachusetts in 1938.
Communist
Philip Frankfeld
Socialist
George Lyman Paine, Episcopal priest. Son of philanthropist Robert Treat Paine.
Socialist Labor
Horace I. Hillis, Candidate for Massachusetts Auditor in 1938, Governor of Massachusetts in 1936, and Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts in 1934.
Results
General election
References
1940
Massachusetts
Category:1940 Massachusetts elections | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
B. K. Misra
Basant Kumar Misra is a neurosurgeon specialising in treating brain and spine disorders, pathologies and malformations. He is a former President of the Neurological Society of India, current President of the Asian Australasian Society of Neurological Surgeons, and former Secretary General and Vice-President of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. He is a recipient of Dr. B. C. Roy Award, the highest medical honour in India.
Early life and education
Basant Misra was born to economist Dr. Baidyanath Misra. He did his schooling from the Demonstration Multipurpose School, Bhubaneswar, MBBS from the Government Medical College, Sambalpur, his MS General Surgery from Delhi University, his MCh in neurosurgery from AIIMS, New Delhi and DNB neurosurgery from the National Board of Examinations. He received Commonwealth Medical Fellowship to the University of Edinburgh.
Career
He started his career as a Research officer at the Indian Council of Medical Research, and is currently the head of Neurosurgery at Hinduja Hospitals, Mumbai. He is known for his pioneering work in image-guided aneurysm surgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, awake craniotomy and laparoscopic spine surgery.
References
Category:Sambalpur University Alumni
Category:University of Delhi alumni
Category:All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi alumni
Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
Category:Indian neurosurgeons
Category:Indian neuroscientists
Category:Indian neurologists
Category:Indian epileptologists
Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners
Category:1953 births
Category:Living people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
George P. Norton
George Pepler Norton (1858 - 1939 ) was a British accountant, known for the publication of his 1889 Textile Manufacturers' Bookkeeping, which contributed to the establishment of modern cost accounting.
Life and work
Norton was born in Hampton Wick near London to George Pepler Norton and Eleanor Morris. He obtained a license and worked as chartered accountant. In 1889 he published his most known work Textile Manufacturers' Bookkeeping, which is considered one of the first comprehensive treatments of "the cost problems of a firm using the process cost method." This work ran in five edition, the fifth edition published in 1931. Solomons recalled that the importance of this work lies "in the fact that his book-keeping system for textile manufacturing, which dates back to 1889, clearly foreshadowed standard costing."
Norton made a significant contribution to the development of cost accounting. Chandra and Paperman (1976) specified, that "serious studies in cost accounting started only in the 1890s with the writings of Metcalfe, Garcke and Fells, Norton, Lewis, and later with Church, Nicholson and Clark. They were truly the pioneers who introduced new cost concepts like fixed and variable costs, standard cost, cost centers, relevant costs, etc. in the literature. The development of cost accounting in this period was undoubtedly slow. In addition, cost accounting tried to adapt itself within the framework of financial accounting. Part of the delay in the establishment of cost accounting concepts may be due to the tendency of cost accountants to keep the methods they had developed within their own firms secret."
Selected publications
Norton, George P. Textile Manufacturers' Bookkeeping for the Counting House. Mill and Warehouse, London: Simplin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent, 1889; 4th ed. 1900.
Norton, George P. Balancing for Expert Book-keepers: Second Thousand. (1894)
Norton, George Pepler. Textile manufacturers' book-keeping for the counting house, mill and warehouse: Being a practical treatise, specially designed for the woollen and worsted and allied trades. Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co., 1900.
References
Category:1858 births
Category:1939 deaths
Category:English non-fiction writers
Category:English accountants
Category:Accounting academics
Category:English male non-fiction writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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I Dig Love
"I Dig Love" is a song by English musician George Harrison, released on his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass. A paean to free love, it marks a departure from the more profound, spiritually oriented subject matter of much of that album. Musically, the song reflects Harrison's early experimentation with slide guitar, a technique that he was introduced to while touring with Delaney & Bonnie and Friends in December 1969.
Typically of much of the material on All Things Must Pass, the recording features an extended line-up of musicians, including three guitarists, two drummers and three keyboard players. Among the musicians were former Delaney & Bonnie band members Eric Clapton, Bobby Whitlock and Dave Mason, along with Billy Preston and Ringo Starr. The track was co-produced by Phil Spector and recorded in London. On release, it was among the album's most popular songs on US radio. Given the high standard of Harrison's songwriting on All Things Must Pass, however, several of his biographers have since held "I Dig Love" in low regard and consider it to be one of the album's weakest tracks.
Indian singer Asha Puthli and American band the Black Crowes have both covered the song. Part of Puthli's version was sampled by British rapper Kano for his 2005 track "Reload It".
Background
Like "Woman Don't You Cry for Me" and "Sue Me, Sue You Blues", "I Dig Love" originated from George Harrison's initial experimentation with slide-guitar playing, in open E tuning. His introduction to this technique occurred in December 1969, when he joined Eric Clapton as a guest on Delaney & Bonnie's European tour. In his autobiography, I Me Mine, Harrison recalls that Delaney Bramlett "handed me a bottleneck slide and asked me to play a line which Dave Mason had played on the ['Coming Home'] record", since Mason had recently quit the tour.
With Harrison travelling without his wife, Pattie Boyd, the Delaney & Bonnie tour revealed an aspect of his persona that was at odds with his public image as the Beatle most preoccupied with Eastern religion and spirituality. Despite Harrison's strong ties to the Hare Krishna movement, whose core principles espoused a life of abstinence, Bramlett later recalled him "let[ting] his hair down" on the tour, in a manner reminiscent of the Beatles' pre-fame years in Hamburg.
With regard to the inclusion of "I Dig Love" on Harrison's first post-Beatles solo album, All Things Must Pass, author Simon Leng describes it as an "unusually libidinous detour", similar to the "brief sensory interlude" offered by the track "Let It Down". Leng notes that the composition is one of the few that Harrison fails to either discuss in his autobiography or include in the two-volume Songs by George Harrison; this repeated omission, Leng concludes, "perhaps suggests what its writer ultimately thought of [the song]".
Composition
Musically, "I Dig Love" is built around a riff, played primarily on piano, that first descends before retracing the same notes back to its starting point. In a contemporary review of All Things Must Pass, music journalist Alan Smith likened the sequence to "The Pink Panther Theme" by Henry Mancini.
Leng writes that, with the repeated declaration of "I dig love every morning / I dig love every evening", Harrison's lyrics reflect the "loosening of social taboos about sex and sexuality", an issue that was at the forefront of the 1960s countercultural revolution. While also viewing the lyrics as a marked departure from the predominantly spiritual themes found on All Things Must Pass, theologian Dale Allison describes "I Dig Love" as an endorsement of that era's free love movement. Leng cites lines from the song's first verse as being a mix of "Pseudo-Dylanesque wordplay" and "George's schoolboy jokes":
Leng draws parallels between "I Dig Love" and the Beatles' more free-form compositions of the late 1960s. Among these, Paul McCartney's "Why Don't We Do It in the Road?" exemplifies what Ian MacDonald termed in the 1990s the "long-gone let-it-all-hang-out era". In his book Working Class Mystic, Gary Tillery identifies "I Dig Love" as one of two All Things Must Pass tracks (the other being "Wah-Wah") that could have been sung by John Lennon, whose style increasingly embraced provocative artistic statements following the start of his relationship with Yoko Ono in 1968. Leng also compares "I Dig Love" with "Love the One You're With", a "hymn to hedonism" by Stephen Stills, with whom Harrison worked on Doris Troy's eponymous album for Apple Records, in 1969–70.
Recording
The basic track for "I Dig Love" was recorded in London, either at Abbey Road Studios or Trident, between June and August 1970. As on many of the sessions for All Things Must Pass, the contributing musicians included members of Delaney & Bonnie's 1969 tour band, including Bobby Whitlock and Jim Gordon, both of whom formed Derek and the Dominos with Clapton at this time.
According to Leng and author Bruce Spizer, Whitlock provided the piano part on the recording, while the Wurlitzer electric piano and Hammond organ were played by Gary Wright and Billy Preston, respectively. In his autobiography, however, Whitlock states that, being a non-pianist at this stage of his career, he played organ on the track, while Preston supplied the piano part. Accompanying Harrison on electric guitars (at least two of which were played using a slide) were Clapton and Mason, while Ringo Starr contributed the drum fills that complement the main riff, alongside Gordon on a second drum kit. While Leng and Spizer credit Klaus Voormann for the bass guitar part, Whitlock lists Carl Radle, his former Delaney & Bonnie bandmate and the fourth member of Derek and the Dominos. In Whitlock's recollection, Mason joined the proceedings right at the end of the sessions for the album's basic tracks, making "I Dig Love" one of the final songs recorded.
Described by Leng as "sassy", Harrison's slide guitar solo was added during the album's principal overdubbing phase, which ended on 12 August. Frequently absent from the All Things Must Pass sessions, his co-producer, Phil Spector, had recommended in a letter dated 19 August that a synthesizer be added onto the song's intro – a suggestion that Harrison apparently ignored, according to authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter.
Release and reception
"I Dig Love" was released in November 1970 as the opening track on side four of All Things Must Pass, in its original LP format. Reviewing the album for the NME, Alan Smith described the song as a "simple and effective opener" that would "stand the passage of time". Author Robert Rodriguez includes the track among examples of how the musical diversity on All Things Must Pass surprised listeners, following Lennon and McCartney's dominance as songwriters in the Beatles. Rodriguez writes: "That the 'Quiet Beatle' was capable of such range – from the joyful 'What Is Life' to the meditative 'Isn't It a Pity' to the steamrolling 'Art of Dying' to the playful 'I Dig Love' – was truly revelatory."
In addition to receiving critical acclaim for the quality of its songs, the album was noted for introducing Harrison as a slide guitarist, a role that contributed to his signature sound as a solo artist. After "My Sweet Lord", "Isn't It a Pity" and "What Is Life" – all of which were featured single tracks and enjoyed heavy airplay on US radio – "I Dig Love" was among the album's most-played songs in America, along with "Wah-Wah", "All Things Must Pass" and "Awaiting on You All".
Among Harrison and Beatles biographers, opinions on "I Dig Love" have been less favourable in the ensuing decades. Alan Clayson suggests that, given the abundance of quality music on Harrison's triple album, the track "could have been ditched without any hardship", together with the second of the two versions of "Isn't It a Pity". Bruce Spizer finds the song "catchy and at times interesting" musically, with "some excellent guitar playing", but considers the words "trite" by Harrison's standards.
Simon Leng bemoans the song's "hackneyed, falling-and-rising chromatic chord pattern" and lyrics that are "probably the weakest of Harrison's career", and suggests that the 1970 outtake "I Live for You" would have been a preferable inclusion. Leng adds that Harrison's guitar solo and "particularly strong" vocal performance on "I Dig Love" "almost save the day", yet the song "lacks the expressive clout" of the rest of its parent album. Ian Inglis similarly dismisses "I Dig Love", describing it as repetitive and lyrically simplistic. While also comparing the composition with Stills' "Love the One You're With", he opines: "But whereas that song is a celebratory endorsement of 'free love,' Harrison's is a gloomy and unconvincing contribution."
Elliot Huntley views the track as "a rather scantily clad four-chord throwaway" and "the closest thing to filler on the entire album". Recognising the need for "a little light relief", Huntley concludes: "'I Dig Love' can best be described as audacious songwriting, believing that everything will work out in the studio. And the song succeeds almost despite itself."
Cover versions
Indian singer Asha Puthli recorded "I Dig Love", creating a version that Jon Pareles of The New York Times describes as "a wild, post-psychedelic artifact, complete with sound effects, soul horns and Ms. Puthli alternately breathy and giggling". The recording appeared on her self-titled debut album, released in 1973. Speaking to Pareles in 2006, Puthli explained that she had viewed Harrison's reading of "I Dig Love" as a "spiritual song", adding: "They did it like a bhajan, an Indian religious song. In 1973, when I did it, I felt I was already Indian, and the spirituality was inside me. I was trying to become Western, so I brought out the material aspect, the sexual aspect." In 2005, Puthli's recording was sampled by British rapper Kano on his track "Reload It".
The Black Crowes have regularly performed the song live, notably during their 2001 Brotherly Love tour with Oasis. In 2008, Suburban Skies recorded "I Dig Love" for their Harrison tribute album George.
Personnel
The musicians who performed on "I Dig Love" are believed to be as follows:
George Harrison – vocals, slide guitars
Eric Clapton – electric guitar
Dave Mason – electric guitar
Bobby Whitlock – piano
Gary Wright – electric piano
Billy Preston – organ
Klaus Voormann – bass
Ringo Starr – drums
Jim Gordon – drums
uncredited – tambourine
Notes
Citations
Sources
Dale C. Allison Jr., The Love There That's Sleeping: The Art and Spirituality of George Harrison, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ).
Keith Badman, The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001, Omnibus Press (London, 2001; ).
Harry Castleman & Walter J. Podrazik, All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975, Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; ).
Eric Clapton, Eric Clapton: The Autobiography, Random House (New York, NY, 2008; ).
Alan Clayson, George Harrison, Sanctuary (London, 2003; ).
Peter Doggett, You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup, It Books (New York, NY, 2011; ).
George Harrison, I Me Mine, Chronicle Books (San Francisco, CA, 2002; ).
Chris Hunt (ed.), NME Originals: Beatles – The Solo Years 1970–1980, IPC Ignite! (London, 2005).
Elliot J. Huntley, Mystical One: George Harrison – After the Break-up of the Beatles, Guernica Editions (Toronto, ON, 2006; ).
Ian Inglis, The Words and Music of George Harrison, Praeger (Santa Barbara, CA, 2010; ).
Peter Lavezzoli, The Dawn of Indian Music in the West, Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; ).
Simon Leng, While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison, Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; ).
Ian MacDonald, Revolution in the Head: The Beatles' Records and the Sixties, Pimlico (London, 1998; ).
Chip Madinger & Mark Easter, Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium, 44.1 Productions (Chesterfield, MO, 2000; ).
Barry Miles, The Beatles Diary Volume 1: The Beatles Years, Omnibus Press (London, 2001; ).
Robert Rodriguez, Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980, Backbeat Books (Milwaukee, WI, 2010; ).
Harry Shapiro, Eric Clapton: Lost in the Blues, Da Capo Press (New York, NY, 1992; ).
Bruce Spizer, The Beatles Solo on Apple Records, 498 Productions (New Orleans, LA, 2005; ).
Gary Tillery, Working Class Mystic: A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison, Quest Books (Wheaton, IL, 2011; ).
Bobby Whitlock with Marc Roberty, Bobby Whitlock: A Rock 'n' Roll Autobiography, McFarland (Jefferson, NC, 2010; ).
External links
Category:1970 songs
Category:Songs written by George Harrison
Category:Song recordings produced by George Harrison
Category:Song recordings produced by Phil Spector
Category:George Harrison songs
Category:Music published by Harrisongs | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Choc River
The Choc River is a river of Saint Lucia.
See also
List of rivers of Saint Lucia
References
Integrating the Management of Watersheds and Coastal Areas in St. Lucia
GEOnet Names Server
Category:Rivers of Saint Lucia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bruntsfield Links
Bruntsfield Links is of open parkland in Bruntsfield, Edinburgh, immediately to the south-west of the adjoining Meadows.
Unlike The Meadows, which formerly contained a loch drained by the end of the 18th century, Bruntsfield Links has always been dry ground. It is the last vestige of the Burgh Muir, former woodland which stretched southwards to the Jordan Burn at the foot of the slope now covered by the built-up areas of the Grange and Morningside. The woodland was cleared in accordance with a decree of James IV in 1508, much of the wood being used to build timber-fronted houses and forestairs in the Lawnmarket and West Bow area of the Old Town.
Golf on the Links
"Links" is a Scots word for land associated with the game of golf. Originally meaning open sandy ground "usually covered with turf, bent grass or gorse, normally near the sea-shore", as at Leith Links or Lundin Links, the word came to mean any ground on which golf was played and is now often used for modern golf courses.
A City of Edinburgh Council plaque states that Bruntsfield Links are one of the earliest known locations where the game was played in Scotland, but it is unclear precisely when. The Golf Tavern which stands on the west side of the Links claims to have been established in 1456, although there is no evidence for this other than an unsupported statement made in A history of the Edinburgh Burgess Golfing Society, now known as The Royal Burgess Golfing Society.
After James IV's Charter of 1508 allowed the Town Council to feu portions of the Burgh Muir quarriers began extracting sandstone from the Links. By an Act of Council dated 25 December 1695 lessees were granted the liberty of choosing "an aiker" on any part of the Links for a quarry, "the said aiker always being at ane distance from the place where the neighbours play at Goulf". Robert Chambers mentions golf being played on the Links at the time of a well-known local incident which he implies took place in the reign of Charles II, although the internal evidence points more to the later "Killing Time" of the 1680s. This would make it contemporaneous with the famous game of golf played by the Duke of York and John Patersone on Leith Links in 1682 (see Timeline of golf).
By the middle of the 18th century the area to the west of Bruntsfield House was regarded as the "city quarry", from which, for example, stones were taken in 1740 to build the city's Charity Workhouse at Bristo. A history of the area relates how, "The vacant intervals [between the quarry holes] then became utilised by the citizens in pursuit of the popular game of golf, the quarries with their mounds of debris acting in place of the usual bunkers." When the Warrender family of Bruntsfield applied to acquire ground between the nearby quarry and their property the Council approved, deciding that "the giving of the feu of the same could in no degree be hurtful to the Exercise and Diversion of the Golff". In 1752, however, an anonymous pamphlet warned against further encroachments, arguing that "the greatest Part of the Sheep Pasture will be cut off, and the Inhabitants deprived of Ew Whey [a by-product of cheese-making from ewe's milk], which is often prescribed and contributes much to their Health, and is easily got, because of the Nearness of the Town; and Tender People will be deprived of these Walks and retired Places which the playing at Golf hath rendered absolutely necessary, and the only places to retire to when the Golfing Green is full of Golfers."
The pursuit of golf was a major factor in preserving the Links as an open space. In 1791, it was proposed to drive a straight road across them (to link present-day Home Street to the crest of the hill at present-day Church Hill), thus bypassing the little village of Wrightshouses (roughly on the site of present-day Leven Street). The proposers argued that the existing road constituted "the worst and most inconvenient of all the entries into Edinburgh...which must always be the case while it is carried through so narrow and a dirty a village inhabited by so many low people". The proposal was, however, successfully blocked by the Burgess Golfing Society which used the Links and the road re-routed to circumvent them. This resulted in the demolition of houses on the west side of the village, but spared those on the east side where a terrace retains the name (in the grammatically incorrect form) "Wright's Houses". A request made to the Council by Walter Scott in 1798 (before his fame as a novelist), that the volunteer cavalry regiment of which he was quartermaster should be allowed to train on the Links, based on the traditional right to muster troops there, was rejected. The Council cited the position taken by the golfing societies as the reason.
The city currently boasts more than twenty-one golf courses, one of which is home to the Royal Burgess Golfing Society founded in 1735 and the Bruntsfield Links Golfing Society founded in 1761. These Societies moved from the Links to Musselburgh in 1874 and 1876 respectively, and then to a newly laid out course at Barnton on the north-western outskirts of the city in 1895 and 1898.
Recreation
The area is a favourite spot for dog-walkers and becomes an overspill area when crowds gather in the Meadows during warm Summer weather. The west section of the Links next to Whitehouse Loan, where a former school building (the original Boroughmuir School, later James Gillespie's School for Girls) has been converted to a University Hall of Residence, also attracts crowds in good weather. It is frequently used by historical re-enactment societies as a practice ground. A children's playpark and the lawn of the Edinburgh Croquet Club are situated close to the Barclay Viewforth Church. The raised ground in front of Warrender Park Terrace is a good vantage point for viewing Festival and New Year fireworks from the Castle, and during winter snowfalls the north-facing slope here becomes a popular sledging ground for children. A footpath and cycle lane connecting Bruntsfield to Middle Meadow Walk provide all those living in the area with a shortcut and quick route to the University buildings around George Square. There are also many local businesses, including the Edinburgh Bicycle Cooperative, which attract visitors. The Golf Tavern pub sits to the west of the links.
Botanical
An early attempt to remove some of the trees from the Links was blocked in one of the first campaigns of the city's conservation body, the Cockburn Association. Over the years, however, Dutch elm disease has taken a gradual toll of trees in the area, with the most recent outbreak occurring in 2011. Among notable surviving elms (2019) are four old Exeter Elms in the southernmost corner (Bruntsfield Crescent), well-grown Huntingdon Elms at the start of Whitehouse Loan, and a rare Ulmus minor 'Umbraculifera Gracilis' in front of the Links Hotel in Alvanley Terrace. Diseased elms have been replaced by the disease-resistant hybrids Ulmus 'Regal' and Ulmus 'Columella'.
See also
Thomas Kincaid
Edinburgh
References
External links
History of Bruntsfield Links
Paul Sandby, Horse Fair on Bruntsfield Links, 1750
Bartholomew's Chronological map of Edinburgh (1919)
Category:Parks and commons in Edinburgh
Category:Areas of Edinburgh
Category:Sports venues in Edinburgh
Category:Sports venues completed in 1695
Category:1695 establishments in Scotland | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Lisa Jardine
Lisa Anne Jardine (née Bronowski; 12 April 1944 – 25 October 2015) was a British historian of the early modern period.
From 1990 to 2011, she was Centenary Professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary University of London. From 2008 to January 2014 she was Chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).
Jardine was a Member of Council of the Royal Institution, until 2009. On 1 September 2012, she relocated with her research centre and staff to University College London (UCL) to become founding director of its Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in the Humanities.
Education and personal life
Jardine was born on 12 April 1944 in Oxford, the eldest of four daughters of mathematician and polymath, Jacob Bronowski, and the sculptor, Rita Coblentz.
Bronowski, who died in 1974 and was known for his 13-part television series, The Ascent of Man (1973), was the subject of Jardine's Conway Memorial Lecture, "Things I Never Knew About My Father", delivered at the Conway Hall Ethical Society on 26 June 2014.
An avid reader with an interest in history from a very young age, Jardine won a mathematics scholarship to Cheltenham Ladies' College and later attended Newnham College, Cambridge, and the University of Essex. For two years she took the Cambridge Mathematical Tripos before, in her final year and under the influence of Raymond Williams, she read English. She graduated with upper second-class honours. Fluent in eight languages (including Greek and Latin), she studied for an MA in the Literary Theory of Translation with Professor Donald Davie at the University of Essex. She was awarded a PhD from the University of Cambridge with a dissertation on Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse (subsequently published by Cambridge University Press).
In striking out on her own career path Jardine recalled that she initially found her father's celebrity something of a burden, noting that she was "very, very conscious" of being his daughter. When in 1969 she married Cambridge historian and philosopher of science, Nicholas Jardine, she was relieved to assume her husband's surname, which she continued to use after the couple's divorce in 1979. The couple had a son and a daughter. "Until 1999, the name Bronowski never occurred in cuttings about me, and it was broadly unknown that I was his daughter", she later stated. In 1982, she married architect John Hare, with whom she had one son. She was reported to have said that her greatest achievement was her three "well-balanced children".
Jardine had been raised in a secular Jewish household, but when appointed new chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, Britain’s fertility regulator, she expressed her loyalty to her observant grandparents' Orthodox faith, which she described as going back "all the way back to whenever – Abraham", and her reluctance to clash with the Catholic Church on embryology.
Career and research
Jardine was Professor of Renaissance Studies at University College, London, where she was Director of the Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in the Humanities and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters. She was a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, and a Fellow and Honorary Fellow of King's College and Jesus College, Cambridge.
She was a Trustee of the Victoria and Albert Museum for eight years, and was for five years a member of the Council of the Royal Institution in London. She was Patron of the Archives and Records Association and the Orange Prize. For the academic year 2007–2008 she was seconded to the Royal Society in London as Expert Advisor to its Collections. She was a Trustee of the Chelsea Physic Garden.
From 2008–2014, she served as Chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority – the UK government regulator for assisted reproduction. In December 2011 she was appointed a Director of The National Archives.
Jardine published more than 50 scholarly articles in peer reviewed journals and books, and 17 full-length books, both for an academic and for a general readership, a number of them in co-authorship with others (including Professor Anthony Grafton, Professor Alan Stewart and Professor Julia Swindells).
She was the author of many books, both scholarly and general, including The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man Who Measured London, Ingenious Pursuits: Building the Scientific Revolution and biographies of Robert Hooke, and Sir Christopher Wren (On a Grander Scale: the Outstanding Career of Sir Christopher Wren). Her 2008 book Going Dutch, on Anglo-Dutch reciprocal influence in the 17th century, won the 2009 Cundill Prize in History at McGill University, the world's premier history book prize worth $75,000.
Jardine wrote and reviewed widely for the media, and presented and appeared regularly on arts, history and current affairs programmes for TV and radio. She was a regular writer and presenter of A Point of View on BBC Radio 4; a book of the first two series of her talks was published by Preface Publishing in March 2008 and a second in 2009. She judged the Novel category of the 1996 Whitbread Book Awards, the 1999 Guardian First Book Award, the 2000 Orwell Prize and was Chair of Judges for the 1997 Orange Prize for Fiction and the 2002 Man Booker Prize.
During the first semester of the 2008–2009 academic year, Jardine was Distinguished Visiting Professor at the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities and Social Sciences, jointly sponsored by NIAS and the Royal Library in The Hague.
In 2009–2010, she was a Scaliger Visiting Fellow at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands, and held the Sarton Chair and received the Sarton Medal at Ghent University in Belgium. She sat for several years on the Apeldoorn British Dutch Conference Steering Board, and was a member of the Recommendation Committee Stichting Huygens Tentoonstelling Foundation, set up to oversee the Constantijn and Christian Huygens Exhibition in the Grote Kerk in The Hague in 2013.
In June 2015 she was the guest on BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs. Her musical choices included Why by Annie Lennox, A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall by Bob Dylan, and Once in a Lifetime by Talking Heads. Her book choice was the full 12 volumes of P.S. Allen’s Latin Letters of Erasmus of Rotterdam.
On 26 January 2011, Jardine appeared in a BBC documentary investigating her father's life and the history of science in the 20th century.
She was known for her cross-disciplinary approach to intellectual history and has been called "the pre-eminent historian of the scientific method."
Awards and honours
Jardine was President of the Antiquarian Horological Society, a learned society focused on matters relating to the art and history of time measurement.
Jardine was a former chairman of the governing body at Westminster City School for Boys in London (which her younger son attended), and a former Chair of the Curriculum Committee on the governing body of St Marylebone Church of England School for Girls also in London.
In 2012, she was awarded the President's Medal by the British Academy.
She was elected an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015. Her certificate of election reads:
Jardine held honorary doctorates of Letters from the University of St Andrews, Sheffield Hallam University and the Open University, and an honorary doctorate of Science from the University of Aberdeen.
In November 2011, she was made an Honorary Bencher of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple. She was awarded the Francis Bacon Award in the History of Science by the California Institute of Technology in 2012, and collected the Bacon Medal for this award at the annual History of Science Society meeting in San Diego in September 2012.
In November 2012 she received the British Academy President's Medal. In 2013–2014 she served as President of the British Science Association, which in 2012 made her an Honorary Fellow.
Death
Jardine died of cancer on 25 October 2015, aged 71. In the tributes which followed, she was remembered for her commitment to her students, and "her deep empathy for outsiders of all kinds—rebels, misfits and migrants."
In 2017, she featured in a conference, London's Women Historians, held at the Institute of Historical Research.
Publications
Francis Bacon: Discovery and the Art of Discourse (1974)
Still Harping on Daughters: Women and Drama in the Age of Shakespeare (1983)
From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth- and Sixteenth-century Europe, with Anthony Grafton (1986)
What's Left?: Women in Culture and the Labour Movement, with Julia Swindells (1990)
Erasmus, Man of Letters: The Construction of Charisma in Print (1993)
Reading Shakespeare Historically (1996)
Worldly Goods: A New History of the Renaissance (1996)
Erasmus: The Education of a Christian Prince with the Panegyric for Archduke Philip of Austria, editor (1997)
Hostage to Fortune: The Troubled Life of Francis Bacon, with Alan Stewart (1998)
Ingenious Pursuits: Building the Scientific Revolution (1999)
Francis Bacon: The New Organon, edited with Michael Silverthorne (2000)
Global Interests: Renaissance Art Between East and West, with Jerry Brotton (2000)
On a Grander Scale: The Outstanding Career of Sir Christopher Wren (2002)
For the Sake of Argument (2003)
The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man Who Measured London (2003)
London's Leonardo: The Life and Work of Robert Hooke, with Jim Bennett, Michael Cooper and Michael Hunter (2003)
Grayson Perry (2004)
The Awful End of Prince William the Silent: The First Assassination of a Head of State with a Handgun, edited with Amanda Foreman (2005)
Going Dutch: How England Plundered Holland's Glory (2008)
Temptation in the Archives: Essays in Golden Age Dutch Culture (2015)
Broadcasting and lectures
A Point of View. BBC Radio 4 series (2008, 2010, 2011, 2014)
My Father, the Bomb and Me. BBC Four (26 January 2011)
Seven Ages Of Science, BBC Radio 4 series (2013)
Things I Never Knew About My Father. Conway Memorial Lecture, Conway Hall Ethical Society (26 June 2014)
References
External links
Interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 31 October 2008 (video)
Profile at the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters]
Category:1944 births
Category:2015 deaths
Category:Deaths from cancer in England
Category:Academics of Queen Mary University of London
Category:Academics of University College London
Category:People educated at Cheltenham Ladies' College
Category:Alumni of Newnham College, Cambridge
Category:Alumni of the University of Essex
Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Fellows of King's College, Cambridge
Category:British people of Polish-Jewish descent
Category:Jewish historians
Category:Fellows of the Royal Historical Society
Category:Female Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:People associated with the Victoria and Albert Museum
Category:British women historians
Category:20th-century British historians
Category:21st-century British historians
Category:20th-century women scientists
Category:20th-century British women writers
Category:Historians of the early modern period
Category:Recipients of the President's Medal (British Academy)
Category:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society
Category:21st-century British women writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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The Wonder Smith and His Son
The Wonder-Smith and His Son: A Tale from the Golden Childhood of the World is a children's book by Ella Young. It is a collection of fourteen stories about Gubbaun Saor, the legendary Irish smith and architect. The book, illustrated by Boris Artzybasheff, was first published in 1927 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1928.
References
Category:1927 short story collections
Category:Children's short story collections
Category:American children's books
Category:Newbery Honor-winning works
Category:Irish mythology
Category:1927 children's books | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Tomb ANB
Tomb ANB is a sepulchre located in the west of the necropolis of Dra' Abu el-Naga', near Thebes, Egypt. It may well have been intended as the burial place of the 18th dynasty Pharaoh Amenhotep I and his mother Ahmose-Nefertari.
The tomb was initially attributed to Amenhotep I by Howard Carter. In the article he does mention that in the scattered debris of the tomb there are as many inscriptions mentioning Ahmose-Nefertari as there are mentioning Amenhotep I so it may be that both had been buried in the tomb. In Porter and Moss the tomb is attributed to Ahmose-Nefertari based on an argument by Černý.
The tomb
The tomb is located on a plateau in the foothills of Dra' Abu el-naga'. The tomb opens up to a deep pit at the entrance. Behind the pit is a gallery extending into the rock. Halfway down the gallery is a chamber on one side and a niche on the other. The gallery ends in a very deep protective well. This feature later became common in royal tombs. The well may have served a double purpose. It would have protected the tomb from floods during the rainy seasons, and provided the royal occupant with an access to the underworld. The protective well has two chambers at the bottom. These chambers may have served as a false tomb to throw off potential robbers. Beyond the well is a second gallery which leads to the burial chamber. This final chamber is rectangular in shape and features two pillars.
Finds
A basalt bust of a woman, who may be Ahmose-Nefertari was discovered in the tomb. The statue is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (M.M.A. 21.7.9).
Fragments of stone vessels with inscriptions of Ahmose I, Ahmose-Nefertari and Amenhotep I (M.M.A.21.7.1-8.) where found in the tomb, as well as a fragment inscribed for King Apepi and a daughter named Herti. (M.M.A. 21.7.7)
The Abbott Papyrus and the tomb of Amenhotep I
The Abbott Papyrus is a record of tomb robberies from the time of Ramesses IX. The tomb of Amenhotep I is mentioned in the papyrus. It was said to have been inspected and found untouched.
The eternal horizon of King Zeser-ka-ra, L.P.H., Son of Ra, Amenhetep, L.P.H., which is 120 cubits deep from its superstructure, which is called: "The-High-Ascent" north of the House-of- Amenhetep-L.P.H.-of-the-Garden concerning which the Mayor of the City, Paser, had reported to the Governor of the City and Vizier, Khaemuas;... and the great nobles, saying: "the thieves have broken into it." Inspected on this day; it was found uninjured by the thieves
Carter goes on to measure the dimensions of the tomb. He included both the descent into the well and the ascent from the well in the length of the tomb and comes to 120 cubits. Thereby claiming that Tomb AN B matches the dimensions of the tomb of Amenhotep I as mentioned in the papyrus. Černý later conjectures that the 'House of Amenhotep of the Garden' is to be identified with the now destroyed temple of Amenhotep I located in Deir-el-Bahari. Given that Amenhotep I's tomb is said to be located to the north of this temple, Černý concluded that the tomb was still to be discovered and should not be equated with Tomb AN B.
References
Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 16th century BC
Category:Theban Tombs
Category:Amenhotep I
Category:2nd-millennium BC establishments in Egypt | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Kadunce River
The Kadunce River is an stream in northeastern Minnesota, the United States, flowing into Lake Superior.
See also
List of rivers of Minnesota
References
Minnesota Watersheds
USGS Hydrologic Unit Map - State of Minnesota (1974)
Category:Rivers of Cook County, Minnesota
Category:Tributaries of Lake Superior | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Austrian Athletics Federation
The Austrian Athletic Federation (German: Österreichischer Leichtathletik-Verband) is the governing body for the sport of athletics in Austria.
Affiliations
International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF)
European Athletic Association (EAA)
Austrian Olympic Committee
National records
ÖLV maintains the Austrian records in athletics.
External links
Official webpage
Austria
Athletics
Category:National governing bodies for athletics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Easy Money (TV series)
Easy Money is an American comedy-drama television series that aired on The CW from October 5, 2008 to August 16, 2009. The series was created by Diane Frolov and Andrew Schneider. The show—along with Valentine, Surviving Suburbia, and In Harm's Way—are shows programmed by Media Rights Capital (MRC), an independent producer of television programming. The Sunday night block (5pm–10pm) was sold to the producers on a leased-time basis from The CW after the network had no ratings success with the night.
Production of the series was put on hold in mid-October and was expected to resume within four to six weeks. Two weeks later, MRC decided to cancel both Easy Money and Valentine. On November 20, 2008, The CW announced that it was ending its Sunday Night agreement with MRC, removing the current shows and programming the night itself. On July 6, 2009, The CW announced that beginning July 26, the series would begin burning off the remaining episodes Sundays at 7 p.m.
Plot
28-year-old Morgan Buffkin (Hephner) finds himself in charge of Prestige Payday Loans, his eccentric family's enormously successful short-term loan business. Any doubts Morgan has about running his family's business are quickly replaced by dealing with family business. Morgan's brother Cooper (Ferguson) insists on driving a silver-plated Hummer, Morgan's sister Brandy (Lowes) has questionable morals, he suspects that his mother (Metcalfe) and father (Searcy) are not being completely honest with him about his relation to the family, and every so often, part-time detective Barry (Reinhold) drops in.
Cast
Laurie Metcalf as Bobette Buffkin
Nick Searcy as Roy Buffkin
Marsha Thomason as Julia Miller
Jeff Hephner as Morgan Buffkin
Jay R. Ferguson as Cooper Buffkin
Katie Lowes as Brandy Buffkin
International syndication
Fox Life Serbia has aired the complete series. Fox Life Turkey aired all 8 episodes in 2009.
Episodes
References
External links
Official website
Category:2000s American comedy-drama television series
Category:2008 American television series debuts
Category:2009 American television series endings
Category:The CW original programming
Category:Television series by Media Rights Capital
Category:Television shows set in New Mexico | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Transgender rights movement
The transgender rights movement is a movement to promote transgender rights and to eliminate discrimination and violence against transgender people regarding housing, employment, public accommodations, education, and health care. In some jurisdictions, transgender activism seeks to allow changes to identification documents to conform with a person's current gender identity without the need for sex reassignment surgery.
History
Identifying the boundaries of a trans movement has been a matter of some debate. Conventionally, evidence of a codified political identity emerges in 1952, when Virginia Prince, a male crossdresser, along with others, launched Transvestia: The Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dress. This publication is considered by some to be the beginning of the transgender rights movement in the United States, however it would be many years before the term "transgender", itself, would come into common usages.
In the years before the Stonewall riots, other actions for LGBT rights had taken place, but while gender nonconformity has always been a part of signalling gay identity, most of the early gay organizations were more assimilationist in their immediate goals.
An early, but not widely known, action is the Cooper Do-nuts Riot of 1959 that took place in Downtown Los Angeles,
when drag queens, lesbians, gay men, and transgender people who hung out at Cooper Do-nuts and who were frequently harassed by the LAPD fought back after police arrested three people, including John Rechy. Patrons began pelting the police with donuts and coffee cups. The LAPD called for back-up and arrested a number of rioters. Rechy and the other two original detainees were able to escape.
In August 1966 the Compton's Cafeteria Riot occurred in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. This incident was one of the first recorded LGBT-related riots in United States history. In an incident similar to Cooper's, drag queens, prostitutes and trans people fought back against police harassment. When a transgender woman resisted arrest by throwing coffee at a police officer, drag queens poured into the streets, fighting back with their high heels and heavy bags. The next night, the regular patrons were joined by street hustlers, Tenderloin street people, and other members of the LGBT community in their stand against police violence. It marked the beginning of trans activism in San Francisco.
In 1969, the year of the Stonewall Riots, the term transgender was not yet in use. But gender nonconforming people like drag king Stormé DeLarverie, and self-identified "street queen" Marsha P. Johnson were in the vanguard of the riots, with DeLarverie widely believed to be the person whose struggle with the police was the spark that set the crowd to fighting back. Witnesses to the uprising also place early trans activists and members of the Gay Liberation Front, Zazu Nova and Jackie Hormona along with Johnson, as combatants "in the vanguard" of the pushback against the police on the multiple nights of the rebellion.
Marsha P. Johnson later went on to co-found Street Transvestite Action Revolutionaries (STAR) with close friend Sylvia Rivera. Rivera's early definitions around trans were very broad, including all gender-nonconforming people.
Rivera continued to be an advocate for trans rights, and inclusion of protection for trans people in all LGBT rights legislation, until her death in 2002.
In the 1980s female to male (FTM) transsexuality became more broadly known.
In 1992 Leslie Feinberg printed and circulated a pamphlet titled "Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time Has Come". Feinberg's pamphlet begins by calling on the trans community to compose their own definitions, invoking language as a tool that unites people divided by oppression. From here, Feinberg traces the emergence of oppression imposed by the ruling class by means of institutions. These institutions, run by the elite, enforce a gender binary at the expense of communal societies that encouraged liberal gender expression. Women were devalued and effeminacy was disparaged to promote patriarchal economic privilege. According to Feinberg, the gender binary is a contrivance of Western civilization. Having acknowledged this, Feinberg encourages all humans to reclaim the natural continuum of gender expression that identifies trans individuals as sacred. Feinberg concludes by empowering the working class to liberate themselves from the ruling class, which can be achieved by directing the labor of marginalized groups towards the common goal of revolution.
In 1993, Adela Vázquez, a Latina transgender woman, protested for in San Francisco in consideration of the government removing the transgender community from the workforce because they labeled the trans community as disabled. However, that situation is making some progress and is changing. In 2014, per The Nation Gay and Lesbian Task Force record, only 17 states (and the District of Columbia) in the United States of America have laws that protect individuals in the transgender community, which equals to about 45%. States that present these protections are: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New Mexico, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin. Furthermore, there are organizations that are working to increase the numbers of States having these laws like: The Transgender, Gender Variant and Intersex Justice Project; The Transgender Law Center; and the National Center for Transgender Equality.
On December 31, 1993, a trans man named Brandon Teena was murdered in Nebraska along with two of his friends. This murder was documented in the 1999 movie Boys Don't Cry starring Hilary Swank as Brandon Teena.
With the publication of 1996's Transgender Warriors, Leslie Feinberg brought the word "transgender" more fully into use. Like Rivera, Feinberg also defined "transgender" very broadly, including drag queens and gender nonconforming people from history. A dedicated communist, Feinberg included an analysis that included many who are oppressed by the apparatus of capitalism.
Transgender Day of Remembrance, an annual day of remembrance to commemorate those murdered in transphobic hate crimes, was first held in 1999 following the murder of Rita Hester in 1998. The "Remembering our Dead" web project was also set up in 1999.
In June 2012 CeCe McDonald was wrongfully imprisoned for having defended herself against neo-nazi attackers with a pair of scissors, which resulted in the death of one of her assailants. Her story was publicized by a GLAAD Media Award winning article in Ebony.com. Laverne Cox, openly trans actress on Orange Is the New Black, launched a campaign to raise consciousness of cruel prison conditions for incarcerated trans individuals and rallied to free CeCe. After serving for 19 months, she was released January 2014.
On March 26–27, 2013, LGBT activists gathered at the Supreme Court in Washington, D.C. to support marriage equality, but in the midst of these demonstrations one speaker was asked to edit their proceedings to conceal their trans identity, and the trans community was asked to lower their pride flags. This incident follows years of tension between activist groups, namely Human Rights Campaign and the trans community, because the trans community is often neglected or blatantly excluded from events and political consideration. The incident resulted in a backlash and public criticism by the trans community. In response, activists groups apologized for the incident, and in 2014 HRC promised to energize efforts for promoting trans rights.
In Florida in March 2015, Representative Frank Artiles (R-Miami) proposed House Bill 583, which would ensure that individuals who enter public facilities such as bathrooms or locker rooms designated for those who are of the "other biological sex" could be jailed for up to 60 days. Artiles claims that it was proposed for the sake of public safety.
In September 2017, the Botswana High Court ruled that the refusal of the Registrar of National Registration to change a transgender man's gender marker was "unreasonable and violated his constitutional rights to dignity, privacy, freedom of expression, equal protection of the law, freedom from discrimination and freedom from inhumane and degrading treatment". LGBT activists celebrated the ruling, describing it as a great victory. At first, the Botswana Government announced it would appeal the ruling, but decided against it in December, supplying the trans man with a new identity document that reflects his gender identity.
A similar case, where a transgender woman sought to change her gender marker to female, was heard in December 2017. The High Court ruled that the Government must recognise her gender identity. She dedicated her victory to "every single trans diverse person in Botswana".
Issues of concern
Public toilet legislation
In the United States, the "bathroom bill" issue first came to public attention in 2013 when the Colorado Civil Rights Division ruled in favour of transgender six-year-old student Coy Mathis' right to use the girls' toilet at her elementary school in Fountain, Colorado. The case, along with Mathis and her family, was again brought to public attention with the 2016 release of the documentary Growing Up Coy.
In the wake of the Mathis case, numerous states have put forth or passed legislation which obligates transgender people to use the public bathroom corresponding to their sex as assigned at birth. As of July 2017, sixteen states had considered such bills and one state, North Carolina, passed its bill into law. The North Carolina House Bill 2, or HB2, was passed into law in February 2017. HB2 quickly garnered attention as the first law of its kind and sparked high-profile condemnation, including cancellations of concerts and sporting events by the likes of Bruce Springsteen and the NCAA. In the midst of the controversy and the inauguration of a new governor of North Carolina, the bill was repealed by the state legislature on March 30 of 2017.
Education
The treatment of transgender people in educational environments has often been a focal point of the movement's concern. In a survey of Canadian high schools conducted between 2007 and 2009, 74% of students who identified themselves as trans reported having experienced verbal harassment over their gender expression, 37% reported physical harassment over their gender expression, and 49% of trans students reported at least one instance of sexual harassment within the last school year.
In 2013, Smith College, an all women liberal arts US college gained notoriety for denying admission to Calliope Wong, a transgender female. Following the incident, the college’s administration and student activists engaged in a protracted battle around transgender women’s rights. The first women’s college in the United States to open admission to transgender women was Mills in the year of 2014 followed closely behind by Mount Holyoke in the same year. After Mills and Mount Holyoke, Simmons University, Scripps College, Bryn Mawr and Wellesley changed their policy to accept transgender students. The last US women colleges to change their policies to admit transgender students were Smith College and Barnard College, effective on May and June 2015, respectively. Student activists at US women colleges are credited for the introduction of more inclusionary policies allowing admission of trans women in spaces which historically have excluded them. Mount Holyoke remains the most gender-inclusive, admitting not only transgender women but also transgender men and non-binary people under its all-persons-but-cisgender-men policy.
Statistics of oppression
In a survey conducted by National Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, called "Injustice at Every Turn: A Report of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey", respondents reported that 90% of them had experienced discrimination and harassment in the work place and at school. The trans community experiences rates of unemployment that are double the national average. Additionally, one out of every twelve trans women, and one out of every eight trans women of color, are physically attacked or assaulted in public (the nature of these crimes is often perpetrated in such a way that attempts to dehumanize the victim).
People of color
Transgender people of color often face an identity that is under speculation, suspicion, doubt, and policing. Those within the trans community are often left out from the wealthy, able-bodied, American, and white experience that those in the non-trans community often focus on, and are subject to discrimination as a transgender person and as a person of color.
Historically, this is in part due to the rejection of an individual by family members at a young age. "The majority of transgender women of color", say Juline A. Koken, David S. Bimbi, and Jeffrey T. Parsons, "experience verbal and physical abuse at the hands of their family members upon disclosing their transgender identity."
As transgender women of color face both gender and racial discrimination, their experiences may be qualitatively different from white transgender women. African-American and Latino families are deeply rooted in religious tradition, which may lead to more socially conservative and rigid ideas about gender roles, homosexuality, and traditionalism, and many transgender women of color state that their parents' negative reactions are largely due to the role religious beliefs play on their lives. In addition, parents also worry that their children will face additional hardships as members of double minorities.
Some of the ways white transgender people have more privilege than those of their non-white counterparts include racialized violence, better pay, better representation and benefits from the mainstream media movement. According to a National Transgender Discrimination survey, the combination of anti-transgender bias and individual racism results in transgender people of color being 6 times more likely to experience physical violence when interacting with the police compared to cisgender White people, two-thirds of LGBT homicide victims being transgender women of color, and a startling 78% attempt suicide. Of the 17 homicides of trans and gender-nonconforming people in 2017 that the project has counted so far, 16 had been people of color; 15 had been transgender women; and 13 had been black transgender women. The NCAVP survey also found that trans survivors were 1.7 times more likely to be the victims of sexual violence than cis-gender survivors. Transgender/non-conforming individuals also reported over four times the national average of HIV infection (0.6% compared to 2.64%, respectively) with rates for transgender women (3.76%) and those who are unemployed (4.67%) even higher. Black transgender people were affected by HIV even more so than these averages; 20.23% of transgender individuals with HIV are black. According to the National Transgender Discrimination Survey, 41% of respondents reported attempting suicide compared to 1.6% of the general population with unemployment, low income, and assault (both sexual and physical) raising the risk factors.
The pure social stigma of being transgender is a root cause for poor health care, which manifests into other areas of transgender people. Social determinants of health, including violence and discrimination, may result in negative personal psychological and physiological effects. The access to proper health care is essential in both the transitioning and resilience. In a study of resilience of transgender people of color, Jay, a 41-year-old FTM POC, stated he “had no place to turn to get help in transition—and worked five jobs trying to save money for surgery that [he] never knew if [he] would be able to afford.” Another key factor to the resilience to opposition of transgender POC involved having a strong sense of pride in both ethnic and gender identities. Developing this sense of pride can be a process, which involves overcoming barriers such as transphobia and racism. However, once these barriers are in fact crossed, transgender POC can start to see themselves in a better light and use their inner strength and confidence to be more persistent, optimistic, and positivity-oriented.
In recent years, there have been several housing crises among transgender people, especially transgender people of color. According to a 2016 Gallup poll, 10.052 million people in the United States identify as lesbian, gay, or transgender, and millennials, or those born between 1980 and 1998, drive virtually all of all of the increases overall LGBT self-identification. As the millennial generation has entered the college age, trans individuals have seen difficulty in securing basic housing rights and needs. There is a definite predominance of sex-segregated bathrooms, locker rooms, and housing where transgender people regularly are denied access, and are harassed and challenged for their gender identity.] Most of the time, they are forced to “pick” a gender, even though they do not necessarily identify with it. Most universities operate on the premise that gender is binary and static, and this can be especially problematic with either poorer transgender individuals or transgender people of color, since 55% of college students in the United States are white and the average income for families with college students is $74,000 – 60% higher than the national average of $46,326.
Poverty
Black transgender people live in extreme poverty with 34% reporting a household income of less than $10,000 a year, which is more than twice the rate for transgender people of all races (15%), four times the black population (9%), and eight times the U.S. population (4%). Transgender people of color are more likely to be poor, be homeless, or lack a college degree. Multiple factors pile up on each other that force many transgender people of color to be homeless; for instance, many individuals are involved in abusive relationships or live in crime-ridden neighborhoods because of the difficulty finding employment as a transgender person and/or experiencing job loss due to transphobia in the work place. Those with greater socioeconomic status might use their social connections to advocate for access to appropriate housing for transgender students in ways that are not possible for most lower-income families; one proposal comes from the Administration for Children and Families, which issued the largest-ever LGBT focused federal grant to develop a model program to support LGBT foster youth and prevent them from being homeless.
Intersectionality
Trans communities also experience problems with intersectionality when it comes to traditional male and female gender roles. The experiences trans men face are vastly different than those of trans women; trans men who were raised as female were treated differently as soon as they came out as male. They gained professional experience, but lost intimacy; exuded authority, but caused fear. Cultural sexism is often more visible to trans men because it is easier to be “low-disclosure” than trans women. They are usually not recognized as trans, which is known as passing, and it avoids transphobia and discrimination by others. “Women’s appearances get more attention,” says Julia Serano, a transgender activist, “and women’s actions are commented on and critiqued more than men, so [it] just makes sense that people will focus more on trans women than trans men.”
The focus of the realms of trans visibility in pop culture and trans organizations has mostly been on white people, especially with Caitlyn Jenner joining the trans community.
Organizations
International organizations such as GATE, and World Professional Association for Transgender Health (WPATH) work specifically towards transgender rights. Other national level organizations also work for transgender rights, such as: in the United States, the National Center for Transgender Equality (NCTE), GenderPAC, Sylvia Rivera Law Project, the Transgender Law Center, and in the U.K., The Gender Trust, Trans Media Watch, and Press for Change.
Religions
Reform Judaism
In 2015, the American Union for Reform Judaism (URJ) adopted a Resolution on the Rights of Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming People, urging clergy and synagogue attendants to actively promote tolerance and inclusion of such individuals.
In popular culture
Major events
Carey Purcell states that these moments have been key to bringing awareness to the transgender movement and fight for transgender rights.
Renée Richards sues the US Open to play as a woman after sex reassignment surgery, 1976
Paris is Burning is released depicting the lives of Latino, African-American, gay and transgender communities and drag ball competitions in New York, 1991
Boys Don't Cry wins acclaim and Oscar, 1999
Alexis Arquette appears on The Surreal Life, 2006
Candis Cayne appears on Dirty Sexy Money, 2007
Isis King is the first trans model on America's Next Top Model, 2008
Chaz Bono announces he will be transitioning from female to male, 2009
Kye Allums is the first openly transgender NCAA athlete, 2010
Miss Universe allows transgender women to compete, 2012
Laverne Cox is the first transgender person to appear on Time magazine, 2014
Transparent wins a Golden Globe, 2015
Caitlyn Jenner interviews with Diane Sawyer, shedding light on her transition experience, 2015
Jazz Jennings is the youngest transgender person to become a pop culture icon, first interviewed by Barbra Walters at the age of six, 2017
Representation in media
Representation in pop culture has major effects on both the transgender and cisgender communities. Elizabeth Tisdell and Patricia Thompson conducted a study on the effects of representation in the media on teachers and its effect on the way they teach in the classroom. This study found that when teachers had been exposed to programming that featured diverse characters in a positive light, teachers were more open to teaching their students in a more open, accepting way. In this study, the authors found that media reinforces the values of the dominant culture, and is one of the most powerful ways to informally educate people. Tisdell and Thompson state that this representation is a way in which people construct ideas of themselves and others, and that more representation lends legitimacy to identities and movements such as the transgender movement.
In a separate study, GLAAD looked at the representation of transgender characters in the media over the last ten years. After examining many different episodes and storylines, GLAAD found that transgender characters were cast in a “victim” role in 40% of the catalogued episodes, and were cast as killers or victims in 21% of the episodes. They also found that the most common profession of transgender characters in the episodes was sex workers, seen in about 20% of the episodes. In addition to the representation of transgender characters, the authors found that anti-transgender slurs, language, and dialogue were present in at least 61% of the episodes.
Activists within the transgender rights movement argue that representation such as these set the movement back in gaining understanding within mainstream society. Jayce Montgomery is a trans man who argues that these types of representation “always displaying [transgender people] in the stereotypical way. You know, “masculine,” [or] this is the man/this is the woman role. And not really delving into their background and what they actually go through.” In the same conversation, Stacey Rice goes on in the same conversation with Bitch Media to make the point that well known transgender celebrities are not representative of the general transgender community’s experiences. Rice then goes on to say that while these celebrities are not representative of the average transgender person's experience, the visibility they bring to the transgender rights movement does nothing but help the cause.
Personalities
Many celebrities have spoken out in support of transgender rights and often in conjunction with overall support for the LGBTQ community. Numerous celebrities voice such support for the Human Rights Campaign, including Archie Panjabi, Lance Bass, Tituss Burgess, Chelsea Clinton, George Clooney, Tim Cook, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Sally Field, Lady Gaga, Whoopi Goldberg, Anne Hathaway, Jennifer Hudson, Caitlyn Jenner, Jazz Jennings, Elton John, Cyndi Lauper, Jennifer Lopez, Demi Lovato, Natasha Lyonne, Ellen Page, Brad Pitt, Geena Rocero, Bruce Springsteen, Jeffrey Tambor, Charlize Theron, Miley Cyrus, and Lana Wachowski.
Magnus Hirschfeld, a German physician and outspoken advocate for sexual minorities, probably did more than anyone else for half a century to support transgender people and their rights to live a normal life in their identity.
In the same vein, Harry Benjamin German-American sexologist, author of The Transsexual Phenomenon was a supporter of transgender rights and helped establish the medical procedures and Standards of Care for transgender persons in the United States.
Laverne Cox
Orange Is the New Black actress Laverne Cox has been particularly outspoken about the importance of transgender rights. Being transgender herself, Cox has experienced firsthand the issues that surround those who are transgender and often uses her own story to promote the movement for transgender rights. She sees her fame as an opportunity to bring awareness to causes that matter and that her unique position legitimizes the transgender rights movement. Particularly, she believes that transgender individuals have been historically overlooked and sidelined not just socially, but in the fight for civil rights as well. Cox acknowledges the progress that has been made for Gay rights, but that it is important to focus on transgender rights separately, seeing as it has historically been grouped together with other causes and used as an umbrella term. In 2014, Glamour magazine named Cox Woman of the Year in recognition of her activism.
Caitlyn Jenner
In April 2015, Olympic gold medalist and reality TV star Caitlyn Jenner came out as transgender. The news had been speculated for months leading up to the announcement, but still shocked the public and received considerable attention. Jenner expressed the desire to transition and to be known as Caitlyn Jenner and introduced herself for the first time on the cover of Vanity Fair. Jenner's transition has been documented by the short-lived reality television series titled I am Cait. Jenner was determined to make a difference and bring awareness to transgender rights, believing that telling her story can do so. Jenner did increase transgender visibility, however, her commentary and series were criticized for misrepresenting the struggles of the majority the trans community, who are much less privileged than her and face deeper problems.
Janet Mock
Janet Mock is an author, activist, and TV show host who advocates transgender rights, sex workers' rights, and more among marginalized communities. Mock uses storytelling as a way to diminish stigma of marginalized communities. She has authored and edited many works addressing her personal struggles as well as exploring various social issues affecting various communities. Mock acknowledged in an interview that her experience alone does not speak for all in the transgender community, but it can provide a platform for some to reflect upon.
She addressed and encouraged intersectionality and inclusiveness in the feminist movement at the 2017 Women's March.
Notable transgender political figures
Georgina Beyer, former New Zealand politician who was the first openly transgender mayor and the first transgender politician to become member of Parliament in the world.
Aya Kamikawa and Tomoya Hosoda, Japan's first openly transgender politicians.
Amanda Simpson, US Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Operational Energy and the highest ranking openly transgender appointee in the United States.
Shabnam Mausi, the first transgender person in India to be elected for public office.
Jenny Bailey, Cambridge, UK mayor who is also married to a transgender partner.
Jamie Lee Hamilton, the first transgender person who ran for office in Canada.
Kim Coco Iwamoto, Hawaii's Civil Rights Commissioner and former member of the Board of Education.
Micheline Montreuil, Canadian politician, lawyer, and trans rights activist.
Nikki Sinclaire, former member of the European Parliament.
Carla Antonelli, Spanish actress and politician who was the first openly transgender person to participate in Spain's legislature.
Anna Grodzdka, a Polish politician and the first openly transgender person to be elected as a MP in Europe.
Lauren Scott, US LGBTQ activist who ran for Nevada Assembly as a Republican.
Geraldine Roman, the first openly transgender woman to be elected to Congress in the Philippines.
Michelle Suaréz, the first openly transgender woman to be elected to office in Uruguay.
Tamara Adrián, the first openly transgender woman to be elected to office in Venezuela.
Luisa Revilla Urcia, the first openly transgender woman to be elected to office in Uruguay.
Brianna Westbrook, a US democratic socialist politician and Vice Chair of the Arizona Democratic Party.
References
Category:Activism
Category:LGBT history
Category:Transgender culture
Category:Transgender rights | {
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Ironi Nesher F.C.
Ironi Nesher () is an Israeli football club based in Nesher. They are currently in Liga Leumit and play home matches at the Nesher Stadium.
History
The club was founded in 2009 as a successor to Hapoel Tel Hanan, which was founded in 1954 and dissolved in 2009. Hapoel Tel Hanan was based in the Tel Hanan neighborhood of Nesher, and spent three seasons in the second tier of Israeli football, first in the 1975–76 season, where they were placed 14th in Liga Alef North division, and later in the new second tier at the time, Liga Artzit, where they were placed 13th in the 1981–82 season, and finished bottom in the following season and relegated to Liga Alef. their last season as Hapoel Tel Hanan was 2008–09, in the Samaria division of Liga Gimel, the lowest tier of Israeli football, where they finished in the eighth place.
The new club, Ironi Nesher, started the following season at the same division in Liga Gimel. Although they finished in the third place, they were eventually promoted to Liga Bet North B division, after one spot was vacated in this league, as Maccabi Beit She'an dissolved.
In the 2013–14 season, the club won Liga Bet North B division, and promoted to Liga Alef.
In the 2014–15 season, the club finished runners-up in Liga Alef North division, and qualified for the Promotion play-offs. After beating Hapoel Migdal HaEmek 4–3 on penalties (after 2–2) in the first round and Hapoel Beit She'an 2–1 in the second round, Ironi Nesher won 1–0 against the Liga Alef South play-off winner, Beitar Kfar Saba, and stood 180 minutes away from promotion to Liga Leumit, when they faced the 14th placed in 2014–15 Liga Leumit, Hapoel Nazareth Illit. Ironi Nesher lost 1–5 on aggregate (0–5, 1–0) and remained in Liga Alef.
In the 2015–16 season, the club won Liga Alef North division and promoted to Liga Leumit.
Current squad
As to 13 February 2020
Honours
League
1Achieved by Hapoel Tel Hanan.
External links
Ironi Nesher The Israel Football Association
References
Nesher
Category:Association football clubs established in 2009
Category:2009 establishments in Israel | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Wiwat Thaijaroen
Wiwat Thaijaroen (Thai วิวัฒน์ ไทยเจริญ), is a Thai futsal Winger, and a member of Thailand national futsal team. He plays for Department of Highways Futsal Club in Futsal Thailand League.
References
Wiwat Thaijaroen
Category:1990 births
Category:Living people
Wiwat Thaijaroen
Wiwat Thaijaroen
Category:Southeast Asian Games medalists in futsal
Category:Competitors at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games | {
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The Bailey's Hotel
The Bailey's Hotel, is a historic hotel in the Kensington district of London. The postal address is 140 Gloucester Road, but the main entrance is on Courtfield Road, opposite Gloucester Road tube station. It was established in 1876 and named after its original owner, Sir James Bailey (1840-1910), Member of Parliament.
History
Bailey's Hotel was one of the earliest privately built hotels in London, built between 1874 and 1876 by Aldin and Sons under the command of MP Sir James Bailey. He erected the hotel in an upmarket location so as to attract London’s aristocracy and wealthier inhabitants and to be easily accessible through Gloucester Road tube station. When completed the hotel also included nine stables to host a carriage service from the hotel.
In 1877 Bailey extended Bailey’s Hotel along Courtfield Road and in 1881 replaced the stables with a garden and additional buildings, which today houses the Bombay Brasserie restaurant. In 1883 Bailey installed new bedrooms and built a new elevator and installed electric lights in 1890.
By the 1890s Bailey's Hotel was one of the more successful hotels in London with over 300 rooms, and was popular with international guests. An American tourist guide published in 1891 mentioned the "cosy, homelike atmosphere, which is enhanced by the rich and substantial surroundings" (all for $1 a night at the time). Sultan Abu Bakar of Johor spent his last days in bed at the hotel before dying of pneumonia on 4 June 1895. At the peak of its success, Bailey sold the hotel to Spiers & Pond Limited in 1894, but remained as Managing Director for several years, as he was elected a Member of Parliament for Walworth, Newington, and was knighted in 1905.
By 1914 Bailey's Hotel faced stiff competition, with some fourteen hotels in eighteen buildings in close proximity. It survived, though, and during World War II was hit by an incendiary bomb, causing a major fire and damage, and again on 8 March 1941. A further fire broke out in the staff quarters in 1945, damaging the ceilings and floorboards, which meant the building had to be evacuated at a time when it was being used as a provisional hospital.
It wasn't until 1952-54 that the hotel was renovated, and new bathrooms were added in 1954 and a new bar in 1958. However, the hotel had significantly fallen from grace and was not the elegant, upmarket hotel it had been, and it changed ownership many times. The Royal Borough of Kensington
and Chelsea protected the hotel from being demolished in the 1970s and 1980s because of its historical value. In the 1970s a room in the hotel cost just $12 a night, compared to $110 today. The hotel was completely restored in 1988 and purchased from the Taj Group by Securum Hotel Holdings in 1992, and by City Developments Limited (CDL) in July 1994. It is now operated by Millennium & Copthorne Hotels.
Architecture
Exterior
The building retains its elegant Victorian appearance. The name of the hotel, Bailey's Hotel, is written in gold lettering above a central porch. Above the name are five royal flags of Great Britain.
Interior
In 1996 it underwent renovation but today the hotel retains many of its Victorian furnishings, including the period fireplaces and grand, spiralling main staircase.
The hotel is 5 floors in height and contains 212 rooms.
The main restaurant is the Bombay Brasserie, which serves Indian cuisine typical of the British Raj and Olive's Restaurant, a stylish Victorian restaurant that serves continental and full English breakfasts. The main bar is called Olives Bar.
References
External links
Official site
Category:Hotels in London
Category:Hotels established in 1876
Category:Buildings and structures in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
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Me and My Brother
Me and My Brother may refer to:
Me & My Brother, the third studio album by the rap duo Ying Yang Twins
Me and My Brother (film), a 1969 independent film which was Christopher Walken's film debut | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Yuna Taira
is a Japanese actress.
Biography
Taira was born in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, and grew up in Akashi, Hyōgo.
. Taira was in the sixth grade at elementary school when her mother and grandmother applied for her to be in the film I Wish. She passed the audition and debuted as an actress.
In 2011, she made regular appearances in NHK Educational TV's R no Hōsoku.
In 2012, Taira was in Contact Girl Ju Ju Ju from Oha Suta Super Live and released a CD.
In 2015, she starred in the film Kakashi to Racket: Aki to Tamako no Natsuyasumi.
Filmography
TV series
Films
References
External links
Category:Japanese actresses
Category:1998 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Kobe
Category:Actors from Hyōgo Prefecture | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vietnamese Army
The Vietnamese Army may refer to:
The People's Army of Vietnam
The Army of the Republic of Vietnam | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Victor Zaleschuk
Victor J. Zaleschuk, a corporate director, is the Chair of the board of Cameco Corporation. He is the former President and Chief Executive Officer of Nexen Inc. (a publicly traded independent global energy and chemicals company). He currently serves on the board of the following publicly traded companies: Nexen Inc. and Agrium Inc. (a global producer and marketer of agricultural nutrients and industrial products). Mr. Zaleschuk is a chartered accountant and holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University of Saskatchewan.
Notes
Category:Canadian businesspeople
Category:University of Saskatchewan alumni
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people) | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Denmark High School (Georgia)
Denmark High School is a public high school in Forsyth County, Georgia, United States. The school's groundbreaking was on May 25, 2016, and construction was completed in July 2018. Denmark was opened with the main purpose of relieving the issue of overcrowded schools in South Forsyth High School and West Forsyth High School., with whom it holds current rivalries. It is named after the late Leila Daughtry Denmark (1898–2012), who was one of the first female pediatricians in Georgia and retired in 2001 at the age of 103. The school opened with an initial enrollment of 1,300 students, and only served grades 9-11 in its inaugural year. As of the 2019-2020 school year, its enrollment figures currently stand at 1,900. It is the largest public high school in Georgia, with a size of 110 acres.
Denmark Cluster
Denmark High School is associated with the following schools in the Forsyth County Schools System.
DeSana Middle
Piney Grove Middle
Big Creek Elementary
Brandywine Elementary
Brookwood Elementary
Midway Elementary
Shiloh Point Elementary
References
Category:Public high schools in Georgia (U.S. state)
Category:Schools in Forsyth County, Georgia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
John Joe Nevin
John Joseph "John Joe" Nevin (born 7 June 1988), is an Irish professional boxer. He is a two-time Olympian, and a London 2012 silver medalist.
Early life
John Joseph Nevin was born in Mullingar, County Westmeath, and is a member of the Traveller community. He attended Scoil Mhuire CBS primary school in the town.
Amateur career
2008 | Olympic Games Qualifying Tournament
Nevin qualified for the 2008 Beijing Olympics by winning the first Olympic Qualifying Tournament in Italy.
2008 | European Union Amateur Championships
Nevin won the 2008 EU Amateur Championships in Cetniewo, Poland.
2008 | Olympic Games
At just 18 years of age, Nevin competed in Beijing at his first Summer Olympics. He beat Abdelhalim Ourradi 9–4 in his first round before being beaten by Badar-Uugan Enkhbatyn 9–2 in the round of 16. Enkhbatyn went on to win gold in the final.
2009 | World Amateur Championships
On 9 September 2009, Nevin guaranteed Ireland a historic sixth medal at the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships after he beat China's Yu Gu in Milan. He won his quarter-final 7–5.
In the semi-final he lost by 5–4 to Russian Eduard Abzalimov, and so took away a bronze medal.
2011 | World Amateur Championships
At the 2011 World Boxing Championships in Baku, Azerbaijan, Nevin reached the semi-finals after beating Orzubek Shaymov of Uzbekistan 19–17 in the quarter's. Nevin lost to Britain's Luke Campbell in the semi's through a very controversial countback, forcing him to settle for a second World Championship bronze medal. This however was more than enough to qualify Nevin for the 2012 London Olympics.
2012 | Olympic Games
Nevin won his first fight in London, defeating Denmark's Dennis Ceylan by a wide margin of 21–6. In his second fight of the games he saw off Kazakhstan's Kanat Abutalipov by a margin of 15–10. In his quarter-final bout he beat Oscar Valdez to secure a semi-final place and the guarantee of at least a bronze medal.
He reached the final after defeating the reigning bantamweight world champion Lázaro Álvarez of Cuba, 19–14. In the final however, Nevin lost 14–11 to Britain's Luke Campbell, winning a silver medal in the process. Nevin reportedly said that he wants his legacy from the Games to be "a closer relationship between Travellers and the settled community."
2013: European Amateur Championships
In June 2013 he won a gold medal at the 2013 European Amateur Boxing Championships in the Bantamweight division.
National Titles
In 2012, Nevin won his fifth straight national senior title, incidentally beating his cousin Michael Nevin 23-3 in the final. Nevin was unable to defend his national title in 2013 because he injured his wrist while sparring in the high performance, the title was taken by Declan Geraghty from Crumlin boxing club. That didn't stop the Irish Amateur Boxing Association from picking Nevin as their #1 choice for the 2013 European Boxing Championships being held in Minsk later that year.
Professional career
Having announced the previous year that he planned on turning professional, Nevin finally did so in 2013.
Speaking on 22 October, he said "This is the next step for me. I've done everything I wanted to do in the amateur business, if I could change the colour of the Olympic medal I would but that's done and now it's time to move on and hopefully bring back a world title to Ireland." Nevin signed a management deal with a business sports partnership that includes GreenBlood Boxing from Philadelphia and Berkley Sports & Media from London.
Nevin made his professional debut in a super featherweight bout on 17 March 2014 against Alberto Candelaria, winning by unanimous decision.
Personal life
He is married with two children.
Controversy
Nevin has frequently attracted controversy through his involvement in several high profile public order incidents. In 2013, Nevin was arrested and charged following a drunken altercation with his father in a public street in Mullingar.
In 2015, Nevin was barred from every public house in his home town of Mullingar by court order, following a violent fracas.
Professional boxing record
References
External links
World Juniors 2006 at amateur-boxing.strefa.pl
First qualifier at amateur-boxing.strefa.pl
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Category:Bantamweight boxers
Category:Boxers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Category:Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Irish male boxers
Category:Irish Traveller sportspeople
Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Category:Olympic boxers of Ireland
Category:Olympic medalists in boxing
Category:Olympic silver medalists for Ireland
Category:People from Mullingar
Category:Sportspeople from County Westmeath
Category:21st-century Irish people | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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