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Martin Babic
Martin Babic (born 27 July 1982) is a Slovak football midfielder who currently plays for the Slovak Corgoň Liga club FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce.
References
External links
FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce profile
Category:1982 births
Category:Living people
Category:Sportspeople from Trnava
Category:Slovak footballers
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:FC Nitra players
Category:FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce players
Category:FK Senica players
Category:Slovak Super Liga players | {
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Taekjip Ha
Taekjip Ha (born February 20, 1968, Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean-born American biophysicist who is currently a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. He was previously the Gutgsell Professor of Physics, at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign where he was the principal investigator of Single Molecule Nanometry group. He is also a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator.
Education
He received a B.S. degree in physics at Seoul National University in 1990, and joined the physics department at University of California, Berkeley where he began to study atomic physics in the lab of Raymond Jeanloz in Berkeley's geophysics department. He worked on a project to place nitrogen and carbon under very high pressures, with the goal to create a material harder than diamonds. During this time, he had to take a temporary leave of absence from Berkeley to South Korea for a year to fulfill South Korea's military service requirements. Upon his return, Ha changed his research interests and joined the lab of Daniel Chemla, a prominent scientist known for his studies of quantum optics of semiconductors. Soon after joining Chemla's group, Ha began working closely with scientist Shimon Weiss to build a near-field scanning optical microscope, a machine equipped with a small aperture and a short-pulse laser able to measure a material's properties with high time and spatial resolution. He subsequently received both his M.A. and Ph.D. at Berkeley and completed postdoctoral research at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Stanford University with advisor Steven Chu. He was appointed to the faculty of the University of Illinois in 2000 as assistant professor in the Department of Physics and Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology.
In July 2015, it was announced that Ha would move to Johns Hopkins University as a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor. The Bloomberg Distinguished Professorship program was established in 2013, by a gift from Michael Bloomberg to recruit faculty with considerable accomplishments as interdisciplinary researchers and in excellence in teaching. Ha holds joint appointments in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine's department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences’s Department of Biophysics, the Whiting School of Engineering’s Department of Biomedical Engineering. Through the Bloomberg Distinguished Professorship, Ha will be teaching a new undergraduate interdisciplinary biophysics course and will be engaged in the university's Individualized Health Initiative.
Honors and Distinctions
Ha has been recognized internationally for his pioneering work in biophysics. In 2001, he was named a Searle Scholar, recognizing him as an "exceptional young scientist." The following year, he received a National Science Foundation CAREER Award and a Fluorescence Young Investigator Award from the Biophysical Society. In 2003, he was named a Cottrell Scholar for his "high-quality research" and "dedication to the task of teaching undergraduates" and an Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow for "outstanding promise." In 2005, Ha was elected to the American Physical Society and was named an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute in the scientific disciplines of Biophysics and Structural Biology, a position he continues to hold today. He received the Michael and Kate Bárány Award of the Biophysical Society in 2007 for "his development and application of novel single molecule physical methods and techniques, and for his ground-breaking discoveries in the single molecule research field." In 2011, Ha won the Ho-Am Prize in Science for his "pioneering application of fluorescence resonance energy transfer techniques to reveal the behavior and physical characteristics of single biomolecules"; this prize is "widely regarded as the Korean equivalent of the Nobel Prizes." He was named the 2012 Scientist of the Year by the Korean-American Scientists and Engineers Association (KSEA) and Korean Federation of Science and Technology Societies (KOFST).
In 2015, Taekjip Ha was elected to both the National Academy of Sciences and American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
Research
Taekjip Ha uses sophisticated physical techniques to manipulate and visualize the movements of single molecules to understand basic biological processes involving DNA and other molecules. He applies the use of single-molecule techniques and has pioneered several techniques in studying biological systems usually supported by nano-mechanical tools such as optical tweezers. He has been cited more than 18000 times and his current H index is 64.
See also
James D. Watson
Vijay Pande
Steven Block
Arthur Ashkin
Julio M. Fernandez
Alan Fersht
Stephen D. Levene
W. E. Moerner
Paul Lauterbur
List of biophysicists
References
Category:1968 births
Category:Living people
Category:People from Seoul
Category:Biophysicists
Category:Howard Hughes Medical Investigators
Category:Recipients of the Ho-Am Prize in Science
Category:Johns Hopkins Biomedical Engineering faculty | {
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Horton, Dorset
Horton is a village in East Dorset, England, situated on the boundary between the chalk downland of Cranborne Chase and the Dorset Heaths, and ten miles north of Poole. The village has a population of 515 (2001).
Overview
The name Horton is a common one in England. It derives from Old English horu 'dirt' and tūn 'settlement, farm, estate', presumably meaning 'farm on muddy soil'. The earliest reference to the one in Dorset is in a charter of 946 (albeit surviving only in a fourteenth-century copy), which mentions 'oþ hore tuninge gemære' ('to the boundary of the people of Horton').
The village has two unusual buildings: the Horton Tower, a five storey gothic red brick observatory designed by Humphrey Sturt whose principal purpose now, is that of a disguised mobile phone mast for operator Vodaphone., and the 18th century Georgian church of St Wolfrida, built on the site of the tenth century Horton Priory. Wolfrida was the mother of Saint Edith of Wilton.
Horton is claimed as the location where James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, was captured after the failed Monmouth Rebellion. Monmouth hid in a ditch under an ash tree disguised as a shepherd but was betrayed by a local woman who, according to legend, later killed herself in remorse.
The village once had a manor house but this was superseded by Crichel House, a nearby stately home, and the manor house decayed and was pulled down. The stables, now converted into the rectory, and a large ornamental lake, remain. The nearby hamlet of Wigbeth was home of the botanist Emile Campbell-Browne (1830–1925) from about 1870 until his death, cited as due to decrepitude, in 1925.He is however buried in the graveyard of All Hallows (now in the parish of Wimborne St Giles) due to a dispute with the then vicar over the proposed moving of the pulpit.
Horton church is the burial place of Sir George Hastings.
See also
Horton Priory
References
Bibliography
Pitt-Rivers, Michael, 1968. Dorset. London: Faber & Faber.
External links
Census data
The Dorset Page: Horton
Horton, St Wolfrida: Britain Express
Our Benefice: Horton
Category:Villages in Dorset
Category:Civil parishes in Dorset | {
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Crystal goby
Crystallogobius linearis, the crystal goby, is a species of goby native to the Atlantic coasts of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea where it can be found at depths of from . Males of this species grow to a length of SL while females only reach SL. This species is the only known member of its genus. The name Crystallogobius comes from the Latin words cristallum, meaning "crystal", and gobius, meaning gudgeon.
Distribution
Crystal gobies can be found in the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Europe from Norway down to Spain, and even off the mainland on Madeira, Portugal. Additionally, they can be found throughout the Mediterranean off the coast of Europe from Spain to Turkey. They live on the coast and just offshore in water no deeper than 400 meters.
Description
The Crystal goby gets its name from the glassy, see-through appearance of its body. It was first described by Düben and Koren in 1846. Crystal goby males' first dorsal fins are reduced and they exhibit large caniniform teeth. On the other hand, females do not have dorsal fins. Neither males nor females have scales. Crystal gobies have swimbladders and their alimentary canals are rather short and straight. There is sexual dimorphism in this species due to males growing up to 4.7 cm (1.9 in) and females growing up to 3.9 cm (1.5 in). They only live about 1 year as they die after breeding. Additionally, they have 2-3 dorsal spines, 18-20 dorsal soft rays, 1 anal spine, and 20-21 anal soft rays.
Fishing
There is not much data suggesting that this species is fished very much, which most likely has to do with its relatively small size compared to other fished species. However, there is data that shows they were fished in the Ligurian Sea by artisanal fishers using beach-seines from Camogli and Sestri Levante in Italy. Additionally, there is evidence of Crystal gobies being sold in Barcelona, Spain. Although they are caught and sold, they seem to be by-catch and therefore not targeted by the fishing industry.
Reproduction
Crystal gobies are an "annual" species which means that they die after reproducing. The eggs are demersal and can be found in the tubes of polychaetes and serpulids. It has been suggested that spawning occurs between May and September, with the Northeastern Atlantic Crystal gobies spawning before the Mediterranean ones. Crystal gobies are unique because the females can be sexually mature at only 4 months, which is relatively fast for gobies. They are able to reproduce at small body sizes with some larval anatomical features still present. The fact that this species reproduces so young and with some larval features may explain their anatomy.
References
Category:Gobiidae
Category:Monotypic fish genera
Category:Fish described in 1845 | {
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Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program
The Carl Moyer Memorial Air Quality Standards Attainment Program (Carl Moyer Program) is a State of California engine retrofit and replacement program implemented through the cooperative efforts of local air districts such as the Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) and the California Air Resources Board (ARB). The BAAQMD's Carl Moyer Program is managed by the Air District's Strategic Incentives Division (SID). The program provides grant funding to encourage the voluntary purchase of cleaner-than-required engines, equipment, and emission reduction technologies in an effort to rapidly reduce air pollution. While regulations continue to be the primary means to reduce air pollution emissions, the Carl Moyer Program plays a complementary role to California’s regulatory program by funding emission reductions that are surplus, that is, early and/or in excess of what is required by regulation.
Objectives
The Bay Area Air Quality Management District (BAAQMD) utilizes the Carl Moyer Program to reduce air pollution, especially criteria air pollutants such as airborne particulate matter, ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and lead, in impacted communities in the San Francisco Bay Area. The program provides financial incentives for equipment and vehicle owners to replace or retrofit high polluting engines and equipment. Highly impacted communities are generally economically disadvantaged residential areas located close to industrialized areas with large populations of young children and the elderly. Residents of communities highly impacted by pollution are at higher risk of pollution-related health problems. As an added benefit, the program stimulates the local economy by providing more jobs for engine repair shops and helps businesses by offering incentives for maintenance they would have to implement eventually.
Administration
The ARB annually allocates funds to participating local air districts who implement the program for that program cycle (CMP Year). The Bay Area Air Quality Management District's Strategic Incentives Division administers the program in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Program results
The BAAQMD has funded emission reduction projects through the Carl Moyer Program for 11 years and is entering into Year 12 in spring of 2010. In 2008, the Air District upgraded 360 heavy-duty diesel engines, with 90% of funds awarded to projects in San Francisco Bay Area impacted communities. Estimated lifetime emissions reduction for the projects funded were 113 tons of reactive organic gases (ROG), 1,133 tons of nitrogen oxide (NO), and 45 tons of particulate matter (PM) for a total reduction of 1,291 tons. In 2007, the Air District upgraded 300 heavy-duty diesel engines, with 67% of funds awarded to projects in San Francisco Bay Area impacted communities. Estimated lifetime emissions reduction for the projects funded were 1,225 tons of reactive organic gases (ROG), 9,700 tons of nitrogen oxide (NO), and 410 tons of particulate matter (PM) for a total reduction of 11,335 tons.
On a state level, over its first six years, the Carl Moyer Program cleaned up approximately 6,300 engines, reduced nitrogen oxide emissions by over 18 tons per day, and reduced particulate matter emissions by one ton per day. During this same period it is estimated that the program helped to reduce lost workdays by 17,000 and prevented 2,800 asthma attacks and 100 premature deaths. These and other avoided health and welfare impacts have an estimated mean economic valuation of $790 million.
The grant process
The Bay Area Air Quality Management District awards Carl Moyer Program funds on a first-come, first-served basis to applicants with completed applications. Projects over $100,000 go to the Air District’s Mobile Source Committee for approval, while projects under $100,000 are approved by an Air Pollution Control Officer. Projects are weighted based on emissions reductions.
Once the applicant is awarded funding, they must take part in a pre-project inspection. All existing engines funded must be in working condition at the time of the award. Once the inspection is complete, Strategic Incentives Division staff sends the applicant the grant agreement for review and signature. When fully executed, the grantee can order the engine or equipment and the project can begin.
Eligible projects
The Bay Area Air Quality Management District’s Carl Moyer Program provides grants to public and private entities to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides, reactive organic gases and particulate matter from existing heavy-duty engines by repowering, retrofitting, or replacing them. The Carl Moyer Program can be used for engine repower and retrofit projects and components of the program such as the Off-Road Equipment Replacement Program (ERP) and the Voucher Incentive Program (VIP) can be used for equipment replacement projects.
Engine repowering is when an existing engine is replaced with a new one. The time it takes to repower an engine varies depending on the size and application of the engine. An engine retrofit is when new components, such as catalysts or filters, are added to an existing engine. Engine retrofits typically take a few hours, after which the engine can immediately be put to use. Equipment Replacement projects consist of replacing the entire unit (chassis and engine) with a new, cleaner piece of equipment.
The Carl Moyer Program provides funding to five categories of heavy-duty diesel engines:
Agricultural Vehicles and Equipment - Project examples: repower and or retrofit irrigation pumps.
Locomotives - Project examples: alternative switchers, idle limiting device, remanufactured engines, and repower and/or retrofit.
Marine Vehicles and Equipment - Project examples: repower and/or retrofit commercial vessels, new vessel purchase and cold ironing oceangoing vessels.
Off-road Vehicles and Equipment - Project examples: repower, retrofit and replace tractors and other agricultural equipment, construction equipment, airport ground support equipment, forklifts.
On-road Vehicles and Equipment - Project examples: repower, retrofit or replace heavy-duty trucks, and buses.
There are three forms of funding an applicant may receive under the Carl Moyer Program:
Up to 100% of the retrofit costs—including installation (installing particle traps or diesel oxidation catalysts)
Up to 85% of repower costs, including installation. Repowering is the replacement of the in-use engine with a new engine.
Up to 25% of new vehicle or equipment purchases that are cleaner than the law requires
Up to 85% of the new equipment (Off-Road category only)
Up to $45,000 for a new heavy duty diesel truck On-Road Voucher Incentive Program
Budget
The Bay Area Air Quality Management District receives funding from the California Air Resources Board each fiscal year to implement the Carl Moyer Program. In the Carl Moyer Program’s first seven years, from 1998 to 2004, the State of California provided a total of $170 million through annual legislative allocations. Legislative changes in 2004 made provisions to grant the Carl Moyer Program $141 million every year through 2015. Annually, the Air District is awarded a portion of these funds to administer to Bay Area applicants.
The Carl Moyer Program is funded by California Smog Check fees and new tire purchase fees. The State collects and deposits into the Air Pollution Control Fund $6.00 (as of January, 2010) of the motor vehicle smog check fee to implement the Carl Moyer Program “to the extent that…the moneys are expended to mitigate or remediate the harm caused by the type of motor vehicle on which the fee is imposed”. The State also collects a $1.75 fee (as of January, 2010)on each new tire purchase for the Program.
Assembly Bill 1390 requires that air districts across the state with greater than one million inhabitants allocate at least 50% of their Carl Moyer funding in a manner that directly benefits low-income communities and communities of color that are disproportionately affected by air pollution. The Bay Area Air Quality Management District continues to place additional emphasis on funding projects that reduce emissions in its six highest impacted areas within its jurisdiction.
Additionally, Mobile Source Incentive Funds are derived from Assembly Bill 923 (AB923), authorizes Air Districts located within a non-attainment area for any pollutant to impose a surcharge of up to $2.00 on the registration fee of motor vehicles registered in its district in order to pay for Carl Moyer-like projects and other emission reduction programs. The State collects these funds and passes them through directly to the respective Air District.
On December 21, 2004, the Air District's Board of Directors adopted Resolution 2004-16 to increase the surcharge on vehicles registered within the District boundaries from $4.00 to $6.00 per vehicle. The Department of Motor Vehicles began to collect the increased surcharge in May 2005. The revenues from the additional $2.00 surcharge are deposited in the District’s Mobile Source Incentive Fund.
BAAQMD Carl Moyer program history
1998 – Carl Moyer Program is established. The program receives $25 million in funding. The Bay Area Air Quality Management District begins funding engine upgrades in the San Francisco Bay Area.
1999 – California Air Resources Board adopts the first set of Carl Moyer Program Guidelines and enacts legislation to formally establish the statutory framework for the program.
2001 – New legislation requires local districts with populations of over one million to expend 50% of the program funds for projects that operate or are based in environmental justice areas.
2004 – Funding is increased to $141 million per year and continued by new legislation. The program is expanded to include light-duty vehicle projects, agricultural sources of air pollution, and diesel truck pollution.
2005 – Program guidelines are expanded to include off-road projects and zero-emission technologies.
2006 – Air districts are allowed to increase administrative expenditures from 2% of program funds to 5% for air districts with more than 1 million inhabitants and to 10% for those with less than 1 million inhabitants.
2007 - Air District upgrades 300 heavy-duty diesel engines, which reduces emissions by 11,335 tons.
2008 – Program guidelines are revised for the fifth time. The Air District upgrades 360 diesel engines and reduces emissions by 1,291 tons.
Impacted communities
The Bay Area Air Quality Management District Community Air Risk Evaluation (CARE) Program was initiated in 2004 to evaluate and reduce health risks associated with exposures to outdoor Toxic Air Contaminants (TAC’s) in the Bay Area. The program examines TAC emissions with an emphasis on diesel exhaust, which is a major contributor to airborne health risk in California.
The CARE Program found that on-road vehicles contribute 34% of cancer toxicity-weighted emissions in the Bay Area. Further, it found that certain areas, which tend to be low-income areas near transportation corridors, bear a much greater health risk that others, and designated these as Priority Communities.
See also
Air pollution in California
California Air Resources Board
List of California Air Districts
Environment of California
References
External links
ARB.ca.gov: official California Air Resources Board, Carl Moyer Memorial Air Standards Attainment Program website
Category:Air pollution in California
¤ | {
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People's Republic of Korea
The People's Republic of Korea (PRK) was a short-lived provisional government that was organized at the time of the surrender of the Empire of Japan at the end of World War II. It was proclaimed on September 12, 1945, as Korea was being divided into two occupation zones, with the Soviet Union occupying the north, and the United States occupying the south. Based on a network of people's committees, it presented a program of radical social change. In the south, the US military government outlawed the PRK on December 12, 1945, while in the north, the Soviet authorities co-opted the committees into the structure of the emerging Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea).
History
Establishment
The Imperial Japanese authorities requested that a government be established to ensure the safety of their persons and property after the occupation ended. Under the leadership of Lyuh Woon-Hyung, the newly formed Committee for the Preparation of Korean Independence (CPKI) organized people's committees throughout the country to coordinate the transition to independence. On August 28, 1945 the CPKI announced that it would function as the temporary national government of Korea. On September 12, CPKI activists met in Seoul and established the PRK.
Program
The program of the PRK was presented in its September 14 twenty-seven point program. The program included: "the confiscation without compensation of lands held by the Japanese and collaborators; free distribution of that land to the peasants; rent limits on the nonredistributed land; nationalization of such major industries as mining, transportation, banking, and communication; state supervision of small and mid-sized companies; …guaranteed basic human rights and freedoms, including those of speech, press, assembly, and faith; universal suffrage to adults over the age of eighteen; equality for women; labor law reforms including an eight-hour day, a minimum wage, and prohibition of child labor; and "establishment of close relations with the United States, USSR, England [sic], and China, and positive opposition to any foreign influences interfering with the domestic affairs of the state."
Development in the North
When Soviet troops entered Pyongyang on August 24, 1945, they found a local People's Committee established there, led by veteran Christian nationalist Cho Man-sik. Unlike their American counterparts, the Soviet authorities recognized and worked with the People's Committees By some accounts, Cho Man-sik was the Soviet government's first choice to lead North Korea.
In December 1945, at the Moscow Conference, the Soviet Union agreed to a US proposal for a trusteeship over Korea for up to five years in the lead-up to independence. Most Koreans demanded independence immediately, but Kim and the other Communists supported the trusteeship under pressure from the Soviet government. Cho Man-sik opposed the proposal at a public meeting on January 4, 1946, and disappeared into house arrest. On February 8, 1946, the People's Committees were reorganized as Interim People's Committees dominated by Communists. The new regime instituted popular policies of land redistribution, industry nationalization, labor law reform, and equality for women. Meanwhile, existing Communist groups were reconstituted as the Workers' Party of Korea under Kim Il-sung's leadership.
After the failure of negotiations for unification, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) was proclaimed on September 9, 1948, with Kim Il-sung as premier.
Development in the South
After the American arrival in September 1945, the United States Army Military Government in Korea controlled the peninsula south of the 38th parallel. The military governor Lieutenant-General John R. Hodge refused to recognize the PRK and its People's Committees, and outlawed it on 12 December. He later stated, "one of our missions was to break down this Communist government". On July 19, 1947, Lyuh Woon-hyung was assassinated by a right-wing Korean.
Some local units of the People's Republic remained active in the Jeolla region and especially on Jeju Island, where their presence, together with marauding anti-communist youth gangs, contributed to tensions that discharged in the events known as Jeju uprising of 1948–1949.
Countrywide developments
Early November saw the creation of the National Council of Korean Labor Unions (NCKLU) and its endorsement of PRK and its program. December saw the creation of the National League of Peasant Unions, the Korean Democratic Youth League, and the Women's League, and their support of the PRK.
See also
Index of Korea-related articles
Division of Korea
References
Category:Allied occupation of Korea
Category:1945 in North Korea
Category:1946 in North Korea
Category:1945 in South Korea
Category:1946 in South Korea
Category:Political history of Korea
Korea, People's Republic of
Category:Former polities of the Cold War | {
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Strigoderma pygmaea
Strigoderma pygmaea, the pygmy chafer, is a species of shining leaf chafer in the family of beetles known as Scarabaeidae.
References
Further reading
Category:Rutelinae
Category:Articles created by Qbugbot
Category:Beetles described in 1798 | {
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Joachim Daniel von Jauch
Joachim Daniel von Jauch (22 March 1688 – 3 May 1754) was a German-born architect who supervised the baroque development of Warsaw in Poland.
Early life and work
Joachim Daniel von Jauch was born into the Jauch family in Güstrow, Germany on 22 March 1688 as the youngest of fourteen children. Until 1704 von Jauch undertook military service for the States-General of the Netherlands and served under Kings Augustus II and Augustus III of Poland in the Saxon as well as the Polish armies. He was elevated to Electoral Saxon Lieutenant (1705), Electoral Saxon Captain in the engineer corps (1714), Royal Polish captain in the Royal Polish artillery regiment (1717) and Royal Polish Major and Electoral Saxon Major (both 1720).
Meanwhile, he was also a civilian engineer and baroque architect for the Kings. He was appointed inspector for the street lighting of the City of Dresden in 1705 and authorized representative for Poland of the king in architectural matters (1715).
In 1720 von Jauch married Eva Maria Münnich, said to be the daughter of Burkhard Christoph von Münnich, his predecessor as superintendent of the Saxon building authority.
Architectural career
Joachim Daniel von Jauch was appointed superintendent of the Saxonian building authority in Poland (1721) and the following year bought land in the Solec quarter which was autonomous, and not subject to the City of Warsaw, where he then erected the Palais Jauch. He was commissioned to renovate several castle halls at the Royal Castle, Warsaw (1722–23). Between 1724-1730 he modified the Ujazdow Palace and erected the alley of the Ujazdow Palace in Warsaw. He was responsible for the 1726 rebuilding of the 'Blue Palace' at the Saxon Garden and the design of the hall of the Polish parliament in the Sapieha Palace. In 1727 he prepared a draft for the church of the Boni Fratelli at Warsaw and in 1729 began work to build the Casimirs Barracks in Warsaw. von Jauch was ennobled (1730) after which in 1731 he added a large festival room to his palais at Solec where he received the King.
The golden years of his architectural career were from 1735 on with the erection of the Lubomirski Palace and construction of the chapel of the Saxon Palace (both 1735) the erection of the theater in the royal palace at Warsaw (1736), the building of the crypt for King August II of Poland in the Capuchin Church at Warsaw (1736–1738) leading to his receipt of the title of governor of the Saxonian building authority in Poland (1736). This work was followed by a commission to rebuild the Kazimierzowski Palace to a rococo design with co-architect (1737–39), the 1738 erection of postal buildings (Postpalais) at Dąbrowa and Boguszyce in Poland, on the royal road between Dresden and Warsaw, and in 1745 construction of the portal of the Saxon Palace.
In his parallel military career, he rose to Electoral Saxonian Lieutenant-Colonel (1725), Royal Polish Lieutenant-Colonel (1729) and Royal Polish Colonel (1736).
Joachim Daniel von Jauch died in Warsaw on 3 May 1754. Between 1754 and 1759 the Brühl Palace, Warsaw was rebuilt to designs by von Jauch and .
References
External links
Wiederaufbau des sächsischen Palais in Warschau
Polnisches Biographisches Jahrbuch (Polski Slownik Biograficzny) - Sippschaftstafel, d.h. Übersicht über die in das Polnische Biographische Jahrbuch in eigenen Artikeln aufgenommenen Nachkommen und Verwandten von Joachim Daniel v. Jauch
Nachkommen von Jauchs Tochter Constance (Polish)
Nachkommen von Jauchs Tochter Constance (Nachfahrentafel)
Category:1688 births
Category:1754 deaths
Category:Generals of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Category:German Baroque architects
Category:Polish Baroque architects
Category:Saxon generals
Category:People from Güstrow
Category:Jauch family | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Saint-Christophe-sur-Condé
Saint-Christophe-sur-Condé is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Eure department
References
INSEE
Category:Communes of Eure | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Wayne Mack
Wayne Mack (May 22, 1924 – April 1, 1993) was a broadcast journalist, television entertainer, and sportscaster who served the New Orleans, Louisiana, market from 1958 to 1992.
Early life and education
Mack was born Vernis McGlinn in Pekin, Illinois. He served in the United States military in World War II, after which he worked in a steel mill in Peoria, Illinois. He graduated from the Columbia School of Broadcasting in Chicago, Illinois in 1947. Mack subsequently worked briefly at a variety of radio stations before settling in New Orleans in 1958.
Career as a television personality
Mack was host of 1960s WDSU-TV, Channel 6, New Orleans, Louisiana children's television program that showed the “Three Stooges” shorts. His on-screen persona was the "Great McNutt” and he dressed in movie director's garb, along with a large megaphone. His big line was “Lights, camera, action, start the cotton pickin’ program!” just prior to the start of the short subject.
In the Three Stooges movie, “The Outlaws is Coming”, he played Jesse James. Mack appeared in a total of seven movies, including “The Killer Bees” and “Pretty Baby” (minor roles).
As in most early day television stations, he played several on-screen parts, including co-host of the “Midday" show, an electronic magazine program, as well as sportscasting in the local evening news. Mack also called radio play-by-play of the New Orleans Saints from 1975 to 1981. A flavor for Mack's broadcast style is provided by WDSU-TV, for whom Mack also served as sports director. Additionally, he was at times a broadcaster for Tulane University college football games with fellow sportscaster Bruce Miller. Following Mack's tenure at WDSU-TV, he served as sports director at radio station WGSO-AM, and he was spokesman for French Quarter bar Pat O'Brien's.
Legacy as a sportscaster
Mack, together with fellow New Orleans sportscasters Hap Glaudi and Buddy Diliberto, provided the New Orleans television market with a unique and distinctive repertoire of sports broadcasters. The three New Orleans sportscasters were discussed together by New Orleans journalist Bill Baumgarner. Mack was posthumously named to the Greater New Orleans Broadcasters Hall of Fame. Mack authored a book detailing the early history of the New Orleans Saints professional football team. On July 13, 1993, Mack was also posthumously given the Fleur De Lis Award by the New Orleans Saints and admitted to their team's Hall of Fame.
Mack was married to Mary Lou Schmidt McGlinn and had six daughters. He died from cancer and was cremated in Metairie, Louisiana.
External links
WDSU-TV ON AIR CELEBRITIES
Anecdote about Wayne Mack by WDSU director
The Outlaws are Coming at Kiddiematinee.com
A video of Wayne Mack from the WDSU Midday Show reunion
References
Category:National Football League announcers
Category:New Orleans Saints broadcasters
Category:1924 births
Category:1993 deaths
Category:New Orleans television reporters
Category:People from Pekin, Illinois | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Madreya
Madreya are sons of Madri in Mahabharata. These are the part of five Pandava. Kunti having warmed up to Madri during their exile shares the mantra with her.
Those are:
Nakula - Nakula is the son of Madri and the Ashvins twin Nasatya.
Sahadeva - Sahadeva is the son of Madri and the Ashwin twin Dasra
References
Chakravarti V. Narasimhan; The Mahabharata. Columbia University Press, 1965.
External links
The Mahābhārata of Vyasa, translated from Sanskrit into English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli and published online at sacred-texts.com.
Category:Characters in the Mahabharata
Category:Characters in the Bhagavata Purana | {
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} |
Treachery on the High Seas
Treachery on the High Seas, also known as Not Wanted on Voyage, is a 1936 British comedy crime film directed by Emil E. Reinert and starring Bebe Daniels, Ben Lyon and Charles Farrell. It is based on the play Murder in the Stalls by Maurice Messenger.
Premise
On a luxury liner some jewel thieves plan a major snatch.
Cast
Bebe Daniels - May Hardy
Ben Lyon - Johnny Hammond
Charles Farrell - Logan
Tom Helmore - Edward Brailstone
Hay Petrie - Brainie
Gordon McLeod- Fleming
James Carew - Chief
References
External links
Category:1936 films
Category:British films
Category:1930s crime comedy films
Category:English-language films
Category:British crime comedy films
Category:Films set on ships
Category:British black-and-white films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
2019 Hpakant jade mine collapse
On April 22, 2019, a landslide triggered the collapse of a jade mine near Maw Wun Kalay, Hpakant, Kachin State, Myanmar, trapping at least 54 miners. The deaths of four miners were confirmed, along with the later deaths of two rescue workers.
Collapse
At 11:30pm MMT, a mud-filled pond at a jade mine in Hpakant collapsed. The mud and tailings in the pond buried miners below it in up to 100 feet (30.5 metres) of mud. At the time, the miners were asleep in their residences, which were located below the mine.
Rescue efforts
Rescue efforts were started on April 23, the morning after the collapse. The efforts were coordinated by the local government and welfare organizations. According to Tin Soe, a politician representing the area, removing the mud "could cost millions of dollars." Four bodies were recovered. The search for more miners was cancelled on April 26, after another landslide killed two of the rescue workers.
Reactions
In response to the collapse, the acting UN Resident Coordinator to Myanmar called on the country to implement new safety legislation to protect mine workers. The natural resource minister of Kachin said that he would take action against mining companies involved in the incident, and said that he wanted mining companies to work to improve the safety of their mines. The Myanmar central government suspended operations in seventeen mine blocks in Hapakant, affecting eleven companies.
See also
Hpakant jade mine disaster
Jade trade in Myanmar
References
Category:2019 mining disasters
Hpakant
Category:Landslides in Myanmar | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gotfryd Gremlowski
Gotfryd Gremlowski (5 November 1931 – 10 November 1987) was a Polish swimmer. He competed in three events at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1931 births
Category:1987 deaths
Category:Polish male swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Poland
Category:Swimmers at the 1952 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Świętochłowice | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lagnajita Chakraborty
Lagnajita Chakraborty (), born in a Bengali family in Kolkata, India, is an Indian playback singer.
Lagnajita Chakraborty is a young Bengali playback singer. She achieved fame with a soulful track in the movie Chotushkone called "Basanto Eshe Geche (Female version)". She was a student of Patha Bhavan, Kolkata, Nava Nalanda High School and later St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.She is one of the most youngest singers from Kolkata to make a US musical tour.
Acting
She had a role in a Bengali movie called Jodi Bolo Hyan, along with co-star Sreenanda Shankar. Other members of the cast include Mir, Anirban Bhattacharya, Sayan and Poulomi Basu.
Discography
FILMS :
ALBUMS :
Filmography
Advertisement
Recently she was seen in an advertisement in print with fellow Bengali singer Somlata Acharyya Chowdhury. The advertisement is for Coloroso Sarees, a boutique style saree shop with web presence.
References
External links
http://www.saavn.com/s/artist/lagnajita-chakraborty-albums/do8MvVDfpXc_
https://web.archive.org/web/20170702233758/http://gaana.com/artist/lagnajita-chakrborty
Category:Living people
Category:Indian female film singers
Category:Indian film actresses
Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema
Category:Bengali-language singers
Category:Bengali singers
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Singers from Kolkata
Category:Women musicians from West Bengal
Category:21st-century Indian singers
Category:21st-century Indian women singers | {
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Oecomys rex
Oecomys rex, also known as the regal oecomys or king arboreal rice rat, is a species of rodent in the genus Oecomys of family Cricetidae. It is found in Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and nearby parts of Venezuela and Brazil.
References
Literature cited
Catzeflis, F. and Percequillo, A. 2008. . In IUCN. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2009.2. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Downloaded on December 2, 2009.
Musser, G.G. and Carleton, M.D. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894–1531 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols., 2142 pp.
Category:Oecomys
Category:Mammals described in 1910
Category:Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Fencing at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's épée
The men's épée competition in fencing at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was held on 1 August at the ExCeL Exhibition Centre.
Rubén Limardo of Venezuela won the gold medal — the country's only medal of the 2012 Games. Norway's Bartosz Piasecki won silver and Jung Jin-Sun from South Korea took bronze.
Schedule
All times are British Summer Time (UTC+1)
Results
Finals
Top half
Bottom half
Results
References
Men's epee | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Shoot Down
Shoot Down is a 2006 documentary regarding the events surrounding the Brothers to the Rescue organization and the eventual shootdown of two of its aircraft.
Based on five reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, 80% of the critics enjoyed Shoot Down with an average rating of 7/10.
References
External links
Category:American documentary films
Category:American films
Category:Documentary films about aviation accidents or incidents
Category:Documentary films about Cuba | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Hambantota Refinery
The Hambantota Refinery (also called Greenfield Oil Refinery) is an oil refinery to be developed in Mirijjawila, Hambantota, in the Southern Province of Sri Lanka. The refinery will be built and owned by Singapore's (70%) and Oman's Ministry of Oil and Gas (30%). Silver Park International is an investment vehicle owned by India's Accord Group. It will have a refining capacity of per stream day, ten times the capacity of the Sapugaskanda Refinery, the country's only other refinery which was built in 1969 by Iran.
At a cost of , the refinery development is the single largest foreign direct investment in Sri Lanka's history. Construction of the first phase will commence on 24 March at a groundbreaking ceremony in the Mirijjawila Export Processing Zone, with Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe attending as chief guest, with the project slated for completion in 44 months.
The entire output from the refinery will be exported, generating an estimated annual revenue of . Although, CYPETCO and Lanka IOC could bid for refined petroleum products at competitive prices to supply to local consumers.
Storage and export
Under construction first phase, will be assigned to construct the oil terminal, pipeline, and other infrastructure. The oil terminal will be able to store of crude oil, and around of refined petroleum products.
Exports from the refinery will be channelled through the now Chinese-owned Hambantota Port, which has been mostly idle for nearly a decade since being built. The port, initially state-owned, has been leased to China in 2017 for 99 years, after Sri Lanka was unable to service a loan from Beijing.
History
Before 2017, a per stream day refinery was agreed to be built at Trincomalee by Indian Oil Corporation, although no progress has been made since.
In September 2017, Sri Lanka engaged in talks with two Chinese companies for a $3 billion refinery in Hambantota.
During President Maithripala Sirisena's official visit to Tehran, cabinet spokesman Rajitha Senaratne stated that Iran has agreed to build a refinery and will send a team for assessments.
19 March 2019, Sri Lanka confirms refinery with Singapore's and Oman's Ministry of Oil and Gas.
21 March 2019, Oman denies ever being aware of the refinery deal. Director General of Sri Lanka's state-run Board of Investment, Champika Malalgoda, then stated that the project would still go ahead, although without clarification on this situation or how the missing investment would be covered.
See also
Energy in Sri Lanka
References
Category:Buildings and structures in Hambantota District
Category:Oil refineries in Sri Lanka | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Tiberius Claudius Donatus
Tiberius Claudius Donatus was a Roman Latin grammarian of whom a single work is known, the Interpretationes Vergilianae, a commentary to Virgil. He is thought to have flourished in the 430s. His work, rediscovered in 1438, proved popular in the early modern age; 55 editions of this book were printed between 1488 and 1599.
References
External links
Category:Grammarians of Latin
Category:Virgil
Category:Aeneid
Category:5th-century Latin writers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Elkanah Armitage
Sir Elkanah Armitage DL (6 September 1794 – 26 November 1876) was a British industrialist and Liberal politician.
Early life
He was born the third of six sons of Elkanah Armitage, a farmer and linen weaver from Failsworth, Lancashire. He left school at the age of 8 and went to work in the cotton industry, along with two of his brothers, at George Nadin & Nephews and soon rose to become manager on account of his diligence and growing shrewdness in business.
Personal life
In 1816 he married Mary Lomax Bowers. She died in 1836 having borne him eight children; Elkanah, Benjamin, Samuel, Joseph, John, Rebecca, Jane Ann and Mary Bowers. Armitage then married Elizabeth Kirk, daughter of Captain Henry Kirk of Chapel-en-le-Frith and had one further son Vernon. Elizabeth died on 27 July 1868.
Armitage lived at Gore Hill, Pendleton Green until 1853 when he purchased Hope Hall, Pendleton, Salford.
Industrial career
In the 1810s Armitage and his first wife set up in business as drapers at 18 Chapel Street, Salford, then sometime shortly after 1822 he set up a weaving manufacture business with James Thompson and by 1829 he was employing 29 workers and selling his cloths in Manchester at considerable profit. The business was so successful that he was able to build a new factory at Pendleton, Salford and eventually employed 200 people making sailcloth, ginghams and checks. By 1848, despite economic slumps he had extended Pendleton New Mill and was employing over 600. In 1867 the Armitages took over the Nassau Mills in Patricroft, Eccles.
Political career
Armitage became active in politics from a young age and his name appeared on the Manchester petition for the abolition of the slave trade in 1806.
In 1838 Manchester was incorporated as a municipal borough, and Armitage was elected to the first town council as a Liberal councillor representing Exchange Ward. He became an alderman in 1841, and was Mayor of Manchester from 1846 to 1848. During his term of office there was a surge of support for the Chartist Movement, with the first mass meeting held in Manchester in September 1848. In 1849 he was created a Knight Bachelor by Queen Victoria for his services as mayor during the crisis of the previous year.
In 1857, Armitage stood for Parliament, unsuccessfully opposing William Nathaniel Massey for the seat of Salford and in 1866 he was appointed High Sheriff of Lancashire, having represented the same county also as Deputy Lieutenant before.
Armitage was a lifelong friend and supporter of John Bright and the Anti-Corn Law League. He shared Bright's Pacifist stance and spoke out against the war in the Crimea, in opposition to Prime Minister Palmerston.
He served for many years as Chairman of the Governors of the Manchester Grammar School and as a Governor of Manchester Royal Infirmary. He was also a Salford Police Commissioner.
Death
Armitage died on 26 November 1876 at Hope Hall, Pendleton at the age of 82, his funeral procession was half a mile long and was made up of a hundred carriages. His mortal remains were laid to rest at Weaste Cemetery. His will which was passed on 13 January 1877, valued his estate at £200,000. which today would be worth over 14 million pounds.
References
Category:1794 births
Category:1876 deaths
Category:Deputy Lieutenants of Lancashire
Category:High Sheriffs of Lancashire
Category:Knights Bachelor
Category:People from Failsworth
Category:Mayors of Manchester | {
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Fred Bacon
Fred E. Bacon was a late-19th century British runner who won numerous running titles and briefly held the amateur world record for the mile.
Born in Boxted, Essex, Bacon competed for Ashton-under-Lyne Harriers whilst stationed there as a soldier.
Bacon won the AAA mile title three consecutive years from 1893 , his 1895 winning time a world amateur record of 4:17. The record was short-lived, eclipsed by American runner Thomas Conneff the following month.
He additionally won the AAA four-mile (6 km) title in 1894, the title in 1895 and set a world record in the One-Hour run.
1891 first mention for Ashton-under-Lyne Harriers
1893 Northern Cross Country Champion
1894 running for Essex but usually Ashton-under-Lyne Harriers
1894 AAA four mile (6 km) title 19.48.8
1893 World mile record holder time 4.22.2
1894 world mile record holder time 4.18.2
1895 world mile record holder time 4.17.0
1895 AAA ten miles (16 km) champion 52:43.8; became professional
1896 Won ¾ mile race in 3.02.4 proving sub 4 min mile was possible
1896 invited to New York
1896 beat Conneff
1897 world 1 hour record Rochdale 11 miles 1243 yards 30,000 crowd (beat Deerfoot's 34 year record).
After his running career ended, Bacon went on to become the trainer for Manchester United Football club until 1912.
There is little information about what Bacon did after leaving Manchester United.
He left Manchester United under a cloud and left his family. In 1914 he joined up and was based on the Humber defences at Cleethorpes where he remained until his death in 1954.
References
Category:British male middle-distance runners
Category:19th-century births
Category:Year of death missing
Category:People from Boxted, Essex
Category:Manchester United F.C. non-playing staff | {
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Burmese cat
The Burmese cat (, , , meaning copper colour) is a breed of domestic cat, originating in Thailand, believed to have its roots near the present Thai-Burma border and developed in the United States and Britain.
Most modern Burmese are descendants of one female cat called Wong Mau, which was brought from Burma to America in 1930 and bred with American Siamese. From there, American and British breeders developed distinctly different Burmese breed standards, which is unusual among pedigreed domestic cats. Most modern cat registries do not formally recognize the two as separate breeds, but those that do refer to the British type as the European Burmese.
Originally, all Burmese cats were dark brown (sable), but are now available in a wide variety of colours; formal recognition of these also varies by standard. Both versions of the breed are known for their uniquely social and playful temperament and persistent vocalisation.
History
In 1871, Harrison Weir organised a cat show at the Crystal Palace. A pair of Siamese cats were on display that closely resembled modern American Burmese cats in build, thus probably similar to the modern Tonkinese breed. The first attempt to deliberately develop the Burmese in the late 19th century in Britain resulted in what were known as Chocolate Siamese rather than a breed in their own right; this view persisted for many years, encouraging crossbreeding between Burmese and Siamese in an attempt to more closely conform to the Siamese build. The breed thus slowly died out in Britain.
Dr. Joseph Cheesman Thompson imported Wong Mau, a brown female cat, into San Francisco in 1930. Dr Thompson considered the cat's build to be sufficiently different from the Siamese to still have potential as a fully separate breed. Wong Mau was bred with Tai Mau, a seal point Siamese, and then bred with her son to produce dark brown kittens that became the foundation of a new, distinctive strain of Burmese. In 1936, the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA) granted the breed formal recognition. However, due to continued extensive outcrossing with Siamese cats to increase the population, the original type was overwhelmed, and the CFA suspended breed recognition a decade later. Attempts by various American breeders to refine the unique Burmese standard persisted, however, and in 1954, the CFA lifted the suspension permanently. In 1958, the United Burmese Cat Fanciers (UBCF) compiled an American judging standard which has remained essentially unchanged since its adoption.
Meanwhile, in the UK, interest in the breed was reviving. The cats which composed the new British breeding program were of a variety of builds, including some imported from America. By 1952, three true generations had been produced in Britain and the breed was recognized by the United Kingdom's Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF). From the 1950s onwards, countries in the Commonwealth and Europe started importing British Burmese; as a result, most countries have based their standard on the British model.
Historically, the two versions of the breed were kept strictly distinct genetically. British Burmese (also known as "traditional") were declassed as a breed by the CFA in the 1980s. The GCCF banned the registration of all Burmese imported from America in order to preserve the "traditional" bloodlines. Most modern cat registries do not formally recognize these dual standards as representing separate breeds, but those that do refer to the British type as the European Burmese. Recently, the International Cat Association (TICA) and CFA clubs have started using the American breed standard at select shows in Europe.
During the early period of breed development, it became clear that Wong Mau herself was genetically a crossbreed between a Siamese and Burmese type. This early crossbreed type was later developed as a separate breed, known today as the Tonkinese. Burmese cats have also been instrumental in the development of the Bombay and the Burmilla, among others.
Description
Appearance
The two standards differ mainly in head and body shape. The British or traditional ideal tends toward a more slender, long-bodied cat with a wedge-shaped head, large pointed ears, long tapering muzzle and moderately almond-shaped eyes. The legs should likewise be long, with neat oval paws. The tail tapers to medium length. The American (also called "contemporary") Burmese is a noticeably stockier cat, with a much broader head, round eyes and distinctively shorter, flattened muzzle; the ears are wider at the base. Legs and tail should be proportionate to the body, medium-length, and the paws also rounded.
In either case, Burmese are a small to medium size breed, tending to be about 4–6 kg, but are nevertheless substantially-built, muscular cats and should feel heavy for their size when held -- "brick wrapped in silk".
Coat and color
In either standard, the coat should be very short, fine and glossy, with a satin-like finish. Color is solid and must be uniform over the body, only gradually shading to lighter underparts. Faint colorpoint markings may be visible, but any barring or spotting is considered a serious fault. The eyes are green or gold depending on coat color.
The breed's original standard color is a distinctively rich dark brown, variously known as sable (USA), brown (UK, Australia) or seal (New Zealand). It is the result of the Burmese gene (cb), part of the albino series. This gene causes a reduction in the amount of pigment produced, converting black into brown and rendering all other colours likewise paler than their usual expression. The action of the gene also produces the modified colorpoint effect, which is more noticeable in young kittens.
The first blue Burmese was born in 1955 in Britain, followed by red, cream, and tortoiseshell over the next decades. Champagne ("chocolate" in the UK) first appeared in America. Platinum (UK "lilac"), the last major variant to appear, was likewise developed in America beginning in 1971. Currently, the British GCCF standard recognises solid brown, chocolate, blue, lilac, red and cream, as well as the tortoiseshell pattern on a base of brown, chocolate, blue or lilac.
In America, champagne, blue, and platinum cats were first formally considered a separate breed, the Malayan, in 1979. This distinction was abolished in 1984, but until 2010, the CFA continued to place the sable Burmese into a separate division, bundling all other recognised colors into a "dilute division" and judging them separately. Currently, the CFA standard still recognises the Burmese only in solid sable, blue, champagne, and platinum.
Other colors have been developed from this initial base set, with varying degrees of popularity and recognition. In 1989 a cinnamon breeding programme was started in the Netherlands; the first fawn kitten was born in 1998. Cinnamon, fawn, caramel, and apricot Burmese have also been developed in New Zealand, as have tortoiseshell variants of all these colors. A new colour mutation ("Russet") appeared in New Zealand in 2007. This line has an initially dark pigment in the cats' coats, which fades as they grow, eventually becoming a paler orange color.
Temperament
Burmese are a notably people-oriented breed, maintaining their kitten-like energy and playfulness into adulthood. They are also said to have a number of overtly puppy-like characteristics, forming strong bonds with their owners and gravitating toward human activity. The cats often learn to play games such as 'fetch' and 'tag'. Veterinarian Joan O. Joshua has written that the "dog-like attachment to the owners" of the Burmese, like Abyssinians, causes "greater dependence on human contacts". This stands in contrast to the mere "tolerant acceptance of human company" based around "comforts" that multiple other breeds display.
They are persistently vocal, in a manner reminiscent of their Siamese ancestry. Yet they have softer, sweeter voices. Burmese are not as independent as other breeds and are not suited to being left alone for extended periods of time.
Genetics
The Burmese gene is also present in some other cat breeds, particularly the established rex breeds, where it can be fully expressed in its homozygous form (cbcb) (referred to as Burmese Colour Restriction or Sepia). The same gene can also be combined with the Siamese gene (cbcs) to produce either darker points or a light-on-dark-brown coat, similar to the Burmese chocolate/champagne, known as "mink".
The Asian domestic cat breed is related to the Burmese; the Asian is physically similar but comes in different patterns and colours. The Singapura is always homozygous for the Burmese gene, combining it with a ticked tabby pattern. Snow Bengals with eye colours other than blue also have the gene.
Genetic diversity
A 2008 study conducted at UC Davis by the team led by feline geneticist Dr Leslie Lyons found that the American Burmese has the second lowest level of genetic diversity (after the Singapura) of all the breeds studied, and concludes that this situation should be addressed. The CFA notes that "breeders are reporting less hearty litters, smaller adults, smaller litters, and immune system problems, all of which point towards inbreeding depression becoming more common." The Burmese breed council currently allows outcrossing using Bombay, Tonkinese and Burmese type cats imported from Southeast Asia to improve genetic diversity. The Fédération Internationale Féline (FIFe) excludes novice show cats from breeding.
Health issues
Burmese cats in Europe and Australia are at increased risk of diabetes mellitus compared to other breeds. American Burmese do not share this increased risk, due to the genetic differences between American Burmese and other Burmese. The incidence of flat-chested kitten syndrome was at one time believed to be particularly prevalent in the Burmese breed, but recent studies have cast some doubt on this hypothesis. A study funded by the UK Burmese Cat Club in 1980 was inconclusive. The breed has an average lifespan of 10 to 17 years.
Certain UK bloodlines suffer from an acute teething disorder in young kittens (FOPS: Feline Orofacial Pain Syndrome), where the eruption of the second teeth causes extreme discomfort and the young cat tears at its face to try to alleviate the pain. Eruption of the new teeth in the jaw that causes the problem; these cannot be removed until they have erupted, by which time the problem ceases. Pain relief intervention should be considered, to prevent overt self-trauma. Apart from scarring caused by the self-mutilation, the cat seems to recover completely.
Hypokalaemia, a genetic disease which is characterized by low serum potassium levels, has also been seen in the British Burmese and can similarly be traced to certain bloodlines. The gene is recessive, and both parents must carry it for the kittens to develop the problem. A carrier mated to a non-carrier may pass the problem on unnoticed for several generations. Clinical signs include skeletal muscle weakness, which is often episodic in nature and either affects the whole cat or is localised to the neck muscles. As a consequence the cat can have difficulty in walking and holding their head correctly. In extreme cases, the clinical symptoms can result in death if unattended medically. Hypokalaemic cats can usually lead a normal life if they get the correct potassium supplement. Onset of symptoms often occurs around puberty and many may never experience another attack. A DNA test is now available to identify cats affected by or carrying this recessive gene.
Genetic testing for abnormalities
DNA tests are available for three genetic abnormalities which have been found in Burmese: the Burmese head defect, GM2 Gangliosidosis and Hypokalaemia Breeders are currently taking steps to ensure that these genes are carefully eliminated from the Burmese gene pool. It is thought that some genes are only found in certain populations of Burmese; the head defect in particular is not known to be present in British Burmese, presumably as a result of stringent import regulations in the modern GCCF Burmese registration policy.
See also
Tonkinese cat, a domestic cat breed produced by crossbreeding between Siamese and Burmese cats.
References
External links
4th printing
National Alliance of Burmese Breeders, a CFA-affiliated Burmese Club
Burmese pedigree database
Burmese-Burmilla pedigree database
New Zealand Burmese Cat Club
UK Burmese Cat Association
The Burmese Cat Club
UK Burmese Cat Society
United Burmese Cat Fanciers (UBCF) a non-affiliated global Burmese Cat Club
Category:Articles containing video clips
Category:Cat breeds originating in Thailand
Category:Cat breeds
Category:Cat breeds originating in Myanmar | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Robert Stephan Cohen
Robert Stephan Cohen (born January 14, 1939) is an American attorney specializing in divorce cases. He is a Senior Partner at Cohen Clair Lans Greifer & Thorpe LLP, a 17-person family law firm in New York City.
Early life
Cohen was born on January 14, 1939 in Brooklyn, New York where his father drove a taxi. He was the first member of his family to graduate from college. Cohen received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Alfred University in 1959 when he was 20 years old and worked three jobs to put himself through Fordham University's School of Law, where he received his J.D. in 1962 and served as a Member of the Law Review.
Career
Cohen is a nationally recognized divorce attorney, holding an adjunct professorship at the University of Pennsylvania Law School.
Following his graduation from Fordham School of Law, Cohen worked from 1963 to 1968 with Roy Cohn, an American lawyer who was a member of the U.S. Department of Justice's prosecution team at the espionage trial of Soviet spies Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, in commercial litigation and matrimonial law. In 1969 he left to become the co-founder of another firm, and in 1984 became a founding partner of Morrison Cohen Singer & Weinstein, where for 19 years he was the firm's Chairman and headed its matrimonial practice. In 2003, Cohen started Cohen Lans LLP, which in 2011 merged with Clair, Greifer LLP to form Cohen Clair Lans Greifer & Thorpe LLP. Both predecessor firms had been named among Best Law Firms by U.S. News & World Report in its 2010 inaugural edition, and Cohen Clair Lans Greifer & Thorpe has been named "Best" in each subsequent year. He lectures throughout the United States and in Europe.
Since 2003, Cohen has served as an Adjunct Professor of Law at the University of Pennsylvania School of Law where he teaches a course entitled "Anatomy of a Divorce." He is a member of the American College of Family Trial Lawyers and a Fellow of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers. He is a former JAG officer and member of JAG Corps, representing members of the military and their families.
Cohen has been principal attorney in a number of high-profile, high-net-worth dissolutions, for clients in a variety of industries, including finance, entertainment, real estate and politics, in New York and other states across the country. These include Michael Bloomberg, Christie Brinkley, Swedish countess Marie Douglas-David, James Gandolfini, Henry Kravis, Dina Lohan, Marla Maples, Tommy Mottola, Chris Rock, Charlotte Sarkozy, Uma Thurman, and Ivana Trump. Cohen's book, Reconcilable Differences: Seven Essential Tips to Remaining Together from a Top Matrimonial Lawyer, was published in 2002.
Personal life
Cohen was an avid marathoner, and completed the New York City Marathon in 1983 and 1984, as well as other marathons around the world. Cohen himself is twice-divorced, his first marriage lasted one year; his second, to Margery Rubin, lasted 22 years and gave him three sons. Their four-year divorce battle was finalized in 1994. Cohen is currently married to Stephanie J. Stiefel, a managing director at Neuberger Berman, and widow of Eric A. Steifel. Through her Cohen has an accomplished adult step-son. He resides in New York City.
Lectures and Publications
Author, Reconcilable Differences, Pocket Books, 2002
References
External links
Law Firm Website
University of Pennsylvania Law School Biography
Category:1939 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alfred University alumni
Category:Fordham University School of Law alumni
Category:University of Pennsylvania Law School faculty
Category:Lawyers from New York City
Category:Writers from New York City | {
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} |
1991 Australian Under-21 Individual Speedway Championship
The 1991 Australian Under-21 Individual Speedway Championship was the 5th running of the Australian Under-21 Individual Speedway Championship organised by Motorcycling Australia. The final took place on 6 January 1991 at the Olympic Park Speedway in Mildura, Victoria. The championship was won by Mildura's own Leigh Adams who won the third of his four national Under-21 championships. Shane Parker from Adelaide was second with another Mildura rider Jason Lyons in third place. Parker defeated Lyons in a run-off for the minor placings after both finished the meeting on 13 points. Former South Australian champion Scott Norman defeated Dave Hamnett from New South Wales in a run-off for fourth place after both finished the meeting on 11 points.
1991 Australian Under-21 Solo Championship
6 January 1991
Mildura, Victoria - Olympic Park Speedway
Referee:
References
Books
See also
Australia national speedway team
Sport in Australia
Category:Speedway in Australia
Australia
Individual Under-21 Speedway Championship
Category:Sport in Mildura | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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2016–17 FC Zbrojovka Brno season
The 2016–17 FC Zbrojovka Brno season is the 104th season in club history.
Squad
Current squad
Transfers
In
Out
Friendly matches
Czech First League
League table
References
Category:FC Zbrojovka Brno seasons
Brno | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Ustina Point
Ustina Point (, ‘Nos Ustina’ \'nos 'us-ti-na\) is a rocky point on the west coast of Tower Island in the Palmer Archipelago, Antarctica situated 2.6 km northwest of Peña Point, the south extremity of the island, and 3.5 km south of Kranevo Point.
The point is named after the settlement of Ustina in southern Bulgaria.
Location
Ustina Point is located at . German-British mapping in 1996.
Map
Trinity Peninsula. Scale 1:250000 topographic map No. 5697. Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie and British Antarctic Survey, 1996.
References
Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. Antarctic Place-names Commission. (details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)
Ustina Point. SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer
External links
Ustina Point. Copernix satellite image
Category:Headlands of the Palmer Archipelago
Category:Bulgaria and the Antarctic | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Georg K. Glaser
Georg K. Glaser (30 May 1910 – 18 January 1995) was a German language and Francophone writer. He was born in Germany, but by the time he died he had acquired French citizenship through marriage, and he lived in France for most of his life.
Although many sources start with his career as a writer, he was also a left wing activist and a coppersmith.
Life
Georg Glaser was born ten years into the twentieth century in Guntersblum, a small town in the wine growing region to the south of Mainz: he grew up in nearby Dolgesheim. Georg was one of his parents' eight recorded children. At the time of his birth his father worked as a craftsman/boilermaker, but after the war took a job with the post office. Georg's childhood was marked by the violent and authoritarian temperament of his father, and he left home as a teenager. The boy fell foul of the law fairly early on, and after leaving middle school he attended a "correction institute" between 1926 and 1929. During the later 1920s he spent some time living on the streets and frequently ran away from the institutions in which he was placed, preferring the company of young communists, anarchists or naturists. Although he was able to connect with members of relevant organisations, he later insisted that he had remained on the side-lines rather than becoming a member "as such". Nevertheless, sources indicate that he joined the Communist Party in 1929.
In 1929 he was arrested again, for breach of the peace, and during 1930 he spent time in prison for knocking out a policeman during the course of a demonstration. He later stated that it had been in prison at this time that he started to write. He wrote court reports for Communist Party publications and also had sketches, opinion pieces and reports published in mainstream newspapers including the Frankfurter Zeitung. He was at the same time undertaking industrial work in various factories during the early 1930s.
Germany underwent significant regime change in January 1933 when the NDSDAP (Nazi Party) took power, and lost little time in imposing Germany's first twentieth century one- party dictatorship. Glaser participated in small clandestine resistance groups for about a year, before relocating to the Saarland, a part of Germany still under French military and political control, following terms imposed at the end of the war in 1919. The first question he encountered from local Communists in the Saarland was the standard one: "Comrade, do you have permission or an order from your regional [Communist Party] leadership to come here?" There was at this time growing pressure from the new German government for the Saarland to be returned to Germany, and the German position enjoyed increasingly unambiguous support from the British and US governments. From the Saarland Glaser moved on to Paris, which had become a focus for German Communists fleeing from Germany, where their party political activities were now illegal. In Paris he worked on several newspapers produced by exiled anti-Nazi German left-wingers. In 1935 he returned to the Saarland which by now was being returned to German control following the January referendum. He was arrested, but later in the year was able to return to France. He now settled not in Paris but in Normandy where he found a job in an SNCF (railway) workshop. He fell in love with and married a French woman: his civil status changed from that of a German refugee to that of a French citizen. He had already, by this stage, been stripped of his German citizenship. Shortly after this, as rumours of Stalin's atrocities became harder to ignore, and appalled by news of the Treaty concluded between Hitler's Germany and the "Communist" Soviet Union in August 1939 ahead of another Polish partition, Glaser resigned his Communist Party membership.
War resumed at the beginning of September 1939: nine days later Georg Glaser was called up for military service in the French army. His fellow soldiers knew of his German origins which in the atmosphere of the times made for a very uneasy form of comradeship. In 1940 he was taken prisoner by the Germans. By now he was sufficiently fluent in French, and with the help of a false name, to avoid identification as a German Communist. He spent most of the balance of the war in a succession of prisons and prisoner camps. In 1943 he managed to escape from a prison camp near Görlitz, but was captured again a few months later near Strasbourg. The period 1920–1945, covering George Glaser's eventful adolescence and early adulthood in France and Germany, are recalled in his book, "Geheimnis und Gewalt" (Secret et Violence / Secret and Violence), which first appeared in German in 1953 and has appeared in updated editions and in other languages subsequently.
War ended in May 1945 and Glaser returned home to France. He became a member of the recently formed Anarchist Federation. He involved himself in the aftermath of the "Sacco and Vanzetti" affair, during the course of which he met fellow activists Giliana Berneri and the leading libertarian André Prudhommeaux. He supported himself by working, briefly, in a sugar factory, and then, till 1949 on the production lines at the Renault Billancourt plant. He later confided that by the end of the 1940s he had concluded that work on the assembly line had become soul-destroying.
In 1949 he set up a workshop for copper and silver work in the Saint-Germain-des-Prés Left bank quarter of central Paris. In 1968 he moved with his family to the Le Marais quarter, still in central Paris, but no longer part of the "Rive Gauche". In the meantime he added the central initial "K." to his full name. Sources differ as to why, but it was probably to honour his recently deceased mother, whose middle name had been "Katharina". Despite abandoning the left-wing militancy of his former years, he retained numerous friends among the "Libertaires."
The writer
Much of Glaser's published output was autobiographical. In the early 1930s he was producing proletarian-revolutionary writing, true to Communist Party orthodoxy. During his exile in the middle and later 1930s he became more distant from Communist ideology and returned increasingly to the anarchist principles that had influenced his teenage years.
His major work, "Geheimnis und Gewalt" (Secret et Violence / Secret and Violence), appeared in the early 1950s. It was written in German but was initially accessible only, in translation, to French readers because a German publisher for it could not be found. It received some critical support, but early editions failed to win a wide readership, partly because of the chaotic circumstances surrounding its publication, with early editions crudely edited and marred by typographical errors.
Recognition
During the closing years of the twentieth century Georg K Glaser was rediscovered as a writer for a wider audience, and his literary output became relatively mainstream. Since 1998 the "Rhein-Pfalz" Ministry for Education and Culture in the region of his birth has celebrated his literary contribution with the annually awarded Georg K. Glaser Prize. The prize, which is also supported by the powerful regional television operator Südwestrundfunk, is worth €10,000 to the winner.
References
Category:20th-century German writers
Category:Communist Party of Germany politicians
Category:German writers in French
Category:German-language writers
Category:French anarchists
Category:German anarchists
Category:1910 births
Category:1995 deaths
Category:People from Rhineland-Palatinate
Category:German emigrants to France | {
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Hatchling
In oviparous biology, a hatchling is a newly hatched fish, amphibian, reptile, or bird. A group of mammals called monotremes lay eggs, and their young are hatchlings as well.
Fish
Fish hatchlings generally do not receive parental care, similar to reptiles. Like reptiles, fish hatchlings can be affected by xenobiotic compounds. For example, exposure to xenoestrogens can feminize fish. As well, hatchlings raised in water with high levels of carbon dioxide demonstrate unusual behaviour, such as being attracted to the scent of predators. This change could be reversed by immersion into gabazine water, leading to the hypothesis that acidic waters affect hatchling brain chemistry.
Amphibians
The behavior of an amphibian hatchling, commonly referred to as a tadpole, is controlled by a few thousand neurons. 99% of a Xenopus hatchling's first day after hatching is spent hanging from a thread of mucus secreted from near its mouth will eventually form; if it becomes detached from this thread, it will swim back and become reattached, usually within ten seconds. While newt hatchlings are only able to swim for a few seconds, Xenopus tadpoles may be able to swim for minutes as long as they do not bump into anything. The tadpole live from remaining yolk-mass in the gut for a period, before it swims off to find food.
Reptiles
The reptile hatchling is quite the opposite of an altricial bird hatchling. Most hatchling reptiles are born with the same instincts as their parents and leave to live on their own immediately after leaving the egg. When first hatched, hatchlings can be several times smaller than their adult forms: Pine Snakes weigh 30 grams when they first hatch, but can grow up to 1,400 grams as adults. This appears to have been the case even in dinosaurs. In sea turtles, hatchling sex is determined by incubation temperature. In species in which eggs are laid then buried in sand, indentations in the sand can be a clue to imminent hatching. In sea turtles, this usually occurs about 60 days after the laying of eggs, and often at night. However, exposure to xenobiotic compounds, especially endocrine-disrupting compounds, can affect hatchling sex ratios as well. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and other pollutants like octylphenol are also known to increase rate of hatchling mortality and deformity. Upon hatching, animals such as turtles have innate navigational skills, including compass and beacon methods of navigation, to reach safety. For example, turtle hatchlings instinctively swim against waves to ensure they leave the beach and its predators. They also head towards the brightest part of the horizon in order to reach the water: however, human activity has created sources of light which mislead the turtle hatchlings, causing them to not travel directly to the water, making them vulnerable to dehydration and predation. Hatchlings of the species Iguana iguana also gain gut flora essential to digestion from adults as part of their development. In the wild, hatchling survival rates are extremely low due to factors such as predation, for example, by crabs, as well as due to human-made obstacles. Human intervention has also benefitted hatchling reptiles at times. For example, late-hatched loggerhead turtles are taken in by such groups as the University of Georgia to be raised. In species such as crocodiles, hydration levels also play an important role in embryo survival.
As pets
Reptile hatchlings, especially those of turtles, are often sold as pets. This has been reported to occur even in places where such practices are illegal.
Birds
Bird hatchlings may be altricial or precocial. Altricial means that the young hatch naked and with their eyes closed, and rely totally on their parents for feeding and warmth. Precocial hatching are feathered when hatched, and can leave the nest immediately. In birds, such as the bobwhite quail, hatchlings' auditory systems are more developed than their visual system, as visual stimulation is not present in the egg, while auditory stimulation can reach the embryo even before birth. It has also been shown that auditory development in hatchlings is disrupted by environments high in visual and social stimulation. Many hatchlings are born with some forms of innate behaviours which allow them to improve their ability to survive: for example, hatchling gulls instinctively peck at long objects with marked colour contrast, which leads them to peck at their parents' bills, eliciting a feeding response. Endocrine disruption of hatchling birds increases the rate of deformities and lowers the chances of survival. In bearded vultures, two eggs are laid, but one hatchling will often kill the other. Bird hatchlings raised by humans have sometimes been noted to act towards their human caregivers as their parents.
References
Category:Ornithology
Category:Bird breeding | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Bristol Rovers F.C. Player of the Year
The Bristol Rovers Player of the Year award has been presented annually to the player voted the best in the preceding season by the fans of Bristol Rovers Football Club. The winning player has been awarded a trophy by the Bristol Rovers Supporters club every year since 1983, and in 2018 the Football Club also began naming their own player of the year at an end-of-season awards dinner.
Bristol Rovers Supporters' Club player of the year
The first trophy was presented in 1983, but due to there being little space to engrave the names of any more winners the supporters' club commissioned a new trophy in 2018, which was named the Geoff Dunford Memorial Trophy in honour of the former football club chairman who had died the previous year.
Notes:
Footballing nationality is defined as the national team the player has represented at senior or youth level, or the player's country of birth where they have never played for a national team.
Age shown is the players age at the beginning of the season during which they won the player of the year award.
All winners from 1983 to 2018 are from Byrne & Jay (2018).
Players who have won more than once
Four players have won the award on more than one occasion. The record for most wins belongs to Stuart Campbell, who was player of the year in 2008, 2010 and 2011, while three other players have won the award twice.
Number of wins by nationality
Number of wins by position
Bristol Rovers Football Club Player of the Year
Bristol Rovers Football Club held their inaugural end of season awards dinner in 2018, where they presented their own player of the year award. This went to midfielder Liam Sercombe.
Comparison of Supporters' Club and Football Club winners
References
Bibliography
Player of the Year
Category:Lists of association football players by club in England
Category:Association football player non-biographical articles | {
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Fencing at the 1980 Summer Olympics – Men's foil
The men's foil was one of eight fencing events on the fencing at the 1980 Summer Olympics programme. It was the eighteenth appearance of the event. The competition was held from 22 to 23 July 1980. 37 fencers from 16 nations competed.
Results
References
Foil men | {
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John Thomas (New York politician)
John Thomas (Jan 27, 1792 – March 5, 1866) was an American politician.
Thomas, son of John Thomas, Esq., was born in Woodbridge, Conn., Jan 27,1792. He graduated from Yale College in 1811. He studied law in New Haven, Conn., and practiced here for several years. In 1824 he removed to Cortlandville, N. Y., where he obtained prominence in his profession, the practice of which he continued until a few years before his death. He served in the New York State Legislature, and became earnestly identified with the abolition party, and a frequent contributor to its publications. In 1860 he removed to the residence of his only surviving child, a son, at Galesburg, Illinois.
He married, Dec. 3, 1815, Caroline, daughter of Elias Beers, of New Haven. She survived him until March 20, 1867. He died in Galesburg, aged 74.
External links
Category:1792 births
Category:1866 deaths
Category:People from Galesburg, Illinois
Category:People from Woodbridge, Connecticut
Category:People from Cortland County, New York
Category:Yale University alumni
Category:Members of the New York State Legislature
Category:Connecticut lawyers
Category:New York (state) lawyers
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John Roxburgh (Royal Navy officer)
Vice-Admiral Sir John Charles Young Roxburgh, (29 June 1919 – 13 April 2004) was a Royal Navy officer who became Flag Officer, Plymouth.
Naval career
Educated at Royal Naval College, Dartmouth, Roxborough joined the Royal Navy in 1933. He commanded the submarines HMS H43, HMS United and HMS Tapir during World War II. After the war he commanded the submarine HMS Turpin and the destroyer HMS Contest.
He was appointed Deputy Director of Plans (Navy) at the Ministry of Defence in 1964, Commanding Officer of the aircraft carrier HMS ''Eagle in 1965 and Flag Officer Sea Training in 1967. He went on to be Flag Officer, Plymouth in July 1969 and Flag Officer Submarines in September 1969 before retiring in 1972.
In retirement he was Chairman of the Grovebell Group, President of the Royal Naval Benevolent Trust, Chairman of The Freedom Association's management committee and a Surrey county councillor. He is buried at All Saints Church at Tilford in Surrey.
Family
In 1942 he married Philippa Hewlett at Honiton where they had one son and one daughter.
References
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Category:1919 births
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Category:Royal Navy admirals
Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath
Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order
Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross (United Kingdom)
Category:Royal Navy officers of World War II
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Discretionary trusts and powers in English law
Discretionary trusts and powers in English law are elements of the English law of trusts, specifically of express trusts. Express trusts are trusts expressly declared by the settlor; normally this is intended, although there are situations where the settlor's intentions create a trust accidentally. Normal express trusts are described as "fixed" trusts; the trustees are obliged to distribute property, with no discretion, to the fixed number of beneficiaries. Discretionary trusts, however, are where the trustee has discretion over his actions, although he is obliged to act. The advantages of discretionary trusts are that they provide flexibility, and that the beneficiaries hold no claim to the property; as such, they cannot seek to control it, and it cannot be claimed for their debts. A power, or "mere power", on the other hand, is where not only does the holder have discretion over his actions, he has discretion over whether to act in the first place.
Express trusts
Express trusts are those expressly declared by the settlor. Typically, this will be intended to create a trust, but there can be situations in which the settlor's intended actions create a trust accidentally, as in Paul v Constance. The creation of express trusts must involve four elements for the trust to be valid. These are capacity, certainty, constitution and formality. Capacity refers to the donor's ability to create a trust in the first place; generally speaking, anyone capable of holding property can create a trust. There are exceptions for statutory bodies and corporations, and minors who usually cannot hold property can, in some circumstances, create trusts. Certainty refers to the three certainties required for a trust to be valid. These are that the trust instrument must show certainty of intention to create a trust, certainty of what the subject matter of the trust is, and certainty of who the beneficiaries (or objects) are. Where there is uncertainty for whatever reason, the trust will fail, although the courts have developed ways around this. Constitution means that for the trust to be valid, the property must have been transferred from the settlor to the trustees. For chattels, this can simply be handing the property to them, while transfers of land and shares must be done in writing following certain prescribed forms.
If property has not been transferred, the potential trustees and beneficiaries are volunteers, and an equitable maxim is that "equity will not assist a volunteer"; the courts will not look at the case. To get around this, the courts have developed exceptions to this rule for situations when the donor has done "all that he could do", the trustees or beneficiaries have acquired the property in a different way, or where the gift was made donatio mortis causa. Formality refers to the specific language or forms used when transferring property. For chattels, no formal language or documentation is needed, unless it is made as a will. For land, the transfer must be drafted in line with the Law of Property Act 1925 and the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989. When disposing of an equitable interest, the Law of Property Act 1925 must also be followed; much of the case law in this area has centred on the meaning of "dispose", with many cases involving people attempting to avoid tax.
Discretionary trusts
Normal express trusts are "fixed" trusts; the property is held for a fixed number of beneficiaries, and the trustee is obliged to distribute property without any discretion over who gets what. In a discretionary trust, however, the trustee has discretion over his actions, although he is obliged to use it. Alastair Hudson gives the example of a trust "that [the trustee] shall divide the £1,000 between any of my sons who become unemployed, with the power to retain the whole of that £1,000 for the remainder beneficiary". This is a discretionary trust; the word "shall" means the trustee is forced to exercise his power, while the "power to retain the whole of that £1,000" gives him discretion over whether to retain the money. Discretionary trusts are regularly used, because they provide flexibility; in this situation, for example, the money could be retained and redistributed in a different form if one beneficiary develops some urgent need for it. They also help protect the trust fund. In fixed trusts, the potential beneficiaries have the equitable ownership of their property; in discretionary trusts, this is not the case. Because of this, the property cannot be made liable for their debts or controlled by them.
The creation of a discretionary trust is different from the creation of any other type of express trust, due to the requirement of certainty of objects. This doctrine is that, for an express trust to be valid, the trust document must say with certainty who the beneficiaries there are. This is a problem with discretionary trusts, which can contain a class of beneficiaries rather than a list of named ones. The leading test of certainty of objects here is the "any given postulant test", laid down in Re Gulbenkian. This states that the trustees must be able to say with certainty, when a potential beneficiary comes before them, that he either is or is not a beneficiary. The test was applied to discretionary trusts in McPhail v Doulton. The courts attempted to mitigate this test in Re Baden (No. 2); however, all three judges of the Court of Appeal gave separate new tests and reasons. Stamp LJ had an approach based entirely on the facts, with no greater impact on certainty of objects. Sachs LJ took the approach that the burden of proof was on the claimants to prove they were beneficiaries, not on the trustees to prove the trust was valid. Megaw LJ, however, took the approach that a trust could be valid, even with uncertain beneficiaries, if there was a "core number" of beneficiaries who were certain.
Powers
Where a fixed trust gives the trustee no discretion, and a discretionary trust (a "trust power") gives the trustee discretion and requires him to exercise it, powers go a step further. A "mere power", while not a trust obligation, grants the holder of the power the ability to exercise it, but without any requirement to do so. These powers are normally given to trustees; Hudson gives the example of a situation where the trust instrument states that "the trustee may advance £1,000 to X". The trustee has the power to advance £1,000, but as evidenced by the word "may", is not required to. However, the trustee is bound to consider exercising his powers, and must be able to justify his use. In Re Hay's ST, Megarry VC said that:
The holder of a mere power is therefore free to do what he wants with the property he holds; if he fails to consider his exercise of the power, the courts may force him to do so. In relation to certainty of objects, mere powers are also a problem, for the same reason that discretionary trusts are. The leading test for mere powers is also the "any given postulant" test, which was laid down in Re Gulbenkian. The traditional distinction between trusts and powers has been that "a trust is obligatory, a power discretionary"; the problem is that discretionary trusts, while trusts, contain discretionary elements, to the point where they have been called "powers in the nature of trusts"; a trust which "whilst it masquerades under the guise of a mere power, has more of the characteristics of a trust proper".
References
Bibliography
Category:English trusts law | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Greywell
Greywell is a small village and civil parish in Hampshire, England – a past winner of the Best Kept Village in Hampshire competition and a recent winner of Best Small Village in Hampshire. It lies on the west bank of the River Whitewater, 6 miles east of Basingstoke and 1.5 miles west of Odiham. The area is popular with walkers and cyclists. Many photographers also take pictures of some of the local architecture. There are 29 Grade II listed buildings or entries in the area, and 2 Grade II* listed buildings. The nearby medieval Odiham Castle is of historical interest. At the centre of the village is the Fox and Goose public house.
History
The village was not recorded in the Domesday Book, possibly being considered part of the manor of Odiham. Becoming a separate manor in the 13th century, it was sold to Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, and the first Governor General of Canada in 1786, and has stayed in that family ever since.
Originally a Saxon hunting settlement, the village's economy is rooted in agriculture and more latterly timber, which flourished at the same time as the Basingstoke Canal. Built at the end of the 18th century, it runs through and under Greywell. However, the canal was never a commercial success and was soon overtaken by the advent of the railway; by the turn of the last century it had fallen into disuse. These days, agriculture remains the most important local industry, but most residents work elsewhere, commute to London or are retired.
Greywell Hill House
In the 17th century, Nateley and Greywell manors were owned by the Zouche family of Bramshill, then the Henley family. The 876 acres of Greywell Manor were bought in 1787 by Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, former Governor General of Quebec. Trustees who purchased the Manor for Guy Carleton described it as "A delightful spot... charming hills much woods, good water, a small river in the bottom with good Trout... the Farm buildings in most excellent condition."
There were three farms in the Manor, of which Grewell Farm was probably the least significant. An estate survey of 1788 shows the line of the tunnel for the Basingstoke Canal which crosses the north of the estate. The farm was tenanted, Guy Carleton choosing to live at Kempshott nearby and then in Middlesex. He died in 1808 and it was not until around 1824 when the farm had become a gentleman's residence that Arthur Henry Carleton, 2nd Lord Dorchester, finally moved in.
The Greenwood map, 1826, indicates that a formal garden has been started and it is clear that a gentleman's residence would have had pleasure grounds as well. The Tithe map of 1842 shows a mansion, approach drive, stable block, grounds and a surrounding park. The 1st edition OS maps show a partly walled kitchen garden as well as lawns and features such as a fountain and a pond. An old chalk pit to the east of the approach drive has become The Dell. Footpaths lead through the park and there has been much planting of trees in the parkland. An article in the Gardeners' Chronicle, 1907, indicates that the period 1870s – 1890s there was a great deal of planting both of plants and trees. A Dutch garden is described in what was originally the chalk pit (shown on early, old maps).
The title of Lord Dorchester became extinct in 1897, but Henrietta Anne Carleton (by then Mrs Leir-Carleton), daughter of the last Lord Dorchester, applied for reinstatement of the title, which was granted by Queen Victoria in 1899. Henrietta then became the 1st Baroness Dorchester. In its turn, this title became extinct in 1963 when Henrietta's son from her first marriage to Francis Paynton Pigott, died. However, their daughter had already married William James Harris, 6th Earl of Malmesbury. In 2000, William James Harris died and James Carleton Harris became 7th Earl of Malmesbury thus a direct heir of Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester. He is the current owner of Greywell Hill House.
St Mary's Church
Greywell's church, dedicated to St Mary the Virgin, is an ancient structure of flint with stone quoins and dressings in the Norman and early English styles. It consists of a chancel, nave, porch and tower surmounted by wooden belfry containing four bells.
At the time of the Domesday Survey in 1086 it is thought that the Chapel of St.Mary, beside the Whitewater, was one of the two churches within the Manor of Odiham mentioned in the survey. The church is of Norman origin and was built in the 12th century.
Restored in 1870, it still boasts many old features, the most important of which is the early 16th century rood-screen, made of carved oak which before the restoration was used as a men's gallery with rood loft and circular stairs. The narrow 13th-century Early English chancel arch is also a prominent feature, while on the stonework to the left outside the church door there are visible remains of several consecration crosses dating back to the period of the Crusades. Church Cottage, beside the lych-gate on The Street, is believed to have been originally the priest's lodgings. St Mary's Church in Greywell is part of the United Parish of Newnham with Nately Scures with Mapledurwell with Up Nately with Greywell, which in turn is part of the North Hampshire Downs Benefice in the Church of England Diocese of Winchester.
Greywell is within the Anglican United Parish, which is served by St Swithun's, Nately Scures.
Greywell Tunnel
The Basingstoke Canal runs underneath part of the village through a long tunnel which is now no longer navigable. It originally ran from Basingstoke to join the Wey Navigation, but today it is derelict or has been built over from its original terminus near Basingstoke town centre, and only starts to be navigable a mile or so to the east. It then runs towards North Warnborough, passing the ruins of Odiham Castle and through Odiham and Woking.
The canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament obtained in 1778. The route as originally planned was to be about long, running from Basingstoke to join the Wey and Godalming Navigations near Pyrford, with a large loop to the north to pass round Greywell Hill. Construction was delayed due to objections to the route from local landowners and the American Revolutionary War being in progress. Eventually a survey was made by William Jessop, and a contract awarded to John Pinkerton in 1788. He shortened the route to incorporate a tunnel through Greywell Hill, with its construction being subcontracted to Charles Jones, despite his having been dismissed by the Thames and Severn Canal company after failing to complete the Sapperton Tunnel. Construction of the canal and tunnel started later in 1788, and after some problems eventually opened in 1794. Even after the opening there were more problems which further closed the canal until 1795.
Trade on the canal was never as intensive as had been predicted, and several companies in turn attempted to run it and failed financially. The last successful boat passage through the tunnel was in 1914; it was finally closed when part of the roof collapsed in 1932, and is now totally blocked.
The disused western portal is the largest winter bat roost in the UK, and the second largest colony of Natterer's bat in Europe. Along with Greywell Moors, the tunnel and its bat colony form one of two Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the area. A short section of the canal still in water, leading from the western tunnel portal with the original towpath, is maintained as a nature reserve.
Notable residents
By date of birth:
Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester (1724–1808)
Maria Fetherstonhaugh (née Carleton) (1847–1918), romantic novelist
Thomas Dawson, driver, Army Service Corps
William Harris, 6th Earl of Malmesbury (1907–2000)
Bill Newton Dunn (born 1941), Politician
Tom Newton Dunn (born 1973), Journalist
James Carleton Harris, 7th Earl of Malmesbury (born 1946)
Richard James Anthony Noble (born 1946), Entrepreneur
Nick Jeffery (born 1968), Chief Executive Officer of Vodafone UK
Further reading
Rupert Willoughby Greywell: Church and Village with illustrations by Nicholas Kavanagh, 1997, Friends of St Mary's, Greywell
Rupert Willoughby St Mary the Virgin, Greywell: An Architectural Note, 1996 (available at the church)
Gallery
References
External links
Hampshire Treasures: Volume 3 (Hart and Rushmoor) Page 61 - Greywell Group A - Natural Features and Group B - Archaeological Sites and Remains
Hampshire Treasures: Volume 3 (Hart and Rushmoor) Page 62 - Greywell Group D - Buildings, Monuments and Engineering Works
Hampshire Treasures: Volume 3 (Hart and Rushmoor) Page 63 - Greywell Group D - Buildings, Monuments and Engineering Works
Hampshire Treasures: Volume 3 (Hart and Rushmoor) Page 64 - Greywell Group D - Buildings, Monuments and Engineering Works
Hampshire Treasures: Volume 3 (Hart and Rushmoor) Page 65 - Greywell Group E - Street Patterns, Street Furniture and Open Spaces and Group F - Historical or Literary Associations
Stained Glass Windows at St. Mary, Greywell, Hampshire
Greywell Conservation Area Character Appraisal
Category:Villages in Hampshire | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Accepted and experimental value
In science, and most specifically chemistry, the accepted value denotes a value of a substance accepted by almost all scientists and the experimental value denotes the value of a substance's properties found in a localized lab.
See also
Accuracy and precision
Error
Approximation error
References
Category:Analytical chemistry | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Vittal Rao
Vittal Rao is the name of:
Swami Ramdas (1884–1963), Indian spiritual teacher
Vithal Rao (1929–2015), Ghazal singer
Vittal Rao K. (born 1942), Tamil-language writer
Devarakonda Vittal Rao (1947–2016), Indian politician
Gummadi Vittal Rao popularly known as Gaddar (born 1949), Telugu balladeer and activist | {
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Iqaluit Centre
Iqaluit Centre was a territorial electoral district (riding) for the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut, Canada.
The riding consisted of the community of Iqaluit.
Hunter Tootoo, former federal Minister of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard served as the Member of the Legislative Assembly for this riding until its disestablishment in 2013.
Election results
1999 election
2004 election
2008 election
References
External links
Website of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
Category:Electoral districts of Qikiqtaaluk Region
Category:1999 establishments in Nunavut
Category:2013 disestablishments in Nunavut | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
1822 Ohio gubernatorial election
The 1822 Ohio gubernatorial election was held on October 8, 1822. Incumbent Democratic Governor of Ohio William Medill became governor after the resignation of Reuben Wood to accept a Senate seat, leaving Speaker of the Senate Allen Trimble to act as governor. Former Senator, and 1820 gubernatorial challenger Jeremiah Morrow narrowly beat Trimble and former Ohio Supreme Court Justice William Irvin.
General election
Results
References
1822
Category:1822 United States gubernatorial elections
Gubernatorial
Category:October 1822 events | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Wraxall Camp
Wraxall Camp, or Failand Camp, is a small round earthwork in Somerset. The remains are indistinct and thickly covered by woods, but it appears to have been an Iron Age farmstead, and not a defensive structure.
Location
Wraxall Camp is a scheduled monument in the parish of Wraxall and Failand in North Somerset, in an upland region of carboniferous limestone.
The site is east of Wraxall village and north of Failand village.
It is an Iron Age settlement with a raised oval interior about wide on the long axis.
There may be traces of ancient agriculture between the camp and Manor Farm to the north, and the earthwork may be connected with the remains of a field system south and southwest of Manor Farm.
Partial excavations in 1928 found sherds of black burnished pottery and a Kimmeridge shale bracelet, typical of rural settlements in the Iron Age.
The finds, placed in the University of Bristol Spelæological Society Museum in Bristol, were destroyed by bombing in World War II (1939–45).
Many worked flints have been found in the fields around the camp.
The site is thickly covered in trees.
Structure
From its location on relatively high but level ground the camp seems most likely to have been a farmstead, and not defensive.
Minor earthworks mark the homes in the interior, which were surrounded by a bank and ditch.
The bank, up to wide, was made of earth and small stones over natural rock outcrops.
It is now no more than high.
Where the ditch can still be detected to the south and west it was wide.
There may be an entrance in the southwest of the enclosure.
Notes
Sources
External links
Category:Archaeological sites in Somerset
Category:Iron Age sites in Somerset | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced 1998–99
The following is a list of recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches introduced between September 26, 1998, and May 15, 1999, the twenty-fourth season of SNL.
Hello Dolly
An Ana Gasteyer sketch. Debuted October 3, 1998.
The How Do You Say? Ah, Yes, Show
This sketch was furnished as a talk show featuring Chris Kattan as Antonio Banderas, the show's host. Kattan portrayed Banderas as a naïve chauvinist whose only objective was to seduce every female guest into sleeping with him, using his well-documented sex appeal and shaky-at-best mastery of the English language (as evidenced in the show's title). In the show, Banderas was always backed up by his three-man mariachi band, who aside from performing the musical duties on the show, constantly begged Banderas not to unbutton or remove his shirt, for it would be "too sexy". Guest host Jennifer Love Hewitt, who was put off by his advances, questioned his amorous behaviour by asking "Aren't you married to Melanie Griffith?" His response was "Si. I am betrothed to her. She is, eh, how do you say? Ah, yes, old and not here." Drew Barrymore did appear in a sketch as Melanie Griffith. Debuted October 17, 1998.
Dog Show
Dog Show was an aptly titled parody of an Animal Planet show featuring people who are more than enamored with their dogs. It was hosted by Miss Colleen (Molly Shannon) and Mr. David Larry (Will Ferrell), a bizarre couple who were supposed to be married even though he was a homosexual ("Separate bedrooms, separate baths"). The two admit that they "don't like most people" but are extremely fond of dogs.
The sketch would open with David Larry banging on a snare drum, followed by the two hosts shouting "DOG SHOW!" The hosts would then introduce their dogs, "Mr. Rocky Balboa" and "Mr. Bojangles", (who was actually a female, but was given the title "Mr.", because as David Larry would point out, he is "playing a trick on her"), a pair of miniature dogs who were displayed dressed in costumes. Each sketch would introduce a guest to the "show", and often the hosts would have their dogs participate in things such as seances and weddings. Debuted December 5, 1998.
Pimp Chat
Done only twice, this sketch featured Tracy Morgan as Bishop Don "Mack" Donald, a pastiche/parody/homage to Bishop Don "Magic" Juan. Both sketches featured Tim Meadows as "Pimpin' Kyle", Bishop Donald's sidekick, and took place in the back of a limo with pink faux fur upholstery, "from the back of a Rolls-Royce limousine parked outside Club Sugar Shack, at Nelson Ave. and Harlem." The first sketch featured Vince Vaughn (12/05/98) as "White Chocolate", and the second featured Ray Romano (3/13/99). As these were produced during the Clinton era, they invariably had content regarding said presidential scandals, with the occasional political questions thrown in. During these sketches, Bishop Donald would always call for the limo to slow down, at which point he would yell (to his one of his whores, presumably), "Bitch, where's my money?" Debuted December 5, 1998.
Skeeter
Skeeter is a redneck character portrayed by Darrell Hammond.
Skeeter only appeared on Saturday Night Live four times:
1. January 9, 1999 (Extreme Hunting)
2. May 3, 2003 (Politics Today)
3. January 15, 2005 (Trucker Talk)
4. March 12, 2005 (Dirtball and Burnout Convention)
Skeeter uses his catchphrase "What's up, sons of bitches?" to start a conversation. He has a mullet hairstyle. His attire consists of a white undershirt, a blue button down shirt and an orange vest jacket. He sometimes wears a dirty purple and yellow hat.
In the Politics Today sketch, we learn that Skeeter is a high school drop out and has poor knowledge of politics and current events. In the Dirtball and Burnout Convention commercial, it is revealed that Skeeter is a "four time arrestee from TV's Cops."
Brian Fellow's Safari Planet
Brian Fellow's Safari Planet was a recurring sketch on Saturday Night Live, featuring Tracy Morgan. The character premiered on May 15, 1999, and appeared 10 times, with his last appearance on October 17, 2015.
The sketch consists of Brian Fellow (Morgan), an animal enthusiast who hosts his own animal show. However, he is neither a licensed zoologist, nor has any degrees in any environmental sciences, and only has a sixth-grade education. He interviews representatives from zoos, animal sanctuaries, or other wildlife centers, who bring animals to his show. Brian's simple-mindedness and frequent tendency to take anyone's comments out of context, made most, if not all of his interviews humorously fall apart.
7 Degrees Celsius
A parody of late-1990s "Boy Bands", specifically 98 Degrees. The members were Jeph (Chris Parnell), Samm (Chris Kattan), Sweet T (Horatio Sanz), and Wade (Jimmy Fallon); the host or musical guest would appear as the fifth member (similar to Gemini's Twin). Jeph described their sound as "gangsta rap meets hip-hop meets You Can't Do That On Television." Sweet T has a 15-year-old son named Ribeye, though adds that this doesn't make him an old dude, since he had him when he was 9. Their manager was a man with a thinly-veiled criminal past named Peter Tanner, played by Will Ferrell. They were often seen bouncing around on large inflatable playground balls while singing, a reference to the Backstreet Boys' trademark "folding chair dance". Debuted January 16, 1999.
Chet Harper
A Ray Romano sketch. Debuted March 13, 1999.
References
Category:Lists of recurring Saturday Night Live characters and sketches
Category:Saturday Night Live in the 1990s
Saturday Night Live
Saturday Night Live | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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2012–13 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
The 2012–13 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season was a slightly above average event in tropical cyclone formation in the Southern hemisphere tropical cyclone year starting on July 1, 2012, and ending on June 30, 2013. Within this basin, tropical and subtropical disturbances are officially monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre on Réunion island, while the Mauritius and Madagascar weather services assign names to significant tropical and subtropical disturbances. The first tropical disturbance of the season developed on October 12 and rapidly developed into the earliest known intense tropical cyclone on record during October 14.
__TOC__
Seasonal summary
The first tropical disturbance of the season developed on October 12 and gradually intensified to become the earliest known intense tropical cyclone on record on October 14.
Systems
Intense Tropical Cyclone Anais
On October 12, 2012, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) on a system near the Chagos Islands. Soon afterwards, RSMC La Réunion designated the system as a tropical disturbance while located roughly to the west of Diego Garcia. That afternoon, the JTWC upgraded the system into a tropical depression, giving it the designation 01S. The next day, RSMC La Réunion reported that the system had intensified into a moderate tropical storm and named it Anais. As the day progressed, Anais began a period of quick intensification—being upgraded into a tropical cyclone by RSMC La Réunion and a category one tropical cyclone by the JTWC. Late on October 15, as it started to weaken, the system's eye started to collapse, but deep convection remained over the low level circulation center, and it was downgraded to a category 1 cyclone by October 16. On October 17, the system weakened into a tropical storm, and the low-level circulation center became totally exposed, with convection being displaced to the south due to moderate vertical wind shear from the north west. As the day progressed, Anais weakened into a tropical depression.
On October 14, Anais became the earliest intense tropical cyclone in the South-West Indian Ocean.
Tropical Disturbance 02
On November 8, an area of low pressure formed far northeast of La Reunion. It gradually drifted west and developed a low-level circulation center (LLCC). On the next day, isolated convection developed around the system with fragmented spiral banding. The low drifted southwest and slightly weakened on November 12. The low pressure area soon became disorganized and the JTWC stopped tracking it later that day. Early on November 15, the disturbance regained strength and the convective banding around its LLCC improved and JTWC resumed tracking the system. At the same time, RSMC La Réunion upgraded the low pressure area to a tropical disturbance. The next day, the system lost most of its convection and Météo France stopped tracking the disturbance, reporting that their forecast models showed no chance of the system restrengthening.
Severe Tropical Storm Boldwin
On November 23, the system organized under moderate vertical wind shear, and the Météo-France started to track the system as a tropical disturbance By midnight, that day, Météo-France further upgraded the system to a tropical depression. In the early hours of November 24, RSMC La Reunion further upgraded the tropical depression into a Moderate Tropical Storm with Mauritus assigning it the name Boldwin. Later the same day, the JTWC also started tracking the system as Tropical Cyclone 02S with winds equivalent to a tropical storm on the SSHS, while it developed an eye-like feature. During the afternoon, Météo-France further upgraded Boldwin into a Severe Tropical Storm with 10-minute sustained winds reaching 100 km/h (65 mph). On November 25, the storm encountered strong vertical wind shear and much of its convection got displaced to the southeast, partially exposing the center. That day, Boldwin weakened into a Moderate Tropical Storm. Later that night, Boldwin's LLCC became fully exposed and started weakening rapidly. As a result, the JTWC issued their final advisory on the system. At the same time, Météo-France reported that Boldwin further weakened into a Tropical Depression. Finally, during the early hours of November 26, Météo-France issued their final warning on Boldwin, as it weakened into a remnant low, as moderate vertical wind shear had torn the system apart.
Intense Tropical Cyclone Claudia
The disturbance moved south-westwards over the following week, strengthening as wind shear decreased. On 6 December, JTWC issued a TCFA and RSMC La Réunion commenced advisories for a Tropical Disturbance. The disturbance was then located about 900 km (550 miles) SE of Diego Garcia. The next day it was named Moderate Tropical Storm Claudia by NWS Mauritius. On December 8, Cyclone Claudia was in South Indian Ocean and had strengthened rapidly with winds over 160 km/h (100 mph). On December 10, a well-developed eye was observed, with diameter of approximately 19 km (12 mi). By December 11, Claudia's eye had dissipated, and the cyclone became more disorganized, with wind shear causing elongation from east to west. Claudia moved into sea surface temperatures below , as a result of the western edge of a high pressure ridge steering the system south. On December 12, high vertical wind shear near 30 knots (55.5 km/h; 34.5 mph) impacted the northwestern quadrant of the low level circulation center, exposing the center, as it became extratropical over cooler waters. On December 13, the system became fully extratropical, with the low level circulation center becoming fully exposed, and convection displaced far south of the circulation center by strong vertical wind shear.
Tropical Cyclone Dumile
On December 28 a low pressure area continued to organize, with a significant increase in convection, located just to the west of an anticyclone.
In Mauritius, the storm produced winds up to that downed trees and power lines. Transportation across the region was several disrupted as public transit was shut down and many roads were blocked by debris. In Cassis, a billboard collapsed and damaged a nearby home. One person was found dead after his body washed ashore in Flic-en-Flac. In addition to winds, the storm brought heavy rains to the region, amounting to in Arnaud. Overall, damage from the storm was fairly limited in Mauritius.
Cyclone Dumile produced strong winds across Réunion Island, peaking at , that downed numerous trees and power lines, leaving approximately 125,000 residents without electricity. Downed wires also led to the death of one person after he tried to remove a live wire from the roof of his home. Additionally 14 people were injured by the storm. Heavy rains also affected much of the island, with falling in Cirad over a 24‑hour span. These rains proved to be mostly beneficial, restoring reservoirs and replenishing rivers, as the island experienced below-average rainfall in the preceding two months. Significant agricultural damage took place on the island, with losses reaching €31 million (US$41.3 million). Insured losses were estimated at €3.5 million (US$4.7 million).
Moderate Tropical Storm Emang
By December 28, the JTWC began tracking the system, as it began to make a significant increase in deep convection, with formative convective banding developing around the system. At that time, the disturbance was located west of an upper-level anticyclone and directly beneath a subtropical ridge center, in an area of light vertical wind shear, north-northwest of Learmonth, Australia.
On December 30, the low-level circulation center became partially exposed, being under moderate to strong easterly moving vertical wind shear, while the western part of the system still had deep, persistent convection.
By January 17, Emang became disorganized and weakened into a small area of flaring convection. The low-level circulation center had become weak and poorly defined, due to moderate vertical wind shear.
Intense Tropical Cyclone Felleng
On January 18, an elongated, poorly organized area of convection associated with the remnants of Tropical Storm Emang lingered near the ITCZ. By January 24, RSMC La Réunion reported a totally exposed vortex with occasional burst of convection persisted about 470 miles (760 km) NNE of Rodrigues, and 580 miles (930 km) SW of Diego Garcia. At that time it was not expected to strengthen, but early on 26 January, convective activity improved, with deep convection and redeveloped a well defined, partially exposed low level circulation center due to moderate vertical wind shear from the East, and was designated as a Tropical Depression. It continued to strengthen as it moved west, then south-west as it steadily intensified, reaching Intense Tropical Cyclone strength on 30 January while developing a well defined eye, with a deep, intense ring of convective banding forming in the eyewall. On January 31 the eye became less well defined, and started to collapse. On February 1 the system started to become elongated, and weakened into a severe tropical storm as it began its extratropical transition. By February 3, Felleng became fully extratropical, with the low level circulation center becoming totally exposed and elongated, under vertical wind shear, located to the west of the remnant convection.
Although the center of Cyclone Felleng remained offshore, heavy rain from the storm's outer bands triggered significant flooding in parts of Madagascar. Flood waters rose rapidly in the capital Antananarivo, flooding many low-lying homes, as well as several hundred hectares of rice fields. Government authorities confirmed at least 800 people have been affected by the floods in the capital alone. Across the island, 9 people were killed and 1,303 were left homeless. A total of 162 homes were destroyed while another 1,803 were damaged by flood waters, most of which were in Vatovavy-Fitovinany.
Heavy rains and winds associated with the storm also impacted Réunion Island, where 11,200 homes were left without power. Over the course of three days, up to of rain fell in parts of the island, resulting in significant flooding. In Plaine des Cafres, fell during a 24‑hour span.
Tropical Cyclone Gino
On 11 February, RSMC La Réunion announced that a Tropical Depression had formed about 760 mi (1230 km) ESE of Diego Garcia. The disturbance had first been noticed several days earlier as a Tropical Low in the Australian AoR. It was soon upgraded and named Moderate Tropical Storm Gino. On 12 February at 1500 UTC, the storm's maximum sustained winds was making the storm a category one hurricane. At that time, Gino was centered near 17.1 south latitude and 79.5 east longitude, about southeast of Diego Garcia. Gino moved south-southwest at , around the northwestern edge of a subtropical ridge of high pressure.
Tropical Cyclone Haruna
In the middle of February, an area of convection persisted in the Mozambique Channel. The system shifted southward after exiting the coast of Mozambique and slowed to a drift in response to a break in the subtropical ridge. Subsequently, convection became more pronounced and Météo France classified the system as a tropical disturbance on February 18. On February 19, the system attained gale-force winds and was upgraded to Moderate Tropical Storm Haruna. The structure of Haruna continued to become more symmetrical with a large radius of maximum winds, developing a ragged eye early on February 20. Based on the improved appearance, MFR upgraded Haruna to a severe tropical storm at 0000 UTC that day. About 12 hours later, the agency upgraded Haruna further to tropical cyclone status, with 10 minute winds of 120 km/h (75 mph). That day, an approaching trough weakened the ridge to the south, causing the cyclone to slow and move erratically. MFR assessed that Haruna reached 10 minute winds of 150 km/h (90 mph) on February 20. At around 0230 UTC on February 22, the cyclone made landfall about 55 km (35 mi) south of Morombe in southwestern Madagascar. Haruna quickly weakened below cyclone status, and while over land it accelerated to the southeast. At 1200 UTC on February 24, MFR issued its last advisory after Haruna began losing tropical characteristics, designating it as a subtropical depression. The next day, the JTWC also discontinued advisories on the storm, noting that Haruna was dissipating about 665 km (415 mi) south-southwest of Réunion.
Striking the southwestern coast of Madagascar, Cyclone Haruna impacted areas that usually do not see tropical cyclones. The most significant damage took place north of Toliara around the Mikea Forest. The storm brought wind gusts estimated at 210 km/h (130 mph), resulting in extensive damage. Many homes lost their roofs and numerous roads were blocked by debris, isolating communities. Several days of heavy rain caused extensive flooding, especially in Morombe where approximately 70 percent of the city was destroyed due to flash flooding and dam collapses. In nearby Toliara, dozens of people were evacuated due to similarly dangerous flooding. At least 24 people were killed across southern Madagascar and another 16 were listed as missing. In addition, at least 92 were injured and nearly 10,000 left homeless after the passage of Haruna.
Tropical Cyclone Imelda
On April 3, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center started tracking an area of weak, shallow convection located around a low-level circulation center (LLCC) near 8.5°S 75.6°E. By April 4, the system developed flaring convection around a consolidating, partially exposed LLCC. On April 5, the system developed convective bands that have further deepened, and wrapped tighter around the LLCC. Later that day, the RSMC designated the system Zone of Disturbed Weather 10.
Moderate Tropical Storm Jamala
In the middle of May, Tropical Storm Jamala existed in the northeastern portion of the basin.
Storm names
Within the South-west Indian Ocean Tropical Depressions and Subtropical Depressions that are judged to have 10-minute sustained windspeeds of 65 km/h, (40 mph) by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center on La Réunion Island, France (RSMC La Réunion) are usually assigned a name. However it is the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centers in Mauritius and Madagascar who name the systems. The Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Mauritius names the storm should it intensify into a moderate tropical storm between 55°E and 90°E, if the storm should intensify into a moderate tropical storm between 30°E and 55°E then the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. New name lists are used every year, whilst a name is normally only used once so thus far no names are retired. For the first time this year tropical cyclones that move into this region from the Australian Region will not be renamed by the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Mauritius.
Season effects
This table lists all of the tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones that were monitored during the 2012–2013 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Information on their intensity, duration, name, and areas affected, primarily comes from RSMC La Réunion. Death and damage reports come from either press reports or the relevant national disaster management agency while the damage totals are given in 2012 USD.
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Diego Garcia, Madagascar || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mauritius, Réunion Island || || 2 ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Seychelles, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion Island || Unknown || 9 ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || Mozambique, Madagascar || Unknown || ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || St Brandon, Mauritius, Rodrigues || None || None ||
|-
| || || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || bgcolor=#| || None || None || None ||
|-
See also
Tropical cyclones in 2012
South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
List of Southern Hemisphere cyclone seasons
Atlantic hurricane seasons: 2012, 2013
Pacific hurricane seasons: 2012, 2013
Pacific typhoon seasons: 2012, 2013
North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: 2012, 2013
2012–13 Australian region cyclone season
2012–13 South Pacific cyclone season
References
Category:2012–13 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season
Category:2012 in Madagascar
Category:2013 in Madagascar
Category:2012 in Réunion
Category:2013 in Réunion
Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines
Category:South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Upton, Bassetlaw
Upton is a small village in the English county of Nottinghamshire located north of Askham and south of Headon; with the latter it forms the civil parish of Headon cum Upton. The population of this civil parish at the 2011 census was 253.
Sources
Google Maps
References
Category:Villages in Nottinghamshire
Category:Bassetlaw District | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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North American P-51 Mustang
The North American Aviation P-51 Mustang is an American long-range, single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber used during World War II and the Korean War, among other conflicts. The Mustang was designed in April 1940 by a design team headed by James Kindelberger of North American Aviation (NAA) in response to a requirement of the British Purchasing Commission. The Purchasing Commission approached North American Aviation to build Curtiss P-40 fighters under license for the Royal Air Force (RAF). Rather than build an old design from another company, North American Aviation proposed the design and production of a more modern fighter. The prototype NA-73X airframe was rolled out on 9 September 1940, 102 days after the contract was signed, and first flew on 26 October.
The Mustang was designed to use the Allison V-1710 engine, which had limited high-altitude performance in its earlier variants. The aircraft was first flown operationally by the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a tactical-reconnaissance aircraft and fighter-bomber (Mustang Mk I). Replacing the Allison with a Rolls-Royce Merlin resulted in the P-51B/C (Mustang Mk III) model and transformed the aircraft's performance at altitudes above (without sacrificing range), allowing it to compete with the Luftwaffe's fighters. The definitive version, the P-51D, was powered by the Packard V-1650-7, a license-built version of the two-speed two-stage-supercharged Merlin 66, and was armed with six .50 caliber (12.7 mm) AN/M2 Browning machine guns.
From late 1943, P-51Bs and P-51Cs (supplemented by P-51Ds from mid-1944) were used by the USAAF's Eighth Air Force to escort bombers in raids over Germany, while the RAF's Second Tactical Air Force and the USAAF's Ninth Air Force used the Merlin-powered Mustangs as fighter-bombers, roles in which the Mustang helped ensure Allied air superiority in 1944. The P-51 was also used by Allied air forces in the North African, Mediterranean, Italian and Pacific theaters. During World War II, Mustang pilots claimed to have destroyed 4,950 enemy aircraft.
At the start of the Korean War, the Mustang, by then redesignated F-51, was the main fighter of the United Nations until jet fighters, including North American's F-86, took over this role; the Mustang then became a specialized fighter-bomber. Despite the advent of jet fighters, the Mustang remained in service with some air forces until the early 1980s. After the Korean War, Mustangs became popular civilian warbirds and air racing aircraft.
Design and development
In April 1940, the British government established a purchasing commission in the United States, headed by Sir Henry Self. Self was given overall responsibility for Royal Air Force (RAF) production, research and development, and also served with Sir Wilfrid Freeman, the Air Member for Development and Production. Self also sat on the British Air Council Sub-committee on Supply (or "Supply Committee") and one of his tasks was to organize the manufacturing and supply of American fighter aircraft for the RAF. At the time, the choice was very limited, as no U.S. aircraft then in production or flying met European standards, with only the Curtiss P-40 Tomahawk coming close. The Curtiss-Wright plant was running at capacity, so P-40s were in short supply.
North American Aviation (NAA) was already supplying its Harvard trainer to the RAF, but was otherwise underused. NAA President "Dutch" Kindelberger approached Self to sell a new medium bomber, the B-25 Mitchell. Instead, Self asked if NAA could manufacture P-40s under license from Curtiss. Kindelberger said NAA could have a better aircraft with the same Allison V-1710 engine in the air sooner than establishing a production line for the P-40. The Commission stipulated armament of four .303 in (7.7 mm) machine guns (as used on the Tomahawk), a unit cost of no more than $40,000 and delivery of the first production aircraft by January 1941. In March 1940, 320 aircraft were ordered by Freeman, who had become the executive head of the Ministry of Aircraft Production (MAP) and the contract was promulgated on 24 April.
The NA-73X, which was designed by a team led by lead engineer Edgar Schmued, followed the best conventional practice of the era, but included several new features. One was a wing designed using laminar flow airfoils, which were developed co-operatively by North American Aviation and the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). These airfoils generated low drag at high speeds. During the development of the NA-73X, a wind tunnel test of two wings, one using NACA five-digit airfoils and the other using the new NAA/NACA 45–100 airfoils, was performed in the University of Washington Kirsten Wind Tunnel. The results of this test showed the superiority of the wing designed with the NAA/NACA 45–100 airfoils.
The other feature was a new cooling arrangement (aft positioned, single ducted water and oil radiators assembly) that reduced the cooling drag. Later, after much development, they discovered that the cooling assembly could take advantage of the Meredith effect: in which heated air exited the radiator with a slight amount of jet thrust. Because NAA lacked a suitable wind tunnel to test this feature, it used the GALCIT wind tunnel at the California Institute of Technology. This led to some controversy over whether the Mustang's cooling system aerodynamics were developed by NAA's engineer Edgar Schmued or by Curtiss, although NAA had purchased the complete set of P-40 and XP-46 wind tunnel data and flight test reports for US$56,000. The NA-73X was also one of the first aircraft to have a fuselage lofted mathematically using conic sections; this resulted in smooth, low drag surfaces. To aid production, the airframe was divided into five main sections—forward, center, rear fuselage, and two wing halves—all of which were fitted with wiring and piping before being joined.
The prototype NA-73X was rolled out in September 1940, just 102 days after the order had been placed; it first flew on 26 October 1940, 149 days into the contract, an uncommonly short development period, even during the war. With test pilot Vance Breese at the controls, the prototype handled well and accommodated an impressive fuel load. The aircraft's three-section, semi-monocoque fuselage was constructed entirely of aluminum to save weight. It was armed with four .30 caliber (7.62 mm) AN/M2 Browning machine guns in the wings and two .50 caliber (12.7 mm) AN/M2 Browning machine guns mounted under the engine and firing through the propeller arc using gun-synchronizing gear.
While the United States Army Air Corps could block any sales it considered detrimental to the interests of the US, the NA-73 was considered to be a special case because it had been designed at the behest of the British. In September 1940, a further 300 NA-73s were ordered by the MAP. To ensure uninterrupted delivery, Colonel Oliver P. Echols arranged with the Anglo-French Purchasing Commission to deliver the aircraft and NAA gave two examples (41-038 and 41-039) to the USAAC for evaluation.
Operational history
United Kingdom operational service
The Mustang was initially developed for the RAF, which was its first user. As the first Mustangs were built to British requirements, these aircraft used factory numbers and were not P-51s; the order comprised 320 NA-73s, followed by 300 NA-83s, all of which were designated North American Mustang Mark I by the RAF. The first RAF Mustangs supplied under Lend-Lease were 93 P-51s, designated Mk Ia, followed by 50 P-51As used as Mustang Mk IIs. Aircraft supplied to Britain under Lend-Lease were required for accounting purposes to be on the USAAC's books before they could be supplied to Britain. However, the British Aircraft Purchasing Commission signed its first contract for the North American NA-73 on 24 April 1940, before Lend-Lease was in effect. Thus, the initial order for the P-51 Mustang (as it was later known) was placed by the British under the "Cash and Carry" program, as required by the US Neutrality Acts of the 1930s.
After the arrival of the initial aircraft in the UK in October 1941, the first Mustang Mk Is entered service in January 1942, the first unit being 26 Squadron RAF. Due to poor high-altitude performance, the Mustangs were used by Army Co-operation Command, rather than Fighter Command, and were used for tactical reconnaissance and ground-attack duties. On 10 May 1942, Mustangs first flew over France, near Berck-sur-Mer. On 27 July 1942, 16 RAF Mustangs undertook their first long-range reconnaissance mission over Germany. During the amphibious Dieppe Raid on the French coast (19 August 1942), four British and Canadian Mustang squadrons, including 26 Squadron, saw action covering the assault on the ground. By 1943–1944, British Mustangs were used extensively to seek out V-1 flying bomb sites. The last RAF Mustang Mk I and Mustang Mk II aircraft were struck off charge in 1945.
The RAF also operated 308 P-51Bs and 636 P-51Cs, which were known in RAF service as Mustang Mk IIIs; the first units converted to the type in late 1943 and early 1944. Mustang Mk III units were operational until the end of World War II, though many units had already converted to the Mustang Mk IV (P-51D) and Mk IVa (P-51K) (828 in total, comprising 282 Mk IV and 600 Mk IVa). As all except the earliest aircraft were obtained under Lend-Lease, all Mustang aircraft still on RAF charge at the end of the war were either returned to the USAAF "on paper" or retained by the RAF for scrapping. The last RAF Mustangs were retired from service in 1947.
U.S. operational service
Prewar theory
Prewar doctrine was based on the idea "the bomber will always get through". Despite RAF and Luftwaffe experience with daylight bombing, the USAAF still incorrectly believed in 1942 that tightly packed formations of bombers would have so much firepower that they could fend off fighters on their own. Fighter escort was a low priority but when the concept was discussed in 1941, the Lockheed P-38 Lightning was considered to be most appropriate as it had the speed and range. Another school of thought favored a heavily up-armed "gunship" conversion of a strategic bomber. A single-engined, high-speed fighter with the range of a bomber was thought to be an engineering impossibility.
Eighth Air Force bomber operations 1942–1943
The 8th Air Force started operations from Britain in August 1942. At first, because of the limited scale of operations, no conclusive evidence showed American doctrine was failing. In the 26 operations flown to the end of 1942, the loss rate had been under 2%.
In January 1943, at the Casablanca Conference, the Allies formulated the Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) plan for "round-the-clock" bombing – USAAF daytime operations complementing the RAF nighttime raids on industrial centers. In June 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff issued the Pointblank Directive to destroy the Luftwaffe's capacity before the planned invasion of Europe, putting the CBO into full implementation. German daytime fighter efforts were, at that time, focused on the Eastern Front and several other distant locations. Initial efforts by the 8th met limited and unorganized resistance, but with every mission, the Luftwaffe moved more aircraft to the west and quickly improved their battle direction. In fall 1943, the 8th Air Force's heavy bombers conducted a series of deep-penetration raids into Germany, beyond the range of escort fighters. The Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission in August lost 60 B-17s of a force of 376, the 14 October attack lost 77 of a force of 291—26% of the attacking force.
For the US, the very concept of self-defending bombers was called into question, but instead of abandoning daylight raids and turning to night bombing, as the RAF suggested, they chose other paths; at first, a bomber with more guns (the Boeing YB-40) was believed to be able to escort the bomber formations, but when the concept proved to be unsuccessful, thoughts then turned to the Lockheed P-38 Lightning. In early 1943, the USAAF also decided that the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt and P-51B be considered for the role of a smaller escort fighter, and in July, a report stated that the P-51B was "the most promising plane" with an endurance of 4 hours 45 minutes with the standard internal fuel of 184 gallons plus 150 gallons carried externally. In August, a P-51B was fitted with an extra internal 85-gallon tank, and although problems with longitudinal stability occurred and some compromises in performance with the tank full were made, and because the fuel from the fuselage tank would be used during the initial stages of a mission, the fuel tank would be fitted in all Mustangs destined for VIII Fighter Command.
P-51 introduction
The P-51 Mustang was a solution to the need for an effective bomber escort. It used a common, reliable engine and had internal space for a larger-than-average fuel load. With external fuel tanks, it could accompany the bombers from England to Germany and back.
However, the Allison engine in the P-51A had a single-stage supercharger that caused power to drop off rapidly above 15,000 ft. This made it unsuitable for combat at the altitudes where USAAF bombers planned to fly. Following the RAF's initial disappointing experience with the Mustang I (P-51A), Ronald Harker, a test pilot for Rolls-Royce, suggested fitting a Merlin 61, as fitted to the Spitfire Mk IX. The Merlin 61 had a two-speed, two-stage, intercooled supercharger, designed by Stanley Hooker of Rolls-Royce, and this gave an increase in horsepower from the Allison's , or in War Emergency Power, delivering an increase of top speed from , as well as raising the service ceiling to almost . Initial flights of what was known to Rolls-Royce as the Mustang Mk X were completed at Rolls-Royce's airfield at Hucknall in October 1942.
At the same time, the possibility of combining the P-51 airframe with the US license-built Packard version of the Merlin engine was being explored on the other side of the Atlantic. In July 1942 a contract was let for two prototypes, briefly designated XP-78 but soon to become the XP-51B. The first flight of the XP-51B took place in November 1942, but the USAAF was so interested in the possibility that an initial contract for 400 aircraft was placed three months beforehand in August. The conversion led to production of the P-51B beginning at North American's Inglewood, California, plant in June 1943, and P-51s started to become available to the 8th and 9th Air Forces in the winter of 1943–1944. During the conversion to the two-stage, supercharged Merlin engine, which was slightly heavier than the single-stage Allison, so moved the aircraft's center-of-gravity forward, North American's engineers took the opportunity to add a large additional fuselage fuel tank behind the pilot, greatly increasing the aircraft's range over that of the earlier P-51A.
By the time the Pointblank offensive resumed in early 1944, matters had changed. Bomber escort defenses were initially layered, using the shorter-range P-38s and P-47s to escort the bombers during the initial stages of the raid before handing over to the P-51s when they were forced to turn for home. This provided continuous coverage during the raid. The Mustang was so clearly superior to earlier US designs that the 8th Air Force began to steadily switch its fighter groups to the Mustang, first swapping arriving P-47 groups to the 9th Air Force in exchange for those that were using P-51s, then gradually converting its Thunderbolt and Lightning groups. By the end of 1944, 14 of its 15 groups flew the Mustang.
The Luftwaffe's twin-engined Messerschmitt Bf 110 heavy fighters brought up to deal with the bombers proved to be easy prey for the Mustangs, and had to be quickly withdrawn from combat. The Focke-Wulf Fw 190A, already suffering from poor high-altitude performance, was outperformed by the Mustang at the B-17's altitude, and when laden with heavy bomber-hunting weapons as a replacement for the more vulnerable twin-engined Zerstörer heavy fighters, it suffered heavy losses. The Messerschmitt Bf 109 had comparable performance at high altitudes, but its lightweight airframe was even more greatly affected by increases in armament. The Mustang's much lighter armament, tuned for antifighter combat, allowed it to overcome these single-engined opponents.
Fighting the Luftwaffe
At the start of 1944, Major General James Doolittle, the new commander of the 8th Air Force, ordered many fighter pilots to stop flying in formation with the bombers and instead attack the Luftwaffe wherever it could be found. The aim was to achieve air supremacy. Mustang groups were sent far ahead of the bombers in a "fighter sweep" in order to intercept attacking German fighters.
The Luftwaffe answered with the Gefechtsverband ("battle formation"). This consisted of a Sturmgruppe of heavily armed and armored Fw 190As escorted by two Begleitgruppen of Messerschmitt Bf 109s, whose task was to keep the Mustangs away from the Fw 190As attacking the bombers. This strategy proved to be problematic, as the large German formation took a long time to assemble and was difficult to maneuver. It was often intercepted by the P-51 "fighter sweeps" before it could attack the bombers. However, German attacks against bombers could be effective when they did occur; the bomber-destroyer Fw 190As swept in from astern and often pressed their attacks to within .
While not always able to avoid contact with the escorts, the threat of mass attacks and later the "company front" (eight abreast) assaults by armored Sturmgruppe Fw 190As brought an urgency to attacking the Luftwaffe wherever it could be found, either in the air or on the ground. Beginning in late February 1944, 8th Air Force fighter units began systematic strafing attacks on German airfields with increasing frequency and intensity throughout the spring, with the objective of gaining air supremacy over the Normandy battlefield. In general these were conducted by units returning from escort missions but, beginning in March, many groups also were assigned airfield attacks instead of bomber support. The P-51, particularly with the advent of the K-14 Gyro gunsight and the development of "Clobber Colleges" for the training of fighter pilots in fall 1944, was a decisive element in Allied countermeasures against the Jagdverbände.
The numerical superiority of the USAAF fighters, superb flying characteristics of the P-51, and pilot proficiency helped cripple the Luftwaffe's fighter force. As a result, the fighter threat to US, and later British, bombers was greatly diminished by July 1944. The RAF, long proponents of night bombing for protection, were able to reopen daylight bombing in 1944 as a result of the crippling of the Luftwaffe fighter arm. Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, commander of the German Luftwaffe during the war, was quoted as saying, "When I saw Mustangs over Berlin, I knew the jig was up."
Beyond Pointblank
On 15 April 1944, VIII Fighter Command began "Operation Jackpot", attacks on Luftwaffe fighter airfields. As the efficacy of these missions increased, the number of fighters at the German airbases fell to the point where they were no longer considered worthwhile targets. On 21 May, targets were expanded to include railways, locomotives, and rolling stock used by the Germans to transport materiel and troops, in missions dubbed "Chattanooga". The P-51 excelled at this mission, although losses were much higher on strafing missions than in air-to-air combat, partially because the Mustang's liquid-cooled engine (particularly its coolant system) was vulnerable to small-arms fire, unlike the air-cooled R-2800 radials of its Republic P-47 Thunderbolt stablemates based in England, regularly tasked with ground-strafing missions.
Given the overwhelming Allied air superiority, the Luftwaffe put its effort into the development of aircraft of such high performance that they could operate with impunity, but which also made bomber attack much more difficult, merely from the flight velocities they achieved. Foremost among these were the Messerschmitt Me 163B point-defense rocket interceptors, which started their operations with JG 400 near the end of July 1944, and the longer-endurance Messerschmitt Me 262A jet fighter, first flying with the Gruppe-strength Kommando Nowotny unit by the end of September 1944. In action, the Me 163 proved to be more dangerous to the Luftwaffe than to the Allies, and was never a serious threat. The Me 262A was a serious threat, but attacks on their airfields neutralized them. The pioneering Junkers Jumo 004 axial-flow jet engines of the Me 262As needed careful nursing by their pilots, and these aircraft were particularly vulnerable during takeoff and landing. Lt. Chuck Yeager of the 357th Fighter Group was one of the first American pilots to shoot down an Me 262, which he caught during its landing approach. On 7 October 1944, Lt. Urban L. Drew of the 361st Fighter Group shot down two Me 262s that were taking off, while on the same day Lt. Col. Hubert Zemke, who had transferred to the Mustang-equipped 479th Fighter Group, shot down what he thought was a Bf 109, only to have his gun camera film reveal that it may have been an Me 262. On 25 February 1945, Mustangs of the 55th Fighter Group surprised an entire Staffel of Me 262As at takeoff and destroyed six jets.
The Mustang also proved useful against the V-1s launched toward London. P-51B/Cs using 150-octane fuel were fast enough to catch the V-1 and operated in concert with shorter-range aircraft such as advanced marks of the Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Tempest.
By 8 May 1945, the 8th, 9th, and 15th Air Force's P-51 groups claimed some 4,950 aircraft shot down (about half of all USAAF claims in the European theater, the most claimed by any Allied fighter in air-to-air combat) and 4,131 destroyed on the ground. Losses were about 2,520 aircraft. The 8th Air Force's 4th Fighter Group was the top-scoring fighter group in Europe, with 1,016 enemy aircraft claimed destroyed. This included 550 claimed in aerial combat and 466 on the ground.
In air combat, the top-scoring P-51 units (both of which exclusively flew Mustangs) were the 357th Fighter Group of the 8th Air Force with 565 air-to-air combat victories and the 9th Air Force's 354th Fighter Group with 664, which made it one of the top-scoring fighter groups. The top Mustang ace was the USAAF's George Preddy, whose final tally stood at 26.83 victories (a number that includes shared one half- and one third victory credits), 23 of which were scored with the P-51. Preddy was shot down and killed by friendly fire on Christmas Day 1944 during the Battle of the Bulge.
In China and the Pacific Theater
In early 1945, P-51C, D, and K variants also joined the Chinese Nationalist Air Force. These Mustangs were provided to the 3rd, 4th, and 5th Fighter Groups and used to attack Japanese targets in occupied areas of China. The P-51 became the most capable fighter in China, while the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force used the Nakajima Ki-84 Hayate against it.
The P-51 was a relative latecomer to the Pacific Theater, due largely to the need for the aircraft in Europe, although the P-38's twin-engined design was considered a safety advantage for long, over-water flights. The first P-51s were deployed in the Far East later in 1944, operating in close-support and escort missions, as well as tactical photo reconnaissance. As the war in Europe wound down, the P-51 became more common; eventually, with the capture of Iwo Jima, it was able to be used as a bomber escort during Boeing B-29 Superfortress missions against the Japanese homeland.
The P-51 was often mistaken for the Japanese Kawasaki Ki-61 Hien in both China and Pacific because of its similar appearance.
Pilot observations
Chief Naval Test Pilot and C.O. Captured Enemy Aircraft Flight Capt. Eric Brown, CBE, DSC, AFC, RN, tested the Mustang at RAE Farnborough in March 1944 and noted, "The Mustang was a good fighter and the best escort due to its incredible range, make no mistake about it. It was also the best American dogfighter. But the laminar-flow wing fitted to the Mustang could be a little tricky. It could not by any means out-turn a Spitfire. No way. It had a good rate-of-roll, better than the Spitfire, so I would say the plusses to the Spitfire and the Mustang just about equate. If I were in a dogfight, I'd prefer to be flying the Spitfire. The problem was I wouldn't like to be in a dogfight near Berlin, because I could never get home to Britain in a Spitfire!"
The U.S. Air Forces, Flight Test Engineering, assessed the Mustang B on 24 April 1944 thus: "The rate of climb is good and the high speed in level flight is exceptionally good at all altitudes, from sea level to 40,000 feet. The airplane is very maneuverable with good controllability at indicated speeds up to 400 MPH [sic]. The stability about all axes is good and the rate of roll is excellent; however, the radius of turn is fairly large for a fighter. The cockpit layout is excellent, but visibility is poor on the ground and only fair in level flight."
Kurt Bühligen, the third-highest scoring German fighter pilot of World War II's Western Front (with 112 confirmed victories, three against Mustangs), later stated, "We would out-turn the P-51 and the other American fighters, with the Bf 109 or the Fw 190. Their turn rate was about the same. The P-51 was faster than us, but our munitions and cannon were better." Heinz Bär said that the P-51 "was perhaps the most difficult of all Allied aircraft to meet in combat. It was fast, maneuverable, hard to see, and difficult to identify because it resembled the Me 109".
Post-World War II
In the aftermath of World War II, the USAAF consolidated much of its wartime combat force and selected the P-51 as a "standard" piston-engined fighter, while other types, such as the P-38 and P-47, were withdrawn or given substantially reduced roles. As the more advanced (P-80 and P-84) jet fighters were introduced, the P-51 was also relegated to secondary duties.
In 1947, the newly formed USAF Strategic Air Command employed Mustangs alongside F-6 Mustangs and F-82 Twin Mustangs, due to their range capabilities. In 1948, the designation P-51 (P for pursuit) was changed to F-51 (F for fighter) and the existing F designator for photographic reconnaissance aircraft was dropped because of a new designation scheme throughout the USAF. Aircraft still in service in the USAF or Air National Guard (ANG) when the system was changed included: F-51B, F-51D, F-51K, RF-51D (formerly F-6D), RF-51K (formerly F-6K) and TRF-51D (two-seat trainer conversions of F-6Ds). They remained in service from 1946 through 1951. By 1950, although Mustangs continued in service with the USAF after the war, the majority of the USAF's Mustangs had become surplus to requirements and placed in storage, while some were transferred to the Air Force Reserve and the ANG.
From the start of the Korean War, the Mustang once again proved useful. A "substantial number" of stored or in-service F-51Ds were shipped, via aircraft carriers, to the combat zone, and were used by the USAF, the South African Air Force, and the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF). The F-51 was used for ground attack, fitted with rockets and bombs, and photo reconnaissance, rather than being as interceptors or "pure" fighters. After the first North Korean invasion, USAF units were forced to fly from bases in Japan and the F-51Ds, with their long range and endurance, could attack targets in Korea that short-ranged F-80 jets could not. Because of the vulnerable liquid cooling system, however, the F-51s sustained heavy losses to ground fire. Due to its lighter structure and a shortage of spare parts, the newer, faster F-51H was not used in Korea.
Mustangs continued flying with USAF and ROKAF fighter-bomber units on close support and interdiction missions in Korea until 1953, when they were largely replaced as fighter-bombers by USAF F-84s and by United States Navy (USN) Grumman F9F Panthers. Other air forces and units using the Mustang included the Royal Australian Air Force's 77 Squadron, which flew Australian-built Mustangs as part of British Commonwealth Forces Korea. The Mustangs were replaced by Gloster Meteor F8s in 1951. The South African Air Force's 2 Squadron used U.S.-built Mustangs as part of the U.S. 18th Fighter Bomber Wing and had suffered heavy losses by 1953, after which 2 Squadron converted to the F-86 Sabre.
F-51s flew in the Air Force Reserve and ANG throughout the 1950s. The last American USAF Mustang was F-51D-30-NA AF serial no. 44-74936, which was finally withdrawn from service with the West Virginia Air National Guard's 167th Fighter Interceptor Squadron in January 1957 and retired to what was then called the Air Force Central Museum, although it was briefly reactivated to fly at the 50th anniversary of the Air Force Aerial Firepower Demonstration at the Air Proving Ground, Eglin AFB, Florida, on 6 May 1957. This aircraft, painted as P-51D-15-NA serial no. 44-15174, is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Wright-Patterson AFB, in Dayton, Ohio.
The final withdrawal of the Mustang from USAF dumped hundreds of P-51s onto the civilian market. The rights to the Mustang design were purchased from North American by the Cavalier Aircraft Corporation, which attempted to market the surplus Mustang aircraft in the U.S. and overseas. In 1967 and again in 1972, the USAF procured batches of remanufactured Mustangs from Cavalier, most of them destined for air forces in South America and Asia that were participating in the Military Assistance Program (MAP). These aircraft were remanufactured from existing original F-51D airframes fitted with new V-1650-7 engines, a new radio, tall F-51H-type vertical tails, and a stronger wing that could carry six machine guns and a total of eight underwing hardpoints. Two bombs and six rockets could be carried. They all had an original F-51D-type canopy, but carried a second seat for an observer behind the pilot. One additional Mustang was a two-seat, dual-control TF-51D (67-14866) with an enlarged canopy and only four wing guns. Although these remanufactured Mustangs were intended for sale to South American and Asian nations through the MAP, they were delivered to the USAF with full USAF markings. They were, however, allocated new serial numbers (67-14862/14866, 67-22579/22582 and 72-1526/1541).
The last U.S. military use of the F-51 was in 1968, when the U. S. Army employed a vintage F-51D (44-72990) as a chase aircraft for the Lockheed YAH-56 Cheyenne armed helicopter project. This aircraft was so successful that the Army ordered two F-51Ds from Cavalier in 1968 for use at Fort Rucker as chase planes. They were assigned the serials 68-15795 and 68-15796. These F-51s had wingtip fuel tanks and were unarmed. Following the end of the Cheyenne program, these two chase aircraft were used for other projects. One of them (68-15795) was fitted with a 106 mm recoilless rifle for evaluation of the weapon's value in attacking fortified ground targets. Cavalier Mustang 68-15796 survives at the Air Force Armament Museum, Eglin AFB, Florida, displayed indoors in World War II markings.
The F-51 was adopted by many foreign air forces and continued to be an effective fighter into the mid-1980s with smaller air arms. The last Mustang ever downed in battle occurred during Operation Power Pack in the Dominican Republic in 1965, with the last aircraft finally being retired by the Dominican Air Force in 1984.
Service with other air forces
After World War II, the P-51 Mustang served in the air arms of more than 25 nations. During the war, a Mustang cost about $51,000, while many hundreds were sold postwar for the nominal price of one dollar to signatories of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, ratified in Rio de Janeiro in 1947.
These countries used the P-51 Mustang:
In November 1944, 3 Squadron RAAF became the first Royal Australian Air Force unit to use Mustangs. At the time of its conversion from the P-40 to the Mustang, the squadron was based in Italy with the RAF's First Tactical Air Force.
3 Squadron was renumbered 4 Squadron after returning to Australia from Italy, and converted to P-51Ds. Several other Australian or Pacific-based squadrons converted to either CAC-built Mustangs or to imported P-51Ks from July 1945, having been equipped with P-40s or Boomerangs for wartime service; these units were: 76, 77, 82, 83, 84 and 86 Squadrons. Only 17 Mustangs reached the RAAF's First Tactical Air Force front-line squadrons by the time World War II ended in August 1945.
76, 77 and 82 Squadrons were formed into 81 Fighter Wing of the British Commonwealth Air Force, which was part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force stationed in Japan from February 1946. 77 Squadron used its P-51s extensively during the first months of the Korean War, before converting to Gloster Meteor jets.
Five reserve units from the Citizen Air Force also operated Mustangs. 21 "City of Melbourne" Squadron, based in the state of Victoria; 22 "City of Sydney" Squadron, based in New South Wales; 23 "City of Brisbane" Squadron, based in Queensland; 24 "City of Adelaide" Squadron, based in South Australia; and 25 "City of Perth" Squadron, based in Western Australia; all of these units were equipped with CAC Mustangs, rather than P-51D or Ks. The last Mustangs were retired from these units in 1960 when CAF units adopted a nonflying role.
Nine Cavalier F-51D (including the two TF-51s) were given to Bolivia, under a program called Peace Condor.
Canada had five squadrons equipped with Mustangs during World War II. RCAF 400, 414, and 430 squadrons flew Mustang Mk Is (1942–1944) and 441 and 442 Squadrons flew Mustang Mk IIIs and IVAs in 1945. Postwar, a total of 150 Mustang P-51Ds was purchased and served in two regular (416 "Lynx" and 417 "City of Windsor") and six auxiliary fighter squadrons (402 "City of Winnipeg", 403 "City of Calgary", 420 "City of London", 424 "City of Hamilton", 442 "City of Vancouver" and 443 "City of New Westminster"). The Mustangs were declared obsolete in 1956, but a number of special-duty versions served on into the early 1960s.
The Chinese Nationalist Air Force obtained the P-51 during the late Sino-Japanese War to fight against the Japanese. After the war, Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government used the planes against insurgent Communist forces. The Nationalists retreated to Taiwan in 1949. Pilots supporting Chiang brought most of the Mustangs with them, where the aircraft became part of the island's defense arsenal.
The Communist Chinese captured 39 P-51s from the Nationalists while they were retreating to Taiwan.
The Costa Rica Air Force flew four P-51Ds from 1955 to 1964.
In November 1958, three US-registered civilian P-51D Mustangs were illegally flown separately from Miami to Cuba, on delivery to the rebel forces of the 26th of July Movement, then headed by Fidel Castro during the Cuban Revolution. One of the Mustangs was damaged during delivery and none of them was used operationally. After the success of the revolution in January 1959, with other rebel aircraft plus those of the existing Cuban government forces, they were adopted into the Fuerza Aérea Revolucionaria. Due to increasing U.S. restrictions and lack of spares and maintenance experience, they never achieved operational status. At the time of the Bay of Pigs invasion, the two intact Mustangs were already effectively grounded at Campo Columbia and at Santiago. After the failed invasion, they were placed on display with other symbols of "revolutionary struggle" and one remains on display at the Museo del Aire.
The Dominican Republic was the largest Latin American air force to employ the P-51D, with six aircraft acquired in 1948, 44 ex-Swedish F-51Ds purchased in 1948, and a further Mustang obtained from an unknown source. It was the last nation to have any Mustangs in service, with some remaining in use as late as 1984. Nine of the final 10 aircraft were sold back to American collectors in 1988.
The FAS purchased five Cavalier Mustang IIs (and one dual-control Cavalier TF-51) that featured wingtip fuel tanks to increase combat range and up-rated Merlin engines. Seven P-51D Mustangs were also in service. They were used during the 1969 Football War against Honduras, the last time the P-51 was used in combat. One of them, FAS-404, was shot down by a F4U-5 flown by Cap. Fernando Soto in the last aerial combat between piston-engined fighters in the world.
In late 1944, the first French unit began its transition to reconnaissance Mustangs. In January 1945, the Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron 2/33 of the French Air Force took their F-6Cs and F-6Ds over Germany on photographic mapping missions. The Mustangs remained in service until the early 1950s, when they were replaced by jet fighters.
Several P-51s were captured by the Luftwaffe as Beuteflugzeug ("captured aircraft") following crash landings. These aircraft were subsequently repaired and test-flown by the Zirkus Rosarius, or Rosarius Staffel, the official Erprobungskommando of the Luftwaffe High Command, for combat evaluation at Göttingen. The aircraft were repainted with German markings and bright yellow noses and bellies for identification. A number of P-51B/P-51Cs – including examples marked with Luftwaffe Geschwaderkennung codes T9+CK, T9+FK, T9+HK, and T9+PK (with the "T9" prefix not known to be officially assigned to any existing Luftwaffe formation from their own records, outside of the photos of Zirkus Rosarius–flown aircraft)—with a total of three captured P-51Ds were also flown by the unit. Some of these P-51s were found by Allied forces at the end of the war; others crashed during testing. The Mustang is also listed in the appendix to the novel KG 200 as having been flown by the German secret operations unit KG 200, which tested, evaluated, and sometimes clandestinely operated captured enemy aircraft during World War II.
The Fuerza Aérea Guatemalteca had 30 P-51D Mustangs in service from 1954 to the early 1970s.
Haiti had four P-51D Mustangs when President Paul Eugène Magloire was in power from 1950–1956, with the last retired in 1973–1974 and sold for spares to the Dominican Republic.
Indonesia acquired some P-51Ds from the departing Netherlands East Indies Air Force in 1949 and 1950. The Mustangs were used against Commonwealth (RAF, RAAF, and RNZAF) forces during the Indonesian confrontation in the early 1960s, and was used to fight the CIA-backed PERMESTA rebels. The last time Mustangs were deployed for military purposes was a shipment of six Cavalier II Mustangs (without tip tanks) delivered to Indonesia in 1972–1973, which were replaced in 1976.
A few P-51 Mustangs were illegally bought by Israel in 1948, crated, and smuggled into the country as agricultural equipment for use in the 1947–1949 Palestine war, serving alongside upwards of 23 Avia S-199 fighters (Czech-built Messerschmitt Bf 109Gs) in Israeli service, with the Mustangs quickly establishing themselves as the best fighter in the Israeli inventory. Further aircraft were bought from Sweden and were replaced by jets at the end of the 1950s, but not before the type was used in the Suez Crisis, at the opening of Operation Kadesh. In conjunction with a surprise parachute drop at the Mitla Pass, four P-51s were specially detailed to cut telephone and telegraph wires using their wings in extreme low level runs, which resulted in major interruptions to Egyptian communications.
Italy was a postwar operator of P-51Ds; deliveries were slowed by the Korean War, but between September 1947 and January 1951, by MDAP count, 173 examples were delivered. They were used in all the AMI fighter units: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 51 Stormo (Wing), plus some employed in schools and experimental units. Considered a "glamorous" fighter, P-51s were even used as personal aircraft by several Italian commanders. Some restrictions were placed on its use due to unfavorable flying characteristics. Handling had to be done with much care when fuel tanks were fully used, and several aerobatic maneuvers were forbidden. Overall, the P-51D was highly rated even compared to the other primary postwar fighter in Italian service, the Supermarine Spitfire, partly because these P-51Ds were in very good condition in contrast to all other Allied fighters supplied to Italy. Phasing out of the Mustang began in summer 1958.
The P-51C-11-NT Evalina, marked as "278" (former USAAF serial: 44-10816) and flown by 26th FS, 51st FG, was hit by gunfire on 16 January 1945 and belly-landed on Suchon Airfield in China, which was held by the Japanese. The Japanese repaired the aircraft, roughly applied Hinomaru roundels and flew the aircraft to the Fussa evaluation center (now Yokota Air Base) in Japan.
The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force received 40 P-51Ds and flew them during the Indonesian National Revolution, particularly the two 'politionele acties': Operatie Product in 1947 and Operatie Kraai in 1949. When the conflict was over, Indonesia received some of the ML-KNIL Mustangs.
Fuerza Aerea de Nicaragua (GN) purchased 26 P-51D Mustangs from Sweden in 1954 and later received 30 P-51D Mustangs from the U.S. together with two TF-51 models from MAP after 1954. All aircraft of this type were retired from service by 1964.
New Zealand ordered 370 P-51 Mustangs to supplement its Vought F4U Corsairs in the Pacific Ocean Areas theater. Scheduled deliveries were for an initial batch of 30 P-51Ds, followed by 137 more P-51Ds and 203 P-51Ms. The original 30 were being shipped as the war ended in August 1945; these were stored in their packing cases, and the order for the additional Mustangs was canceled. In 1951, the stored Mustangs entered service in 1 (Auckland), 2 (Wellington), 3 (Canterbury), and 4 (Otago) squadrons of the Territorial Air Force (TAF). The Mustangs remained in service until they were prematurely retired in August 1955 following a series of problems with undercarriage and coolant-system corrosion problems. Four Mustangs served on as target tugs until the TAF was disbanded in 1957. RNZAF pilots in the Royal Air Force also flew the P-51 and at least one New Zealand pilot scored victories over Europe while on loan to a USAAF P-51 squadron.
The Philippines acquired 103 P-51D Mustangs after World War II, operated by the 6th "Cobras" and 7th "Bulldogs" Tactical Fighter Squadrons of the 5th Fighter Wing. These became the backbone of the postwar Philippine Army Air Corps and Philippine Air Force, and were used extensively during the Huk campaign, fighting against Communist insurgents, as well as the suppression of Moro rebels led by Hadji Kamlon in southern Philippines until 1955. The Mustangs were also the first aircraft of the Philippine air demonstration team, which was formed in 1953 and given the name "The Blue Diamonds" the following year. The Mustangs were replaced by 56 F-86 Sabres in the late 1950s, but some were still in service for COIN roles up to the early 1980s.
During World War II, five Polish Air Force in Great Britain squadrons used Mustangs. The first Polish unit equipped (7 June 1942) with Mustang Mk Is was "B" Flight of 309 "Ziemi Czerwieńskiej" Squadron (an Army Co-Operation Command unit), followed by "A" Flight in March 1943. Subsequently, 309 Squadron was redesignated a fighter/reconnaissance unit and became part of Fighter Command. On 13 March 1944, 316 "Warszawski" Squadron received their first Mustang Mk IIIs; rearming of the unit was completed by the end of April. By 26 March 1944, 306 "Toruński" Sqn and 315 "Dębliński" Sqn received Mustangs Mk IIIs (the whole operation took 12 days). On 20 October 1944, Mustang Mk Is in 309 Squadron were replaced by Mk IIIs. On 11 December 1944, the unit was again renamed, becoming 309 Dywizjon Myśliwski "Ziemi Czerwieńskiej" or 309 "Land of Czerwien" Polish Fighter Squadron. In 1945, 303 "Kościuszko" Sqn received 20 Mustangs Mk IV/Mk IVA replacements. Postwar, between 6 December 1946 and 6 January 1947, all five Polish squadrons equipped with Mustangs were disbanded. Poland returned about 80 Mustang Mk IIIs and 20 Mustangs Mk IV/IVAs to the RAF, which transferred them to the U.S. government.
The Somalian Air Force operated eight P-51Ds in post-World War II service.
South Africa
No.5 Squadron South African Air Force operated a number of Mustang Mk IIIs (P-51B/C) and Mk IVs (P-51D/K) in Italy during World War II, beginning in September 1944, when the squadron converted to the Mustang Mk III from Kittyhawks. The Mk IV and Mk IVA came into SA service in March 1945. These aircraft were generally camouflaged in the British style, having been drawn from RAF stocks; all carried RAF serial numbers and were struck off charge and scrapped in October 1945. In 1950, 2 Squadron SAAF was supplied with F-51D Mustangs by the United States for Korean War service. The type performed well in South African hands before being replaced by the F-86 Sabre in 1952 and 1953.
Within a month of the outbreak of the Korean War, 10 F-51D Mustangs were provided to the badly depleted Republic of Korea Air Force as a part of the Bout One Project. They were flown by both South Korean airmen, several of whom were veterans of the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy air services during World War II, as well as by U.S. advisers led by Major Dean Hess. Later, more were provided both from U.S. and from South African stocks, as the latter were converting to F-86 Sabres. They formed the backbone of the South Korean Air Force until they were replaced by Sabres.
It also served with the ROKAF Black Eagles aerobatic team, until retired in 1954.
Sweden's Flygvapnet first recuperated four of the P-51s (two P-51Bs and two early P-51Ds) that had been diverted to Sweden during missions over Europe. In February 1945, Sweden purchased 50 P-51Ds designated J 26, which were delivered by American pilots in April and assigned to the Uppland Air Force Wing (F 16) at Uppsala as interceptors. In early 1946, the Jämtland Air Force Wing (F 4) at Östersund was equipped with a second batch of 90 P-51Ds. A final batch of 21 Mustangs was purchased in 1948. In all, 161 J 26s served in the Swedish Air Force during the late 1940s. About 12 were modified for photo reconnaissance and redesignated S 26. Some of these aircraft participated in the secret Swedish mapping of new Soviet military installations at the Baltic coast in 1946–47 (Operation Falun), an endeavor that entailed many intentional violations of Soviet airspace. However, the Mustang could outdive any Soviet fighter of that era, so no S 26s were lost in these missions. The J 26s were replaced by De Havilland Vampires around 1950. The S 26s were replaced by S 29Cs in the early 1950s.
The Swiss Air Force operated a few USAAF P-51s that had been impounded by Swiss authorities during World War II after the pilots were forced to land in neutral Switzerland. After the war, Switzerland also bought 130 P-51s for $4,000 each. They served until 1958.
The Soviet Union received at least 10 early-model ex-RAF Mustang Mk Is and tested them, but found them to "under-perform" compared to contemporary USSR fighters, relegating them to training units. Later Lend-Lease deliveries of the P-51B/C and D series, along with other Mustangs abandoned in Russia after the famous "shuttle missions", were repaired and used by the Soviet Air Force, but not in front-line service.
The Uruguayan Air Force used 25 P-51D Mustangs from 1950 to 1960; some were subsequently sold to Bolivia.
P-51s and civil aviation
Many P-51s were sold as surplus after the war, often for as little as $1,500. Some were sold to former wartime fliers or other aficionados for personal use, while others were modified for air racing.
One of the most significant Mustangs involved in air racing was a surplus P-51C-10-NT (44-10947) purchased by film stunt pilot Paul Mantz. The aircraft was modified by creating a "wet wing", sealing the wing to create a giant fuel tank in each wing, which eliminated the need for fuel stops or drag-inducing drop tanks. This Mustang, named Blaze of Noon after the film Blaze of Noon, came in first in the 1946 and 1947 Bendix Air Races, second in the 1948 Bendix, and third in the 1949 Bendix. He also set a U.S. coast-to-coast record in 1947. The Mantz Mustang was sold to Charles F. Blair Jr (future husband of Maureen O'Hara) and renamed Excalibur III. Blair used it to set a New York-to-London (circa ) record in 1951: 7 hr 48 min from takeoff at Idlewild to overhead London Airport. Later that same year, he flew from Norway to Fairbanks, Alaska, via the North Pole (circa ), proving that navigation via sun sights was possible over the magnetic north pole region. For this feat, he was awarded the Harmon Trophy and the Air Force was forced to change its thoughts on a possible Soviet air strike from the north. This Mustang now resides in the National Air and Space Museum at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
The most prominent firm to convert Mustangs to civilian use was Trans-Florida Aviation, later renamed Cavalier Aircraft Corporation, which produced the Cavalier Mustang. Modifications included a taller tailfin and wingtip tanks. A number of conversions included a Cavalier Mustang specialty: a "tight" second seat added in the space formerly occupied by the military radio and fuselage fuel tank.
In 1958, 78 surviving RCAF Mustangs were retired from service's inventory and were ferried by Lynn Garrison, an RCAF pilot, from their varied storage locations to Canastota, New York, where the American buyers were based. In effect, Garrison flew each of the surviving aircraft at least once. These aircraft make up a large percentage of the aircraft presently flying worldwide.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, when the United States Department of Defense wished to supply aircraft to South American countries and later Indonesia for close air support and counter insurgency, it turned to Cavalier to return some of their civilian conversions back to updated military specifications.
In the 21st century, a P-51 can command a price of more than $1 million, even for only partially restored aircraft. There were 204 privately owned P-51s in the U.S. on the FAA registry in 2011, most of which are still flying, often associated with organizations such as the Commemorative Air Force (formerly the Confederate Air Force).
In May 2013, Doug Matthews set an altitude record of in a P-51 named The Rebel, for piston-powered aircraft weighing . Mathews departed from a grass runway at Florida's Indiantown airport and flew The Rebel over Lake Okeechobee. He set world records for time to reach altitudes of , 18 minutes and , 31 minutes. He achieved a new height record of in level flight and a maximum altitude. The previous record of had stood since 1954.
Incidents
On 9 June 1973, William Penn Patrick (43) a certified pilot and his passenger, Christian Hagert, died when Patrick's privately owned P-51 Mustang crashed in Lakeport, California.
On 1 July 1990 at the National Capital Air Show (Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), Harry E. Tope was killed when his P-51 Mustang crashed.
On 16 September 2011 The Galloping Ghost, a modified P-51 piloted by Jimmy Leeward of Ocala, Florida, crashed during an air race in Reno, Nevada. Leeward and at least nine people on the ground were killed when the racer suddenly crashed near the edge of the grandstand.
Variants
Over 20 variants of the P-51 Mustang were produced from 1940 to after the war.
Production
Except for the small numbers assembled or produced in Australia, all Mustangs were built by North American initially at Inglewood, California, but then additionally in Dallas, Texas.
Surviving aircraft
Specifications (P-51D Mustang)
Notable appearances in media
Red Tail Reborn (2007) is the story behind the restoration of a flying memorial aircraft.
Scale replicas
As indicative of the iconic nature of the P-51, manufacturers within the hobby industry have created scale plastic model kits of the P-51 Mustang, with varying degrees of detail and skill levels. The aircraft have also been the subject of numerous scale flying replicas. Aside from the popular radio-controlled aircraft, several kitplane manufacturers offer ½, ⅔, and ¾-scale replicas capable of comfortably seating one (or even two) and offering high performance combined with more forgiving flight characteristics. Such aircraft include the Titan T-51 Mustang, W.A.R. P-51 Mustang, Linn Mini Mustang, Jurca Gnatsum, Thunder Mustang, Stewart S-51D Mustang, Loehle 5151 Mustang and ScaleWings SW51 Mustang.
See also
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Aerei da combattimento della Seconda Guerra Mondiale (in Italian). Novara, Italy: De Agostini Editore, 2005.
Anderson, Peter N. Mustangs of the RAAF and RNZAF. Sydney, Australia: A.H. & A.W. Reed Pty Ltd, 1975. .
Angelucci, Enzo and Peter Bowers. The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft from 1917 to the Present. New York: Orion Books, 1985. .
Birch, David. Rolls-Royce and the Mustang. Derby, UK: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust, 1987. .
Bowen, Ezra. Knights of the Air (Epic of Flight). New York: Time-Life Books, 1980. .
Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945.
Bowman, Martin W. P-51 Mustang vs Fw 190: Europe 1943–45. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2007. .
Boylan, Bernard. Development of the Long Range Escort Fighter. Washington, D.C: USAF Historical Division, Research Studies Institute, Air University, 1955. Retrieved: 15 July 2014.
Boyne, Walter J. Clash of Wings. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994. .
Breffort, Dominique with André Jouineau. Le North-American P-51 Mustang – de 1940 à 1980 (Avions et Pilotes 5)(in French). Paris: Histoire et Collections, 2003. .
Bridgman, Leonard, ed. "The North American Mustang." Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. .
Caldwell, Donald and Richard Muller. The Luftwaffe over Germany – Defense of the Reich. St. Paul, Minnesota: Greenhill books, MBI Publishing, 2007. .
Carson, Leonard "Kit." Pursue & Destroy. Granada Hills, California: Sentry Books Inc., 1978. .
Carter, Dustin W. and Birch J. Matthews.Mustang: The Racing Thoroughbred. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Company, 1992. .
Craven, Wesley and James Cate. The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume Two: Europe, Torch to Pointblank, August 1942 to December 1943. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1949.
Darling, Kev. P-51 Mustang (Combat Legend). Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 2002. .
Davis, Larry. P-51 Mustang. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1995. .
Dean, Francis H. America's Hundred Thousand. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1997. .
Delve, Ken. The Mustang Story. London: Cassell & Co., 1999. .
Delve, Ken. The Source Book of the RAF. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1994. .
Dienst, John and Dan Hagedorn. North American F-51 Mustangs in Latin American Air Force Service. London: Aerofax, 1985. .
Donald, David, ed. Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Etobicoke, Ontario: Prospero, 1997. .
Dorr, Robert F.. P-51 Mustang (Warbird History). St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International Publishers, 1995. .
Ethell, Jeffrey L. Mustang: A Documentary History of the P-51. London: Jane's Publishing, 1981.
Ethell, Jeffrey L. P-51 Mustang: In Color, Photos from World War II and Korea. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International Publishers & Wholesalers, 1993. .
Ethell, Jeffrey and Robert Sand. World War II Fighters. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 2002. .
Forsyth, Robert. JV44: The Galland Circus. Burgess Hill, West Sussex, UK: Classic Publications, 1996.
Furse, Anthony. Wilfrid Freeman: The Genius Behind Allied Survival and Air Supremacy, 1939 to 1945. Staplehurst, UK: Spellmount, 1999. .
Gilman J.D. and J. Clive. KG 200. London: Pan Books Ltd., 1978. .
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Grant, William Newby. P-51 Mustang. London: Bison Books, 1980. .
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Gruenhagen, Robert W. Mustang: The Story of the P-51 Fighter (rev. ed.). New York: Arco Publishing Company, Inc., 1980. .
Gunston, Bill. An Illustrated Guide to Allied Fighters of World War II. London: Salamander Books Ltd, 1981. .
Gunston, Bill. Aerei della seconda guerra mondiale (in Italian). Milan: Peruzzo editore, 1984. No ISBN.
Gunston, Bill and Mike Spick. Modern Air Combat. Crescent Books, 1983, .
Gunston, Bill. North American P-51 Mustang. New York: Gallery Books, 1990. .
Gunston, Bill and Robert F. Dorr. "North American P-51 Mustang: The Fighter That Won the War." Wings of Fame, Volume 1. London: Aerospace, 1995, pp. 56–115. .
Hagedorn, Dan. Central American and Caribbean Air Forces. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air-Britain (Historians), 1993. .
Hagedorn, Dan. Latin American Air Wars & Aircraft. Crowborough, UK: Hikoki, 2006. .
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Hastings, Max. Bomber Command. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Press, 1979. .
Hess, William N. Fighting Mustang: The Chronicle of the P-51. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1970. .
"History, Boeing: P-51 Mustang". Boeing. Retrieved: 24 June 2014.
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Jerram, Michael F. P-51 Mustang. Yeovil, UK: Winchmore Publishing Services Ltd., 1984, .
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Kaplan, Philip. Fly Navy: Naval Aviators and Carrier Aviation: A History. New York: Michael Friedman Publishing Group Incorporated, 2001. .
Kinzey, Bert. P-51 Mustang in Detail & Scale: Part 1; Prototype through P-51C. Carrollton, Texas: Detail & Scale Inc., 1996. .
Kinzey, Bert. P-51 Mustang in Detail & Scale: Part 2; P-51D thu P-82H. Carrollton, Texas: Detail & Scale Inc., 1997.
Knaack, Marcelle Size. Encyclopedia of U.S. Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945–1973. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1978. .
Lednicer, David A. and Ian J. Gilchrist. "A Retrospective: Computational Aerodynamic Analysis Methods Applied to the P-51 Mustang." AIAA paper 91-3288, September 1991.
Lednicer, David A. "Technical Note: A CFD Evaluation of Three Prominent World War II Fighter Aircraft." Aeronautical Journal, Royal Aeronautical Society, June/July 1995.
Lednicer, David A. "World War II Fighter Aerodynamics." EAA Sport Aviation, January 1999.
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Liming, R.A. Practical Analytic Geometry With Applications to Aircraft. New York: The MacMillan Company, 1944.
Loftin, LK, Jr. Quest for Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft, NASA SP-468. Washington, D.C.: NASA History Office. Retrieved: 22 April 2006.
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Matricardi, Paolo. Aerei militari: Caccia e Ricognitori(in Italian). Milan: Mondadori Electa, 2006.
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O'Leary, Michael. P-51 Mustang: The Story of Manufacturing North American's Legendary World War II Fighter in Original Photos. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2010. .
O'Leary, Michael. USAAF Fighters of World War Two. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., 1986. .
Olmsted, Merle. The 357th Over Europe: the 357th Fighter Group in World War II. St. Paul, Minnesota: Phalanx Publishing, 1994. .
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Sims, Edward H. Fighter Tactics and Strategy 1914–1970. Fallbrook, California: Aero publisher Inc., 1980. .
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United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
United States Army Air Force. AN 01-60JE-2: Maintenance and Erection Instructions for Army Model P-51D-5, −10, −15, 20, −25; P-51K-1, −5, −10, −15; British Model Mustang IV Aeroplanes. Evansville, Indiana: U.S.A.A.F, 1944.
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Wixey, Ken. "Magnificent Mustang: A Production History of the North American P-51." Air Enthusiast, Issue 95, September/October 2001.
Yenne, Bill: Rockwell: The Heritage of North American. New York: Crescent Books, 1989. .
External links
"A Fighter From the Ground Up." Popular Science, July 1943, one of earliest detailed articles on P-51A
"Wild Horses of the Sky," Popular Mechanics, November 1943
Joe Baugher, North American P-51 Mustang
Camouflage and Markings of P-51 Mustang Parts 1–4 USAAF plus Allison engine versions RAF and Commonwealth
Allison-powered Mustang performance test reports; 1940, 1942, 1943, 1944
P-51B Mustang performance test report, May 1943
P-51 combat reports
NACA-WR-L-566 "Flying qualities and stalling characteristics of North American XP-51 airplane", April 1943. (PDF)
North American P-51 profile, photos and technical details for each mk
"Mustang Squadron" a 1942 Flight article
"Army Co-Op Mustang" a 1942 Flight article
"Unobtrusive Cleverness" a 1942 Flight article
"Long Range Mustang" a 1944 Flight article
P-51 in Flight Over California (1942)
Category:1940s United States fighter aircraft
P-51 Mustang
Category:Single-engined tractor aircraft
Category:Low-wing aircraft
Category:North American P-51 Mustang
Category:Aircraft first flown in 1940
Category:Retractable conventional landing gear | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Dingley Arterial Project
The Dingley Arterial Road Project (in the Dingley Freeway reserve) is a partially completed arterial standard road which runs east to west through the southern suburbs of Melbourne, Australia.
Although the road was designed to be a freeway for the full length of the planned 19 kilometre route, plans have instead evolved over time which has resulted in the construction of bypasses for the Melbourne suburbs of Mordialloc, Springvale, and Dandenong.
Intended Route
Starting at the intersection of Warrigal Road and South Road in Moorabbin, the route travels east, crossing Old Dandenong Road, Clarinda Road, Kingston Road and Boundary Road before intersecting with the proposed northern extension of the Mornington Peninsula Freeway. It then interchanges with Westall Road as the route starts to travel in a south easterly direction. The route then crosses Springvale Road, Cheltenham Road, Chapel Road, Stanley Road, Perry Road and Chandler Road before approaching a diamond interchange with the EastLink tollway. The route then continues east crossing Hammond Road, Dandenong - Frankston Road and the South Gippsland Highway before finishing with a fully grade separated T interchange with the South Gippsland Freeway in Dandenong South.
The freeway was originally designated in the 1969 Melbourne Transportation Plan as part of the F2 Freeway corridor. The original plan shows the freeway extending down South Road over Nepean Highway heading north through Brighton and Elwood, following the Barkly Street-Punt Road-Hoddle Street corridor up through Merri Creek joining the Craigieburn Bypass to the Hume Freeway.
Completed sections
South Road Extension
The South Road Extension runs along the Dingley Freeway route from Warrigal Road in Moorabbin to Old Dandenong Road in Heatherton. This was designed to remove traffic from White Street, Mordialloc as it was experiencing heavy-local traffic congestion, as a result of the most direct route linking the Mornington Peninsula Freeway with the Nepean Highway, along with Boundary and Wells Road.
The one kilometre extension commenced construction in September 2006 and was completed by the end of 2007, at a cost of $9.3 million for the South Road extension alone, but cost $24.5 million when combined with the associated projects.
The works involved constructing a two lane road to bypass a stretch of Old Dandenong Road which travelled through a residential area to Warrigal Road. A bicycle path was also constructed along the length of the extension. The extension also involved improvements to Old Dandenong Road and surrounding intersections as well as permanently blocking access to Old Dandenong Road north of the extension. The extension has a speed limit of 70 km/h.
Despite the road having successfully removed traffic from Old Dandenong Road (between Warrigal Road and the current South Road connection) it had also created a major bottleneck at the intersection of Kingston and Old Dandenong Road, particularly during peak hour.
Westall Road Extension
The Extension runs along the Dingley Arterial route from Heatherton Road to Springvale Road in Springvale South. It commenced construction in 1994 and was finished in 1995. The extension is also known as the Springvale Bypass.
The works involved creating a 2.8 km divided four lane (two lanes each way) semi-freeway standard road to bypass the busy and congested centre of Springvale. The extension involves constructing part of the Dingley Freeway to the future site of an interchange with Westall Road before travelling along a temporary alignment to join up with the extended Westall Road south of Heatherton Road. Formerly, a speed limit of 100 km/h applied between Heatherton Road and Rowan Road, while an 80 km/h limit applies on the approaches to Heatherton and Springvale Roads, however both sides have been limited to 80 km/h as a part of the Dingley Bypass construction. A bicycle path was completed along the entire length of the road.
Dandenong Bypass
The Dandenong Bypass was completed along the alignment reserved for the Dingley Arterial corridor. The project was staged in two separate projects over seven years, and has been recently opened to traffic between Springvale Road and South Gippsland Highway in December 2012. The entire bypass has a speed limit of 80 km/h with traffic light controlled intersections and overpasses at Cheltenham Road and EastLink.
Perry Road to South Gippsland Highway
The bypass commenced construction in late 2005 between Perry Road and South Gippsland Highway as part of the EastLink project, with the $65 million works involving the creation of a four lane divided road with traffic light controlled access at roads which run north–south along the constructed route.
The 4.8 km bypass also included an overpass of the Cranbourne railway line as well as a diamond interchange with EastLink. The entire bypass has an 80 km/h speed limit. The project was completed and opened to traffic on 9 December 2007.
Springvale Road to Perry Road
The Springvale Road - Perry Road section of the bypass connects Westall Road with the then open Dandenong Bypass at Perry Road, creating an arterial standard highway, with traffic light controlled intersections and an overpass at Cheltenham Road, for 11 km from Westall Road to the South Gippsland Highway.
The new section of road, which commenced construction in 2011, is expected to carry between 30,000 and 40,000 vehicles per day as well as a shared path being constructed alongside, linking to existing shared paths which already run along the built sections of the arterial. The construction of this section (at a cost of $74.6 million) was brought forward to commence in 2010 as part of the "Nation Building" initiatives in the 2009 Victorian State Budget. The project was completed early and under budget (previously estimated to cost $80 million) to traffic on 20 December 2012.
Dingley Bypass (Warrigal Road to Westall Road)
The State Government of Victoria announced in May 2012 they will commit $156 million for the construction of the Dingley Bypass, which will be a new 6.4 km dual carriageway link between Warrigal Road and Westall Road in Melbourne's South-Eastern suburbs.
Construction of the Dingley Bypass began in 2014 and was completed in March 2016, 5 months ahead of schedule.
The $156 Million, 6.4 kilometre Dingley Bypass was completed five months ahead of schedule and was opened on 11 March 2016 by Minister for Roads, Luke Donnellan. A divided highway with 3 lanes in each direction, it is expected to carry 35,000 vehicles each day. A new 5.2 kilometer bike path also runs beside the Bypass and extends from the existing bike path at Old Dandenong Road and provides vital links to Victoria's greater bicycle network.
Dingley Bypass Traffic Light Removal
In November 2018 the Victorian Liberal party proposed removing all traffic lights on the Dingley Bypass to create a Dingley Freeway. This was expected to cost $600 million.
Future sections
Dandenong Bypass Extension (South Gippsland Highway to South Gippsland Freeway)
The final section to be built would be an eastern section running from the current Dandenong Bypass intersection with South Gippsland Highway to South Gippsland Freeway. Such a section would be the final link to be built but it would require the construction of a freeway style interchange on the South Gippsland Freeway end. The Victorian government has agreed to start this section by 2020.
See also
References
Category:Highways and freeways in Melbourne
Category:Proposed roads in Australia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Presidential committee on young generation
The Presidential Committee on Young Generation (PCYG) is an advisory board on South Korean youth to the president of the Republic of Korea.
Established on July 13, 2013, PCYG is led by Minwoo Nam, head of the Korea Venture Business Association and CEO of DASAN Networks. PCYG advises the President on youth issues such as job creation, communication, and policy making. PCYG is headquartered in Seoul.
Basis of the Establishment
Presidential decree on the establishment of the PCYG
General
PCYG was formed to strengthen communications between the government and young people, making policy-making processes for them more effective. The government has defined this group as men and women between ages 19 to 39.
The major role of PCYG is to advise the president about policy-making on youth issues. Having ‘Field, People, and Collective Labour’ as its main theme for the operation, PCYG also takes a role as a mediator between the government departments throughout the policy-making processes related to youth issues.
Organization
PCYG has two divisions; the committee board and the working group. The committee board consists of 24 members, including nineteen civilian and five governmental members. PCYG members include young leaders with wide experience in various fields, including young entrepreneurs, international volunteers and mentoring activities. The committee board has three sub-committees, whose titles are shown in the organizational structure on the right-hand side. The working group is divided into the two teams, ‘policy team’ and ‘communications team.’
Operative Functions
The PCYG functions in the following three areas;
Youth Job creation: discovering jobs in public/private sectors, building young generation-friendly business environment, sponsoring international job searching (K-Move)
Youth Policy Development: mediating YG policy fragmented throughout the government departments, supporting government projects related to the YG
Communications/nurturing the youth: online and offline communications, encouraging innovation, nurturing programs such as mentoring
Operation process
The PCYG collects youth voices in various fields and discusses the raised issues. It then gathers opinions from the government departments on the issues and mediates between them to report to the president. After the reports, it monitors policy practices executed by the departments and receives feedback from them.
Address
Presidential Committee on Young Generation
12th floor, KT Building, Sejong-roh 100, Jongno-gu, Seoul.
External links
PCYG webpage
List of references
Category:Public administration | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Kaykhusraw
Kaykhusraw, Kaykhosrow, Kay Khosrow, Kaikhosro, Kaikhosrow, Kai Khusraw, Kay Khusrau, or Kay Khusraw () may refer to one of the following persons, named after the legendary Persian warrior Kai Khosrow:
Kaykhusraw I (died 1211), Seljuq Sultan of Rum
Kaykhusraw II (died 1246), Seljuq Sultan of Rum
Kaykhusraw III (died 1284), Seljuq Sultan of Rum
Kay Khusraw ibn Yazdagird (died 1328), Bavandid king in Mazandaran
Amir Ghiyas al-Din Kai-Khusrau (died 1338/9), Injuid ruler
Kaikhosro II Jaqeli (died 1573), atabeg of the Principality of Samtskhe
Kaikhosro, Prince of Mukhrani (died 1629), prince of the House of Mukhrani
Kaikhosro I Gurieli (died 1660), member of the House of Gurieli
Kaikhosro II Gurieli (died 1689), member of the House of Gurieli
Kaikhosro III Gurieli (died c. 1751), member of the House of Gurieli
Kaikhosro IV Gurieli (died 1829), member of the House of Gurieli
Kaikhosro of Kartli (died 1711), Safavid commander-in-chief, Safavid-appointed vali/king of Kartli
Kaykhosrow Khan (tofangchi-aghasi) (died 1674), commander of the Safavid Empire's musketeer corps
Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji (died 1988), English composer, music critic, and pianist | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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West Indian cricket team in India in 1994–95
The West Indies national cricket team visited India in 1994 for a 5-match ODI series and followed by a 3-match test series. India won the ODI series 4-1 and the test series was drawn 1-1.
The bilateral ODI series was played around the Wills world series 1994-95, a triangular ODI tournament featuring India, West Indies and New Zealand, and also won by India. The triangular ODI tournament was played in colour clothing while the bilateral series was played in whites.
Squads
ODI Series
1st ODI
Shivnarine Chanderpaul, Cameron Cuffy and Stuart Williams made their ODI debuts for the West Indies.
Kapil Dev's last ODI for India.
2nd ODI
Barrington Browne made his ODI debut for the West Indies.
3rd ODI
4th ODI
5th ODI
Brian Lara was the captain of the West Indies instead of Courtney Walsh, who was rested.
Test Series
1st Test
2nd Test
3rd Test
References
External links
Category:International cricket competitions from 1994–95 to 1997
Category:1994 in Indian cricket
Category:1994 in West Indian cricket
Category:West Indian cricket tours of India | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Amgueddfa Torfaen Museum
Amgueddfa Torfaen Museum formerly the Valley Inheritance Museum and Amgueddfa Pontypool Museum is an accredited museum located in Pontypool, Torfaen, South Wales. It is managed by the Torfaen Museum Trust (). The museum is situated within the Georgian stable block that once formed part of residence of the Hanbury family local ironmasters during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Collections
The museum has permanent and visiting exhibitions throughout the year detailing the industrial, social and cultural heritage and history of the Torfaen valley and Pontypool. Collections include local artefacts (clocks, household objects, ephemera) and a large collection of Pontypool & Usk Japanware, which was produced from the mid-18th century. Local artists show at the museum.
The Dobell-Moseley Library & Archive is available for doing research into the local area.
External links
Amgueddfa Torfaen Museum website
Gathering the Jewels Welsh website — details a few items held at Amgueddfa Torfaen Museum
Category:Art museums and galleries in Wales
Category:History of Monmouthshire
Category:Decorative arts museums in Wales
Category:Museums in Torfaen
Category:Local museums in Wales
Category:Pontypool | {
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Ili marinka
The Ili marinka (Schizothorax pseudoaksaiensis) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Schizothorax from central Asia and western China.
References
Category:Schizothorax
Category:Fish described in 1889 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Luizia zebrina
Luizia zebrina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudolividae.
Description
Distribution
References
Category:Pseudolividae
Category:Gastropods described in 1855 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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John T. McNaughton Bridge
The John T. McNaughton Bridge, also known as the Pekin Bridge, is a Steel Girder Bridge that carries Illinois Route 9 over the Illinois River from downtown Pekin to Peoria County in central Illinois. The John T. McNaughton Bridge was built in 1982 to replace a steel truss with a movable span. The bridge was constructed with a 75 foot clearance in order to allow river navigation, it has a length of 2,634 feet.
The bridge is named for John T. McNaughton, who was United States Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs and Robert S. McNamara's closest adviser during the Vietnam War. McNaughton was also a Harvard Law School professor. He died in a plane crash at age 45, less than two weeks before he would have become Secretary of the Navy.
References
Category:Bridges completed in 1982
Category:Bridges over the Illinois River
Category:Pekin, Illinois
Category:1982 establishments in Illinois
Category:Steel bridges in the United States
Category:Girder bridges in the United States
Category:Road bridges in Illinois
Category:Bridges in Peoria County, Illinois | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Bjørn Talén
Bjørn Talén (8 September 1890 – 12 July 1945) was a Norwegian opera singer (tenor).
Biography
Bjørn Talén was born in Kristiania (Oslo). His parents were Constantin Waldemar Talén (1857–1902) and Maren Johanne Johnsen (1867–1920). His father was an engineer who became director of the Oslo Tramway. His parents were both art and theater enthusiasts and knew many of the contemporary artist. He took his final exams at the Oslo Cathedral School in 1908 he took the 1910 science matriculation at Halling school. He graduated from the Norwegian Military Academy in 1913. He subsequently studied singing in Milan, Naples, London and Paris.
He debuted in the Aula at the University of Oslo in October 1914. From 1918–20, he was with the Opera Comique in Oslo. From 1921 to 1928 he was employed as the first tenor at the Berlin State Opera and continued until 1932 at the Städtische Oper in Berlin. He appeared at the National Theatre and at The Royal Swedish Opera in Stockholm, and he had guest appearances in Copenhagen, Turin, Madrid, Berlin and Dresden.
Notable grand opera he was associated with included Tannhäuser by Richard Wagner and Faust by Charles Gounod. He appeared as Don José in Carmen, Cavaradossi in Tosca, Pinkerton in Madama Butterfly, Samson in Samson and Delilah by Camille Saint-Saëns, Rudolpho in La bohème, Manrico in Il trovatore, Canio in Pagliacci and Dick Johnson in La fanciulla del West. In Norway, he frequently appeared in more operetta-like productions, such as Das Land des Lächelns by Franz Lehár.
Bjørn Talén had military training and reached the rank of captain. With the German invasion of Norway in 1940, he was chief of air defence at Kongsvinger Fortress in Hedmark, Norway.
Recordings
Four of Talén's recordings (Die Zauberflöte: Dies Bildnis ist bezaubernd schön, Der Barbier von Bagdad: So leb' ich noch...Vor deinem Fenster die Blumen, Aida: Già i sacerdoti adunansi . . . Ah! tu dei vivere!, The Tales of Hoffmann: Il était une fois) are published on Four Scandinavian Tenors of the Past.
Personal life
He was married in 1913 to Annie Sofie Olsen (1885–1964), the daughter of shipping magnate, Thomas Frederick Olsen. The marriage was dissolved in 1937. In 1938, he married Cecilie Schou (1890-1976), the daughter of the factory owner Christian Julius Schou.
Hågå Gård
In 1937, Bjørn Talén and Cecilie Schou bought Hågå Gård, popularly known as the Per Gynt farm. The historic farm is located on the hillside in Nord-Fron the traditional region of Gudbrandsdal. Bjørn Talén died of cancer in 1945 during a hospital stay in Bergen. The farm has since then been owned by members of his family.
References
External links
Listen to Norway, Vol.3 - 1995 No. 2, translated by Virginia Siger
Peer Gynt farm
Category:1890 births
Category:1945 deaths
Category:People educated at Oslo Cathedral School
Category:Norwegian Military Academy alumni
Category:Norwegian expatriates in Italy
Category:Norwegian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Category:Norwegian expatriates in France
Category:Norwegian expatriates in Germany
Category:Musicians from Oslo
Category:Norwegian opera singers
Category:Norwegian Army personnel of World War II
Category:20th-century opera singers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Robins (talk show)
Robins is a Swedish late-night talk show which premiered on SVT2 on August 23, 2006. The host is the young stand-up comedian Robin Paulsson from Malmö. The show's format is similar to that of other late-night shows, Robin makes jokes about recent news, shows sketches, and talks to a guest in the studio.
One of the most popular sketches in the show features Robin appearing as Swedish football player Zlatan Ibrahimović.
Guests on Robins
Season 1 (2006)
August 23, 2006: Anders Jansson
August 30, 2006: Allan Svensson
September 6, 2006: Johan Glans and David Batra
September 13, 2006: Tina Thörner
September 20, 2006: Anders Johansson and Måns Nilsson
September 27, 2006: Bengt Frithiofsson
October 4, 2006: Anna Blomberg
October 11, 2006: Peter Settman
October 18, 2006: Claes af Geijerstam
October 25, 2006: Måns Zelmerlöw
Season 2 (2007)
April 11, 2007: Bert Karlsson and Peter Magnusson
April 18, 2007: Magnus Betnér and Marie Lindberg
April 25, 2007: Morgan Alling and Lill-Babs
May 2, 2007: Janne Josefsson and Filip Hammar
May 9, 2007: Rikard Palm and Björn Hellberg
May 16, 2007: Annika Andersson and Knut Knutsson
May 23, 2007: Eva Hamilton and Måns Möller
Season 3 (2008)
Season 4 (2009)
References
External links
Robins on svt.se
Category:Sveriges Television programmes
Category:Swedish television talk shows
Category:Late night television programming
Category:2006 Swedish television series debuts
Category:Year of television series ending missing | {
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Prepa Tec Valle Alto
Prepa Tec Valle Alto is the newest and smallest of the five Prepa Tec high schools. It was inaugurated in August 2005 with a class of less than 100 students. The school is located in the southern part of Monterrey, in the fast developing Valle Alto region of Mexico. It is situated next to the National Highway on top of a hill.
Prepa Tec Valle Alto is the smallest school by size and by student count in the Prepa Tec High School system; it has fewer than 350 students and 13 classrooms. The school offers the standard Bilingual, Bicultural or International Baccalaureates.
With Prepa Tec getting ready for the fifth generation of students, an expansion is under way; it is next to Aulas II, in which they will expand the gymnasium and make at least eight more classrooms. Work on the expansion started in mid-January 2009.
Prepa Tec Valle Alto is noted for its calm environment, for its cooler weather (due to it being situated on a hill) and for its small class sizes.
2018 incident
On the morning of September 10, 2018, around 8:30 a.m., local media reported that a young man had been found in one of the bathrooms suffering from a gunshot wound to the head. The young man was identified as Jakob Hartmann Nava, an 18-year-old 5th semester student, who had Asperger syndrome, was suffering from depression and had been transferred from Prepa Tec Eugenio Garza Lagüera to Prepa Tec Valle Alto because he was being bullied by his classmates. This occurred in the context of the World Suicide Prevention Day.
References
Category:Schools in Mexico | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bracknagh
Bracknagh or Bracnagh () is a small village in County Offaly, Ireland. It is at the junction of the R442 and R419 regional roads, halfway between Portarlington and Rathangan (8 km from both).
It is thought that the settlement began with a small cluster of homes built around the road junction. Expansion along connected roads included the addition of two housing developments called, "The Ring' and 'The Green' by Offaly County Council and Bord na Mona.
Due to the nearest postal sorting office being in Kildare, Bracknagh is listed as a Kildare address though it is in fact in county Offaly.
Bracknagh is home to the Ballynowlart church, where there is a local tradition that the congregation were burned alive in the 1600s. Bracknagh is home to St Broughan's Well, the water from which is reputed to be a cure for headaches.
Bracknagh GAA is the local Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) club and was founded in 1973. The club were the first team to win the Offaly GAA intermediate title in 1978 after an absence from the competition for some years. Since its establishment and inaugural championship win, Bracknagh GAA have added thee further Offaly Intermediate titles, a Junior C Championship and Senior B Championship along with several league titles. In 2019, Bracknagh GAA were named the Offaly club of the year. At underage level, young people play with the parish team of Clonbullogue, Walsh Island and Bracknagh, collectively known as St Broughan's.
People
John Joly
See also
List of towns and villages in Ireland
References
Category:Towns and villages in County Offaly | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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21 Tauri
21 Tauri, formally known as Asterope , is a component of the Asterope double star in the Pleiades open cluster. 21 Tauri is the stars' Flamsteed designation. This star is potentially faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.76 in ideal conditions, although anybody viewing the object is likely to instead see the pair as a single elongated form of magnitude 5.6. The distance to 21 Tauri can be estimated from its annual parallax shift of , yielding a range of around 431 light years. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +6 km/s.
Asterope was one of the Pleiades sisters in Greek mythology. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN decided to attribute proper names to individual stars rather than entire multiple systems. It approved the name Asterope for 21 Tauri on 21 August 2016 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names.
21 Tauri is a blue-white hued B-type main sequence star with a stellar classification of B8 V. It is a single star with around three times the mass of the Sun and is 100 million years old. The star is radiating 100 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 11,041 K. It displays an infrared excess, but this is due to reflection nebula rather than a circumstellar disk.
References
Category:B-type main-sequence stars
Category:Pleiades Open Cluster
Category:Taurus (constellation)
Category:Durchmusterung objects
Tauri, 021
023432
017579
1151
Category:Stars with proper names | {
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Justin Knox
Justin H. Knox (born January 13, 1989) is an American professional basketball player for Aquila Basket Trento of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA). He played for the men's basketball teams at the University of Alabama and University of North Carolina. Knox, at , plays the position of power forward. He has a wife Rachel Knox, son, Carter, and, a daughter, Aleaha.
Early life
Knox was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama, where he attended Central High School of Tuscaloosa; parents are Eric Shelton and Vanessa Knox.
High school career
Knox started all four years at Central high school. His best was his senior year, when he won the 2007 Gatorade Player of the Year award. Knox was also granted the award for the 4A High School Class Player of The Year. He finished his senior year with an average of 16 points per game, 15 rebounds, 4.2 assists, and three blocks per game. Knox also held four triple doubles, and two 20 rebound-games as a senior. Knox was then asked by the Alabama/Mississippi All-Star Game committee to play in the Alabama/Mississippi All-Star Game, which he went on to score 22 points and get 7 rebounds in. Knox was also a member of the National Honors Society (NHS) club at his school, and was a Salutatorian of Central. Knox at the tail-end of his senior year signed with the Alabama Crimson Tide Men's Basketball Team.
College career
At University of Alabama
Freshman year
Knox played in 19 games his freshman year, averaging 1.7 points and 1.9 rebounds per game. But Knox, while being a newer player, was one of the higher free throw percentage shooters on the team, as he shot 80 percent (12 of 15).
Sophomore year
As a sophomore, Knox was in the starting five of the Crimson Tide, starting 31 out of 32 played games. Knox averaged 5.7 points a game, and 5.1 rebounds, while averaging more than 20 minutes per game. He scored his Southeastern Conference highs of 12 against Arkansas and Ole Miss. Knox also had back to back double digit games against Quincy University and Georgia Tech (which he also had 10 rebounds in). Knox was a consistent rebounder, rebounding at least twice or more per game except the season opening game. Knox produced an average of 5.7 points per game, with a career high of 14 against University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Knox converted six double figure games his sophomore season, and converted a 48.3 percent field goal percentage, and was second on the Crimson Tide team in blocks with a total of 22.
Accolades
Knox finished as the winner of the SEC Men's Basketball Scholar-Athlete of the Year.
At North Carolina
Knox played his senior season at North Carolina. Since he had completed his degree and entered a masters program not offered at Alabama, he did not have to sit out his transfer year. Knox came off the bench for the Tar Heels' 2010–11 Elite Eight team, averaging 6.1 points and 2.8 rebounds in 14.4 minutes per game.
Professional career
On November 17, 2013 Knox was signed by the Dutch team Den Helder Kings as the replacement for Reggie Keely. After the season in the Netherlands he signed with the Westports Malaysia Dragons of the ASEAN Basketball League. On January 16, 2015, he signed with Puerto Rican club Capitanes de Arecibo.
On August 2, 2018, Knox signed a deal with the Italian team Pallacanestro Trieste.
On July 25, 2019, he has signed with Aquila Basket Trento of the Italian Lega Basket Serie A (LBA).
See also
Alabama Crimson Tide bio
Knox Transferred to UNC
North Carolina Tar Heels bio
Justin Knox UA to UNC info
North Carolina University scores Knox on basketball team.
The Daily Tarheel
References
Category:1989 births
Category:Living people
Category:Alabama Crimson Tide men's basketball players
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Belarus
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Bulgaria
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Italy
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Malaysia
Category:American expatriate basketball people in the Netherlands
Category:American expatriate basketball people in Turkey
Category:American men's basketball players
Category:Aquila Basket Trento players
Category:Basketball players from Alabama
Category:BC Levski Sofia players
Category:BC Tsmoki-Minsk players
Category:Capitanes de Arecibo players
Category:Den Helder Kings players
Category:Dutch Basketball League players
Category:Fortitudo Pallacanestro Bologna players
Category:Lega Basket Serie A players
Category:North Carolina Tar Heels men's basketball players
Category:Orlandina Basket players
Category:Pallacanestro Trieste players
Category:PBC Academic players
Category:Power forwards (basketball)
Category:Sportspeople from Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Category:Kuala Lumpur Dragons players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Aroma Park, Illinois
Aroma Park (formerly Waldron) is a village in Kankakee County, Illinois, United States, along the Kankakee River opposite the mouth of the Iroquois River. Aroma Park is a suburb of the city of Kankakee. Aroma Park's population was 743 at the 2010 census, down from 821 at the 2000 census. It is included in the Kankakee-Bradley, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Aroma Park is located in southern Kankakee County at (41.078981, -87.805363). It is southeast of the center of Kankakee.
According to the 2010 census, Aroma Park has a total area of , of which (or 87.69%) are land and (or 12.31%) are water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 821 people, 308 households, and 222 families residing in the village. The population density was 684.1 people per square mile (264.2/km²). There were 314 housing units at an average density of 261.7 per square mile (101.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 92.57% White, 4.26% African American, 0.12% Native American, 2.07% from other races, and 0.97% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.82% of the population.
There were 308 households out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.7% were married couples living together, 8.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.9% were non-families. 22.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 3.06.
In the village, the population was spread out with 25.0% under the age of 18, 8.0% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 25.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.0 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $41,375, and the median income for a family was $44,667. Males had a median income of $33,750 versus $24,583 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,806. About 6.6% of families and 6.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or over.
Facts
In 1995, the Aroma Park Little League All-Stars won the state championship, becoming the smallest town ever to do so.
During the making of Steve McQueen's final movie The Hunter, scenes of the river house were filmed at the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois rivers, on the southern edge of Aroma Park, just north of the Aroma Park Boat Club.
References
External links
Official website
Category:Villages in Kankakee County, Illinois
Category:Villages in Illinois | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Harry Baird
Henry or Harry Baird may refer to:
Harry Baird (footballer) (1913–1973), Northern Irish footballer
Harry Baird (actor) (1931–2005), actor who appeared in the science fiction series UFO
Henry Martyn Baird (1832–1906), American historian and educationalist
Henry S. Baird (1800–1875), American politician
Douglas Baird (Indian Army officer) (Harry Beauchamp Douglas Baird, 1877–1963), British Army officer | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
York Brewery
York Brewery opened in May 1996 in York, England using the disused brewery equipment of Lions Original Brews from Burnley and was the first brewery within the city walls for 40 years. In 2007, it expanded so to increase its output by 50 per cent. In December 2008 York Brewery was taken over by Mitchell's Hotels and Inns of Lancaster which planned to expand its business and create jobs. In December 2018 Mitchells of Lancaster, and therefore York Brewery, went in to administration with the brewery and 4 pubs subsequently being purchased by Black Sheep Brewery.
The brewery is located centrally within York on Toft Green, and offers tours of its facilities to the public. Whilst the frontage of the brewery on Toft Green is relatively modern the rear of the building, overlooking Micklegate, is significantly older and was the birthplace of Joseph Hansom the inventor of the Hansom Cab. The building was also where the furniture company Whitby Oliver was started in 1897; that company remains the landlord to this day and its logo can still be seen on the side of the top floor offices above Brigantes pub on Micklegate.
Core Beers
As of summer 2015 York Brewery produces five core beers that are available all year round.
Awards
In summer 2015, Otherside IPA was awarded a Gold award in the 'Premium Bitters & Pale Ales' category at the SIBA NE Region Beer Competition 2015 and a 2nd place in the Pale & Amber 4.5-5% category in the York CAMRA LocALE awards 2015. Both were awarded at the York Beer & Cider Festival 2015 on the Knavesmire in York.
Minster Ale scooped a Bronze in the 'Bottled Gold Beers' category at the SIBA NE Region Beer Competition 2014.
In 2013, York Blonde took home a 1st place in the 'Beers under 4%' category in the York CAMRA LocALE awards.
The brewery's 'Centurion's Ghost Ale' was named champion in the Brewing Industry International Awards 2002 and won the 'Best Strong Bitter' Gold Medal at the Great British Beer Festival in 2006 and 2007. Its beer, 'Guzzler' won the gold medal in the bitter category of the Small Independent Brewers Association (SIBA) North Beer Competition in January 2006 and the gold medal in the bitter category of the North Beer Competition, held by the Society of Independent Brewers, in January 2007. 'Yorkshire Terrier' won the bronze medal in the Champion Beer of Britain competition held at the Great British Beer Festival in 2000, and the silver medal in the Society of Independent Brewers North Beer competition in February 2003.
Beer Name Origins
Centurion's Ghost Ale, which is 5.4% alcohol by volume, is York Brewery's strongest beer and is named after an incident when an apprentice plumber saw Roman soldiers marching through the cellar of Treasurer's House in York.
'Brideshead Bitter' (no longer available) was produced in conjunction with Castle Howard, where scenes from the television series Brideshead Revisited were filmed.
Pubs
As well as producing ales, the brewery also runs three pubs within York, namely The Three-Legged Mare, The Last Drop Inn and The Yorkshire Terrier Inn, and one, Mr. Foley's Cask Ale House, in Leeds. Its beers are however available in many other pubs throughout York and the wider Yorkshire area.
See also
List of breweries in England
References
Category:Breweries in Yorkshire
Category:Companies established in 1996
Category:Companies based in York | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Gianni Patrignani
Gianni Patrignani (1906–1991) was an Italian swimmer. He competed in the men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay event at the 1924 Summer Olympics.
References
Category:1906 births
Category:1991 deaths
Category:Italian male swimmers
Category:Olympic swimmers of Italy
Category:Swimmers at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Category:People from Pesaro | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Sel roti
Sel roti () is a traditional homemade, sweet, ring-shaped rice bread/doughnut originating from the Indian subcontinent. It is mostly prepared during Dashain and Tihar, widely celebrated Hindu festivals in Nepal and Sikkim and Darjeeling regions in India.
Preparation and ingredients
It is made of rice flour with adding customized flavours. A semi-liquid rice flour dough is usually prepared by adding milk, water, cooking oil, sugar, ghee, butter, cardamom, cloves, bananas and other flavours of personal choice. The ingredients are mixed well by stirring. Once the semi liquid dough is ready, it is deep fried in boiling oil or ghee.
The dough is poured by hand on home-made shortening or oil in ring shape and cooked on high heat until it turns light brown on both sides. Two sticks called jhir in the local language, each long are used for turning the bread while cooking.
Sel roti are cooked in bulk and can be stored at room temperature for least 20 days. Sel roti are often sent as special gifts to family members living away from home or used as prasad in puja.
Occasions
Sel roti is a delicacy - made mainly for the great Nepali celebration of the Dashain and Tihar festivals.
It is unique to Nepal and has become an iconic symbol of Nepali culture and festivities, and is made and served throughout the country during the festivals of Dasain, Tihar and Teej; and during wedding parties, bratabandha and other ceremonies. Sel roti is also a traditional food in Nepali-speaking communities in India, namely Darjeeling, Sikkim, Siliguri and Kalimpong. It is an essential food in most Nepalese cultural and traditional events.
Gallery
See also
List of doughnut varieties
List of fried dough varieties
References
External links
Category:Doughnuts
Category:Nepalese cuisine
Category:Bhutanese cuisine
Category:Indian cuisine
Category:Roti | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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David Bergman
David Bergman may refer to:
David Bergman (journalist) (born 1965), British journalist based in Bangladesh
David Bergman (American writer) (born 1950), American writer and English professor
David Bergman (baseball) (born 1981), Dutch baseball player | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Input/output automaton
Input/output automata provide a formal model, applicable in describing most types of asynchronous concurrent system. On its own, the I/O automaton model contains a very basic structure that enables it to model various types of
distributed systems. To describe specific types of asynchronous systems, additional structure must be added to this basic model. The model presents an explicit method for describing and reasoning about system components such as processes and message channels that interact with one another, operating at arbitrary relative speeds. The I/O automata were first introduced by Nancy A. Lynch and Mark R. Tuttle in "Hierarchical correctness proofs for distributed algorithms", 1987.
"An I/O automaton models a distributed system component that can interact with other system components. It is a simple type of state machine in which the transitions are associated with named actions."
There are three types of actions: input, output, and internal actions. The automaton uses its input and output actions to communicate with its environment, whereas the internal actions are only visible to the automaton itself. Unlike internal and output actions that are selected and carried out by the automaton, the input actions – which simply arrive from the environment - are not under automaton's control.
Examples
I/O automata can be used to model individual components of a distributed system, such as a process, a message channel in a message passing system, or a shared data structure in a shared memory systems.
Process I/O automaton
Figure 1 depicts an example of an I/O automaton for a process in an asynchronous message-passing distributed system. In this setting, process Pi communicates with other processes by using a message passing system. Its output actions are of the form send(m)i,j, which represents process Pi sending a message with contents m to process Pj. The input actions are of form receive(m)k,i, representing the receipt of message with contents m by process Pi from process Pk. (The internal actions of Pi, which would correspond to the algorithm that the process is running are not shown.)
FIFO message channel
A message channel can also be modeled by an I/O automaton. Figure 2 illustrates a typical unidirectional FIFO channel automaton, named Ci,j. It has input actions of the form send(m)i,j, and output actions of the form receive(m)i,j. Each message m may contain 0 or 1 (m ∈ {0,1}). The state of the automaton stores a FIFO queue of all messages that have been sent but not yet received.
In a typical distributed system where both process automata and communication channel automata exist, they are composed
in a way that output actions of one automaton are matched and executed with identically-named input actions of the other automata. For example, consider a system composed of two process, Pi and Pj, and a communication channel Ci,j from process Pi to process Pj. In this setting, process Pi executes the output action send(m)i,j, if and only if channel Ci,j also executes its send(m)i,j input action.
Atomic read/write register
Figure 3 illustrates an atomic read/write register I/O automaton in a shared memory system with two processes, P1 and P2. The value V stored in the register is of type integer (V ∈ Z). The state of the automaton stores this value. Input actions consist of writei(V), which represents process Pi requesting to write a value V to the register (where i ∈ {1,2} and V ∈ Z), and readi, which corresponds to a process Pi requesting to read the value currently stored in the register. The output action acki is used to inform process Pi that the write request has successfully completed. The output action Vi represents the value V being returned as a response to a read request by process Pi.
The automaton also includes internal actions perform_Write(V), which writes the value V to the register (by updating the state of the automaton), and perform_Read, which is used to read the value V stored in the state. (These internal actions are not shown in Figure 3.)
Formal specification
An I/O automaton A, or simply an automaton, comprises five components:
sig(A)
states(A)
start(A)
trans(A)
tasks(A)
These five components are described below.
Signature
The initial step in formalization of an I/O automaton A is the definition of its signature, sig(A). A signature S describes the I/O automaton's actions using three disjoint sets of actions:
in(S): input actions,
out(S): output actions, and
int(S): internal actions.
Based on the above formalization of input, output and internal actions, it is possible to define the following objects.
ext(S): the external actions, defined as in(S) ∪ out(S)
local(S): the locally controlled actions, defined as out(S) ∪ int(S)
extsig(S): the external signature, defined as (in(S), out(S), ø)
acts(S) is defined as the set of all the actions of signature S.
States
The set of states of automaton A, denoted states(A), need not be finite. This is a significant generalization of the usual notion of finite automata, as it enables modeling systems with unbounded data structures
like counters and unbounded length queues. The set of start states (also known as initial states) is a non-empty subset of states. Multiple start states are allowed so that some input information can be included in the start states.
Transition relation
The state-transition relation of automaton A is denoted trans(A) ⊆ states(A) × acts(sig(A)) × states(A). It satisfies the property that "for every state s and every input action π, there is a transition (s, π, s') ∈ trans(A)."
A transition, also known as a step of I/O automaton A, is defined as an element (s, π, s') of trans(A). An input transition refers to a transition (s, π, s') when π is an input action, output transition indicates a transition (s, π, s') when π is an output action and so on. For any state s and action π, if the I/O automaton A has some transition of the form (s, π, s'), then π is said to be enabled in s. I/O automata are described as input-enabled because all input actions are required to be enabled in every state. A quiescent state s is defined as a state where only input actions are enabled.
Tasks
The fifth component of the I/O automaton A, tasks (A), is a task partition, defined as an equivalence relation on locally controlled actions of A, which has at most countably many equivalence classes. Informally, the task partition tasks(A), represents an abstract description of "tasks," or "threads of control," within A.
This partition is used to define fairness conditions on an execution of the automaton. These conditions require the automaton to continue giving fair turns to each of its tasks during its execution. This is particularly helpful when modelling a system component that performs multiple jobs. For instance, a component that participates in an ongoing algorithm while periodically reporting status information to its environment simultaneously would have two tasks. The partition is also useful when several automata are composed (to produce a larger system automaton) when specifying that all the automata in the composition continue to take steps in the composed system.
Example: Formal definition of channel I/O automaton
As described above, Ci,j is an example of I/O automaton that represents a unidirectional FIFO channel from process Pi to process Pj. Let m be a binary message: m ∈ {0,1}. The automaton Ci,j can be formally defined as follows.
Signature:
sig(Ci,j) specifies that the automaton has two kinds of actions:
An input action of (Ci,j) is of the form send(m)i,j, where m ∈ {0,1}.
An output action of (Ci,j) is of the form receive(m)i,j, where m ∈{0,1}.
Intuitively, the action send(m)i,j indicates that a message m has entered the channel when it is sent by process Pi and the action receive(m)i,j indicates that a message m has left the channel when it is delivered to process Pj.
States:
states(Ci,j) is the set of all finite sequences of elements m ∈ {0,1}.
Intuitively, the state represents the sequence of messages currently en route from the sender, process Pi, to the receiver, process Pj, in the order they were sent.
start(Ci,j), representing the initial states of the queue, contains only the empty sequence.
Transitions
The transition relation can be modelled in a precondition-effect style, where all the transitions that include each specific type of action are grouped into a single piece of code. In this code, the conditions which must be satisfied before allowing an action to occur, are formalized as a predicate on the pre-state s, which is the state before the action occurs. Consequent changes to the state that result from the execution of the action are coded in the form of a simple program. This program is executed indivisibly, as a single transition. If this program is applied to the state s, the new state s' results.
The transitions of Ci,j are described as:
for send(m)i,j:
Precondition: None
Effect: m is added to the end of the sequence stored in the state (where m ∈ {1,0})
for receive(m)i,j:
Precondition: m is the first element in the sequence stored in the state (where m ∈ {1,0})
Effect: remove the first element of the sequence stored in the state
Intuitively, the send action can be executed any time; it causes the addition of the message m to the end of the queue of messages in che channel. The receive action removes and returns the first element of the queue.
Tasks
tasks(Ci,j), represents a task partition that groups together all actions of form receive into a single task. Intuitively, handing over messages to process Pj is considered as a single task.
{receive(m)i,j : m ∈ {0,1}}.
Execution and trace
Execution
In a run of an automaton, a string is generated that describes the behaviour of the component the automaton models. "An execution fragment of I/O Automaton A is either
a finite sequence, s0, π1, s1, π2,... , πr, sr, or
an infinite sequence, s0, π1, s1,π2,...,πr,sr,...,
of alternating states and actions of A such that (sk, πk+1, sk+1) is a transition of A for every k ≥ 0."
A finite sequence must terminate with a state. An execution is defined as an execution fragment that begins with start state.
The set of executions of A is represented by execs(A). A reachable state in I/O automaton A is the final state of a finite execution of A.
Assume α is a finite execution fragment of A ending with state sf. Assume further that α' is any execution fragment of A that begins with sf, the last state of α. In this case, the sequence produced by concatenating α and α', and eliminating the duplicate occurrence of sf, the last state of α, is represented by α.α' . This sequence is also an execution fragment of I/O automaton A.
Trace
A trace of an I/O automaton A is the sequence of external actions that occurs in some execution α of A. The set of all traces of A is represented as traces(A).
Example: Three executions
Executions a, b and c are three executions of the automaton Ci,j described in Formal Definition of Channel I/O Automaton (where message m ∈ {0, 1}). In this example, the states are indicated by putting the sequence of messages in queue in brackets; the empty sequence is represented by λ.
(a) [λ], send(1)i,j, [1], receive(1)i,j, [λ], send(0)i,j, [0], receive(0)i,j, [λ]
(b) [λ], send(1)i,j, [1], receive(1)i,j, [λ], send(0)i,j, [0]
(c) [λ], send(1)i,j, [1], send(1)i,j, [11], send(0)i,j, [110]....
Operations on automata
Composition operation
It is possible to compose several automata, each describing individual system components, to yield an automaton that represents a larger, more complex system. In this case, actions that have the same name in each constituent automata are identified together. Therefore, when a component automata takes a step that includes an action π, all other component automata with π in their signatures also perform that action. The following outlines the conditions for composition of automata A and A' to be permitted:
The internal actions of A must be disjoint from actions of A’. This prevents performance of a step in A’ when the internal actions of A – with the same name as actions of A' - are performed.
The output actions of A and A’ must be disjoint. This condition ensures that only one constituent automaton controls performance of an output action.
If the composition is constructed from a countably infinite collection of automata, then there is an additional constraint: each action needs to be an action of only finitely many of the constituent automata.
Infinite composition of automata allows modeling of logical systems that may be constructed from many logical components. The logical system is often implemented on a physical system that contains fewer components.
Example: Composition
Figure 4 depicts a composition of two processes, Pi and Pj and a FIFO message channel Ci,j, matching output actions of one automaton with identically named input actions of other automata. Thus, a send(m)i,j output performed by process Pi is matched and performed with a send(m)i,j input performed by channel Ci,j.
Process Pi sends the message m, where m ∈{1,0} via channel Ci,j to Process Pj. Process Pj reverses the bit in the received message m from Pi using its internal action reverse - not shown in the picture - and forwards the message to other parts of the system.
Hiding operation
It is possible to hide the output actions of an I/O automaton through "reclassifying them as internal actions." This has the effect of excluding them from communication with other parts of the system. Formally, the hiding operation for signatures is described as follows:
Let S be a signature and Φ ⊆ out(S). hideΦ(S) is the new signature S', where
in(S')= in(S)
out(S')= out(S) - Φ
int(S') =int(S) ∪ Φ
Therefore, "If A is an automaton and Φ ⊆ out(A), then hideΦ(A) is the automaton A' obtained from A by replacing sig(A) with sig(A') = hideΦ(sig(A))."
Fairness
Recall that a task partition is defined as an equivalence relation on an I/O automaton’s locally controlled actions, containing at most countably many equivalence classes. In this setting, fairness can be defined as continuously providing each task with a chance to perform an action.
In an I/O automaton A, let C represent a class of tasks(A). Formally, an execution fragment α of A is considered fair if the below criteria hold for every class C:
"If α is finite, then C is not enabled in the final state of α."
"If α is infinite, then α contains either infinitely many events from C or infinitely many occurrences of states in which C is not enabled."
An event is defined as the "occurrence of an action in a sequence, for example, an execution or a trace." Based on the definition of fairness, "infinitely often," each task (or equivalence class C) gets a chance to perform an action. When a task (or equivalence class) C does get a chance to perform an action, two cases are possible: an action in C is enabled in current state and can be performed, or none of the actions in C are enabled in the current state and therefore, can not be performed. Thus, a finite fair execution with final state Sf can be defined as an execution where the automaton continuously gives turns to all tasks in a round-robin fashion, but no actions are executed as none are enabled in Sf.
The set of fair executions of I/O automaton A is represented by fairexecs(A). Let β be the trace of a fair execution of A. Then β is a fair trace of A. The set fair traces of A is represented by fairtraces(A).
In the execution example, execution (a) is fair, since in its final state no receive action is enabled. Execution (b) is finite, yet a receive action is enabled in its final state. Therefore, execution (b) is not fair. Execution (c) is infinite, does not contain receive events, and at all points after the first step, receive actions are enabled. Therefore, it is not a fair execution. The definition of fairness has a significant property: "the fair executions of a composition are the composition of the fair executions of the components:" that is, Fair(∏i Ai)= ∏i Fair(Ai).
Properties and proof methods
I/O automata provide an accurate description of asynchronous systems. They are also used to formalize and prove "precise claims" about "what systems can do." In this section, a number of important types of properties are described. These, as well as further properties and proof methods, are explained in Distributed Algorithms.
Input enabling properties
The input enabling property states that the automaton cannot block input actions from happening. The two significant advantages of having this property are:
As the model is designed to cope with arbitrary inputs, a major source of system errors due to a failure in handling unexpected inputs is eliminated.
The input-enabling property makes use of "simple notions of external behavior for an automaton, based on sequences of external actions." Proofs of certain theorems in the model might fail without the assumption of this property.
Trace properties
As internal actions of an I/O automaton are invisible to a user; the I/O automaton appears to be a black box and the user merely sees "traces of automaton's executions (or fair executions)." Certain properties of I/O automata and their proofs are typically formalized as "properties of their traces or fair traces."
Let P be a trace property; P has the following components:
sig(P), that represents a signature with no internal actions
traces(P), that corresponds to a set of "sequences of actions in acts(sig(P))." This set may be infinite.
The trace property describes an external signature as well as a set (or a property) of sequences viewed at that interface. Sometimes acts(sig(P)) is represented by a shorthand notation acts(P). When it is mentioned that I/O automaton A satisfies a trace property P, (at least) two different meanings might be intended:
"extsig(A) = sig(P) and traces(A) ⊆ traces(P)"
"extsig(A) = sig(P) and fairtraces(A) ⊆ traces(P)"
Intuitively, it means that when A generates an external behavior then that is allowed by Property P. However, it is not required for A to actually represent every trace of P. Since A is input-enabled, then for every possible sequence of input actions, the fairtraces(A) (and so traces(A)) includes a response by A. If fairtraces(A) ⊆ traces(P) holds, then property P must contain all of the generated sequences.
Safety properties
Intuitively, a safety property represents the fact that nothing "bad" happens. More formally, Let P be a trace property. P is a trace safety property, or safety property, if the following criteria hold for traces(P).
traces(P) is not empty: Something bad cannot happen prior to occurrence of any events; therefore, having non-emptiness is a reasonable condition on traces(P).
traces(P) is "prefix-closed": Let β ∈ traces(P) and β' represent a finite prefix of β In this case, β' ∈ traces(P). To elaborate, assume there is a trace in which nothing bad happens. Therefore, nothing bad happens in any prefix of that trace. Thus, having prefix-closure is a reasonable condition on traces(P).
traces(P) is "limit-closed": Let β1, β2, . . . represent an infinite sequence of finite sequences in traces(P). Also, assume that for each i, βi is a prefix of βi+1. In this case, the unique sequence β, that is "the limit of the βi under the successive extension ordering" also exists in traces (P). Therefore, if something bad were to happen in a trace, then it would be the result of certain specific event in the trace. Having limit closure in this case is thus a reasonable condition on traces(P).
Liveness properties
Informally, a liveness property can be interpreted as something "good" eventually happens. Therefore, regardless of what has happened to a certain point in time, something good can happen at some time in the future. More formally, let P be a trace property. P is a trace liveness property, or a liveness property, "if every finite sequence over acts(P) has some extension in traces(P)."
Further reading
Timed I/O Automaton:
Probabilistic I/O Automaton:
See also
Communicating sequential processes
Actor model
References
Category:Distributed computing | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Svinice
Svinice () is a village and municipality in the Trebišov District in the Košice Region of south-eastern Slovakia.
History
In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1311.
Geography
The village lies at an altitude of 105 metres and covers an area of 5.26 km².
It has a population of about 245 people.
Ethnicity
The village is about 89% Hungarian, 8% Gypsy and 3% Slovak.
Facilities
The village has a public library and a football pitch.
External links
http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html
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St. Cedd's College, Cambridge
St. Cedd's College is a fictional college, created by Douglas Adams, of Cambridge University.
It appears in the Doctor Who serial Shada, and in the novel Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency.
It is the home of Professor Chronotis, a retired time traveller who appears in Adams' fiction, and—in the fictional universe—was also the college of Isaac Newton (who attended Trinity) and Samuel Taylor Coleridge (who attended Jesus). It was named after Saint Cedd, brother of Saint Chad (after whom St Chad's College, Durham is named), whom Gently describes as "one of the duller Northumbrian saints."
It is based somewhat on Adams's own college, St John's. For Shada, scenes at St. Cedd's were filmed on location at Emmanuel College. In a 2012 episode of the TV adaptation Dirk Gently, Wills Hall at the University of Bristol was used as St. Cedd's College instead.
St. Cedd's College is also mentioned in the Torchwood online game, made during the show's second series. It is said to be the college attended by Dr. John Winters, a fictional character within the game.
References
Category:Doctor Who locations
Category:Dirk Gently
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Góra, Wejherowo County
Góra is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Wejherowo, within Wejherowo County, Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately west of Wejherowo and north-west of the regional capital Gdańsk.
For details of the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.
The village has a population of 628.
References
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"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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The Parks (painting)
The Parks (Les Parques) or The Poet and the Parks is a 1907 Symbolist painting by the historian and painter Claude Dalbanne (1877-1964), now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts in his home city of Lyon.
Sources
http://www.musee-paul-dini.com/include/getdoc_pdf.asp?table=presse&id=23&ext=.pdf
category:1907 paintings
category:Paintings of the Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon
category:Symbolist paintings
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Lipaphis erysimi
Lipaphis erysimi is a species of aphid of the family Aphididae. Its common names include mustard aphid and turnip aphid. It is found in most temperate and tropical areas of the world and feeds only on cruciferous plants. The insects are almost exclusively female and are very prolific, with wingless females producing around one hundred young during a lifespan of a few weeks.
Description
The wingless female is pale green or whitish green with two rows of dark bands on the thorax and abdomen which unite into a single band near the tip of the abdomen. The antennae are dark, the legs are pale with dark joints and the cornicles are pale with dark tips. The body is faintly dusted with a white powder. It is between in length. The winged female is a similar size and has a black head and thorax and a pale green abdomen with black bands near the tip and black patches on the sides. The antennae and legs are dark, and the cornicles are black at the base and yellowish towards the tips. Wingless males have occasionally been seen; these are smaller than the females and olive-green to brownish in colour.
Distribution and habitat
Originally a European species, the turnip aphid is now found in most parts of the world in tropical and temperate locations. Host plants include cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, kale, kohlrabi, radish and turnip, as well as shepherd's purse, wild mustard and other cruciferous weeds.
Life cycle
The turnip aphid is almost entirely viviparous, although eggs have occasionally been seen. It is extremely prolific and in warm places such as Texas, a maximum of thirty-five generations per year have been recorded. The wingless females produce up to six offspring per day over a period of twenty to forty days, a total of eighty to one hundred young. Winged females are able to disperse to other plants, but produce fewer offspring.
Ecology
This aphid is found on older leaves of brassica plants and on the roots. It is one of several species of aphid to feed on brassicas; the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) feeds only on these plants, while the green peach aphid is found on many crops and plants including brassicas. The cabbage aphid can be distinguished by its waxy coating and its dense colonies on young growth, while the green peach aphid is dispersed around the brassica plant, occurring mainly on the older leaves of its host.
The species can be a vector of at least ten plant viruses including cabbage black ringspot virus, radish mosaic virus, cauliflower mosaic virus and turnip mosaic virus.
References
Category:Macrosiphini
Category:Agricultural pest insects
Category:Insect vectors of plant pathogens
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Loxostege kearfottalis
Loxostege kearfottalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by E. V. Walter in 1928. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from California to western Texas and in Colorado.
The wingspan is about 21 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from April to May and again from August to September.
References
External links
Original description:
Category:Moths described in 1928
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2009 BSI Challenger Lugano
The 2009 BSI Challenger Lugano was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor red clay courts. It was part of the Tretorn SERIE+ of the 2009 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Lugano, Switzerland between 8 and 14 June 2009.
Singles entrants
Seeds
Rankings are as of May 25, 2010.
Other entrants
The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
Stéphane Bohli
Michael Lammer
Bernard Tomic
Stanislas Wawrinka
The following players received entry a special Exempt into the singles main draw:
Peter Luczak
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
Andrea Arnaboldi
Alberto Brizzi
Alessio di Mauro
Cristian Villagrán
Champions
Singles
Stanislas Wawrinka def. Potito Starace, 7–5, 6–3
Doubles
Johan Brunström / Jean-Julien Rojer def. Pablo Cuevas / Sergio Roitman, walkover
References
Official website
ITF search
BSI Challenger Lugano
Category:Tretorn SERIE+ tournaments
Category:Clay court tennis tournaments
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"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Filiz Ahmet
Filiz Ahmet (born 15 April 1981) is a Macedonian-born Turkish stage and screen actress. She is best known for her roles as Zarife in the Turkish TV series Farewell Rumelia and Nigar Kalfa in the TV series Muhteşem Yüzyıl.
Early life
Filiz Ahmet was born in Skopje, SR Macedonia. She is of Turkish descent. Filiz Ahmet has dual Macedonian and Turkish citizenship. Her mother works as a prompter, while her grandfather, Lüftü Seyfullah, was a Macedonian stage actor and co-founder of the Macedonian-Turkish Theatre.
The first play she watched in the theater was The Idiot, based on the novel by the same name written by Fyodor Dostoevsky. She developed a lifelong passion for theater, and was 6 when she first appeared on stage.
Ahmet's childhood coincided with the Yugoslav Wars. Due to the conflict, her family decided to go to Sweden, and later returned to Macedonia when she was 15. Filiz Ahmet graduated from medical school and then the Academy of Fine Arts in Skopje in 2003.
Ahmet is multilingual and is able to speak Macedonian, Albanian, Turkish, Swedish, English, Serbian, and Bulgarian.
Career
Ahmet began as a stage actress and received several performance awards. She did not plan to act on-screen, and her busy theater schedule allowed little time for anything else. However, her breakthrough performance occurred in 2007 when she appeared in the role of Zarife in the series Farewell Rumelia. To make her character more expressive, Ahmet spoke her role in the Macedonian Turkish dialect. After this series, she received offers in various television series. Her next project was Balkan Wedding, where she took the role of Galina in 2009.
Magnificent Century
In 2010, Ahmet received the role of Nigar Kalfa in a primetime historical Turkish television series, Muhteşem Yüzyıl (The Magnificent Century). The show is very successful in the Balkan region and Turkey, and is broadcast in 45 countries. The series has 204 million viewers worldwide.
Her work with Muhteşem Yüzyıl brought her positive responses and acclaim from critics.
Filmography
Movies
Bal Kaymak
Görevimiz Tatil
Sonsuz Aşk
Kendime İyi Bak
Kadın İşi Banka Soygunu
Mutlu Aile Defteri
Aşk Tutulması
Başka Semtin Çocukları
Amor de familia
Series
Hayat Şarkısı
Ruhumun Aynası
Muhteşem Yüzyıl
Balkan Düğünü
Elveda Rumeli
Zavedeni
References
External links
Official site
Official YouTube Channel
Category:1981 births
Category:Living people
Category:Actresses from Skopje
Category:Macedonian people of Turkish descent
Category:Turkish stage actresses
Category:Macedonian stage actresses
Category:Turkish television actresses
Category:Macedonian television actresses
Category:21st-century actresses | {
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Cyperus crispulus
Cyperus crispulus is a sedge of the family Cyperaceae that is native to Western Australia.
The perennial sedge typically grows to a height of in height and has a tufted habit and produces brown flowers.
It is found in rock crevices amongst sandstone outcrops in the Kimberley region of Western Australia.
See also
List of Cyperus species
References
Category:Plants described in 1991
Category:Flora of Western Australia
crispulus | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod
FC Lokomotiv Nizhny Novgorod was a Russian football club based in Nizhny Novgorod. They spent eight seasons in the Russian Premier League.
History
Early years
The team of the railway workers was founded in Nizhny Novgorod in 1916. Later it was known as Chervonka (1918-1922), Spartak (1923-1930), Tyaga (1931), Zheleznodorozhniki (1932-1935). In 1936 the team was renamed Lokomotiv and retained this name until 2002, when it was renamed Lokomotiv-NN. During the existence of the USSR the club was a part of the Lokomotiv Voluntary Sports Society.
Modern Lokomotiv
Lokomotiv was mostly known for its football school and did not play in the Soviet league until 1987. In 1989 Lokomotiv won promotion to the First League and spent two years there.
In 1992, after the dissolution of USSR, Lokovotiv was entitled enter the Russian Premier League, and reached the best result in club's history, a 6th position. Lokomotiv finished 8th in 1994 and 1996 before being relegated after the 1997 season, during which it reached the semifinal of the Intertoto Cup. However, the club won promotion back immediately and spent another two seasons in the Premier League (1999 and 2000). After finishing last in the 2001 First Division the club was relegated. Before starting in the Second League it folded.
Lokomotiv-GZhD
In 2002 a new club Lokomotiv-GZhD was created by the Gorkiy Railways and sponsored by the Nizhniy Novgorod Oblast Administration entering the Amateur Football League. In 2002 Lokomotiv won promotion to the Second Division and played there until 2005. In 2006 the club was disbanded.
Lokomotiv-NN
On December 26, 2018, the Ministry of Justice of the Nizhny Novgorod Region registered the legal entity “Nizhny Novgorod City Public Organization Football Club Lokomotiv-NN”. For the season of 2019, the Lokomotiv-NN club announced at the Championship of Russia among exercise therapy (III division, Privolzhie zone), and in the 2019 championship of the region a second team remained to play, receiving a Balakhna registration.
Reserve squad
Lokomotiv's reserve squad played professionally as FC Lokomotiv-d Nizhny Novgorod in the Russian Third League in 1996-1997.
Notable past players
Had international caps for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed in bold represented their countries while playing for Lokomotiv.
Dmitri Kuznetsov
Sergei Gorlukovich
Vladimir Tatarchuk
Ivan Hetsko
Dmitri Cheryshev
Andrei Afanasyev
Pyotr Bystrov
Lyubomir Kantonistov
Yuri Matveyev
Gennadiy Nizhegorodov
Andrei Novosadov
Andrey Movsisyan
Arthur Petrosyan
Alyaksandr Oreshnikow
Mikalay Ryndzyuk
Andrei Satsunkevich
Vladimir Sheleg
Valer Shantalosau
Kakhaber Gogichaishvili
Gocha Gogrichiani
Zurab Ionanidze
Zurab Popkhadze
Igor Avdeev
Aleksandr Familtsev
Ruslan Gumar
Sergey Timofeev
Arsen Tlekhugov
Viktor Zubarev
Zakir Jalilov
Nazim Adzhiyev
Aleksandrs Isakovs
Virginijus Baltušnikas
Vidas Dančenka
Darius Gvildys
Vadimas Petrenko
Nerijus Vasiliauskas
Marek Hollý
Arsen Avakov
Mukhsin Mukhamadiev
Rustam Khaidaraliyev
Yuri Kalitvintsev
Yuri Moroz
Vladyslav Prudius
Aleksandr Sayun
Mihai Drăguş
References
External links
Official Website
Category:Association football clubs established in 1916
Category:Defunct football clubs in Russia
Category:Railway association football teams
Category:Sport in Nizhny Novgorod
Category:1916 establishments in the Russian Empire | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Jennifer Crouse (curler)
Jennifer "JC" Crouse (born January 23, 1980 in Antigonish, Nova Scotia) is a Canadian curler from Timberlea, Nova Scotia.
Career
Crouse would win her first provincial title with Nancy McConnery defeating Mary-Anne Arsenault in 2009 throwing third rocks earning the right to represent Nova Scotia at the 2009 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. Unfortunately the team would not make playoffs at the Scotties Tournament of Hearts finishing with a disappointing 2-9 record. The following year Crouse won a second provincial title with Nancy McConnery, defeating Mary-Anne Arsenault in 2010 and the right to represent Nova Scotia at the Scotties Tournament of Hearts again the team ended up with another disappointing finish at nationals at 1-10. The McConnery team disbanded the end of the 2010 season. Crouse went on to skip in 2011, joined a team skipped by Kelly MacIntosh in 2012 - 2015 but was unable to repeat with another provincial title losing the 2014 provincial final to Heather Smith Dacey and a 2015 semifinal to Mary-Anne Arsenault who went on to represent NS at the 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts until 2018 winning the provincial Scotties title with team Mary-Anne Arsenault.
Crouse won a third provincial title in mixed as lead with Chris Sutherland finishing 4-7 in 2011 (Representing Nova Scotia at the 2012 National Mixed Curling Championship), and a second provincial mixed title in 2017 as lead with Brent MacDougall and former teammate Christina Black after going undefeated in the provincial playdown. In the 2018 mixed national championship, team nova scotia finished tied for 4th place, however due to elimination of tie breakers was eliminated from playoffs due to their head to head loss over Newfoundland and Labrador resulting in a 5th place overall finish.
In 2016 Crouse joined team Mary-Anne Arsenault as second eventually moving to lead when Jane Snyder left the team. The team won bronze at the 2018 Scotties tournament of hearts after finishing 9-2 in the round robin, and eventually losing the semifinals to team Wild Card.
Jennifer rejoined former teammates Julie McEvoy, Sheena Moore (Gilman) and Jill Thomas in 2018.
Personal
Crouse is a regional sales manager with Great West Life
References
External links
Jennifer Crouse on the World Curling Tour database
Jennifer Crouse on the CurlingZone database
Category:Canadian women curlers
Category:1980 births
Category:Living people
Category:Curlers from Nova Scotia
Category:People from Antigonish, Nova Scotia | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Clwyd West (UK Parliament constituency)
Clwyd West () is a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom (at Westminster). It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post method of election. The current MP is David Jones of the Conservative Party, first elected at the 2005 general election and who also served as Secretary of State for Wales from 4 September 2012 until 14 July 2014.
Boundaries
Following the Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, as confirmed by The Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Electoral Regions (Wales) Order 2006, the constituency of Clwyd West is formed from the following electoral wards:
In Conwy County Borough: Abergele Pensarn, Betws yn Rhos, Colwyn, Eirias, Gele, Glyn, Kinmel Bay, Llanddulas, Llandrillo yn Rhos, Llanfair Talhaiarn, Llangernyw, Llansannan, Llysfaen, Mochdre, Pentre Mawr, Rhiw, Towyn, Uwchaled
In Denbighshire County: Efenechtyd, Llanarmon-yn-Ial/Llandegla, Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd/Llangynhafal, Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd/Gwyddelwern, Llanrhaeadr-yng-Nghinmeirch, Ruthin.
History
The constituency was created in 1997 from parts of the seats of Clwyd South West and Clwyd North West. In the 2005 election this constituency was the Conservative Party's twentieth target. The area has generally voted for Conservative candidates, though it was won by Labour in their 1997 and 2001 landslides.
Members of Parliament
Elections
Elections in the 2010s
Of the 147 rejected ballots:
134 were either unmarked or it was uncertain who the vote was for.
13 voted for more than one candidate.
Of the 79 rejected ballots:
62 were either unmarked or it was uncertain who the vote was for.
15 voted for more than one candidate.
2 had want of official mark.
Of the 76 rejected ballots:
54 were either unmarked or it was uncertain who the vote was for.
22 voted for more than one candidate.
Of the 67 rejected ballots:
52 were either unmarked or it was uncertain who the vote was for.
15 voted for more than one candidate.
Elections in the 2000s
Of the 57 rejected ballots:
27 were either unmarked or it was uncertain who the vote was for.
26 voted for more than one candidate.
4 had writing or mark by which the voter could be identified.
Elections in the 1990s
See also
Clwyd West (Assembly constituency)
List of Parliamentary constituencies in Clwyd
List of Parliamentary constituencies in Wales
Notes and references
External links
Official declaration of result of the poll (2005) (in PDF)
Politics Resources (Election results from 1922 onwards)
Electoral Calculus (Election results from 1955 onwards)
2017 Election House Of Commons Library 2017 Election report
A Vision Of Britain Through Time (Constituency elector numbers)
Category:Parliamentary constituencies in North Wales
Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1997 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Middlesbrough Theatre
Middlesbrough Theatre (formerly the Little Theatre) is a theatre in Middlesbrough, England, which was opened by Sir John Gielgud in 1957 and was one of the first new theatres built in England after the Second World War.
History
The history of Middlesbrough Theatre begins with the closure of the Opera house in the
1920s and its conversion to the Gaumont cinema in the 1920s.
It was, in the main, the Opera House which provided the town and district with drama and opera, and
it was a tragedy far surpassing any that appeared on its stage when the decision was made to close it
down. Middlesbrough could not merely travel to Stockton to satisfy its longing for the drama, for much
the same process had been busy there and the closing of the Opera House bereaved a vast area with
a massive population of all opportunity for participating in one of the oldest arts of mankind. As the
Middlesbrough Opera House lay dying, Miss Leah Bateman of the Macdona Players gave advice as
follows: "Keep the legitimate stage alive in your town by every means in your power. The stage is not
yet dead, it is temporarily submerged by a wave of celluloid from the west. With the help of good, well-managed
amateur societies the torch can be kept burning until such time as the theatre will once more
take its rightful place in a society of thinking people." (from the programme for Our Town 1948).
In response, representatives from over forty dramatic societies met in 1923 to consider
forming a company to keep live theatre active in the area.
As a result, a town’s meeting was held on 5 February 1930 and a large committee elected which met for the first time on 24 April. From these members, 10 were chosen to be the first committee of Middlesbrough Little Theatre. In the immediate post-war years the society decided to commission its own auditorium, entrusting the finance and fund-raising to founding treasurer John Berriman. The resulting theatre, now known as the Middlesbrough Theatre, was the first purpose-built playhouse to be built in Britain after the Second World War: it was ceremonially opened by John Gielgud on 22 October 1957 with a production of 'Caesar and Cleopatra'.
On 17 July 1996, when, following a feasibility study by Richard Bell, a recommendation was made to change its name to Middlesbrough Theatre, not least because, with 484 seats and a stage wide by deep, it cannot be considered as little. Today, the theatre continues as a charitable trust, with Middlesbrough Council as sole
trustee.
In November 2014, it was announced by Middlesbrough council that as part of a £12million spending plan on the town, £700,000 is to be allocated to improving the theatre with increased seating and an improvement in the suitability of the venue.
50th birthday
Middlesbrough Theatre's 50th anniversary was on 21 October 2007, a Golden Anniversary Gala Concert was held and a souvenir programme was produced.
Middlesbrough Youth Theatre
Middlesbrough Youth Theatre is an umbrella company consisting of Middlesbrough Junior Theatre, earlier known as MLT Juniors (aged 11–16), together with a 'Kidstage' group of 7- to 10-year-olds, and an older 'Youth Theatre' of 17- to 25-year-olds.
The company performs in Middlesbrough Theatre, and has run for many years with many of its members continuing to work in drama and the performing arts. The group is a member of the National Association of Youth Theatres (NAYT). The company has also taken part in the Edinburgh Fringe, and is a regular at the Middlesbrough Youth Drama Festival.
Other uses
The Theatre has in the past served as a venue for music, including a performance by jazz violinist Stephane Grappelli in the late 1970s, and as a member of the network of local Film Theatres associated with the National Film Theatre.
References
Category:Buildings and structures in Middlesbrough
Category:Theatres in North Yorkshire | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Alexey Fomenkov
Alexey Fomenkov, (Russian: Алексей Алексеевич Фоменков) is a paralympic swimmer from Russia competing mainly in category SB6 events.
Fomenkov competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing. He set a games record in winning the 100m breaststroke, finished fourth in the 100m backstroke and was part of the Russian 4x50m breaststroke team that was disqualified in the heats.
References
Category:Paralympic swimmers of Russia
Category:Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
Category:Paralympic gold medalists for Russia
Category:Russian male swimmers
Category:Living people
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
Category:Medalists at the 2008 Summer Paralympics | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Marco Bechis
Marco Bechis (born in Santiago, Chile) is a Chilean-Italian film screenwriter and director. His film Garage Olimpo was screened at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section.
Selected filmography
Alambrado (1991)
Garage Olimpo (1999)
Figli/Hijos (Sons and Daughters) (2001)
BirdWatchers (2008)
The Smile of the Leader (2011)
The Noise of Memory (2014) web serie
The Noise of Memory, the film (2015)
All the Schools of the Kingdom (2015)
References
External links
Category:1955 births
Category:Living people
Category:Chilean screenwriters
Category:Chilean film directors
Category:Italian film directors
Category:Italian screenwriters
Category:Italian male screenwriters | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Englesea-Brook
Englesea-Brook is a small rural village in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. Located close to Crewe, and to junction 16 of the M6 motorway. One of the main points of interest is Englesea Brook Chapel and Museum, one of the earliest chapels of the Primitive Methodist movement, and a museum of the working-class religious movement, Primitive Methodism.
External links
Website about the museum
Category:Villages in Cheshire | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Nick G. Miller
Nick G. Miller (born January 18, 1964 in Dayton, Ohio), also known as Nick Miller, is an American businessperson. His main interests are within the entertainment industry, the marine industry, and business education. Miller is an award-winning screenwriter, filmmaker, movie producer, movie director, television producer, actor, music producer, film composer, public speaker, and philanthropist. He has owned various companies within the marine industry and is a consultant and keynote speaker.
His acting credits include The Last Marshal, The Librarians, Chronicles of an Exorcism, and Catch of a Lifetime. He has produced feature films and television shows such as Palmetto, The Unlikely's, Catch of a Lifetime, E! Entertainment's Wild On the Mark Cuban series Art Mann Presents, Talent Rock, and CBS Television's The Music Cafe Presents (co-produced with Greg Rike and Greg Rike Studios). In 2005, Miller, along with producing partner Matthew Ashford did a test shoot for a screenplay they had written together in the horror film genre entitled Chronicles of an Exorcism. The film was originally shelved by Miller and his producers, but has since been released on DVD. In October 2008 the movie was one of the most watched horror movies of all time and was listed near the top 100 (#116) on the Internet Movie Database. Miller is currently post production on the movie Windwalkers and in pre production on a screenplay co-written with published author Timothy G. Grogan. In April 2014, as executive producer, Miller's romantic comedy, Catch of a Lifetime, directed by Ben Klopfenstein and written by Miller, Klopfenstein, and book author Connie Neumann, won the Audience Choice for Best Feature award at the Silver Springs International Film Festival.
Miller consults and works with companies on forming strategic alliance business plans via product placement, co-branding and media exposure. He has been instrumental in negotiating and placing products in feature films and television shows including War of the Worlds, I, Robot, Fun with Dick and Jane, Scream 3, Charlie's Angels, CSI: Miami, 24, Nash Bridges, V.I.P., and JAG.
Nick G. Miller produces and hosts sales and motivational training workshops across the globe. He has trained thousands of sales and service staff members from companies including FTD Flowers, Harley-Davidson, Featherlite Luxury Coaches, Bombardier, Platinum Coach Works, Northeast Marine Trade Association, Rio Roses, and many others.
Miller is also a music producer, and in 2009 became vice president of Living Legends Music, a property which includes a syndicated radio show, streaming iTunes radio, a DVD series, and the CBS television series The Music Cafe Presents, all featuring interviews with musicians. Miller also produced and hosted the 2009 DVD documentary Orleans: Official History & Music for the 1970s and 1980s band Orleans. He comes from a musical family dating back to 1940 when his great uncle Douglas Dalton, played mandolin and guitar for The Whippoorwills, Roy Rogers, Sons of the Pioneers, and other bands and musicians. Today, Miller performs with Nick Miller & The Gathering, a group consisting of rotating legendary musicians playing their own number one hits.
Miller's companies have produced nightclub events, swimwear modeling competitions, and VIP parties for Corona Beer, Harley-Davidson, Loews Hotels, Gibson, Universal Studios Theme Parks, Six Flags Theme Parks and others.
Miller has been part of the marine industry since 1986. As vice president, Miller played an instrumental part in resurrecting Donzi Marine in 1993. Miller and Donzi Marine manager Steve Simon formed "Team Donzi" and raced a Donzi 38 ZX in the American Power Boat Association circuit. The team won two APBA/UIM World Championships five APBA National Championships. Under the same ownership group, Miller organized a marketing campaign and formed strategic alliances with non-endemic companies helping Pro-Line Boats become the #1 selling fiberglass fishing boats in the United States. During the mid-2000s Miller consulted and worked with the offshore racing champion, Reggie Fountain and his company Fountain Powerboats. In 2012 he became a partner and shareholder of Sak Marine, a Georgia-based company that manufactured Caravelle Boats, Key Largo Boats, Interceptor Performance Boats, Clearwater Fishing Boats, and Sea Hawk Boats.
Nick Miller was introduced to Burt Reynolds at his home in Florida. The lunch meeting resulted in Miller being offered acting roles in two of Reynolds' films. Soon after he would meet the man who would become his mentor; the late award-winning filmmaker John Daly, of which just some of his movies includes Platoon, The Terminator, The Falcon and the Snowman, Salvador, Full Metal Jacket, The Bodyguard, and The Legend of Zorro.
Gallery
References
External links
Nick G. Miller at Movie Tome
Clear Slate Films Movie Production at ClearSlateFilms.com
Art Mann Presents... TV Show
E! Entertainment Television
Living Legends Music
Nick Miller & The Gathering
Douglas Dalton and Roy Lanham
Category:1964 births
Category:Living people
Category:American male film actors
Category:Businesspeople from Dayton, Ohio
Category:Male actors from Dayton, Ohio | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Arcella
Arcella is a genus of testate amoebae in the order Arcellinida, usually found in freshwaters and mosses, and rarely in soils. A key characteristic of Arcella is the circular test with a hole on its center from where finger-like pseudopods emerge. It is one of the largest testacean genera.
Anatomy
An Arcella is typically enclosed in a chitinous, umbrella-shaped test (or shell) that has a single central aperture through which the pseudopods – which are used for locomotion – extend out. In some species the aperture is surrounded by a ring of pores. The test is composed of organic material with a diameter of up to 300 µm and is transparent or light-yellow-colored in young Arcella, but browns while aging due to the progressive deposition of iron and manganese compounds. Contrary to other genera, no gravel chips or other foreign bodies are inserted to strengthen the housing.
Different species of Arcella can have different number of nuclei, ranging from a single nucleus, as in some A. hemisphaerica, up to 200 nuclei, as in A. megastoma, though the majority is binucleate. They also have many contractile vacuoles, and can develop vacuoles of carbon dioxide in their cytoplasm to float up to the surface of the water.
Nutrition and distribution
Arcella inhabit freshwater pools, eutrophic waters, marshes, mosses, as well as wet foliage. Few species can also be found in soils. They nourish on diatoms, unicellular green algae or animal protozoa such as flagellates and ciliates.
Most species are worldwide-distributed, but some have restricted distributions, e.g. A. brasiliensis and A. rota which are endemic to South America.
They eat by stretching out their pseudopods to surround the food and bring it back to the microorganism.
Species
Over 130 species and subspecies of the genus Arcella have been described till now. Species include:
Arcella arenaria Greeff, 1866
Arcella artocrea Leidy, 1876
Arcella brasiliensis Cunha, 1913
Arcella catinus Penard, 1890
Arcella conica (Playfair, 1918)
Arcella costata Ehrenberg, 1847
Arcella dentata Ehrenberg, 1830
Arcella discoides Ehrenberg, 1843
Arcella discoides var. scutelliformis Playfair, 1918
Arcella excavata Cunningham, 1919
Arcella gandalfi Féres et al., 2016
Arcella gibbosa Penard, 1890
Arcella hemisphaerica Perty, 1852
Arcella intermedia (Deflandre, 1928) Tsyganov & Mazei 2006
Arcella megastoma Penard, 1902
Arcella mitrata Leidy, 1876
Arcella multilobata Golemansky, 1964
Arcella ovaliformis Chardez and Beyens, 1987
Arcella rota Daday, 1905
Arcella peruviana Reczuga et al., 2015
Arcella rotundata Playfair, 1918
Arcella vulgaris Ehrenberg, 1830
References
External links
Category:Amoebozoa genera
Category:Tubulinea
Category:Taxa named by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Microcella putealis
Microcella putealis is an alkaliphilic and Gram-positive bacterium from the genus of Microcella which has been isolated from alkaline groundwater from Cabeço de Vide, Southern Portugal.
References
Category:Micrococcineae
Category:Bacteria described in 2005 | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
William Grieve (bridge)
William Pearson Grieve (1929- December 20, 2017) was an American bridge player from White Plains, New York. He was educated at Boston University and NYU, and was a computer programmer for IBM.
Grieve won the Reisinger in 3 consecutive years, 1969, 1970, 1971.
Grieve was an avid tennis player.
Bridge accomplishments
Wins
North American Bridge Championships (7)
Wernher Open Pairs (1) 1958
Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams (1) 1975
Chicago Mixed Board-a-Match (1) 1960
Reisinger (3) 1969, 1970, 1971
Spingold (1) 1959
Runners-up
North American Bridge Championships (6)
Open Pairs (1928-1962) (1) 1959
Mitchell Board-a-Match Teams (1) 1972
Reisinger (1) 1972
Spingold (3) 1960, 1966, 1969
Notes
External links
Category:American contract bridge players
Category:2017 deaths
Category:People from White Plains, New York
Category:1929 births
Category:Date of birth missing
Category:Place of birth missing
Category:Boston University alumni
Category:New York University alumni | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Zoo de Cerza
The Zoo de Cerza (formally parc zoologique Cerza) is a zoo that opened in 1986 in Hermival-les-Vaux, Calvados, France.
The zoo is home to some 1000 animals representing about 120 species, and is a member of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA) and the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA).
External links
(in French)
Category:Zoos in France
Category:Buildings and structures in Calvados (department)
Category:Tourist attractions in Calvados (department)
Category:Zoos established in 1986
Category:Organizations based in Normandy | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Handy Andy (1921 film)
Handy Andy is a 1921 British silent comedy film directed by Bert Wynne and starring Peter Coleman, Kathleen Vaughan and Warwick Ward.
Cast
Peter Coleman - Handy Andy
Kathleen Vaughan - Una O'Reilly
Warwick Ward - Squire O'Grady
John Wyndham - Michael Dwyer
Wallace Bosco - Murphy
Fred Morgan - Squire O'Grady
May Price - Ragged Ann
Hessel Crayne - Dr. Browling
References
External links
Category:1921 films
Category:British films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films directed by Bert Wynne
Category:Ideal Film Company films
Category:1920s comedy films
Category:British comedy films
Category:British black-and-white films
Category:British silent feature films | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
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Latifabad, Lorestan
Latifabad (, also Romanized as Laṭīfābād) is a village in Zhan Rural District, in the Central District of Dorud County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 80, in 23 families.
References
Category:Towns and villages in Dorud County | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Akigin Stadium
for their sponsor the Akita Bank, is a football stadium in Akita, Akita Prefecture, Japan. The stadium has a capacity of 4,992 and has been the home ground of J3 League club Blaublitz Akita since 2013. It was formerly known as Akita Yabase Playing Field. Since September 2014 it has been called Akigin Stadium for the naming rights by Akita Bank.
History
The stadium was first opened in August 1953 and a roof was constructed over the main stand in September 1961. Lighting was installed in July 1978 and upgraded in September 2001. Underdrainage was installed in June 1982. The ground was converted to natural grass in November 2001. In March 2002 the end stand was renovated and a new stand opposite the main stand was constructed. Renovation of the main stand was completed in July 2004, increasing the capacity to 4,992 (including 15 wheelchair spaces). In 2007 the stadium hosted the men's soccer event of the National Sports Festival of Japan.
Facilities
The stadium is equipped with lighting for night matches, an electronic scoreboard and broadcast booth. The main stand also houses conference rooms. The main stand has seating for 1,882 people, including 10 wheelchair spaces. The end and side stands are grassed terraces that have a capacity of 1,300 and 1,800 respectively.
A second field known as the No.2 Field was built next to the stadium in October 2005. It has a synthetic turf surface and a capacity of 730 people. It is currently known as the "Space Project Dream Field" under a 2014 naming rights deal.
Tenants
J3 League club Blaublitz Akita has been the main tenant since 2013. The Akita Northern Bullets of the second-tier are also based at the ground. The stadium also hosts high school and amateur soccer and rugby tournaments each year. The ground is available for use from April until November each year. The conference rooms are available for hire all year round.
Naming rights
In August 2014 the City of Akita leased the naming rights to the stadium to Akita Bank for a period of two years and seven months, from September 2014 until March 2017. The agreement was reported as being worth 3.25 million yen per year. In a separate deal announced at the same time, the naming rights of the No.2 Field was leased to the events company "Space Project" for the same time period at 720,000 yen per year.
Access
The stadium is accessible via buses operated by the Akita Chuoukotsu Bus company. There is also a car park with 180 bays, including three reserved for wheelchair users.
Gallery
References
External links
Category:Buildings and structures in Akita (city)
Category:Football venues in Japan
Category:Rugby union stadiums in Japan
Category:Blaublitz Akita
Category:Sports venues in Akita Prefecture | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Jessica Garlick
Jessica Julie Anne Garlick (born 1981) is a Welsh pop singer. Garlick made her first steps into showbusiness when she was 16. At that age she won the Welsh final of BBC One's talent show Star for a Night. The same year she also featured in Michael Barrymore's My Kind of Music. She was the highest placed British entrant at the Eurovision Song Contest of the 2000s, coming joint third in the 2002 contest.
Background
Garlick was born in Derby, Derbyshire, England. She was educated at Glan-y-Mor Comprehensive School and is a member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
Before appearing on Pop Idol she had been on various TV talent shows including Michael Barrymore's My Kind of Music and Star for a Night.
Pop Idol and the Eurovision Song Contest
In 2001, she was among the last ten contestants on the ITV talent show Pop Idol. The BBC later invited her to sing "Come Back", one of the competing songs in A Song for Europe, the British selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2002. The audience selected her to represent the United Kingdom at the event in Tallinn, where she took her country to its best result since Imaani's "Where Are You?" in 1998, finishing joint third alongside Estonia's representative, Sahlene. Her result has, as of 2019, not been bettered.
After Eurovision
Later in 2002 Garlick was involved in a campaign to help children stop smoking. She made a guest appearance in the 2003 Song for Europe, during which she was charged with announcing the results of the Welsh televote, which handed top marks to the ill-fated Jemini. Later in the year, she appeared in Liquid Eurovision preview and analysis programmes.
On 16 November 2006, Garlick appeared as the hidden musician in the 'Identity Parade' round on the BBC's Never Mind the Buzzcocks game show. She is now married to Owen Satterley, a personal trainer whom she has dated from her teenage years. They have a daughter called Olivia and a son called Noah.
Later career
It was announced in early 2009 that Garlick would be making a return to music. After a few years with her family, Garlick felt that the time was right for a return to her career in music. The début single from her unreleased album, Hard Not to Fall, was released on 11 May 2009, one day before the first Eurovision Song Contest semi-final. The single was only available to purchase from iTunes. She recorded a music video which was posted on her official website. Garlick performed the new single, along with her Eurovision entry, "Come Back", at the UK Eurovision Preview Party, at Scala, King's Cross, on 17 April 2009.
Chart discography
References
External links
Category:1981 births
Category:British Eurovision Song Contest entrants
Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 2002
Category:Living people
Category:People from Kidwelly
Category:Pop Idol contestants
Category:Singers from Carmarthenshire
Category:Welsh female singers
Category:Welsh Latter Day Saints
Category:Musicians from Derby
Category:21st-century Welsh singers
Category:21st-century women singers | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Bollenhut
A Bollenhut is a formal headdress worn since 1750 by Protestant women as part of their folk costume or Tracht in the three neighbouring Black Forest villages of Gutach, Kirnbach and Hornberg-Reichenbach. With its woollen pompoms, the picturesque-looking red Bollenhut has become a symbol of the Black Forest as a whole, despite its very local origins. The red pom-poms and white brim of the Bollenhut also is said to have inspired the top layer of the Black Forest Cake.
Bollenhut as part of folk costume
The broad-brimmed, whitewashed straw hat bears 14 prominent, woollen, pompoms arranged in the shape of a cross. Only eleven pompoms are visible, however, because three are covered by those on top. Unmarried women wear red pompoms, married women wear black, old women and widows wear only the mob cap. The Bollenhut can weigh up to two kilogrammes and is manufactured by female milliners. The red Bollenhut may first be worn by girls at their confirmation.
A silk mob cap is worn underneath the Bollenhut, tied under the chin. Young girls before confirmation (Gutach and several neighbouring parishes were part of Württemberg until 1804 and were Protestant, unlike the majority of the Black Forest) and old women only wore the mob cap.
Today the Bollenhut and associated Tracht are still worn on holidays and for traditional events. The Bollenhut and local costumes may be seen all year round e.g. in the Black Forest Costume Museum in Haslach im Kinzigtal.
Development as a Black Forest symbol
In the late 18th century, apart from several mob caps, the Schühut and Gupfhut, which were customary in the County of Hauenstein, were associated with the folk costume of the Black Forest. These types of hats which were known Europe-wide gradually fell out of use by the middle of the 19th century. In 1841 following a study trip through the Black Forest, Théodore Valerio published, through the Fréres Gihaut in Paris, a lithograph of a couple from Hornberg wearing their local costume, which showed an early version of the Bollenhut for the first time in France. After Gutach was connected to the Baden Black Forest Railway in 1873, artists like Wilhelm Hasemann, Curt Liebich and Fritz Reiss settled there, forming the "Gutach artists' colony". They portrayed the Gutach costume as an artistic subject, their works were widely distributed and shaped the image of the Black Forest. Like local author, Heinrich Hansjakob, they were part of a movement of Baden folk costume. At the turn of the 20th century, particularly Hasemann's painting, After Going To Church which showed Bollenhut wearers, was widely publicized in illustrated magazines and picture postcards.
The fame of the Bollenhut as (wrongly) generally typical of the Black Forest rose as a result of films of local life (Heimatfilme) in the 1950s and 1960s, particularly the 1950 film, The Black Forest Girl (Schwarzwaldmädel), with Sonja Ziemann. This first German colour film of the post war period is one of the most successful German films of all time with an estimated 15 million viewers.
References
External links
Haslach Trachten Museum
Reichenbach Music and Trachten Club with organisational Bollenhut Tracht
Category:Hats
Category:Folk costumes
Category:Ortenaukreis
Category:Black Forest
Category:German clothing | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Next Estonian parliamentary election
The next parliamentary elections will be held in Estonia by 5 March 2023 to elect all 101 members of the Riigikogu.
Electoral system
The 101 members of the Riigikogu are elected by proportional representation in twelve multi-member constituencies. Seats are allocated using a modified D'Hondt method. Parties have to pass a nationwide threshold of 5%, but if the number of votes cast for an individual candidate exceeds or equals the simple quota (obtained by dividing the number of valid votes cast in the electoral district by the number of mandates in the district), they are elected.
Seats by electoral district
Opinion polls
Poll results are listed in the table below in reverse chronological order, showing the most recent first. The highest percentage figure in each poll is displayed in bold, and the background shaded in the leading party's color. In the instance that there is a tie, then no figure is shaded. The bottom number under the prior election represents the number of seats obtained.
References
External links
Estonian National Electoral Committee
Category:Parliamentary elections in Estonia
Estonia
Estonian parliamentary election | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Lochend Community High School
Lochend Community High School is a non-denominational, coeducational, state secondary school in the Easterhouse area of Glasgow. The school is within the local authority of Glasgow City Council.
The school teaches pupils across all secondary stages from S1 to S6, and has the capacity to accommodate up to 850 pupils. With a current pupil roll of approximately 450, it is one of the smaller secondary schools in the city. There are approximately 40 members of teaching and non-teaching staff based at the school. The headteacher is Mr David Macarthur
Associated Primary Schools
The school has two associated primary schools. These are Oakwood Primary School and Aultmore Primary School. Along with partner primary schools, Lochend Community High School is part of the Lochend Learning Community.
School Facilities
The school's facilities include:
A large open-plan dining/performance/social space;
24 general classrooms
6 dedicated ICT teaching areas
8 science labs
4 technical rooms
4 art and design rooms
3 home economics rooms
2 music rooms
1 drama studio
2 gymnasia
1 games hall.
The inclusion of a large library and IT Learning Centre helps pupils and teachers make the most of digital technology.
Physical education facilities include:
4 indoor areas
a synthetic pitch
a grass pitch
a running track.
Lochend CHS Sports Centre
Lochend Community High School shares a campus with Lochend CHS Sports Centre which hosts a variety of facilities which are managed by Glasgow Club Easterhouse a part of Glasgow Life.
The facilities include:
5 full size quality grass pitches;
1 full size floodlit synthetic pitch;
1 floodlit synthetic five-a-side pitch;
1 indoor hall for five-a-side or badminton;
2 indoor gyms suitable for dance, martial arts, children’s activities;
Top quality changing facilities.
History
Lochend Community High remains the only secondary school in the Easterhouse area, following the closure of Westwood Secondary in the 1980s and St Leonard's Secondary in the 2000s. The school was formally opened as Lochend Community High when Lochend Secondary school closed to move into the new purpose built community campus in 2002.
In November 2019, Lochend Community High School was ranked as the second-worst performing state school in the whole of Scotland in the annual exam league tables, with only 8% of pupils leaving with 5 SCQF Level 6 awards; the equivalent of 5 Higher qualifications. Only Northfield Academy in Aberdeen did worse, with just 7% of their pupils leaving school with five Higher qualifications.
References
External links
Category:Secondary schools in Glasgow | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Eben Moglen
Eben Moglen is a professor of law and legal history at Columbia University, and is the founder, Director-Counsel and Chairman of Software Freedom Law Center.
Professional biography
Moglen started out as a computer programming language designer and then received his bachelor's degree from Swarthmore College in 1980. In 1985, he received a Master of Philosophy in history and a JD from Yale University. He has held visiting appointments at Harvard University, Tel Aviv University and the University of Virginia since 1987.
He was a law clerk to Justice Thurgood Marshall (1986–87 term). He joined the faculty of Columbia Law School in 1987, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1988. He received a Ph.D. in history from Yale University in 1993. Moglen serves as a director of the Public Patent Foundation.
Moglen was part of Philip Zimmermann's defense team, when Zimmermann was being investigated over the export of Pretty Good Privacy, a public key encryption system, under US export laws.
In 2003 he received the EFF Pioneer Award. In February 2005, he founded the Software Freedom Law Center.
Moglen was closely involved with the Free Software Foundation, serving as general counsel from 1994-2016 and board member from 2000 to 2007. As counsel, Moglen was charged with enforcing the GNU General Public License (GPL) on behalf of the FSF, and later became heavily involved with drafting version 3 of the GPL. On April 23, 2007 he announced in a blog post that he would be stepping down from the board of directors of the Free Software Foundation. Moglen stated that after the GPLv3 Discussion Draft 3 had been released, he wanted to devote more time to writing, teaching, and the Software Freedom Law Center.
Freedom Box Foundation
In February 2011, Moglen created the Freedom Box Foundation to design software for a very small server called the FreedomBox. The FreedomBox aims to be an affordable personal server which runs only free software, with a focus on anonymous and secure communication. FreedomBox launched version 0.1 in 2012.
Stances on free software
Moglen says that free software is a fundamental requirement for a democratic and free society in which we are surrounded by and dependent upon technical devices. Only if controlling these devices is open to all via free software, can we balance power equally.
Moglen's Metaphorical Corollary to Faraday's Law is the idea that the information appearance and flow between the human minds connected via the Internet works like electromagnetic induction. Hence Moglen's phrase "Resist the resistance!" (i.e. remove anything that inhibits the flow of information).
Statements and perspectives
Moglen believes the idea of proprietary software is as ludicrous as having "proprietary mathematics" or "proprietary geometry." This would convert the subjects from "something you can learn" into "something you must buy", he has argued. He points out that software is among the "things which can be copied infinitely over and over again, without any further costs."
Moglen has criticized what he calls the "reification of selfishness." He has said, "A world full of computers which you can't understand, can't fix and can't use (because it is controlled by inaccessible proprietary software) is a world controlled by machines."
He has called on lawyers to help the Free Software movement, saying: "Those who want to share their code can make products and share their work without additional legal risks." He urged his legal colleagues, "It's worth giving up a little in order to produce a sounder ecology for all. Think kindly about the idea of sharing."
Moglen has criticized trends which result in "excluding people from knowledge." On the issue of Free Software versus proprietary software, he has argued that "much has been said by the few who stand to lose." Moglen calls for a "sensible respect for both the creators and users" of software code. In general, this concept is a part of what Moglen has termed a "revolution" against the privileged owners of media, distribution channels, and software. On March 13, 2009, in a speech given at Seattle University, Moglen said of the free software movement that, "'When everybody owns the press, then freedom of the press belongs to everybody' seems to be the inevitable inference, and that’s where we are moving, and when the publishers get used to that, they’ll become us, and we’ll become them, and the first amendment will mean: 'Congress shall make no law [...] abridging freedom of speech, or of the press [...].', not – as they have tended to argue in the course of the 20th century – 'Congress shall make no law infringing the sacred right of the Sulzbergers to be different.'"
On the subject of Digital Rights Management, Moglen once said, "We also live in a world in which the right to tinker is under some very substantial threat. This is said to be because movie and record companies must eat. I will concede that they must eat. Though, like me, they should eat less."
References
External links
Eben Moglen's webpage at Columbia University
Category:Law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States
Category:Members of the Free Software Foundation board of directors
Category:American legal scholars
Category:GNU people
Category:Columbia University faculty
Category:Yale Law School alumni
Category:Swarthmore College alumni
Category:Harvard University staff
Category:University of Virginia School of Law faculty
Category:Copyright scholars
Category:Copyright activists
Category:American lawyers
Category:American bloggers
Category:Living people
Category:Columbia Law School faculty
Category:1959 births
Category:Free software people
Category:Articles containing video clips | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
K. R. Sreenivasan
Katepalli R. Sreenivasan is an aerospace scientist, fluid dynamicist and applied physicist whose research includes physics and applied mathematics. He studies turbulence, nonlinear and statistical physics, astrophysical fluid mechanics, and cryogenic helium. He was the dean of engineering and executive vice provost for science and technology of New York University. Sreenivasan is also the Eugene Kleiner Professor for Innovation in Mechanical Engineering at New York University Tandon School of Engineering, and a professor of physics and mathematics professor at the New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science and Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.
Education
Sreenivasan earned his bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering (UVCE), Bangalore University in 1968. He attended the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, where he was awarded a master's degree in 1970 and doctorate in aerospace engineering in 1975. His post-doctoral research was at the University of Sydney, the University of Newcastle, and Johns Hopkins University. Sreenivasan was awarded a Honoris Causa master's degree from Yale University in 1985. In 2006, he was awarded a Honoris Causa doctorate from University of Lucknow. He received a Honoris Causa doctorate from the University of Hyderabad in 2007, and from the Romanian Academy in 2008.
Career
In 1979, he joined the faculty at Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut as assistant professor. In 1985, he became a full professor. Sreenivasan became chairman of Mechanical Engineering in 1987. He was appointed the Harold W. Cheel professor of mechanical engineering in 1988. In 1989, Sreenivasan was named acting chairman of the council of engineering. He became the Andrew W. Mellon Professor in 1991. He also served as professor of physics, applied physics and mathematics. In 1991, Sreenivasan was appointed to the Society of Scholars for Johns Hopkins University. At the American Physical Society (APS), he served as the chair of the Division of Fluid Dynamics, and the founding chairman of the Topical Group in Statistical and Nonlinear Physics. In 1995, he was awarded the APS Otto Laporte Memorial Award. In 1997, Sreenivasan became an American citizen.
In 2002, he joined the University of Maryland, College Park and became director of the Institute for Physical Sciences and Technology, which is a part of the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences. That same year, Sreenivasan was named director of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) in Trieste, Italy where he held the Abdus Salam Honorary Professorship. He started the position in March 2003. While working at ICTP he continued to hold his appointment at the University of Maryland as Glenn L. Martin Professor of Engineering and professor of physics.
Also in 2002, he received the Medal in Engineering Sciences from the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World. In 2008, the American Physical Society awarded him the Dwight Nicholson Medal for human outreach. In 2009, he was awarded the American Association for the Advancement of Science International Scientific Cooperation Award. He received the 2011 Multicultural Leadership Award of the National Diversity Council. He was also awarded the UNESCO Medal for promoting international scientific cooperation and world peace from the World Heritage Centre in Italy.
From 2009 until 2011, Sreenivasan served as senior vice provost for New York University’s Global Network University in science and technology. In 2007, Sreenivasan was elected to be a member of the National Academy of Sciences. In November 2012, he was appointed acting president of the Polytechnic Institute of New York University. He became president and dean of the Polytechnic Institute of New York University and dean of engineering at New York University (NYU), and oversaw the Institute's merger with NYU to become the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering. He is also the executive vice provost in charge of science and technology at NYU. Sreenivasan is the Eugene Kleiner Professor for Innovation in Mechanical Engineering at New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, and a professor of physics and mathematics professor at the New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science and Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences.
Sreenivasan has been a visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology, Rockefeller Institute, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences at the University of Cambridge, and the Texas A&M University Institute of Advanced Study. Sreenivasan is a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He is a member of the Indian Academy of Sciences, the Indian National Science Academy, the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World, the African Academy of Sciences, and the Accademia die Lincei in Italy.
Other activities
He has served on scientific journal editorial boards including American Scientist, Physics of Fluids, Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Physical Review E, Physical Review Letters, Journal of Theoretical and Computational Fluid Dynamics, and the Springer book series on Applied Mathematics. Sreenivasan is the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Nonlinear Science.
Selected publications
References
Category:Living people
Category:1947 births
Category:20th-century Indian physicists
Category:Fluid dynamicists
Category:Indian fluid dynamicists
Category:University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering alumni
Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni
Category:Fellows of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Category:Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science faculty
Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Category:Foreign Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Category:Guggenheim Fellows
Category:Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
Category:Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences faculty
Category:Scientists from Bangalore
Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians
Category:University of Maryland, College Park faculty
Category:Indian emigrants to the United States | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Here Today, Gone Tamale
Here Today, Gone Tamale is a 1959 Looney Tunes animated short, directed by Friz Freleng and featuring Speedy Gonzales and Sylvester.
Plot
At a Mexican shipping port all the mice are starving to death. Suddenly a ship arriving from Switzerland with a cargo fill with cheese docks. They smell the cheese and race toward the ship, only to be chase away by Sylvester, who's hired to guard all the cheese. The mice suggest that the only mouse to get by Sylvester is Speedy Gonzales. He is called to help get the cheese to the mice. Sylvester challenges Speedy to get by. Which he did. Speedy goes back and forth to deliver the mice the cheese. All attempts to stop Speedy (from netting him to using a guillotine) fail. The final shot shows the mice happy with all their food as they dance in celebration. Sylvester sees this and declares "well, if you can beat them, join them I always say", which he did by wearing mouse ears and dance with the mice. Speedy sees this and claim the cat has "gone loco in the cabeza" and joins in the dancing as well as the cartoon ends.
References
Jerry Beck and Will Friedwald. Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1989. .
External links
Category:1950s animated short films
Category:1959 animated films
Category:Looney Tunes shorts
Category:American films
Category:1950s American animated films
Category:Short films directed by Friz Freleng
Category:1959 films
Category:American animated short films
Category:Animated films about cats
Category:Films featuring anthropomorphic mice
Category:Films set in Mexico
Category:Films scored by Milt Franklyn | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel
The Odyssey: A Modern Sequel is an epic poem by Greek poet and philosopher Nikos Kazantzakis, based on Homer's Odyssey. It is divided into twenty-four rhapsodies as is the original Odyssey and consists of 33,333 17-syllable verses. Kazantzakis began working on it in 1924 after he returned to Crete from Germany. Before finally publishing the poem in 1938 he had drafted seven different versions. Kazantzakis considered this his most important work. It was fully translated into English in 1958 by Kimon Friar.
Synopsis
Odysseus (Ulysses) returns to Ithaca and decides to undertake new adventures after he quickly becomes dissatisfied with his quiet family life and they too with his brutality. First he travels to Sparta to save Helen, the wife of the king of Sparta Menelaus, whose abduction by Paris had led to the Trojan War. He goes to Crete where a conspiracy dethrones the king. He is abandoned by Helen who runs off with a black slave and continues to Egypt, where again a workers' uprising takes place. He leaves again on a journey up the Nile eventually stopping at the lake-source. Upon arrival his companions set up camp and he climbs the mountain in order to concentrate on his god. Upon his return to the lake he sets up his city based on the commandments of his religion. The city is soon destroyed by an earthquake. Odysseus laments his failure to understand the true meaning of god with the sacrifice of his companions. His life transforms into that of an ascetic. Odysseus meets Motherth (an incarnation of the Buddha), Kapetán Énas (English: Captain Sole, literally "Captain One", a Greek folk expression for people who are insubordinate and single-minded to a fault), alias Don Quixote, and an African village fisherman, alias Jesus. He travels further south in Africa while constantly spreading his religion and fighting the advances of death. Eventually he travels to Antarctica and lives with villagers for a year until an iceberg kills him. His death is glorious as it marks his rebirth and unification with the world.
Themes
The Odyssey represents Kazantzakis' ideology and metaphysical concerns. A central theme is the importance of struggle for its own sake, as opposed to reaching a final goal.
External links
A 1958 review from TIME magazine
Category:1938 books
Category:1938 poems
Category:Odyssey
Category:Ancient Egypt in fiction
Category:Ancient Greece in fiction
Category:Antarctica in fiction
Category:Epic poems in Greek
Category:Works based on the Odyssey
Category:Works by Nikos Kazantzakis | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Soutpansberg
The Soutpansberg, (formerly Zoutpansberg) meaning "Salt Pan Mountain" in Afrikaans, is a range of mountains in far northern South Africa. It is located in Vhembe District, Limpopo. It is named for the salt pan (, or "place of salt") located at its western end. The mountain range reaches the opposite extremity in the Matikwa Nature Reserve, some due east. The range as a whole had no Venda name, as it was instead known by its sub-ranges which include Dzanani, Songozwi and others. Of late it is however known as Tha vhani ya muno, meaning "mountain of salt".
The Soutpansberg forms part of the 'Vhembe Biosphere Reserve', which was designated as a biosphere reserve by UNESCO in 2009. The latter reserve also includes the Blouberg Range, Kruger National Park, Makgabeng Plateau, Makuleke Wetlands and the Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape.
Geography
The mountain is intersected by two defiles, the Waterpoort in the west, containing the Sand River (Polokwane) and a railway line, and Wyllie's Poort, which allows N1 road traffic to pass from Louis Trichardt to Musina. Lajuma is the highest peak at . The Nzhelele River and its tributary the Mutamba, the Nwanedi River and its tributary the Luphephe River, as well as the Levubu River and its main tributaries, the Mutshindudi and Mutale Rivers, and the Letaba River rise in the slopes of the Soutpansberg Mountains. The Brak River, a tributary of the Sand River, flows diagonally at the western end of the Soutpansberg, separating it from the Blouberg further west.
History
First Europeans
The first white person to reach, and name, the mountain was Coenraad de Buys, a colonist who fled from Graaff Reinet after a failed rebellion in 1795. He settled near the mountain in 1820 and was the patriarch of a half-caste clan, the "Buysvolk" or Buys People, who are still to be found at Buysdorp. De Buys was followed by voortrekker Louis Tregardt who sojourned at the salt pan from May to August 1836. In November 1836 Tregardt moved camp to the vicinity of the later Schoemansdal and Louis Trichardt town, where he stayed until June 1837. From June to August 1837 Tregardt's party camped at the Doorn River, on the current Doorn River farm, whereafter they departed for good to find a trading route to the sea.
Early settlement
Eleven years later, in 1848, a settlement named Zoutpansbergdorp was established at the site of an earlier Tregardt camp. It was founded by Jan Valentyn Botha, who led a faction of Andries Potgieter's trek. Potgieter died at Zoutpansbergdorp in 1852, and his son shortly afterwards. In 1855 the town's de facto leader was Stephanus Schoeman who named the growing, though disorderly reed-hut settlement Schoemansdal, after himself. Augmented by renegades, the town was a successful ivory trading centre by 1855, when its population numbered 200.
Venda hunters supplied the Voortrekkers with ivory, and were in return supplied with fire arms. Relations between the Voortrekkers and Venda soured due to taxation, cattle rustling and lax control over the supply of fire arms. Total discord broke out in 1866, when the voortrekkers intervened in a Venda succession dispute, and one claimant, Makhado, attacked an outlying voortrekker settlement. Despite the arrival of a relief commando, the Venda's mountain strongholds could not be taken. The voortrekkers abandoned the town on 15 July 1867 and established Pietersburg. An open-air museum was established to recreate the modest settlement.
First town
In October 1898 the Boere returned to regain control over the territory. General Piet Joubert's commando occupied a strategic position over the Doorn River in preparation. In November, Mphefu's kraal suffered a three-pronged attack and his royal village was torched. Mphefu's clan fled across the Limpopo River to Zimbabwe. The farms Rietvlei and Bergvliet were set aside in 1898 for a new town, and Trichardtsdorp was proclaimed the next year, named in honour of Louis Tregardt. Today the town commemorates his full name, Louis Trichardt.
Ecology
Plant diversity
Approximately 2,500 to 3,000 vascular plant taxa, comprising 1,066 genera and 240 families are known to occur in the mountain. A species list from plots done at the Mutshidudi catchment area revealed 109 plant families, 397 genera and 619 species. 24 plant species are endemic to the mountain, and an additional 33 to the Vhembe Biosphere Reserve. 594 species of tree are native to the mountain or its direct vicinity.
The Soutpansberg's immense floristic diversity can be attributed to several distinct floristic elements acting on it, namely Tropical, Moçambique coastal, Lowveld, Afromontane, Bushveld, Waterberg, Kalahari and Limpopo Valley. Approximately 10% of Soutpansberg plants can be considered succulent, and 32% of the endemic flora can be regarded as succulents.
Of the mountain's endemic flora, the Asclepiadaceae with 5 genera and 6 species displays a high generic diversity. Aloe presents the highest species diversity among native genera with 5 endemic species, and the monotypic Zoutpansbergia is the only endemic genus. The floral endemics include Encephalartos hirsutus, Duvalia procumbens, Euphorbia rowlandii, E. aeruginosa, E. zoutpansbergensis, Ceratotheca saxicola, Stapelia clavicorona, Tylophora coddii, Huernia nouhuysii, Aloe angelica, A. petrophila, A. soutpansbergensis, A. vossii, Combretum vendae, Blepharis spinipes, Mystacidium braybonae, Justicia montis-salinarum, Khadia borealis, Orbeanthus conjunctus, Streptocarpus parviflorus subsp. soutpansbergensis, Searsia magalismontana subsp. coddii, Vangueria soutpansbergensis and Pavetta tschikonderi.
The tropical floristic element, which reaches its southern distribution within the Soutpansberg, accounts for the species Brackenridgea zanguebarica, Millettia stuhlmannii, Oxytenanthera abyssinica, Trilepisium madagascariense, Brachystegia utilis-torrei (assimilated into a dominant B. spiciformis genome) and Syzygium masukuense. These species are not associated with the central Zimbabwean Miombo floristic element, but rather with the Eastern Highlands floristic element, and particularly its foothills.
Reptile diversity
A total of at least 116 reptile species have been recorded in the Soutpansberg. This biodiversity is remarkably high for such a small area and makes up 36% of the total number of reptile species that have been recorded in South Africa. This is roughly the same number of species (119) that occur in the Kruger National Park. The diversity is high compared to biodiversity hotspots of the world and the species diversity per unit area is higher than that of most of these hotspots. The Soutpansberg rock lizard, Soutpansberg worm lizard, Soutpansberg dwarf gecko and the Soutpansberg flat lizard are all endemic and named after this range.
Invertebrates
The Soutpansberg is known for a high level of endemism of its invertebrate fauna.
Conservation
In today’s world, natural areas are under a lot of pressure from human activity. Exploitation of natural resources, human encroachment due to expanding developments, poaching and general pollution – these all affect the Soutpansberg in some way. At the moment the mountains are a World Heritage Site and they form part of the newly proclaimed Vhembe Biosphere reserve.
Gallery
Organisms endemic to the Soutpansberg
See also
List of mountain ranges of South Africa
Nwanedi Provincial Park
Soutpansberg Conservancy
Notes
External links
The Soutpansberg
Soutpansberg Endemic Flora
Land of the Venda
Game & Nature Reserves in Soutpansberg, Limpopo
Category:Mountain ranges of Limpopo | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Federica Brunetti
Federica Brunetti (born October 6, 1988) is an Italian professional basketball player.
She was born in Cagliari, Sardinia.
She is a power forward and she has played in CUS Cagliari Pallacanestro, in A1 league.
External links
http://lbf-web.dataproject-stats.com/DettaglioAtleta.asp?IdAtleta=474
Category:1988 births
Category:Living people
Category:Italian women's basketball players | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
Gumbo (song)
"Gumbo" is a song by the American band Phish. It is a funk/jazz song written around 1990 by Phish guitarist and lead vocalist Trey Anastasio and drummer Jon Fishman. It is the third track from their 1995 live album A Live One and was released as their ninth promotional single by Elektra Records in 1995.
Like "Split Open and Melt," "Gumbo" started out as a strong tune but one that had a destiny that didn’t lie solely in its composition. A mix of acid jazz and loose funk attended with three-part harmonies and silly lyrics, it had all the ingredients for greatness. The first several versions clearly lacked something, which seemed to be fulfilled with the addition of horns – five times on the Giant Country Horn tour in 1991 and twice with the West Coast return of the horns (in 1994). The (12/2/94) version appears on A Live One (from which it was the second single released) as well as the European compilation, Stash.
Track listing
"Gumbo" (Trey Anastasio, Jon Fishman) - 5:15
Personnel
Musicians
Trey Anastasio – guitars, vocals
Page McConnell – keyboards, vocals
Mike Gordon – bass guitar, vocals
Jon Fishman – drums, vocals
Also appears on
Stash (1996)
Live Phish Volume 4 (2001)
Live Phish Volume 10 (2002)
Live Phish Volume 19 (2003)
Alpine Valley 2010(DVD) (2010)
Notes
Category:1990 songs
Category:Phish songs
Category:Songs written by Trey Anastasio | {
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
} |
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