Datasets:

tom-010

/

enwiki-articles-html-2410

like 0

{ "id": [ 2423001 ], "name": [ "Sideshow Bob" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Variations", "Name day", "Famous namesakes", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{about|the Slavic name|the Kurdish name|Goran (Kurdish name)|the Swedish name|Göran|other uses|Goran (disambiguation)}}\n</p><p>{{Infobox given name\n| name = Goran\n| image=\n| imagesize=\n| caption=\n| pronunciation=\n| gender = Male\n| language = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]\n| alternative spelling = {{Cyrl|Горан}}\n| meaning =Woodsman<br />Man from the mountains<br />Highlander\n| region = \n| origin = Slavic\n| nickname = Gogi \n| variant forms = \n| related names = female form [[Gorana]]\n| seealso = [[Gordan]]\n| wikt = \n}}\n<b>Goran</b> ({{IPA|sh|ɡǒran|pron}}; {{Cyrl|Горан}}) is a <a href=\"/wiki/Slavic_names\" title=\"Slavic names\">Slavic male first name</a>, mostly used in <a href=\"/wiki/South_Slavs\" title=\"South Slavs\">south Slavic</a> countries such as <a href=\"/wiki/Croatia\" title=\"Croatia\">Croatia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Serbia\" title=\"Serbia\">Serbia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Republic_of_North_Macedonia\" title=\"Republic of North Macedonia\">North Macedonia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Montenegro\" title=\"Montenegro\">Montenegro</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina\" title=\"Bosnia and Herzegovina\">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>.\n</p><p>Goran is a Slavic, Pre-Christian name, meaning \"highlander\" or a mountain-man, someone who lives in the mountains. Hence, Goran in Slavic tradition would mean someone who enjoys and values life in the mountains. \n</p><p>In <a href=\"/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia\" title=\"Former Yugoslavia\">former Yugoslavia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mladi_Gorani\" title=\"Mladi Gorani\">Mladi Gorani</a> was a Yugoslav Youth Organization tasked with re-foresting Yugoslav highlands.\n</p>", "<h2> Variations </h2>\n<p>Nicknames and cognomen include Gogi {{IPA|[ɡoɡi]}}, Gogo {{IPA|[ɡoːɡo]}}, Goca {{IPA|sh|ɡotsa|}}\n</p><ul><li> female <a href=\"/wiki/Gorana\" title=\"Gorana\">Gorana</a> (Горана)\n</li><li> female <a href=\"/wiki/Goranka\" title=\"Goranka\">Goranka</a> (Горанка)\n</li></ul>", "<h2> Name day </h2>\n<ul><li> February 24 in the Roman Catholic Calendar\n</li><li> July 31 in the Serbian Orthodox Calendar\n</li></ul>", "<h2> Famous namesakes </h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Bogdanovi%C4%87_%28politician%29\" title=\"Goran Bogdanović (politician)\">Goran Bogdanović (politician)</a> (born 1963), Serbian politician\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Bogdanovi%C4%87_%28footballer_born_1967%29\" title=\"Goran Bogdanović (footballer born 1967)\">Goran Bogdanović (footballer born 1967)</a>, retired Serbian footballer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Bregovi%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Bregović\">Goran Bregović</a>, Bosnian musician and composer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Bunjev%C4%8Devi%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Bunjevčević\">Goran Bunjevčević</a>, retired Serbian footballer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Dragi%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Dragić\">Goran Dragić</a>, Slovene basketball player\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_%C4%90orovi%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Đorović\">Goran Đorović</a>, retired Serbian footballer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Cvijanovi%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Cvijanović\">Goran Cvijanović</a>, Slovenian football player\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_%C4%8Colak\" title=\"Goran Čolak\">Goran Čolak</a>, Croatian free diver, World champion and World record holder\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Gavran%C4%8Di%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Gavrančić\">Goran Gavrančić</a>, Serbian footballer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Had%C5%BEi%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Hadžić\">Goran Hadžić</a>, Serbian politician in Croatia accused of <a href=\"/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity\" title=\"Crimes against humanity\">crimes against humanity</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Ivani%C5%A1evi%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Ivanišević\">Goran Ivanišević</a>, Croatian tennis player, <a href=\"/wiki/2001_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Singles\" title=\"2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's Singles\">2001 Wimbledon</a> Champion\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Jevti%C4%87_%28actor%29\" title=\"Goran Jevtić (actor)\">Goran Jevtić (actor)</a>, Serbian actor and director\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Juri%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Jurić\">Goran Jurić</a>, Croatian and Yugoslavian international footballer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Karan\" title=\"Goran Karan\">Goran Karan</a>, Croatian pop singer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Ivan_Goran_Kova%C4%8Di%C4%87\" title=\"Ivan Goran Kovačić\">Ivan Goran Kovačić</a>, Croatian poet\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Mari%C4%87_%28footballer%29\" title=\"Goran Marić (footballer)\">Goran Marić (footballer)</a> (born 1984), Serbian footballer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Mari%C4%87_%28volleyball%29\" title=\"Goran Marić (volleyball)\">Goran Marić (volleyball)</a> (born 1981), Serbian volleyball player\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Obradovi%C4%87_%28disambiguation%29\" title=\"Goran Obradović (disambiguation)\">Goran Obradović (disambiguation)</a>, several people\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Pandev\" title=\"Goran Pandev\">Goran Pandev</a>, Macedonian football player\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Popov\" title=\"Goran Popov\">Goran Popov</a>, Macedonian footballer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Sabli%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Sablić\">Goran Sablić</a>, Croatian footballer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Senjanovi%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Senjanović\">Goran Senjanović</a>, Croatian physicist\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Slavkovski\" title=\"Goran Slavkovski\">Goran Slavkovski</a>, Macedonian-Swedish footballer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Suton\" title=\"Goran Suton\">Goran Suton</a>, Bosnian-American basketball player who played for <a href=\"/wiki/Michigan_State_University\" title=\"Michigan State University\">Michigan State University</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Vi%C5%A1nji%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Višnjić\">Goran Višnjić</a>, Croatian actor\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Vlaovi%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Vlaović\">Goran Vlaović</a>, Croatian footballer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Milev\" title=\"Goran Milev\">Goran Milev</a>, Serbian actor\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Vukovi%C4%87\" title=\"Goran Vuković\">Goran Vuković</a>, Serbian gangster\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p><p>{{given name}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbian_masculine_given_names\" title=\"Serbian masculine given names\">Category:Serbian masculine given names</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Croatian_masculine_given_names\" title=\"Croatian masculine given names\">Category:Croatian masculine given names</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Masculine_given_names\" title=\"Masculine given names\">Category:Masculine given names</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Bulgarian_masculine_given_names\" title=\"Bulgarian masculine given names\">Category:Bulgarian masculine given names</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Macedonian_masculine_given_names\" title=\"Macedonian masculine given names\">Category:Macedonian masculine given names</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Montenegrin_masculine_given_names\" title=\"Montenegrin masculine given names\">Category:Montenegrin masculine given names</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Bosnian_masculine_given_names\" title=\"Bosnian masculine given names\">Category:Bosnian masculine given names</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Slovene_masculine_given_names\" title=\"Slovene masculine given names\">Category:Slovene masculine given names</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Slavic_masculine_given_names\" title=\"Slavic masculine given names\">Category:Slavic masculine given names</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Czech_masculine_given_names\" title=\"Czech masculine given names\">Category:Czech masculine given names</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Slovak_masculine_given_names\" title=\"Slovak masculine given names\">Category:Slovak masculine given names</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 1123105 ], "name": [ "Shotgun pete" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life and career", "Childhood and youth", "Refugee", "Barcelona", "International career", "Coaching career", "Career statistics", "Club", "International", "Honours", "Player", "Manager", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|Association football player (1927–2002)}}\n{{Hungarian name|Kubala László}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}\n{{Infobox football biography\n| name = László Kubala\n| image = Kubala.jpg\n| image_size =\n| caption = Kubala with [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] in 1953\n| fullname = László Kubala<ref name=\"Jesper\">{{cite book |last=Gaarskjær |first=Jesper |title=Barça: Historien om FC Barcelona |year=2010 |publisher=Gyldendal |location=København |isbn=978-87-02-08764-2 |page=69 }}</ref>\n| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|06|10|df=y}}\n| birth_place = [[Budapest]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]]\n| death_date = {{death date and age|2002|5|17|1927|06|10|df=y}}\n| death_place = [[Barcelona]], Spain\n| height = {{height|m=1.76}}\n| position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]]\n| youthyears1 = 1939–1943\n| youthclubs1 = Ganz TE\n| years1 = 1944\n| years2 = 1945–1946\n| years3 = 1946–1948\n| years4 = 1948–1949\n| years5 = 1949–1950\n| years6 = 1950\n| years7 = 1951–1961\n| years8 = 1963\n| years9 = 1963–1965\n| years10 = 1966–1967\n| years11 = 1967\n| clubs1 = Ganz TE\n| clubs2 = [[Ferencvárosi TC|Ferencváros]]\n| clubs3 = [[ŠK Slovan Bratislava|Slovan Bratislava]]\n| clubs4 = [[Vasas SC|Vasas]]\n| clubs5 = [[Aurora Pro Patria 1919|Pro Patria]]\n| clubs6 = Hungária\n| clubs7 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]\n| clubs8 = [[Toronto City]]\n| clubs9 = [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]]\n| clubs10 = [[FC Zürich|Zürich]]\n| clubs11 = [[Toronto Falcons (1967–1968)|Toronto Falcons]]\n| caps1 = 9\n| goals1 = 2\n| caps2 = 49\n| goals2 = 27\n| caps3 = 33\n| goals3 = 14\n| caps4 = 20\n| goals4 = 10\n| caps5 = 16\n| goals5 = 9\n| caps6 = 6\n| goals6 = 5\n| caps7 = 186\n| goals7 = 131\n| caps8 = 25\n| goals8 = 18\n| caps9 = 29\n| goals9 = 7\n| caps10 = 12\n| goals10 = 7\n| caps11 = 19\n| goals11 = 5\n| totalcaps = 404\n| totalgoals = 235\n| nationalyears1 = 1946–1947\n| nationalyears2 = 1948\n| nationalyears3 = 1953–1961\n| nationalyears4 = 1953–1965\n| nationalyears5 = 1954–1963\n| nationalteam1 = [[Czechoslovakia national football team|Czechoslovakia]]\n| nationalteam2 = [[Hungary national football team|Hungary]]\n| nationalteam3 = [[Spain national football team|Spain]]\n| nationalteam4 = [[Europe XI]]\n| nationalteam5 = [[Catalonia national football team|Catalonia]]\n| nationalcaps1 = 6\n| nationalgoals1 = 4\n| nationalcaps2 = 3\n| nationalgoals2 = 0\n| nationalcaps3 = 19\n| nationalgoals3 = 11\n| nationalcaps4 = 2\n| nationalgoals4 = 3\n| nationalcaps5 = 4\n| nationalgoals5 = 4\n| manageryears1 = 1961–1963\n| manageryears2 = 1963–1966\n| manageryears3 = 1966–1967\n| manageryears4 = 1968\n| manageryears5 = 1968–1969\n| manageryears6 = 1969–1980\n| manageryears7 = 1980\n| manageryears8 = 1982–1986\n| manageryears9 = 1986\n| manageryears10 = 1987–1988\n| manageryears11 = 1988–1989\n| manageryears12 = 1992\n| manageryears13 = 1995\n| managerclubs1 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]\n| managerclubs2 = [[RCD Espanyol|Espanyol]]\n| managerclubs3 = [[FC Zürich|Zürich]]\n| managerclubs4 = [[Toronto Falcons (1967–1968)|Toronto Falcons]]\n| managerclubs5 = [[Córdoba CF|Córdoba]]\n| managerclubs6 = [[Spain national football team|Spain]]\n| managerclubs7 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]\n| managerclubs8 = [[Al-Hilal FC|Al-Hilal]]\n| managerclubs9 = [[Real Murcia|Murcia]]\n| managerclubs10 = [[CD Málaga|Málaga]]\n| managerclubs11 = [[Elche CF|Elche]]\n| managerclubs12 = [[Paraguay national football team|Paraguay]]\n}}\n</p><p><b>László Kubala</b><ref name=\"Jesper\" /> (10 June 1927 – 17 May 2002) was a Hungarian professional <a href=\"/wiki/Association_football\" title=\"Association football\">footballer</a>. He played as a <a href=\"/wiki/Forward_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Forward (association football)\">forward</a> for <a href=\"/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC\" title=\"Ferencvárosi TC\">Ferencváros</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava\" title=\"ŠK Slovan Bratislava\">Slovan Bratislava</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Barcelona\" title=\"FC Barcelona\">Barcelona</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/RCD_Espanyol\" title=\"RCD Espanyol\">Espanyol</a>, among other clubs. Regarded as one of the best players in history, Kubala is considered a hero of Barcelona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.aktuality.sk/c/304622/ladislavovi-kubalovi-sa-v-barcelone-dostane-velkej-pocty/|title=Ladislavovi Kubalovi sa v Barcelone dostane veľkej pocty|date=7 November 2017 }}</ref> A Hungarian national by birth, he also held Czechoslovak and Spanish citizenship, and played for the national teams of all three countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/12/02/barcelona-greatest-ever-xi/laszlo-kubala/|title = Barcelona: The greatest ever XI|newspaper = The Telegraph|date = 2 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/laszlo-kubala-not-lionel-messi-barcelona-greatest-all-time|title = Why Laszlo Kubala, and not Lionel Messi, is the greatest Barcelona player of all time|date = 16 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/02/the-great-refugee-how-laszlo-kubala-became-a-barcelona-legend/|title=The great refugee: How László Kubala became a Barcelona legend|date=2 February 2017}}</ref>\n</p><p>Kubala was noted for his quick and skilful <a href=\"/wiki/Dribbling%23Association_football\" title=\"Dribbling#Association football\">dribbling</a>, composed and powerful finishing, and accuracy from <a href=\"/wiki/Direct_free_kick\" title=\"Direct free kick\">free kicks</a>. During the 1950s, he was a leading member of the successful Barcelona team, scoring 280 goals in 345 appearances (including unofficial goals). During the club's 1999 centenary celebrations, a fan's poll declared Kubala the best player ever to play for the Spanish club. After retiring as a player, he had two spells as coach of Barcelona and also coached both Spain's <a href=\"/wiki/Spain_national_football_team\" title=\"Spain national football team\">senior national team</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Spain_national_under-21_football_team\" title=\"Spain national under-21 football team\">Spain national under-21 football team</a>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/UCL/News/Kind%3D1/newsId%3D28995.html |title=Award for Barcelona great |website=UEFA.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021003001207/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/UCL/News/Kind%3D1/newsId%3D28995.html |archive-date=3 October 2002 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/history/Obituaries/newsId%3D24089.html |title='The greatest Barcelona player ever' |website=UEFA.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311024613/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/history/Obituaries/newsId%3D24089.html |archive-date=11 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Early life and career </h2>\n<h3>Childhood and youth</h3>\n<p>Kubala was born in <a href=\"/wiki/Budapest\" title=\"Budapest\">Budapest</a>, as were his parents, who came from mixed backgrounds. His mother, Anna Stecz, a factory worker, had Polish, Slovak and Hungarian roots, while his father, Pál Kubala Kurjas, a bricklayer, belonged to the <a href=\"/wiki/Slovaks_in_Hungary\" title=\"Slovaks in Hungary\">Slovak minority</a> of Hungary. Kubala described himself as a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Cosmopolitanism\" title=\"Cosmopolitanism\">cosmopolitan</a>\". He began his career as a junior player with Ganz TE, a factory team that played in the Hungarian third division. At the age of 11, he was playing in teams with other players who were three to five years older.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/rssbest/kubala.html |title=Ladislav Kubala |website=Rsssf.com |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref> At the age of 18, he signed for <a href=\"/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC\" title=\"Ferencvárosi TC\">Ferencvárosi</a> where he was a teammate of <a href=\"/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Kocsis\" title=\"Sándor Kocsis\">Sándor Kocsis</a>. In 1946, Kubala moved to <a href=\"/wiki/Czechoslovakia\" title=\"Czechoslovakia\">Czechoslovakia</a>, allegedly to avoid military service,{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} and joined <a href=\"/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava\" title=\"ŠK Slovan Bratislava\">Slovan Bratislava</a>. In 1947, he married Anna Viola Daučíkova, the sister of the Czechoslovakian national coach, <a href=\"/wiki/Ferdinand_Dau%C4%8D%C3%ADk\" title=\"Ferdinand Daučík\">Ferdinand Daučík</a>. In 1948, Kubala returned to Hungary, again to allegedly avoid military service,{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} and joined <a href=\"/wiki/Vasas_SC\" title=\"Vasas SC\">Vasas</a>.\n</p><h3> Refugee </h3>\n<p>In January 1949, as Hungary was occupied by the Soviet Union and became a communist <a href=\"/wiki/Satellite_state\" title=\"Satellite state\">satellite state</a>, Kubala fled the country in the back of a truck. Initially, he arrived in the United States zone of <a href=\"/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria\" title=\"Allied-occupied Austria\">Allied-occupied Austria</a> and then moved on to Italy, where he played briefly for <a href=\"/wiki/Pro_Patria_Calcio\" title=\"Pro Patria Calcio\">Pro Patria</a>. In May 1949, he also agreed to play for <a href=\"/wiki/Torino_F.C.\" title=\"Torino F.C.\">Torino</a> in a testimonial against <a href=\"/wiki/S.L._Benfica\" title=\"S.L. Benfica\">Benfica</a>, but pulled out after his son became ill. On the way back from <a href=\"/wiki/Lisbon\" title=\"Lisbon\">Lisbon</a>, the plane carrying the Torino team crashed into the <a href=\"/wiki/Superga_air_disaster\" title=\"Superga air disaster\">Superga hills</a>, killing all 31 people on board.\n</p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href=\"/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation\" title=\"Hungarian Football Federation\">Hungarian Football Federation</a> accused Kubala of breach of contract, leaving the country without permission, and failure to do military service. <a href=\"/wiki/FIFA\" title=\"FIFA\">FIFA</a> backed them and imposed a one-year international ban. In January 1950, Kubala, with <a href=\"/wiki/Fernando_Daucik\" title=\"Fernando Daucik\">Ferdinand Daučík</a> as coach, formed his own team, <i>Hungaria</i>, which was made up of fellow refugees fleeing Eastern Europe. In the summer of 1950, the team arrived in Spain to play a series of <a href=\"/wiki/Exhibition_game\" title=\"Exhibition game\">friendlies</a> against a Madrid XI, a <a href=\"/wiki/Spain_national_football_team\" title=\"Spain national football team\">Spain XI</a> and Espanyol. They also played a friendly game against the legendary <a href=\"/wiki/Millonarios_FC\" title=\"Millonarios FC\">Millionarios</a> led by <a href=\"/wiki/Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano\" title=\"Alfredo Di Stéfano\">Alfredo Di Stéfano</a>.<ref><a href=\"https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/02/the-great-refugee-how-laszlo-kubala-became-a-barcelona-legend/\">The great refugee: how László Kubala became a Barcelona legend</a>, These Football Times, 2 February 2017</ref><ref><a href=\"https://beyondthelastman.com/2019/03/27/laszlo-kubala-f-c-barcelonas-game-changer/\">Laszlo Kubala – F.C. Barcelona's Game Changer</a>, Beyond The Last Man, 27 March 2019</ref>\n</p><p>During these games, Kubala was spotted by both <a href=\"/wiki/Real_Madrid\" title=\"Real Madrid\">Real Madrid</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Samitier\" title=\"José Samitier\">José Samitier</a>, then chief scout at Barcelona. Kubala was offered a contract by Real but was persuaded by Samitier to sign for Barcelona. Samitier used his connections within the government of <a href=\"/wiki/Francisco_Franco\" title=\"Francisco Franco\">Francisco Franco</a> to help arrange the transfer. Franco's government wanted to utilize Kubala's status as a refugee from one of the USSR's satellite countries to reinforce the regime's validity, thus helping Kubala obtain Spanish citizenship without delay.<ref><i>Kubala</i> (2012), Frederic Porta</ref> In the midst of the <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_War\" title=\"Cold War\">Cold War</a>, Kubala's escape to the West was used as propaganda by Franco's government and was made into a successful film, <i>The Stars Search for Peace</i>, which saw Kubala and Samitier playing themselves.<ref><i>Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football</i> (2003), Phil Ball</ref><ref><i>Barça: A People's Passion</i> (1998), Jimmy Burns</ref>\n</p><h3>Barcelona</h3>\n<p>Kubala signed for Barcelona on 15 June 1950, and as part of the deal, <a href=\"/wiki/Ferdinand_Dau%C4%8D%C3%ADk\" title=\"Ferdinand Daučík\">Ferdinand Daučík</a> also became the Barcelona coach. However, the ban imposed on Kubala was still in place and he did not make his <a href=\"/wiki/La_Liga\" title=\"La Liga\">La Liga</a> debut until 1951. He was permitted to play friendlies, and in two consecutive games against Frankfurter S.V., which Barcelona won 4–1 and 10–4, he scored six goals and assisted another five. He also played in the <a href=\"/wiki/Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"Copa del Generalísimo\">Copa del Generalísimo</a> and helped the club win the trophy in 1951.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Distefano_kubala_puskas_homenaje.jpg\" title=\"Distefano kubala puskas homenaje.jpg\">thumb|left|170px|Kubala (center) with special guests <a href=\"/wiki/Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano\" title=\"Alfredo Di Stéfano\">Alfredo Di Stéfano</a> (left) and <a href=\"/wiki/Ferenc_Pusk%C3%A1s\" title=\"Ferenc Puskás\">Ferenc Puskás</a> in a match held in his honour in 1961</a>\nIn his first La Liga season, <a href=\"/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_La_Liga\" title=\"1951–52 La Liga\">1951–52</a>, Kubala scored 26 goals in 19 games. This included 7 goals in a 9–0 win over <a href=\"/wiki/Sporting_de_Gij%C3%B3n\" title=\"Sporting de Gijón\">Sporting de Gijón</a>, five against <a href=\"/wiki/Celta_de_Vigo\" title=\"Celta de Vigo\">Celta Vigo</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Hat-tricks\" title=\"Hat-tricks\">hat-tricks</a> against <a href=\"/wiki/Sevilla_FC\" title=\"Sevilla FC\">Sevilla</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Racing_de_Santander\" title=\"Racing de Santander\">Racing Santander</a>. His seven goals against Gijón remain the record for most goals scored in a single match in La Liga. He also scored in the Copa del Generalísimo final as Barcelona beat <a href=\"/wiki/Valencia_CF\" title=\"Valencia CF\">Valencia</a> 4–2. This season proved to be one of the club's most successful. Coach Daučík and Kubala, together with players like <a href=\"/wiki/Emilio_Aldecoa\" title=\"Emilio Aldecoa\">Emilio Aldecoa</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Juan_Zambudio_Velasco\" title=\"Juan Zambudio Velasco\">Velasco</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Joan_Segarra\" title=\"Joan Segarra\">Joan Segarra</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Antoni_Ramallets_Sim%C3%B3n\" title=\"Antoni Ramallets Simón\">Ramallets</a>, inspired the team to win five trophies, including La Liga, the Copa del Generalísimo, the <a href=\"/wiki/Latin_Cup\" title=\"Latin Cup\">Latin Cup</a>, and the <a href=\"/wiki/Copa_Eva_Duarte\" title=\"Copa Eva Duarte\">Copa Eva Duarte</a>. Kubala missed much of the <a href=\"/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_La_Liga\" title=\"1952–53 La Liga\">1952–53</a> season after contracting <a href=\"/wiki/Tuberculosis\" title=\"Tuberculosis\">tuberculosis</a>, which threatened to end his playing career. However, he made a miraculous recovery and returned to help Barcelona retain both La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo. He also scored again in the Copa final win, a 2–1 win over <a href=\"/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao\" title=\"Athletic Bilbao\">Athletic Bilbao</a>. During his time with Barcelona, he scored a total of 14 hat-tricks.\n</p><p>In 1958, Kubala persuaded two fellow Hungarian refugees <a href=\"/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Kocsis\" title=\"Sándor Kocsis\">Sándor Kocsis</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Czibor\" title=\"Zoltán Czibor\">Zoltán Czibor</a> to join him at Barcelona. Together with a young <a href=\"/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_Miramontes\" title=\"Luis Suárez Miramontes\">Luis Suárez</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Evaristo_de_Macedo\" title=\"Evaristo de Macedo\">Evaristo</a>, they formed the nucleus of the team that won a La Liga / Copa del Generalísimo double in 1959 and a La Liga / <a href=\"/wiki/1958%E2%80%9360_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup\" title=\"1958–60 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\">Fairs Cup</a> double in 1960. However, Kubala found himself out of favour with coach <a href=\"/wiki/Helenio_Herrera\" title=\"Helenio Herrera\">Helenio Herrera</a> and lost his place in the team. As a result, he missed the 1960 <a href=\"/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_European_Cup\" title=\"1959–60 European Cup\">European Cup</a> semi-final against <a href=\"/wiki/Real_Madrid\" title=\"Real Madrid\">Real Madrid</a> which Barcelona lost 6–2 on aggregate. The result saw Herrera lose his job and Kubala restored to the team. In the 1961 <a href=\"/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_European_Cup\" title=\"1960–61 European Cup\">European Cup</a>, Barcelona became the first club to beat Real Madrid in the competition. Inspired by Kubala they won 4–3 on aggregate and subsequently reached the final where they lost to <a href=\"/wiki/S.L._Benfica\" title=\"S.L. Benfica\">Benfica</a> 2–3. Kubala briefly retired as a player in 1961 and initially became a youth coach at Barcelona, before becoming coach of the senior team for the <a href=\"/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_La_Liga\" title=\"1962–63 La Liga\">1962–63</a> season. However, after losing a <a href=\"/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup\" title=\"1962–63 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\">Fairs Cup</a> game to <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade\">Red Star Belgrade</a>, he was dismissed. In the summer of 1963, he played abroad in the <a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Canada_Professional_Soccer_League\" title=\"Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League\">Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League</a> with <a href=\"/wiki/Toronto_City\" title=\"Toronto City\">Toronto City</a>.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taylor|first=Joe|date=30 May 1963|title=Kubala's Magic Deceives City As Well As Cantalia|page=15|work=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Childhood and youth</h3>\n<p>Kubala was born in <a href=\"/wiki/Budapest\" title=\"Budapest\">Budapest</a>, as were his parents, who came from mixed backgrounds. His mother, Anna Stecz, a factory worker, had Polish, Slovak and Hungarian roots, while his father, Pál Kubala Kurjas, a bricklayer, belonged to the <a href=\"/wiki/Slovaks_in_Hungary\" title=\"Slovaks in Hungary\">Slovak minority</a> of Hungary. Kubala described himself as a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Cosmopolitanism\" title=\"Cosmopolitanism\">cosmopolitan</a>\". He began his career as a junior player with Ganz TE, a factory team that played in the Hungarian third division. At the age of 11, he was playing in teams with other players who were three to five years older.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/rssbest/kubala.html |title=Ladislav Kubala |website=Rsssf.com |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref> At the age of 18, he signed for <a href=\"/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC\" title=\"Ferencvárosi TC\">Ferencvárosi</a> where he was a teammate of <a href=\"/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Kocsis\" title=\"Sándor Kocsis\">Sándor Kocsis</a>. In 1946, Kubala moved to <a href=\"/wiki/Czechoslovakia\" title=\"Czechoslovakia\">Czechoslovakia</a>, allegedly to avoid military service,{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} and joined <a href=\"/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava\" title=\"ŠK Slovan Bratislava\">Slovan Bratislava</a>. In 1947, he married Anna Viola Daučíkova, the sister of the Czechoslovakian national coach, <a href=\"/wiki/Ferdinand_Dau%C4%8D%C3%ADk\" title=\"Ferdinand Daučík\">Ferdinand Daučík</a>. In 1948, Kubala returned to Hungary, again to allegedly avoid military service,{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} and joined <a href=\"/wiki/Vasas_SC\" title=\"Vasas SC\">Vasas</a>.\n</p>", "<h3> Refugee </h3>\n<p>In January 1949, as Hungary was occupied by the Soviet Union and became a communist <a href=\"/wiki/Satellite_state\" title=\"Satellite state\">satellite state</a>, Kubala fled the country in the back of a truck. Initially, he arrived in the United States zone of <a href=\"/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria\" title=\"Allied-occupied Austria\">Allied-occupied Austria</a> and then moved on to Italy, where he played briefly for <a href=\"/wiki/Pro_Patria_Calcio\" title=\"Pro Patria Calcio\">Pro Patria</a>. In May 1949, he also agreed to play for <a href=\"/wiki/Torino_F.C.\" title=\"Torino F.C.\">Torino</a> in a testimonial against <a href=\"/wiki/S.L._Benfica\" title=\"S.L. Benfica\">Benfica</a>, but pulled out after his son became ill. On the way back from <a href=\"/wiki/Lisbon\" title=\"Lisbon\">Lisbon</a>, the plane carrying the Torino team crashed into the <a href=\"/wiki/Superga_air_disaster\" title=\"Superga air disaster\">Superga hills</a>, killing all 31 people on board.\n</p><p>Meanwhile, the <a href=\"/wiki/Hungarian_Football_Federation\" title=\"Hungarian Football Federation\">Hungarian Football Federation</a> accused Kubala of breach of contract, leaving the country without permission, and failure to do military service. <a href=\"/wiki/FIFA\" title=\"FIFA\">FIFA</a> backed them and imposed a one-year international ban. In January 1950, Kubala, with <a href=\"/wiki/Fernando_Daucik\" title=\"Fernando Daucik\">Ferdinand Daučík</a> as coach, formed his own team, <i>Hungaria</i>, which was made up of fellow refugees fleeing Eastern Europe. In the summer of 1950, the team arrived in Spain to play a series of <a href=\"/wiki/Exhibition_game\" title=\"Exhibition game\">friendlies</a> against a Madrid XI, a <a href=\"/wiki/Spain_national_football_team\" title=\"Spain national football team\">Spain XI</a> and Espanyol. They also played a friendly game against the legendary <a href=\"/wiki/Millonarios_FC\" title=\"Millonarios FC\">Millionarios</a> led by <a href=\"/wiki/Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano\" title=\"Alfredo Di Stéfano\">Alfredo Di Stéfano</a>.<ref><a href=\"https://thesefootballtimes.co/2017/02/02/the-great-refugee-how-laszlo-kubala-became-a-barcelona-legend/\">The great refugee: how László Kubala became a Barcelona legend</a>, These Football Times, 2 February 2017</ref><ref><a href=\"https://beyondthelastman.com/2019/03/27/laszlo-kubala-f-c-barcelonas-game-changer/\">Laszlo Kubala – F.C. Barcelona's Game Changer</a>, Beyond The Last Man, 27 March 2019</ref>\n</p><p>During these games, Kubala was spotted by both <a href=\"/wiki/Real_Madrid\" title=\"Real Madrid\">Real Madrid</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Samitier\" title=\"José Samitier\">José Samitier</a>, then chief scout at Barcelona. Kubala was offered a contract by Real but was persuaded by Samitier to sign for Barcelona. Samitier used his connections within the government of <a href=\"/wiki/Francisco_Franco\" title=\"Francisco Franco\">Francisco Franco</a> to help arrange the transfer. Franco's government wanted to utilize Kubala's status as a refugee from one of the USSR's satellite countries to reinforce the regime's validity, thus helping Kubala obtain Spanish citizenship without delay.<ref><i>Kubala</i> (2012), Frederic Porta</ref> In the midst of the <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_War\" title=\"Cold War\">Cold War</a>, Kubala's escape to the West was used as propaganda by Franco's government and was made into a successful film, <i>The Stars Search for Peace</i>, which saw Kubala and Samitier playing themselves.<ref><i>Morbo: The Story of Spanish Football</i> (2003), Phil Ball</ref><ref><i>Barça: A People's Passion</i> (1998), Jimmy Burns</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Barcelona</h3>\n<p>Kubala signed for Barcelona on 15 June 1950, and as part of the deal, <a href=\"/wiki/Ferdinand_Dau%C4%8D%C3%ADk\" title=\"Ferdinand Daučík\">Ferdinand Daučík</a> also became the Barcelona coach. However, the ban imposed on Kubala was still in place and he did not make his <a href=\"/wiki/La_Liga\" title=\"La Liga\">La Liga</a> debut until 1951. He was permitted to play friendlies, and in two consecutive games against Frankfurter S.V., which Barcelona won 4–1 and 10–4, he scored six goals and assisted another five. He also played in the <a href=\"/wiki/Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"Copa del Generalísimo\">Copa del Generalísimo</a> and helped the club win the trophy in 1951.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Distefano_kubala_puskas_homenaje.jpg\" title=\"Distefano kubala puskas homenaje.jpg\">thumb|left|170px|Kubala (center) with special guests <a href=\"/wiki/Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano\" title=\"Alfredo Di Stéfano\">Alfredo Di Stéfano</a> (left) and <a href=\"/wiki/Ferenc_Pusk%C3%A1s\" title=\"Ferenc Puskás\">Ferenc Puskás</a> in a match held in his honour in 1961</a>\nIn his first La Liga season, <a href=\"/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_La_Liga\" title=\"1951–52 La Liga\">1951–52</a>, Kubala scored 26 goals in 19 games. This included 7 goals in a 9–0 win over <a href=\"/wiki/Sporting_de_Gij%C3%B3n\" title=\"Sporting de Gijón\">Sporting de Gijón</a>, five against <a href=\"/wiki/Celta_de_Vigo\" title=\"Celta de Vigo\">Celta Vigo</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Hat-tricks\" title=\"Hat-tricks\">hat-tricks</a> against <a href=\"/wiki/Sevilla_FC\" title=\"Sevilla FC\">Sevilla</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Racing_de_Santander\" title=\"Racing de Santander\">Racing Santander</a>. His seven goals against Gijón remain the record for most goals scored in a single match in La Liga. He also scored in the Copa del Generalísimo final as Barcelona beat <a href=\"/wiki/Valencia_CF\" title=\"Valencia CF\">Valencia</a> 4–2. This season proved to be one of the club's most successful. Coach Daučík and Kubala, together with players like <a href=\"/wiki/Emilio_Aldecoa\" title=\"Emilio Aldecoa\">Emilio Aldecoa</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Juan_Zambudio_Velasco\" title=\"Juan Zambudio Velasco\">Velasco</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Joan_Segarra\" title=\"Joan Segarra\">Joan Segarra</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Antoni_Ramallets_Sim%C3%B3n\" title=\"Antoni Ramallets Simón\">Ramallets</a>, inspired the team to win five trophies, including La Liga, the Copa del Generalísimo, the <a href=\"/wiki/Latin_Cup\" title=\"Latin Cup\">Latin Cup</a>, and the <a href=\"/wiki/Copa_Eva_Duarte\" title=\"Copa Eva Duarte\">Copa Eva Duarte</a>. Kubala missed much of the <a href=\"/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_La_Liga\" title=\"1952–53 La Liga\">1952–53</a> season after contracting <a href=\"/wiki/Tuberculosis\" title=\"Tuberculosis\">tuberculosis</a>, which threatened to end his playing career. However, he made a miraculous recovery and returned to help Barcelona retain both La Liga and the Copa del Generalísimo. He also scored again in the Copa final win, a 2–1 win over <a href=\"/wiki/Athletic_Bilbao\" title=\"Athletic Bilbao\">Athletic Bilbao</a>. During his time with Barcelona, he scored a total of 14 hat-tricks.\n</p><p>In 1958, Kubala persuaded two fellow Hungarian refugees <a href=\"/wiki/S%C3%A1ndor_Kocsis\" title=\"Sándor Kocsis\">Sándor Kocsis</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Czibor\" title=\"Zoltán Czibor\">Zoltán Czibor</a> to join him at Barcelona. Together with a young <a href=\"/wiki/Luis_Su%C3%A1rez_Miramontes\" title=\"Luis Suárez Miramontes\">Luis Suárez</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Evaristo_de_Macedo\" title=\"Evaristo de Macedo\">Evaristo</a>, they formed the nucleus of the team that won a La Liga / Copa del Generalísimo double in 1959 and a La Liga / <a href=\"/wiki/1958%E2%80%9360_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup\" title=\"1958–60 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\">Fairs Cup</a> double in 1960. However, Kubala found himself out of favour with coach <a href=\"/wiki/Helenio_Herrera\" title=\"Helenio Herrera\">Helenio Herrera</a> and lost his place in the team. As a result, he missed the 1960 <a href=\"/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_European_Cup\" title=\"1959–60 European Cup\">European Cup</a> semi-final against <a href=\"/wiki/Real_Madrid\" title=\"Real Madrid\">Real Madrid</a> which Barcelona lost 6–2 on aggregate. The result saw Herrera lose his job and Kubala restored to the team. In the 1961 <a href=\"/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_European_Cup\" title=\"1960–61 European Cup\">European Cup</a>, Barcelona became the first club to beat Real Madrid in the competition. Inspired by Kubala they won 4–3 on aggregate and subsequently reached the final where they lost to <a href=\"/wiki/S.L._Benfica\" title=\"S.L. Benfica\">Benfica</a> 2–3. Kubala briefly retired as a player in 1961 and initially became a youth coach at Barcelona, before becoming coach of the senior team for the <a href=\"/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_La_Liga\" title=\"1962–63 La Liga\">1962–63</a> season. However, after losing a <a href=\"/wiki/1962%E2%80%9363_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup\" title=\"1962–63 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\">Fairs Cup</a> game to <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade\">Red Star Belgrade</a>, he was dismissed. In the summer of 1963, he played abroad in the <a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Canada_Professional_Soccer_League\" title=\"Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League\">Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League</a> with <a href=\"/wiki/Toronto_City\" title=\"Toronto City\">Toronto City</a>.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Taylor|first=Joe|date=30 May 1963|title=Kubala's Magic Deceives City As Well As Cantalia|page=15|work=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> International career </h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:KubalaStatue.jpg\" title=\"KubalaStatue.jpg\">thumb|right|A statue of Kubala in the grounds of the Camp Nou</a>\nKubala played for three international teams – <a href=\"/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team\" title=\"Czechoslovakia national football team\">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team\" title=\"Hungary national football team\">Hungary</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Spain_national_football_team\" title=\"Spain national football team\">Spain</a>. While playing with <a href=\"/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava\" title=\"ŠK Slovan Bratislava\">ŠK Slovan Bratislava</a>, he appeared in six games and scored four goals for <a href=\"/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team\" title=\"Czechoslovakia national football team\">Czechoslovakia</a> between 1946 and 1947. After returning to Budapest in 1948, he played three games for <a href=\"/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team\" title=\"Hungary national football team\">Hungary</a> but failed to score. After adopting Spanish nationality, Kubala played 19 times and scored 11 goals for <a href=\"/wiki/Spain_national_football_team\" title=\"Spain national football team\">Spain</a> between 1953 and 1961, being one of a small group to have <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Spain_international_footballers_born_outside_Spain\" title=\"List of Spain international footballers born outside Spain\">played for the country having been born elsewhere</a>. The highlight of his international career was a hat-trick for Spain against <a href=\"/wiki/Turkey_national_football_team\" title=\"Turkey national football team\">Turkey</a> in 3–0 win in November 1957.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/kubala-intlg.html |title=Ladislao Kubala Stecz – Goals in International Matches |website=Rsssf.com |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=342&n=kubala%2Fladislao%2Fkubala%2Fstecz |title=Fútbol en la Red |website=futbol.sportec.es |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070305061314/http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_jugador.asp?j=342&n=kubala%2Fladislao%2Fkubala%2Fstecz |archive-date=5 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite playing for three countries, Kubala never played in the finals of a major international tournament. He was included in the Spain squad for the <a href=\"/wiki/1962_FIFA_World_Cup_squads\" title=\"1962 FIFA World Cup squads\">1962 World Cup</a> but, along with <a href=\"/wiki/Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano\" title=\"Alfredo Di Stéfano\">Alfredo Di Stéfano</a>, did not play due to injury.\n</p><p>As well as playing for three international teams, Kubala also played for both a <a href=\"/wiki/Europe_XI\" title=\"Europe XI\">Europe XI</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Catalonia_national_football_team\" title=\"Catalonia national football team\">Catalan XI</a>. On 21 October 1953, <a href=\"/wiki/England_national_football_team\" title=\"England national football team\">England</a> played a Europe XI at <a href=\"/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_%281923%29\" title=\"Wembley Stadium (1923)\">Wembley Stadium</a> to celebrate the 90th anniversary of <a href=\"/wiki/The_Football_Association\" title=\"The Football Association\">the Football Association</a> and Kubala scored twice in the 4–4 draw. He also played four games and scored four times for the Catalan XI. On 26 January 1955, in a game against <a href=\"/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909\" title=\"Bologna F.C. 1909\">Bologna</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Camp_de_Les_Corts\" title=\"Camp de Les Corts\">Les Corts</a>, he was joined by guest player <a href=\"/wiki/Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano\" title=\"Alfredo Di Stéfano\">Alfredo Di Stéfano</a>; the Catalan XI won 6–2 with two goals from Kubala and one from Di Stéfano. His last game for the Catalan XI was his own <a href=\"/wiki/Testimonial_match\" title=\"Testimonial match\">testimonial</a> on 4 March 1993 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_Stadium\" title=\"Montjuïc Stadium\">Montjuïc Stadium</a> against an International XI. He played the opening ten minutes of the game at age 65.\n</p>", "<h2> Coaching career </h2>\n<p>After leaving Barcelona, Kubala accepted a contract as a <a href=\"/wiki/Player-coach\" title=\"Player-coach\">player-coach</a> with Espanyol and teamed up with <a href=\"/wiki/Alfredo_Di_St%C3%A9fano\" title=\"Alfredo Di Stéfano\">Alfredo Di Stéfano</a>. During his time at Espanyol, he gave a La Liga debut to his son, <a href=\"/wiki/Branko_Kubala\" title=\"Branko Kubala\">Branko</a>. In 1966, he joined <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich\" title=\"FC Zürich\">Zürich</a>, again as player-coach, and made his last appearance in a <a href=\"/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_European_Cup\" title=\"1966–67 European Cup\">European Cup</a> game against the competition's eventual winners, <a href=\"/wiki/Celtic_F.C.\" title=\"Celtic F.C.\">Celtic</a>. In 1967, Kubala went to Canada, where at <a href=\"/wiki/Toronto_Falcons_%281967%E2%80%931968%29\" title=\"Toronto Falcons (1967–1968)\">Toronto Falcons</a> he enjoyed something of family reunion with his father-in-law, <a href=\"/wiki/Ferdinand_Dau%C4%8D%C3%ADk\" title=\"Ferdinand Daučík\">Ferdinand Daučík</a>, his brother-in-law, <a href=\"/wiki/Yanko_Daucik\" title=\"Yanko Daucik\">Yanko Daucik</a> and his son Branko. He appeared in 19 matches for Toronto, scoring five times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasljerseys.com/Players/K/Kubala.Ladislav.htm |title=NASL |website=Nasljerseys.com |access-date=2017-01-19}}</ref>\n</p><p>By the end of 1968, he had returned to La Liga, and after a brief spell at <a href=\"/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba_CF\" title=\"Córdoba CF\">Córdoba</a>, he became coach of the <a href=\"/wiki/Spain_national_football_team\" title=\"Spain national football team\">Spain national team</a>. Kubala ended the team's eleven-year absence from the World Cup when he guided the team to the <a href=\"/wiki/1978_FIFA_World_Cup_squads\" title=\"1978 FIFA World Cup squads\">1978 World Cup</a>, but could not steer them through the first-round group stage. He also managed them at <a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1980\" title=\"UEFA Euro 1980\">Euro 80</a>, where they were again eliminated in the first round.\n</p><p>In 1980, he returned to Barcelona as a manager for a second short spell before moving to <a href=\"/wiki/Saudi_Arabia\" title=\"Saudi Arabia\">Saudi Arabia</a> where he managed <a href=\"/wiki/Al-Hilal_FC\" title=\"Al-Hilal FC\">Al-Hilal</a>. He subsequently managed three other La Liga clubs, including <a href=\"/wiki/CD_M%C3%A1laga\" title=\"CD Málaga\">Málaga</a>, whom he guided to the <a href=\"/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n\" title=\"Segunda División\">Segunda División</a> title in <a href=\"/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n\" title=\"1987–88 Segunda División\">1988</a>. His last coaching position was with <a href=\"/wiki/Paraguay_national_football_team\" title=\"Paraguay national football team\">Paraguay</a> in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_seleccionador.asp?j=5322&n=Ladislao%20Kubala |title=Fútbol en la Red |website=futbol.sportec.es |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309012957/http://futbol.sportec.es/seleccion/ficha_seleccionador.asp?j=5322&n=Ladislao%20Kubala |archive-date=9 March 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lfp.es/historico/primera/entrenadores/historial.asp?ent=146 |title=Web Oficial de la Liga de Fútbol Profesional |website=www.lfp.es |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220448/http://www.lfp.es/historico/primera/entrenadores/historial.asp?ent=146 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Career statistics</h2>\n<h3>Club</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<throwspan=\"2\">Club\n</th>\n<throwspan=\"2\">Season\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"3\">League\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Cup\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Continental\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th>Division</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>Ganz TE\n</td>\n<td>1943–44<ref name=\"nft\">{{NFT|18323}}</ref>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_II\" title=\"Nemzeti Bajnokság II\">Nemzeti Bajnokság II</a>\n</td>\n<td>9</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"4\"><a href=\"/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC\" title=\"Ferencvárosi TC\">Ferencváros</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1944_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"1944 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">1944</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">Nemzeti Bajnokság I</a>\n</td>\n<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1945_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"1945 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">1945</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td>22</td><td>19</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>22</td><td>19\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"1945–46 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">1945–46</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td>27</td><td>14</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>27</td><td>14\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>49</th><th>33</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>49</th><th>33\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava\" title=\"ŠK Slovan Bratislava\">Slovan Bratislava</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Czechoslovak_First_League\" title=\"1946–47 Czechoslovak First League\">1946–47</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Czechoslovak_First_League\" title=\"Czechoslovak First League\">Czechoslovak First League</a>\n</td>\n<td>24</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>24</td><td>13\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Czechoslovak_First_League\" title=\"1947–48 Czechoslovak First League\">1947–48</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td>9</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>33</th><th>14</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>33</th><th>14\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/Vasas_SC\" title=\"Vasas SC\">Vasas</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"1948–49 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">1948–49</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">Nemzeti Bajnokság I\n</td>\n<td>20</td><td>10</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>20</td><td>10\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"1949–50 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">1949–50</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td>12</td><td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>12</td><td>6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>32</th><th>16</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>32</th><th>16\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Aurora_Pro_Patria_1919\" title=\"Aurora Pro Patria 1919\">Pro Patria</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Serie_A\" title=\"1949–50 Serie A\">1949–50</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Serie_A\" title=\"Serie A\">Serie A</a>\n</td>\n<td>16</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>16</td><td>9\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>Hungária\n</td>\n<td>1950–51<ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td>\n</td>\n<td>6</td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"11\"><a href=\"/wiki/FC_Barcelona\" title=\"FC Barcelona\">Barcelona</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_La_Liga\" title=\"1951–52 La Liga\">1951–52</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\">{{cite web |title=László Kubala » Club matches |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/laszlo-kubala/2/ |website=worldfootball.net |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"10\"><a href=\"/wiki/La_Liga\" title=\"La Liga\">La Liga</a>\n</td>\n<td>19</td><td>26</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>19</td><td>26\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_La_Liga\" title=\"1952–53 La Liga\">1952–53</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>11</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>11</td><td>7\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_La_Liga\" title=\"1953–54 La Liga\">1953–54</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>28</td><td>23</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>28</td><td>23\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_La_Liga\" title=\"1954–55 La Liga\">1954–55</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>19</td><td>14</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>19</td><td>14\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_La_Liga\" title=\"1955–56 La Liga\">1955–56</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>25</td><td>14</td><td></td><td></td><td>3{{efn|name=IC|Appearances in [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]}}</td><td>3</td><td>28</td><td>17\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_La_Liga\" title=\"1956–57 La Liga\">1956–57</a><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>18</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>19</td><td>9\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_La_Liga\" title=\"1957–58 La Liga\">1957–58</a><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>21</td><td>12</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>21</td><td>12\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_La_Liga\" title=\"1958–59 La Liga\">1958–59</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>20</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>5{{efn|name=IC}}</td><td>3</td><td>25</td><td>12\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_La_Liga\" title=\"1959–60 La Liga\">1959–60</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>12</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td>3{{efn|name=EC|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]}}</td><td>6</td><td>15</td><td>13\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_La_Liga\" title=\"1960–61 La Liga\">1960–61</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>13</td><td>10</td><td></td><td></td><td>9{{efn|name=ICEC|Eight appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]], one appearance in [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]}}</td><td>1</td><td>22</td><td>11\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>186</th><th>131</th><th>1</th><th>0</th><th>20</th><th>13</th><th>207</th><th>144\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Toronto_City\" title=\"Toronto City\">Toronto City</a>\n</td>\n<td>1962<ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Canada_Professional_Soccer_League\" title=\"Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League\">ECPSL</a>\n</td>\n<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/RCD_Espanyol\" title=\"RCD Espanyol\">Espanyol</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_La_Liga\" title=\"1963–64 La Liga\">1963–64</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>La Liga\n</td>\n<td>29</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>29</td><td>7\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich\" title=\"FC Zürich\">Zürich</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Nationalliga_A\" title=\"1965–66 Nationalliga A\">1965–66</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Swiss_Super_League\" title=\"Swiss Super League\">Nationalliga A</a>\n</td>\n<td>12</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>12</td><td>7\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Nationalliga_A\" title=\"1966–67 Nationalliga A\">1966–67</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>0</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>1{{efn|name=EC}}</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>12</th><th>7</th><th></th><th></th><th>1</th><th>0</th><th>13</th><th>7\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Toronto_Falcons_%281967%E2%80%931968%29\" title=\"Toronto Falcons (1967–1968)\">Toronto Falcons</a>\n</td>\n<td>1967<ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/National_Professional_Soccer_League_%281967%29\" title=\"National Professional Soccer League (1967)\">NPSL</a>\n</td>\n<td>19</td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>19</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"3\">Career total\n</th>\n<th>391</th><th>229</th><th>1</th><th>0</th><th>21</th><th>13</th><th>413</th><th>242\n</th></tr></table>\n<p>{{notelist}}\n</p><h3>International</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Appearances and goals by national team and year<ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>National team</th><th>Year</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team\" title=\"Czechoslovakia national football team\">Czechoslovakia</a>\n</td>\n<td>1946</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1947</td><td>5</td><td>4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"1\">Total</th><th>6</th><th>4\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team\" title=\"Hungary national football team\">Hungary</a>\n</td>\n<td>1948</td><td>3</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"1\">Total</th><th>3</th><th>0\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"10\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spain_national_football_team\" title=\"Spain national football team\">Spain</a>\n</td>\n<td>1953</td><td>3</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1954</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1955</td><td>2</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1956</td><td>4</td><td>4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1957</td><td>2</td><td>4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1958</td><td>3</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1959</td><td>3</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1960</td><td>0</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1961</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"1\">Total</th><th>19</th><th>11\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Career total\n</th>\n<th>28\n</th>\n<th>15\n</th></tr></table>", "<h3>Club</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<throwspan=\"2\">Club\n</th>\n<throwspan=\"2\">Season\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"3\">League\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Cup\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Continental\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th>Division</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>Ganz TE\n</td>\n<td>1943–44<ref name=\"nft\">{{NFT|18323}}</ref>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_II\" title=\"Nemzeti Bajnokság II\">Nemzeti Bajnokság II</a>\n</td>\n<td>9</td><td>2</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"4\"><a href=\"/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC\" title=\"Ferencvárosi TC\">Ferencváros</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1944_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"1944 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">1944</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">Nemzeti Bajnokság I</a>\n</td>\n<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1945_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"1945 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">1945</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td>22</td><td>19</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>22</td><td>19\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1945%E2%80%9346_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"1945–46 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">1945–46</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td>27</td><td>14</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>27</td><td>14\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>49</th><th>33</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>49</th><th>33\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava\" title=\"ŠK Slovan Bratislava\">Slovan Bratislava</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1946%E2%80%9347_Czechoslovak_First_League\" title=\"1946–47 Czechoslovak First League\">1946–47</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Czechoslovak_First_League\" title=\"Czechoslovak First League\">Czechoslovak First League</a>\n</td>\n<td>24</td><td>13</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>24</td><td>13\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1947%E2%80%9348_Czechoslovak_First_League\" title=\"1947–48 Czechoslovak First League\">1947–48</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td>9</td><td>1</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>9</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>33</th><th>14</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>33</th><th>14\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/Vasas_SC\" title=\"Vasas SC\">Vasas</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1948%E2%80%9349_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"1948–49 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">1948–49</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">Nemzeti Bajnokság I\n</td>\n<td>20</td><td>10</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>20</td><td>10\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"1949–50 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">1949–50</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td>12</td><td>6</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>12</td><td>6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>32</th><th>16</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th>32</th><th>16\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Aurora_Pro_Patria_1919\" title=\"Aurora Pro Patria 1919\">Pro Patria</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1949%E2%80%9350_Serie_A\" title=\"1949–50 Serie A\">1949–50</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Serie_A\" title=\"Serie A\">Serie A</a>\n</td>\n<td>16</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>16</td><td>9\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>Hungária\n</td>\n<td>1950–51<ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td>\n</td>\n<td>6</td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>6</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"11\"><a href=\"/wiki/FC_Barcelona\" title=\"FC Barcelona\">Barcelona</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_La_Liga\" title=\"1951–52 La Liga\">1951–52</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\">{{cite web |title=László Kubala » Club matches |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/player_summary/laszlo-kubala/2/ |website=worldfootball.net |access-date=6 December 2022}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"10\"><a href=\"/wiki/La_Liga\" title=\"La Liga\">La Liga</a>\n</td>\n<td>19</td><td>26</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>19</td><td>26\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_La_Liga\" title=\"1952–53 La Liga\">1952–53</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>11</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>11</td><td>7\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1953%E2%80%9354_La_Liga\" title=\"1953–54 La Liga\">1953–54</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>28</td><td>23</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>28</td><td>23\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1954%E2%80%9355_La_Liga\" title=\"1954–55 La Liga\">1954–55</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>19</td><td>14</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>19</td><td>14\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1955%E2%80%9356_La_Liga\" title=\"1955–56 La Liga\">1955–56</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>25</td><td>14</td><td></td><td></td><td>3{{efn|name=IC|Appearances in [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]}}</td><td>3</td><td>28</td><td>17\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_La_Liga\" title=\"1956–57 La Liga\">1956–57</a><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>18</td><td>9</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>19</td><td>9\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1957%E2%80%9358_La_Liga\" title=\"1957–58 La Liga\">1957–58</a><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>21</td><td>12</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>21</td><td>12\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_La_Liga\" title=\"1958–59 La Liga\">1958–59</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>20</td><td>9</td><td></td><td></td><td>5{{efn|name=IC}}</td><td>3</td><td>25</td><td>12\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_La_Liga\" title=\"1959–60 La Liga\">1959–60</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>12</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td>3{{efn|name=EC|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]}}</td><td>6</td><td>15</td><td>13\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_La_Liga\" title=\"1960–61 La Liga\">1960–61</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>13</td><td>10</td><td></td><td></td><td>9{{efn|name=ICEC|Eight appearances and one goal in [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]], one appearance in [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]]}}</td><td>1</td><td>22</td><td>11\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>186</th><th>131</th><th>1</th><th>0</th><th>20</th><th>13</th><th>207</th><th>144\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Toronto_City\" title=\"Toronto City\">Toronto City</a>\n</td>\n<td>1962<ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Canada_Professional_Soccer_League\" title=\"Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League\">ECPSL</a>\n</td>\n<td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/RCD_Espanyol\" title=\"RCD Espanyol\">Espanyol</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_La_Liga\" title=\"1963–64 La Liga\">1963–64</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>La Liga\n</td>\n<td>29</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>29</td><td>7\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/FC_Z%C3%BCrich\" title=\"FC Zürich\">Zürich</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1965%E2%80%9366_Nationalliga_A\" title=\"1965–66 Nationalliga A\">1965–66</a><ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Swiss_Super_League\" title=\"Swiss Super League\">Nationalliga A</a>\n</td>\n<td>12</td><td>7</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>12</td><td>7\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1966%E2%80%9367_Nationalliga_A\" title=\"1966–67 Nationalliga A\">1966–67</a><ref name=\"nft\" /><ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td>\n<td>0</td><td>0</td><td></td><td></td><td>1{{efn|name=EC}}</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>12</th><th>7</th><th></th><th></th><th>1</th><th>0</th><th>13</th><th>7\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Toronto_Falcons_%281967%E2%80%931968%29\" title=\"Toronto Falcons (1967–1968)\">Toronto Falcons</a>\n</td>\n<td>1967<ref name=\"nft\" />\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/National_Professional_Soccer_League_%281967%29\" title=\"National Professional Soccer League (1967)\">NPSL</a>\n</td>\n<td>19</td><td>5</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>19</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"3\">Career total\n</th>\n<th>391</th><th>229</th><th>1</th><th>0</th><th>21</th><th>13</th><th>413</th><th>242\n</th></tr></table>\n<p>{{notelist}}\n</p>", "<h3>International</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Appearances and goals by national team and year<ref name=\"wf\" />\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>National team</th><th>Year</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/Czechoslovakia_national_football_team\" title=\"Czechoslovakia national football team\">Czechoslovakia</a>\n</td>\n<td>1946</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1947</td><td>5</td><td>4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"1\">Total</th><th>6</th><th>4\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Hungary_national_football_team\" title=\"Hungary national football team\">Hungary</a>\n</td>\n<td>1948</td><td>3</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"1\">Total</th><th>3</th><th>0\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"10\"><a href=\"/wiki/Spain_national_football_team\" title=\"Spain national football team\">Spain</a>\n</td>\n<td>1953</td><td>3</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1954</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1955</td><td>2</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1956</td><td>4</td><td>4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1957</td><td>2</td><td>4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1958</td><td>3</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1959</td><td>3</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1960</td><td>0</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1961</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"1\">Total</th><th>19</th><th>11\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Career total\n</th>\n<th>28\n</th>\n<th>15\n</th></tr></table>", "<h2>Honours</h2>\n<h3>Player</h3>\n<p><b>Barcelona</b>\n</p><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/La_Liga\" title=\"La Liga\">La Liga</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_La_Liga\" title=\"1951–52 La Liga\">1951–52</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_La_Liga\" title=\"1952–53 La Liga\">1952–53</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_La_Liga\" title=\"1958–59 La Liga\">1958–59</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_La_Liga\" title=\"1959–60 La Liga\">1959–60</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"Copa del Generalísimo\">Copa del Generalísimo</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1951_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"1951 Copa del Generalísimo\">1951</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1952_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"1952 Copa del Generalísimo\">1952</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"1952–53 Copa del Generalísimo\">1953</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1957_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"1957 Copa del Generalísimo\">1957</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"1958–59 Copa del Generalísimo\">1959</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup\" title=\"Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\">Inter-Cities Fairs Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1955%E2%80%9358_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup\" title=\"1955–58 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\">1955–58</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1958%E2%80%9360_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup\" title=\"1958–60 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\">1958–60</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Latin_Cup\" title=\"Latin Cup\">Latin Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1952_Latin_Cup\" title=\"1952 Latin Cup\">1952</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Copa_Eva_Duarte\" title=\"Copa Eva Duarte\">Copa Eva Duarte</a>: 1952, 1953\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/European_Cup\" title=\"European Cup\">European Cup</a> runner-up: <a href=\"/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_European_Cup\" title=\"1960–61 European Cup\">1960–61</a>\n</li></ul><p><b>Individual</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ballon_d%27Or\" title=\"Ballon d'Or\">Ballon d'Or</a>: fifth place <a href=\"/wiki/1957_Ballon_d%27Or\" title=\"1957 Ballon d'Or\">1957</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/World_Soccer_%28magazine%29%23Eric_Batty%27s_World_XI\" title=\"World Soccer (magazine)#Eric Batty's World XI\">World XI</a>: 1961<ref name=\"BTLM60s\">{{cite web |url=https://beyondthelastman.com/2013/04/29/eric-battys-world-xis-the-sixties/ |website=Beyond The Last Man |date=29 April 2013 |title=Eric Batty's World XI – The Sixties |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622220354/https://beyondthelastman.com/2013/04/29/eric-battys-world-xis-the-sixties/ |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li></ul></p><h3>Manager</h3>\n<p><b>Málaga</b>\n</p><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n\" title=\"Segunda División\">Segunda División</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n\" title=\"1987–88 Segunda División\">1987–88</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Player</h3>\n<p><b>Barcelona</b>\n</p><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/La_Liga\" title=\"La Liga\">La Liga</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1951%E2%80%9352_La_Liga\" title=\"1951–52 La Liga\">1951–52</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_La_Liga\" title=\"1952–53 La Liga\">1952–53</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_La_Liga\" title=\"1958–59 La Liga\">1958–59</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_La_Liga\" title=\"1959–60 La Liga\">1959–60</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"Copa del Generalísimo\">Copa del Generalísimo</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1951_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"1951 Copa del Generalísimo\">1951</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1952_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"1952 Copa del Generalísimo\">1952</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1952%E2%80%9353_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"1952–53 Copa del Generalísimo\">1953</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1957_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"1957 Copa del Generalísimo\">1957</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1958%E2%80%9359_Copa_del_General%C3%ADsimo\" title=\"1958–59 Copa del Generalísimo\">1959</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup\" title=\"Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\">Inter-Cities Fairs Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1955%E2%80%9358_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup\" title=\"1955–58 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\">1955–58</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1958%E2%80%9360_Inter-Cities_Fairs_Cup\" title=\"1958–60 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\">1958–60</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Latin_Cup\" title=\"Latin Cup\">Latin Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1952_Latin_Cup\" title=\"1952 Latin Cup\">1952</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Copa_Eva_Duarte\" title=\"Copa Eva Duarte\">Copa Eva Duarte</a>: 1952, 1953\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/European_Cup\" title=\"European Cup\">European Cup</a> runner-up: <a href=\"/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_European_Cup\" title=\"1960–61 European Cup\">1960–61</a>\n</li></ul><p><b>Individual</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ballon_d%27Or\" title=\"Ballon d'Or\">Ballon d'Or</a>: fifth place <a href=\"/wiki/1957_Ballon_d%27Or\" title=\"1957 Ballon d'Or\">1957</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/World_Soccer_%28magazine%29%23Eric_Batty%27s_World_XI\" title=\"World Soccer (magazine)#Eric Batty's World XI\">World XI</a>: 1961<ref name=\"BTLM60s\">{{cite web |url=https://beyondthelastman.com/2013/04/29/eric-battys-world-xis-the-sixties/ |website=Beyond The Last Man |date=29 April 2013 |title=Eric Batty's World XI – The Sixties |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=22 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622220354/https://beyondthelastman.com/2013/04/29/eric-battys-world-xis-the-sixties/ |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h3>Manager</h3>\n<p><b>Málaga</b>\n</p><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n\" title=\"Segunda División\">Segunda División</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Segunda_Divisi%C3%B3n\" title=\"1987–88 Segunda División\">1987–88</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<p>{{Commons category}}\n<ul><li> {{FIFA|61631|Ladislao Kubala}}\n</li><li> {{Olympedia|5000501|Ladislao Kubala}}\n</li></ul></p><p>{{1961 World Soccer World XI}}\n{{Navboxes\n|title=International tournaments\n|list1=\n{{Spain squad 1976 Summer Olympics}}\n{{Spain squad 1978 FIFA World Cup}}\n{{Spain squad UEFA Euro 1980}}\n{{Paraguay squad 1995 Copa América}}\n}}\n{{Navboxes\n|title= Managerial positions\n|list1=\n{{FC Barcelona managers}}\n{{RCD Espanyol managers}}\n{{FC Zürich managers}}\n{{Córdoba CF managers}}\n{{Spain national football team managers}}\n{{Al-Hilal FC managers}}\n{{Real Murcia managers}}\n{{CD Málaga managers}}\n{{Elche CF managers}}\n{{Paraguay national football team managers}}\n}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Kubala, Laszlo}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1927_births\" title=\"1927 births\">Category:1927 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2002_deaths\" title=\"2002 deaths\">Category:2002 deaths</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Budapest\" title=\"Footballers from Budapest\">Category:Footballers from Budapest</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hungarian_men%27s_footballers\" title=\"Hungarian men's footballers\">Category:Hungarian men's footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hungarian_football_managers\" title=\"Hungarian football managers\">Category:Hungarian football managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hungarian_expatriate_football_managers\" title=\"Hungarian expatriate football managers\">Category:Hungarian expatriate football managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Czechoslovak_men%27s_footballers\" title=\"Czechoslovak men's footballers\">Category:Czechoslovak men's footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Slovak_men%27s_footballers\" title=\"Slovak men's footballers\">Category:Slovak men's footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Spanish_men%27s_footballers\" title=\"Spanish men's footballers\">Category:Spanish men's footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hungarian_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Spain\" title=\"Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Spain\">Category:Hungarian expatriate sportspeople in Spain</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Czechoslovak_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Spain\" title=\"Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Spain\">Category:Czechoslovak expatriate sportspeople in Spain</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hungarian_emigrants_to_Spain\" title=\"Hungarian emigrants to Spain\">Category:Hungarian emigrants to Spain</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Naturalised_citizens_of_Spain\" title=\"Naturalised citizens of Spain\">Category:Naturalised citizens of Spain</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Catalonia\" title=\"Footballers from Catalonia\">Category:Footballers from Catalonia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:La_Liga_players\" title=\"La Liga players\">Category:La Liga players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:La_Liga_managers\" title=\"La Liga managers\">Category:La Liga managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serie_A_players\" title=\"Serie A players\">Category:Serie A players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hungary_men%27s_international_footballers\" title=\"Hungary men's international footballers\">Category:Hungary men's international footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Spain_men%27s_international_footballers\" title=\"Spain men's international footballers\">Category:Spain men's international footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Spain_national_football_team_managers\" title=\"Spain national football team managers\">Category:Spain national football team managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Spanish_football_managers\" title=\"Spanish football managers\">Category:Spanish football managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Real_Murcia_CF_managers\" title=\"Real Murcia CF managers\">Category:Real Murcia CF managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:CD_M%C3%A1laga_managers\" title=\"CD Málaga managers\">Category:CD Málaga managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC_footballers\" title=\"Ferencvárosi TC footballers\">Category:Ferencvárosi TC footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Vasas_SC_players\" title=\"Vasas SC players\">Category:Vasas SC players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Aurora_Pro_Patria_1919_players\" title=\"Aurora Pro Patria 1919 players\">Category:Aurora Pro Patria 1919 players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:FC_Barcelona_players\" title=\"FC Barcelona players\">Category:FC Barcelona players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:FC_Barcelona_managers\" title=\"FC Barcelona managers\">Category:FC Barcelona managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:RCD_Espanyol_footballers\" title=\"RCD Espanyol footballers\">Category:RCD Espanyol footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:RCD_Espanyol_managers\" title=\"RCD Espanyol managers\">Category:RCD Espanyol managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Elche_CF_managers\" title=\"Elche CF managers\">Category:Elche CF managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:%C5%A0K_Slovan_Bratislava_players\" title=\"ŠK Slovan Bratislava players\">Category:ŠK Slovan Bratislava players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1978_FIFA_World_Cup_managers\" title=\"1978 FIFA World Cup managers\">Category:1978 FIFA World Cup managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:UEFA_Euro_1980_managers\" title=\"UEFA Euro 1980 managers\">Category:UEFA Euro 1980 managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1995_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica_managers\" title=\"1995 Copa América managers\">Category:1995 Copa América managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:FC_Z%C3%BCrich_managers\" title=\"FC Zürich managers\">Category:FC Zürich managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Czechoslovakia_men%27s_international_footballers\" title=\"Czechoslovakia men's international footballers\">Category:Czechoslovakia men's international footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dual_internationalists_%28men%27s_football%29\" title=\"Dual internationalists (men's football)\">Category:Dual internationalists (men's football)</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hungarian_refugees\" title=\"Hungarian refugees\">Category:Hungarian refugees</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Catalonia_men%27s_international_guest_footballers\" title=\"Catalonia men's international guest footballers\">Category:Catalonia men's international guest footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hungarian_people_of_Polish_descent\" title=\"Hungarian people of Polish descent\">Category:Hungarian people of Polish descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hungarian_people_of_Slovak_descent\" title=\"Hungarian people of Slovak descent\">Category:Hungarian people of Slovak descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hungarians_in_Slovakia\" title=\"Hungarians in Slovakia\">Category:Hungarians in Slovakia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Spanish_people_of_Polish_descent\" title=\"Spanish people of Polish descent\">Category:Spanish people of Polish descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Spanish_people_of_Hungarian_descent\" title=\"Spanish people of Hungarian descent\">Category:Spanish people of Hungarian descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Spanish_people_of_Slovak_descent\" title=\"Spanish people of Slovak descent\">Category:Spanish people of Slovak descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Al_Hilal_SFC_managers\" title=\"Al Hilal SFC managers\">Category:Al Hilal SFC managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Paraguay_national_football_team_managers\" title=\"Paraguay national football team managers\">Category:Paraguay national football team managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Eastern_Canada_Professional_Soccer_League_players\" title=\"Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League players\">Category:Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:North_American_Soccer_League_%281968%E2%80%931984%29_head_coaches\" title=\"North American Soccer League (1968–1984) head coaches\">Category:North American Soccer League (1968–1984) head coaches</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:National_Professional_Soccer_League_%281967%29_players\" title=\"National Professional Soccer League (1967) players\">Category:National Professional Soccer League (1967) players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Toronto_City_players\" title=\"Toronto City players\">Category:Toronto City players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Toronto_Falcons_%281967%E2%80%931968%29_players\" title=\"Toronto Falcons (1967–1968) players\">Category:Toronto Falcons (1967–1968) players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_forwards\" title=\"Men's association football forwards\">Category:Men's association football forwards</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Olympic_coaches_for_Spain\" title=\"Olympic coaches for Spain\">Category:Olympic coaches for Spain</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Association_football_coaches\" title=\"Association football coaches\">Category:Association football coaches</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Les_Corts_Cemetery\" title=\"Burials at Les Corts Cemetery\">Category:Burials at Les Corts Cemetery</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_footballers_in_Italy\" title=\"Expatriate men's footballers in Italy\">Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Italy</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_footballers_in_Switzerland\" title=\"Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland\">Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Switzerland</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_soccer_players_in_Canada\" title=\"Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada\">Category:Expatriate men's soccer players in Canada</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_soccer_coaches_in_Canada\" title=\"Expatriate soccer coaches in Canada\">Category:Expatriate soccer coaches in Canada</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_football_managers_in_Paraguay\" title=\"Expatriate football managers in Paraguay\">Category:Expatriate football managers in Paraguay</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_football_managers_in_Saudi_Arabia\" title=\"Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia\">Category:Expatriate football managers in Saudi Arabia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_football_managers_in_Switzerland\" title=\"Expatriate football managers in Switzerland\">Category:Expatriate football managers in Switzerland</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 48024630 ], "name": [ "Whizkin" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Israeli medical scientist (1932–2001)}}\n{{Refimprove|date=March 2010}}\n{{Infobox scientist\n| name = Baruch Modan\n| image = פרופ' ברוך מודן.jpg\n| caption = \n| birth_date = 1932\n| death_date = {{Death date and age|2001|1932}}\n| nationality = Israeli\n| fields = Oncology, Epidemiology\n| workplaces = University of Tel Aviv, Israeli Ministry of Health\n| known_for = Research on cancer and radiation effects\n| awards = \n| education = \n| children = [[Rutu Modan]]\n| academic_advisors = \n| notable_students = \n}}\nProf. <b>Baruch Modan</b> (1932–2001)<ref><a href=\"http://www.tau.ac.il/webflash/wf-0111.html\">IN MEMORY</a> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604172352/http://www.tau.ac.il/webflash/wf-0111.html |date=June 4, 2011 }} University of Tel Aviv</ref> was an <a href=\"/wiki/Israel\" title=\"Israel\">Israeli</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Medicine\" title=\"Medicine\">medical scientist</a>. Prof. Modan made significant findings in the field of <a href=\"/wiki/Oncology\" title=\"Oncology\">oncology</a> and was an expert on the effects of <a href=\"/wiki/Radiation\" title=\"Radiation\">radiation</a>.\n</p><p>Prof. Modan worked with various types of <a href=\"/wiki/Cancer\" title=\"Cancer\">cancer</a>, and in 1974 demonstrated that the chances of getting <a href=\"/wiki/Breast_cancer\" title=\"Breast cancer\">breast cancer</a> increase for anyone who has had <a href=\"/wiki/X-ray\" title=\"X-ray\">X-ray</a> dosages as low as 1.6 rem. He was an expert on treating cancer among children.\n</p><p>A professor at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Tel_Aviv\" title=\"University of Tel Aviv\">University of Tel Aviv</a>, Prof. Modan was Chairman of the Department of Epidemiology and Head of the Stanley Steyer Institute for Cancer Epidemiology and Research at the <a href=\"/wiki/Sackler_Faculty_of_Medicine\" title=\"Sackler Faculty of Medicine\">Sackler Faculty of Medicine</a>. He was also Director-General of the <a href=\"/wiki/Israeli_Ministry_of_Health\" title=\"Israeli Ministry of Health\">Israeli Ministry of Health</a>.\n</p><p>He was the father of <a href=\"/wiki/Rutu_Modan\" title=\"Rutu Modan\">Rutu Modan</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Modan, Baruch}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Jews_from_Mandatory_Palestine\" title=\"Jews from Mandatory Palestine\">Category:Jews from Mandatory Palestine</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Israeli_oncologists\" title=\"Israeli oncologists\">Category:Israeli oncologists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Tel_Aviv_University\" title=\"Academic staff of Tel Aviv University\">Category:Academic staff of Tel Aviv University</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1932_births\" title=\"1932 births\">Category:1932 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2001_deaths\" title=\"2001 deaths\">Category:2001 deaths</a></p><p><br />\n{{Israel-scientist-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 36159978 ], "name": [ "GeistHunt" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Collection", "Exhibits", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|American intelligence museum in Langley}}\n{{Infobox museum\n| name = CIA Museum\n| image = CIA_Museum_-_Flickr_-_The_Central_Intelligence_Agency.jpg\n| map_type = USA Virginia\n| map_caption = Location within Virginia\n| coordinates = {{coord|38.9518|-77.1465|region:US-VA|display=inline,title}}\n| established = {{Start date|2002|6}}\n| location = [[Langley, Virginia]]\n| type = \n| key_holdings = \n| collections = Clothing, equipment, memorabilia, weapons, and insignia\n| collection = >3500 artifacts\n| director = Robert Z Byer<ref>{{Cite news |last=Corera |first=Gordon |date=25 September 2022 |title=CIA museum: Inside the world's most top secret museum |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63023876.amp}}</ref>\n| owner = Central Intelligence Agency, US government\n| website = {{URL|https://www.cia.gov/legacy/museum/}}\n}}\nThe <b>CIA Museum</b>, administered by the <a href=\"/wiki/Center_for_the_Study_of_Intelligence\" title=\"Center for the Study of Intelligence\">Center for the Study of Intelligence</a>, a department of the <a href=\"/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency\" title=\"Central Intelligence Agency\">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, is a national archive for the collection, preservation, documentation and exhibition of intelligence <a href=\"/wiki/Artifact_%28archaeology%29\" title=\"Artifact (archaeology)\">artifacts</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Culture\" title=\"Culture\">culture</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/History\" title=\"History\">history</a>. The collection, which in 2005 numbered 3,500 items, consists of artifacts that have been declassified; however, since the museum is on the compound of the <a href=\"/wiki/George_Bush_Center_for_Intelligence\" title=\"George Bush Center for Intelligence\">George Bush Center for Intelligence</a>, it is not accessible to the public. \n</p><p>Since the museum cannot be visited by the public, the CIA Museum has partnerships with Presidential Libraries and other major museums and institutions to develop public exhibitions dedicated to understanding the craft of intelligence and its role in the broader American experience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-museum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221125841/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-museum/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 21, 2013|title=CIA Museum – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> The CIA Museum has counterparts at other agencies in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community\" title=\"United States Intelligence Community\">United States Intelligence Community</a>. The <a href=\"/wiki/National_Cryptologic_Museum\" title=\"National Cryptologic Museum\">National Cryptologic Museum</a> (which is open to the public in <a href=\"/wiki/Annapolis_Junction%2C_Maryland\" title=\"Annapolis Junction, Maryland\">Annapolis Junction, Maryland</a>) is the <a href=\"/wiki/NSA\" title=\"NSA\">NSA</a> counterpart to the CIA Museum and focuses on <a href=\"/wiki/Cryptology\" title=\"Cryptology\">cryptology</a> as opposed to <a href=\"/wiki/Human_intelligence\" title=\"Human intelligence\">human intelligence</a>.\n</p><p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency\" title=\"Defense Intelligence Agency\">DIA</a> Museum (Defense Intelligence Agency) is not public, is housed at its <a href=\"/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency_Headquarters\" title=\"Defense Intelligence Agency Headquarters\">headquarters</a> and focuses on the history of military intelligence and DIA's role. The <a href=\"/wiki/FBI\" title=\"FBI\">FBI</a> Museum housed at its headquarters is also off-limits to the public, and is focused on its history as a federal law enforcement, counterintelligence, and counter-terrorism organization.\n</p>", "<h2>Collection</h2>\n<p>The CIA Museum's scope of collection includes material associated with all activities of the CIA's predecessor, the <a href=\"/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services\" title=\"Office of Strategic Services\">Office of Strategic Services</a> (OSS), material associated with activities of foreign intelligence organizations, and material associated with the history and mission of the <a href=\"/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency\" title=\"Central Intelligence Agency\">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CIA Museum – CIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/legacy/museum/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> Articles in the Museum Collection include clothing, <a href=\"/wiki/Military_equipment\" title=\"Military equipment\">equipment</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Weapons\" title=\"Weapons\">weapons</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Memorabilia\" title=\"Memorabilia\">memorabilia</a>, and insignia designed, manufactured, or used by intelligence organizations historically and presently.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-museum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221125841/https://www.cia.gov/about-cia/cia-museum/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 21, 2013|title=CIA Museum – Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2019-07-24}}</ref> The Collection also includes unique items such as weapons, clothing, and equipment developed specifically through research and development, or manufactured by units or individuals to further the mission of intelligence operations. The museum also displays <a href=\"/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden\" title=\"Osama bin Laden\">Osama bin Laden</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/AK-47\" title=\"AK-47\">AK-47</a> along with a brick from the compound in which he was found at the time of his death.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}}\n</p><p>In September 2022, to mark the agency's 75th anniversary, a small group of journalists were given access to the museum. BBC journalist Gordon Corera mentioned seeing \"cold war spy gadgets\" such as \"'dead drop rat' in which messages could be hidden, a covert camera inside a cigarette packet, a pigeon with its own spy-camera and even an exploding martini glass.\"<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-63023876 | title=CIA museum: Inside the world's most top secret museum | work=BBC News | date=25 September 2022 }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Exhibits</h2>\n<p>As of 2017, The CIA Museum maintains three exhibits of important historical intelligence artifacts at CIA Headquarters in <a href=\"/wiki/Langley%2C_Virginia\" title=\"Langley, Virginia\">Langley, Virginia</a>. Dedicated in June 2002 to commemorate the 60th Anniversary of the Office of Strategic Services, the CIA Museum's North Gallery houses an exhibit devoted to preserving the legacy CIA inherited from the <a href=\"/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services\" title=\"Office of Strategic Services\">OSS</a>.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} The exhibit displays personal memorabilia from Major General <a href=\"/wiki/William_J._Donovan\" title=\"William J. Donovan\">William J. Donovan</a>, the founder of the Office of Strategic Services, examples of OSS equipment, and a <a href=\"/wiki/Nazi_Germany\" title=\"Nazi Germany\">German</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Enigma_machine\" title=\"Enigma machine\">\"Enigma\"</a> enciphering machine from <a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"World War II\">World War II</a>. The Cold War Gallery was established in collaboration with collector and <a href=\"/wiki/Historian\" title=\"Historian\">historian</a> <a href=\"/wiki/H._Keith_Melton\" title=\"H. Keith Melton\">H. Keith Melton</a> in 1997. <i>\"The Cold War: Fifty Years of Silent Conflict\"</i> showcases many of the 7,000 clandestine <a href=\"/wiki/Espionage\" title=\"Espionage\">espionage</a> artifacts from the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">United States</a>, the former <a href=\"/wiki/Soviet_Union\" title=\"Soviet Union\">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/East_Germany\" title=\"East Germany\">East Germany</a>, which form the world's largest private collection of <a href=\"/wiki/Spy\" title=\"Spy\">spy</a> gear.{{Citation needed|date=May 2018}} <i>\"Analysis Informing American Policy\"</i>, located in the Fine Arts Exhibit Hall, celebrates the 50th anniversary of the creation of the CIAs predecessor, the Directorate of Intelligence (1952).\n</p><p><gallery mode=\"packed\" caption=\"Exhibits\">\nFile:Cold War Gallery - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency.jpg|[[Cold War]] Gallery\nFile:Beano grenade.jpg|The OSS A [[T13 Beano Grenade|Beano grenade]]; a compass hidden in a uniform button\nFile:OSS Escape and Evasion Map - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency.jpg|Silk [[Escape and evasion map]], Office of Strategic Services\nFile:CIASemi-Submersible.jpg|The CIA designed and manufactured this two-man [[semi-submersible]] in the 1950s.\nFile:RobotFishCharlie.jpg|Robot Fish Charlie, [[Unmanned Underwater Vehicle]] (UUV) fish\nFile:Pigeon Camera - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency.jpg|[[Pigeon photography|Pigeon Camera]], designed in the 1970s\nFile:DragonflyInsectothopter.jpg|Developed in the 1970s, this micro [[Unmanned Aerial Vehicle]] (UAV) was the first flight of an insect-sized [[Micro air vehicle]] (Insectothopter).{{Citation needed|reason=These claims of 'first' and 'insect-sized' and 'flight' require verifiable citations.|date=May 2018}}\nFile:One-Time Pads - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency.jpg|[[One-time pad]]\nFile:Enigma-Machine.jpg|World War 2 era German [[Enigma Machine]]\nFile:Afghan Gallery - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency (1).jpg|Afghan Gallery\nFile:Al-Qa’ida Training Manual .jpg|Al-Qa’ida Training Manual picked up near Kandahar, Afghanistan in 2001\nFile:Afghan Saddle - Flickr - The Central Intelligence Agency.jpg|Afghan Saddle\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Museums_in_Fairfax_County%2C_Virginia\" title=\"Museums in Fairfax County, Virginia\">Category:Museums in Fairfax County, Virginia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Installations_of_the_Central_Intelligence_Agency\" title=\"Installations of the Central Intelligence Agency\">Museum</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Espionage_museums\" title=\"Espionage museums\">Category:Espionage museums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Military_and_war_museums_in_Virginia\" title=\"Military and war museums in Virginia\">Category:Military and war museums in Virginia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Non-public_museums_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Non-public museums in the United States\">Category:Non-public museums in the United States</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Law_enforcement_museums_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Law enforcement museums in the United States\">Category:Law enforcement museums in the United States</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "66.207.22.3" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Critical reception", "Track listing", "Personnel", "Charts", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use American English|date=November 2022}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}\n{{More citations needed|date=September 2023}}\n<ul><li><ul><li>{{Infobox album\n| name = Special Forces\n| type = [[Album]]\n| artist = [[Alice Cooper]]\n| cover = Acforces.jpg\n| alt =\n| released = {{start date|1981|09|01}} (US)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://alicecooper.com/music/special-forces|title=AliceCooper.com - Special Forces}}</ref><br>{{start date|1981|09|04}} (UK)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1981/Music-Week-1981-09-05-S-OCR.pdf|title=Music Week (UK)|page=29}}</ref>\n| recorded =\n| venue =\n| studio = [[American Recording Co.]], [[Studio City, Los Angeles|Studio City]], California\n| genre = * [[Hard rock]]\n* [[punk rock]]\n* [[New wave music|new wave]]\n| length = {{duration|m=34|s=51}}\n| label = [[Warner Records|Warner Bros.]]\n| producer = [[Richard Podolor]]\n| prev_title = [[Flush the Fashion]]\n| prev_year = 1980\n| next_title = [[Zipper Catches Skin]]\n| next_year = 1982\n| misc = {{Singles\n | name = Special Forces\n | type = studio\n | single1 = You Want It, You Got It\n | single1date = July 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Alice+Cooper&titel=You+Want+It%2C+You+Got+It&cat=s|title=Alice Cooper singles - Dutch Charts - You Want It}}</ref>\n | single2 = [[7 and 7 Is|Seven and Seven Is]]\n | single2date = October 1981 (US)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Alice+Cooper&titel=Seven+And+Seven+Is%2E%2E%2E&cat=s|title=Alice Cooper singles - Dutch Charts - 7 & 7 Is}}</ref><br>February 1982 (UK)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Alice+Cooper&titel=Seven+%26+Seven+Is+%28Live%29&cat=s|title=Alice Cooper singles - Dutch Charts - 7 & 7 Is (Live)}}</ref>\n}}}}\n<i><b>Special Forces</b></i> is the sixth solo studio album by American <a href=\"/wiki/Rock_music\" title=\"Rock music\">rock</a> singer <a href=\"/wiki/Alice_Cooper\" title=\"Alice Cooper\">Alice Cooper</a>, released in September 1981 by <a href=\"/wiki/Warner_Records\" title=\"Warner Records\">Warner Bros. Records</a>.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/greatrockdiscogr00stro/page/170/mode/2up|title=The Great Rock Discography (UK & US)|year=1995|page=170 |isbn=9780862415419 |last1=Strong |first1=Martin Charles}}</ref> It was produced by <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Podolor\" title=\"Richard Podolor\">Richard Podolor</a>, best known for his work with <a href=\"/wiki/Three_Dog_Night\" title=\"Three Dog Night\">Three Dog Night</a>.\n</li></ul></li></ul></p><p><i>Special Forces</i> is the first of three studio albums which Cooper refers to as his \"<a href=\"/wiki/Blackout_%28drug-related_amnesia%29\" title=\"Blackout (drug-related amnesia)\">blackout</a>\" albums, followed by <i><a href=\"/wiki/Zipper_Catches_Skin\" title=\"Zipper Catches Skin\">Zipper Catches Skin</a></i> (1982), and <i><a href=\"/wiki/DaDa\" title=\"DaDa\">DaDa</a></i> (1983), as he has no recollection of recording them, due to <a href=\"/wiki/Substance_abuse\" title=\"Substance abuse\">substance abuse</a>. Cooper stated \"I wrote them, recorded them and toured them and I don't remember much of any of that\",<ref><a href=\"http://thequietus.com/articles/03216-dr-rock-love-and-poison-an-alice-cooper-interview\">Love And Poison, An Alice Cooper Interview</a></ref> though in fact he toured only <i>Special Forces</i>.<ref name=\"tour\" />\n</p><p>The <i>Special Forces</i> tour started on June 20, 1981, in <a href=\"/wiki/Concord%2C_California\" title=\"Concord, California\">Concord</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/USA\" title=\"USA\">USA</a>, well before the album was eventually released. On October 9, Alice Cooper was interviewed on <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Tomorrow_Show\" title=\"The Tomorrow Show\">The Tomorrow Show</a></i> with <a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Snyder\" title=\"Tom Snyder\">Tom Snyder</a>, looking very gaunt in full military-<a href=\"/wiki/Drag_%28clothing%29\" title=\"Drag (clothing)\">drag</a> make-up, after which he gave live performances of \"Who Do You Think We Are\" and his <a href=\"/wiki/Cover_version\" title=\"Cover version\">cover version</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Love_%28band%29\" title=\"Love (band)\">Love</a>'s \"<a href=\"/wiki/7_and_7_Is\" title=\"7 and 7 Is\">Seven and Seven Is</a>\", both from the album. Cooper toured <i>Special Forces</i> through the United States, Canada, France, Spain and the United Kingdom, but other than the aforementioned songs he played no further <i>Special Forces</i> songs live, except for snippets of \"Vicious Rumours\" at a few shows in the U.S. and Scotland.<ref>Gray, Iain; \"Apollo, Glasgow: Alice Cooper\"; in <i>The Glasgow Herald</i>; February 22, 1982; p. 4</ref> With the exception of \"Who Do You Think We Are\", which was a regular part of setlists during the <a href=\"/wiki/The_Eyes_of_Alice_Cooper\" title=\"The Eyes of Alice Cooper\">Eyes of Alice Cooper</a> tour in 2004,<ref name=\"tour2\"><a href=\"http://www.alicecooperechive.com/tourdates/index.php?date=eyes\">Alice Cooper Tour Archive</a></ref> none of the songs from <i>Special Forces</i> has been performed live since 1982.<ref name=\"tour\"><a href=\"http://www.alicecooperechive.com/tourdates/index.php?date=spec\">Alice Cooper Tour Archive</a></ref>\n</p><p>French television special <i><a href=\"/wiki/Alice_Cooper_a_Paris\" title=\"Alice Cooper a Paris\">Alice Cooper a Paris</a></i> was recorded in December 1981 and aired on January 14, before the start of the <i>Special Forces</i> European tour – Cooper's first tour of Europe since 1975. The tour was a major success.\n</p><p>The <i>Special Forces</i> tour, ending in February 1982, would be Cooper's last for over four years, as he succumbed to the abuse of <a href=\"/wiki/Crack_cocaine\" title=\"Crack cocaine\">freebase cocaine</a> and a subsequent relapse of <a href=\"/wiki/Alcoholism\" title=\"Alcoholism\">alcoholism</a>, until his return to the road in October 1986 with <a href=\"/wiki/Constrictor_%28album%29\" title=\"Constrictor (album)\">The Nightmare Returns</a> tour.\n</p>", "<h2> Critical reception </h2>\n<p>{{Album reviews\n| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]\n| rev1Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref name=\"allmusic\">{{cite web|last1=Prato|first1=Greg|title=Special Forces – Alice Cooper|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/special-forces-mw0000527933|website=AllMusic|access-date=September 28, 2014}}</ref>\n|rev2 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]''\n|rev2score = {{rating|1|5}}<ref name=\"RS\">{{cite book |title=The Rolling Stone Album Guide |date=1992 |publisher=Random House |page=10}}</ref>\n}}\nIn a review for <a href=\"/wiki/AllMusic\" title=\"AllMusic\">AllMusic</a>, critic Greg Prato wrote:\n\"1981's 'Special Forces' was Cooper's most stripped-down and straightforward since his classic early-'70s work. But without the <a href=\"/wiki/Alice_Cooper_%28band%29\" title=\"Alice Cooper (band)\">original Cooper band</a> to back him up and help out with the songwriting, it's an intriguing yet sometimes uneven set.\"\nCooper was heavily into the guns and ammo publication <i><a href=\"/wiki/Soldier_of_Fortune_%28magazine%29\" title=\"Soldier of Fortune (magazine)\">Soldier of Fortune</a></i> at the time; hence the album title and lyrical subject matter. The opening track, 'Who Do You Think We Are,' is one of Cooper's punchiest rockers, and one of his most overlooked, while 'Seven &amp; Seven Is,' 'You Look Good in Rags,' and 'Vicious Rumours' are also rocking highlights. A faithful rereading of the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Billion_Dollar_Babies\" title=\"Billion Dollar Babies\">Billion Dollar Babies</a></i> nugget 'Generation Landslide' is included as well, titled 'Generation Landslide '81 (Live),' even though it was, in fact, entirely created in the studio (with added audience cheers). While Special Forces didn't return Cooper to his earlier status as a chart-topping superstar, it is certainly one of the strongest and most interesting releases of his post-1975 period.\"<ref name=\"allmusic\" />\n</p>", "<h2> Track listing </h2>\n<p>{{Track listing\n| headline = Side one\n| title1 = Who Do You Think We Are\n| length1 = 4:21\n| writer1 = {{hlist|[[Alice Cooper]]|Duane Hitchings}}\n| title2 = [[7 and 7 Is|Seven and Seven Is]]\n| length2 = 2:41\n| writer2 = [[Arthur Lee (musician)|Arthur Lee]]\n| title3 = Prettiest Cop on the Block\n| length3 = 3:13\n| writer3 = {{hlist|Cooper|[[Davey Johnstone]]|[[Fred Mandel]]}}\n| title4 = Don't Talk Old to Me\n| length4 = 2:54\n| writer4 = {{hlist|Cooper|Johnstone|Mandel}}\n| title5 = Generation Landslide '81\n| length5 = 3:50\n| writer5 = {{hlist|Cooper|[[Glen Buxton]]|[[Michael Bruce (musician)|Michael Bruce]]|[[Dennis Dunaway]]|[[Neal Smith (drummer)|Neal Smith]]}}\n| note5 = live\n}}\n{{Track listing\n| headline = Side two\n| total_length = 34:51\n| title6 = Skeletons in the Closet\n| length6 = 3:42\n| writer6 = {{hlist|Cooper|Hitchings}}\n| title7 = You Want It, You Got It\n| length7 = 3:15\n| writer7 = {{hlist|Cooper|[[Erik Scott]]|[[Craig Krampf]]|Billy Steele|[[Eric Kaz]]}}\n| title8 = You Look Good in Rags\n| length8 = 3:35\n| writer8 = {{hlist|Cooper|Hitchings}}\n| title9 = You're a Movie\n| length9 = 3:37\n| writer9 = {{hlist|Cooper|Hitchings}}\n| title10 = Vicious Rumours\n| length10 = 3:43\n| writer10 = {{hlist|Cooper|Hitchings|Scott|[[Mike Pinera]]}}\n}}\n<ul><li> \"Look at You Over There, Ripping the Sawdust from My Teddybear\", was listed on the album packaging, but was removed by Cooper from the album itself before the release, as he felt it didn't fit with the overall theme. It was later released in <a href=\"/wiki/Demo_%28music%29\" title=\"Demo (music)\">demo</a> form on the 4-CD box set <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Life_and_Crimes_of_Alice_Cooper\" title=\"The Life and Crimes of Alice Cooper\">The Life and Crimes of Alice Cooper</a></i> (1999). There is a completed studio version of the song which remains unreleased.\n</li></ul></p><ul><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/7_and_7_Is\" title=\"7 and 7 Is\">Seven and Seven Is</a>\" is a cover version of <a href=\"/wiki/Love_%28band%29\" title=\"Love (band)\">Love</a>'s 1966 original, written by <a href=\"/wiki/Arthur_Lee_%28musician%29\" title=\"Arthur Lee (musician)\">Arthur Lee</a>.\n</li></ul>", "<h2> Personnel </h2>\n<p>Credits are adapted from the <i>Special Forces</i> liner notes.<ref name=\"linernotes2\">{{cite AV media notes|title=Special Forces|others=[[Alice Cooper]]|year=1981|publisher=[[Warner Records|Warner Bros. Records]]|type=CD booklet}}</ref>\n</p><p><b>Musicians</b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Alice_Cooper\" title=\"Alice Cooper\">Alice Cooper</a> – <a href=\"/wiki/Singing\" title=\"Singing\">vocals</a>\n</li><li> Duane Hitchings – <a href=\"/wiki/Keyboard_instrument\" title=\"Keyboard instrument\">keyboards</a>\n</li><li> Danny Johnson – <a href=\"/wiki/Guitar\" title=\"Guitar\">guitar</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Craig_Krampf\" title=\"Craig Krampf\">Craig Krampf</a> – <a href=\"/wiki/Drum_kit\" title=\"Drum kit\">drums</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mike_Pinera\" title=\"Mike Pinera\">Mike Pinera</a> – guitar\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Erik_Scott\" title=\"Erik Scott\">Erik Scott</a> – <a href=\"/wiki/Bass_guitar\" title=\"Bass guitar\">bass guitar</a>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Charts</h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<th> Chart (1981)\n</th>\n<th> Peak<br />position\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"> Australian Albums (<a href=\"/wiki/Kent_Music_Report\" title=\"Kent Music Report\">Kent Music Report</a>)<ref name=\"KMR\">{{cite book|last=Kent|first=David|author-link=David Kent (historian)|title=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992|edition=illustrated|publisher=Australian Chart Book|location=St Ives, N.S.W.|year=1993|isbn=0-646-11917-6}}</ref>\n</th>\n<td> 76\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|UK2|96|date=19810906|rowheader=true|access-date=May 25, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Billboard200|125|artist=Alice Cooper|rowheader=true|access-date=May 25, 2024}}\n</tr></table>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<ul><li> {{discogs master|52948}}\n</li></ul><p>{{Alice Cooper}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Special Forces (Alice Cooper Album}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Alice_Cooper_albums\" title=\"Alice Cooper albums\">Category:Alice Cooper albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1981_albums\" title=\"1981 albums\">Category:1981 albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Richard_Podolor\" title=\"Albums produced by Richard Podolor\">Category:Albums produced by Richard Podolor</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Warner_Records_albums\" title=\"Warner Records albums\">Category:Warner Records albums</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 40781349 ], "name": [ "DonBeroni" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Events", "Prelude", "Battle", "Aftermath", "Order of battle", "Britain", "France", "See also", "Notes", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Part of the War of the Austrian Succession}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}\n<ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>{{Infobox military conflict\n| conflict = First Battle of Cape Finisterre\n| partof = the [[War of the Austrian Succession]]\n| image = Samuel Scott - Vice Admiral Sir George Anson's Victory off Cape Finisterre - Google Art Project.jpg\n| image_size = 300px\n| caption = ''Lord Anson's victory off Cape Finisterre'', [[Samuel Scott (painter)|Samuel Scott]]\n| date = 14 May 1747\n| place = Off [[Cape Finisterre]], [[Atlantic Ocean]]\n| coordinates =\n| result = British victory\n| combatant1 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Great Britain}}\n| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}<ref>\n* \"...the standard of France was white, sprinkled with golden fleur de lis...\" {{harv|Ripley|Dana|1879|p=250}}.\n* On the reverse of this plate it says: \"Le pavillon royal était véritablement le drapeau national au dix-huitième siecle...Vue du chateau d'arrière d'un vaisseau de guerre de haut rang portant le pavillon royal (blanc, avec les armes de France)\" {{harv|''Vinkhuijzen collection''|2011}}.\n* \"The oriflamme and the Chape de St Martin were succeeded at the end of the 16th century, when Henry III., the last of the house of Valois, came to the throne, by the white standard powdered with fleurs-de-lis. This in turn gave place to the famous tricolour\"{{harv|Chisholm|1911|p=460}}.</ref>\n| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Great Britain|blue}} [[George Anson, 1st Baron Anson|George Anson]]\n| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Kingdom of France|naval}} [[Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière|Pierre Jonquière]] {{surrendered}}\n| strength1 = 14 ships of the line <br> 1 frigate <br> 1 sloop <br> 1 fireship\n| strength2 = 4 ships of the line <br> 8 frigates <br> 4 corvettes <br> 30 merchant ships\n| casualties1 = 520 killed and wounded<ref name=\"google160\">{{cite book|last=Allen|first=Joseph|title=Battles of the British navy, Volume 1|publisher=Henry G. Bohn|year=1852|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PVE2AAAAMAAJ/page/n192 160]|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_PVE2AAAAMAAJ}}</ref>\n| casualties2 = 800 killed and wounded <br> 3,000 captured <br> 4 ships of the line captured <br> 4 frigates captured <br> 4 corvettes captured <br> 6 merchantmen captured<ref name=\"google160\"/>\n| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox War of the Austrian Succession:Sea battles}}\n}}\n</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></p><p>The <b>First Battle of Cape Finisterre</b> (14 May 1747<ref>in the <a href=\"/wiki/Julian_calendar\" title=\"Julian calendar\">Julian calendar</a> then in use in Britain this was 3 May 1747</ref>) was waged during the <a href=\"/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession\" title=\"War of the Austrian Succession\">War of the Austrian Succession</a>. It refers to the attack by 14 <a href=\"/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain\" title=\"Kingdom of Great Britain\">British</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Ships_of_the_line\" title=\"Ships of the line\">ships of the line</a> under Admiral <a href=\"/wiki/George_Anson%2C_1st_Baron_Anson\" title=\"George Anson, 1st Baron Anson\">George Anson</a> against a <a href=\"/wiki/France\" title=\"France\">French</a> 30-ship <a href=\"/wiki/Convoy\" title=\"Convoy\">convoy</a> commanded by <a href=\"/wiki/Jacques-Pierre_de_Taffanel_de_la_Jonqui%C3%A8re%2C_Marquis_de_la_Jonqui%C3%A8re\" title=\"Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière\">Admiral de la Jonquière</a>. The French were attempting to protect their merchant ships by using warships with them. The British captured 4 <a href=\"/wiki/Ships_of_the_line\" title=\"Ships of the line\">ships of the line</a>, 2 <a href=\"/wiki/Frigate\" title=\"Frigate\">frigates</a>, and 7 merchantmen, in a five-hour battle in the <a href=\"/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean\" title=\"Atlantic Ocean\">Atlantic Ocean</a> off <a href=\"/wiki/Cape_Finisterre\" title=\"Cape Finisterre\">Cape Finisterre</a> in northwest <a href=\"/wiki/Spain\" title=\"Spain\">Spain</a>. One French frigate, one <a href=\"/wiki/French_East_India_Company\" title=\"French East India Company\">French East India Company</a> warship, and the other merchantmen escaped.\n</p>", "<h2>Events</h2>\n<p>{{more citations needed section|date=May 2017}}\n</p><h3>Prelude</h3>\n<p>France needed to keep shipping lanes open in order to maintain her overseas empire. To this end she assembled merchantmen into convoys protected by warships. Anson on {{HMS|Prince George|1701|2}} and Rear-Admiral <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Warren_%28admiral%29\" title=\"Peter Warren (admiral)\">Sir Peter Warren</a> on {{HMS|Devonshire|1745|2}} had sailed from <a href=\"/wiki/Plymouth\" title=\"Plymouth\">Plymouth</a> on 9 April to intercept French shipping. When a large convoy was sighted, Anson made the signal to form line of battle. Rear-Admiral Warren, suspecting the enemy to be manoeuvring to promote the escape of the convoy, bore down and communicated his opinion to the admiral; the latter threw out a signal for a general chase.\n</p><h3>Battle</h3>\n<p>{{HMS|Centurion|1732|2}} under a press of sail, was the first to come up to the rearmost French ship, which she attacked severely, and two other ships dropped astern to her support. The action became general when three more British ships, including <i>Devonshire</i>, came up. The French, though much inferior in numbers, fought till seven in the evening, when all but two of their ships were taken, as well as nine East India merchantmen. The French lost 700 men killed and wounded, and the British 520. Over £300,000 was found on board the ships of war, which were turned into British ships. \n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse\" title=\"François Joseph Paul de Grasse\">François de Grasse</a>, later the famous Comte, was wounded in this first battle. He was taken prisoner among the crew and officers on <i>La Gloire,</i> which was captured.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Bataille_du_cap_Ortegal_mai_1747_panorama_du_combat.jpg\" title=\"Bataille du cap Ortegal mai 1747 panorama du combat.jpg\">center|thumb|550px|Panoramic sketch of the battle</a>\n</p><h3>Aftermath</h3>\n<p>Following his victory, Anson was raised to the peerage. The French assembled another, much bigger, convoy which set sail in October. After <a href=\"/wiki/Edward_Hawke%2C_1st_Baron_Hawke\" title=\"Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke\">Edward Hawke</a>'s defeat of this fleet in the <a href=\"/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_%281747%29\" title=\"Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)\">Second Battle of Cape Finisterre</a>, the French naval operations were ended for the rest of the war. \n</p><p>According to American historian William Williamson's 1832 account, the battle was a \n<blockquote>\"most severe blow to the French interests in America. Besides immense property taken, there were found on board … numerous articles designed for the <a href=\"/wiki/Acadians\" title=\"Acadians\">Acadians</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\" title=\"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\">Indians</a>\".<ref name=\"google\">{{cite book|title=The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive|author=Williamson, W.D.|date=1832|volume=2|publisher=Glazier, Masters & Co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEMlAAAAMAAJ|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref></blockquote>\n<gallery class=\"center\" widths=\"275\" heights=\"200\">\nFile:Chevalier de Saint-George.jpg|Chevalier de Saint-George of ''Invincible'' surrenders his sword to Admiral Anson after the battle\nFile:Invincible 74 canons capture en 1747 au cap Ortegal.jpg|Print of ''Invincible'' captured after the battle\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h3>Prelude</h3>\n<p>France needed to keep shipping lanes open in order to maintain her overseas empire. To this end she assembled merchantmen into convoys protected by warships. Anson on {{HMS|Prince George|1701|2}} and Rear-Admiral <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Warren_%28admiral%29\" title=\"Peter Warren (admiral)\">Sir Peter Warren</a> on {{HMS|Devonshire|1745|2}} had sailed from <a href=\"/wiki/Plymouth\" title=\"Plymouth\">Plymouth</a> on 9 April to intercept French shipping. When a large convoy was sighted, Anson made the signal to form line of battle. Rear-Admiral Warren, suspecting the enemy to be manoeuvring to promote the escape of the convoy, bore down and communicated his opinion to the admiral; the latter threw out a signal for a general chase.\n</p>", "<h3>Battle</h3>\n<p>{{HMS|Centurion|1732|2}} under a press of sail, was the first to come up to the rearmost French ship, which she attacked severely, and two other ships dropped astern to her support. The action became general when three more British ships, including <i>Devonshire</i>, came up. The French, though much inferior in numbers, fought till seven in the evening, when all but two of their ships were taken, as well as nine East India merchantmen. The French lost 700 men killed and wounded, and the British 520. Over £300,000 was found on board the ships of war, which were turned into British ships. \n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse\" title=\"François Joseph Paul de Grasse\">François de Grasse</a>, later the famous Comte, was wounded in this first battle. He was taken prisoner among the crew and officers on <i>La Gloire,</i> which was captured.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Bataille_du_cap_Ortegal_mai_1747_panorama_du_combat.jpg\" title=\"Bataille du cap Ortegal mai 1747 panorama du combat.jpg\">center|thumb|550px|Panoramic sketch of the battle</a>\n</p>", "<h3>Aftermath</h3>\n<p>Following his victory, Anson was raised to the peerage. The French assembled another, much bigger, convoy which set sail in October. After <a href=\"/wiki/Edward_Hawke%2C_1st_Baron_Hawke\" title=\"Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke\">Edward Hawke</a>'s defeat of this fleet in the <a href=\"/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_%281747%29\" title=\"Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)\">Second Battle of Cape Finisterre</a>, the French naval operations were ended for the rest of the war. \n</p><p>According to American historian William Williamson's 1832 account, the battle was a \n<blockquote>\"most severe blow to the French interests in America. Besides immense property taken, there were found on board … numerous articles designed for the <a href=\"/wiki/Acadians\" title=\"Acadians\">Acadians</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas\" title=\"Indigenous peoples of the Americas\">Indians</a>\".<ref name=\"google\">{{cite book|title=The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, 1602, to the Separation, A.D. 1820, Inclusive|author=Williamson, W.D.|date=1832|volume=2|publisher=Glazier, Masters & Co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEMlAAAAMAAJ|access-date=10 August 2019}}</ref></blockquote>\n<gallery class=\"center\" widths=\"275\" heights=\"200\">\nFile:Chevalier de Saint-George.jpg|Chevalier de Saint-George of ''Invincible'' surrenders his sword to Admiral Anson after the battle\nFile:Invincible 74 canons capture en 1747 au cap Ortegal.jpg|Print of ''Invincible'' captured after the battle\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2>Order of battle</h2>\n<h3>Britain</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" width=\"60%\">\n<trvalign=\"top\">\n<thcolspan=\"8\" bgcolor=\"white\">Vice-Admiral Anson's fleet<ref name=\"Clowes1\">{{cite book|last=Clowes|first=William Laird|author-link=William Laird Clowes|year=1898|volume=3|title=The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Present|location=London|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston and Company|page=125}}</ref>\n</th></tr><tr valign=\"top\">\n</tr><tr> \n<thstyle=\"width: 25%\">Ship\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 15%\">Guns\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 30%\">Commander\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 30%\">Notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Prince_George_%281701%29\" title=\"HMS Prince George (1701)\"><i>Prince George</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">90\n</td>\n<td>Vice-Admiral <b><a href=\"/wiki/George_Anson%2C_1st_Baron_Anson\" title=\"George Anson, 1st Baron Anson\">George Anson</a></b><br />Captain <a href=\"/wiki/John_Bentley_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"John Bentley (Royal Navy officer)\">John Bentley</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Devonshire_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Devonshire (1745)\"><i>Devonshire</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">66\n</td>\n<td>Rear-Admiral <b><a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Warren_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Peter Warren (Royal Navy officer)\">Peter Warren</a></b><br />Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Temple_West\" title=\"Temple West\">Temple West</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Namur_%281729%29\" title=\"HMS Namur (1729)\"><i>Namur</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">74\n</td>\n<td>Captain Hon. <a href=\"/wiki/Edward_Boscawen\" title=\"Edward Boscawen\">Edward Boscawen</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Monmouth_%281667%29\" title=\"HMS Monmouth (1667)\"><i>Monmouth</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">64\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Henry_Harrison_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Henry Harrison (Royal Navy officer)\">Henry Harrison</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Prince_Frederick_%281740%29\" title=\"HMS Prince Frederick (1740)\"><i>Prince Frederick</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">64\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_Norris_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Harry Norris (Royal Navy officer)\">Harry Norris</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Yarmouth_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Yarmouth (1745)\"><i>Yarmouth</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">64\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Piercy_Brett\" title=\"Piercy Brett\">Piercy Brett</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Princess_Louisa_%281744%29\" title=\"HMS Princess Louisa (1744)\"><i>Princess Louisa</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">60\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Charles_Watson_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer)\">Charles Watson</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Nottingham_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Nottingham (1745)\"><i>Nottingham</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">60\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Philip_Saumarez\" title=\"Philip Saumarez\">Philip de Saumarez</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Defiance_%281744%29\" title=\"HMS Defiance (1744)\"><i>Defiance</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">60\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Grenville_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Thomas Grenville (Royal Navy officer)\">Thomas Grenville</a>{{KIA}}\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Pembroke_%281733%29\" title=\"HMS Pembroke (1733)\"><i>Pembroke</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">60\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Fincher\" title=\"Thomas Fincher\">Thomas Fincher</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Windsor_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Windsor (1745)\"><i>Windsor</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">60\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Hanway\" title=\"Thomas Hanway\">Thomas Hanway</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Centurion_%281732%29\" title=\"HMS Centurion (1732)\"><i>Centurion</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">50\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Sir_Peter_Denis%2C_1st_Baronet\" title=\"Sir Peter Denis, 1st Baronet\">Peter Denis</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Falkland_%281744%29\" title=\"HMS Falkland (1744)\"><i>Falkland</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">50\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Blumfield_Barradall\" title=\"Blumfield Barradall\">Blumfield Barradall</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Bristol_%281746%29\" title=\"HMS Bristol (1746)\"><i>Bristol</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">50\n</td>\n<td>Captain Hon. <a href=\"/wiki/William_Montagu_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"William Montagu (Royal Navy officer)\">William Montagu</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Ambuscade_%281746%29\" title=\"HMS Ambuscade (1746)\"><i>Ambuscade</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">40\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/John_Montagu_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"John Montagu (Royal Navy officer)\">John Montagu</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Falcon_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Falcon (1745)\"><i>Falcon</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">10\n</td>\n<td>Commander <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Gwynn_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Richard Gwynn (Royal Navy officer)\">Richard Gwynn</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Vulcan_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Vulcan (1745)\"><i>Vulcan</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">8\n</td>\n<td>Commander <a href=\"/wiki/William_Pettigrew_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"William Pettigrew (Royal Navy officer)\">William Pettigrew</a>\n</td>\n<td>Fireship, not engaged\n</td></tr></table>\n<h3>France</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" width=\"60%\">\n<trvalign=\"top\">\n<thcolspan=\"8\" bgcolor=\"white\"><i>Chef d'escadre</i> de la Jonquière's fleet<ref name=\"Clowes1\" />\n</th></tr><tr valign=\"top\">\n</tr><tr> \n<thstyle=\"width: 25%\">Ship\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 15%\">Guns\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 30%\">Commander\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 30%\">Notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/French_ship_Diamant_%281733%29\" title=\"French ship Diamant (1733)\"><i>Diamant</i> </a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">30\n</td>\n<td>Captain {{ill|Toussaint Hocquart|fr}}\n</td>\n<td>Captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Philibert</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">30\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Jacques_Lars_de_Lescouet\" title=\"Jacques Lars de Lescouet\">Jacques Lars de Lescouet</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/French_East_India_Company\" title=\"French East India Company\">French East India Company</a> ship, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Vigilant</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">20\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Pierre_Bourau_de_Vauneulon\" title=\"Pierre Bourau de Vauneulon\">Pierre Bourau de Vauneulon</a>\n</td>\n<td>FEIC ship, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Chiméne</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">36\n</td>\n<td>Unknown captain\n</td>\n<td>FEIC ship\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/French_ship_Rubis_%281729%29\" title=\"French ship Rubis (1729)\"><i>Rubis</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">52\n</td>\n<td>Captain Macarty\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/En_flute\" title=\"En flute\">En flute</a>, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/French_ship_Jason_%281724%29\" title=\"French ship Jason (1724)\"><i>Jason</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">50\n</td>\n<td>Captain Beccart\n</td>\n<td>Captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Intrepid_%281747%29\" title=\"HMS Intrepid (1747)\"><i>Sérieux</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">64\n</td>\n<td><i>Chef d'escadre</i> the <b><a href=\"/wiki/Jacques-Pierre_de_Taffanel_de_la_Jonqui%C3%A8re%2C_Marquis_de_la_Jonqui%C3%A8re\" title=\"Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière\">Marquis de la Jonquière</a></b><br />Captain {{ill|Charles-Alexandre Morell d'Aubigny|fr}}\n</td>\n<td>Captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Invincible_%281747%29\" title=\"HMS Invincible (1747)\"><i>Invincible</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">74\n</td>\n<td>Captain {{ill|Jacques-François Grout de Saint-Georges|fr}}\n</td>\n<td>Captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Apollon</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">30\n</td>\n<td>Captain Noël\n</td>\n<td>FEIC ship, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Thétis</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">22\n</td>\n<td>Captain Masson\n</td>\n<td>FEIC ship, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Modeste</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">18\n</td>\n<td>Captain Thiercelin\n</td>\n<td>FEIC ship, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/French_ship_Gloire_%281727%29\" title=\"French ship Gloire (1727)\"><i>Gloire</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">40\n</td>\n<td>Captain de Saliez{{KIA}}\n</td>\n<td>Captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Emeraude</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">40\n</td>\n<td>Captain {{ill|Clément de Taffanel de La Jonquière|fr}}\n</td>\n<td>Not in line of battle\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Dartmouth</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">18\n</td>\n<td>Unknown captain\n</td>\n<td>Not in line of battle, captured\n</td></tr></table>", "<h3>Britain</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" width=\"60%\">\n<trvalign=\"top\">\n<thcolspan=\"8\" bgcolor=\"white\">Vice-Admiral Anson's fleet<ref name=\"Clowes1\">{{cite book|last=Clowes|first=William Laird|author-link=William Laird Clowes|year=1898|volume=3|title=The Royal Navy: A History from the Earliest Times to the Present|location=London|publisher=Sampson Low, Marston and Company|page=125}}</ref>\n</th></tr><tr valign=\"top\">\n</tr><tr> \n<thstyle=\"width: 25%\">Ship\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 15%\">Guns\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 30%\">Commander\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 30%\">Notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Prince_George_%281701%29\" title=\"HMS Prince George (1701)\"><i>Prince George</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">90\n</td>\n<td>Vice-Admiral <b><a href=\"/wiki/George_Anson%2C_1st_Baron_Anson\" title=\"George Anson, 1st Baron Anson\">George Anson</a></b><br />Captain <a href=\"/wiki/John_Bentley_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"John Bentley (Royal Navy officer)\">John Bentley</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Devonshire_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Devonshire (1745)\"><i>Devonshire</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">66\n</td>\n<td>Rear-Admiral <b><a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Warren_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Peter Warren (Royal Navy officer)\">Peter Warren</a></b><br />Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Temple_West\" title=\"Temple West\">Temple West</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Namur_%281729%29\" title=\"HMS Namur (1729)\"><i>Namur</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">74\n</td>\n<td>Captain Hon. <a href=\"/wiki/Edward_Boscawen\" title=\"Edward Boscawen\">Edward Boscawen</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Monmouth_%281667%29\" title=\"HMS Monmouth (1667)\"><i>Monmouth</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">64\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Henry_Harrison_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Henry Harrison (Royal Navy officer)\">Henry Harrison</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Prince_Frederick_%281740%29\" title=\"HMS Prince Frederick (1740)\"><i>Prince Frederick</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">64\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_Norris_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Harry Norris (Royal Navy officer)\">Harry Norris</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Yarmouth_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Yarmouth (1745)\"><i>Yarmouth</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">64\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Piercy_Brett\" title=\"Piercy Brett\">Piercy Brett</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Princess_Louisa_%281744%29\" title=\"HMS Princess Louisa (1744)\"><i>Princess Louisa</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">60\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Charles_Watson_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Charles Watson (Royal Navy officer)\">Charles Watson</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Nottingham_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Nottingham (1745)\"><i>Nottingham</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">60\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Philip_Saumarez\" title=\"Philip Saumarez\">Philip de Saumarez</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Defiance_%281744%29\" title=\"HMS Defiance (1744)\"><i>Defiance</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">60\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Grenville_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Thomas Grenville (Royal Navy officer)\">Thomas Grenville</a>{{KIA}}\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Pembroke_%281733%29\" title=\"HMS Pembroke (1733)\"><i>Pembroke</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">60\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Fincher\" title=\"Thomas Fincher\">Thomas Fincher</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Windsor_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Windsor (1745)\"><i>Windsor</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">60\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Hanway\" title=\"Thomas Hanway\">Thomas Hanway</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Centurion_%281732%29\" title=\"HMS Centurion (1732)\"><i>Centurion</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">50\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Sir_Peter_Denis%2C_1st_Baronet\" title=\"Sir Peter Denis, 1st Baronet\">Peter Denis</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Falkland_%281744%29\" title=\"HMS Falkland (1744)\"><i>Falkland</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">50\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Blumfield_Barradall\" title=\"Blumfield Barradall\">Blumfield Barradall</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Bristol_%281746%29\" title=\"HMS Bristol (1746)\"><i>Bristol</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">50\n</td>\n<td>Captain Hon. <a href=\"/wiki/William_Montagu_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"William Montagu (Royal Navy officer)\">William Montagu</a>\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Ambuscade_%281746%29\" title=\"HMS Ambuscade (1746)\"><i>Ambuscade</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">40\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/John_Montagu_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"John Montagu (Royal Navy officer)\">John Montagu</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Falcon_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Falcon (1745)\"><i>Falcon</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">10\n</td>\n<td>Commander <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Gwynn_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"Richard Gwynn (Royal Navy officer)\">Richard Gwynn</a>\n</td>\n<td>Not engaged\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Vulcan_%281745%29\" title=\"HMS Vulcan (1745)\"><i>Vulcan</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">8\n</td>\n<td>Commander <a href=\"/wiki/William_Pettigrew_%28Royal_Navy_officer%29\" title=\"William Pettigrew (Royal Navy officer)\">William Pettigrew</a>\n</td>\n<td>Fireship, not engaged\n</td></tr></table>", "<h3>France</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" width=\"60%\">\n<trvalign=\"top\">\n<thcolspan=\"8\" bgcolor=\"white\"><i>Chef d'escadre</i> de la Jonquière's fleet<ref name=\"Clowes1\" />\n</th></tr><tr valign=\"top\">\n</tr><tr> \n<thstyle=\"width: 25%\">Ship\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 15%\">Guns\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 30%\">Commander\n</th>\n<thstyle=\"width: 30%\">Notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/French_ship_Diamant_%281733%29\" title=\"French ship Diamant (1733)\"><i>Diamant</i> </a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">30\n</td>\n<td>Captain {{ill|Toussaint Hocquart|fr}}\n</td>\n<td>Captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Philibert</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">30\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Jacques_Lars_de_Lescouet\" title=\"Jacques Lars de Lescouet\">Jacques Lars de Lescouet</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/French_East_India_Company\" title=\"French East India Company\">French East India Company</a> ship, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Vigilant</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">20\n</td>\n<td>Captain <a href=\"/wiki/Pierre_Bourau_de_Vauneulon\" title=\"Pierre Bourau de Vauneulon\">Pierre Bourau de Vauneulon</a>\n</td>\n<td>FEIC ship, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Chiméne</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">36\n</td>\n<td>Unknown captain\n</td>\n<td>FEIC ship\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/French_ship_Rubis_%281729%29\" title=\"French ship Rubis (1729)\"><i>Rubis</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">52\n</td>\n<td>Captain Macarty\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/En_flute\" title=\"En flute\">En flute</a>, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/French_ship_Jason_%281724%29\" title=\"French ship Jason (1724)\"><i>Jason</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">50\n</td>\n<td>Captain Beccart\n</td>\n<td>Captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Intrepid_%281747%29\" title=\"HMS Intrepid (1747)\"><i>Sérieux</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">64\n</td>\n<td><i>Chef d'escadre</i> the <b><a href=\"/wiki/Jacques-Pierre_de_Taffanel_de_la_Jonqui%C3%A8re%2C_Marquis_de_la_Jonqui%C3%A8re\" title=\"Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière\">Marquis de la Jonquière</a></b><br />Captain {{ill|Charles-Alexandre Morell d'Aubigny|fr}}\n</td>\n<td>Captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/HMS_Invincible_%281747%29\" title=\"HMS Invincible (1747)\"><i>Invincible</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">74\n</td>\n<td>Captain {{ill|Jacques-François Grout de Saint-Georges|fr}}\n</td>\n<td>Captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Apollon</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">30\n</td>\n<td>Captain Noël\n</td>\n<td>FEIC ship, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Thétis</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">22\n</td>\n<td>Captain Masson\n</td>\n<td>FEIC ship, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Modeste</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">18\n</td>\n<td>Captain Thiercelin\n</td>\n<td>FEIC ship, captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/French_ship_Gloire_%281727%29\" title=\"French ship Gloire (1727)\"><i>Gloire</i></a>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">40\n</td>\n<td>Captain de Saliez{{KIA}}\n</td>\n<td>Captured\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Emeraude</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">40\n</td>\n<td>Captain {{ill|Clément de Taffanel de La Jonquière|fr}}\n</td>\n<td>Not in line of battle\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Dartmouth</i>\n</td>\n<td align=\"center\">18\n</td>\n<td>Unknown captain\n</td>\n<td>Not in line of battle, captured\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_%281747%29\" title=\"Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)\">2nd Battle of Cape Finisterre</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_%281805%29\" title=\"Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)\">Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>Notes</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<ul><li> {{cite EB1911|wstitle=Flag |volume=10 |pages=454–463 }}\n</li><li> {{Cite AmCyc|title=Flag |volume=8 |page=250 |url=https://archive.org/stream/americancyclopae07ripluoft#page/249/mode/1up }}\n</li><li> {{cite web |ref={{harvid|Vinkhuijzen collection|2011}} |orig-year=2004 |date=25 March 2011 |url=http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgdisplaylargemeta.cfm?strucID=585779&imageID=1236061&parent_id=585395&word=&s=&notword=&d=&c=&f=&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&lword=&lfield=&num=0&imgs=12&total=98&pos=1&snum= |title= The Vinkhuijzen collection of military uniforms: France, 1750–1757 |publisher=New York Public Library |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406164952/http://digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/dgkeysearchdetail.cfm?strucID=585779&imageID=1236061&parent_id=585395&word=&s=&notword=&d=&c=&f=&sScope=&sLevel=&sLabel=&lword=&lfield=&num=0&total=98&pos=1&snum=&e=w |archive-date=6 April 2015}}\n</li></ul>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li>{{Commons category-inline|First Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747)}}\n</li></ul><p>{{coord missing|Spain}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Cape Finisterre, Battle of (1747)}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1747\" title=\"Conflicts in 1747\">Category:Conflicts in 1747</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession_involving_France\" title=\"Naval battles of the War of the Austrian Succession involving France\">Category:Naval battles of the War of the Austrian Succession involving France</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_the_War_of_the_Austrian_Succession_involving_Great_Britain\" title=\"Naval battles of the War of the Austrian Succession involving Great Britain\">Category:Naval battles of the War of the Austrian Succession involving Great Britain</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1747_in_Spain\" title=\"1747 in Spain\">Category:1747 in Spain</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 42594286 ], "name": [ "Lol1VNIO" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Government", "Religion" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|none}}\nThis is a <b>list of 1996 British incumbents</b>.\n</p>", "<h2>Government</h2>\n<ul><li> <b><a href=\"/wiki/Monarch\" title=\"Monarch\">Monarch</a></b>\n<ul><li> Head of State - <a href=\"/wiki/Elizabeth_II\" title=\"Elizabeth II\">Elizabeth II</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Queen of the United Kingdom\">Queen of the United Kingdom</a> (1952–2022)\n</li></ul></li><li> <b><a href=\"/wiki/Prime_Minister\" title=\"Prime Minister\">Prime Minister</a></b>\n<ul><li> Head of Government - <a href=\"/wiki/John_Major\" title=\"John Major\">John Major</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Prime Minister of the United Kingdom\">Prime Minister of the United Kingdom</a> (1990–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury\" title=\"First Lord of the Treasury\">First Lord of the Treasury</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/John_Major\" title=\"John Major\">John Major</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury\" title=\"First Lord of the Treasury\">First Lord of the Treasury</a> (1990–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer\" title=\"Chancellor of the Exchequer\">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke\" title=\"Kenneth Clarke\">Kenneth Clarke</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer\" title=\"Chancellor of the Exchequer\">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a> (1993–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Second_Lord_of_the_Treasury\" title=\"Second Lord of the Treasury\">Second Lord of the Treasury</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke\" title=\"Kenneth Clarke\">Kenneth Clarke</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Second_Lord_of_the_Treasury\" title=\"Second Lord of the Treasury\">Second Lord of the Treasury</a> (1993–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs\" title=\"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs\">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Malcolm_Rifkind\" title=\"Malcolm Rifkind\">Malcolm Rifkind</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs\" title=\"Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs\">Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department\" title=\"Secretary of State for the Home Department\">Secretary of State for the Home Department</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Howard\" title=\"Michael Howard\">Michael Howard</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Home_Department\" title=\"Secretary of State for the Home Department\">Secretary of State for the Home Department</a> (1993–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture%2C_Fisheries_and_Food\" title=\"Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food\">Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Douglas_Hogg%2C_3rd_Viscount_Hailsham\" title=\"Douglas Hogg, 3rd Viscount Hailsham\">Douglas Hogg</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Minister_of_Agriculture%2C_Fisheries_and_Food\" title=\"Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food\">Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport\" title=\"Secretary of State for Transport\">Secretary of State for Transport</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Sir_George_Young%2C_6th_Baronet\" title=\"Sir George Young, 6th Baronet\">Sir George Young, Bt.</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Transport\" title=\"Secretary of State for Transport\">Secretary of State for Transport</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland\" title=\"Secretary of State for Scotland\">Secretary of State for Scotland</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Forsyth%2C_Baron_Forsyth_of_Drumlean\" title=\"Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean\">Michael Forsyth</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland\" title=\"Secretary of State for Scotland\">Secretary of State for Scotland</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health\" title=\"Secretary of State for Health\">Secretary of State for Health</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Stephen_Dorrell\" title=\"Stephen Dorrell\">Stephen Dorrell</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Health\" title=\"Secretary of State for Health\">Secretary of State for Health</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland\" title=\"Secretary of State for Northern Ireland\">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Mayhew\" title=\"Patrick Mayhew\">Sir Patrick Mayhew</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland\" title=\"Secretary of State for Northern Ireland\">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a> (1992–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence\" title=\"Secretary of State for Defence\">Secretary of State for Defence</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Portillo\" title=\"Michael Portillo\">Michael Portillo</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence\" title=\"Secretary of State for Defence\">Secretary of State for Defence</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Trade_and_Industry\" title=\"Secretary of State for Trade and Industry\">Secretary of State for Trade and Industry</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Ian_Lang\" title=\"Ian Lang\">Ian Lang</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Trade_and_Industry\" title=\"Secretary of State for Trade and Industry\">Secretary of State for Trade and Industry</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Culture%2C_Media_and_Sport\" title=\"Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport\">Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Virginia_Bottomley\" title=\"Virginia Bottomley\">Virginia Bottomley</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_National_Heritage\" title=\"Secretary of State for National Heritage\">Secretary of State for National Heritage</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education_and_Employment\" title=\"Secretary of State for Education and Employment\">Secretary of State for Education and Employment</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Gillian_Shepherd\" title=\"Gillian Shepherd\">Gillian Shepherd</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education_and_Employment\" title=\"Secretary of State for Education and Employment\">Secretary of State for Education and Employment</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales\" title=\"Secretary of State for Wales\">Secretary of State for Wales</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/William_Hague\" title=\"William Hague\">William Hague</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales\" title=\"Secretary of State for Wales\">Secretary of State for Wales</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal\" title=\"Lord Privy Seal\">Lord Privy Seal</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil%2C_7th_Marquess_of_Salisbury\" title=\"Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury\">Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal\" title=\"Lord Privy Seal\">Lord Privy Seal</a> (1994–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons\" title=\"Leader of the House of Commons\">Leader of the House of Commons</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Newton%2C_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree\" title=\"Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree\">Tony Newton</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Leader_of_the_House_of_Commons\" title=\"Leader of the House of Commons\">Leader of the House of Commons</a> (1992–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council\" title=\"Lord President of the Council\">Lord President of the Council</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Newton%2C_Baron_Newton_of_Braintree\" title=\"Tony Newton, Baron Newton of Braintree\">Tony Newton</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lord_President_of_the_Council\" title=\"Lord President of the Council\">Lord President of the Council</a> (1992–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Lord_Chancellor\" title=\"Lord Chancellor\">Lord Chancellor</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/James_Mackay%2C_Baron_Mackay_of_Clashfern\" title=\"James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern\">James Mackay, Baron Mackay of Clashfern</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lord_Chancellor\" title=\"Lord Chancellor\">Lord Chancellor</a> (1987–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Social_Security\" title=\"Secretary of State for Social Security\">Secretary of State for Social Security</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Lilley\" title=\"Peter Lilley\">Peter Lilley</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Social_Security\" title=\"Secretary of State for Social Security\">Secretary of State for Social Security</a> (1992–1997)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster\" title=\"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster\">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Roger_Freeman%2C_Baron_Freeman\" title=\"Roger Freeman, Baron Freeman\">Roger Freeman</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster\" title=\"Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster\">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a> (1995–1997)\n</li></ul></li></ul>", "<h2>Religion</h2>\n<ul><li> <b><a href=\"/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury\" title=\"Archbishop of Canterbury\">Archbishop of Canterbury</a></b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/George_Carey\" title=\"George Carey\">George Carey</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury\" title=\"Archbishop of Canterbury\">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> (1991–2002)\n</li></ul></li><li> <b><a href=\"/wiki/Archbishop_of_York\" title=\"Archbishop of York\">Archbishop of York</a></b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/David_Hope%2C_Baron_Hope_of_Thornes\" title=\"David Hope, Baron Hope of Thornes\">David Hope</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Archbishop_of_York\" title=\"Archbishop of York\">Archbishop of York</a> (1995–2005)\n</li></ul></li></ul><p>{{British Incumbents}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Lists_of_United_Kingdom_leaders_by_year\" title=\"Lists of United Kingdom leaders by year\">1996</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1996_in_British_politics\" title=\"1996 in British politics\">Leaders</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Lists_of_office-holders_in_1996\" title=\"Lists of office-holders in 1996\">British incumbents</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 41223829 ], "name": [ "Ficaia" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Life", "Doctrine and espoused belief", "Works", "About hops cultivation", "About witchcraft and magic", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|English politician and author (c.1538–1599)}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}\n{{Redirect|Reginald Scott|the Canadian author|R.T.M. Scott}}\n{{Infobox person\n| name = Reginald Scot\n| image = Portrait of a Gentleman, possibly Reginald Scott (ca. 1537–99).jpg\n| caption = Reginald Scot\n| birth_date = 1538 <!--{{birth date|YYYY|MM|DD|df=yes}}-->\n| birth_place = [[England]]\n| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1599|10|09|1538||}}\n| death_place = England\n| occupation = Author, politician\n| known_for = ''[[The Discoverie of Witchcraft]]''\n}}\n<b>Reginald Scot</b> (or <b>Scott</b>) ({{circa|lk=no|1538}}&nbsp;– 9 October 1599) was an Englishman and <a href=\"/wiki/Member_of_Parliament\" title=\"Member of Parliament\">Member of Parliament</a>, the author of <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft\" title=\"The Discoverie of Witchcraft\">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i>, which was published in 1584. It was written against the belief in witches, to show that <a href=\"/wiki/Witchcraft\" title=\"Witchcraft\">witchcraft</a> did not exist. Part of its content exposes how (apparently miraculous) feats of magic were done, and the book is often deemed the first textbook on <a href=\"/wiki/Magic_%28illusion%29\" title=\"Magic (illusion)\">conjuring</a>.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}\n</p>", "<h2>Life</h2>\n<p>He was son of Richard Scot, second son of <a href=\"/wiki/John_Scott_%28died_1533%29\" title=\"John Scott (died 1533)\">Sir John Scott</a> (died 1533) of <a href=\"/wiki/Scots_Hall\" title=\"Scots Hall\">Scots Hall</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Smeeth\" title=\"Smeeth\">Smeeth</a>, near <a href=\"/wiki/Ashford%2C_Kent\" title=\"Ashford, Kent\">Ashford</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Kent\" title=\"Kent\">Kent</a>. His mother was Mary, daughter of George Whetenall, sheriff of Kent in 1527. His father died before 1544, and his mother remarried Fulk Onslow, clerk of the parliament; dying on 8 October 1582, she was buried in the church of <a href=\"/wiki/Hatfield%2C_Hertfordshire\" title=\"Hatfield, Hertfordshire\">Hatfield, Hertfordshire</a>. Reginald or Reynold (as he signed his name in accordance with contemporary practice) was born about 1538.\n</p><p>When about seventeen, Scot entered <a href=\"/wiki/Hart_Hall%2C_Oxford\" title=\"Hart Hall, Oxford\">Hart Hall, Oxford</a>, but left the university without a degree. His writings show some knowledge of law, but he is not known to have joined any <a href=\"/wiki/Inn_of_court\" title=\"Inn of court\">inn of court</a>. Marrying in 1568, he seems to have spent the rest of his life in his native county. His time was mainly passed as an active country gentleman, managing property which he inherited from his kinsfolk about Smeeth and <a href=\"/wiki/Brabourne\" title=\"Brabourne\">Brabourne</a>, or directing the business affairs of his first cousin, Sir Thomas Scot, who proved a generous patron, and in whose house of Scots Hall he often stayed. He was collector of subsidies for the <a href=\"/wiki/Lathe_%28county_subdivision%29\" title=\"Lathe (county subdivision)\">lathe (county subdivision)</a> of Shepway in 1586 and 1587, and he was perhaps the Reginald Scot who acted in 1588 as a captain of untrained foot-soldiers at the county muster. He was returned to the parliament of 1588–89 as member for <a href=\"/wiki/New_Romney_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29\" title=\"New Romney (UK Parliament constituency)\">New Romney</a>, and he was probably a <a href=\"/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace\" title=\"Justice of the peace\">justice of the peace</a>. He describes himself as \"esquire\" in the title-page of his <i>Discoverie</i>, and is elsewhere designated \"armiger\".\n</p><p>Scot married at Brabourne, on 11 October 1568, Jane Cobbe of Cobbes Place, in the parish of <a href=\"/wiki/Aldington%2C_Kent\" title=\"Aldington, Kent\">Aldington</a>. By her he had a daughter Elizabeth, who married Sackville Turnor of Tablehurt, <a href=\"/wiki/Sussex\" title=\"Sussex\">Sussex</a>. Subsequently, Scot married a second wife, a widow named Alice Collyar, who had a daughter called Mary by her former husband.\n</p><p>Scot made his own will (drawing it with his own hand) on 15 September 1599. He died at Smeeth on 9 October following, and was probably buried in the church of St. Mary the Virgin, Brabourne, with his first wife Jane. His small properties about Brabourne, Aldington, and <a href=\"/wiki/Romney_Marsh\" title=\"Romney Marsh\">Romney Marsh</a> he left to his widow. The last words of his will run: \"Great is the trouble my poor wife hath had with me, and small is the comfort she hath received at my hands, whom if I had not matched withal I had not died worth one <a href=\"/wiki/Groat_%28coin%29\" title=\"Groat (coin)\">groat</a>.\"\n</p>", "<h2>Doctrine and espoused belief</h2>\n<p>In the <i>Discoverie</i>, Scot aligns himself with <a href=\"/wiki/Reformed_Protestantism\" title=\"Reformed Protestantism\">Reformed Protestantism</a>, quoting <a href=\"/wiki/John_Calvin\" title=\"John Calvin\">John Calvin</a> more than a dozen times. Calvin in turn was echoing the skepticism toward superstitions of early English reformer <a href=\"/wiki/John_Wycliffe\" title=\"John Wycliffe\">John Wycliffe</a>.<ref>{{cite book|first=John|last= Wycliffe |title=An Apology for Lollard Doctrines|location=London|publisher=Camden Society|year= 1842|page=92 |url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=2PwUAAAAQAAJ}}</ref> Scot expresses what is often called the <a href=\"/wiki/Providentialism\" title=\"Providentialism\">Providential view</a> in stating that \"it is neither a witch, nor devil, but glorious God that maketh the thunder...God maketh the blustering tempests and whirlwinds...\"<ref>{{cite book|first=Reginald |last=Scot|title=Discoverie of Witchcraft|year=1584 |page= 2|publisher=Brome|url=https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=2fNZAAAAcAAJ}}</ref> This doctrine was also aligned with the tenth-century <i><a href=\"/wiki/Canon_Episcopi\" title=\"Canon Episcopi\">Canon Episcopi</a></i> and Scot quotes from it.<ref>Scot,<i>Discoverie</i>, pp. 65–66, 97.</ref> In the last half of the sixteenth century, an active theological debate continued from various pulpits throughout Europe – Calvinist, Lutheran, and Roman Catholic – between those who supported the skeptical Episcopi/Providential tradition and those who believed that witches could obtain real supernatural powers through an agreement or pact with the devil.<ref>HC Erik Midelfort, <i>Witch Hunting in Southwest Germany</i> (Stanford, 1972) pp. 56–66. Also by Midelfort, see 1971 essay, <i>Witchcraft and Religion in Sixteenth-Century Germany, The Formation and Consequences of Orthodoxy.</i></ref> The latter belief in the power of witches, and an intense phobia toward them, was associated by Scot with the book <i><a href=\"/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum\" title=\"Malleus Maleficarum\">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> by the German inquisitor <a href=\"/wiki/Heinrich_Kramer\" title=\"Heinrich Kramer\">Heinrich Kramer</a>, and upon this book Scot focuses the most criticism, and lumps others aligned with the same view of witchcraft: \"...from whom <a href=\"/wiki/Jean_Bodin\" title=\"Jean Bodin\">[Jean] Bodin</a> and all the other writers... do receive their light...\"<ref>Scot,<i>Discoverie</i>, pp. 9, 11, 19, 77, 78. ff.</ref>\n</p><p>A late twentieth-century historian argues that Scot was likely influenced by, and perhaps a member of, the <a href=\"/wiki/Familia_Caritatis\" title=\"Familia Caritatis\">Family of Love</a>.<ref>David Wootton, Reginald Scot/ Abraham Fleming/ The Family of Love, <i>Languages of Witchcraft</i>, ed. Stuart Clark. (New York, 2001) pp. 119–138.</ref> An intriguing clue to this theory is the name <a href=\"/wiki/Abraham_Fleming\" title=\"Abraham Fleming\">Abraham Fleming</a> written backwards (Gnimelf Maharba) in Scot's lengthy bibliography in the front pages of the <i>Discoverie.</i>\n</p>", "<h2>Works</h2>\n<h3>About hops cultivation</h3>\n<p>In <a href=\"/wiki/1574_in_literature\" title=\"1574 in literature\">1574</a> he published his <i>Perfect Platform of a Hop-garden, and necessary instructions for the making and maintenance thereof, with Notes and Rules for Reformation of all Abuses.</i> The work, which is dedicated to <a href=\"/wiki/Serjeant-at-law\" title=\"Serjeant-at-law\">Serjeant</a> <a href=\"/wiki/William_Lovelace_%28MP%2C_died_1577%29\" title=\"William Lovelace (MP, died 1577)\">William Lovelace</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Bethersden\" title=\"Bethersden\">Bethersden</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Kent\" title=\"Kent\">Kent</a>, is the first practical treatise on <a href=\"/wiki/Hops\" title=\"Hops\">hop</a> culture in England; the processes are illustrated by woodcuts. Scot, according to a statement of the printer, was out of London while the work was going through the press. A second edition appeared in 1576, and a third in 1578.\n</p><h3>About witchcraft and magic</h3>\n<p>{{main|The Discoverie of Witchcraft}}\nHis work on witchcraft was <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft\" title=\"The Discoverie of Witchcraft\">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i>, <i>wherein the Lewde dealing of Witches and Witchmongers is notablie detected, in sixteen books … whereunto is added a Treatise upon the Nature and Substance of Spirits and Devils</i>, 1584. Scot enumerates 212 authors whose works in Latin he had consulted, and twenty-three authors who wrote in English. He studied the superstitions respecting witchcraft in courts of law in country districts, where the prosecution of witches was constant, and in village life, where the belief in witchcraft flourished. He set himself to prove that the belief in witchcraft and magic was rejected alike by reason and religion, and that spiritualistic manifestations were either wilful impostures or illusions due to mental disturbance in the observers. The book also includes several chapters describing <a href=\"/wiki/Conjuring_%28illusion%29\" title=\"Conjuring (illusion)\">conjuring</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Sleight_of_hand\" title=\"Sleight of hand\">sleight of hand</a> tricks in detail.<ref name=\"copperfield-2021\">{{Cite book |last=Copperfield |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1236259508 |title=David Copperfield's history of magic |last2=Wiseman |first2=Richard |last3=Britland |first3=David |date=2021 |isbn=978-1-9821-1291-2 |location=New York, NY |oclc=1236259508 |author-link=David Copperfield (illusionist) |author-link2=Richard Wiseman}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>About hops cultivation</h3>\n<p>In <a href=\"/wiki/1574_in_literature\" title=\"1574 in literature\">1574</a> he published his <i>Perfect Platform of a Hop-garden, and necessary instructions for the making and maintenance thereof, with Notes and Rules for Reformation of all Abuses.</i> The work, which is dedicated to <a href=\"/wiki/Serjeant-at-law\" title=\"Serjeant-at-law\">Serjeant</a> <a href=\"/wiki/William_Lovelace_%28MP%2C_died_1577%29\" title=\"William Lovelace (MP, died 1577)\">William Lovelace</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Bethersden\" title=\"Bethersden\">Bethersden</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Kent\" title=\"Kent\">Kent</a>, is the first practical treatise on <a href=\"/wiki/Hops\" title=\"Hops\">hop</a> culture in England; the processes are illustrated by woodcuts. Scot, according to a statement of the printer, was out of London while the work was going through the press. A second edition appeared in 1576, and a third in 1578.\n</p>", "<h3>About witchcraft and magic</h3>\n<p>{{main|The Discoverie of Witchcraft}}\nHis work on witchcraft was <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft\" title=\"The Discoverie of Witchcraft\">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i>, <i>wherein the Lewde dealing of Witches and Witchmongers is notablie detected, in sixteen books … whereunto is added a Treatise upon the Nature and Substance of Spirits and Devils</i>, 1584. Scot enumerates 212 authors whose works in Latin he had consulted, and twenty-three authors who wrote in English. He studied the superstitions respecting witchcraft in courts of law in country districts, where the prosecution of witches was constant, and in village life, where the belief in witchcraft flourished. He set himself to prove that the belief in witchcraft and magic was rejected alike by reason and religion, and that spiritualistic manifestations were either wilful impostures or illusions due to mental disturbance in the observers. The book also includes several chapters describing <a href=\"/wiki/Conjuring_%28illusion%29\" title=\"Conjuring (illusion)\">conjuring</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Sleight_of_hand\" title=\"Sleight of hand\">sleight of hand</a> tricks in detail.<ref name=\"copperfield-2021\">{{Cite book |last=Copperfield |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1236259508 |title=David Copperfield's history of magic |last2=Wiseman |first2=Richard |last3=Britland |first3=David |date=2021 |isbn=978-1-9821-1291-2 |location=New York, NY |oclc=1236259508 |author-link=David Copperfield (illusionist) |author-link2=Richard Wiseman}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p><p><b>Attribution</b>\n<ul><li>{{DNB|wstitle=Scott, Reginald}}\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Further reading</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/discoverieofwitc00scot\">Brinsley Nicholson, in an introduction to an 1886 printing of <i>Discoverie</i>, thoroughly traces the biography and publication record of Reginald Scot.</a>\n</li></ul><p>Other publications:\n<ul><li>{{cite book | first = Anne Lyon | last = Haight | year = 1978 | title = Banned Books, 387 B.C. to 1978 A.D. | others = updated and enl. by Chandler B. Grannis | edition = 4th | publisher = R.R. Bowker | location = New York | isbn = 0-8352-1078-2 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/bannedbooks387bc0000haig }}\n</li><li> Leland L. Estes <i>Reginald Scot and His \"Discoverie of Witchcraft\": Religion and Science in the Opposition to the European Witch Craze</i>, Church History, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Dec. 1983), pp.&nbsp;444–456.\n</li><li> Philip C. Almond. <i>England's First Demonologist: Reginald Scot and 'The Discoverie of Witchcraft'</i>. (London: 2011)\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> {{Commons category-inline|Reginald Scott}}\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=2fNZAAAAcAAJ\">1584 edition of <i>Discoverie</i></a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/discoverieofwitc00scot\">1886 edition of Discoverie, with introduction and notes by Brinsley Nicholson</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/260scot.html\">Excerpts from books I and XV of <i>The Discovery of Witchcraft</i> from history.hanover.edu</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.esotericarchives.com/solomon/scot16.htm\">Full text of book XV from the Esoteric Archives</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://pagesperso-orange.fr/aft32/Reginald_Scot_Eng.html\">James I vs Reginald Scot, or the history of an auto-da-fé</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=6OUwb8RK4B4C\">1876 Genealogy of Scott Family by James Renat Scott</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/mcyoung.45413b.1\">The Discouerie of Witchcraft</a> From the <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/154.html\">McManus-Young Collection</a> in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the <a href=\"/wiki/Library_of_Congress\" title=\"Library of Congress\">Library of Congress</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/english.74086.1\">A Perfite Platforme of a Hoppe Garden</a> From the <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/eng.html\">English Printing Collection</a> in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the <a href=\"/wiki/Library_of_Congress\" title=\"Library of Congress\">Library of Congress</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/mcyoung.45413.1\">Scot's discovery of witchcraft</a> From the <a href=\"https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/154.html\">McManus-Young Collection</a> in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the <a href=\"/wiki/Library_of_Congress\" title=\"Library of Congress\">Library of Congress</a>\n</li><li> {{cite book |last1=Hutchinson |first1=John |title=Men of Kent and Kentishmen |date=1892 |publisher=Cross & Jackman |location=Canterbury |page=119-120 |edition=Subscription |chapter=[[s:Men of Kent and Kentishmen/Reginald Scott|Reginald Scott]]}}\n</li></ul><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Scot, Reginald}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1530s_births\" title=\"1530s births\">Category:1530s births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1599_deaths\" title=\"1599 deaths\">Category:1599 deaths</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_MPs_1589\" title=\"English MPs 1589\">Category:English MPs 1589</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_non-fiction_writers\" title=\"English non-fiction writers\">Category:English non-fiction writers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Witchcraft_in_England\" title=\"Witchcraft in England\">Category:Witchcraft in England</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Demonologists\" title=\"Demonologists\">Category:Demonologists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_sceptics\" title=\"English sceptics\">Category:English sceptics</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Historians_of_magic\" title=\"Historians of magic\">Category:Historians of magic</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:16th-century_English_writers\" title=\"16th-century English writers\">Category:16th-century English writers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:16th-century_male_writers\" title=\"16th-century male writers\">Category:16th-century male writers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_male_non-fiction_writers\" title=\"English male non-fiction writers\">Category:English male non-fiction writers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_agriculturalists\" title=\"English agriculturalists\">Category:English agriculturalists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Critics_of_witch_hunting\" title=\"Critics of witch hunting\">Category:Critics of witch hunting</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_Presbyterians\" title=\"English Presbyterians\">Category:English Presbyterians</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 2842084 ], "name": [ "Jevansen" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|Canadian lawyer}}\n{{Infobox person\n|name = John Josiah Robinette\n|image = \n|alt = \n|caption = \n|birth_date = {{Birth date|1906|11|20}}\n|birth_place = Toronto, Ontario\n|death_date = {{Death date and age|1996|11|18|1906|11|20}}\n|death_place = \n|other_names = \n|alma_mater = [[University of Toronto]], [[Osgoode Hall Law School]]\n|known_for = \n|occupation = Lawyer\n|nationality =\n|awards = [[Order of Canada]]<br>[[Order of Ontario]] \n}}\n<b>John Josiah Robinette</b>, {{Post-nominals|country=CAN|CC|OOnt|QC}} (November 20, 1906 &ndash; November 18, 1996) was a <a href=\"/wiki/Canadians\" title=\"Canadians\">Canadian</a> lawyer who was one of Canada's premier legal authorities and litigators.\n</p><p>Born in <a href=\"/wiki/Toronto\" title=\"Toronto\">Toronto</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ontario\" title=\"Ontario\">Ontario</a>, he attended the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Schools\" title=\"University of Toronto Schools\">University of Toronto Schools</a>. In 1926, he received a B.A. in political science from the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Toronto\" title=\"University of Toronto\">University of Toronto</a>, where he was a member of the <a href=\"/wiki/Beta_Theta_Pi\" title=\"Beta Theta Pi\">Beta Theta Pi fraternity</a>. He graduated from <a href=\"/wiki/Osgoode_Hall_Law_School\" title=\"Osgoode Hall Law School\">Osgoode Hall Law School</a> and was called to the bar in 1929.\n</p><p>He joined the Toronto firm of McCarthy &amp; McCarthy (now <a href=\"/wiki/McCarthy_Tetrault\" title=\"McCarthy Tetrault\">McCarthy Tetrault</a>) in 1949 and stayed until his retirement in the early 90s.\n</p><p>He became renowned as a barrister and was lead counsel in a number of prominent cases. In 1947, he appealed and eventually won the case of <a href=\"/wiki/Evelyn_Dick\" title=\"Evelyn Dick\">Evelyn Dick</a> after her conviction for murder in 1946. In 1952 he unsuccessfully defended the notorious bank robbers, <a href=\"/wiki/The_Boyd_Gang\" title=\"The Boyd Gang\">The Boyd Gang</a>. He was lead counsel in the <a href=\"/wiki/Patriation_Reference\" title=\"Patriation Reference\">Patriation Reference</a> before the <a href=\"/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada\" title=\"Supreme Court of Canada\">Supreme Court of Canada</a>. Robinette was also hired by opponents of the cancelled <a href=\"/wiki/Spadina_Expressway\" title=\"Spadina Expressway\">Spadina Expressway</a> in 1971 to make their case at the <a href=\"/wiki/Ontario_Municipal_Board\" title=\"Ontario Municipal Board\">Ontario Municipal Board</a>.\n</p><p>He was appointed <a href=\"/wiki/King%27s_Counsel\" title=\"King's Counsel\">King's Counsel</a> in 1944.\n</p><p>From 1958 until 1962 he was treasurer of the Law Society of Upper Canada.\n</p><p>In 1973 he was made a Companion of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Canada\" title=\"Order of Canada\">Order of Canada</a>. He served as Chancellor of <a href=\"/wiki/Trent_University\" title=\"Trent University\">Trent University</a> from 1984 to 1987.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<ul><li> {{cite web | title=Oxford Cup Roll Nº 011 | work=Beta Theta Pi International Fraternity | url=http://www.betathetapi.org/news/awards/oxfordcup/11robinette.htm | accessdate=April 7, 2005 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050327104457/http://betathetapi.org/news/awards/oxfordcup/11robinette.htm | archivedate=March 27, 2005 }}\n</li><li> {{cite book | author=George Finlayson | title=John J Robinette Peerless Mentor: An Appreciation | publisher=Dundurn Press | year=2003| isbn=1-55002-463-9}}\n</li><li> {{cite video | people=Alex Chapple (Director), Dennis Foon, Marjorie Freeman Campbell (book) |date=2002 | title=Torso: The Evelyn Dick Story | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0274981/ | medium=Film | location=Canada | publisher= \t\nShaftesbury Films Inc.}}\n</li></ul><p>{{s-start}}\n{{s-aca}}\n{{succession box\n| before=[[Margaret Laurence]]\n| title=[[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] of [[Trent University]]\n| years=1984–1987\n| after=[[Kenneth Hare]]\n}}\n{{s-end}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Robinette, John Josiah}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1906_births\" title=\"1906 births\">Category:1906 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1996_deaths\" title=\"1996 deaths\">Category:1996 deaths</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Canadian_King%27s_Counsel\" title=\"Canadian King's Counsel\">Category:Canadian King's Counsel</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_Trent_University\" title=\"Chancellors of Trent University\">Category:Chancellors of Trent University</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Companions_of_the_Order_of_Canada\" title=\"Companions of the Order of Canada\">Category:Companions of the Order of Canada</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Lawyers_in_Ontario\" title=\"Lawyers in Ontario\">Category:Lawyers in Ontario</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Order_of_Ontario\" title=\"Members of the Order of Ontario\">Category:Members of the Order of Ontario</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Lawyers_from_Toronto\" title=\"Lawyers from Toronto\">Category:Lawyers from Toronto</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Treasurers_of_the_Law_Society_of_Upper_Canada\" title=\"Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada\">Category:Treasurers of the Law Society of Upper Canada</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:University_of_Toronto_alumni\" title=\"University of Toronto alumni\">Category:University of Toronto alumni</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_Canadian_lawyers\" title=\"20th-century Canadian lawyers\">Category:20th-century Canadian lawyers</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 46967642 ], "name": [ "Reconrabbit" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Refimprove|date=February 2024}}\n</p><p>A <b>dry media reaction</b> or <b>solid-state reaction</b> or <b>solventless reaction</b> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Chemical_reaction\" title=\"Chemical reaction\">chemical reaction</a> performed in the absence of a <a href=\"/wiki/Solvent\" title=\"Solvent\">solvent</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-23 |title=3.2 TOOLS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY |url=https://www.bdu.ac.in/cde/SLM/M.Sc.%20Chemistry/Chemistry%20II%20Year/Gree%20Chemistry%20&%20Nono%20Science/Unit%203.2%20Green%20Chemistry.pdf |access-date=February 5, 2024 |website=Bharathidasan University}}</ref> Dry media reactions have been developed in the wake of developments in <a href=\"/wiki/Microwave_chemistry\" title=\"Microwave chemistry\">microwave chemistry</a>, and are a part of <a href=\"/wiki/Green_chemistry\" title=\"Green chemistry\">green chemistry</a>.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kidwai |first=M. |date=2001 |title=Dry media reactions |url=https://media.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7301x0147.pdf |journal=[[Pure Appl. Chem.]] |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=147–151}}</ref> \n</p><p>The drive for the development of dry media reactions in chemistry is: \n<ul><li> economics (save money on solvents)\n</li><li> ease of purification (no solvent removal <a href=\"/wiki/Work-up_%28chemistry%29\" title=\"Work-up (chemistry)\">post-synthesis</a>)\n</li><li> high <a href=\"/wiki/Reaction_rate\" title=\"Reaction rate\">reaction rate</a> (due to high <a href=\"/wiki/Concentration\" title=\"Concentration\">concentration</a> of reactants) \n</li><li> environmentally friendly (solvent is not required), see <a href=\"/wiki/Green_chemistry\" title=\"Green chemistry\">green chemistry</a>\n</li></ul></p><p>Drawbacks to overcome:\n<ul><li> reactants should mix to a <a href=\"/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity\" title=\"Homogeneity and heterogeneity\">homogeneous</a> system\n</li><li> high <a href=\"/wiki/Viscosity\" title=\"Viscosity\">viscosity</a> in reactant system\n</li><li> unsuitable for solvent assisted chemical reactions\n</li><li> problems with dissipating heat safely; risk of <a href=\"/wiki/Thermal_runaway\" title=\"Thermal runaway\">thermal runaway</a>\n</li><li> side reactions accelerated\n</li><li> if reagents are solids, very high energy consumption from milling\n</li></ul></p><p>In one type of solventless reaction a <a href=\"/wiki/Liquid\" title=\"Liquid\">liquid</a> reactant is used <a href=\"/wiki/Neat_%28bartending%29\" title=\"Neat (bartending)\">neat</a>, for instance the reaction of <a href=\"/wiki/Naphthalene\" title=\"Naphthalene\">1-bromonaphthalene</a> with <a href=\"/wiki/Lawesson%27s_reagent\" title=\"Lawesson's reagent\">Lawesson's reagent</a> is done with no added liquid solvent, but the 1-bromonaphthalene acts as a solvent.\n</p><p>A reaction which is closer to a true solventless reaction is a <a href=\"/wiki/Knoevenagel_condensation\" title=\"Knoevenagel condensation\">Knoevenagel condensation</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Ketones\" title=\"Ketones\">ketones</a> with (<a href=\"/wiki/Malononitrile\" title=\"Malononitrile\">malononitrile</a>) where a 1:1 mixture of the two reactants (and <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonium_acetate\" title=\"Ammonium acetate\">ammonium acetate</a>) is irradiated in a <a href=\"/wiki/Microwave_oven\" title=\"Microwave oven\">microwave oven</a>.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Colin_Raston\" title=\"Colin Raston\">Colin Raston</a>'s research group have been responsible for a number of new solvent free reactions. In some of these reactions all the starting materials are solids, they are ground together with some <a href=\"/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide\" title=\"Sodium hydroxide\">sodium hydroxide</a> to form a liquid, which turns into a paste which then hardens to a solid.\n</p><p>In another development the two components of an <a href=\"/wiki/Aldol_reaction\" title=\"Aldol reaction\">aldol reaction</a> are combined with the <a href=\"/wiki/Asymmetric_catalyst\" title=\"Asymmetric catalyst\">asymmetric catalyst</a> S-<a href=\"/wiki/Proline\" title=\"Proline\">proline</a> in a <a href=\"/wiki/Ball_mill\" title=\"Ball mill\">ball mill</a> in a <a href=\"/wiki/Mechanosynthesis\" title=\"Mechanosynthesis\">mechanosynthesis</a>. The reaction product has 97% <a href=\"/wiki/Enantiomeric_excess\" title=\"Enantiomeric excess\">enantiomeric excess</a>.\n</p><p>A <a href=\"/wiki/Reaction_rate\" title=\"Reaction rate\">reaction rate</a> acceleration is observed in several systems when a homogeneous solvent system is rapidly evaporated in a <a href=\"/wiki/Rotavap\" title=\"Rotavap\">rotavap</a> in a <a href=\"/wiki/Vacuum\" title=\"Vacuum\">vacuum</a>, one of them a <a href=\"/wiki/Wittig_reaction\" title=\"Wittig reaction\">Wittig reaction</a>. The reaction goes to completion in 5 minutes with immediate evaporation whereas the same reaction in solution after the same 5 minutes (<a href=\"/wiki/Dichloromethane\" title=\"Dichloromethane\">dichloromethane</a>) has only 70% conversion and even after 24 hours some of the aldehyde remains.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Dry Media Reaction}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Chemical_reactions\" title=\"Chemical reactions\">Category:Chemical reactions</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Green_chemistry\" title=\"Green chemistry\">Category:Green chemistry</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "2A02:C7C:7D7C:E600:F90B:FE3A:323A:277F" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Biography", "Music", "Works", "Awards", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|British composer and teacher of composition}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}\n{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}\n<b>Julian Anderson</b> {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} (born 6 April 1967) is a British composer and teacher of composition.\n</p>", "<h2>Biography</h2>\n<p>Anderson was born in London. He studied at <a href=\"/wiki/Westminster_School\" title=\"Westminster School\">Westminster School</a>, then with <a href=\"/wiki/John_Lambert_%28composer%29\" title=\"John Lambert (composer)\">John Lambert</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music\" title=\"Royal College of Music\">Royal College of Music</a>, with <a href=\"/wiki/Alexander_Goehr\" title=\"Alexander Goehr\">Alexander Goehr</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Cambridge\" title=\"University of Cambridge\">Cambridge University</a>, privately with <a href=\"/wiki/Tristan_Murail\" title=\"Tristan Murail\">Tristan Murail</a> in Paris, and on courses given by <a href=\"/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen\" title=\"Olivier Messiaen\">Olivier Messiaen</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Per_N%C3%B8rg%C3%A5rd\" title=\"Per Nørgård\">Per Nørgård</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Ligeti\" title=\"György Ligeti\">György Ligeti</a>.\n</p><p>From 2000 to 2004 he was Head of Composition at the <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music\" title=\"Royal College of Music\">Royal College of Music</a>, and from 2004 to 2007 Fanny P. Mason Professor of Music at <a href=\"/wiki/Harvard_University\" title=\"Harvard University\">Harvard University</a>. He is currently Professor of Composition and Composer in Residence at the <a href=\"/wiki/Guildhall_School_of_Music_and_Drama\" title=\"Guildhall School of Music and Drama\">Guildhall School of Music and Drama</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/music/people/teaching_staff/department_of_composition/professorial_staff/julian_anderson_composer_in_residence.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091026143749/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/music/people/teaching_staff/department_of_composition/professorial_staff/julian_anderson_composer_in_residence.html|url-status=dead|title=Guildhall School of Music and Drama staff pages|archive-date=26 October 2009|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> He was Composer-in-Association with the <a href=\"/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Symphony_Orchestra\" title=\"City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra\">City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra</a> from 2001 to 2005 and Daniel R. Lewis Fellowship Composer with the <a href=\"/wiki/Cleveland_Orchestra\" title=\"Cleveland Orchestra\">Cleveland Orchestra</a> from 2005 to 2007. From 2002 to the end of the 2010–11 concert season, he was artistic director of the 'Music of Today' concert series run by the <a href=\"/wiki/Philharmonia_Orchestra\" title=\"Philharmonia Orchestra\">Philharmonia Orchestra</a> in London. From 2013 to 2016 he was Composer in Residence with <a href=\"/wiki/Wigmore_Hall\" title=\"Wigmore Hall\">Wigmore Hall</a>.\n</p><p>Anderson was appointed <a href=\"/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire\" title=\"Commander of the Order of the British Empire\">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (CBE) in the <a href=\"/wiki/2021_New_Year_Honours\" title=\"2021 New Year Honours\">2021 New Year Honours</a> for services to music.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=63218|supp=y|page=N8|date=31 December 2020}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Music</h2>\n<p>Anderson's former publisher, Faber Music, describes his music as: \n<blockquote>... characterised by a fresh use of melody, vivid contrasts of texture and lively rhythmic impetus. He has a continuing interest in the music of traditional cultures from outside the Western concert tradition. He has a special love for the folk music of Eastern Europe–especially of the Lithuanian, Polish and Romanian traditions–and has also been much influenced by the modality of Indian ragas.<ref><a href=\"http://www.fabermusic.com/serverside/composers/Details.asp?ID=Anderson,%20Julian&amp;View=biog&amp;Section=composers\"> Julian Anderson at Faber Music</a> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045633/http://www.fabermusic.com/serverside/composers/Details.asp?ID=Anderson%2C%20Julian&View=biog&Section=composers |date=27 September 2007 }}</ref></blockquote>\n</p><p>These influences combine with elements of <a href=\"/wiki/Modernism\" title=\"Modernism\">modernism</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Spectral_music\" title=\"Spectral music\">spectral music</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Electronic_music\" title=\"Electronic music\">electronic music</a> to make up what <i>Gramophone</i> has called \"the composer's vivid, transfixing sound worlds\".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/awardstemplate.asp?id=980&award_year=2007|title=Gramophone Awards 2007|website=Gramophone.co.uk|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>\n</p><p>Anderson's first orchestral piece, <i>Diptych</i>, was completed in 1990, and achieved great success, as did <a href=\"/wiki/Khorovod\" title=\"Khorovod\">Khorovod</a> (completed in 1994) and <i>Alhambra Fantasy</i> (2000), both composed for the <a href=\"/wiki/London_Sinfonietta\" title=\"London Sinfonietta\">London Sinfonietta</a>. The latter work has been performed by the <a href=\"/wiki/Ensemble_InterContemporain\" title=\"Ensemble InterContemporain\">Ensemble InterContemporain</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Asko_Ensemble\" title=\"Asko Ensemble\">Asko Ensemble</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Ensemble_Modern\" title=\"Ensemble Modern\">Ensemble Modern</a>, often under the direction of <a href=\"/wiki/Oliver_Knussen\" title=\"Oliver Knussen\">Oliver Knussen</a>, who was, until his death in 2018, a regular collaborator and advocate for Anderson's music.\n</p><p>His first work written for the <a href=\"/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Symphony_Orchestra\" title=\"City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra\">CBSO</a>, <i>Imagin'd Corners</i>, premiered in 2002, was described by the <i>Daily Telegraph</i> as \"seeth[ing] with variety of texture, dynamics and colour, from the atmospheric stillness of the opening to the high density and tumult as the piece reaches its final climax. This is a fine score, full of optimism and real creative drive.\"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081209234949/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2008|title=Culture|date=8 March 2017|access-date=9 August 2020|website=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref> A year later, <i>Symphony</i> was composed for the <a href=\"/wiki/CBSO\" title=\"CBSO\">CBSO</a> and their chief conductor <a href=\"/wiki/Sakari_Oramo\" title=\"Sakari Oramo\">Sakari Oramo</a>.\n</p><p>In the last decade, Anderson has written a large amount of unaccompanied <a href=\"/wiki/Choral\" title=\"Choral\">choral</a> music, including <i>O Sing Unto the Lord</i> for Westminster Cathedral, <i>I Saw Eternity</i> (2003, first performed by the <a href=\"/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Choir\" title=\"London Philharmonic Choir\">London Philharmonic Choir</a>) and the <i>Four American Choruses</i> (2001-4, for the <a href=\"/wiki/City_of_Birmingham_Symphony_Chorus\" title=\"City of Birmingham Symphony Chorus\">City of Birmingham Symphony Chorus</a> and their conductor <a href=\"/wiki/Simon_Halsey\" title=\"Simon Halsey\">Simon Halsey</a>, who gave their first UK performance in 2005). While appearing simpler in style than his instrumental music, these pieces are often related to the larger works, both technically (for example 'At the Fountain', the last of the <i>Four American Choruses</i>, has the same melodic and harmonic basis as a passage from <i>Alhambra Fantasy</i>) and aesthetically (the American poet <a href=\"/wiki/Emily_Dickinson\" title=\"Emily Dickinson\">Emily Dickinson</a> is a recurring presence, as are themes of non-denominational spirituality or a secularised Christianity).<ref>John Fallas, booklet notes to the CD <i>Book of Hours</i> (NMCD 121) (2006)</ref>\n</p><p>Anderson has also used both live and pre-recorded electronics in his large-scale <i><a href=\"/wiki/Book_of_Hours\" title=\"Book of Hours\">Book of Hours</a></i> for 20 players and electronics, composed for the <a href=\"/wiki/Birmingham_Contemporary_Music_Group\" title=\"Birmingham Contemporary Music Group\">Birmingham Contemporary Music Group</a>, who gave the first performance in February 2005 with <a href=\"/wiki/Oliver_Knussen\" title=\"Oliver Knussen\">Oliver Knussen</a>. His third and final full orchestral work composed for Birmingham forces, <i>Eden</i>, was first heard at the 2005 Cheltenham International Music Festival, played by the <a href=\"/wiki/CBSO\" title=\"CBSO\">CBSO</a> under <a href=\"/wiki/Martyn_Brabbins\" title=\"Martyn Brabbins\">Martyn Brabbins</a>, and is an exploration of the <a href=\"/wiki/Musical_temperament\" title=\"Musical temperament\">non-tempered</a> tuning of the <a href=\"/wiki/Harmonic_series_%28music%29\" title=\"Harmonic series (music)\">harmonic series</a>. This preoccupation with fusing tempered modality and non-tempered resonance is continued in his largest work to date, <i>Heaven is Shy of Earth</i>, an oratorio for mezzo-soprano, chorus and orchestra lasting nearly 35 minutes, commissioned by the BBC for the 2006 <a href=\"/wiki/Promenade_Concerts\" title=\"Promenade Concerts\">Promenade Concerts</a>, where it was premiered by singer <a href=\"/wiki/Angelika_Kirchschlager\" title=\"Angelika Kirchschlager\">Angelika Kirchschlager</a> and the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus conducted by Sir <a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Davis_%28conductor%29\" title=\"Andrew Davis (conductor)\">Andrew Davis</a>. A new version of that work, expanded through the addition of a new (third) movement, 'Gloria (with Bird)', was premiered at the <a href=\"/wiki/Barbican_Centre\" title=\"Barbican Centre\">Barbican Centre</a> on 26 November 2010 with <a href=\"/wiki/Susan_Bickley\" title=\"Susan Bickley\">Susan Bickley</a> as the soloist.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/nov/29/bbcso-knussen-review|title=BBCSO/Knussen – review|date=29 November 2010|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>\n</p><p>Further choral-orchestral works came in the shape of <i>Alleluia</i> for chorus and orchestra, composed for the reopening of the <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Festival_Hall\" title=\"Royal Festival Hall\">Royal Festival Hall</a> (\"The <a href=\"/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Choir\" title=\"London Philharmonic Choir\">London Philharmonic Choir</a>, with nowhere to hide in such a revealing acoustic, maintained pitch admirably and delivered a virtuoso cadenza of animated susurration\"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/music/review-23400226-the-five-star-festival-hall.do|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100130011431/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/music/review-23400226-the-five-star-festival-hall.do|url-status=dead|title=Barry Millington, \"The five-star Festival Hall\". ''Evening Standard'', 12 June 2007|archive-date=30 January 2010|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>), and the shorter <i>Harmony</i>, commissioned as the opening work for the 2013 season of the BBC Proms. In between these came <i>Fantasias</i>, a 25-minute orchestral work premiered by the Cleveland Orchestra in November 2009 displaying a new interest in multi-movement structures,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.clevelandorchestra.com/news-and-media/news-releases/2012.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722114140/http://www.clevelandorchestra.com/news-and-media/news-releases/2012.aspx?ID=381|url-status=dead|title=Website Error|website=Clevelandorchestra.com|archive-date=22 July 2012|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref> and <i>The Discovery of Heaven</i>, commissioned and premiered as part of Anderson's composer residency with the <a href=\"/wiki/London_Philharmonic_Orchestra\" title=\"London Philharmonic Orchestra\">London Philharmonic Orchestra</a>; the latter two works feature on a recent portrait disc of the composer by the same orchestra.\n</p><p>An earlier portrait disc, <i>Alhambra Fantasy</i>, featuring five of Anderson's orchestral and ensemble pieces conducted by <a href=\"/wiki/Oliver_Knussen\" title=\"Oliver Knussen\">Oliver Knussen</a>, won the 2007 <i><a href=\"/wiki/Gramophone_%28magazine%29\" title=\"Gramophone (magazine)\">Gramophone</a></i> Best of Category (Contemporary) <a href=\"/wiki/Gramophone_Award\" title=\"Gramophone Award\">Award</a>, from a shortlist which also included the NMC disc <i>Book of Hours</i>. (Both CDs were released in 2006, and were the first two commercially available discs entirely devoted to Anderson's work.)\n</p><p>In May 2014 Anderson's first opera, <i>Thebans</i>, received its world premiere at <a href=\"/wiki/English_National_Opera\" title=\"English National Opera\">English National Opera</a>, conducted by Edward Gardner. Playwright Frank McGuinness wrote the three-act libretto based on Sophocles' three Theban plays: <i>Oedipus the King</i>, <i>Oedipus at Colonus</i> and <i>Antigone</i>. Pierre Audi, Artistic Director of the De Nederlandse Opera, directed the co-production between English National Opera and Theater Bonn.\n</p><p>Anderson received two <a href=\"/wiki/Ivor_Novello_Awards\" title=\"Ivor Novello Awards\">Ivor Novello Award</a> nominations at The Ivors Classical Awards 2024. Mitternachtslied, for soprano and ensemble, received a nomination for Best Chamber Ensemble Composition and ECHOES, for solo baritone, chorus and orchestra, received a nomination for Best Orchestral Composition in association with Dorico.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Mark |date=2024-10-15 |title=Nominations for The Ivors Classical Awards 2024 announced |url=https://ivorsacademy.com/news/nominations-for-the-ivors-classical-awards-2024-announced/ |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=The Ivors Academy |language=en-GB}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Works</h2>\n<p><b>Dramatic</b>\n<ul><li> <i>Towards Poetry</i>, ballet (1999; extended version for dance of <i>Poetry Nearing Silence</i> (1997))\n</li><li> <i>The Comedy of Change</i>, ballet, chamber ensemble (2009), commissioned by <a href=\"/wiki/Rambert_Dance_Company\" title=\"Rambert Dance Company\">Ballet Rambert</a><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/33b2c856-8de2-11de-93df-00144feabdc0?ftcamp=rss|title=A new ballet score inspired by Charles Darwin|newspaper=Financial Times|date=21 August 2009|access-date=9 August 2020}}</ref>\n</li><li> <i>Thebans</i> (2010–14), for <a href=\"/wiki/English_National_Opera\" title=\"English National Opera\">English National Opera</a><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/apr/20/english-national-opera-julian-anderson|title=Julian Anderson among new work at the English National Opera|first=Charlotte|last=Higgins|date=20 April 2010|access-date=9 August 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/about_the_school/research/projects/the_creative_stage/ |title=Guildhall School of Music & Drama &#124; The Creative Stage |access-date=29 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125130640/http://www.gsmd.ac.uk/about_the_school/research/projects/the_creative_stage/ |archive-date=25 November 2013 }}</ref>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Orchestral</b>\n<ul><li> <i>Diptych</i> (1988–90)\n</li><li> <i>Tye's Cry</i>, string orchestra (1995)\n</li><li> <i>Past Hymns</i>, string orchestra (1996)\n</li><li> <i>The Crazed Moon</i> (1996–97)\n</li><li> <i>The Stations of the Sun</i> (1997–98)\n</li><li> <i>Alhambra Fantasy</i>, chamber orchestra (1998–2000)\n</li><li> <i>The Bird Sings with its Fingers</i>, four choreographic sketches for chamber orchestra (2000)\n</li><li> <i>Imagin’d Corners</i>, five horns and orchestra (2001–02)\n</li><li> Symphony No. 1 (2002–03)\n</li><li> <i>Eden</i> (2004–05)\n</li><li> <i>Fantasias</i> (2007–09)\n</li><li> <i>The Discovery of Heaven</i> (2011)\n</li><li><i>In lieblicher Bläue</i>, solo violin and orchestra (2014–15)\n</li><li><i>Incantesimi</i> (2015–16)\n</li><li> <i>The Imaginary Museum</i>, concerto for piano and orchestra (2016–17)\n</li><li> <i>Litanies</i>, solo cello and orchestra (2018–19)\n</li><li> Symphony No. 2 <i>Prague Panoramas</i> (2019–21)\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Chamber Music</b>\n<ul><li> String Quartet No. 1 <i>Light Music</i> (1984–85)\n</li><li> <i>Ring Dance</i>, two violins/cellos (1987)\n</li><li> <i>Scherzo (with Trains)</i>, four clarinets (1993)\n</li><li> <i>Khorovod</i>, chamber ensemble (1988–94, rev. 1995)\n</li><li> <i>Tiramisù</i>, chamber ensemble (1993–94, rev. 1995)\n</li><li> <i>The Bearded Lady</i>, oboe/clarinet and piano (1994)\n</li><li> <i>The Colour of Pomegranates</i>, alto flute and piano (1994)\n</li><li> <i>Bach Machine</i>, chamber ensemble (1997)\n</li><li> <i>Poetry Nearing Silence</i>, chamber ensemble (1996–97) (also as ballet <i>Towards Poetry</i>)\n</li><li> <i>Book of Hours</i>, ensemble and electronics (2002–04)\n</li><li> <i>Transferable Resistance</i>, brass ensemble (2010)\n</li><li> String Quartet No. 2 <i>300 Weihnachtslieder</i> (2014)\n</li><li><i>Van Gogh Blue</i>, chamber ensemble (2015)\n</li><li> String Quartet No. 3 <i>Hana no hanataba</i> (2017–18)\n</li><li> <i>Fanfare SC-GH</i>, two trumpets (2018)\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Instrumental</b>\n</p><p>Piano:\n<ul><li> Piano Études Nos. 1–4 (1995–99)\n</li><li> <i>Somewhere near Cluj</i>, solo piano (1998)\n</li><li> <i>Quasi una passacaglia</i>, solo piano (2002) \n</li><li> <i>Steps</i>, solo piano (2003)\n</li><li> <i>Old Bells</i>, solo piano (2004)\n</li><li> <i>Sensation</i>, solo piano (2015–16)\n</li><li> <i>Capriccio</i>, solo piano (2017)\nOther:\n</li><li> <i>Prayer</i>, solo viola (2009)\n</li><li> <i>Another Prayer</i>, solo violin (2012)\n</li><li> <i>Catalan Peasant with Guitar</i>, solo guitar (2015)\n</li><li> <i>Mime</i>, solo clarinet (2020)\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Vocal</b>\n<ul><li> <i>Seadrift</i>, soprano and chamber ensemble (1988–93)\n</li><li> <i>I'm nobody, who are you?</i>, tenor, violin and piano (1995)\n</li><li> <i>Shir Hashirim</i>, soprano and orchestra (2001)\n</li><li> <i>Lucretius</i>, soprano and percussion (2008)\n</li><li> <i>Tombeau</i>, soprano and piano trio (2017)\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Choral</b>\n<ul><li> <i>SING</i>, unaccompanied chorus (1981–82, rev. 2019)\n</li><li> <i>O Sing Unto the Lord</i>, SATB chorus (1999)\n</li><li> <i>Four American Choruses</i>, mixed voices (2002–2003)\n</li><li> <i>I Saw Eternity</i>, unaccompanied chorus (2003)\n</li><li> <i>My Beloved Spake</i>, SATB chorus and organ (2006)\n</li><li> <i>Heaven is Shy of Earth</i>, mezzo-soprano, chorus and orchestra (2005–06, rev. 2009–10) \n</li><li> <i>Alleluia</i>, choir and orchestra (2007)\n</li><li> <i>Bell Mass</i>, choir and organ (2010)\n</li><li> <i>Harmony</i>, choir and orchestra (2013)\n</li><li> <i>Magnificat</i>, unaccompanied chorus (2016)\n</li><li> <i>Nunc dimittis</i>, unaccompanied chorus (2016–17)\n</li><li> <i>Evening canticles</i>, choir and organ (2018)\n</li><li> <i>Exiles</i>, soprano, choir and orchestra (2021)\n</li></ul></p><p>Anderson's music is published by <a href=\"/wiki/Schott_Music\" title=\"Schott Music\">Schott Music</a>. Works written before 2014 are published by <a href=\"/wiki/Faber_Music\" title=\"Faber Music\">Faber Music</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.schott-music.com/shop/autoren/julian-anderson|title=Schott Music|website=En.schott-music.com|language=en|access-date=20 March 2017}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Awards</h2>\n<ul><li> 1993 Royal Philharmonic Society's Young Composer Prize\n</li><li> 2001 South Bank Show Award for the Best New Dance Work for <i>The Bird Sings with its Fingers</i>\n</li><li> 2004 British Composer Award for <i>Symphony</i>\n</li><li> 2006 <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society_Music_Awards\" title=\"Royal Philharmonic Society Music Awards\">Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award</a> for Large-Scale Composition for <i>Book of Hours</i><ref name=\"Royal Philharmonic Society2\">{{cite web | title=Large-Scale Composition: Winners to date | website=Royal Philharmonic Society | url=https://royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/awards/rps_music_awards/winners-to-date/large-scale-composition | access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>\n</li><li> 2007 Best of Category (Contemporary) Gramophone Award Winner for the recording <i>Alhambra Fantasy</i> (BBC Sinfonietta / Oliver Knussen)\n</li><li> 2011 British Composer Awards for <i>Fantasias</i> and <i>Bell Mass</i>\n</li><li> 2013 South Bank Show Award for <i>The Discovery of Heaven</i> and for education work with the London Philharmonic Orchestra<ref name=\"Faber Music 2013\">{{cite web | title=Anderson's 'Discovery of Heaven' wins South Bank Award | website=Faber Music | date=13 March 2013 | url=https://www.fabermusic.com/news/andersons-discovery-of-heaven-wins-south-bank-award-488 | access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>\n</li><li> 2015 <a href=\"/wiki/The_Ivors_Academy\" title=\"The Ivors Academy\">British Composer Awards</a> for <i>Thebans</i> and <i>String Quartet No. 2</i><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishcomposerawards.com/shortlist_archive.php|title=BRITISH COMPOSER AWARDS|website=Britishcomposerawards.com|access-date=20 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710195638/http://britishcomposerawards.com/shortlist_archive.php|archive-date=10 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</li><li> 2016 <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society_Music_Awards\" title=\"Royal Philharmonic Society Music Awards\">Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award</a> for Chamber-Scale Composition for <i>Van Gogh Blue</i><ref name=\"Royal Philharmonic Society\">{{cite web | title=Chamber-Scale Composition: Winners to date | website=Royal Philharmonic Society | url=https://royalphilharmonicsociety.org.uk/awards/rps_music_awards/winners-to-date/chamber-scale-composition | access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>\n</li><li> 2017 BBC Music Magazine Premiere Award for <i>In lieblicher Bläue</i> and <i>Alleluia</i> (LPO Label)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://awards.classical-music.com/ |title=Classical-Music.com &#124; the official website of BBC Music Magazine |website=awards.classical-music.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530202830/http://awards.classical-music.com/ |archive-date=30 May 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</li><li> 2023 <a href=\"/wiki/Grawemeyer_Award_for_Music_Composition\" title=\"Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition\">Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition</a> for <i>Litanies</i><ref name=\"The New York Times 2022\">{{cite web |first=Javier C. |last=Hernández | title=Music Inspired by Notre-Dame Fire Wins a Top Prize | website=[[The New York Times]] | date=5 December 2022 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/05/arts/music/grawemeyer-award-music-2023.html | access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref><ref name=\"Gramophone 2022\">{{cite web |first=Hattie |last=Butterworth | title=British composer Julian Anderson wins Grawemeyer Award 2023 | website=[[Gramophone (magazine)|Gramophone]] | date=9 December 2022 | url=https://www.gramophone.co.uk/classical-music-news/article/british-composer-julian-anderson-wins-grawemeyer-award-2023 | access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https://en.schott-music.com/shop/autoren/julian-anderson\">Profile on Schott Music website</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.fabermusic.com/Composers-Biography.aspx?ComposerId=13\">Profile on Faber Music website</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"https://www.gsmd.ac.uk/music/staff/teaching_staff/department/8-department-of-composition/440-julian-anderson/\">Faculty page at Guildhall School of Music and Drama</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180808203226/https://www.gsmd.ac.uk/music/staff/teaching_staff/department/8-department-of-composition/440-julian-anderson/ |date=8 August 2018 }}\n</li></ul><p>{{GrawemeyerAwardMusicComposition}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Anderson, Julian David}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_classical_composers\" title=\"English classical composers\">Category:English classical composers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_classical_composers\" title=\"20th-century classical composers\">Category:20th-century classical composers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_classical_composers\" title=\"21st-century classical composers\">Category:21st-century classical composers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1967_births\" title=\"1967 births\">Category:1967 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Westminster_School%2C_London\" title=\"People educated at Westminster School, London\">Category:People educated at Westminster School, London</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Pupils_of_Alexander_Goehr\" title=\"Pupils of Alexander Goehr\">Category:Pupils of Alexander Goehr</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Royal_College_of_Music\" title=\"Alumni of the Royal College of Music\">Category:Alumni of the Royal College of Music</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Gonville_and_Caius_College%2C_Cambridge\" title=\"Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge\">Category:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_Royal_College_of_Music\" title=\"Academics of the Royal College of Music\">Category:Academics of the Royal College of Music</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Harvard_University_faculty\" title=\"Harvard University faculty\">Category:Harvard University faculty</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_male_classical_composers\" title=\"English male classical composers\">Category:English male classical composers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_composers\" title=\"20th-century English composers\">Category:20th-century English composers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_British_composers\" title=\"21st-century British composers\">Category:21st-century British composers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_male_musicians\" title=\"20th-century British male musicians\">Category:20th-century British male musicians</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_musicians\" title=\"20th-century British musicians\">Category:20th-century British musicians</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_British_male_musicians\" title=\"21st-century British male musicians\">Category:21st-century British male musicians</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Commanders_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire\" title=\"Commanders of the Order of the British Empire\">Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 1862966 ], "name": [ "DJ Cane" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Dams", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Regional power administration of the U.S. Department of Energy}}\nThe <b>Southeastern Power Administration</b> is a <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">United States</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Power_Marketing_Administration\" title=\"Power Marketing Administration\">Power Marketing Administration</a> with responsibility for marketing <a href=\"/wiki/Hydroelectric_power\" title=\"Hydroelectric power\">hydroelectric power</a> from 22 water projects operated by the U.S. <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers\" title=\"United States Army Corps of Engineers\">Army Corps of Engineers</a> in the states of <a href=\"/wiki/West_Virginia\" title=\"West Virginia\">West Virginia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Virginia\" title=\"Virginia\">Virginia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/North_Carolina\" title=\"North Carolina\">North Carolina</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/South_Carolina\" title=\"South Carolina\">South Carolina</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Georgia_%28U.S._state%29\" title=\"Georgia (U.S. state)\">Georgia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Florida\" title=\"Florida\">Florida</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Alabama\" title=\"Alabama\">Alabama</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mississippi\" title=\"Mississippi\">Mississippi</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tennessee\" title=\"Tennessee\">Tennessee</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Kentucky\" title=\"Kentucky\">Kentucky</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Generation – Southeastern Power Administration |url=https://www.energy.gov/sepa/generation |access-date=2023-03-20 |website=Energy.gov |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>Southeastern was created in 1950 by the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior\" title=\"United States Secretary of the Interior\">Secretary of the Interior</a> to carry out functions assigned to the Secretary by the <a href=\"/wiki/Flood_Control_Act_of_1944\" title=\"Flood Control Act of 1944\">Flood Control Act of 1944</a>. In 1977, it was transferred to the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy\" title=\"United States Department of Energy\">United States Department of Energy</a> when that department was created.<ref name=\"aboutsepa\"><a href=\"http://www.sepa.doe.gov/Overview/?c=2\">About Us</a>, Southeastern Power Administration website, accessed January 23, 2009</ref>\n</p><p>The agency is headquartered in <a href=\"/wiki/Elberton%2C_Georgia\" title=\"Elberton, Georgia\">Elberton, Georgia</a>. It markets electric power to nearly 500 wholesale customers, including <a href=\"/wiki/Electrical_cooperative\" title=\"Electrical cooperative\">electrical cooperatives</a>, government-operated electric distributors and investor-owned utilities in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, and southern <a href=\"/wiki/Illinois\" title=\"Illinois\">Illinois</a>.<ref name=\"doe\"><a href=\"https://www.energy.gov/organization/powermarketingadmin.htm\">Power Marketing Administrations</a>, U.S. Department of Energy website, accessed January 23, 2009</ref><ref name=\"aboutsepa\" /><ref name=\"quick\"><a href=\"http://www.sepa.doe.gov/Files/QuickFacts.pdf\">Quick Facts</a>, Southeastern Power Administration website, accessed January 23, 2009</ref>\n</p><p>The objectives of Southeastern are to market electric power and energy generated by the Corps projects at the lowest possible cost to consumers, while recovering the Federal government's costs.<ref name=\"cfo\"><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.cfo.doe.gov/budget/04budget/content/pmas/sepa.pdf\">http://www.cfo.doe.gov/budget/04budget/content/pmas/sepa.pdf</a> {{Dead link|date=March 2022}}</ref><ref name=\"aboutsepa\" /> Public bodies and cooperatives receive preference in the sale of power.<ref name=\"aboutsepa\" /> One of the agency's main responsibilities is to design, formulate, and justify rate schedules that are sufficient to repay the Federal government's costs for power production and transmission, including amortization of the Federal investment.<ref><a href=\"http://www.sepa.doe.gov/Power/?c=10\">Rate Schedules</a>, Southeastern Power Administration website, accessed January 23, 2009</ref> Southeastern does not own transmission facilities and must contract with other utilities to provide <a href=\"/wiki/Electric_power_transmission\" title=\"Electric power transmission\">transmission</a>.\n</p><p>Southeastern's annual revenue from the sale of hydroelectric power is about US$200 million, as of 2009.<ref><a href=\"http://www.sepa.doe.gov/Download/index.cfm?c=26&amp;id=10\">Southeastern Power Administration Announces New Administrator</a>, Southeastern Power Administration website, accessed January 23, 2009</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Dams </h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Mobile%2C_Alabama\" title=\"Mobile, Alabama\">Mobile</a> District\n</p><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Lake_Allatoona\" title=\"Lake Allatoona\">Allatoona Dam</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Buford_Dam\" title=\"Buford Dam\">Buford Dam</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Carters_Dam\" title=\"Carters Dam\">Carters Dam</a>, West Point Dam, Walter F. George Dam, Robert F. Henry Dam, <a href=\"/wiki/Jim_Woodruff_Dam\" title=\"Jim Woodruff Dam\">Jim Woodruff Dam</a>, and Millers Ferry Dam\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee\" title=\"Nashville, Tennessee\">Nashville</a> District\n</p><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Barkley_Dam\" title=\"Barkley Dam\">Barkley Dam</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cheatham_Lock_and_Dam\" title=\"Cheatham Lock and Dam\">Cheatham</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Old_Hickory_Lock_and_Dam\" title=\"Old Hickory Lock and Dam\">Old Hickory Dam</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/J._Percy_Priest_Dam\" title=\"J. Percy Priest Dam\">J. Percy Priest Dam</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Center_Hill_Lake\" title=\"Center Hill Lake\">Center Hill Dam</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Dale_Hollow_Reservoir\" title=\"Dale Hollow Reservoir\">Dale Hollow Dam</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Wolf_Creek_Dam\" title=\"Wolf Creek Dam\">Wolf Creek Dam</a>, Laurel Dam\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Savannah%2C_Georgia\" title=\"Savannah, Georgia\">Savannah</a> District\n</p><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Hartwell_Dam\" title=\"Hartwell Dam\">Hartwell Dam</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_B._Russell_Dam\" title=\"Richard B. Russell Dam\">Richard B. Russell Dam</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/J._Strom_Thurmond_Dam\" title=\"J. Strom Thurmond Dam\">J. Strom Thurmond Dam</a>\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Wilmington%2C_North_Carolina\" title=\"Wilmington, North Carolina\">Wilmington</a> District\n</p><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/John_H._Kerr_Dam\" title=\"John H. Kerr Dam\">John H. Kerr Dam</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Philpott_Dam\" title=\"Philpott Dam\">Philpott Dam</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Power_Marketing_Administration\" title=\"Power Marketing Administration\">Power Marketing Administration</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> {{Official website|https://www.energy.gov/sepa/southeastern-power-administration}}\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/southeastern-power-administration\">Southeastern Power Administration</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Register\" title=\"Federal Register\">Federal Register</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo44792\">Serving the Southeast: A History of the Southeastern Power Administration 1990-2010</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{DOE agencies}}\n</p><p>{{authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Public_utilities_of_the_United_States\" title=\"Public utilities of the United States\">Category:Public utilities of the United States</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:United_States_Department_of_Energy\" title=\"United States Department of Energy\">Category:United States Department of Energy</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 38560994 ], "name": [ "Grettoonist" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Trade unionist", "Political career", "Miscellaneous", "Works", "Electoral history", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|Italian politician (born 1940)}}\n{{For|other people with the surname|Bertinotti (surname)}}\n{{BLP refimprove|date=January 2018}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}\n<ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>{{Infobox officeholder\n| honorific-prefix = \n| name = Fausto Bertinotti\n| image = Fausto Bertinotti daticamera.jpg\n| caption = \n| office = [[President of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]\n| term_start = {{start date|2006|4|29|df=y}}\n| term_end = {{end date|2008|4|28|df=y}}\n| predecessor = [[Pier Ferdinando Casini]]\n| successor = [[Gianfranco Fini]]\n| office2 = [[Member of the European Parliament]]\n| term_start2 = {{start date|1994|7|20|df=y}}\n| term_end2 = {{end date|2006|4|27|df=y}}\n| constituency2 = [[North-West Italy (European Parliament constituency)|North-West Italy]]\n| office3 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies (Italy)|Chamber of Deputies]]\n| term_start3 = {{start date|1994|4|15|df=y}}\n| term_end3 = {{end date|2008|4|28|df=y}}\n| constituency3 = [[Piedmont]]\n| office1 = [[List of secretaries of the Communist Refoundation Party|Secretary of the <br>Communist Refoundation Party]]\n| term_start1 = {{start date|1994|1|22|df=y}}\n| term_end1 = {{end date|2006|5|6|df=y}}\n| predecessor1 = [[Sergio Garavini]]\n| successor1 = [[Franco Giordano]]\n| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|3|22|df=y}}\n| birth_place = [[Milan]], Italy\n| nationality = Italian\n| alma_mater = \n| profession = {{ubl|[[Syndicalist]]|[[Politician]]}}\n| children = 1\n| spouse = {{marriage|Gabriella Fagno|1965}}\n| residence = \n| party = {{plainlist|\n* [[Italian Socialist Party|PSI]] (1960–1964)\n* [[Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity|PSIUP]] (1964–1972)\n* [[Italian Communist Party|PCI]] (1972–1991)\n* [[Democratic Party of the Left|PDS]] (1991–1993)\n* [[Communist Refoundation Party|PRC]] (1993–2008)\n* [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (since 2008)\n}}\n}}\n{{Communism in Italy|expanded=People}}\n</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></p><p><b>Fausto Bertinotti</b> (born 22 March 1940) is an Italian <a href=\"/wiki/Politician\" title=\"Politician\">politician</a> who led the <a href=\"/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party\" title=\"Communist Refoundation Party\">Communist Refoundation Party</a> (<i>Partito della Rifondazione Comunista</i>) from 1994 to 2006. On 29 April 2006, after the centre-left coalition's victory in the <a href=\"/wiki/2006_Italian_general_election\" title=\"2006 Italian general election\">Italian general election</a>, he was elected <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Italy%29\" title=\"List of presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a>, a position he held until 2008.\n</p>", "<h2>Trade unionist</h2>\n<p>Bertinotti was born to Enrico Bertinotti, a railroad engineer, and Rosa Bertinotti.\n</p><p>After completing his education in <a href=\"/wiki/Milan\" title=\"Milan\">Milan</a>, he joined the <a href=\"/wiki/CGIL\" title=\"CGIL\">CGIL</a> (General Confederation of Italian Labour) in 1964, becoming secretary of the local organisation of the Federazione Italiana degli Operai Tessili (Italian Textile Workers Federation). Three years later, he became president of the labour chamber of <a href=\"/wiki/Novara\" title=\"Novara\">Novara</a>. From 1975 to 1985 he was regional secretary of the CGIL in <a href=\"/wiki/Piedmont\" title=\"Piedmont\">Piedmont</a>. In 1972 he joined the <a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party\" title=\"Italian Communist Party\">Italian Communist Party</a> (PCI), and soon afterwards became the leader of the most left-wing tendency in the CGIL, called \"Essere Sindacato\" (to be a union), which harshly criticised the consensus politics of the majority.\n</p><p>In this role he took part in the great workers' struggles of the time, including that of the <a href=\"/wiki/Fiat\" title=\"Fiat\">Fiat</a> workers which ended with a 35-day occupation of the car manufacturer's factory. A committed and hardline trade unionist, Bertinotti affirmed the need for the working class to strike against the \"injustices of the boss class\", thereby attracting the anger of more moderate trade unionists. At that time he first disagreed with <a href=\"/wiki/Sergio_Cofferati\" title=\"Sergio Cofferati\">Sergio Cofferati</a>, beginning a polemic which has continued, albeit in different forms, until the present.\n</p><p>In 1994, the year in which he was elected to the secretariat of the Rifondazione Comunista and to the Italian and European parliaments, Bertinotti resigned all his trade union positions. He remains interested in <a href=\"/wiki/Economics\" title=\"Economics\">economics</a> and workers' rights, and has been offered the position of Minister for Labour on several occasions by leaders of the Italian centre-left, but he has always declined it.\n</p>", "<h2>Political career</h2>\n<p>Bertinotti did not readily find a political party during the <a href=\"/wiki/First_Italian_Republic\" title=\"First Italian Republic\">First Italian Republic</a> which conformed to his principles. He was a member of the <a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party\" title=\"Italian Socialist Party\">Italian Socialist Party</a> and then the <a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party_of_Proletarian_Unity\" title=\"Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity\">Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity</a> before joining the Italian Communist Party, in which he was a member of <a href=\"/wiki/Pietro_Ingrao\" title=\"Pietro Ingrao\">Pietro Ingrao</a>'s tendency.\n</p><p>Fausto Bertinotti was opposed to the dissolution of the PCI in 1991 and the creation by its reformist majority of the <a href=\"/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Left\" title=\"Democratic Party of the Left\">Democratic Party of the Left</a> (PDS). Nevertheless, he did not immediately join the radical minority in the <a href=\"/wiki/Partito_della_Rifondazione_Comunista\" title=\"Partito della Rifondazione Comunista\">Partito della Rifondazione Comunista</a> (PRC). He finally broke with PDS leader <a href=\"/wiki/Achille_Occhetto\" title=\"Achille Occhetto\">Achille Occhetto</a> in 1994 and became secretary of the PRC, replacing <a href=\"/wiki/Sergio_Garavini\" title=\"Sergio Garavini\">Sergio Garavini</a> who had led the party since its foundation.\n</p><p>Bertinotti's accession to the leadership was organised by <a href=\"/wiki/Armando_Cossutta\" title=\"Armando Cossutta\">Armando Cossutta</a>, who probably wished to increase his own prestige and power within the party. In time, however, Bertinotti succeeded in winning over the majority of the party base, aided in this by his charismatic oratory.\n</p><p>He was confirmed in the position of party secretary at the third, fourth, fifth and sixth congresses of Rifondazione. At the last, however, his final document received less support than usual, gaining only 52% of delegates' votes. This close result has led many political commentators to suggest that he may be replaced as secretary of Rifondazione Comunista by <a href=\"/wiki/Nichi_Vendola\" title=\"Nichi Vendola\">Nichi Vendola</a>.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Bertinotti_ivcon.jpg\" title=\"Bertinotti ivcon.jpg\">left|thumb|Bertinotti at the PRC Congress in 1999</a>\nAs an ally of the \"progressives\" alliance in the 1994 general election, he agreed the \"withdrawal\" pact with the <a href=\"/wiki/Ulivo\" title=\"Ulivo\">Ulivo</a> coalition: Rifondazione would refrain from running candidates in certain electoral districts and advise its voters to support the candidates of the centre-left. The centre-left would reciprocate in other constituencies.\n</p><p>Thanks to this tactic, the Ulivo coalition won the elections in 1996 and Prodi became prime minister. Bertinotti's relationship with the centre-left leader was not an easy one, and in 1998, when Prodi proposed a new budget, incorporating a vote of confidence in his government, Bertinotti and the Rifondazione voted against it, causing the fall of the government. Cossutta's faction refused to vote against the government and left the party. They subsequently established a new party, the <a href=\"/wiki/Party_of_Italian_Communists\" title=\"Party of Italian Communists\">Party of Italian Communists</a> (<i>Partito dei Comunisti Italiani</i>, PdCI).\n</p><p>The PRC, weakened by this split, had a poor result in the 1999 European elections, but Bertinotti was nevertheless elected to the <a href=\"/wiki/European_Parliament\" title=\"European Parliament\">European Parliament</a>.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Ciampi_Bertinotti_2006.jpg\" title=\"Ciampi Bertinotti 2006.jpg\">thumb|Bertinotti with President <a href=\"/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi\" title=\"Carlo Azeglio Ciampi\">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a> in May 2006</a>\nSince 2001, Bertinotti has led the party to take more radical, mass-movement positions close to those of the growing <a href=\"/wiki/Anti-globalisation\" title=\"Anti-globalisation\">alternative globalisation movement</a>, a stance which is opposed by the party's <a href=\"/wiki/Trotskyism\" title=\"Trotskyism\">Trotskyist</a> factions.\n</p><p>From 2002 on, there has been some reconciliation between Rifondazione and the centre-left. The two tendencies have concluded alliances for both local and European elections in 2004 (in which latter the PRC gained 6.1% of the vote), as well as the regional elections of 2005, in which the centre-left coalition, rechristened <i><a href=\"/wiki/L%27Unione\" title=\"L'Unione\">L'Unione</a></i> gained a clear victory. During the 6th national conference held in spring 2005, Bertinotti was the first promotor of a motion for the alliance with Romano Prodi. That decision broke with the traditional attitude of the <a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party%23Election_results\" title=\"Italian Communist Party#Election results\">Italian Communist party</a> to be an opposition movement.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=Francesca|last1= della Ratta-Rinaldi|first2= Fabio |last2=de Nardis|url=https://doaj.org/article/e452af94f1a0469683f91506fa559975|doi=10.4000/qds.979|title=La Rifondazione Comunista alla prova del VI Congresso: una strategia di analisi testuale e semantica|journal=Quaderni di Sociologia|date=1 August 2006|access-date=19 June 2021|language=Italian|issn=0033-4952|pages=195–210|volume=42|issue= 42|oclc=\t6911156683|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180601235410/https://journals.openedition.org/qds/979|archive-date=1 June 2018|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>\n</p><p>Bertinotti declared himself willing to see Prodi chosen without primary elections as the left's joint candidate for the post of prime minister, but when Prodi accepted that <a href=\"/wiki/The_Union_%28political_coalition%29%23Primary_elections\" title=\"The Union (political coalition)#Primary elections\">primary elections</a> would be necessary, he proposed himself as a candidate. The elections were held on 16 October 2005 and apart from Bertinotti and Prodi, <a href=\"/wiki/Antonio_Di_Pietro\" title=\"Antonio Di Pietro\">Antonio Di Pietro</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Alfonso_Pecoraro_Scanio\" title=\"Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio\">Alfonso Pecoraro Scanio</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Clemente_Mastella\" title=\"Clemente Mastella\">Clemente Mastella</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ivan_Scalfarotto\" title=\"Ivan Scalfarotto\">Ivan Scalfarotto</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Simona_Panzino\" title=\"Simona Panzino\">Simona Panzino</a> were the candidates. Prodi won with an absolute majority, but Bertinotti ranked second with 16% of preferences.\n</p><p>Bertinotti was elected member of the European Parliament in 2004 on the Rifondazione Comunista list, in which he was candidate in all five electoral districts, receiving some 380,000 votes in all Italy. He served as member of the <a href=\"/wiki/European_Left\" title=\"European Left\">European Left</a> group in the parliament, sitting on the <a href=\"/wiki/Committee_on_Economic_and_Monetary_Affairs\" title=\"Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs\">Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs</a>. He was a substitute for the <a href=\"/wiki/Committee_on_Legal_Affairs\" title=\"Committee on Legal Affairs\">Committee on Legal Affairs</a> and a member of the Delegation to the <a href=\"/wiki/European_Union\" title=\"European Union\">EU</a>-Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Joint Parliamentary Committee.\n</p><p>After the <a href=\"/wiki/2006_Italian_general_election\" title=\"2006 Italian general election\">general election</a> held on 9 and 10 April 2006, which saw a narrow victory of The Union, Fausto Bertinotti was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies, and thus left the party leadership, being replaced on 7 May by <a href=\"/wiki/Franco_Giordano\" title=\"Franco Giordano\">Franco Giordano</a>. After losing his deputy seat in the <a href=\"/wiki/2008_Italian_general_election\" title=\"2008 Italian general election\">2008 general election</a> he announced his intention of renouncing to any future leadership positions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/Politica/2008/elezioni08/disfatta_sinistra_arcobaleno_398c9304-0a28-11dd-bdc8-00144f486ba6.shtml|title=Sinistra sconfitta, Bertinotti lascia. Corriere della Sera|website=www.corriere.it|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref>\n</p><p>In December 2019 Bertinotti begun a collaboration with the Italian online journal <i><a href=\"/wiki/Il_Riformista\" title=\"Il Riformista\">Il Riformista</a></i>.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ilriformista.it/author/fausto-bertinotti/page/4/|title=Articles' archive|website=Il Riformista}}</ref> For the after the <a href=\"/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy\" title=\"COVID-19 pandemic in Italy\">COVID-19 pandemic in Italy</a>, Bertinotti suggested the Italian government to adopt a new <a href=\"/wiki/Keynesianism\" title=\"Keynesianism\">Keynesianism</a> against the <a href=\"/wiki/Economic_recession\" title=\"Economic recession\">economic recession</a> and a higher level of <a href=\"/wiki/Public_expenditure\" title=\"Public expenditure\">public expenditure</a> to reabsorb mass disoccupation after the private sectors' collective dismissals.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Angela|last1=Azzaro|url=https://www.ilriformista.it/intervista-a-fausto-bertinotti-governo-draghi-la-sinistra-dovrebbe-stare-allopposizione-193971/?refresh_ce|title=Intervista a Fausto Bertinotti: \"Governo Draghi? La sinistra dovrebbe stare all'opposizione\"|language=Italian|date=6 February 2021|trans-title=Interview to Fausto Bertinotti: \"Draghi government: the Italian left must stay at the opposition\"|access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Miscellaneous</h2>\n<p>Bertinotti is an icon known to the Italian public for his \"<a href=\"/wiki/Aristocracy_%28class%29\" title=\"Aristocracy (class)\">aristocratic</a>\" public image, mainly conveyed by his <a href=\"/wiki/French_R\" title=\"French R\">French R</a>, his good manners and his elegant sweaters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/elegant-leader-of-far-left-holds-key-to-prodi-s-future-1.42998|title=Elegant leader of far left holds key to Prodi's future|last=Agnew|first=Paddy|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> His fascination with expensive <a href=\"/wiki/Cashmere_wool\" title=\"Cashmere wool\">cashmere</a> is also part of his <a href=\"/wiki/Idiosyncrasy\" title=\"Idiosyncrasy\">idiosyncrasy</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.corriere.it/sette/politica/19_luglio_06/fausto-bertinotti-il-cachemire-era-usato-tre-wharol-sono-regali-901b711a-9d68-11e9-9326-3d0a58e59695.shtml|title=Fausto Bertinotti: \"Il cachemire? Era usato. I Warhol sono regali\"|last=Morvillo|first=Candida|date=7 June 2019|website=Corriere della Sera|language=it|access-date=21 August 2019}}</ref> This <a href=\"/wiki/Bourgeoisie\" title=\"Bourgeoisie\">bourgeois</a> look has often been seen as being in ironic contrast with his <a href=\"/wiki/Far_left\" title=\"Far left\">far left</a> politics.\n</p><p>On 4 June 2023, he took part as a speaker in a cultural meeting organised by the <a href=\"/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_Italy\" title=\"Grand Orient of Italy\">Grand Orient of Italy</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Villa_Bertelli\" title=\"Villa Bertelli\">Villa Bertelli</a> (in <a href=\"/wiki/Forte_dei_Marmi\" title=\"Forte dei Marmi\">Forte dei Marmi</a>).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grandeoriente.it/la-massoneria-a-parliamone-in-villa-la-rassegna-che-si-tiene-a-forte-dei-marmi/|title=La Massoneria a \"Parliamone in Villa\", the event held in Forte dei Marmi|date=30 May 2023|access-date= 31 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=\"Parliamone in Villa\" riparte il talk Undici appuntamenti alla Bertelli Dal 4 giugno un mese di personaggi|trans-title=\"Parliamone in Villa\" restarts the talk Eleven appointments at the Bertelli From 4 June a month of characters|url=https://www.lanazione.it/viareggio/cronaca/parliamone-in-villa-riparte-il-talk-undici-appuntamenti-alla-bertelli-dal-4-giugno-un-mese-di-personaggi-443c694a}}</ref> On this occasion he presented his book entitled <i>La dissoluzione della <a href=\"/wiki/Democracy\" title=\"Democracy\">democrazia</a></i>.<ref><a href=\"https://www.visitforte.com/it/event/fausto-bertinotti-ospite-di-parliamone-in-villa-2023/\">Fausto Bertinotti guest of Parliamone in Villa 2023</a></ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Works</h2>\n<p>Bertinotti has written a number of political, ideological and trade-union related works:\n<ul><li> <i>La Camera dei lavori.</i> Ediesse, Roma, 1987\n</li><li> <i>La democrazia autoritaria.</i> Datanews, Roma, 1991\n</li><li> <i>Tutti i colori del rosso</i> (edited by <a href=\"/wiki/Lorenzo_Scheggi_Merlini\" title=\"Lorenzo Scheggi Merlini\">Lorenzo Scheggi Merlini</a>). Sperling &amp; Kupfer, <a href=\"/wiki/Milan\" title=\"Milan\">Milan</a>, 1995\n</li><li> <i>Il nostro nuovo Comunismo (ripartendo da Marx)</i> (edited by <a href=\"/wiki/Carlo_Valentini\" title=\"Carlo Valentini\">Carlo</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Norberto_Valentini\" title=\"Norberto Valentini\">Norberto Valentini</a>). Carmenta, Milan, 1996\n</li><li> <i>Le due sinistre</i> (with <a href=\"/wiki/Alfonso_Gianni\" title=\"Alfonso Gianni\">Alfonso Gianni</a>). Sperling &amp; Kupfer, Milan, 1997\n</li><li> <i> Pensare il '68 per capire il presente. Con una riflessione sul movimento no global</i> (with Alfonso Gianni). Ponte alle Grazie, Milan, 1998\n</li><li> <i>Le idee che non muoiono</i> (with Alfonso Gianni). Ponte alle Grazie, Milan, 2000\n</li><li> <i>Per una pace infinita</i> (with Alfonso Gianni). Ponte alle Grazie, Milan, 2002\n</li><li> <i>Nonviolenza <a href=\"/wiki/Nonviolenza\" title=\"Nonviolenza\">:it:Nonviolenza</a>. Le ragioni del pacifismo</i>, (with <a href=\"/wiki/Lidia_Menapace\" title=\"Lidia Menapace\">Lidia Menapace</a> e <a href=\"/wiki/Marco_Revelli\" title=\"Marco Revelli\">Marco Revelli</a>). Fazi, Milan, 2004\n</li><li> <i>Il ragazzo con la maglietta a strisce</i> (with <a href=\"/wiki/Wilma_Labate\" title=\"Wilma Labate\">Wilma Labate</a>). <a href=\"/wiki/Aliberti\" title=\"Aliberti\">Aliberti</a>, Milan, 2005\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Electoral history</h2>\n<tableclass=\"wikitable\" style=\"width:65%; border:1px #AAAAFF solid\">\n<tr>\n<th width=\"12%\">Election\n</th>\n<th width=\"30%\">House\n</th>\n<th width=\"25%\">Constituency\n</th>\n<th width=\"5%\" colspan=\"2\">Party\n</th>\n<th width=\"12%\">Votes\n</th>\n<th width=\"15%\">Result\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/1994_Italian_general_election\" title=\"1994 Italian general election\">1994</a>\n</th>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Italy%29\" title=\"Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\">Chamber of Deputies</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Italian_constituencies_%281994-2006%29%23Piedmont_1\" title=\"List of Italian constituencies (1994-2006)#Piedmont 1\">Turin 4</a>\n</td>\n<td bgcolor=\"{{party color|Communist Refoundation Party}}\">\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party\" title=\"Communist Refoundation Party\">PRC</a>\n</td>\n<td> 32,737\n</td>\n<td> {{tick|15}} <b>Elected</b>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election\" title=\"1994 European Parliament election\">1994</a>\n</th>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/European_Parliament\" title=\"European Parliament\">European Parliament</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/North-West_Italy_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29\" title=\"North-West Italy (European Parliament constituency)\">North-West Italy</a>\n</td>\n<td bgcolor=\"{{party color|Communist Refoundation Party}}\">\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party\" title=\"Communist Refoundation Party\">PRC</a>\n</td>\n<td> 133,337\n</td>\n<td> {{tick|15}} <b>Elected</b>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/1996_Italian_general_election\" title=\"1996 Italian general election\">1996</a>\n</th>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Italy%29\" title=\"Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\">Chamber of Deputies</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Italian_constituencies_%281994-2006%29%23Piedmont_1\" title=\"List of Italian constituencies (1994-2006)#Piedmont 1\">Piedmont 1</a>\n</td>\n<td bgcolor=\"{{party color|Communist Refoundation Party}}\">\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party\" title=\"Communist Refoundation Party\">PRC</a>\n</td>\n<td> –{{efn|name=fn1|Elected in a [[closed list]] proportional representation system.}}\n</td>\n<td> {{tick|15}} <b>Elected</b>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/1999_European_Parliament_election\" title=\"1999 European Parliament election\">1999</a>\n</th>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/European_Parliament\" title=\"European Parliament\">European Parliament</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/North-West_Italy_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29\" title=\"North-West Italy (European Parliament constituency)\">North-West Italy</a>\n</td>\n<td bgcolor=\"{{party color|Communist Refoundation Party}}\">\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party\" title=\"Communist Refoundation Party\">PRC</a>\n</td>\n<td> 70,357\n</td>\n<td> {{tick|15}} <b>Elected</b>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/2001_Italian_general_election\" title=\"2001 Italian general election\">2001</a>\n</th>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Italy%29\" title=\"Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\">Chamber of Deputies</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Italian_constituencies_%281994-2006%29%23Piedmont_1\" title=\"List of Italian constituencies (1994-2006)#Piedmont 1\">Piedmont 1</a>\n</td>\n<td bgcolor=\"{{party color|Communist Refoundation Party}}\">\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party\" title=\"Communist Refoundation Party\">PRC</a>\n</td>\n<td> –{{efn|name=fn1|Elected in a [[closed list]] proportional representation system.}}\n</td>\n<td> {{tick|15}} <b>Elected</b>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election\" title=\"2004 European Parliament election\">2004</a>\n</th>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/European_Parliament\" title=\"European Parliament\">European Parliament</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/North-West_Italy_%28European_Parliament_constituency%29\" title=\"North-West Italy (European Parliament constituency)\">North-West Italy</a>\n</td>\n<td bgcolor=\"{{party color|Communist Refoundation Party}}\">\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party\" title=\"Communist Refoundation Party\">PRC</a>\n</td>\n<td> 80,418\n</td>\n<td> {{tick|15}} <b>Elected</b>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/2006_Italian_general_election\" title=\"2006 Italian general election\">2006</a>\n</th>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Italy%29\" title=\"Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\">Chamber of Deputies</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Italian_constituencies\" title=\"List of Italian constituencies\">Piedmont 1</a>\n</td>\n<td bgcolor=\"{{party color|Communist Refoundation Party}}\">\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Communist_Refoundation_Party\" title=\"Communist Refoundation Party\">PRC</a>\n</td>\n<td> –{{efn|name=fn1|Elected in a [[closed list]] proportional representation system.}}\n</td>\n<td> {{tick|15}} <b>Elected</b>\n</td></tr></table>\n<p>{{noteslist}}\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/2004_European_Parliament_election_in_Italy\" title=\"2004 European Parliament election in Italy\">2004 European Parliament election in Italy</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<p>{{commons cat|Fausto Bertinotti}}\n<ul><li> {{MEP}}\n</li><li> {{Declaration of financial interests of the 6th term|2023_02-07-2004.PDF|it}}\n</li></ul></p><p>{{s-start}}\n{{s-ppo}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Sergio Garavini]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[Communist Refoundation Party|Secretary of the Communist Refoundation Party]]|years=1994–2006}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Franco Giordano]]}}\n{{s-off}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Pier Ferdinando Casini]]}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[Italian Chamber of Deputies|President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies]]|years=2006–2008}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Gianfranco Fini]]}}\n{{end box}}\n</p><p>{{President of Italian Chamber of Deputies}}\n{{Communist Refoundation Party}}\n{{Communist Refoundation Party Elected Representatives}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Bertinotti, Fausto}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1940_births\" title=\"1940 births\">Category:1940 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Politicians_from_Milan\" title=\"Politicians from Milan\">Category:Politicians from Milan</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Italian_Communist_Party_politicians\" title=\"Italian Communist Party politicians\">Category:Italian Communist Party politicians</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Communist_Refoundation_Party_politicians\" title=\"Communist Refoundation Party politicians\">Category:Communist Refoundation Party politicians</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_%28Italy%29\" title=\"Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)\">Category:Presidents of the Chamber of Deputies (Italy)</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_Legislature_XII_of_Italy\" title=\"Deputies of Legislature XII of Italy\">Category:Deputies of Legislature XII of Italy</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_Legislature_XIII_of_Italy\" title=\"Deputies of Legislature XIII of Italy\">Category:Deputies of Legislature XIII of Italy</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_Legislature_XIV_of_Italy\" title=\"Deputies of Legislature XIV of Italy\">Category:Deputies of Legislature XIV of Italy</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Deputies_of_Legislature_XV_of_Italy\" title=\"Deputies of Legislature XV of Italy\">Category:Deputies of Legislature XV of Italy</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Communist_Refoundation_Party_MEPs\" title=\"Communist Refoundation Party MEPs\">Category:Communist Refoundation Party MEPs</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:MEPs_for_Italy_1999%E2%80%932004\" title=\"MEPs for Italy 1999–2004\">Category:MEPs for Italy 1999–2004</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:MEPs_for_Italy_2004%E2%80%932009\" title=\"MEPs for Italy 2004–2009\">Category:MEPs for Italy 2004–2009</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 18872885 ], "name": [ "WikiCleanerBot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Etymology", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|Cushitic ethnic group native to the Horn of Africa}}\n{{About|the Somali ethnic group|the general population of the Federal Republic of Somalia|Demographics of Somalia|other uses|Somali (disambiguation)}}\n{{pp|small=yes}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}\n{{Infobox ethnic group\n| group = Somali people\n| flag = \n| flag_caption = \n| population = 26.5 million<ref name=\"WorldData.info\">{{Cite web|url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/somali.php | title=Somali, worldwide distribution | access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref>\n[[File:Somali people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]]\n| popplace = [[Horn of Africa]]<!-- regional parameter -->\n<!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES]] -->| image = Greater Somalia (orthographic projection).svg\n| caption = <small>Traditional area inhabited by the Somali ethnic group</small>\n| region1 = {{flag|Somalia}}{{efn|including Somaliland}}\n| pop1 = 18,143,378 (2023)\n| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO |title=World Bank Open Data |access-date=4 April 2024 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130043543/https://data.worldbank.org/country/SO |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3QwAQAAIAAJ|title=Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar, and Saho|date=1998|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=978-1-56902-104-0|language=en}}</ref>\n| region2 = {{flag|Ethiopia}}\n| pop2 = 4,581,793 (2007)\n| ref2 = <ref name=\"CSA\">{{cite web|title=Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007|page=16|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|work=Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results|publisher=Population Census Commission|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref>\n| region3 = {{flag|Kenya}}\n| pop3 = 2,780,502 (2019)\n| ref3 = <ref name =Census2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-iv-distribution-of-population-by-socio-economic-characteristics&wpdmdl=5730&ind=7HRl6KateNzKXCJaxxaHSh1qe6C1M6VHznmVmKGBKgO5qIMXjby1XHM2u_swXdiR|title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics|date=December 2019|access-date=24 March 2020|publisher=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics|page=423|df=dmy}}</ref>\n| region4 = {{flag|Djibouti}}\n| pop4 = 560,000 (2024)\n| ref4 = <ref name=JoshDJ>[https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14983/DJ] – Joshuaproject.net</ref>\n| region5 = {{flag|Yemen}}\n| pop5 = 500,000 (2014)\n| ref5 = <ref name=Gramer>{{cite news|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2017/03/17/apache-helicopter-guns-down-boat-full-of-somali-refugees-fleeing-yemen/|title=Apache Helicopter Guns Down Boat Full of Somali Refugees Fleeing Yemen|first=Robbie|last=Gramer|work=Foreign Policy|date=17 March 2017|access-date=24 April 2020}}</ref>\n| region7 = {{flag|United States}}\n| pop7 = 169,799 (2023)\n| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B04006&t=Ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B04006&hidePreview=false|title=American Community Survey – 1-Year Estimates – Table B04006|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=data.census.gov}}</ref>\n| region8 = {{flag|Libya}}\n| pop8 = 112,000 (2020)\n| ref8 = <ref name=\"auto\">{{Cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|date=February 10, 2014|website=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=April 16, 2024|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153852/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination/|url-status=live}}</ref>\n| region6 = {{flag|United Kingdom}}\n| pop6 = 176,645 (2021)\n| ref6 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/somalipopulationsenglandandwales/census2021#:~:text=In%20Census%202021%2C%20176%2C645%20usual,0.3%25%20of%20the%20population|title=Somali Population of England and Wales 2021|first=2021 Census|last=2021 Statistics for Ethnicity in England and Wales| access-date=14 June 2024}}</ref>\n| region9 = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}\n| pop9 = 101,000\n| ref9 = <ref name=\"UAEData\">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/AE|title=Ethnologue United Arab Emirates|work=Ethnologue|access-date=21 February 2018}}</ref>\n| region10 = {{flag|Sweden}}\n| pop10 = 68,290\n| ref10 = <ref name=\"SCB\">{{cite web|title=Statistics Sweden – Foreign-born and born in Sweden|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/?rxid=1bcec35a-5bd2-4a4a-9609-668463972a1c}}</ref>\n| region12 = {{flag|Canada}}\n| pop12 = 65,550\n| ref12 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810035501&geocode=A000011124 | title=Census Profile, 2021 Census – Ethnic or Cultural Background – Canada &#91; Country&#93; | date=8 July 2024}}</ref>\n| region11 = {{flag|Tanzania}}\n| pop11 = 66,000\n| ref11 = <ref name=\"PPTZ\">{{cite web|url=http://www.peoplegroups.org/Explore/groupdetails.aspx?peid=15040|title=PeopleGroups.org – Somali of Tanzania|last=PeopleGroups.org|website=peoplegroups.org|access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref>\n| region16 = {{flag|Norway}}\n| pop16 = 43,196\n| ref16 = <ref name=\"NorwayCensus\">{{cite web|url=http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/innvbef|title=Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents}}</ref>\n| region14 = {{flag|Uganda}}\n| pop14 = 51,536\n| ref14 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1241293/refugees-in-uganda-by-origin/|title=Refugees in Uganda by country of origin 2024|publisher=Statista|access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>\n| region18 = {{flag|South Africa}}\n| pop18 = 27,000–40,000\n| ref18 = <ref name=\"Mhiahlusiilrj\">{{cite web|last=Jinnah|first=Zaheera|title=Making Home in a Hostile Land: Understanding Somali Identity, Integration, Livelihood and Risks in Johannesburg|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSSA/JSSA-01-0-000-10-Web/JSSA-01-0-000-10-PDF/JSSA-01-1-2-091-10-012-Jinnah-Z/JSSA-01-1-2-091-10-012-Jinnah-Z-Tt.pdf|work=J Sociology Soc Anth, 1 (1–2): 91–99 (2010)|publisher=KRE Publishers|access-date=6 March 2014}}</ref>\n| region17 = {{flag|Netherlands}}\n| pop17 = 41,064\n| ref17 = <ref name=NetherlandsCensus>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLEN&PA=37325eng&D1=a&D2=a&D3=0&D4=0&D5=187&D6=a&LA=EN&HDR=T&STB=G2,G1,G3,G5,G4&VW=T|title=Population; sex, age, origin and generation, 1 January|work=CBS StatLine|publisher=Statistics Netherlands}}</ref>\n| region13 = {{flag|Germany}}\n| pop13 = 60,295\n| ref13 = <ref name=GermanyCensus>{{cite web|url=https://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/1221/umfrage/anzahl-der-auslaender-in-deutschland-nach-herkunftsland/|title=Anzahl der Ausländer in Deutschland nach Herkunftsland |publisher=Statista}}</ref>\n| region15 = {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}\n| pop15 = 45,710\n| ref15 = <ref name=\"GLMM\">{{Cite web|url=https://gulfmigration.grc.net/saudi-arabia-sub-saharan-african-population-by-country-of-citizenship-and-sex-census-2022/|title=Sub-Saharan-African Population by Country of Citizenship in Saudi Arabia 2022 Census|date=13 June 2024 |publisher=Gulf Labour Markets and Migration|access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>\n| region19 = {{flag|Finland}}\n| pop19 = 24,647\n| ref19 = <ref name=\"FinCensus\">{{cite web|url=https://statfin.stat.fi/PxWeb/pxweb/en/StatFin/StatFin__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_11rm.px/|title=Statistics Finland|publisher=stat.fi}}</ref>\n| region20 = {{flag|Egypt}}\n| pop20 = 21,000\n| ref20 = <ref name=\"auto\">{{Cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|date=February 10, 2014|website=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=April 16, 2024|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153852/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination/|url-status=live}}</ref>–200,000<ref name=\"IOM\">{{Cite web|url=https://egypt.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1021/files/documents/migration-stock-in-egypt-june-2022_v4_eng.pdf| title=Migration Stock in Egypt 2022| publisher=International Organization for Migration (IOM)|last=The UN Migration agency|access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref>\n| region22 = {{flag|Denmark}}\n| pop22 = 11,041\n| ref22 = <ref name=DenmarkCensus>{{cite web|url=http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1280|title=StatBank Denmark|work=statbank.dk}}</ref>\n| region21 = {{flag|Australia}}\n| pop21 = 18,401\n| ref21 = <ref name=\"AustraliaCensus\">{{cite web|title=Table 5. Ancestry by State and Territory of Usual Residence, Count of persons – 2016(a)(b)|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/subscriber.nsf/log?openagent&207103%20-%20Cultural%20Diversity.xls&2071.0&Data%20Cubes&21F50C2D0457EF67CA2581620019845C&0&2016&20.07.2017&Latest|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|date=20 July 2017|access-date=4 August 2017}}</ref>\n| region23 = {{flag|Italy}}\n| pop23 = 9,349\n| ref23 = <ref name=\"ItalyCensus\">{{cite web|title=Statistiche demografiche ISTAT\n|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri-2023/|publisher=Tuttitalia Cittadini stranieri al 2022|access-date=2 July 2024}}</ref>\n| region27 = {{flag|Austria}}\n| pop27 = 7,101\n| ref27 = <ref name=\"AustriaCensus\">{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/wcm/idc/idcplg?IdcService=GET_PDF_FILE&RevisionSelectionMethod=LatestReleased&dDocName=071715|title=Bevölkerung zu Jahresbeginn 2002–2021 nach detaillierter Staatsangehörigke|publisher=Statistik Austria|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>\n| region25 = {{flag|Switzerland}}\n| pop25 = 8,625\n| ref25 = <ref name=\"SwissCensus\">{{cite web|url=https://www.scb.se/en/finding-statistics/statistics-by-subject-area/population/population-composition/population-statistics/#_Tablesandgraphs|title=Federal Statistical Office|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417072647/https://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/en/home/statistics/population/migration-intergration.assetdetail.325742.html|archive-date=17 April 2017}}</ref>\n| region26 = {{flag|France}}\n| pop26 = 8,000\n| ref26 = <ref name=\"auto\">{{Cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|date=February 10, 2014|website=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=April 16, 2024|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153852/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination/|url-status=live}}</ref>\n| region28 = {{flag|Turkey}}\n| pop28 = 5,518\n| ref28 = <ref name=\"TRDat\">{{cite web|url=https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/66212|title=Turkey Fact Sheet|last=UNHCR|date=1 August 2018|website=unhcr.org}}</ref>\n{{collapsed infobox section begin|Other countries}}\n| region29 = {{flag|Zambia}}\n| pop29 = 3,000–4,000\n| ref29 = {{lower|<ref name=\"ZBIData\">{{cite web|url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2013/Dec/52663/somalis_in_zambia_seek_better_leadership.aspx|title=Somalis in Zambia seek better leadership|website=www.hiiraan.com|language=en-US|access-date=18 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2018/01/10/somali-community-zambia-donate-35-trucks-garbage-collection/|title=Zambia : Somali Community in Zambia donate 35 trucks for garbage collection|date=10 January 2018|work=LusakaTimes.com|access-date=18 October 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>}}\n| region30 = {{flag|Malaysia}}\n| pop30 = 3,000\n| ref30 = <ref name=\"auto\">{{Cite web|url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination|title=Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination|date=February 10, 2014|website=migrationpolicy.org|access-date=April 16, 2024|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153852/https://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/charts/immigrant-and-emigrant-populations-country-origin-and-destination/|url-status=live}}</ref>\n| region31 = {{flag|Belgium}}\n| pop31 = 2,627\n| ref31 = {{lower|<ref name=\"Jan Hertogen\">{{cite news|first=J|last=Hertogen|title=Inwoners van vreemde afkomst in België|url=http://www.npdata.be/BuG/155-Vreemde-afkomst/Vreemde-afkomst.htm}}</ref>}}\n| region32 = {{flag|Eritrea}}\n| pop32 = 2,604\n| ref32 = {{lower|<ref name=\"ERDat\">{{cite news|url=http://www.unhcr.org/protection/operations/524d829b9/eritrea-fact-sheet.html|title=Eritrea Fact Sheet|last=UNHCR|date=1 August 2018|newspaper=Unhcr}}</ref>}}\n| region33 = {{flag|Pakistan}}\n| pop33 = 2,500\n| ref33 = {{lower|<ref name=\"Fakhr\">{{cite news|last=Fakhr|first=Alhan|title=Insecure once again|url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2012-weekly/nos-15-07-2012/dia.htm#6|access-date=10 November 2013|newspaper=Daily Jang|date=15 July 2012}}</ref>}}\n| region34 = {{flag|Ireland}}\n| pop34 = 2,150\n| ref34 = <ref name=\"Ireland Census\">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cso.ie/en/releasesandpublications/ep/p-cpsr/censusofpopulation2022-summaryresults/migrationanddiversity/|title=Population Census of Ireland 2022 Results-Migration and Diversity|date=30 May 2023 |publisher=Ireland Census Bureau of Statistics|access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>\n| region35 = {{flag|New Zealand}}\n| pop35 = 1,617\n| ref35 = <ref name=\"NewZealandCensus\">{{cite web|url=http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/profile-and-summary-reports/ethnic-profiles.aspx?request_value=24790&parent_id=24761&tabname=#24790|title=Ethnic group profiles|work=stats.govt.nz}}</ref>\n| region36 = {{flag|Indonesia}}\n| pop36 = 1,170\n| ref36 = <ref name=\"UNHCR\">{{Cite web|url=https://www.unhcr.org/id/en/figures-at-a-glance#:~:text=As%20of%20end%202023%2C%20there,registered%20with%20UNHCR%20in%20Indonesia.&text=at%20a%20Glance-,As%20of%20end%202023%2C%20there%20are%20so|title=Refugees and Asylum-seekers in Indonesia by country of Origin 2023|publisher=UNHCR Indonesia|access-date=18 August 2024}}</ref>\n{{collapsed infobox section end}}\n| langs = [[Somali language|Somali]]<!-- Do not add Arabic, it is NOT spoken natively by Somalis -->\n| rels = [[Islam]] ^(Sunni)\n| related = [[Afar people|Afar]] • [[Saho people|Saho]] • [[Oromo people|Oromo]] • [[Rendille people|Rendille]] • [[Cushitic peoples|Cushites]]<ref name=\"Joireman\">{{cite book|last=Joireman|first=Sandra F.|title=Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development|year=1997|publisher=Universal-Publishers|page=1|isbn=978-1581120004}}</ref>\n| native_name = Soomaalida<br/>𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖<br/> صومالِدَ\n| native_name_lang = so\n| rawimage = \n}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:A_Somali_man.jpeg\" title=\"A Somali man.jpeg\">thumb|A Somali man in a traditional <a href=\"/wiki/Taqiyah_%28cap%29\" title=\"Taqiyah (cap)\">Koofiyad</a>|231x231px</a>\nThe <b>Somali people</b> ({{lang-so|Soomaalida}}, <a href=\"/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet\" title=\"Osmanya alphabet\">Osmanya</a>: {{lang|so|𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘𐒆𐒖}}, <a href=\"/wiki/Wadaad%27s_writing\" title=\"Wadaad's writing\">Wadaad</a>: {{Script/Arabic| صومالِدَ}}) are a <a href=\"/wiki/Cushitic_peoples\" title=\"Cushitic peoples\">Cushitic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Ethnic_group\" title=\"Ethnic group\">ethnic group</a> native to the <a href=\"/wiki/Horn_of_Africa\" title=\"Horn of Africa\">Horn of Africa</a><ref>{{Cite book |date=2010-04-06 |title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-087775-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC |access-date=2023-10-25|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=\"2009factbook\">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|title=Somalia|access-date=31 May 2009|date=14 May 2009|work=[[World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> who share a common ancestry, culture and history. The <a href=\"/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages\" title=\"Lowland East Cushitic languages\">East Cushitic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_language\" title=\"Somali language\">Somali language</a> is the shared mother tongue of ethnic Somalis, which is part of the <a href=\"/wiki/Cushitic_languages\" title=\"Cushitic languages\">Cushitic</a> branch of the <a href=\"/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages\" title=\"Afroasiatic languages\">Afroasiatic</a> language family, and they are predominantly <a href=\"/wiki/Sunni_Islam\" title=\"Sunni Islam\">Sunni Muslim</a>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Somali-people |title=Somali-people | website= Britannica|date=23 September 2023 }}</ref><ref name=\"Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi\">Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, <i>Culture and Customs of Somalia</i>, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.1</ref> Forming one of the largest ethnic groups on the continent, they cover one of the most expansive landmasses by a single ethnic group in <a href=\"/wiki/Africa\" title=\"Africa\">Africa</a>.<ref>The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy by A.M. Issa-Salwe (Page 1)</ref>\n</p><p>According to most scholars, the ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Land_of_Punt\" title=\"Land of Punt\">Land of Punt</a> and its native inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. This ancient historical kingdom is where a great portion of their cultural traditions and ancestry are said to derive from.<ref name=\"ReferenceA\">Egypt: 3000 Years of Civilization Brought to Life By Christine El Mahdy</ref><ref name=\"ReferenceB\">Ancient perspectives on Egypt By Roger Matthews, Cornelia Roemer, University College, London.</ref><ref name=\"ReferenceC\">Africa's legacies of urbanization: unfolding saga of a continent By Stefan Goodwin</ref><ref name=\"ReferenceD\">Civilizations: Culture, Ambition, and the Transformation of Nature By Felipe Armesto Fernandez</ref> Somalis share many historical and cultural traits with other <a href=\"/wiki/Cushitic_peoples\" title=\"Cushitic peoples\">Cushitic peoples</a>, especially with <a href=\"/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic\" title=\"Lowland East Cushitic\">Lowland East Cushitic</a> people, specifically the <a href=\"/wiki/Afar_people\" title=\"Afar people\">Afar</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Saho_people\" title=\"Saho people\">Saho</a>.<ref>Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho by I. M. Lewis</ref>\n</p><p>Ethnic Somalis are principally concentrated in <a href=\"/wiki/Somalia\" title=\"Somalia\">Somalia</a> (around 17.6 million),<ref name=\"UNFPA Somali Population Survey 2014\">{{cite web |date=2022 |title=Population, total - Somalia |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=SO |access-date= |publisher=World Bank |page=}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Somaliland\" title=\"Somaliland\">Somaliland</a> (5.7 million),<ref name=\"somalilandchronicle1\">{{cite web|date=March 2021|title=Republic of Somaliland – Country Profile 2021|url=https://somalilandchronicle.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Country-GUIDE-March-2021.pdf}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Ethiopia\" title=\"Ethiopia\">Ethiopia</a> (4.6 million),<ref name=\"CSA\">{{cite web|title=Table 2.2 Percentage distribution of major ethnic groups: 2007|page=16|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|work=Summary and Statistical Report of the 2007 Population and Housing Census Results|publisher=Population Census Commission|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325050115/http://www.csa.gov.et/pdf/Cen2007_firstdraft.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2009}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Kenya\" title=\"Kenya\">Kenya</a> (2.8 million),<ref name=\"Census2019\" /> and <a href=\"/wiki/Djibouti\" title=\"Djibouti\">Djibouti</a> (534,000).<ref name=\"Ethnologue\"><a href=\"http://www.ethnologue.com/country/DJ/status\">http://www.ethnologue.com/country/DJ/status</a> – Ethnologue.com</ref> \n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Somali_diaspora\" title=\"Somali diaspora\">Somali diasporas</a> are also found in parts of the <a href=\"/wiki/Middle_East\" title=\"Middle East\">Middle East</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/North_America\" title=\"North America\">North America</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Europe\" title=\"Western Europe\">Western Europe</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/African_Great_Lakes\" title=\"African Great Lakes\">African Great Lakes</a> region, <a href=\"/wiki/Southern_Africa\" title=\"Southern Africa\">Southern Africa</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Oceania\" title=\"Oceania\">Oceania</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Etymology</h2>\n<p>{{main|proto-Somali}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Samaale\" title=\"Samaale\">Samaale</a>, the oldest common ancestor of several <a href=\"/wiki/%23clan\" title=\"#clan\">Somali clans</a>, is generally regarded as the source of the <a href=\"/wiki/Ethnonym\" title=\"Ethnonym\">ethnonym</a> <i>Somali</i>. One other theory is that the name is held to be derived from the words <i>soo</i> and <i>maal</i>, which together mean \"go and milk\". This interpretation differs depending on region with northern Somalis imply it refers to go and milk in regards to the camel's milk,<ref name=\":0\">Who Cares about Somalia: Hassan's Ordeal; Reflections on a Nation's Future, By Hassan Ali Jama, page 92</ref> southern Somalis use the transliteration \"<i>sa''' </i>maal<i>\" which refers to cow's milk.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC&q=northern+southern+soo+maal+invention&pg=PA85|title=The Invention of Somalia|date=1995|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=978-0-932415-99-8|language=en}}</ref> This is a reference to the ubiquitous <a href=\"/wiki/Pastoralism\" title=\"Pastoralism\">pastoralism</a> of the Somali people.<ref>I. M. Lewis, <i>A pastoral democracy: a study of pastoralism and politics among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa</i>, (Oxford University Press : 1963), p.12.</ref> Another plausible <a href=\"/wiki/Etymology\" title=\"Etymology\">etymology</a> proposes that the term </i>Somali<i> is derived from the <a href=\"/wiki/Arabic_language\" title=\"Arabic language\">Arabic</a> word for \"wealthy\" (</i>zāwamāl<i>), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.<ref name=\"Lewis\">{{cite book|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|author2=Said Samatar|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|publisher=LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster|year=1999|pages=11–13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C| isbn = 978-3-8258-3084-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Suleiman|first=Anita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kREOAQAAMAAJ&q=Somali+studies+zu+maal|title=Somali studies: early history|date=1991|publisher=HAAN Associates|isbn=9781874209157|language=en}}</ref>\n</i></p>Alternatively, the ethnonym <p>Somali<i> is believed to have been derived from the Automoli (Asmach), a group of warriors from <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Egypt\" title=\"Ancient Egypt\">ancient Egypt</a> described by <a href=\"/wiki/Herodotus\" title=\"Herodotus\">Herodotus</a>. </i>Asmach<i> is thought to have been their Egyptian name, with </i>Automoli<i> being a Greek derivative of the Hebrew word </i>S’mali<i> (meaning \"on the left hand side\").<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society, Issues 24–30|date=1926|publisher=The Society|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vwccAAAAMAAJ|access-date=17 April 2018}}</ref>\n</i></p>A <a href=\"/wiki/Tang_dynasty\" title=\"Tang dynasty\">Tang Chinese</a> document from the 9th century CE referred to the northern Somalia coast — which was then part of a broader region in <a href=\"/wiki/Northeast_Africa\" title=\"Northeast Africa\">Northeast Africa</a> known as <a href=\"/wiki/Barbara_%28region%29\" title=\"Barbara (region)\">Barbaria</a>, in reference to the area's <a href=\"/wiki/Barbara_%28region%29\" title=\"Barbara (region)\">Barbars</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Cushitic-speaking_peoples\" title=\"Cushitic-speaking peoples\">Cushitic</a>) inhabitants<ref name=\"Laitin\">David D. Laitin, Said S. Samatar, <i>Somalia: Nation in Search of a State</i>, (Westview Press: 1987), p. 5.</ref> — as <p>Po-pa-li<i>.<ref>Lee V. Cassanelli, <i>The shaping of Somali society: reconstructing the history of a pastoral people, 1600–1900</i>, (University of Pennsylvania Press: 1982), p.9.</ref><ref name=\"Singh\">Nagendra Kr Singh, <i>International encyclopaedia of Islamic dynasties</i>, (Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., 2002), p. 524.</ref>\n</i></p>The first clear written reference of the sobriquet <p>Somali<i> dates back to the early 15th century CE during the reign of Ethiopian Emperor <a href=\"/wiki/Yeshaq_I\" title=\"Yeshaq I\">Yeshaq I</a> who had one of his court officials compose a <a href=\"/wiki/Hymn\" title=\"Hymn\">hymn</a> celebrating a military victory over the <a href=\"/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat\" title=\"Sultanate of Ifat\">Sultanate of Ifat</a>.<ref>I.M. Lewis, <i>A modern history of the Somali: nation and state in the Horn of Africa</i>, 4, illustrated edition, (James Currey: 2002), p.25.</ref> </i>Simur<i> was also an ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Harari_people\" title=\"Harari people\">Harari</a> alias for the Somali people.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fage|first1=J.D|title=The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3|date=1975|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=154|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&q=simur+harari&pg=PA154|access-date=10 March 2017|isbn=9780521209816}}</ref> \n</i></p>Somalis overwhelmingly prefer the demonym <p>Somali<i> over the incorrect </i>Somalian<i> since the former is an endonym, while the latter is an exonym with double suffixes.<ref>Michel, A. D. A. M. \"Panorama of Socio-Religious Communities1.\" Indian Africa: Minorities of Indian-Pakistani Origin in Eastern Africa (2015): 69.</ref> The <a href=\"/wiki/Hypernym\" title=\"Hypernym\">hypernym</a> of the term </i>Somali<i> from a geopolitical sense is </i><a href=\"/wiki/Horner_%28demography%29\" title=\"Horner (demography)\">Horner</a><i> and from an ethnic sense, it is </i><a href=\"/wiki/Cushitic_peoples\" title=\"Cushitic peoples\">Cushite</a><i>.<ref>Woldu, Demelash. Exploring language uses and policy processes in Karat Town of Konso Woreda, Ethiopia. Diss. University of East Anglia, 2018.</ref>\n</i></p><h2>History</h2>\n{{History_of Somalia}}\n{{History_of Somaliland}}\n{{Main|History of Somalia|History of Somaliland|Maritime history of Somalia}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Zeila_ruins.jpeg\" title=\"Zeila ruins.jpeg\">thumb|right|Ruins of the <a href=\"/wiki/Adal_Sultanate\" title=\"Adal Sultanate\">Adal Sultanate</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Zeila\" title=\"Zeila\">Zeila</a>, a kingdom led in the 16th century by Imam <a href=\"/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrihim_al-Ghazi\" title=\"Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi\">Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi</a> (Ahmed Gurey).</a>\nThe origin of the Somali people which was previously theorized to have been from Southern <a href=\"/wiki/Ethiopia\" title=\"Ethiopia\">Ethiopia</a> since 1000 BC or from the <a href=\"/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula\" title=\"Arabian Peninsula\">Arabian Peninsula</a> in the eleventh century has now been overturned by newer archeological and linguistic studies which puts the original homeland of the Somali people in <a href=\"/wiki/Somaliland%23Prehistory\" title=\"Somaliland#Prehistory\">Somaliland</a> region, which concludes that the Somalis are the indigenous inhabitants of the <a href=\"/wiki/Horn_of_Africa\" title=\"Horn of Africa\">Horn of Africa</a> for the last 7000 years.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1dDDwAAQBAJ&q=Making+Sense+of+Somali+History:+Volume+1 | title=Making Sense of Somali History: Volume 1| page= 65|isbn=9781909112797| last1=Abdullahi| first1=Abdurahman| date=2017-09-18| publisher=Adonis and Abbey Publishers}}</ref>\nAncient <a href=\"/wiki/Cave_painting\" title=\"Cave painting\">rock paintings</a>, which date back 5000 years (estimated), have been found in <a href=\"/wiki/Somaliland\" title=\"Somaliland\">Somaliland</a> region. These engravings depict early life in the territory.<ref name=\"Dawn\" /> The most famous of these is the <a href=\"/wiki/Laas_Geel\" title=\"Laas Geel\">Laas Geel complex</a>. It contains some of the earliest known <a href=\"/wiki/Rock_art\" title=\"Rock art\">rock art</a> on the <a href=\"/wiki/Africa\" title=\"Africa\">African continent</a> and features many elaborate pastoralist sketches of animal and human figures. In other places, such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Dhambalin\" title=\"Dhambalin\">Dhambalin</a> region, a depiction of a man on a horse is postulated as being one of the earliest known examples of a mounted huntsman.<ref name=\"Dawn\">{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/04/26/grotto-galleries-show-early-somali-life.html|title=Grotto galleries show early Somali life|author=AFP|date=26 April 2011}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Epigraphy\" title=\"Epigraphy\">Inscriptions</a> have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but <a href=\"/wiki/Archaeologist\" title=\"Archaeologist\">archaeologists</a> have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing.<ref>Susan M. Hassig, Zawiah Abdul Latif, <i>Somalia</i>, (Marshall Cavendish: 2007), p.22</ref> During the <a href=\"/wiki/Stone_Age\" title=\"Stone Age\">Stone Age</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Buur_Heybe\" title=\"Buur Heybe\">Doian</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Hargeisa\" title=\"Hargeisa\">Hargeisan</a> cultures flourished here with their respective <a href=\"/wiki/Industry_%28archaeology%29\" title=\"Industry (archaeology)\">industries</a> and factories.<ref>pg 105 – A History of African archaeology By Peter Robertshaw</ref>\nThe oldest evidence of burial customs in the <a href=\"/wiki/Horn_of_Africa\" title=\"Horn of Africa\">Horn of Africa</a> comes from <a href=\"/wiki/Cemeteries\" title=\"Cemeteries\">cemeteries</a> in Somalia dating back to <a href=\"/wiki/4th_millennium_BC\" title=\"4th millennium BC\">4th millennium BC</a>.<ref>pg 40 – Early Holocene Mortuary Practices and Hunter-Gatherer Adaptations in Southern Somalia, by Steven A. Brandt World Archaeology © 1988</ref> The <a href=\"/wiki/Stone_tool\" title=\"Stone tool\">stone implements</a> from the <p>Jalelo<i> <a href=\"/wiki/Archaeological_site\" title=\"Archaeological site\">site</a> in Somalia are said to be the most important link in evidence of the universality in <a href=\"/wiki/Palaeolithic\" title=\"Palaeolithic\">palaeolithic</a> times between the <a href=\"/wiki/East\" title=\"East\">East</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/West\" title=\"West\">West</a>.<ref>Prehistoric Implements from Somalia by H. W. Seton-Karr pg 183</ref>\nIn <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_history\" title=\"Ancient history\">antiquity</a>, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world. Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of <a href=\"/wiki/Frankincense\" title=\"Frankincense\">frankincense</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Myrrh\" title=\"Myrrh\">myrrh</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Spice\" title=\"Spice\">spices</a>, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Egypt\" title=\"Ancient Egypt\">Ancient Egyptians</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Phoenicia\" title=\"Phoenicia\">Phoenicians</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece\" title=\"Mycenaean Greece\">Mycenaeans</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Babylon\" title=\"Babylon\">Babylonians</a>.<ref>Phoenicia pg 199</ref><ref>The Aromatherapy Book by Jeanne Rose and John Hulburd pg 94</ref><a href=\"/wiki/File:Queen_of_punt2.jpg\" title=\"Queen of punt2.jpg\">160px|thumb|Queen Ati of Land of Punt as depicted on the walls of <a href=\"/wiki/Deir_el-Bahari\" title=\"Deir el-Bahari\">Deir el-Bahari</a>According</a> to most scholars, the ancient <a href=\"/wiki/Land_of_Punt\" title=\"Land of Punt\">Land of Punt</a> and its native inhabitants formed part of the <a href=\"/wiki/Ethnogenesis\" title=\"Ethnogenesis\">ethnogenesis</a> of the Somali people.<ref name=\"ReferenceA\" /><ref name=\"ReferenceB\" /><ref name=\"ReferenceC\" /><ref name=\"ReferenceD\" /> The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with <a href=\"/wiki/Pharaoh\" title=\"Pharaoh\">Pharaonic Egypt</a> during the times of <a href=\"/wiki/Pharaoh\" title=\"Pharaoh\">Pharaoh</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Sahure\" title=\"Sahure\">Sahure</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Queen_regnant\" title=\"Queen regnant\">Queen</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Hatshepsut\" title=\"Hatshepsut\">Hatshepsut</a>. The <a href=\"/wiki/Architecture_of_Somalia\" title=\"Architecture of Somalia\">pyramidal structures</a>, temples and ancient houses of <a href=\"/wiki/Masonry\" title=\"Masonry\">dressed stone</a> littered around Somalia may date from this period.<ref name=\"Man, God and Civilization pg 216\">Man, God and Civilization pg 216</ref>\n</i></p>In <a href=\"/wiki/Classical_antiquity\" title=\"Classical antiquity\">classical antiquity</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Macrobians\" title=\"Macrobians\">Macrobians</a>, who may have been ancestral to the Automoli or ancient Somalis, established a powerful tribal kingdom that ruled large parts of modern <a href=\"/wiki/Somalia\" title=\"Somalia\">Somalia</a>. They were reputed for their longevity and wealth, and were said to be the \"tallest and handsomest of all men\".<ref name=\"Wheeler pg 526\"><a href=\"https://archive.org/stream/geographyofherod00whee/geographyofherod00whee_djvu.txt\">The Geography of Herodotus: Illustrated from Modern Researches and Discoveries</a> by James Talboys Wheeler, pg 1xvi, 315, 526</ref> The Macrobians were warrior herders and seafarers. According to Herodotus' account, the <a href=\"/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire\" title=\"Achaemenid Empire\">Achaemenid emperor</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Cambyses_II\" title=\"Cambyses II\">Cambyses II</a>, upon <a href=\"/wiki/First_Achaemenid_conquest_of_Egypt\" title=\"First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt\">his conquest of Egypt in 525 BCE</a>, sent ambassadors to Macrobia, bringing luxury gifts for the Macrobian king to entice his submission. The Macrobian ruler, who was elected based on his stature and beauty, replied instead with a challenge for his Persian counterpart in the form of an unstrung bow: if the Persians could manage to draw it, they would have the right to invade his country; but until then, they should thank the gods that the Macrobians never decided to invade their empire.<ref name=\"Wheeler pg 526\" /><ref name=\"Kitto2\">John Kitto, James Taylor, <i>The popular cyclopædia of Biblical literature: condensed from the larger work</i>, (Gould and Lincoln: 1856), p.302.</ref> The Macrobians were a regional power reputed for their advanced architecture and <a href=\"/wiki/Gold\" title=\"Gold\">gold</a> wealth, which was so plentiful that they shackled their prisoners in golden chains.<ref name=\"Kitto2\" />\nSeveral ancient city-states, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Opone\" title=\"Opone\">Opone</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Essina\" title=\"Essina\">Essina</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sarapion\" title=\"Sarapion\">Sarapion</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Nikon_%28Somalia%29\" title=\"Nikon (Somalia)\">Nikon</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Malao_%28ancient%29\" title=\"Malao (ancient)\">Malao</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Damo%2C_Somalia\" title=\"Damo, Somalia\">Damo</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Mosylon\" title=\"Mosylon\">Mosylon</a> near <a href=\"/wiki/Cape_Guardafui\" title=\"Cape Guardafui\">Cape Guardafui</a>, which competed with the <a href=\"/wiki/Sabaeans\" title=\"Sabaeans\">Sabaeans</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Parthia\" title=\"Parthia\">Parthians</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Aksumite_Empire\" title=\"Aksumite Empire\">Axumites</a> for the wealthy <a href=\"/wiki/South_Asia\" title=\"South Asia\">Indo</a>-<a href=\"/wiki/Greco-Roman_world\" title=\"Greco-Roman world\">Greco-Roman</a> trade, also flourished in Somalia.<ref>Oman in history By Peter Vine Page 324</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Ifat.png\" title=\"Ifat.png\">thumb|right|The <a href=\"/wiki/Ifat_Sultanate\" title=\"Ifat Sultanate\">Ifat Sultanate</a>'s realm in the 14th century.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Islam\" title=\"Islam\">Islam</a> was introduced to the area early on by the first Muslims of <a href=\"/wiki/Mecca\" title=\"Mecca\">Mecca</a> fleeing prosecution during the first <a href=\"/wiki/Migration_to_Abyssinia\" title=\"Migration to Abyssinia\">Hejira</a> with <a href=\"/wiki/Masjid_al-Qiblatayn_%28Somalia%29\" title=\"Masjid al-Qiblatayn (Somalia)\">Masjid al-Qiblatayn</a> being built before the <a href=\"/wiki/Qibla\" title=\"Qibla\">Qiblah</a> faced towards <a href=\"/wiki/Mecca\" title=\"Mecca\">Mecca</a>. The town of <a href=\"/wiki/Zeila\" title=\"Zeila\">Zeila</a>'s two-<a href=\"/wiki/Mihrab\" title=\"Mihrab\">mihrab</a> Masjid al-Qiblatayn dates to the 7th century, and is one of the oldest <a href=\"/wiki/Mosque\" title=\"Mosque\">mosques</a> in Africa.<ref name=\"Btgpb\">{{cite book |last=Briggs |first=Phillip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6NI2FejIuwC |title=Somaliland |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |year=2012 |isbn=978-1841623719 |page=7}}</ref>\nConsequently the Somalis were some of the earliest non-Arabs that converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Dress in Somali Culture (African Expressive Cultures)|first=Heather|last=Akou|publisher=Indiana University Press; 1st Paperback Edition|year=2011}}</ref> The peaceful conversion of the Somali population by <a href=\"/wiki/Islam_in_Somalia\" title=\"Islam in Somalia\">Somali Muslim scholars</a> in the following centuries, the ancient city-states eventually transformed into Islamic <a href=\"/wiki/Mogadishu\" title=\"Mogadishu\">Mogadishu</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Berbera\" title=\"Berbera\">Berbera</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Zeila\" title=\"Zeila\">Zeila</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Barawa\" title=\"Barawa\">Barawa</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hafun\" title=\"Hafun\">Hafun</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Merca\" title=\"Merca\">Merca</a>, which were part of the Berberi civilization. The city of Mogadishu came to be known as the <p>City of Islam<i>,<ref>Society, security, sovereignty and the state in Somalia – Page 116</ref> and controlled the East African gold trade for several centuries.<ref>East Africa: Its Peoples and Resources – Page 18</ref>\n</i></p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ifat\" title=\"Sultanate of Ifat\">Sultanate of Ifat</a>, led by the <a href=\"/wiki/Walashma_dynasty\" title=\"Walashma dynasty\">Walashma dynasty</a> with its capital at <a href=\"/wiki/Zeila\" title=\"Zeila\">Zeila</a>, ruled over parts of what is now eastern Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somaliland. The historian <a href=\"/wiki/Ibn_Fadlallah_al-Umari\" title=\"Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari\">al-Umari</a> records that Ifat was situated near the <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Sea\" title=\"Red Sea\">Red Sea</a> coast, and states its size as 15 days travel by 20 days travel. Its army numbered 15,000 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers. Al-Umari also credits Ifat with seven \"mother cities\": Belqulzar, Kuljura, Shimi, <a href=\"/wiki/Shewa\" title=\"Shewa\">Shewa</a>, Adal, Jamme and Laboo.<ref><a href=\"/wiki/G.W.B._Huntingford\" title=\"G.W.B. Huntingford\">G.W.B. Huntingford</a>, <i>The Glorious Victories of Ameda Seyon, King of Ethiopia</i> (Oxford: University Press, 1965), p. 20.</ref>\nIn the <a href=\"/wiki/Middle_Ages\" title=\"Middle Ages\">Middle Ages</a>, several powerful Somali empires dominated the regional trade including the <a href=\"/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate\" title=\"Ajuran Sultanate\">Ajuran Sultanate</a>, which excelled in <a href=\"/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering\" title=\"Hydraulic engineering\">hydraulic engineering</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Fortress\" title=\"Fortress\">fortress</a> building,<ref>Shaping of Somali society Lee Cassanelli pg.92</ref> the <a href=\"/wiki/Adal_Sultanate\" title=\"Adal Sultanate\">Adal Sultanate</a>, whose general <a href=\"/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Ghazi\" title=\"Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi\">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi</a> (Ahmed Gurey) was the first <a href=\"/wiki/Commander\" title=\"Commander\">commander</a> to use cannon warfare on the continent during Adal's conquest of the <a href=\"/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire\" title=\"Ethiopian Empire\">Ethiopian Empire</a>,<ref>Futuh Al Habash Shibab ad Din</ref> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Sultanate_of_the_Geledi\" title=\"Sultanate of the Geledi\">Sultanate of the Geledi</a>, whose military dominance forced governors of the <a href=\"/wiki/Oman\" title=\"Oman\">Omani empire</a> north of the city of <a href=\"/wiki/Lamu\" title=\"Lamu\">Lamu</a> to pay tribute to the Somali Sultan <a href=\"/wiki/Ahmed_Yusuf_%28Gobroon%29\" title=\"Ahmed Yusuf (Gobroon)\">Ahmed Yusuf</a>.<ref>Sudan Notes and Records – Page 147</ref> The <a href=\"/wiki/Harla_people\" title=\"Harla people\">Harla</a>, an early group who inhabited parts of Somalia, Tchertcher and other areas in the Horn, also erected various <a href=\"/wiki/Tumulus\" title=\"Tumulus\">tumuli</a>.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Joussaume|first1=Roger|title=Fouille d'un tumulus à Ganda Hassan Abdi dans les monts du Harar|journal=Annales d'Ethiopie|date=1976|volume=10|pages=25–39|doi=10.3406/ethio.1976.1157}}</ref> These masons are believed to have been ancestral to the Somalis (\"proto-Somali\").<ref>{{cite book|last=Braukämper|first=Ulrich|title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA18|year=2002|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-5671-7}}</ref><a href=\"/wiki/File:Gondereshe2008.jpg\" title=\"Gondereshe2008.jpg\">thumb|The <a href=\"/wiki/Citadel\" title=\"Citadel\">Citadel</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Gondershe\" title=\"Gondershe\">Gondershe</a> was an important site in the medieval <a href=\"/wiki/Ajuran_Sultanate\" title=\"Ajuran Sultanate\">Ajuran Empire</a>.</a><a href=\"/wiki/Berbera\" title=\"Berbera\">Berbera</a> was the most important port in the <a href=\"/wiki/Horn_of_Africa\" title=\"Horn of Africa\">Horn of Africa</a> between the 18th–19th centuries.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prichard|first1=J. C.|title= Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: Ethnography of the African races.|date=1837|publisher= Sherwood, Gilbert & Piper|page=160|language=en}}</ref> For centuries, <a href=\"/wiki/Berbera\" title=\"Berbera\">Berbera</a> had extensive trade relations with several historic ports in the <a href=\"/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula\" title=\"Arabian Peninsula\">Arabian Peninsula</a>. Additionally, the Somali and Ethiopian interiors were very dependent on <a href=\"/wiki/Berbera\" title=\"Berbera\">Berbera</a> for trade, where most of the goods for export arrived from. During the 1833 trading season, the port town swelled to over 70,000 people, and upwards of 6,000 camels laden with goods arrived from the interior within a single day. <a href=\"/wiki/Berbera\" title=\"Berbera\">Berbera</a> was the main marketplace in the entire Somali seaboard for various goods procured from the interior, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Livestock\" title=\"Livestock\">livestock</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Coffee\" title=\"Coffee\">coffee</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Frankincense\" title=\"Frankincense\">frankincense</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Myrrh\" title=\"Myrrh\">myrrh</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Acacia_gum\" title=\"Acacia gum\">acacia gum</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Saffron\" title=\"Saffron\">saffron</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Feathers\" title=\"Feathers\">feathers</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ghee\" title=\"Ghee\">ghee</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hide_%28skin%29\" title=\"Hide (skin)\">hide (skin)</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Gold\" title=\"Gold\">gold</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ivory\" title=\"Ivory\">ivory</a>.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Colonial Magazine and Commercial-maritime Journal, Volume 2|date=1840|page=22|language=en}}</ref> Historically, the port of <a href=\"/wiki/Berbera\" title=\"Berbera\">Berbera</a> was controlled indigenously between the <a href=\"/wiki/Mercantile\" title=\"Mercantile\">mercantile</a> Reer Ahmed Nur and Reer Yunis Nuh sub-clans of the <a href=\"/wiki/Habar_Awal\" title=\"Habar Awal\">Habar Awal</a>.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|title= A Modern History of Somalia: Nation and State in the Horn of Africa|date=1988|publisher=Westview Press|page=35|language=en}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Berbera%2C_1884.png\" title=\"Berbera, 1884.png\">thumb|300px|Illustration of Berbera, 1884</a>\nAccording to a trade journal published in 1856, <a href=\"/wiki/Berbera\" title=\"Berbera\">Berbera</a> was described as “the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf.”:\n{{cquote|“The only seaports of importance on this coast are Feyla [Zeila] and Berbera; the former is an Arabian colony, dependent of Mocha, but Berbera is independent of any foreign power. It is, without having the name, the freest port in the world, and the most important trading place on the whole Arabian Gulf. From the beginning of November to the end of April, a large fair assembles in Berbera, and caravans of 6,000 camels at a time come from the interior loaded with coffee, (considered superior to Mocha in Bombay), gum, ivory, hides, skins, grain, cattle, and sour milk, the substitute of fermented drinks in these regions; also much cattle is brought there for the Aden market.”<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hunt|first1=Freeman|title=The Merchants' Magazine and Commercial Review, Volume 34|date=1856|page=694|language=en}}</ref>}}\nAs a tributary of <a href=\"/wiki/Mocha%2C_Yemen\" title=\"Mocha, Yemen\">Mocha</a>, which in turn was part of the Ottoman possessions in Western Arabia, the port of <a href=\"/wiki/Zeila\" title=\"Zeila\">Zeila</a> had seen several men placed as governors over the years. The Ottomans based in Yemen held nominal authority of Zeila when <a href=\"/wiki/Sharmarke_Ali_Saleh\" title=\"Sharmarke Ali Saleh\">Sharmarke Ali Saleh</a>, who was a successful and ambitious Somali merchant, purchased the rights of the town from the Ottoman governor of Mocha and Hodeida.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Omar|first=Mohamed Osman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_RAOAQAAMAAJ&q=farmed+out+to|title=The scramble in the Horn of Africa: history of Somalia, 1827–1977|date=2001|publisher=Somali Publications|isbn=9781874209638|language=en}}</ref>\n<blockquote>Allee Shurmalkee [Ali Sharmarke] has since my visit either seized or purchased this town, and hoisted independent colours upon its walls; but as I know little or nothing save the mere fact of its possession by that Soumaulee chief, and as this change occurred whilst I was in Abyssinia, I shall not say anything more upon the subject.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Travels in Southern Abyssinia: Through the Country of Adal to the Kingdom of Shoa|first1=Charles|last1=Johnston|author-link1=Charles Johnston (travel writer)|year=1844|publisher= Madden|page=33}}</ref></blockquote>\nHowever, the previous governor was not eager to relinquish his control of Zeila. Hence in 1841, Sharmarke chartered two dhows (ships) along with fifty Somali <a href=\"/wiki/Matchlock\" title=\"Matchlock\">Matchlock</a> men and two <a href=\"/wiki/Cannons\" title=\"Cannons\">cannons</a> to target <a href=\"/wiki/Zeila\" title=\"Zeila\">Zeila</a> and depose its Arab Governor, Syed Mohammed Al Barr. Sharmarke initially directed his cannons at the city walls which frightened Al Barr's followers and caused them to abandon their posts and succeeded Al Barr as the ruler of Zeila. Sharmarke's governorship had an instant effect on the city, as he maneuvered to monopolize as much of the regional trade as possible, with his sights set as far as <a href=\"/wiki/Harar\" title=\"Harar\">Harar</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Region\" title=\"Somali Region\">Ogaden</a>.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Cornwallis Harris |first1=William|title=The Highlands of Æthiopia, Volume 1|date=1844|page=39|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Rayne|first=Major.H|title=Sun, Sand and Somals – Leaves from the Note-Book of a District Commissioner|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubd8CgAAQBAJ&q=sharmarki+chartered+two+dhows+and+returned+with+his+army+to+zeila&pg=PT10|date=1921|publisher=Read Books Ltd|page=75|isbn=9781447485438|language=en}}</ref>\nIn 1845, Sharmarke deployed a few matchlock men to wrest control of neighboring Berbera from that town's then feuding Somali local authorities.<ref>Abir, Mordechai (1968). Ethiopia: the era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769–1855. Praeger. p. 18.</ref><ref>First Footsteps in East Africa, by Richard Burton, p. 16-p. 30</ref><ref>Sun, Sand and Somals; leaves from the note-book of a district commissioner in British Somaliland, by Rayne Henry. pp. 15–16</ref> Sharmarke's influence was not limited to the Somali coast as he had allies and influence in the interior of the Somali country, the Danakil coast and even further afield in Abyssinia. Among his allies were the Kings of Shewa. When there was tension between the Amir of Harar <a href=\"/wiki/Abu_Bakr_II_ibn_%60Abd_al-Munan\" title=\"Abu Bakr II ibn `Abd al-Munan\">Abu Bakr II ibn `Abd al-Munan</a> and Sharmarke, as a result of the Amir arresting one of his agents in <a href=\"/wiki/Harar\" title=\"Harar\">Harar</a>, Sharmarke persuaded the son of <a href=\"/wiki/Sahle_Selassie\" title=\"Sahle Selassie\">Sahle Selassie</a>, ruler of <a href=\"/wiki/Shewa\" title=\"Shewa\">Shewa</a>, to imprison on his behalf about 300 citizens of Harar then resident in Shewa, for a length of two years.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Burton. F.|first1=Richard|title= First Footsteps in East Africa |date=1856|page=302|language=en}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:XaajiSuudicropped2.png\" title=\"XaajiSuudicropped2.png\">thumb|upright|left|Dervish commander <a href=\"/wiki/Haji_Sudi\" title=\"Haji Sudi\">Haji Sudi</a> on the left with his brother in-law Duale Idres. Aden, 1892.</a>\nIn the late 19th century, after the <a href=\"/wiki/Berlin_Conference\" title=\"Berlin Conference\">Berlin Conference</a> had ended, the <a href=\"/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa\" title=\"Scramble for Africa\">Scramble for Africa</a> reached the Horn of Africa. Increasing foreign influence in the region culminated in the creation of the first <p>Darawiish,<i> an armed resistance movement calling for the independence from the European powers.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abdi |first1=Abdulqadir |title=Divine Madness |date=1993 |publisher=Zed Books |page=101 |quote=to the Dervish cause, such as the Ali Gheri, the Mullah's maternal kinsmen and his first converts. In fact, Swayne had instructions to fine the Ali Gheri 1000 camels for possible use in the upcoming campaign}}</ref><ref name=\"AngusHamilton\">*{{cite book |last1=Bartram |first1=R |title=The annihilation of Colonel Plunkett's force |date=1903 |publisher=The Marion Star |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/296280296/ |quote=By his marriage he extended his influence from Abyssinia, on the west, to the borders of Italian Somaliland, on the east. The '''Ali Gheri were his first''' followers.}}<br />*{{cite book |last1=Hamilton |first1=Angus |title=Field Force |publisher= [[Hutchinson & Co]] |date=1911 |page=50 |url=https://archive.org/stream/dli.ministry.06400/209.94.A.61_djvu.txt |quote=it appeared for the nonce as if he were content with the homage paid to his learnings and devotional sincerity by the Ogaden and Dolbahanta tribes. The '''Ali Gheri were his first followers'''}}<br />*{{cite book |last1=Leys |first1=Thomson |title=The British Sphere |publisher=[[Auckland Star]] |date=1903 |page=5 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/imageserver/newspapers/P29pZD1BUzE5MDMwNDI0LjEuNSZnZXRwZGY9dHJ1ZQ== |quote='''Ali Gheri were his first''' followers, while these were presently joined by two sections of the Ogaden}}</ref> The <a href=\"/wiki/Dervish_movement_%28Nugaal%29\" title=\"Dervish movement (Nugaal)\">Dervish</a> had their leaders, <a href=\"/wiki/Mohammed_Abdullah_Hassan\" title=\"Mohammed Abdullah Hassan\">Mohammed Abdullah Hassan</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Haji_Sudi\" title=\"Haji Sudi\">Haji Sudi</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Nur_Ahmed_Aman\" title=\"Nur Ahmed Aman\">Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman</a>, who sought a state in the Nugaal<ref name=\"dervishletter\">{{cite book |last1=Samatar |first1=Said |title=In the Shadow of Conquest |date=1992 |publisher=[[The Red Sea Press]] |page=68 |quote=this letter comes from ... the Dervishes to General Swayne ... They also informed us that you said you would leave the country, I mean the country of the Nugaal and Buuhoodle and its neighborhoods. This news made us extremely joyous.}}</ref> and began one of the longest African conflicts in modern history.<ref>Foreign Department-External-B, August 1899, N. 33-234, NAI, New Delhi, Inclosure 2 in No. 1. And inclosure 3 in No. 1.</ref><ref>F.O.78/5031, Sayyid Mohamad To The Aidagalla, Enclosed Sadler To Salisbury. 69, 20 August 1899</ref> \n</i></p>The news of the incident that sparked the 21 year long <a href=\"/wiki/Somaliland_Campaign\" title=\"Somaliland Campaign\">Dervish rebellion</a>, according to the consul-general <a href=\"/wiki/James_Hayes_Sadler_%28colonial_administrator%29\" title=\"James Hayes Sadler (colonial administrator)\">James Hayes Sadler</a>, was spread or as he claimed was concocted by Sultan Nur of the <a href=\"/wiki/Habr_Yunis_Sultanate\" title=\"Habr Yunis Sultanate\">Habr Yunis</a>. The incident in question was that of a group of Somali children who were converted to Christianity and adopted by the French Catholic Mission at <a href=\"/wiki/Berbera\" title=\"Berbera\">Berbera</a> in 1899. Whether Sultan Nur experienced the incident first hand or whether he was told of it is not clear but what is known is that he propagated the incident in June 1899, precipitating the religious rebellion of the Dervishes.<ref>F.O.78/5031, Sayyid Mohamad To The Aidagalla, Enclosed Sadler To Salisbury. 69, 20 August 1899.</ref> \nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Dervish_State\" title=\"Dervish State\">Dervish movement</a> successfully stymied <a href=\"/wiki/British_Armed_Forces\" title=\"British Armed Forces\">British forces</a> four times and forced them to retreat to the coastal region.<ref>Encyclopedia of African history – Page 1406</ref> As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish movement received support from the <a href=\"/wiki/Ottoman_Empire\" title=\"Ottoman Empire\">Ottomans</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/German_Empire\" title=\"German Empire\">Germans</a>. The <a href=\"/wiki/Sublime_Porte\" title=\"Sublime Porte\">Ottoman government</a> also named Hassan <a href=\"/wiki/Emir\" title=\"Emir\">Emir</a> of the Somali nation,<ref>I.M. Lewis, <i>The modern history of Somalia: from nation to state</i>, (Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson: 1965), p. 78</ref> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Government_of_Germany\" title=\"Government of Germany\">German government</a> promised to officially recognise any territories the Dervishes were to acquire.<ref>Thomas P. Ofcansky, Historical dictionary of Ethiopia, (The Scarecrow Press, Inc.: 2004), p.405</ref> \nAfter a quarter of a century of military successes against the British, the Dervishes were finally defeated by Britain in 1920 in part due to the successful deployment of the newly-formed <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Air_Force\" title=\"Royal Air Force\">Royal Air Force</a> by the <a href=\"/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Government of the United Kingdom\">British government</a>.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irons |first=Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8YVBAAAQBAJ |title=Churchill and the Mad Mullah of Somaliland: Betrayal and Redemption 1899–1921 |date=2013-11-04 |publisher=Pen and Sword |isbn=978-1-4738-3155-1 |language=en}}</ref> \n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Sultan_Ali_Yusuf_Kenadid.jpg\" title=\"Sultan Ali Yusuf Kenadid.jpg\">thumb|upright|<a href=\"/wiki/Ali_Yusuf_Kenadid\" title=\"Ali Yusuf Kenadid\">Ali Yusuf Kenadid</a>, 2nd Sultan of the <a href=\"/wiki/Hobyo_Sultanate\" title=\"Hobyo Sultanate\">Hobyo Sultanate</a>.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Majeerteen_Sultanate\" title=\"Majeerteen Sultanate\">Majeerteen Sultanate</a> was founded in the early-1700s and rose to prominence in the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) <a href=\"/wiki/Osman_Mahamuud\" title=\"Osman Mahamuud\">Osman Mahamuud</a>.<ref name=\"Metz\"><a href=\"/wiki/Helen_Chapin_Metz\" title=\"Helen Chapin Metz\">Helen Chapin Metz</a>, ed., <i>Somalia: a country study</i>, (The Division: 1993), p.10.</ref> His Kingdom controlled Bari Karkaar, Nugaaal, and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Majeerteen Sultanate maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.<ref name=\"HOA\"><i>Horn of Africa</i>, Volume 15, Issues 1–4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p.130.</ref><ref name=\"WSP\"><i>Transformation towards a regulated economy</i>, (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p.62.</ref>\nThe Majeerteen Sultanate was nearly dismantled in the late-1800s by a power struggle between Boqor <a href=\"/wiki/Osman_Mahamuud\" title=\"Osman Mahamuud\">Osman Mahamuud</a> and his ambitious cousin, <a href=\"/wiki/Yusuf_Ali_Kenadid\" title=\"Yusuf Ali Kenadid\">Yusuf Ali Kenadid</a> who founded the <a href=\"/wiki/Sultanate_of_Hobyo\" title=\"Sultanate of Hobyo\">Sultanate of Hobyo</a> in 1878. Initially Kenadid wanted to seize control of the neighbouring Sultanate. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavour, and was eventually forced into exile in <a href=\"/wiki/Yemen\" title=\"Yemen\">Yemen</a>.<ref>\nAfrican Studies Center, Northeast African studies, Volumes 11–12, (Michigan State University Press: 1989), p.&nbsp;32.</ref> Both sultanates maintained written records of their activities, which still exist.<ref name=\"Ssarif\">{{cite book|title=Sub-Saharan Africa Report, Issues 57–67|year=1986|publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service|page=34|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FlEAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Sultan_Abdillahi_Sultan_Deria.jpg\" title=\"Sultan Abdillahi Sultan Deria.jpg\">left|thumb|upright|Sultan <a href=\"/wiki/Abdillahi_Deria\" title=\"Abdillahi Deria\">Abdillahi Deria</a>, a prominent <a href=\"/wiki/Isaaq_Sultanate\" title=\"Isaaq Sultanate\">Grand Sultan</a> of British Somaliland of the delegation sent from <a href=\"/wiki/British_Somaliland\" title=\"British Somaliland\">British Somaliland</a> Protectorate to the British government in London to appeal for the return of <a href=\"/wiki/Haud\" title=\"Haud\">Haud Reserve Area</a>, a territory ceded by the British to <a href=\"/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire\" title=\"Ethiopian Empire\">Ethiopia</a> in 1954.</a>\nIn late 1888, Sultan Yusuf Ali Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italian government, making his Sultanate of Hobyo an Italian <a href=\"/wiki/Protectorate\" title=\"Protectorate\">protectorate</a> known as <a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Somalia\" title=\"Italian Somalia\">Italian Somalia</a>. His rival Boqor Osman Mahamuud was to sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Majeerteen Sultanate the following year. In signing the agreements, both rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories.<ref name=\"Issa-Salwe\">{{cite book |first=Abdisalam M. |last=Issa-Salwe |author-link=Abdisalam Issa-Salwe|title=The Collapse of the Somali State: The Impact of the Colonial Legacy|pages=34–35|publisher=Haan Associates |year=1996|isbn=978-1874209911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxMOAQAAMAAJ}}</ref> The Italians, for their part, were interested in the territories mainly because of its <a href=\"/wiki/Port\" title=\"Port\">ports</a> specifically Port of <a href=\"/wiki/Bosaso\" title=\"Bosaso\">Bosaso</a> which could grant them access to the strategically important <a href=\"/wiki/Suez_Canal\" title=\"Suez Canal\">Suez Canal</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden\" title=\"Gulf of Aden\">Gulf of Aden</a>.<ref name=\"Fitz-33\">Fitzgerald, Nina J. <i>Somalia</i> (New York: Nova Science, 2002), p 33</ref> The terms of each treaty specified that Italy was to steer clear of any interference in the Sultanates' respective administrations.<ref name=\"Issa-Salwe\" /> In return for Italian arms and an annual subsidy, the Sultans conceded to a minimum of oversight and economic concessions.<ref name=\"Hess\">{{cite book|last1=Hess|first1=Robert L.|title=Italian Colonialism in Somalia|date=1966|publisher=University of Chicago|pages=416–417}}</ref> The Italians also agreed to dispatch a few ambassadors to promote both the Sultanates' and their own interests.<ref name=\"Issa-Salwe\" /> The new protectorates were thereafter managed by <a href=\"/wiki/Vincenzo_Filonardi\" title=\"Vincenzo Filonardi\">Vincenzo Filonardi</a> through a <a href=\"/wiki/Chartered_company\" title=\"Chartered company\">chartered company</a>.<ref name=\"Hess\" /> An Anglo-Italian border protocol was later signed on 5 May 1894, followed by an agreement in 1906 between Cavalier Pestalozza and General Swaine acknowledging that <a href=\"/wiki/Buraan\" title=\"Buraan\">Baran</a> fell under the Majeerteen Sultanate's administration.<ref name=\"Issa-Salwe\" /> With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of Italian colonial rule, both Kingdoms were eventually annexed in the early 20th century.<ref name=\"Majsult\">The Majeerteen Sultanates</ref> However, unlike the southern territories, the northern sultanates were not subject to direct rule due to the earlier treaties they had signed with the Italians.<ref name=\"Gtsahos\">{{cite book|last=Ismail|first=Ismail Ali|title=Governance: The Scourge and Hope of Somalia|date=2010|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1426983740|page=xxiii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4urpVdlScAC}}</ref>\nFollowing <a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"World War II\">World War II</a>, Britain retained control of both <a href=\"/wiki/British_Somaliland\" title=\"British Somaliland\">British Somaliland</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Italian_Somalia\" title=\"Italian Somalia\">Italian Somalia</a> as <a href=\"/wiki/Protectorate\" title=\"Protectorate\">protectorates</a>. In 1945, during the <a href=\"/wiki/Potsdam_Conference\" title=\"Potsdam Conference\">Potsdam Conference</a>, the United Nations granted Italy trusteeship of Italian Somalia, but only under close supervision and on the condition — first proposed by the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Youth_League\" title=\"Somali Youth League\">Somali Youth League</a> (SYL) and other nascent Somali political organizations, such as Hizbia Digil Mirifle Somali (HDMS) and the Somali National League (SNL) — that Somalia achieve independence within ten years.<ref name=\"Zolberg\" /><ref name=\"Gates1999\">Gates, Henry Louis, <i>Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience</i>, (Oxford University Press: 1999), p.1749</ref> British Somalia remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960.<ref name=\"Tripodi1999\">Tripodi, Paolo. <i>The Colonial Legacy in Somalia</i> p. 68 New York, 1999.</ref>\nTo the extent that Italy held the territory by UN mandate, the trusteeship provisions gave the Somalis the opportunity to gain experience in political education and self-government. These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Republic\" title=\"Somali Republic\">Somali Republic</a> state, did not have. Although in the 1950s British colonial officials attempted, through various administrative development efforts, to make up for past neglect, the protectorate stagnated. The disparity between the two territories in economic development and political experience would cause serious difficulties when it came time to integrate the two parts.<ref name=\"ChapinMetz\">Helen Chapin Metz, ed. Somalia: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1992. <a href=\"http://countrystudies.us/somalia\">countrystudies.us</a></ref>\nMeanwhile, in 1948, under pressure from their <a href=\"/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II\" title=\"Allies of World War II\">World War II allies</a> and to the dismay of the Somalis,<ref name=\"Federal\">Federal Research Division, <i>Somalia: A Country Study</i>, (Kessinger Publishing, LLC: 2004), p.38</ref> the British ceded official control of the <a href=\"/wiki/Haud\" title=\"Haud\">Haud</a> (an important Somali grazing area that was brought under British protection via treaties with the Somalis in 1884 and 1886) and the <a href=\"/wiki/Ogaden\" title=\"Ogaden\">Ogaden</a> to Ethiopia, based on a treaty they signed in 1897 in which the British ceded Somali territory to the Ethiopian Emperor <a href=\"/wiki/Menelek_II_of_Ethiopia\" title=\"Menelek II of Ethiopia\">Menelik</a> in exchange for his help against raids by Somali clans.<ref name=\"Laitin1977\">David D. Laitin, <i>Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience</i>, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p.73</ref> Britain included the proviso that the Somali nomads would retain their autonomy, but Ethiopia immediately claimed sovereignty over them.<ref name=\"Zolberg\">Zolberg, Aristide R., et al., <i>Escape from Violence: Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World</i>, (Oxford University Press: 1992), p.106</ref> This prompted an unsuccessful bid by Britain in 1956 to purchase back the Somali lands it had turned over.<ref name=\"Zolberg\" /> The British government also granted administration of the almost exclusively Somali-inhabited<ref>Francis Vallat, <i>First report on succession of states in respect of treaties: International Law Commission twenty-sixth session 6 May-26 July 1974</i>, (United Nations: 1974), p.20</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Frontier_District\" title=\"Northern Frontier District\">Northern Frontier District</a> (NFD) to the <a href=\"/wiki/Government_of_Kenya\" title=\"Government of Kenya\">Kenyan government</a> despite an informal <a href=\"/wiki/Plebiscite\" title=\"Plebiscite\">plebiscite</a> demonstrating the overwhelming desire of the region's population to join the newly formed Somali Republic.<ref>David D. Laitin, <i>Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience</i>, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), p.75</ref>\n{{History_of Djibouti}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Mahmoud_Harbi.jpg\" title=\"Mahmoud Harbi.jpg\">thumb|upright|Mahmoud Harbi, a Somali politician who campaigned for <a href=\"/wiki/French_Somalia\" title=\"French Somalia\">French Somalia</a> to join a united Somali state.</a>\nA <a href=\"/wiki/1958_French_Somaliland_constitutional_referendum\" title=\"1958 French Somaliland constitutional referendum\">referendum</a> was held in neighboring <a href=\"/wiki/Djibouti\" title=\"Djibouti\">Djibouti</a> (then known as <a href=\"/wiki/French_Somaliland\" title=\"French Somaliland\">French Somaliland</a>) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable <a href=\"/wiki/Afar_people\" title=\"Afar people\">Afar</a> ethnic group and resident Europeans.<ref name=\"Barrington2006\" /> There was also widespread <a href=\"/wiki/Vote_rigging\" title=\"Vote rigging\">vote rigging</a>, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls.<ref name=\"Kseoah\">Kevin Shillington, <i>Encyclopedia of African history</i>, (CRC Press: 2005), p.360.</ref> The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by <a href=\"/wiki/Mahmoud_Harbi\" title=\"Mahmoud Harbi\">Mahmoud Harbi</a>, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later.<ref name=\"Barrington2006\">Barrington, Lowell, <i>After Independence: Making and Protecting the Nation in Postcolonial and Postcommunist States</i>, (University of Michigan Press: 2006), p.115</ref> Djibouti finally gained its independence from <a href=\"/wiki/France\" title=\"France\">France</a> in 1977, and <a href=\"/wiki/Hassan_Gouled_Aptidon\" title=\"Hassan Gouled Aptidon\">Hassan Gouled Aptidon</a>, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991).<ref name=\"Barrington2006\" />\nBritish Somaliland became independent on 26 June 1960 as the <a href=\"/wiki/State_of_Somaliland\" title=\"State of Somaliland\">State of Somaliland</a>, and the <a href=\"/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia\" title=\"Trust Territory of Somalia\">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> (the former Italian Somalia) followed suit five days later.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica, <i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, (Encyclopædia Britannica: 2002), p.835</ref> On 1 July 1960, the two territories united to form the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Republic\" title=\"Somali Republic\">Somali Republic</a>, albeit within boundaries drawn up by Italy and Britain.<ref name=\"buluugleey.com\">{{cite web |url=http://www.buluugleey.com/warkiidanbe/Governance.htm |title=The dawn of the Somali nation-state in 1960 |publisher=Buluugleey.com |access-date=25 February 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116055005/http://www.buluugleey.com/warkiidanbe/Governance.htm |archive-date=16 January 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htwin/articles/20060809.aspx |title=The making of a Somalia state |publisher=Strategypage.com |date=9 August 2006 |access-date=25 February 2009}}</ref> A government was formed by <a href=\"/wiki/Abdullahi_Issa_Mohamud\" title=\"Abdullahi Issa Mohamud\">Abdullahi Issa Mohamud</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal\" title=\"Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal\">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> other members of the trusteeship and protectorate governments, with <a href=\"/wiki/Haji_Bashir_Ismail_Yusuf\" title=\"Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf\">Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf</a> as president of the Somali National Assembly, <a href=\"/wiki/Aden_Abdullah_Osman_Daar\" title=\"Aden Abdullah Osman Daar\">Aden Abdullah Osman Daar</a> as the <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Somalia\" title=\"List of Presidents of Somalia\">president</a> of the Somali Republic and <a href=\"/wiki/Abdirashid_Ali_Shermarke\" title=\"Abdirashid Ali Shermarke\">Abdirashid Ali Shermarke</a> as <a href=\"/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Somalia\" title=\"Prime Minister of Somalia\">Prime Minister</a> (later to become president from 1967 to 1969). On 20 July 1961 and through a popular <a href=\"/wiki/Referendum\" title=\"Referendum\">referendum</a>, the people of Somalia ratified a new <a href=\"/wiki/Constitution\" title=\"Constitution\">constitution</a>, which was first drafted in 1960. The constitution was rejected by the people of Somaliland.<ref>Greystone Press Staff, <i>The Illustrated Library of The World and Its Peoples: Africa, North and East</i>, (Greystone Press: 1967), p.338</ref> In 1967, <a href=\"/wiki/Muhammad_Haji_Ibrahim_Egal\" title=\"Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal\">Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal</a> became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke.\nOn 15 October 1969, while paying a visit to the northern town of <a href=\"/wiki/Las_Anod\" title=\"Las Anod\">Las Anod</a>, Somalia's then President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was shot dead by one of his own bodyguards. His assassination was quickly followed by a military <a href=\"/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" title=\"Coup d'état\">coup d'état</a> on 21 October 1969 (the day after his funeral), in which the <a href=\"/wiki/Military_of_Somalia\" title=\"Military of Somalia\">Somali Army</a> seized power without encountering armed opposition — essentially a bloodless takeover. The putsch was spearheaded by Major General <a href=\"/wiki/Siad_Barre\" title=\"Siad Barre\">Mohamed Siad Barre</a>, who at the time commanded the army.<ref name=\"Myswenvwp\">Moshe Y. Sachs, <i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations</i>, Volume 2, (Worldmark Press: 1988), p.290.</ref>\nAlongside Barre, the <a href=\"/wiki/Supreme_Revolutionary_Council_%28Somalia%29\" title=\"Supreme Revolutionary Council (Somalia)\">Supreme Revolutionary Council</a> (SRC) that assumed power after President Sharmarke's assassination was led by Lieutenant Colonel <a href=\"/wiki/Salaad_Gabeyre_Kediye\" title=\"Salaad Gabeyre Kediye\">Salaad Gabeyre Kediye</a> and Chief of Police <a href=\"/wiki/Jama_Ali_Korshel\" title=\"Jama Ali Korshel\">Jama Korshel</a>. The SRC subsequently renamed the country the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic\" title=\"Somali Democratic Republic\">Somali Democratic Republic</a>,<ref>J. D. Fage, Roland Anthony Oliver, <i>The Cambridge history of Africa</i>, Volume 8, (Cambridge University Press: 1985), p.478.</ref><ref name=\"Grolierenc\"><i>The Encyclopedia Americana: complete in thirty volumes. Skin to Sumac</i>, Volume 25, (Grolier: 1995), p.214.</ref> dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the constitution.<ref name=\"Pjdlfw\">Peter John de la Fosse Wiles, <i>The New Communist Third World: an essay in political economy</i>, (Taylor &amp; Francis: 1982), p.279.</ref>\nThe revolutionary army established large-scale public works programs and successfully implemented an urban and rural <a href=\"/wiki/Literacy\" title=\"Literacy\">literacy</a> campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate. In addition to a nationalization program of industry and land, the new regime's foreign policy placed an emphasis on Somalia's traditional and religious links with the <a href=\"/wiki/Arab_world\" title=\"Arab world\">Arab world</a>, eventually joining the <a href=\"/wiki/Arab_League\" title=\"Arab League\">Arab League</a> (AL) in 1974.<ref name=\"Frankel\">Benjamin Frankel, <i>The Cold War, 1945–1991: Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World</i>, (Gale Research: 1992), p.306.</ref> That same year, Barre also served as chairman of the <a href=\"/wiki/Organization_of_African_Unity\" title=\"Organization of African Unity\">Organization of African Unity</a> (OAU), the predecessor of the <a href=\"/wiki/African_Union\" title=\"African Union\">African Union</a> (AU).<ref name=\"Yang\">Oihe Yang, <i>Africa South of the Sahara 2001</i>, 30th Ed., (Taylor and Francis: 2000), p.1025.</ref>\n<h2>Demographics</h2>\n{{Main|Demographics of Somalia|Somali clans}}\n<h3>Clans</h3>\n{{Somali clans}}\nSomalis are ethnically of <a href=\"/wiki/Cushitic_ancestry\" title=\"Cushitic ancestry\">Cushitic ancestry</a>, but have genealogical traditions of descent from various patriarchs associated with the spread of Islam.<ref name=\"James Currey Publishers\" /> Being one tribe, they are segmented into various <a href=\"/wiki/Clan\" title=\"Clan\">clan</a> groupings, which are important <a href=\"/wiki/Kinship\" title=\"Kinship\">kinship</a> units that play a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clan families are <a href=\"/wiki/Patrilineality\" title=\"Patrilineality\">patrilineal</a>, and are divided into clans, primary lineages or subclans, and <a href=\"/wiki/Diyya\" title=\"Diyya\">dia</a>-paying kinship groups. The lineage terms <p>qabiil<i>, </i>qolo<i>, </i>jilib<i> and </i>reer<i> are often interchangeably used to indicate the different segmentation levels. The clan represents the highest kinship level. It owns territorial properties and is typically led by a clan-head or <a href=\"/wiki/Sultan\" title=\"Sultan\">Sultan</a>. Primary lineages are immediately descended from the clans, and are exogamous political units with no formally installed leader. They comprise the segmentation level that an individual usually indicates he or she belongs to, with their founding patriarch reckoned to between six and ten generations.<ref name=\"Lewis1999vvii\">{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA11 |title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa |date=1999 |publisher=James Currey Publishers |isbn=978-0852552803 |pages=5–7 |access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>\n</i></p>The five major clan families are the traditionally nomadic pastoralist <a href=\"/wiki/Dir_%28clan%29\" title=\"Dir (clan)\">Dir</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Isaaq\" title=\"Isaaq\">Isaaq</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Darod\" title=\"Darod\">Darod</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hawiye\" title=\"Hawiye\">Hawiye</a> and the sedentary agropastoralist <a href=\"/wiki/Rahanweyn\" title=\"Rahanweyn\">Rahanweyn</a>.<ref name=\"Lewis1999vvii\" /> Minor Somali clans include <a href=\"/wiki/Asharaf\" title=\"Asharaf\">Asharaf</a>.<ref name=\"Abdullahi8\">{{cite book|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0313313332|pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/8 8–10]|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/8}}</ref>\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Dir_%28clan%29\" title=\"Dir (clan)\">Dir</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hawiye\" title=\"Hawiye\">Hawiye</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Gardhere\" title=\"Gardhere\">Gardere</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Gaalje%27el\" title=\"Gaalje'el\">Gaalje'el</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Degodia_%28Clan%29\" title=\"Degodia (Clan)\">Degodia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Garre\" title=\"Garre\">Garre</a>), <a href=\"/wiki/Hawadle\" title=\"Hawadle\">Hawadle</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ajuran_%28clan%29\" title=\"Ajuran (clan)\">Ajuran</a> trace agnatic origins to the patriarch <a href=\"/wiki/Samaale\" title=\"Samaale\">Samaale</a>.<ref name=\"Lewis19991113\">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|date=1999|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=978-0852552803|pages=13–14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA11|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=\":2\">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC|title=The Invention of Somalia|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|date=1 January 1995|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415998|pages=104, 122–124, 131}}</ref> The Darod have separate paternal traditions of descent through <a href=\"/wiki/Abdirahman_bin_Isma%27il_al-Jabarti\" title=\"Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti\">Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti</a> (Sheikh Darod), who is said to have <a href=\"/wiki/Banu_Hashim\" title=\"Banu Hashim\">Banu Hashim</a> origins through <a href=\"/wiki/Aqeel_ibn_Abi_Talib\" title=\"Aqeel ibn Abi Talib\">Aqiil</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Abu_Talib_ibn_Abd_al-Muttalib\" title=\"Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib\">Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib</a>. He arrived at a later date from the <a href=\"/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula\" title=\"Arabian Peninsula\">Arabian Peninsula</a> in the 10th or 11th centuries.<ref name=\"Lewismhs\">I.M. Lewis, <i>A Modern History of the Somali</i>, fourth edition (Oxford: <a href=\"/wiki/James_Currey\" title=\"James Currey\">James Currey</a>, 2002), p. 22</ref> Sheikh Darod is asserted to have married a woman from the Dir (while some accounts say Hawiye<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Burton |first1=Sir Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yEw0AQAAMAAJ |title=The Works of Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: First footsteps in East Africa |last2=Burton |first2=Lady Isabel |publisher=Tylston & Edwards |year=1893 |page=74 |language=en |quote=where he married a daughter of the Hawiyah tribe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Burton |first=Richard Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dzhCAAAAcAAJ |title=First Footsteps in East Africa |date=1856-01-01 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans |page=104 |language=en |quote=where he married a daughter of the Hawiyah tribe}}</ref>), thus establishing <a href=\"/wiki/Matrilateral\" title=\"Matrilateral\">matrilateral</a> ties with the Samaale family.<ref name=\"Lewis19991113\" /> The <a href=\"/wiki/Isaaq\" title=\"Isaaq\">Isaaq</a> clan trace paternal descent to the Islamic leader <a href=\"/wiki/Ishaaq_bin_Ahmed\" title=\"Ishaaq bin Ahmed\">Ishaaq bin Ahmed al-Hashimi</a> (Sheikh Isaaq). The Digil &amp; Mirifle (Rahanweyn) trace their ancestry back to the patriarch Sab. Both Samaale and Sab are supposed to have descended from a common ancestor with origins in the <a href=\"/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula\" title=\"Arabian Peninsula\">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<ref name=\"Lewis19991113\" /> Contemporary genetic studies indicate that Somalis in general do not possess any noticeable Arab ancestry.<ref name=\"Sanchez2005\" /><ref name=\"Cruciani2007\" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Iacovacci|first1=Giuseppe|last2=D’Atanasio|first2=Eugenia|last3=Marini|first3=Ornella|last4=Coppa|first4=Alfredo|last5=Sellitto|first5=Daniele|last6=Trombetta|first6=Beniamino|last7=Berti|first7=Andrea|last8=Cruciani|first8=Fulvio|date=1 March 2017|title=Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries|url=https://www.docdroid.net/Dedb2N1/forensic-data-and-microvariant-sequence0acharacterization-of-27-y-str-loci-analyzed-in-four-eastern0aafrican-countries-iacovacci-et-al-2016.pdf.html|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics|language=en|volume=27|pages=123–131|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015|issn=1872-4973|pmid=28068531}}; 25/34 total local samples belonged to haplogroup T (24/24 Dir, 1/1 Hawiye, 0/9 Isaak)</ref> The traditions of descent from noble elite forefathers who settled on the littoral are debated, although they are based on early Arab documents and northern folklore.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=I. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsoNDgAAQBAJ&q=Quraysh |title=Islam in Tropical Africa |date=2017-02-03 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-31139-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=\"AppiahGates2010p395\">{{cite book|author=Marian Aguiar|editor=Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates|title=Encyclopedia of Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC| year=2010| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-533770-9|page=395}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=David |date=1967 |title=Imperialism Ancient and Modern: A Study of British Attitudes to the Claims to Sovereignty to the Northern Somali Coastline. |url=https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/6139/1/15_Imperialism%20Ancient%20and%20Modern_a%20study%20of%20British%20attitudes%20to%20the%20claims%20to%20Sovereignty%20to%20the%20Northern%20Somali%20coastline.pdf |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |pages=11–12}}</ref>\nA comprehensive genealogy of Somali clans can be found in Abbink (2009), providing detailed <a href=\"/wiki/Family_tree\" title=\"Family tree\">family trees</a> and historical background information.<ref>Abbink, Jan. 2009. <a href=\"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15601742.pdf\">The Total Somali Clan Genealogy</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316172106/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/15601742.pdf |date=16 March 2019 }} (second edition). African Studies Center Working Paper 84. Leiden: African Studies Center.</ref>\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Tomb\" title=\"Tomb\">tombs</a> of the founders of Darod, Dir and Isaaq as well as the <a href=\"/wiki/Abgaal\" title=\"Abgaal\">Abgaal</a> subclan of Hawiye are all located in northern Somalia. Tradition holds this area as the ancestral homeland of the Somali people.<ref name=\"Abdullahi8\" />\n<h2> Religion </h2>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Mosislsol2.jpg\" title=\"Mosislsol2.jpg\">thumb|right|150px|The <a href=\"/wiki/Mosque_of_Islamic_Solidarity\" title=\"Mosque of Islamic Solidarity\">Mosque of Islamic Solidarity</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Mogadishu\" title=\"Mogadishu\">Mogadishu</a> is the largest mosque in the Horn region.</a>\nAccording to data from the <a href=\"/wiki/Pew_Research_Center\" title=\"Pew Research Center\">Pew Research Center</a>, the creed breakdown of Muslims in the Somali-majority <a href=\"/wiki/Djibouti\" title=\"Djibouti\">Djibouti</a> is as follows: 77% adhere to <a href=\"/wiki/Sunnism\" title=\"Sunnism\">Sunnism</a>, 8% are <a href=\"/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim\" title=\"Non-denominational Muslim\">non-denominational Muslim</a>, 2% are <a href=\"/wiki/Shia_Islam\" title=\"Shia Islam\">Shia</a> and 13% declined to answer, and a further report inclusive of <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Region\" title=\"Somali Region\">Somali Region</a> stipulating 2% adherence to a minority sect (e.g. <a href=\"/wiki/Ibadism\" title=\"Ibadism\">Ibadism</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Quranism\" title=\"Quranism\">Quranism</a> etc.).<ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |title=Religious Identity Among Muslims &#124; Pew Research Center |publisher=Pewforum.org |date=2012-08-09 |access-date=2021-11-19}}</ref> In the neighboring country of <a href=\"/wiki/Somalia\" title=\"Somalia\">Somalia</a>, 99.8% of the population is <a href=\"/wiki/Muslim\" title=\"Muslim\">Muslim</a> according to the Pew Research Center.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Global Religious Landscape |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=27 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806002044/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/12/globalReligion-full.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2013 |page=49}}</ref> The majority belong to the <a href=\"/wiki/Sunni_Islam\" title=\"Sunni Islam\">Sunni</a> branch of <a href=\"/wiki/Islam\" title=\"Islam\">Islam</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Shafi%27i\" title=\"Shafi'i\">Shafi'i</a> school of <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence\" title=\"Islamic jurisprudence\">Islamic jurisprudence</a>.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Diriye Abdullahi |first1=Mohamed |title=Culture and customs of Somalia |date=2001 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn. |isbn=978-0-313-31333-2}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Sufism\" title=\"Sufism\">Sufism</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Mysticism\" title=\"Mysticism\">mystical</a> sect of Islam, is also well established, with many local <p>jama'a<i> (</i><a href=\"/wiki/Zaouia\" title=\"Zaouia\">zawiya</a><i>) or congregations of the various </i><a href=\"/wiki/Tariqah\" title=\"Tariqah\">tariiqa</a><i> or Sufi orders.<ref>I. M. Lewis (1998) <i>Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society</i>, The Red Sea Press, pp. 8–9, {{ISBN|1-56902-103-1}}.</ref> The constitution of Somalia likewise defines Islam as the state religion of the Federal Republic of Somalia, and Islamic <a href=\"/wiki/Sharia\" title=\"Sharia\">sharia</a> law as the basic source for national legislation. It also stipulates that no law that is inconsistent with the basic tenets of Shari'a can be enacted.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |access-date=13 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003021031/http://somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2012}}</ref>\nThere are some nobles who believe with great pride that they are of Arabian ancestry, and trace their stirp to Muhammad's lineage of <a href=\"/wiki/Quraysh\" title=\"Quraysh\">Quraysh</a> and those of his companions. Although they do not consider themselves culturally Arabs, except for the shared religion, their presumed noble Arabian origins genealogically unite them.<ref name=\"pastoral dem\">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|date=1999|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=978-0852552803|pages=11–12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA11|quote=But it is their Arabian ancestry which traditionally is their greatest pride. Ultimately all Somali genealogies go back to Arabian origins, to the Prophet's lineage of Quraysh and those of his companions. (...) Nevertheless, it is their proud pretensions to noble Arabian origins which unite all the Somali clans and lineages into one vast genealogical system.}}</ref> The purpose behind claiming genealogical traditions of descent from the <a href=\"/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula\" title=\"Arabian Peninsula\">Arabian Peninsula</a> is used to reinforce one's lineage and the various associated patriarchs with the spread of Islam.<ref name=\"James Currey Publishers\">{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|date=1999|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=978-0852552803|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA11|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref>\n</i></p><h2>Languages</h2>\n{{Main|Somali language}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Wadaad%27s-Writing.jpg\" title=\"Wadaad's-Writing.jpg\">thumb|Old Somali stone tablet: After <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_language\" title=\"Somali language\">Somali</a> had lost its ancient writing script,<ref name=\"WOSL\">Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somalia, <i>The writing of the Somali language</i>, (Ministry of Information and National Guidance: 1974), p.5</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_literature\" title=\"Somali literature\">Somali scholars</a> over the following centuries developed a writing system known as <a href=\"/wiki/Wadaad_writing\" title=\"Wadaad writing\">Wadaad writing</a> to transcribe the language.</a> \nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_language\" title=\"Somali language\">Somali language</a> (<p>Af-Soomaali<i>) is a member of the <a href=\"/wiki/Cushitic_languages\" title=\"Cushitic languages\">Cushitic</a> branch of the <a href=\"/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages\" title=\"Afroasiatic languages\">Afroasiatic</a> family. Its nearest relatives are the <a href=\"/wiki/Afar_language\" title=\"Afar language\">Afar</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Saho_language\" title=\"Saho language\">Saho</a> languages.<ref>I. M. Lewis, Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho, (Red Sea Press: 1998), p.11.</ref> Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages<ref>{{cite journal|title=A software tool for research in linguistics and lexicography: Application to Somali | doi=10.1007/BF01540131 | volume=2|issue=1 |journal=Computers and Translation|pages=21–36|date=January 1987 |last1=Maury |first1=Carole |last2=Lecarme |first2=Jacqueline | s2cid=6515240 }}</ref> with academic studies dating from the 19th century.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Shaxmednuradc1.ogg\" title=\"Shaxmednuradc1.ogg\">thumb|Speech sample in <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_language\" title=\"Somali language\">Standard Somali</a>.</a>\nThe exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 16.3 million speakers of Somali within Somalia and 25.8 million speakers globally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somalia {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/SO/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Somali - Worldwide distribution |url=https://www.worlddata.info/languages/somali.php |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Worlddata.info |language=en}}</ref> Recent estimates had approximately 24 million speakers of Somali, spread in <a href=\"/wiki/Greater_Somalia\" title=\"Greater Somalia\">Greater Somalia</a> of which around 17 million resided in Somalia.<ref name=\"eth2\">{{cite web |date=2021 |title=Somali |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/som |access-date=June 28, 2021 |publisher=[[SIL International]]}}</ref> The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Somlangbooks.jpg\" title=\"Somlangbooks.jpg\">thumb|upright|<a href=\"/wiki/Somali_language\" title=\"Somali language\">Somali language</a> books on display.</a>\nSomali dialects are divided into three main groups: <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Somali\" title=\"Northern Somali\">Northern</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Benadiri_Somali\" title=\"Benadiri Somali\">Benadiri</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Maay_language\" title=\"Maay language\">Maay</a>. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benadiri (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the <a href=\"/wiki/Benadir\" title=\"Benadir\">Benadir</a> coast from <a href=\"/wiki/Adale\" title=\"Adale\">Adale</a> to south of <a href=\"/wiki/Merca\" title=\"Merca\">Merca</a>, including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional <a href=\"/wiki/Phoneme\" title=\"Phoneme\">phonemes</a> which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (<a href=\"/wiki/Rahanweyn\" title=\"Rahanweyn\">Rahanweyn</a>) clans in the southwestern areas of Somalia.<ref name=\"Dalby\">Andrew Dalby, <i>Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages</i>, (Columbia University Press: 1998), p.571.</ref>\n</i></p>A number of <a href=\"/wiki/Writing_system\" title=\"Writing system\">writing systems</a> have been used over the years for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Latin_alphabet\" title=\"Somali Latin alphabet\">Somali Latin alphabet</a> is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972.<ref>Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), <i>Middle East annual review</i>, (1975), p. 229</ref> The script was developed by the Somali linguist <a href=\"/wiki/Shire_Jama_Ahmed\" title=\"Shire Jama Ahmed\">Shire Jama Ahmed</a> specifically for the Somali language. It uses all letters of the <a href=\"/wiki/Latin_alphabet\" title=\"Latin alphabet\">Latin alphabet</a>, except <p>p<i>, </i>v<i>, and </i>z<i>. Besides the Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established <a href=\"/wiki/Arabic_alphabet\" title=\"Arabic alphabet\">Arabic script</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Wadaad_writing\" title=\"Wadaad writing\">Wadaad writing</a>. Other writing systems developed in the twentieth century including the <a href=\"/wiki/Osmanya_alphabet\" title=\"Osmanya alphabet\">Osmanya</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Borama_alphabet\" title=\"Borama alphabet\">Borama</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Kaddare_alphabet\" title=\"Kaddare alphabet\">Kaddare</a> scripts, which were invented by <a href=\"/wiki/Osman_Yusuf_Kenadid\" title=\"Osman Yusuf Kenadid\">Osman Yusuf Kenadid</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Abdurahman_Sheikh_Nuur\" title=\"Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur\">Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Hussein_Sheikh_Ahmed_Kaddare\" title=\"Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare\">Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare</a> respectively.<ref>David D. Laitin, <i>Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience</i>, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), pp. 86–87</ref>\n</i></p>In addition to Somali, <a href=\"/wiki/Arabic\" title=\"Arabic\">Arabic</a>, which is also an Afro-Asiatic tongue, is an official national language in Somalia and Djibouti. Many Somalis speak it due to millennia-old ties with the <a href=\"/wiki/Arab_world\" title=\"Arab world\">Arab world</a>, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.<ref name=\"Dubnov\">Helena Dubnov, <i>A grammatical sketch of Somali</i>, (Kِppe: 2003), pp. 70–71.</ref> Somalia and Djibouti are also both members of the <a href=\"/wiki/Arab_League\" title=\"Arab League\">Arab League</a>.<ref name=\"2009factbook\" /><ref name=\"SCT\"><a href=\"https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/\">CIA World Factbook – Djibouti – People and Society</a>; *N.B. ~60% of 774,389 total pop.</ref>\n<h2>Culture</h2>\n{{Culture of Somalia}}\n{{Main|Culture of Somalia}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_incense_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg\" title=\"A Somali woman shows traditional incense during an event to showcase traditional Somali culture week.jpg\"> Somali woman shows traditional incense during an event to showcase traditional Somali culture|thumb|upright=1</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Somali_women_building_a_somali_house.jpg\" title=\"Somali women building a somali house.jpg\"> Somali woman building a Somali aqal or buul|thumb|upright=1</a>\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia\" title=\"Culture of Somalia\">culture of Somalia</a> is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations, such as other parts of <a href=\"/wiki/Northeast_Africa\" title=\"Northeast Africa\">Northeast Africa</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula\" title=\"Arabian Peninsula\">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/India\" title=\"India\">India</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Southeast_Asia\" title=\"Southeast Asia\">Southeast Asia</a>.<ref name=\"Abdullahi2\">Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, <i>Culture and Customs of Somalia</i>, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.155.</ref>\nThe textile-making communities in Somalia are a continuation of an ancient textile industry, as is the culture of <a href=\"/wiki/Wood_carving\" title=\"Wood carving\">wood carving</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Pottery\" title=\"Pottery\">pottery</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Architecture\" title=\"Architecture\">monumental architecture</a> that dominates Somali interiors and landscapes. The cultural diffusion of <a href=\"/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia\" title=\"Maritime history of Somalia\">Somali commercial enterprise</a> can be detected in its <a href=\"/wiki/Somalian_cuisine\" title=\"Somalian cuisine\">cuisine</a>, which contains Southeast Asian influences. Due to the Somali people's passionate love for and facility with poetry, Somalia has often been referred to by scholars as a \"Nation of Poets\" and a \"Nation of <a href=\"/wiki/Bards\" title=\"Bards\">Bards</a>\" including, among others, the <a href=\"/wiki/Canadians\" title=\"Canadians\">Canadian</a> novelist <a href=\"/wiki/Margaret_Laurence\" title=\"Margaret Laurence\">Margaret Laurence</a>.<ref>Diriye, p. 75</ref>\nAccording to Canadian novelist and scholar <a href=\"/wiki/Margaret_Laurence\" title=\"Margaret Laurence\">Margaret Laurence</a>, who originally coined the term \"Nation of Poets\" to describe the Somali Peninsular, the Eidagale clan were viewed as \"the recognized experts in the composition of poetry\" by their fellow Somali contemporaries:\n<blockquote>Among the tribes, the Eidagalla are the recognized experts in the composition of poetry. One individual poet of the Eidagalla may be no better than a good poet of another tribe, but the Eidagalla appear to have more poets than any other tribe. \"if you had a hundred Eidagalla men here,\" Hersi Jama once told me, \"And asked which of them could sing his own gabei ninety-five would be able to sing. The others would still be learning.\"<ref>{{Cite book|title=A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose|last=Laurance|first=Margaret|publisher=McMaster University Library Press|page=27}}</ref></blockquote>\nAll of these traditions, including <a href=\"/wiki/Festival\" title=\"Festival\">festivals</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Istunka\" title=\"Istunka\">martial arts</a>, dress, literature, sport and games such as <a href=\"/wiki/Shax_%28board_game%29\" title=\"Shax (board game)\">Shax</a>, have immensely contributed to the enrichment of Somali heritage.\n<h3>Music</h3>\n{{Main|Music of Somalia}}\nSomalis have a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali <a href=\"/wiki/Folklore\" title=\"Folklore\">folklore</a>. Most Somali songs are <a href=\"/wiki/Pentatonic_scale\" title=\"Pentatonic scale\">pentatonic</a>. That is, they only use five <a href=\"/wiki/Pitch_%28music%29\" title=\"Pitch (music)\">pitches</a> per <a href=\"/wiki/Octave\" title=\"Octave\">octave</a> in contrast to a <a href=\"/wiki/Heptatonic_scale\" title=\"Heptatonic scale\">heptatonic</a> (seven note) scale, such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Major_scale\" title=\"Major scale\">major scale</a>. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as Ethiopia, <a href=\"/wiki/Sudan\" title=\"Sudan\">Sudan</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Arabia\" title=\"Arabia\">Arabia</a>, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between <a href=\"/wiki/Lyricist\" title=\"Lyricist\">lyricists</a> (<p>midho<i>), songwriters (</i>laxan<i>) and singers (</i>Codka<i> or \"voice\").<ref>Diriye, pp. 170–171</ref>\n</i></p><h4>Musicians and bands</h4>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Saadoaliw1.jpg\" title=\"Saadoaliw1.jpg\">thumb|right|Somali singer <a href=\"/wiki/Saado_Ali_Warsame\" title=\"Saado Ali Warsame\">Saado Ali Warsame</a>.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Aar_Maanta\" title=\"Aar Maanta\">Aar Maanta</a> – UK-based Somali singer, composer, writer and music producer.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Abdi_Sinimo\" title=\"Abdi Sinimo\">Abdi Sinimo</a> – Prominent Somali artist and inventor of the <a href=\"/wiki/Balwo\" title=\"Balwo\">Balwo</a> musical style.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Abdullahi_Qarshe\" title=\"Abdullahi Qarshe\">Abdullahi Qarshe</a> – Somali musician, poet and playwright known for his innovative styles of music, which included a wide variety of musical instruments such as the guitar, piano and <a href=\"/wiki/Oud\" title=\"Oud\">oud</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Ali_Feiruz\" title=\"Ali Feiruz\">Ali Feiruz</a> – Somali musician from Djibouti; part of the Radio <a href=\"/wiki/Hargeisa\" title=\"Hargeisa\">Hargeisa</a> generation of Somali artists.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Dur-Dur\" title=\"Dur-Dur\">Dur-Dur</a> – Somali band active during the 1980s and 1990s in Somalia, Djibouti and Ethiopia.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Hasan_Adan_Samatar\" title=\"Hasan Adan Samatar\">Hasan Adan Samatar</a> – popular male artist during the 1970s and 80s.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Hibo_Nuura\" title=\"Hibo Nuura\">Hibo Nuura</a> – popular Somali singer.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Jonis_Bashir\" title=\"Jonis Bashir\">Jonis Bashir</a> – Somali-Italian actor and singer\n<a href=\"/wiki/Khadija_Qalanjo\" title=\"Khadija Qalanjo\">Khadija Qalanjo</a> – popular Somali singer in the 1970s and 1980s.\n<a href=\"/wiki/K%27naan\" title=\"K'naan\">K'naan</a> – award-winning Somali-Canadian hip hop artist.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Magool\" title=\"Magool\">Magool</a> (2 May 1948 – 19 March 2004) – prominent Somali singer considered in <a href=\"/wiki/Somalia\" title=\"Somalia\">Somalia</a> as one of the greatest entertainers of all time.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Maryam_Mursal\" title=\"Maryam Mursal\">Maryam Mursal</a> (born 1950) – Somali musician, composer and vocalist whose work has been produced by the record label <a href=\"/wiki/Real_World_Records\" title=\"Real World Records\">Real World</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Mohamed_Mooge_Liibaan\" title=\"Mohamed Mooge Liibaan\">Mohammed Mooge</a> – Prominent Somali artist from the Radio Hargeisa generation.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Poly_Styrene\" title=\"Poly Styrene\">Poly Styrene</a> – Somali-British punk rock singer; best known as being the lead singer of <a href=\"/wiki/X_Ray_Spex\" title=\"X Ray Spex\">X Ray Spex</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Saado_Ali_Warsame\" title=\"Saado Ali Warsame\">Saado Ali Warsame</a> – Somali singer-songwriter and modern Qaraami exponent.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Waaberi\" title=\"Waaberi\">Waaberi</a> – Somalia's foremost musical group that toured through several countries in Northeast Africa and Asia, including <a href=\"/wiki/Egypt\" title=\"Egypt\">Egypt</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sudan\" title=\"Sudan\">Sudan</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/China\" title=\"China\">China</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Waayaha_Cusub\" title=\"Waayaha Cusub\">Waayaha Cusub</a> – Somali music collective. Organized the international Reconciliation Music Festival in 2013 in Mogadishu.\n<h3>Cinema and theatre</h3>\n{{Main|Cinema of Somalia}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Ali_Said_Hassan_in_an_Event.png\" title=\"Ali Said Hassan in an Event.png\">thumb|upright|Somali film producer and director <a href=\"/wiki/Ali_Said_Hassan\" title=\"Ali Said Hassan\">Ali Said Hassan</a>.</a>\nGrowing out of the Somali people's rich storytelling tradition, the first few feature-length Somali films and cinematic festivals emerged in the early 1960s, immediately after independence. Following the creation of the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Film_Agency\" title=\"Somali Film Agency\">Somali Film Agency</a> (SFA) regulatory body in 1975, the local film scene began to expand rapidly. <a href=\"/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mumin\" title=\"Hassan Sheikh Mumin\">Hassan Sheikh Mumin</a> was considered one of the most prolific and early playwrights and composers in Somali literature. Mumin's most important work is <ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>Shabeel Naagood<i> (1965), a piece that touches on the social position of women, urbanization, changing traditional practices, and the importance of education during the early pre-independence period. Although the issues it describes were later to some degree redressed, the work remains a mainstay of Somali literature.<ref name=\"Aaasc\">{{cite journal|last=African Studies Center|first=University of California|journal=African Arts|year=1973|volume=7–8|page=84|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smBUAAAAMAAJ|access-date=29 June 2012|title=African Arts}}</ref> </i>Shabeel Naagood<i> was translated into English in 1974 under the title </i>Leopard Among the Women<i> by the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Studies\" title=\"Somali Studies\">Somali Studies</a> pioneer <a href=\"/wiki/Bogumi%C5%82_W._Andrzejewski\" title=\"Bogumił W. Andrzejewski\">Bogumił W. Andrzejewski</a>, who also wrote the introduction. Mumin composed both the play itself and the music used in it.<ref name=\"Haywardlewis\">{{cite book|last=R. J. Hayward|first=I. M. Lewis|title=Voice and Power: The Culture of Language in North-East Africa : Essays in Honour of B.W. Andrzejewski|year=1996|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=0728602571|pages=Appendix xv|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFfdmXY9X0UC&pg=PP18}}</ref> The piece is regularly featured in various school curricula, including <a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_University\" title=\"Oxford University\">Oxford University</a>, which first published the English translation under its <a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_University_Press\" title=\"Oxford University Press\">press house</a>.\n</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>During one decisive passage in the play, the heroine, Shallaayo, laments that she has been tricked into a false marriage by the Leopard in the title:\n<div class=\"center\">\n{{Blockquote|\"Women have no share in the encampments of this world\n\nAnd it is men who made these laws, to their own advantage.\n\nBy God, by God, men are our enemies, though we ourselves nurtured them\n\nWe suckled them at our breasts, and they maimed us:\n\nWe do not share peace with them.\"}}\n\nThe Somali filmmaker <a href=\"/wiki/Ali_Said_Hassan\" title=\"Ali Said Hassan\">Ali Said Hassan</a> concurrently served as the SFA's representative in Rome. In the 1970s and early 1980s, popular musicals known as <p>riwaayado<i> were the main driving force behind the Somali movie industry.\n</i></p>Epic and period films as well as international co-productions followed suit, facilitated by the proliferation of <a href=\"/wiki/Video\" title=\"Video\">video</a> technology and national television networks. <a href=\"/wiki/Said_Salah_Ahmed\" title=\"Said Salah Ahmed\">Said Salah Ahmed</a> during this period directed his first feature film, <p>The Somali Darwish<i> (</i>The Somalia Dervishes<i>), devoted to the Dervish movement. In the 1990s and 2000s, a new wave of more entertainment-oriented movies emerged. Referred to as <a href=\"/wiki/Somaliwood\" title=\"Somaliwood\">Somaliwood</a>, this upstart, youth-based cinematic movement has energized the Somali film industry and in the process introduced innovative storylines, marketing strategies and production techniques. The young directors <a href=\"/wiki/Abdisalam_Aato\" title=\"Abdisalam Aato\">Abdisalam Aato</a> of Olol Films and Abdi Malik Isak are at the forefront of this quiet revolution.<ref name=\"Somaliwood\">{{cite news|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/news2/2007/may/somaliwood_columbus_has_become_a_haven_for_somali_filmmaking.aspx|title=Somaliwood: Columbus Has Become A Haven for Somali Filmmaking|publisher=The Other Paper|date=19 April 2007|access-date=25 January 2008}}</ref>\n</i></p><h3>Art</h3>\n{{Main|Somali art}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Ucidlhd29.png\" title=\"Ucidlhd29.png\">thumb|A Somali woman with <a href=\"/wiki/Kohl_%28cosmetics%29\" title=\"Kohl (cosmetics)\">kohl</a> eyes.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:A_Somali_woman_shows_traditional_items_during_an_event_to_showcase_traditional_Somali_culture_week.jpg\" title=\"A Somali woman shows traditional items during an event to showcase traditional Somali culture week.jpg\"> Somali women knitting|thumb|right|upright=1</a>\nSomalis have old visual art traditions, which include pottery, jewelry and wood carving. In the medieval period, affluent urbanites commissioned local wood and marble carvers to work on their interiors and houses. Intricate patterns also adorn the <a href=\"/wiki/Mihrab\" title=\"Mihrab\">mihrabs</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Column\" title=\"Column\">pillars</a> of ancient Somali <a href=\"/wiki/Mosque\" title=\"Mosque\">mosques</a>. Artistic carving was considered the province of men, whereas the textile industry was mainly that of women. Among the nomads, carving, especially <a href=\"/wiki/Woodwork\" title=\"Woodwork\">woodwork</a>, was widespread and could be found on the most basic objects such as <a href=\"/wiki/Spoon\" title=\"Spoon\">spoons</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Comb\" title=\"Comb\">combs</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Bowl_%28vessel%29\" title=\"Bowl (vessel)\">bowls</a>. It also included more complex structures, such as the portable nomadic house, the <p>aqal<i>. In the last several decades, traditional carving of windows, doors and furniture have given way to workshops employing electrical machinery, which deliver the same results in a far shorter time period.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0313313332|pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/97 97]|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/97}}</ref>\n</i></p>Additionally, <a href=\"/wiki/Henna\" title=\"Henna\">henna</a> is an important part of Somali culture. It is worn by Somali women on their hands, arms, feet and neck during wedding ceremonies, <a href=\"/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr\" title=\"Eid ul-Fitr\">Eid</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ramadan\" title=\"Ramadan\">Ramadan</a> and other festive occasions. Somali henna designs are similar to those in the Arabian peninsula, often featuring flower motifs and triangular shapes. The palm is also frequently decorated with a dot of henna and the fingertips are dipped in the dye. Henna parties are usually held before the wedding takes place. Somali women have likewise traditionally applied <a href=\"/wiki/Kohl_%28cosmetics%29\" title=\"Kohl (cosmetics)\">kohl</a> (<p>kuul<i>) to their eyes.<ref name=\"Loughran\">Katheryne S. Loughran, <i>Somalia in word and image</i>, (Foundation for Cross Cultural Understanding: 1986), p.166.</ref> Usage of the <a href=\"/wiki/Eye_liner\" title=\"Eye liner\">eye cosmetic</a> in the Horn region is believed to date to the ancient Land of Punt.<ref name=\"Stiant\"><i>Studies in Ancient Technology</i>, Volume III, (Brill Archive), p. 18.</ref>\n</i></p><h3>Sports</h3>\n{{main|Sports in Somalia}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:MoPodiumRio2016.png\" title=\"MoPodiumRio2016.png\">thumb|upright|<a href=\"/wiki/Mo_Farah\" title=\"Mo Farah\">Mo Farah</a> the most decorated athlete in <a href=\"/wiki/British_athletics_history\" title=\"British athletics history\">British athletics history</a></a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Association_football\" title=\"Association football\">Football</a> is the most popular sport amongst Somalis. Important competitions are the <a href=\"/wiki/Somalia_League\" title=\"Somalia League\">Somalia League</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Somalia_Cup\" title=\"Somalia Cup\">Somalia Cup</a>. The <a href=\"/wiki/Somalia_national_football_team\" title=\"Somalia national football team\">Ocean Stars</a> is Somalia's multi-ethnic national team.<ref name=\"Nsyem\">{{cite book|last1=Minahan|first1=James|title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems|date=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0313344978|page=909|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ|access-date=14 November 2016}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Basketball\" title=\"Basketball\">Basketball</a> is also played in the country. The <a href=\"/wiki/FIBA_Africa_Championship_1981\" title=\"FIBA Africa Championship 1981\">FIBA Africa Championship 1981</a> was hosted in Mogadishu from 15 to 23 December December 1981, during which the <a href=\"/wiki/Somalia_national_basketball_team\" title=\"Somalia national basketball team\">national basketball team</a> received the bronze medal.<ref>{{cite web |title=1981 African Championship for Men|url=https://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/event/p/cid/AFMSM/sid/2399/_/1981_African_Championship_for_Men/index.html|publisher=FIBA}}</ref> The squad also takes part in the <a href=\"/wiki/Basketball_at_the_Pan_Arab_Games\" title=\"Basketball at the Pan Arab Games\">basketball event</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games\" title=\"Pan Arab Games\">Pan Arab Games</a>. Other team sports include badminton, baseball, table tennis, and volleyball.<ref name=\"Nsyem\" />\nIn the <a href=\"/wiki/Martial_arts\" title=\"Martial arts\">martial arts</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Faisal_Jeylani_Aweys\" title=\"Faisal Jeylani Aweys\">Faisal Jeylani Aweys</a> and Mohamed Deq Abdulle also took home a silver medal and fourth place, respectively, at the 2013 Open World <a href=\"/wiki/Taekwondo\" title=\"Taekwondo\">Taekwondo</a> Challenge Cup in <a href=\"/wiki/Tongeren\" title=\"Tongeren\">Tongeren</a>. The Somali National Olympic committee has devised a special support program to ensure continued success in future tournaments.<ref name=\"Hsmfawt\">{{cite news|title=Somalia moves forward at world Taekwondo|url=http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/|access-date=19 October 2013|newspaper=Horseed Media|date=6 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022175949/http://horseedmedia.net/2013/03/06/somalia-moves-forward-at-world-taekwondo-pictures/|archive-date=22 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, Mohamed Jama has won both world and European titles in <a href=\"/wiki/K-1\" title=\"K-1\">K1</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Muay_Thai\" title=\"Muay Thai\">Thai Boxing</a>.<ref name=\"Gvfmikk\">{{cite news|title=Great Victory for Malta in K1 Kickboxing|url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2010-02-10/others/great-victory-for-malta-in-k1-kickboxing-270164/|access-date=18 October 2013|newspaper=Malta Independent|date=10 February 2010}}</ref> Other individuals sports include judo, boxing, athletics, weight lifting, swimming, rowing, fencing and wrestling.<ref name=\"Nsyem\" /> Somalis have also produced many world-class distance runners like their neighboring countries with <a href=\"/wiki/Mo_Farah\" title=\"Mo Farah\">Mo Farah</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Abdi_Bile\" title=\"Abdi Bile\">Abdi Bile</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Mohammed_Ahmed_%28runner%29\" title=\"Mohammed Ahmed (runner)\">Mohammed Ahmed</a>.\n<h3>Attire</h3>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:A_Somali_man_stands_in_front_of_a_group_of_camels_in_the_town_of_Adale%2C_Somalia._Burundian_soldiers%2C_as_part_of_the_African_Union_Mission_in_Somalia%2C_yesterday_liberated_the_town_of_Adale_in_the_%2815411750086%29.jpg\" title=\"A Somali man stands in front of a group of camels in the town of Adale, Somalia. Burundian soldiers, as part of the African Union Mission in Somalia, yesterday liberated the town of Adale in the (15411750086).jpg\">alt=Somali man wearing a macawis|thumb|Somali man wearing a <i>macawis</i> <a href=\"/wiki/Sarong\" title=\"Sarong\">sarong</a>.</a>\nTraditionally, Somali men typically wear the <p>macawis<i>. It is a <a href=\"/wiki/Sarong\" title=\"Sarong\">sarong</a> that is worn around the waist. On their heads, they often wrap a colorful <a href=\"/wiki/Turban\" title=\"Turban\">turban</a> or wear the </i>koofiyad<i>, which is an embroidered <a href=\"/wiki/Fez_%28hat%29\" title=\"Fez (hat)\">fez</a>.<ref name=\"Abdullahi117\">{{cite book|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0313313332|pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/117 117–118]|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/117}}</ref>\n</i></p>Due to Somalia's proximity to and close ties with the Arabian Peninsula, many Somali men also wear the <a href=\"/wiki/Jellabiya\" title=\"Jellabiya\">jellabiya</a> (<p>jellabiyad<i> or </i>qamiis<i>). The costume is a long white garment common in the <a href=\"/wiki/Arab_world\" title=\"Arab world\">Arab world</a>.<ref name=\"Neasc\">Michigan State University. Northeast African Studies Committee, <i>Northeast African Studies</i>, Volume 8, (African Studies Center, Michigan State University: 2001), p.66.</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Somali_woman_in_traditional_dress_Circa_1940.jpg\" title=\"Somali woman in traditional dress Circa 1940.jpg\">thumb|left|upright|Somali woman in traditional <i>Guntino</i>.</a>\nDuring regular, day-to-day activities, Somali women usually wear the </i>guntiino<i>. It is a long stretch of cloth tied over the shoulder and draped around the waist. The cloth is usually made out of </i>alandi<i>, which is a textile that is common in the Horn region and some parts of North Africa. The garment can be worn in different styles. It can also be made with other fabrics, including white cloth with gold borders. For more formal settings, such as at weddings or religious celebrations like Eid, women wear the </i>dirac<i>. It is a long, light, diaphanous <a href=\"/wiki/Voile\" title=\"Voile\">voile</a> dress made of <a href=\"/wiki/Silk\" title=\"Silk\">silk</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Chiffon_%28fabric%29\" title=\"Chiffon (fabric)\">chiffon</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Taffeta\" title=\"Taffeta\">taffeta</a> or saree fabric. The gown is worn over a full-length <a href=\"/wiki/Slip_%28clothing%29\" title=\"Slip (clothing)\">half-slip</a> and a brassiere. Known as the </i>gorgorad<i>, the underskirt is made out of silk and serves as a key part of the overall outfit. The dirac is usually sparkly and very colorful, the most popular styles being those with gilded borders or threads.<ref name=\"Abdullahi117\" />\n</i></p>Married women tend to wear <a href=\"/wiki/Headscarf\" title=\"Headscarf\">headscarves</a> referred to as <p>shaash<i>. They also often cover their upper body with a <a href=\"/wiki/Shawl\" title=\"Shawl\">shawl</a>, which is known as </i>garbasaar<i>. Unmarried or young women, however, do not always cover their heads. Traditional Arabian garb, such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Jilb%C4%81b\" title=\"Jilbāb\">jilbab</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Abaya\" title=\"Abaya\">abaya</a>, is also commonly worn.<ref name=\"Abdullahi117\" />\n</i></p>Additionally, Somali women have a long tradition of wearing <a href=\"/wiki/Gold_jewelry\" title=\"Gold jewelry\">gold jewelry</a>, particularly <a href=\"/wiki/Bangle\" title=\"Bangle\">bangles</a>. During weddings, the bride is frequently adorned in gold. Many Somali women by tradition also wear gold <a href=\"/wiki/Necklaces\" title=\"Necklaces\">necklaces</a> and anklets.<ref name=\"Abdullahi117\" />\n<h2>Ethnic flag</h2>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Somohralhd1a.png\" title=\"Somohralhd1a.png\">thumb|upright|Somali woman wearing a <a href=\"/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia\" title=\"Flag of Somalia\">Somali flag</a> dress.</a>\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Flag_of_Somalia\" title=\"Flag of Somalia\">Somali flag</a> is an <a href=\"/wiki/Ethnic_flag\" title=\"Ethnic flag\">ethnic flag</a> conceived to represent ethnic Somalis.<ref name=\"Tifh\">{{cite book|last1=Costantino|first1=Maria|title=The Illustrated Flag Handbook|date=2002|publisher=Silverdale Books|isbn=978-1856056694|page=185|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGYhngEACAAJ|access-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar <a href=\"/wiki/Mohammed_Awale_Liban\" title=\"Mohammed Awale Liban\">Mohammed Awale Liban</a>, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the <a href=\"/wiki/Trust_Territory_of_Somalia\" title=\"Trust Territory of Somalia\">Trust Territory of Somalia</a> to come up with a design.<ref name=\"Crwf\">{{cite web|title=History of the flag|url=http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/so.html#history|publisher=CRW Flags|access-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> Upon <a href=\"/wiki/Independence_Day_%28Somalia%29\" title=\"Independence Day (Somalia)\">independence</a> in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Republic\" title=\"Somali Republic\">Somali Republic</a>.<ref name=\"Wasf\">{{cite web|title=Somalia Flag|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/flags/countrys/africa/somalia.htm|publisher=World Atlas|access-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> The five-pointed <p>Star of Unity<i> in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in <a href=\"/wiki/Greater_Somalia\" title=\"Greater Somalia\">Greater Somalia</a>.<ref name=\"Wasf\" /><ref name=\"Cwfbsom\">{{cite web|title=The World Factbook – Somalia|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/flagtemplate_so.html|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=20 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915100458/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/flagtemplate_so.html|archive-date=15 September 2012}}</ref>\n</i></p><h2>Cuisine</h2>\n{{Main|Somali cuisine}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Somregcammil.jpg\" title=\"Somregcammil.jpg\">alt=|thumb|upright|Women from Fafan village in the Somali Regional State offering camel milk.</a>\nThe Somali staple food comes from their livestock, however, the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_cuisine\" title=\"Somali cuisine\">Somali cuisine</a> varies from region to region and consists of a <a href=\"/wiki/Fusion_cuisine\" title=\"Fusion cuisine\">fusion</a> of diverse culinary influences. In the interiors, the cuisine is mainly local with usage of Ethiopian grains and vegetables while in the coast it is the product of Somalia's rich <a href=\"/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia\" title=\"Maritime history of Somalia\">tradition of trade and commerce</a>. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served <a href=\"/wiki/Halal\" title=\"Halal\">halal</a>. There are therefore no pork dishes, alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated.<ref name=\"Abdullahi110\">{{cite book|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0313313332|pages=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/110 110–117]|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/110}}</ref>\nBreakfast (<p>quraac<i>) is an important meal for Somalis, some drink <a href=\"/wiki/Tea\" title=\"Tea\">tea</a> (</i>shahie or shaah)<i> others <a href=\"/wiki/Coffee\" title=\"Coffee\">coffee</a> (</i>qaxwa or bun<i>). The tea is often in the form of </i><a href=\"/wiki/Shahi_Haleeb\" title=\"Shahi Haleeb\">haleeb shai</a><i> (Yemeni milk tea) in the north. The main dish is typically a pancake-like bread (</i>canjeero<i> or </i>canjeelo<i>) similar to Ethiopian <a href=\"/wiki/Injera\" title=\"Injera\">injera</a>, but smaller and thinner, or </i>muufo<i> a Somali flat bread traditionally baked on a clay oven. These breads might also be eaten with a stew (</i>maraqe<i>) or soup at lunch or dinner.<ref>Abdullahi, pp. 111–114.</ref> </i>Qado<i> or lunch is often elaborate, varieties of </i>bariis<i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Rice\" title=\"Rice\">rice</a>), the most popular being <a href=\"/wiki/Basmati\" title=\"Basmati\">basmati</a> are usually served as the main dish alongside goat, lamb or fish. Spices like <a href=\"/wiki/Cumin\" title=\"Cumin\">cumin</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cardamom\" title=\"Cardamom\">cardamom</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Clove\" title=\"Clove\">cloves</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cinnamon\" title=\"Cinnamon\">cinnamon</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Salvia_officinalis\" title=\"Salvia officinalis\">garden sage</a> are used to aromatize these different rice delicacies. Somalis eat dinner as late as 9 pm. During <a href=\"/wiki/Ramadan_%28calendar_month%29\" title=\"Ramadan (calendar month)\">Ramadan</a>, supper is often served after <a href=\"/wiki/Tarawih\" title=\"Tarawih\">Tarawih</a> prayers; sometimes as late as 11 pm.<ref name=\"Abdullahi110\" />\n</i></p>In some regions<p>, xalwo<i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Halva\" title=\"Halva\">halva</a>) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, <a href=\"/wiki/Corn_starch\" title=\"Corn starch\">corn starch</a>, cardamom powder, <a href=\"/wiki/Nutmeg\" title=\"Nutmeg\">nutmeg</a> powder and <a href=\"/wiki/Ghee\" title=\"Ghee\">ghee</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Peanut\" title=\"Peanut\">Peanuts</a> are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor.<ref>Barlin Ali, <i>Somali Cuisine</i>, (AuthorHouse: 2007), p.79</ref> After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using <a href=\"/wiki/Frankincense\" title=\"Frankincense\">frankincense</a> (</i>lubaan<i>) or <a href=\"/wiki/Incense\" title=\"Incense\">incense</a> (</i>cuunsi<i>), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a </i><a href=\"/wiki/Dabqaad\" title=\"Dabqaad\">dabqaad</a><i>.\n</i></p><h2>Literature</h2>\n{{Main|Somali literature}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Nadifa_Mohamed.jpg\" title=\"Nadifa Mohamed.jpg\">thumb|Award-winning author <a href=\"/wiki/Nadifa_Mohamed\" title=\"Nadifa Mohamed\">Nadifa Mohamed</a>.</a>\nSomali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_literature\" title=\"Islamic literature\">Islamic literature</a> ranging from poetry to <a href=\"/wiki/Hadith\" title=\"Hadith\">Hadith</a>. With the adoption of the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_alphabet\" title=\"Somali alphabet\">Latin alphabet</a> in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. Most of the early Somali literature is in the <a href=\"/wiki/Arabic_script\" title=\"Arabic script\">Arabic script</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Wadaad_writing\" title=\"Wadaad writing\"><i>Wadaad</i> writing</a>.<ref>{{cite web|title=Omniglot – Somali writing scripts|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/somali.htm|publisher=Omniglot}}</ref> This usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems (<a href=\"/wiki/Qasida\" title=\"Qasida\">qasidas</a>), recitations and chants.<ref name=\"Andrezewski130131\">{{cite book|last1=Andrezewski|first1=B. W.|title=In Praise of Somali Literature|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1291454536|pages=130–131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CdBQAAQBAJ|date=July 2013}}</ref> Among these texts are the Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic.<ref name=\"Andrezewski232\">{{cite book|last1=Andrezewski|first1=B. W.|title=In Praise of Somali Literature|publisher=Lulu|isbn=978-1291454536|page=232|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90CdBQAAQBAJ|date=July 2013}}</ref>\n<h3>Authors and poets</h3>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Elmi_Boodhari\" title=\"Elmi Boodhari\">Elmi Boodhari</a> (1908–1940) – Early 20th century poet and pioneer in the genre of Somali love poems. He is popularly known by Somalis as the <ul><li>King of romance<i> (Boqorki Jacaylka)<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&q=Elmi+Boodhari+clan&pg=PA79|title= Moahmed Diiriye Abdulahi : Culture and Customs of Somalia, p.76|isbn= 9780313313332|last1= Abdullahi|first1= Mohamed Diriye|year= 2001|publisher= Greenwood Publishing}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Abdillahi_Diiriye_Guled\" title=\"Abdillahi Diiriye Guled\">Abdillahi Diiriye Guled</a> - Literary scholar and discoverer of the Somali prosodic system\n<a href=\"/wiki/Ali_Bu%27ul\" title=\"Ali Bu'ul\">Ali Bu'ul (Cali Bucul)</a> – 19th century poet, military leader and sultan, many of the most well known </i><ul><li>geeraar<i> (short styled poems recited on a horse) came from his tongue and are still known today.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Mohamed_Ibrahim_Warsame_%27Hadrawi%27\" title=\"Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi'\">Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi'</a> – songwriter, philosopher, and Somali <a href=\"/wiki/Poet_Laureate\" title=\"Poet Laureate\">Poet Laureate</a>; also dubbed the Somali <a href=\"/wiki/William_Shakespeare\" title=\"William Shakespeare\">Shakespeare</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Hassan_Sheikh_Mumin\" title=\"Hassan Sheikh Mumin\">Hassan Sheikh Mumin</a> – 20th century poet, playwright, broadcaster, actor and composer.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Nuruddin_Farah\" title=\"Nuruddin Farah\">Nuruddin Farah</a> (born 1943) – Somali writer and winner of the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Abdillahi_Suldaan_Mohammed_Timacade\" title=\"Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade\">Abdillahi Suldaan Mohammed Timacade</a> (1920–1973) – prominent Somali poet known for his nationalist poems such as </i><ul><li><ul><li>Kana siib Kana Saar<i>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Mohamud_Siad_Togane\" title=\"Mohamud Siad Togane\">Mohamud Siad Togane</a> (born 1943) – <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Canadians\" title=\"Somali Canadians\">Somali-Canadian</a> poet, professor, and political activist.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Maxamed_Daahir_Afrax\" title=\"Maxamed Daahir Afrax\">Maxamed Daahir Afrax</a> – Somali novelist and playwright. Afrax has published several novels and short stories in <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_language\" title=\"Somali language\">Somali</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Arabic\" title=\"Arabic\">Arabic</a>, and has also written two plays, the first being </i></li></ul></li></ul></li><li>Durbaan Been ah<i> (\"A Deceptive Drum\"), which was staged in <a href=\"/wiki/Somalia\" title=\"Somalia\">Somalia</a> in 1979. His major contribution in the field of theatre criticism is </i>Somali Drama: Historical and Critical Study<i> (1987).\n<a href=\"/wiki/Gaarriye\" title=\"Gaarriye\">Gaarriye</a> (1949–2012) – Somali poet, most notable for his famous poem </i></li></ul></li><li>Hagarlaawe<i>. \n<a href=\"/wiki/Nadifa_Mohamed\" title=\"Nadifa Mohamed\">Nadifa Mohamed</a> – Somali novelist. Winner of the 2010 <a href=\"/wiki/Betty_Trask_Prize\" title=\"Betty Trask Prize\">Betty Trask Prize</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Musa_Haji_Ismail_Galal\" title=\"Musa Haji Ismail Galal\">Musa Haji Ismail Galal</a> (1917–1980) – was a Somali writer, scholar, linguist, historian and polymath\n<a href=\"/wiki/Farah_Mohamed_Jama_Awl\" title=\"Farah Mohamed Jama Awl\">Farah Mohamed Jama Awl</a> – Somali author best known for his <a href=\"/wiki/Historical_fiction\" title=\"Historical fiction\">historical fiction</a> novels.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Diriye_Osman\" title=\"Diriye Osman\">Diriye Osman</a> – Somali writer and visual artist. Winner of the 2014 Polari First Book Prize.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Sofia_Samatar\" title=\"Sofia Samatar\">Sofia Samatar</a> – Somali professor and writer. Winner of the 2014 <a href=\"/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award\" title=\"World Fantasy Award\">World Fantasy Award</a>.\n</i></li></ul><h2>Law</h2>\n{{Main|Xeer}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:2016_16_Youth_Workshop-6_%2830821301124%29.jpg\" title=\"2016 16 Youth Workshop-6 (30821301124).jpg\">thumb|upright|Federal legislator <a href=\"/wiki/Muna_Khalif\" title=\"Muna Khalif\">Muna Khalif</a> chairing a political workshop.</a>\nSomalis for centuries have practiced a form of <a href=\"/wiki/Customary_law\" title=\"Customary law\">customary law</a>, which they call <ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Xeer\" title=\"Xeer\">xeer</a><i>. Xeer is a <a href=\"/wiki/Polycentric_law\" title=\"Polycentric law\">polycentric</a> legal system where there is no monopolistic agent that determines what the law should be or how it should be interpreted. It is assumed to have developed exclusively in the Horn of Africa since approximately the 7th century. Given the dearth of <a href=\"/wiki/Loan_word\" title=\"Loan word\">loan words</a> from foreign languages within the xeer's nomenclature, the customary law appears to have evolved in situ.<ref name=\"misesSHM\">{{cite web|url=https://www.mises.org/story/2701|title=Mises Daily|work=Mises Institute|date=4 September 2007}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Jawari.png\" title=\"Jawari.png\">thumb|upright|<a href=\"/wiki/Mohamed_Osman_Jawari\" title=\"Mohamed Osman Jawari\">Mohamed Osman Jawari</a>, speaker of the Federal Parliament.</a>\nXeer is defined by a few fundamental tenets that are immutable and which closely approximate the principle of </i><a href=\"/wiki/Jus_cogens\" title=\"Jus cogens\">jus cogens</a><i> in <a href=\"/wiki/International_law\" title=\"International law\">international law</a>: payment of <a href=\"/wiki/Blood_money_%28term%29\" title=\"Blood money (term)\">blood money</a> (locally referred to as </i><a href=\"/wiki/Diyya\" title=\"Diyya\">diya</a><i> or </i>mag<i>), assuring good inter-<a href=\"/wiki/Clan\" title=\"Clan\">clan</a> relations by treating women justly, negotiating with \"peace emissaries\" in good faith, and sparing the lives of socially protected groups (e.g. children, women, the pious, poets and guests), family obligations such as the payment of <a href=\"/wiki/Dowry\" title=\"Dowry\">dowry</a>, and sanctions for eloping, rules pertaining to the management of resources such as the use of pasture land, water, and other natural resources, providing financial support to married female relatives and newlyweds, donating livestock and other assets to the poor.<ref name=\"SJS\">{{cite web|title=Stateless Justice in Somalia|url=http://www.hdcentre.org/files/Somalia%20report.pdf|date=1 June 2005|author=Dr Andre Le Sage|publisher=Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118151830/http://www.hdcentre.org/files/Somalia%20report.pdf|archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> The Xeer legal system also requires a certain amount of <a href=\"/wiki/Division_of_labour\" title=\"Division of labour\">specialization</a> of different functions within the legal framework. Thus, one can find </i>odayal<i> (judges), </i>xeer boggeyaal<i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Jurist\" title=\"Jurist\">jurists</a>), </i>guurtiyaal<i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Detective\" title=\"Detective\">detectives</a>), </i>garxajiyaal<i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Lawyer\" title=\"Lawyer\">attorneys</a>), </i>murkhaatiyal<i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Witnesses\" title=\"Witnesses\">witnesses</a>) and </i>waranle<i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Police_officer\" title=\"Police officer\">police officers</a>) to enforce the law.<ref name=\"HAblele\">{{cite web|url=http://www.hiiraan.com/op2/2008/oct/back_to_somali_roots.aspx|title=Back to Somali roots|work=hiiraan.com}}</ref>\n</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h2>Architecture</h2>\n{{Somali Architecture}}\n{{Main|Somali architecture}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Somali_architecture\" title=\"Somali architecture\">Somali architecture</a> is a rich and diverse tradition of <a href=\"/wiki/Civil_engineering\" title=\"Civil engineering\">engineering</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Design\" title=\"Design\">designing</a>. It involves multiple different construction types, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Masonry\" title=\"Masonry\">stone cities</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Castle\" title=\"Castle\">castles</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Citadel\" title=\"Citadel\">citadels</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Fortification\" title=\"Fortification\">fortresses</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mosque\" title=\"Mosque\">mosques</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mausoleum\" title=\"Mausoleum\">mausoleums</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tower\" title=\"Tower\">towers</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tomb\" title=\"Tomb\">tombs</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tumulus\" title=\"Tumulus\">tumuli</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cairn\" title=\"Cairn\">cairns</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Megalith\" title=\"Megalith\">megaliths</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Menhir\" title=\"Menhir\">menhirs</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stele\" title=\"Stele\">stelae</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Dolmen\" title=\"Dolmen\">dolmens</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stone_circle\" title=\"Stone circle\">stone circles</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Monument\" title=\"Monument\">monuments</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Temples\" title=\"Temples\">temples</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Enclosure_%28archaeology%29\" title=\"Enclosure (archaeology)\">enclosures</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cistern\" title=\"Cistern\">cisterns</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Aqueduct_%28water_supply%29\" title=\"Aqueduct (water supply)\">aqueducts</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Lighthouse\" title=\"Lighthouse\">lighthouses</a>. Spanning the ancient, medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia, it also includes the fusion of Somali architecture with Western designs in <a href=\"/wiki/Contemporary_architecture\" title=\"Contemporary architecture\">contemporary</a> times.<ref name=\"Abdullahi105\">{{cite book|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0313313332|page=[https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/105 105]|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/105}}</ref>\nIn ancient Somalia, <a href=\"/wiki/Pyramid\" title=\"Pyramid\">pyramidical</a> structures known in Somali as <p>taalo<i> were a popular burial style. Hundreds of these <a href=\"/wiki/Dry_stone\" title=\"Dry stone\">dry stone</a> monuments are found around the country today. Houses were built of <a href=\"/wiki/Stonemasonry\" title=\"Stonemasonry\">dressed stone</a> similar to the ones in <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Egypt\" title=\"Ancient Egypt\">Ancient Egypt</a>.<ref name=\"Man, God and Civilization pg 216\" /> There are also examples of <a href=\"/wiki/Courtyard\" title=\"Courtyard\">courtyards</a> and large stone walls enclosing settlements, such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Wargaade_Wall\" title=\"Wargaade Wall\">Wargaade Wall</a>.\n</i></p>The peaceful introduction of <a href=\"/wiki/Islam\" title=\"Islam\">Islam</a> in the early medieval era of Somalia's history brought <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_architecture\" title=\"Islamic architecture\">Islamic architectural influences</a> from <a href=\"/wiki/Arabia\" title=\"Arabia\">Arabia</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Persia\" title=\"Persia\">Persia</a>. This had the effect of stimulating a shift in construction from drystone and other related materials to <a href=\"/wiki/Coral\" title=\"Coral\">coral stone</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mudbrick\" title=\"Mudbrick\">sundried bricks</a>, and the widespread use of <a href=\"/wiki/Limestone\" title=\"Limestone\">limestone</a> in Somali architecture. Many of the new architectural designs, such as mosques, were built on the ruins of older structures. This practice would continue over and over again throughout the following centuries.<ref>Diriye, p. 102</ref>\n<h2>Geographic distribution</h2>\n{{Main|Somali diaspora}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Buckeye_Market_and_Halal_Meats.jpg\" title=\"Buckeye Market and Halal Meats.jpg\">thumb|upright|A Somali-owned grocery in <a href=\"/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio\" title=\"Columbus, Ohio\">Columbus, Ohio</a>.</a>\nSomalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants.<ref name=\"2009factbook\" /> They also comprise around 60% of the inhabitants in Djibouti.<ref>{{cite web|title=Djibouti|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/djibouti/|publisher=CIA World Factbook|access-date=30 April 2016}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Civil_War\" title=\"Somali Civil War\">Civil strife</a> in the early 1990s greatly increased the size of the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_diaspora\" title=\"Somali diaspora\">Somali diaspora</a>, as many of the best educated Somalis left for the Middle East, Europe and North America.<ref><a href=\"http://www.innercitypress.com/UNPOSstrategy.doc\">Somali Diaspora</a> – <i><a href=\"/wiki/Inner_City_Press\" title=\"Inner City Press\">Inner City Press</a></i></ref> In <a href=\"/wiki/Canada\" title=\"Canada\">Canada</a>, the cities of <a href=\"/wiki/Toronto\" title=\"Toronto\">Toronto</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ottawa\" title=\"Ottawa\">Ottawa</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Calgary\" title=\"Calgary\">Calgary</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Edmonton\" title=\"Edmonton\">Edmonton</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Montreal\" title=\"Montreal\">Montreal</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Vancouver\" title=\"Vancouver\">Vancouver</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Winnipeg\" title=\"Winnipeg\">Winnipeg</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Hamilton%2C_Ontario\" title=\"Hamilton, Ontario\">Hamilton</a> all harbor Somali populations. Statistics Canada's 2006 census ranks people of Somali descent as the 69th largest ethnic group in Canada.<ref name=\"www12.statcan.ca\">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|title=Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada – Data table|date=2 April 2008|work=statcan.ca|access-date=5 November 2008|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221808/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|url-status=dead}}</ref>\nUN migration estimates of the international migrant stock 2015 suggest that 1,998,764 people from Somalia were living abroad.<ref name=\"UN2015\">{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/data/UN_MigrantStockByOriginAndDestination_2015.xlsx|title=Table 16. Total migrant stock at mid-year by origin and by major area, region, country or area of destination, 2015|publisher=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs|work=Trends in International Migrant Stock: Migrants by Destination and Origin|date=2015|access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/06/01/5-facts-about-the-global-somali-diaspora/|title=5 facts about the global Somali diaspora|first1=Phillip|last1=Connor|first2=Jens Manuel|last2=Krogstad|publisher=Pew Research Center|work=Fact Tank|date=1 June 2016|access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Faisalhawhd3.png\" title=\"Faisalhawhd3.png\">thumb|Somali women at a political function in <a href=\"/wiki/Dubai\" title=\"Dubai\">Dubai</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates\" title=\"United Arab Emirates\">United Arab Emirates</a>.</a>\nWhile the distribution of Somalis per country in Europe is hard to measure because the Somali community on the continent has grown so quickly in recent years, the Office for National Statistics estimates that 98,000 people born in Somalia were living in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Kingdom\" title=\"United Kingdom\">United Kingdom</a> in 2016.<ref name=\"2016 UK estimates\">{{ONSCoB2016|access-date=9 December 2017}}</ref> This includes <a href=\"/wiki/Internal_migration%23Secondary_migration\" title=\"Internal migration#Secondary migration\">secondary migration</a> of Somalis from <a href=\"/wiki/Continental_Europe\" title=\"Continental Europe\">mainland European</a> countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=van Heelsum|first=A|date=2011|title=Why Somalis move? An investigation into migratory processes among Somalis|url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/1412527/148905_2011_Why_Somalis_move.pdf|journal=Paper Presented at ECAS 4: 4th European Conference on African Studies, 15–18 June 2011, Uppsala, Sweden: African Engagements: On Whose Terms?}}</ref> Somalis in Britain are largely concentrated in the cities of London, <a href=\"/wiki/Sheffield\" title=\"Sheffield\">Sheffield</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Bristol\" title=\"Bristol\">Bristol</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Birmingham\" title=\"Birmingham\">Birmingham</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cardiff\" title=\"Cardiff\">Cardiff</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Liverpool\" title=\"Liverpool\">Liverpool</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Manchester\" title=\"Manchester\">Manchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Leeds\" title=\"Leeds\">Leeds</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Leicester\" title=\"Leicester\">Leicester</a>, with London alone accounting for roughly 78% of Britain's Somali population in 2001.<ref name=\"UKCensus\">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/somalia.stm|title=BBC NEWS – UK – Born Abroad – Somalia|work=bbc.co.uk}}</ref> There are also significant Somali communities in <a href=\"/wiki/Continental_Europe\" title=\"Continental Europe\">continental Europe</a> such as <a href=\"/wiki/Sweden\" title=\"Sweden\">Sweden</a>: 63,853 (2016);<ref name=\"SCB\" /> <a href=\"/wiki/Norway\" title=\"Norway\">Norway</a>: 42,217 (2016);<ref name=\"NorwayCensus\" /> the <a href=\"/wiki/Netherlands\" title=\"Netherlands\">Netherlands</a>: 39,465 (2016);<ref name=\"NetherlandsCensus\" /> <a href=\"/wiki/Germany\" title=\"Germany\">Germany</a>: 33,900 (2016);<ref name=\"GermanyCensus\" /> <a href=\"/wiki/Denmark\" title=\"Denmark\">Denmark</a>: 21,050 (2016);<ref name=\"DenmarkCensus\" /> and <a href=\"/wiki/Finland\" title=\"Finland\">Finland</a>: 20,007 (2017).<ref name=\"FinCensus\" />\nIn the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">United States</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Minneapolis%2C_Minnesota\" title=\"Minneapolis, Minnesota\">Minneapolis</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Saint_Paul%2C_Minnesota\" title=\"Saint Paul, Minnesota\">Saint Paul</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Columbus%2C_Ohio\" title=\"Columbus, Ohio\">Columbus</a>, San Diego, <a href=\"/wiki/Seattle%2C_Washington\" title=\"Seattle, Washington\">Seattle</a>, Washington, D.C., <a href=\"/wiki/Houston%2C_Texas\" title=\"Houston, Texas\">Houston</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Atlanta%2C_Georgia\" title=\"Atlanta, Georgia\">Atlanta</a>, Los Angeles, <a href=\"/wiki/Portland%2C_Oregon\" title=\"Portland, Oregon\">Portland</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Denver%2C_Colorado\" title=\"Denver, Colorado\">Denver</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Nashville%2C_Tennessee\" title=\"Nashville, Tennessee\">Nashville</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Green_Bay%2C_Wisconsin\" title=\"Green Bay, Wisconsin\">Green Bay</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lewiston%2C_Maine\" title=\"Lewiston, Maine\">Lewiston</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Portland%2C_Maine\" title=\"Portland, Maine\">Portland, Maine</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Cedar_Rapids%2C_Iowa\" title=\"Cedar Rapids, Iowa\">Cedar Rapids</a> have the largest Somali populations.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:016_ONLF_rebellion.JPG\" title=\"016 ONLF rebellion.JPG\">right|thumbnail|<a href=\"/wiki/Ogaden_National_Liberation_Front\" title=\"Ogaden National Liberation Front\">ONLF</a> separatist rebels fighting for the right to <a href=\"/wiki/Self-determination\" title=\"Self-determination\">self-determination</a> for Somalis in the <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Region\" title=\"Somali Region\">Somali Region</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Ethiopia\" title=\"Ethiopia\">Ethiopia</a>. </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Somali_Road.jpg\" title=\"Somali Road.jpg\">thumb|Sign on Somali Road in the <a href=\"/wiki/London_Borough_of_Camden\" title=\"London Borough of Camden\">London Borough of Camden</a>.</a>\nAn estimated 20,000 Somalis emigrated to the U.S. state of <a href=\"/wiki/Minnesota\" title=\"Minnesota\">Minnesota</a> in the mid-1990s and the <a href=\"/wiki/Twin_Cities\" title=\"Twin Cities\">Twin Cities</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Minneapolis\" title=\"Minneapolis\">Minneapolis</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Saint_Paul%2C_Minnesota\" title=\"Saint Paul, Minnesota\">Saint Paul</a>) now have the highest population of Somalis in North America.<ref>Mosedale, Mike (18 February 2004), <a href=\"http://www.citypages.com/2004-02-18/news/the-mall-of-somalia/\">\"The Mall of Somalia\"</a> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619211021/http://www.citypages.com/2004-02-18/news/the-mall-of-somalia |date=19 June 2010 }}, <i><a href=\"/wiki/City_Pages\" title=\"City Pages\">City Pages</a></i></ref> The city of Minneapolis hosts hundreds of Somali-owned and operated businesses offering a variety of products, including leather shoes, jewelry and other fashion items, <a href=\"/wiki/Halal\" title=\"Halal\">halal</a> meat, and <a href=\"/wiki/Hawala\" title=\"Hawala\">hawala</a> or money transfer services. Community-based <a href=\"/wiki/Video_rental_store\" title=\"Video rental store\">video rental stores</a> likewise carry the latest Somali films and music.<ref>\"<a href=\"http://www.banadir.com/somalis_in_america.shtml\">Talking Point</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525132041/http://www.banadir.com/somalis_in_america.shtml |date=25 May 2017 }}\" by M. M. Afrah Minneapolis, Minnesota (USA) Aug., 12. 2004.</ref> The number of Somalis has especially surged in the <a href=\"/wiki/Cedar-Riverside%2C_Minneapolis\" title=\"Cedar-Riverside, Minneapolis\">Cedar-Riverside</a> area of Minneapolis.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Somgirlegyhs.jpg\" title=\"Somgirlegyhs.jpg\">thumb|A Somali high school student in <a href=\"/wiki/Cairo\" title=\"Cairo\">Cairo</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Egypt\" title=\"Egypt\">Egypt</a>.</a>\nThere is a sizable Somali community in the United Arab Emirates. Somali-owned businesses line the streets of <a href=\"/wiki/Deira%2C_Dubai\" title=\"Deira, Dubai\">Deira</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Dubai\" title=\"Dubai\">Dubai</a> city centre,<ref name=\"Sciodb\">{{cite news|title=Somalis cash in on Dubai boom|url=http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4535642.stm|access-date=29 January 2015|agency=BBC|archive-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107163723/http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4535642.stm|url-status=dead}}</ref> with only <a href=\"/wiki/Iran\" title=\"Iran\">Iranians</a> exporting more products from the city at large.<ref>{{cite news|title=Forget piracy, Somalia's whole 'global' economy is booming – to Kenya's benefit|url=http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/914994/-/view/printVersion/-/yvxnho/-/index.html|access-date=29 January 2015|agency=TEA|archive-date=22 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122222606/http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/-/2558/914994/-/view/printVersion/-/yvxnho/-/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9\" title=\"Internet café\">Internet cafés</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hotel\" title=\"Hotel\">hotels</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Coffeehouse\" title=\"Coffeehouse\">coffee shops</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Restaurant\" title=\"Restaurant\">restaurants</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/International_trade\" title=\"International trade\">import-export businesses</a> are all testimony to the Somalis' entrepreneurial spirit. Star African Air is also one of three Somali-owned <a href=\"/wiki/Airline\" title=\"Airline\">airlines</a> which are based in Dubai.<ref name=\"Sciodb\" />\nBesides their traditional areas of inhabitation in <a href=\"/wiki/Greater_Somalia\" title=\"Greater Somalia\">Greater Somalia</a>, a Somali community mainly consisting of entrepreneurs, academics, and students also exists in <a href=\"/wiki/Egypt\" title=\"Egypt\">Egypt</a>.<ref name=\"Smmtsdairid\">{{cite web|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/49925766/Forging-Partnerships-with-the-So|title=Docstoc is Closed}}</ref><ref name=\"Swsie\"><a href=\"http://www.somaliweyn.org/pages/news/Feb_11/5Feb15.html\">Somalia: How is the fate of the Somalis in Egypt?</a> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506172142/http://www.somaliweyn.org/pages/news/Feb_11/5Feb15.html |date=6 May 2011 }}</ref> In addition, there is an historical Somali community in the general <a href=\"/wiki/Sudan\" title=\"Sudan\">Sudan</a> area. Primarily concentrated in the north and <a href=\"/wiki/Khartoum\" title=\"Khartoum\">Khartoum</a>, the expatriate community mainly consists of students as well as some businesspeople.<ref name=\"Thoscitsstfww\"><a href=\"https://www.angelfire.com/ma2/yoss/Somalicom.doc\">The History of Somali Communities in the Sudan since the First World War</a></ref> More recently, Somali entrepreneurs have established themselves in <a href=\"/wiki/Kenya\" title=\"Kenya\">Kenya</a>, investing over $1.5&nbsp;billion in the Somali enclave of <a href=\"/wiki/Eastleigh%2C_Nairobi\" title=\"Eastleigh, Nairobi\">Eastleigh</a> alone.<ref name=\"Smestl\"><a href=\"http://allafrica.com/stories/201105310558.html\">Help Locals Rebuild Their Country By Ensuring World Attention And Peace</a></ref> In <a href=\"/wiki/South_Africa\" title=\"South Africa\">South Africa</a>, Somali businesspeople also provide most of the retail trade in informal settlements around the <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Cape\" title=\"Western Cape\">Western Cape</a> province.<ref name=\"Sasc\">{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/local-xenophobes-still-plague-foreigners-1.489819?ot=inmsa.ArticlePrintPageLayout.ot|title=IOL – News for South Africa and the world|work=iol.co.za}}</ref>\n{{Clear}}\n<h3>Notable individuals of the diaspora</h3>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Abdulrahim_Abby_Farah\" title=\"Abdulrahim Abby Farah\">Abdulrahim Abby Farah</a> Undersecretary General of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations\" title=\"United Nations\">United Nations</a> 1979–1990, Permanent Representative of Somalia to the United Nations 1965–1972.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Abdisalamomer1.png\" title=\"Abdisalamomer1.png\">thumb|upright|Economist <a href=\"/wiki/Abdusalam_H._Omer\" title=\"Abdusalam H. Omer\">Abdusalam H. Omer</a>.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Abdusalam_H._Omer\" title=\"Abdusalam H. Omer\">Abdusalam H. Omer</a> – Somali economist and politician. Former Foreign Affairs Minister of Somalia and Governor of the Central Bank of Somalia.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Abdi_Yusuf_Hassan\" title=\"Abdi Yusuf Hassan\">Abdi Yusuf Hassan</a> – Somali politician, diplomat and journalist. Former director of <a href=\"/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian\" title=\"The New Humanitarian\">IRIN</a> and UNHCR Head of External and Media Relations in <a href=\"/wiki/Southwest_Asia\" title=\"Southwest Asia\">Southwest</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Central_Asia\" title=\"Central Asia\">Central Asia</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Rageh_Omaar.jpg\" title=\"Rageh Omaar.jpg\">upright|thumb|Journalist <a href=\"/wiki/Rageh_Omaar\" title=\"Rageh Omaar\">Rageh Omaar</a>.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Ahmed_Hussen\" title=\"Ahmed Hussen\">Ahmed Hussen</a> – Somali lawyer. Minister of Immigration of Canada. President of the <a href=\"/wiki/Canadian_Somali_Congress\" title=\"Canadian Somali Congress\">Canadian Somali Congress</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Abdulqawi_Yusuf\" title=\"Abdulqawi Yusuf\">Abdulqawi Yusuf</a> – Prominent Somali international lawyer and current president of the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice\" title=\"International Court of Justice\">International Court of Justice</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Abdirahim_Hussein_Mohamed\" title=\"Abdirahim Hussein Mohamed\">Abdirahim Hussein Mohamed</a> – Somali politician. Elected Chairman of the <a href=\"/wiki/Finnish_Centre_Youth\" title=\"Finnish Centre Youth\">Helsinki Centre Youth</a> in 2007 and chairman of the Moniheli cooperation network for multicultural organizations.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Abdirashid_Duale\" title=\"Abdirashid Duale\">Abdirashid Duale</a> – award-winning Somali entrepreneur, <a href=\"/wiki/Philanthropist\" title=\"Philanthropist\">philanthropist</a>, and the CEO of the <a href=\"/wiki/Multinational_enterprise\" title=\"Multinational enterprise\">multinational enterprise</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Dahabshiil\" title=\"Dahabshiil\">Dahabshiil</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Adan_Mohammed\" title=\"Adan Mohammed\">Adan Mohammed</a> – Somali banker, entrepreneur and politician. He previously served as the <a href=\"/wiki/Managing_director\" title=\"Managing director\">managing director</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Barclays_Bank\" title=\"Barclays Bank\">Barclays Bank</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/East_Africa\" title=\"East Africa\">East</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/West_Africa\" title=\"West Africa\">West Africa</a> and is currently the Cabinet Secretary for Industrialization of Kenya.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Ilhan_Omar_-_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg\" title=\"Ilhan Omar - 2016 (cropped).jpg\">upright|thumb|<a href=\"/wiki/Ilhan_Omar\" title=\"Ilhan Omar\">Ilhan Omar</a>, the first Somali elected to the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Congress\" title=\"United States Congress\">United States Congress</a>.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Ali_Said_Faqi\" title=\"Ali Said Faqi\">Ali Said Faqi</a> – Somali scientist and the leading researcher on the design and interpretation of <a href=\"/wiki/Toxicology\" title=\"Toxicology\">toxicology</a> studies at the MPI research center in <a href=\"/wiki/Mattawan%2C_Michigan\" title=\"Mattawan, Michigan\">Mattawan, Michigan</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Amina_Moghe_Hersi\" title=\"Amina Moghe Hersi\">Amina Moghe Hersi</a> – Award-winning Somali entrepreneur that has launched several multimillion-dollar projects in <a href=\"/wiki/Kampala\" title=\"Kampala\">Kampala</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Uganda\" title=\"Uganda\">Uganda</a>, such as the Oasis Centre luxury mall and the Laburnam Courts. She also runs Kingstone Enterprises Limited, one of the largest distributors of cement and other hardware materials in Kampala.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Amina_Mohamed\" title=\"Amina Mohamed\">Amina Mohamed</a> – Somali lawyer and politician. Former Chairman of the International Organization for Migration and the World Trade Organisation's General Council, and current Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Kenya.\n\n<a href=\"/wiki/Mataano\" title=\"Mataano\">Ayaan and Idyl Mohallim</a> – Somali twin fashion designers and owners of the <a href=\"/wiki/Mataano\" title=\"Mataano\">Mataano</a> brand.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali\" title=\"Ayaan Hirsi Ali\">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a> – <a href=\"/wiki/Feminist\" title=\"Feminist\">Feminist</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Atheist\" title=\"Atheist\">atheist</a> activist, writer and politician known for her views critical of <a href=\"/wiki/Islam\" title=\"Islam\">Islam</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Female_circumcision\" title=\"Female circumcision\">female circumcision</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg\" title=\"Ayaan Hirsi Ali by Gage Skidmore.jpg\">thumb|upright|<a href=\"/wiki/Ayaan_Hirsi_Ali\" title=\"Ayaan Hirsi Ali\">Ayaan Hirsi Ali</a></a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Ayub_Daud\" title=\"Ayub Daud\">Ayub Daud</a> – Somali international <a href=\"/wiki/Association_football\" title=\"Association football\">footballer</a> who plays as a forward/attacking midfielder for <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Crotone\" title=\"FC Crotone\">FC Crotone</a> on loan from <a href=\"/wiki/Juventus\" title=\"Juventus\">Juventus</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Faisal_Hawar\" title=\"Faisal Hawar\">Faisal Hawar</a> – Somali engineer and entrepreneur. Chairman of the International Somalia Development Foundation and the Maakhir Resource Company.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Halima_Ahmed\" title=\"Halima Ahmed\">Halima Ahmed</a> – Somali political activist with the Youth Rehabilitation Center and prospective candidate in the <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Parliament_of_Somalia\" title=\"Federal Parliament of Somalia\">Federal Parliament of Somalia</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Halima_Aden\" title=\"Halima Aden\">Halima Aden</a> – Somali american model. minnesota first woman to wear a hijab in Miss Minnesota USA pageant\n<a href=\"/wiki/Hanan_Ibrahim\" title=\"Hanan Ibrahim\">Hanan Ibrahim</a> – Somali social activist. Received the Queen's Award for Voluntary Service in 2004 and was made an <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire\" title=\"Order of the British Empire\">MBE</a> in 2010.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Hassan_Abdillahi\" title=\"Hassan Abdillahi\">Hassan Abdillahi</a> – Somali journalist. President of Ogaal Radio, the largest Somali community station in Canada.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Hibaaq_Osman\" title=\"Hibaaq Osman\">Hibaaq Osman</a> – Somali political strategist. Founder and Chairperson of the ThinkTank for Arab Women, the Dignity Fund, and Karama.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Hodan_Ahmed\" title=\"Hodan Ahmed\">Hodan Ahmed</a> – Somali political activist and Senior Program Officer at the National Democratic Institute.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Hodan_Nalayeh\" title=\"Hodan Nalayeh\">Hodan Nalayeh</a> – Somali media executive and entrepreneur. President of the Cultural Integration Agency and the Vice President of Sales &amp; Programming Development of Cameraworks Productions International.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Idil_Ibrahim\" title=\"Idil Ibrahim\">Idil Ibrahim</a> – Somali American film director, writer and producer. Founder of Zeila Films.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Amina_Mohamed.jpg\" title=\"Amina Mohamed.jpg\">upright|thumb|International lawyer <a href=\"/wiki/Amina_Mohamed\" title=\"Amina Mohamed\">Amina Mohamed</a>.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Ilhan_Omar\" title=\"Ilhan Omar\">Ilhan Omar</a> – Somali American politician, the first Somali <a href=\"/wiki/Member_of_Congress\" title=\"Member of Congress\">Member of Congress</a> in the United States. Omar currently represents <a href=\"/wiki/Minnesota%27s_5th_congressional_district\" title=\"Minnesota's 5th congressional district\">Minnesota's 5th congressional district</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Iman_%28model%29\" title=\"Iman (model)\">Iman Mohamed Abdulmajid</a> – international fashion icon, <a href=\"/wiki/Supermodel\" title=\"Supermodel\">supermodel</a>, actress and entrepreneur; professionally known as <ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>Iman<i>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Jawahir_Ahmed\" title=\"Jawahir Ahmed\">Jawahir Ahmed</a> – Somali American model. Served as Miss Somalia in 2013 Miss United Nations USA pageant.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Leila_Abukar\" title=\"Leila Abukar\">Leila Abukar</a> – Somali-Australian political activist. Recipient of Centenary Medal.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Mohamed_Abdullahi_Mohamed\" title=\"Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed\">Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed</a> (Farmajo) – Somali politician and diplomat. Former Prime Minister of Somalia and founder of the <a href=\"/wiki/Tayo_%28political_party%29\" title=\"Tayo (political party)\">Tayo Political Party</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Mo_Farah\" title=\"Mo Farah\">Mo Farah</a> – Somali-British <a href=\"/wiki/Olympic_Games\" title=\"Olympic Games\">Olympic</a> gold medalist and world champion long distance runner.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Musse_Olol\" title=\"Musse Olol\">Musse Olol</a> – Somali American social activist. Recipient of the 2011 Director's Community Leadership Award.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Mustafa_Mohamed\" title=\"Mustafa Mohamed\">Mustafa Mohamed</a> – Somali-<a href=\"/wiki/Sweden\" title=\"Sweden\">Swedish</a> long-distance runner who mainly competes in the <a href=\"/wiki/Steeplechase_%28athletics%29\" title=\"Steeplechase (athletics)\">3,000-meter steeplechase</a>. Won <a href=\"/wiki/Gold_medal\" title=\"Gold medal\">gold</a> in the 2006 <a href=\"/wiki/Nordic_Cross_Country_Championships\" title=\"Nordic Cross Country Championships\">Nordic Cross Country Championships</a> and at the 1st SPAR European Team Championships in <a href=\"/wiki/Leiria\" title=\"Leiria\">Leiria</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Portugal\" title=\"Portugal\">Portugal</a>, in 2009. Beat the 31-year-old Swedish record in 2007.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Nathif_Jama_Adam\" title=\"Nathif Jama Adam\">Nathif Jama Adam</a> – Somali banker and politician. Former senior vice president and the head of the <a href=\"/wiki/Sharjah_Islamic_Bank\" title=\"Sharjah Islamic Bank\">Sharjah Islamic Bank</a>'s Investments &amp; International Banking Division, and Governor of Garissa County.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Shadya_Yasin\" title=\"Shadya Yasin\">Shadya Yasin</a> – Somali-Canadian social activist, poet and teacher.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Omar_A._Ali\" title=\"Omar A. Ali\">Omar Abdi Ali</a> – Somali entrepreneur, accountant, financial consultant, philanthropist, and specialist on <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_finance\" title=\"Islamic finance\">Islamic finance</a>. Was formerly CEO of <a href=\"/wiki/DMI_Trust\" title=\"DMI Trust\">Dar al-Maal al-Islami</a> (DMI Trust), which under his management increased its assets from $1.6&nbsp;billion to $4.0&nbsp;billion. He is currently the chairman and founder of the <a href=\"/wiki/Multinational_corporation\" title=\"Multinational corporation\">multinational</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Real_estate\" title=\"Real estate\">real estate</a> corporation Integrated Property Investments Limited and its sister company Quadron investments.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Rageh_Omaar\" title=\"Rageh Omaar\">Rageh Omaar</a> – <a href=\"/wiki/Somalis_in_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Somalis in the United Kingdom\">Somali-British</a> television news presenter and writer. Formerly a <a href=\"/wiki/BBC\" title=\"BBC\">BBC</a> news correspondent in 2009, he moved to a new post at <a href=\"/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English\" title=\"Al Jazeera English\">Al Jazeera English</a>, where he currently presents the nightly weekday <a href=\"/wiki/Documentary\" title=\"Documentary\">documentary</a> series </i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li>Witness<i>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Sulekha_Ali\" title=\"Sulekha Ali\">Sulekha Ali</a>, a Somali-Canadian musician.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Waris_Dirie\" title=\"Waris Dirie\">Waris Dirie</a> – Somali model, author, actress, and social activist. UN Special Ambassador from 1997 to 2003.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Yasmin_Warsame\" title=\"Yasmin Warsame\">Yasmin Warsame</a> – <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Canadians\" title=\"Somali Canadians\">Somali-Canadian</a> model who was named \"The Most Alluring Canadian\" in a poll by <a href=\"/wiki/Fashion_%28magazine%29\" title=\"Fashion (magazine)\"><i>Fashion</i> magazine</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/Zahra_Abdulla\" title=\"Zahra Abdulla\">Zahra Abdulla</a> – Somali politician in <a href=\"/wiki/Finland\" title=\"Finland\">Finland</a> and member of the <a href=\"/wiki/Helsinki_City_Council\" title=\"Helsinki City Council\">Helsinki City Council</a> representing the <a href=\"/wiki/Green_League\" title=\"Green League\">Green League</a>.\n</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h2>Genetics</h2>\n<h3>Uniparental lineages</h3>\nAccording to <a href=\"/wiki/Y_chromosome\" title=\"Y chromosome\">Y chromosome</a> studies by Sanchez et al. (2005), Cruciani et al. (2004, 2007), the Somalis are paternally closely related to other <a href=\"/wiki/Afro-Asiatic_languages\" title=\"Afro-Asiatic languages\">Afro-Asiatic</a>-speaking groups in <a href=\"/wiki/Northeast_Africa\" title=\"Northeast Africa\">Northeast Africa</a>.<ref name=\"Sanchez2005\">{{Cite journal|last1=Sanchez|first1=Juan J.|last2=Hallenberg|first2=Charlotte|last3=Børsting|first3=Claus|last4=Hernandez|first4=Alexis|last5=Morling|first5=Niels|date=July 2005|title= High frequencies of Y chromosome lineages characterized by E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 in Somali males|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=13|issue=7|pages=856–866|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390|issn=1018-4813|pmid=15756297|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=\"Cruciani2004\">{{Cite journal|last1=Cruciani|first1=Fulvio|last2=Fratta|first2=Roberta La|last3=Santolamazza|first3=Piero|last4=Sellitto|first4=Daniele|last5=Pascone|first5=Roberto|last6=Moral|first6=Pedro|last7=Watson|first7=Elizabeth|last8=Guida|first8=Valentina|last9=Colomb|first9=Eliane Beraud|date=1 May 2004|title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|language=en|volume=74|issue=5|pages=1014–1022|doi=10.1086/386294|issn=0002-9297|pmc=1181964|pmid=15042509}}</ref><ref name=\"Cruciani2007\">{{Cite journal|last1=Cruciani|first1=Fulvio|last2=La Fratta|first2=Roberta|last3=Trombetta|first3=Beniamino|last4=Santolamazza|first4=Piero|last5=Sellitto|first5=Daniele|last6=Colomb|first6=Eliane Beraud|last7=Dugoujon|first7=Jean-Michel|last8=Crivellaro|first8=Federica|last9=Benincasa|first9=Tamara|date=June 2007|title=Tracing past human male movements in northern/eastern Africa and western Eurasia: new clues from Y-chromosomal haplogroups E-M78 and J-M12|journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution|volume=24|issue=6|pages=1300–1311|doi=10.1093/molbev/msm049|issn=0737-4038|pmid=17351267|doi-access=free}}</ref> Besides comprising the majority of the Y-DNA in Somalis, the <a href=\"/wiki/Haplogroup_E1b1b_%28Y-DNA%29\" title=\"Haplogroup E1b1b (Y-DNA)\">E1b1b</a> (formerly E3b) <a href=\"/wiki/Haplogroup\" title=\"Haplogroup\">haplogroup</a> also makes up a significant proportion of the paternal DNA of <a href=\"/wiki/People_of_Ethiopia\" title=\"People of Ethiopia\">Ethiopians</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sudan\" title=\"Sudan\">Sudanese</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Egyptians\" title=\"Egyptians\">Egyptians</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Berber_people\" title=\"Berber people\">Berbers</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic\" title=\"Maghrebi Arabic\">North African Arabs</a>, as well as many <a href=\"/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea\" title=\"Mediterranean Sea\">Mediterranean</a> populations.<ref name=\"Cruciani2004\" /><ref name=\"Hassan2008\">{{Cite journal|last1=Hassan|first1=Hisham Y.|last2=Underhill|first2=Peter A.|last3=Cavalli-Sforza|first3=Luca L.|last4=Ibrahim|first4=Muntaser E.|date=November 2008|title=Y-chromosome variation among Sudanese: restricted gene flow, concordance with language, geography, and history|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|volume=137|issue=3|pages=316–323|doi=10.1002/ajpa.20876|issn=1096-8644|pmid=18618658|s2cid=26519766}}</ref> Sanchez et al. (2005) observed the E-M78 subclade of <a href=\"/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68\" title=\"Haplogroup E-V68\">E1b1b1a</a> in about 70.6% of their Somali male samples.<ref name=\"Sanchez2005\" /> According to Cruciani et al. (2007), the presence of this subhaplogroup in the Horn region may represent the traces of an ancient migration from <a href=\"/wiki/Egypt\" title=\"Egypt\">Egypt</a>/<a href=\"/wiki/Libya\" title=\"Libya\">Libya</a>.<ref group=\"Note\">{{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} use the term Northeastern Africa to refer to Egypt and Libya, as shown in Table 1 of the study. Prior to {{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}}, {{harvnb|Semino et al.|2004}} East Africa as a possible place of origin of E-M78, based upon Ethiopian testing. This was because of the high frequency and diversity of E-M78 lineages in the region of Ethiopia. However, {{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} were able to study more data, including populations from North Africa who were not represented in the {{harvnb|Semino|Magri|Benuzzi|Lin|2004}} study, and found evidence that the E-M78 lineages which make up a significant proportion of some populations in that region, were relatively young branches (see E-V32 below). They therefore concluded that \"Northeast Africa\" was the likely place of origin of E-M78 based on \"the peripheral geographic distribution of the most derived subhaplogroups with respect to northeastern Africa, as well as the results of quantitative analysis of UEP and microsatellite diversity\". So according to {{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} E-M35, the parent clade of E-M78, originated in East Africa, subsequently spread to Northeast Africa, and then there was a \"back migration\" of E-M215 chromosomes that had acquired the E-M78 mutation. {{harvnb|Cruciani|La Fratta|Trombetta|Santolamazza|2007}} therefore note this as evidence for \"a corridor for bidirectional migrations\" between Northeast Africa (Egypt and Libya in their data) on the one hand and East Africa on the other. The authors believe there were \"at least 2 episodes between 23.9–17.3 ky and 18.0–5.9 ky ago\".</ref><ref name=\"Cruciani2007\" />\nAfter haplogroup E1b1b, the second most frequently occurring <a href=\"/wiki/Human_Y-chromosome_DNA_haplogroup\" title=\"Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup\">Y-DNA haplogroup</a> among Somalis is the West Asian <a href=\"/wiki/Haplogroup_T_%28Y-DNA%29\" title=\"Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)\">haplogroup T</a> (M184).<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1086/382286 | last1 = Underhill | first1 = JR|name-list-style=vanc| last2 = Rowold | first2 = DJ| year = 2004 | last3 = Regueiro | first3 = M | last4 = Caeiro | first4 = B | last5 = Cinnioğlu | first5 = C | last6 = Roseman | first6 = C | last7 = Underhill | first7 = PA | last8 = Cavalli-Sforza | first8 = LL | last9 = Herrera | first9 = RJ | title = The Levant versus the Horn of Africa: Evidence for Bidirectional Corridors of Human Migrations | journal = American Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 74 | issue = 3| pages = 532–544 | pmid = 14973781 | pmc = 1182266}}</ref> The clade is observed in more than 10% of Somali males generally,<ref name=\"Sanchez2005\" /> with a peak frequency amongst the Somali <a href=\"/wiki/Dir_%28clan%29\" title=\"Dir (clan)\">Dir</a> clan members in <a href=\"/wiki/Djibouti\" title=\"Djibouti\">Djibouti</a> (100%)<ref name=\"Iacovacci2017\">{{cite journal|last1=Iacovacci|first1=Giuseppe|last2=D’Atanasio|first2=Eugenia|last3=Marini|first3=Ornella|last4=Coppa|first4=Alfredo|last5=Sellitto|first5=Daniele|last6=Trombetta|first6=Beniamino|last7=Berti|first7=Andrea|last8=Cruciani|first8=Fulvio|date=1 March 2017|title=Forensic data and microvariant sequence characterization of 27 Y-STR loci analyzed in four Eastern African countries|url=https://www.docdroid.net/Dedb2N1/forensic-data-and-microvariant-sequence0acharacterization-of-27-y-str-loci-analyzed-in-four-eastern0aafrican-countries-iacovacci-et-al-2016.pdf.html|journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics|language=en|volume=27|pages=123–131|doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.12.015|issn=1872-4973|pmid=28068531}}; 25/34 total local samples belonged to haplogroup T (24/24 Dir, 1/1 Hawiye, 0/9 Isaak).</ref> and Somalis in <a href=\"/wiki/Dire_Dawa\" title=\"Dire Dawa\">Dire Dawa</a> (82.4%), a city with a majority <a href=\"/wiki/Dir_%28clan%29\" title=\"Dir (clan)\">Dir</a> population.<ref name=\"Plaster2011\">{{cite thesis|last1=Plaster|first1=Christopher Andrew|year=2011|title=Variation in Y chromosome, mitochondrial DNA and labels of identity in Ethiopia|type=PhD thesis|publisher=University College London|via=UCL Discovery|url=http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1331901/3/1331901_CP_Thesis-SUBMITTED-DRAFT-POST-VIVA.pdf}}</ref> Haplogroup T, like haplogroup E1b1b, is also typically found among other populations of Northeast Africa, the <a href=\"/wiki/Maghreb\" title=\"Maghreb\">Maghreb</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Near_East\" title=\"Near East\">Near East</a> and the Mediterranean.<ref name=\"Cabrera2010\">{{Cite book|title=The Evolution of Human Populations in Arabia|last1=Cabrera|first1=Vicente M.|last2=Abu-Amero|first2=Khaled K.|last3=Larruga|first3=José M.|last4=González|first4=Ana M.|date=2010|publisher=Springer, Dordrecht|pages=79–87|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-90-481-2719-1_6|chapter = The Arabian peninsula: Gate for Human Migrations Out of Africa or Cul-de-Sac? A Mitochondrial DNA Phylogeographic Perspective|series = Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology|isbn = 978-90-481-2718-4}}</ref>\nIn Somalis, the <a href=\"/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor\" title=\"Most recent common ancestor\">Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor</a> (TMRCA) was estimated to be 4000–5000 years (2,500 <a href=\"/wiki/Common_Era\" title=\"Common Era\">BCE</a>) for the haplogroup <a href=\"/wiki/Haplogroup_E-V68\" title=\"Haplogroup E-V68\">E-M78</a> cluster γ and 2100–2200 years (150 BCE) for Somali <a href=\"/wiki/Haplogroup_T-M184\" title=\"Haplogroup T-M184\">T-M184</a> bearers.<ref name=\"Sanchez2005\" />\nDeep subclade E-Y18629 is commonly found in Somalis and has a formation date of 3,700 YBP (years before present) and a TMRCA of 3,300 YBP.<ref name=\"yfull\">{{cite web|url=https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-Y18629/|title=E-Y18629 YTree|website=www.yfull.com|access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Little_Somali_girl.jpeg\" title=\"Little Somali girl.jpeg\">thumb|upright|A Somali schoolgirl.</a>\nAccording to <a href=\"/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA\" title=\"Mitochondrial DNA\">mtDNA</a> studies a significant proportion of the maternal lineages of Somali females consists of sub saharan clades such as L haplogroup, the most frequently observed haplogroups are L0a1d, L2a1h and L3f.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mikkelsen |first1=Martin |last2=Fendt |first2=Liane |last3=Röck |first3=Alexander W. |last4=Zimmermann |first4=Bettina |last5=Rockenbauer |first5=Eszter |last6=Hansen |first6=Anders J. |last7=Parson |first7=Walther |last8=Morling |first8=Niels |date=July 2012 |title=Forensic and phylogeographic characterisation of mtDNA lineages from Somalia |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22527188/ |journal=International Journal of Legal Medicine |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=573–579 |doi=10.1007/s00414-012-0694-6 |issn=1437-1596 |pmid=22527188}}</ref> <blockquote>African mitochondrial (mt) phylogeny is coarsely resolved but the majority of population data generated so far is limited to the analysis of the first hypervariable segment (HVS-1) of the control region (CR). Therefore, this study aimed on the investigation of the entire CR of 190 unrelated Somali individuals to enrich the severely underrepresented African mtDNA pool. The majority (60.5 %) of the haplotypes were of sub-Saharan origin with L0a1d, L2a1h and L3f being the most frequently observed haplogroups. \n</blockquote>Our sub-Saharan samples consisted almost entirely of the L1 or L2 haplogroups only. In addition, there existed a significant amount of homogeneity within the M1 haplogroup. This sharp cline indicates a history of little admixture between these regions. This could imply a more recent ancestry for M1 in Africa, as older lineages are more diverse and widespread by nature, and may be an indication of a back-migration into Africa from the Middle East.\"<ref name=\"AD.\" /><a href=\"/wiki/Haplogroup_M_%28mtDNA%29\" title=\"Haplogroup M (mtDNA)\">M1 haplogroup</a> is also observed at a rate of over.<ref name=\"Havidf\">Hans-Jürgen Bandelt, Vincent Macaulay, Dr. Martin Richards, <i>Human mitochondrial DNA and the evolution of Homo sapiens</i>, Volume 18 of Nucleic acids and molecular biology, (シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社: 2006), p.235.</ref><ref name=\"AD.\">AD. Holden (2005), <a href=\"http://konig.la.utk.edu/AJPA_Suppl_40_web.htm\">MtDNA variation in North, East, and Central African populations gives clues to a possible back-migration from the Middle East</a> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212239/http://konig.la.utk.edu/AJPA_Suppl_40_web.htm |date=3 March 2016 }}, Program of the Seventy-Fourth Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (2005)</ref> This mitochondrial clade is common among Ethiopians and North Africans, particularly <a href=\"/wiki/Egyptians\" title=\"Egyptians\">Egyptians</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Algeria\" title=\"Algeria\">Algerians</a>.<ref name=\"Mdsdspe\">{{cite journal |last1=Malyarchuk |first1=Boris A. |last2=Gilles |first2=A |last3=Bouzaid |first3=E |year=2008 |last4=Kefi |first4=R |last5=Paris |first5=F |last6=Gayraud |first6=RP |last7=Spadoni |first7=JL |last8=El-Chenawi |first8=F |last9=Béraud-Colomb |first9=E |title=Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Diversity in a Sedentary Population from Egypt |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |pmid=14748828 |volume=68 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=23–39 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00057.x|s2cid=44901197 }}</ref><ref name=\"Rpamds\">{{cite journal |last1=Malyarchuk |first1=Boris A. |last2=Derenko |first2=Miroslava |last3=Perkova |year=2008 |first3=M |last4=Grzybowski |first4=T |last5=Vanecek |first5=T |last6=Lazur |first6=J |title=Reconstructing the phylogeny of African mitochondrial DNA lineages in Slavs |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |pmid=18398433 |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=1091–1096 |doi=10.1038/ejhg.2008.70|doi-access=free }}</ref> M1 is believed to have originated in Asia,<ref name=\"Gonzalez\">{{cite journal | last1 = Gonzalez |display-authors=etal | year = 2007 | title = Mitochondrial lineage M1 traces an early human backflow to Africa | journal = BMC Genomics | volume = 8 | page = 223 | doi = 10.1186/1471-2164-8-223 | pmid = 17620140 | pmc=1945034 |doi-access=free }}</ref> where its parent M clade represents the majority of mtDNA lineages.<ref>Ghezzi et al. (2005), <a href=\"http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v13/n6/full/5201425a.html\">Mitochondrial DNA haplogroup K is associated with a lower risk of Parkinson's disease in Italians</a>, European Journal of Human Genetics (2005) 13, 748–752.</ref> \n<blockquote>\"We analysed mtDNA variation in ~250 persons from Libya, Somalia, and Congo/Zambia, as representatives of the three regions of interest. Our initial results indicate a sharp cline in M1 frequencies that generally does not extend into sub-Saharan Africa. While our North and especially East African samples contained frequencies of M1 over 20%, </blockquote>\n<h3>Autosomal ancestry</h3>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Ethio-Somali_component.png\" title=\"Ethio-Somali component.png\">thumb|upright=2.5|Genetic components present in select Cushitic populations</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Northeast_African_genomic_variation_ADMIXTURE_plot.PNG\" title=\"Northeast African genomic variation ADMIXTURE plot.PNG\">thumb|upright=2.5|Genetic components present in select Cushitic/HOA populations (Hollfelder, Nina et al., 2017)</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Young_Somali_man2a.jpg\" title=\"Young Somali man2a.jpg\">thumb|upright|A young Somali man.</a>\nResearch shows that Somalis have a mixture of a type of native African ancestry unique and autochthonous to the <a href=\"/wiki/Horn_of_Africa\" title=\"Horn of Africa\">Horn of Africa</a>, as well as ancestry originating from a non-African back-migration. According to an <a href=\"/wiki/Autosome\" title=\"Autosome\">autosomal DNA</a> study by Hodgson et al. (2014), the Afro-Asiatic languages were likely spread across Africa and the Near East by an ancestral population(s) carrying a newly identified non-African genetic component, which the researchers dub as the \"Ethio-Somali\". This component today is most common among Afro-Asiatic-speaking populations in the Horn of Africa. It reaches a frequency peak among ethnic Somalis, representing the majority of their ancestry. The Ethio-Somali component is most closely related to the Maghrebi non-African genetic component, and is believed to have diverged from all other non-African ancestries at least 23,000 years ago. On this basis, the researchers suggest that the original Ethio-Somali carrying population(s) probably arrived in the pre-agricultural period from the Near East, having crossed over into northeastern Africa via the <a href=\"/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula\" title=\"Sinai Peninsula\">Sinai Peninsula</a>. The population then likely split into two branches, with one group heading westward toward the <a href=\"/wiki/Maghreb\" title=\"Maghreb\">Maghreb</a> and the other moving south into the Horn.<ref name=\"Hodgson2014\">{{Cite journal|last1=Hodgson|first1=Jason A.|last2=Mulligan|first2=Connie J.|last3=Al-Meeri|first3=Ali|last4=Raaum|first4=Ryan L.|date=12 June 2014|title=Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=10|issue=6|pages=e1004393|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4055572|pmid=24921250 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Ancient DNA analysis indicates that this foundational ancestry in the Horn region is akin to that of Neolithic farmers of the southern <a href=\"/wiki/Levant\" title=\"Levant\">Levant</a>.<ref name=\"Lazaridis2016\">{{cite journal|last1=Lazaridis|first1=Iosif|last2=Nadel|first2=Dani|last3=Rollefson|first3=Gary|last4=Merrett|first4=Deborah C.|last5=Rohland|first5=Nadin|last6=Mallick|first6=Swapan|last7=Fernandes|first7=Daniel|last8=Novak|first8=Mario|last9=Gamarra|first9=Beatriz|title=The genetic structure of the world's first farmers|journal=Nature|year=2016|volume=536|issue=7617|pages=419–24|biorxiv=10.1101/059311|doi=10.1038/nature19310|pmid=27459054|pmc=5003663|bibcode=2016Natur.536..419L }}</ref>\nFurthermore, according to Hodgson et al. both the African ancestry (Ethiopic) and the non-African ancestry (Ethio-Somali) in Cushitic speaking populations is significantly differentiated from all neighboring African and non-African ancestries today. The overall genetic ancestry of Cushitic and Semitic speaking populations in the Horn of Africa represents ancestries not found outside of HOA populations. The researchers state:\n<blockquote>\"The African Ethiopic ancestry is tightly restricted to HOA populations and likely represents an autochthonous HOA population. The non-African ancestry in the HOA, which is primarily attributed to a novel Ethio-Somali inferred ancestry component, is significantly differentiated from all neighboring non-African ancestries in North Africa, the Levant, and Arabia.\"<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hodgson|first1=Jason A.|last2=Mulligan|first2=Connie J.|last3=Al-Meeri|first3=Ali|last4=Raaum|first4=Ryan L.|date=2014-06-12|title=Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=10|issue=6|pages=e1004393|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4055572|pmid=24921250|quote=The African Ethiopic ancestry is tightly restricted to HOA populations and likely represents an autochthonous HOA population. The non-African ancestry in the HOA, which is primarily attributed to a novel Ethio-Somali inferred ancestry component, is significantly differentiated from all neighboring non-African ancestries in North Africa, the Levant, and Arabia. |doi-access=free }}</ref></blockquote>\nMoreover, Hodgson et al. (2014) elaborates further:\n<blockquote>\"We find that most of the non-African ancestry in the HOA can be assigned to a distinct non-African origin Ethio-Somali ancestry component, which is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations.\"<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hodgson|first1=Jason A.|last2=Mulligan|first2=Connie J.|last3=Al-Meeri|first3=Ali|last4=Raaum|first4=Ryan L.|date=2014-06-12|title=Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa|journal=PLOS Genetics|volume=10|issue=6|pages=e1004393|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393|issn=1553-7404|pmc=4055572|pmid=24921250|quote=We find that most of the non-African ancestry in the HOA can be assigned to a distinct non-African origin Ethio-Somali ancestry component, which is found at its highest frequencies in Cushitic and Semitic speaking HOA populations. |doi-access=free }}</ref></blockquote>Molinaro, Ludovica et al in 2019 characterized the Non-African ancestry in Ethiopian Somalis as being derived from Anatolia Neolithic groups (similar to Tunisian Jews).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Molinaro |first1=Ludovica |last2=Montinaro |first2=Francesco |last3=Yelmen |first3=Burak |last4=Marnetto |first4=Davide |last5=Behar |first5=Doron M. |last6=Kivisild |first6=Toomas |last7=Pagani |first7=Luca |date=2019-12-11 |title=West Asian sources of the Eurasian component in Ethiopians: a reassessment |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=18811 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-55344-y |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=6906521 |pmid=31827175|bibcode=2019NatSR...918811M }}</ref> Ali, A.A., Aalto, M., Jonasson, J. et al. (2020) using principal component analysis showed that approximately 60% of Somali ancestry is East African and 40% Western Eurasian.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ali|first1=Abshir A.|last2=Aalto|first2=Mikko|last3=Jonasson|first3=Jon|last4=Osman|first4=Abdimajid|date=2020-03-27|title=Genome-wide analyses disclose the distinctive HLA architecture and the pharmacogenetic landscape of the Somali population|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=5652|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-62645-0|pmid=32221414|pmc=7101338|bibcode=2020NatSR..10.5652A|issn=2045-2322}}</ref>\n<h2>Somali studies</h2>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Osman_Yuusuf_Keenadiid.gif\" title=\"Osman Yuusuf Keenadiid.gif\">thumb|upright|Pioneering <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_Studies\" title=\"Somali Studies\">Somali Studies</a> scholar, <a href=\"/wiki/Osman_Yusuf_Kenadid\" title=\"Osman Yusuf Kenadid\">Osman Yusuf Kenadid</a>.</a>\n{{Main|Somali studies}}\nThe scholarly term for research concerning Somalis and Greater Somalia is <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_studies\" title=\"Somali studies\">Somali studies</a>. It consists of several disciplines such as <a href=\"/wiki/Anthropology\" title=\"Anthropology\">anthropology</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sociology\" title=\"Sociology\">sociology</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Linguistics\" title=\"Linguistics\">linguistics</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Historiography\" title=\"Historiography\">historiography</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Archaeology\" title=\"Archaeology\">archaeology</a>. The field draws from old <a href=\"/wiki/Somali_literature\" title=\"Somali literature\">Somali chronicles</a>, records and oral literature, in addition to written accounts and traditions about Somalis from explorers and geographers in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East. Since 1980, prominent <ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>Somalist<i> scholars from around the world have also gathered annually to hold the International Congress of Somali Studies.\n</i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><h2>See also</h2>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Somalia\" title=\"Somalia\">Somalia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Somaliland\" title=\"Somaliland\">Somaliland</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Afar_people\" title=\"Afar people\">Afar people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Culture_of_Somalia\" title=\"Culture of Somalia\">Culture of Somalia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Demographics_of_Somalia\" title=\"Demographics of Somalia\">Demographics of Somalia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Greater_Somalia\" title=\"Greater Somalia\">Greater Somalia</a>\n<h2>Notes</h2>\n{{Reflist|group=Note}}\n<h2>References</h2>\n{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}\n{{Reflist|30em}}\n<h2>Bibliography</h2>\nHanley, Gerald, <ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>Warriors: Life and Death Among the Somalis'', (Eland Publishing Ltd, 2004)\n</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<p>{{Wiktionary|Wikisaurus:Somali}}\n{{commons category}}\n{{Scholia|topic}}\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=som\">Ethnologue population estimates for Somali speakers</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sotoc.html\">US Library of Congress Country Study of Somalia</a>\n</li><li> {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Somaliland | volume= 25 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 378–384;see page 379 |quote= Inhabitants.—The Somali belong to the Eastern (Abyssinia) Hamitic family....|short= 1}}\n</li></ul></p><p>{{Ethnic groups in Somalia}}\n{{Ethnic groups in Ethiopia}}\n{{Ethnic groups in Djibouti}}\n{{Ethnic groups in Kenya}}\n{{Ethnic groups in Yemen}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Somali People}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Cushitic-speaking_peoples\" title=\"Cushitic-speaking peoples\">Category:Cushitic-speaking peoples</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Indigenous_peoples_of_East_Africa\" title=\"Indigenous peoples of East Africa\">Category:Indigenous peoples of East Africa</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ethnic_Somali_people\" title=\"Ethnic Somali people\"> </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Djibouti\" title=\"Ethnic groups in Djibouti\">Category:Ethnic groups in Djibouti</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ethiopia\" title=\"Ethnic groups in Ethiopia\">Category:Ethnic groups in Ethiopia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Kenya\" title=\"Ethnic groups in Kenya\">Category:Ethnic groups in Kenya</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Somalia\" title=\"Ethnic groups in Somalia\"> </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Muslim_communities_in_Africa\" title=\"Muslim communities in Africa\">Category:Muslim communities in Africa</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Pastoralists\" title=\"Pastoralists\">Category:Pastoralists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Female_genital_mutilation\" title=\"Female genital mutilation\">Category:Female genital mutilation</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 19404073 ], "name": [ "Liz" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "See also" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{wiktionary}}\n<b>Arx</b>, <b>ARX</b>, or <b>ArX</b> may refer to:\n</p><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/ARX_%28Algorithmic_Research_Ltd.%29\" title=\"ARX (Algorithmic Research Ltd.)\">ARX (Algorithmic Research Ltd.)</a>, a digital security company\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/ARX_%28gene%29\" title=\"ARX (gene)\">ARX (gene)</a>, Aristaless related homeobox\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/ARX_%28operating_system%29\" title=\"ARX (operating system)\">ARX (operating system)</a>, an operating system\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Arx_%28Roman%29\" title=\"Arx (Roman)\">Arx (Roman)</a>, a Roman citadel, and in particular:\n<ul><li>The northern hump of the two forming the <a href=\"/wiki/Capitoline_Hill\" title=\"Capitoline Hill\">Capitoline Hill</a> of ancient Rome\n</li></ul></li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Arx%2C_Landes\" title=\"Arx, Landes\">Arx, Landes</a>, a commune of the Landes <i>département</i> in France\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Arx_Fatalis\" title=\"Arx Fatalis\">Arx Fatalis</a></i>, a first person role-playing game developed by Arkane Studios in 2002\n</li><li><i>Arx</i>, a sculpture by <a href=\"/wiki/Lars_Vilks\" title=\"Lars Vilks\">Lars Vilks</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Americas_Rallycross_Championship\" title=\"Americas Rallycross Championship\">Americas Rallycross Championship</a>, also known as ARX Rallycross\n</li><li>Add-Rotate-XOR; see <a href=\"/wiki/Block_cipher%23ARX_%28add%E2%80%93rotate%E2%80%93XOR%29\" title=\"Block cipher#ARX (add–rotate–XOR)\">block cipher</a>\n</li><li>{{ill|Josef Adolph von Arx|ja|ヨーゼフ・アドルフ・フォン・アルクス|pl|Josef Adolph von Arx|ru|Аркс, Йозеф Адольф фон|wikidata|Q4069467}} (1922-1988), mycologist from the Netherlands\n</li></ul>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Beretta_ARX160\" title=\"Beretta ARX160\">Beretta ARX160</a>, an assault rifle\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/ObjectARX\" title=\"ObjectARX\">ObjectARX</a>, a software API for AutoCAD\n</li></ul><p>{{disambiguation}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 19295592 ], "name": [ "Paul2520" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life and education", "Career in politics and academia", "Personal life", "Decorations", "National", "Foreign", "Honorary degrees", "Electoral history", "Notes", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Dutch politician and diplomat}}\n{{Multiple issues|\n{{BLP sources|date=June 2022}}\n{{Lead too long|date=September 2020}}\n}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}\n{{Infobox officeholder\n| honorific-prefix = \n| name = Laurens Jan Brinkhorst\n| image = Laurens Jan Brinkhorst 1981 (1).jpg\n| imagesize = 250px\n| caption = Brinkhorst in 1981\n| office = [[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]]\n| term_start = 31 March 2005\n| term_end = 3 July 2006\n| alongside = [[Gerrit Zalm]]\n| primeminister = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]\n| predecessor = [[Thom de Graaf]]\n| successor = Gerrit Zalm\n| office1 = [[List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Economic Affairs]]\n| term_start1 = 27 May 2003\n| term_end1 = 3 July 2006\n| primeminister1 = [[Jan Peter Balkenende]]\n| predecessor1 = [[Hans Hoogervorst]]\n| successor1 = [[Gerrit Zalm]] <small>(''Ad interim'')</small>\n| office2 = [[List of Ministers of Agriculture of the Netherlands|Minister of Agriculture, <br/> Nature and Fisheries]]\n| term_start2 = 9 June 1999\n| term_end2 = 22 July 2002\n| primeminister2 = [[Wim Kok]]\n| predecessor2 = [[Klaas de Vries (Labour Party)|Klaas de Vries]] <small>(''Ad interim'')</small>\n| successor2 = [[Cees Veerman]]\n| office3 = [[Member of the European Parliament|Member of the <br/> European Parliament]]\n| term_start3 = 19 July 1994\n| term_end3 = 8 June 1999\n| parliamentarygroup3 = [[European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party Group|European Liberal Democrat <br/> and Reform Party]]\n| constituency3 = [[Netherlands (European Parliament constituency)|Netherlands]]\n| office4 = [[List of ambassadors of the European Union|Ambassador of the <br/> European Union to Japan]]\n| term_start4 = 1 December 1982\n| term_end4 = 1 January 1987\n| predecessor4 = [[Leslie Fielding]]\n| successor4 = [[Dries van Agt]]\n| office5 = [[Leader of the Democrats 66]]\n| term_start5 = 8 September 1982\n| term_end5 = 11 November 1982\n| predecessor5 = [[Jan Terlouw]]\n| successor5 = [[Maarten Engwirda]]\n| office6 = [[Parliamentary leader]] in the <br/> [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]\n| term_start6 = 11 September 1981\n| term_end6 = 11 November 1982\n| predecessor6 = [[Jan Terlouw]]\n| successor6 = [[Maarten Engwirda]]\n| parliamentarygroup6 = [[Democrats 66]]\n| office7 = [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|Member of the House <br/> of Representatives]]\n| term_start7 = 8 June 1977\n| term_end7 = 11 November 1982\n| parliamentarygroup7 = [[Democrats 66]]\n| office8 = [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands#List of State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs|State Secretary for Foreign Affairs]]\n| term_start8 = 11 May 1973\n| term_end8 = 8 September 1977\n| alongside8 = [[Pieter Kooijmans]]\n| primeminister8 = [[Joop den Uyl]]\n| predecessor8 = [[Tjerk Westerterp]]\n| successor8 = [[Durk van der Mei]]\n| birthname = Laurens Jan Brinkhorst\n| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1937|03|18}}\n| birth_place = [[Zwolle]], [[Netherlands]]\n| death_date = \n| death_place = \n| nationality = [[Netherlands|Dutch]]\n| party = [[Democrats 66]] <small>(from 1966)</small>\n| spouse = {{marriage|Jantien Heringa|26 August 1960}}\n| children = Marius Brinkhorst <br/> <small>(born 1964)</small> <br/> [[Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands|Laurentien Brinkhorst]] <br/> <small>(born 1966)</small>\n| relatives = [[Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands|Prince Constantijn]] <br/> <small>(son-in-law)</small>\n| residence = [[Leiden]], Netherlands\n| alma_mater = [[Leiden University]] <br/> <small>([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]], [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]])</small> <br/> [[Columbia University]] <br/> <small>([[Bachelor of Social Science|B.Soc.Sc]], [[Master of Social Science|MSSc]])</small>\n| occupation = [[Politician]] · [[Diplomat]] · [[Civil service|Civil servant]] · [[Jurist]] · [[Lawyer]] · [[Research]]er · [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit director]] · [[Lobbying|Lobbyist]] · [[Activism|Activist]] · [[Author]] · [[Professor]]\n| signature = \n}}\n</p><p><b>Laurens Jan Brinkhorst</b> (born 18 March 1937) is a retired <a href=\"/wiki/Netherlands\" title=\"Netherlands\">Dutch</a> politician and diplomat of the <a href=\"/wiki/Democrats_66\" title=\"Democrats 66\">Democrats 66</a> (D66) party and jurist.\n</p>", "<h2> Early life and education </h2>\n<p>Laurens-Jan Brinkhorst was born in the city of <a href=\"/wiki/Zwolle\" title=\"Zwolle\">Zwolle</a>. His parents were Marius Jacobus Brinkhorst (1902 - 1943) and Françoise Laurence Wilhelmina Holboom (1901 - 1981). After getting his high school diploma (<i>gymnasium-B-diploma</i> in Dutch) he studied law at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Leiden\" title=\"University of Leiden\">University of Leiden</a> (<i>Rijksuniversiteit Leiden</i> in Dutch), where he obtained his <a href=\"/wiki/Master_of_Laws\" title=\"Master of Laws\">LL.M.</a> degree in 1959. He also received a <a href=\"/wiki/Master_of_Arts\" title=\"Master of Arts\">M.A.</a> degree in Public Law and Government from <a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University\" title=\"Columbia University\">Columbia University</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_City\" title=\"New York City\">New York City</a>. Afterwards he worked at <a href=\"/wiki/Shearman_%26_Sterling\" title=\"Shearman & Sterling\">Shearman &amp; Sterling</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_City\" title=\"New York City\">New York City</a>.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change: Responding to global environmental change |date=2002 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-471-97796-4 |page=153 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sY5UAAAAMAAJ |language=en |access-date=8 January 2023 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913152259/https://books.google.com/books?id=sY5UAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</p><p>Brinkhorst attended the <a href=\"/wiki/Christelijk_Gymnasium_Sorghvliet\" title=\"Christelijk Gymnasium Sorghvliet\">Christian Gymnasium Sorghvliet</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/The_Hague\" title=\"The Hague\">The Hague</a> from June 1945 until June 1954 and applied at the <a href=\"/wiki/Leiden_University\" title=\"Leiden University\">Leiden University</a> in June 1954, <a href=\"/wiki/Major_%28academic%29\" title=\"Major (academic)\">majoring</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Law\" title=\"Law\">Law</a>. He obtained a <a href=\"/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws\" title=\"Bachelor of Laws\">Bachelor of Laws</a> degree in June 1956 before graduating with an <a href=\"/wiki/Master_of_Laws\" title=\"Master of Laws\">Master of Laws</a> degree in July 1959. Brinkhorst applied at the <a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_University\" title=\"Columbia University\">Columbia University</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_City\" title=\"New York City\">New York City</a> in August 1959 for a <a href=\"/wiki/Postgraduate_education\" title=\"Postgraduate education\">postgraduate education</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Political_science\" title=\"Political science\">political science</a> and obtained an <a href=\"/wiki/Bachelor_of_Social_Science\" title=\"Bachelor of Social Science\">Bachelor of Social Science</a> degree before graduating with an <a href=\"/wiki/Master_of_Social_Science\" title=\"Master of Social Science\">Master of Social Science</a> in September 1961. Brinkhorst worked as a <a href=\"/wiki/Paralegal\" title=\"Paralegal\">paralegal</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Shearman_%26_Sterling\" title=\"Shearman & Sterling\">Shearman &amp; Sterling</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_City\" title=\"New York City\">New York City</a> from September 1961 until December 1962. Brinkhorst worked as a researcher at the Leiden University from December 1962 until January 1967 and as an associate professor of <a href=\"/wiki/International_law\" title=\"International law\">international law</a> at the Leiden University from April 1965 until January 1967 and as a professor of international law, <a href=\"/wiki/International_relations\" title=\"International relations\">international relations</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/European_Union_law\" title=\"European Union law\">European law</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Groningen\" title=\"University of Groningen\">University of Groningen</a> from January 1967 until 11 May 1973. {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}\n</p>", "<h2> Career in politics and academia </h2>\n<p>Brinkhorst served on the <a href=\"/wiki/States-provincial\" title=\"States-provincial\">Provincial-Council</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Groningen_%28province%29\" title=\"Groningen (province)\">Groningen</a> from July 1970 until August 1971. After the <a href=\"/wiki/1972_Dutch_general_election\" title=\"1972 Dutch general election\">election of 1972</a> Brinkhorst was appointed as <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Netherlands%23List_of_State_Secretaries_for_Foreign_Affairs\" title=\"List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands#List of State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs\">State Secretary for Foreign Affairs</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Den_Uyl_cabinet\" title=\"Den Uyl cabinet\">Cabinet Den Uyl</a>, taking office on 19 December 1977. The Cabinet Den Uyl fell on 22 March 1977 after four years of tensions in the coalition and continued to serve in a <a href=\"/wiki/Demissionary_cabinet\" title=\"Demissionary cabinet\">demissionary</a> capacity. Brinkhorst was elected as a <a href=\"/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Netherlands%29\" title=\"House of Representatives (Netherlands)\">Member of the House of Representatives</a> after the <a href=\"/wiki/1977_Dutch_general_election\" title=\"1977 Dutch general election\">election of 1977</a>, taking office on 8 June 1977 but he was still serving in the cabinet and because of <a href=\"/wiki/Dualism_%28politics%29\" title=\"Dualism (politics)\">dualism</a> customs in the <a href=\"/wiki/Constitutional_convention_%28political_custom%29\" title=\"Constitutional convention (political custom)\">constitutional convention</a> of Dutch politics he couldn't serve a <a href=\"/wiki/Dual_mandate\" title=\"Dual mandate\">dual mandate</a> he subsequently resigned as State Secretary on 8 September 1977. {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:V.l.n.r._Laurens_Jan_Brinkhorst_in_gesprek_met_Dries_van_Agt_in_de_tweede_kamer%2C_Bestanddeelnr_931-3002.jpg\" title=\"V.l.n.r. Laurens Jan Brinkhorst in gesprek met Dries van Agt in de tweede kamer, Bestanddeelnr 931-3002.jpg\">thumb|left|220px|Laurens Jan Brinkhorst and Prime Minister <a href=\"/wiki/Dries_van_Agt\" title=\"Dries van Agt\">Dries van Agt</a> in the House of Representatives on 3 February 1981.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Tweede_Kamer_%2C_debatten_Brinkhorst_%28D66%29_links_in_gespr_met_Lubbers_%28CDA%29%2C_Bestanddeelnr_932-2045.jpg\" title=\"Tweede Kamer , debatten Brinkhorst (D66) links in gespr met Lubbers (CDA), Bestanddeelnr 932-2045.jpg\">thumb|left|220px|Parliamentary leaders Laurens Jan Brinkhorst and <a href=\"/wiki/Ruud_Lubbers\" title=\"Ruud Lubbers\">Ruud Lubbers</a> in the House of Representatives on 9 June 1982.</a>\n</p><p>In 1977 he was again a member of the Second Chamber of the Dutch parliament for D66 and in 1981 became the leader of his party in parliament. From 1983 to 1987 he was Ambassador of the European Community in <a href=\"/wiki/Japan\" title=\"Japan\">Japan</a>. After the <a href=\"/wiki/1981_Dutch_general_election\" title=\"1981 Dutch general election\">election of 1981</a> the <a href=\"/wiki/Leader_of_the_Democrats_66\" title=\"Leader of the Democrats 66\">Leader of the Democrats 66</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Parliamentary_leader\" title=\"Parliamentary leader\">Parliamentary leader</a> of the Democrats 66 in the House of Representatives <a href=\"/wiki/Jan_Terlouw\" title=\"Jan Terlouw\">Jan Terlouw</a> was appointed as <a href=\"/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands\">Deputy Prime Minister</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Economic_Affairs_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands\">Minister of Economic Affairs</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Second_Van_Agt_cabinet\" title=\"Second Van Agt cabinet\">Cabinet Van Agt II</a> and Brinkhorst was selected as his successor as Parliamentary leader in the House of Representatives on 11 September 1981. After the Leader of the Democrats 66 <a href=\"/wiki/Jan_Terlouw\" title=\"Jan Terlouw\">Terlouw</a> announced that he was stepping down as Leader following a big loss in the <a href=\"/wiki/1981_Dutch_general_election\" title=\"1981 Dutch general election\">election of 1982</a> the <a href=\"/wiki/Leader_of_the_Democrats_66\" title=\"Leader of the Democrats 66\">Democrats 66 leadership</a> appointed Brinkhorst as his successor on 8 September 1982. In October 1982 Brinkhorst was nominated as <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_European_Union\" title=\"List of ambassadors of the European Union\">Ambassador of the European Union to Japan</a>, he resigned as Leader and as Parliamentary leader and as a Member of the House of Representatives on 11 November 1982 and was installed as Ambassador, taking office on 1 December 1982. In December 1986 Brinkhorst was nominated as Director-General of the <a href=\"/wiki/Scientific_Committee_on_Consumer_Safety\" title=\"Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety\">Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety</a> of the <a href=\"/wiki/European_Commission\" title=\"European Commission\">European Commission</a>, he resigned as Ambassador the same day he was installed as Director-General, serving from 1 January 1987 until his resignation 19 July 1994. {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}\n</p><p>Brinkhorst was elected as a <a href=\"/wiki/Member_of_the_European_Parliament\" title=\"Member of the European Parliament\">Member of the European Parliament</a> after the <a href=\"/wiki/1994_European_Parliament_election\" title=\"1994 European Parliament election\">European Parliamentary election of 1994</a>, taking office on 19 July 1994. Brinkhorst was appointed as <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Agriculture_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"List of Ministers of Agriculture of the Netherlands\">Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Second_Kok_cabinet\" title=\"Second Kok cabinet\">Cabinet Kok II</a> following the resignation of <a href=\"/wiki/Haijo_Apotheker\" title=\"Haijo Apotheker\">Haijo Apotheker</a>, taking office on 9 June 1999. In February 2002 Brinkhorst announced that he wouldn't stand for the <a href=\"/wiki/2002_Dutch_general_election\" title=\"2002 Dutch general election\">election of 2002</a>. The Cabinet Kok II resigned on 16 April 2002 following the conclusions of the <a href=\"/wiki/NIOD_Institute_for_War%2C_Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies\" title=\"NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies\">NIOD</a> report into the <a href=\"/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre\" title=\"Srebrenica massacre\">Srebrenica massacre</a> during the <a href=\"/wiki/Bosnian_War\" title=\"Bosnian War\">Bosnian War</a> and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity. The Cabinet Kok II was replaced by the <a href=\"/wiki/First_Balkenende_cabinet\" title=\"First Balkenende cabinet\">Cabinet Balkenende I</a> following the <a href=\"/wiki/2002_Dutch_cabinet_formation\" title=\"2002 Dutch cabinet formation\">cabinet formation of 2002</a> on 22 July 2002. Brinkhorst semi-retired from active politics and became active in the <a href=\"/wiki/Private_sector\" title=\"Private sector\">private sector</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Public_sector\" title=\"Public sector\">public sector</a> and worked as a senior <a href=\"/wiki/Legal_advice\" title=\"Legal advice\">legal advisor</a> at <i><a href=\"/wiki/NautaDutilh\" title=\"NautaDutilh\">NautaDutilh</a></i> in <a href=\"/wiki/Brussels\" title=\"Brussels\">Brussels</a> from August 2002 until May 2003 and served as a distinguished professor of Governmental Studies and International relations at the <a href=\"/wiki/Tilburg_University\" title=\"Tilburg University\">Tilburg University</a> from 1 December 2002 until 27 May 2003. {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}\n</p><p>In 1987 he became a correspondent of the <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences\" title=\"Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences\">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://knaw.nl/en/members/correspondents/3948 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904200752/http://knaw.nl/en/members/correspondents/3948 |title=Laurens Jan Brinkhorst |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |date= |archive-date=4 September 2017}}</ref> Between 1987 and 1994 Brinkhorst continued his service at the European Commission as Director-General for Environmental Affairs and Nuclear Safety. In 1994 Brinkhorst became a member of the <a href=\"/wiki/European_Parliament\" title=\"European Parliament\">European Parliament</a>, serving there until 1999. {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}\n</p><p>Brinkhorst was also a member of the <i>Provinciale Staten</i> (the provincial parliament) of the province of <a href=\"/wiki/Groningen_%28province%29\" title=\"Groningen (province)\">Groningen</a> for D66, a member of the board of advice of the World Resources Institute in <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_DC\" title=\"Washington DC\">Washington DC</a>, a member of the board of governors of the <i>Nederlands Economisch Instituut</i> (Dutch Economical Institute), a professor by special appointment of international environmental law at the University of Leiden, a member of the Board of Directors of the Salzburg Seminar, a member of the Board of Directors of the International Institute of Sustainable Development, and a professor (on a temporary basis) of international <a href=\"/wiki/Environmental_law\" title=\"Environmental law\">environmental law</a> at the university of <a href=\"/wiki/Lausanne\" title=\"Lausanne\">Lausanne</a>. {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}\n</p><p>On 8 June 1999 he became the minister of agriculture, environmental control and fishery in the cabinet <a href=\"/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Wim_Kok\" title=\"Second cabinet of Wim Kok\">Kok-II</a>. Afterwards (2002) he became an Adviser of European Affairs at NautaDulith in <a href=\"/wiki/Brussels\" title=\"Brussels\">Brussels</a> and was awarded a professorship in transnational and European Governance at the university of <a href=\"/wiki/Tilburg\" title=\"Tilburg\">Tilburg</a>. {{Citation needed|date=June 2022}}\n</p><p>After the <a href=\"/wiki/2003_Dutch_general_election\" title=\"2003 Dutch general election\">election of 2003</a> Brinkhorst was appointed as <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Economic_Affairs_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands\">Minister of Economic Affairs</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Second_Balkenende_cabinet\" title=\"Second Balkenende cabinet\">Cabinet Balkenende II</a>, taking office on 27 May 2003. Brinkhorst was also appointed as <a href=\"/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands\">Deputy Prime Minister</a> following the resignation of <a href=\"/wiki/Thom_de_Graaf\" title=\"Thom de Graaf\">Thom de Graaf</a>, taking office on 31 March 2005. The Cabinet Balkenende II fell on 30 June 2006 after the Democrats 66 had lost confidence in the functioning of <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Ministers_of_Justice_of_the_Netherlands%23List_of_Ministers_without_Portfolio\" title=\"List of Ministers of Justice of the Netherlands#List of Ministers without Portfolio\">Minister of Integration and Asylum Affairs</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Rita_Verdonk\" title=\"Rita Verdonk\">Rita Verdonk</a> and continued to serve in a demissionary capacity until the Democrats 66 cabinet members resigned on 3 July 2006. Shortly thereafter Brinkhorst announced his retirement from national politics and that he wouldn't stand for the <a href=\"/wiki/2006_Dutch_general_election\" title=\"2006 Dutch general election\">election of 2006</a>. After the electoral defeat of D66 he became a minister of economic affairs in the <a href=\"/wiki/Second_Balkenende_cabinet\" title=\"Second Balkenende cabinet\">second Balkenende cabinet</a>. Brinkhorst, as well as <a href=\"/wiki/Alexander_Pechtold\" title=\"Alexander Pechtold\">Alexander Pechtold</a>, resigned from his minister post after the second Balkenende <a href=\"/wiki/Second_Balkenende_cabinet%232006_cabinet_crisis\" title=\"Second Balkenende cabinet#2006 cabinet crisis\">cabinet</a> lost the confidence of parliament on 29 June 2006. The next day, Balkenende offered the resignation of the full cabinet to the <a href=\"/wiki/Beatrix_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"Beatrix of the Netherlands\">Dutch Queen</a>.\n</p><p>He is a Senior Network Member at the <a href=\"/wiki/European_Leadership_Network\" title=\"European Leadership Network\">European Leadership Network</a> (ELN).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Network|url=https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/networks/network-members/|access-date=2020-09-21|website=www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org|language=en-GB|archive-date=18 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518184804/https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/networks/network-members/|url-status=live}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Personal life </h2>\n<p>On 26 August 1960, Brinkhorst married Jantien Heringa (born 2 February 1935 in <a href=\"/wiki/Voorburg\" title=\"Voorburg\">Voorburg</a>), daughter of Ewardus Heringa (<a href=\"/wiki/The_Hague\" title=\"The Hague\">The Hague</a>, 14 November 1904 - <a href=\"/wiki/The_Hague\" title=\"The Hague\">The Hague</a>, 30 November 1988) and wife (m. <a href=\"/wiki/Utrecht_%28province%29\" title=\"Utrecht (province)\">Utrecht</a>, 4 August 1930) Petronela Johanna Roskam (<a href=\"/wiki/Utrecht_%28province%29\" title=\"Utrecht (province)\">Utrecht</a>, 20 August 1905 - <a href=\"/wiki/The_Hague\" title=\"The Hague\">The Hague</a>, 19 December 1991). Brinkhorst and Heringa are the parents of Marius Brinkhorst (born 9 February 1964) and the Dutch princess <a href=\"/wiki/Princess_Laurentien_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands\">Laurentien</a> (born 25 May 1966), who married <a href=\"/wiki/Prince_Constantijn_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands\">Prince Constantijn</a> in 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=131916 |title=Geneall |access-date=31 October 2008 |archive-date=5 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005102003/http://www.geneall.net/W/per_page.php?id=131916 |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</p><p>Brinkhorst retired after spending 33 years in national politics and became active in the public sector and occupied numerous seats as a nonprofit director on several boards of directors and supervisory boards (<a href=\"/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_of_International_Relations_Clingendael\" title=\"Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael\">Institute of International Relations Clingendael</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Energy_Research_Centre_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands\">Energy Research Centre</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Netherlands_Atlantic_Association\" title=\"Netherlands Atlantic Association\">Netherlands Atlantic Association</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Nuclear_Research_and_Consultancy_Group\" title=\"Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group\">Nuclear Research and Consultancy Group</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Netherlands_Organisation_for_Scientific_Research\" title=\"Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research\">Organisation for Scientific Research</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Advanced_Study\" title=\"Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study\">Institute for Advanced Study</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Netherlands_Society_for_Statistics_and_Operations_Research\" title=\"Netherlands Society for Statistics and Operations Research\">Society for Statistics and Operations Research</a>) and served as an diplomat and lobbyist for several economic delegations on behalf of the government and as an advocate and activist for <a href=\"/wiki/Human_rights\" title=\"Human rights\">Human rights</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/European_integration\" title=\"European integration\">European integration</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Environmental_movement\" title=\"Environmental movement\">Environmentalism</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sustainable_development\" title=\"Sustainable development\">Sustainable development</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_change\" title=\"Climate change\">Climate change</a>. Brinkhorst also served as a distinguished professor of Governmental studies, International relations, International law and European law at the Leiden University from 1 November 2006 until 1 November 2011 and a distinguished visiting professor of International relations and <a href=\"/wiki/Environmental_law\" title=\"Environmental law\">Environmental law</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Lausanne\" title=\"University of Lausanne\">University of Lausanne</a> from 1 February 2007 until 1 February 2008.\n</p>", "<h2> Decorations </h2>\n<h3> National </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/File:Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Grand_Officer.svg\" title=\"Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Grand Officer.svg\">50px</a> Grand Officer of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau\" title=\"Order of Orange-Nassau\">Order of Orange-Nassau</a> (11 April 2007)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/File:Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Officer.svg\" title=\"Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Officer.svg\">50px</a> Officer of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau\" title=\"Order of Orange-Nassau\">Order of Orange-Nassau</a> (10 December 2002)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/File:NLD_Order_of_the_Dutch_Lion_-_Knight_BAR.png\" title=\"NLD Order of the Dutch Lion - Knight BAR.png\">50px</a> Knight of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion\" title=\"Order of the Netherlands Lion\">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a> (11 April 1978)\n</li></ul><h3> Foreign </h3>\n<ul><li> {{flag|Austria}}: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold of the <a href=\"/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria\" title=\"Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria\">Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria</a> (18 May 2004)\n</li><li> {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cross of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II\" title=\"Order of Leopold II\">Order of Leopold II</a> (15 May 1988)\n</li><li> {{flag|Denmark}}: Grand Cross of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog\" title=\"Order of the Dannebrog\">Order of the Dannebrog</a> (31 August 2003)\n</li><li> {{flag|France}}: Officer of the <a href=\"/wiki/Legion_of_Honour\" title=\"Legion of Honour\">Order of Legion of Honour</a> (4 July 2010)<ref><a href=\"https://nl.ambafrance.org/Laurens-Jan-BRINKHORST-Officier-de\">Laurens Jan BRINKHORST, Officier de la Légion d’Honneur</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415100646/https://nl.ambafrance.org/Laurens-Jan-BRINKHORST-Officier-de |date=15 April 2019 }} - website of the Ambassade de France à La Haye</ref>\n</li><li> {{flag|Germany}}: Commander of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany\" title=\"Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (1 September 2004)\n</li><li> {{flag|Italy}}: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic\" title=\"Order of Merit of the Italian Republic\">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (30 April 1985)\n</li><li> {{flag|Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun\" title=\"Order of the Rising Sun\">Order of the Rising Sun</a> (1 July 2005)\n</li><li> {{flag|Luxembourg}}: Commander of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_the_Oak_Crown\" title=\"Order of the Oak Crown\">Order of the Oak Crown</a> (25 January 1996)<ref><a href=\"https://archive.org/stream/Memorial1996/1996_djvu.txt\">Journal of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: Administrative and Economic Collection, No. 1, 15 January 1996</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Archive.org\" title=\"Archive.org\">Archive.org</a></ref>\n</li><li> {{flag|Poland}}: Commander of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta\" title=\"Order of Polonia Restituta\">Order of Polonia Restituta</a> (6 May 2005)<ref><a href=\"http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WMP20050610830/O/M20050830.pdf\">Order of the President of the Republic of Poland</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430011558/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WMP20050610830/O/M20050830.pdf |date=30 April 2021 }} - Polish Internet System of Legal Acts</ref>\n</li><li> {{flag|Spain}}: Commander of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic\" title=\"Order of Isabella the Catholic\">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a> (5 December 2000)\n</li></ul>", "<h3> National </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/File:Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Grand_Officer.svg\" title=\"Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Grand Officer.svg\">50px</a> Grand Officer of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau\" title=\"Order of Orange-Nassau\">Order of Orange-Nassau</a> (11 April 2007)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/File:Order_of_Orange-Nassau_ribbon_-_Officer.svg\" title=\"Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Officer.svg\">50px</a> Officer of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Orange-Nassau\" title=\"Order of Orange-Nassau\">Order of Orange-Nassau</a> (10 December 2002)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/File:NLD_Order_of_the_Dutch_Lion_-_Knight_BAR.png\" title=\"NLD Order of the Dutch Lion - Knight BAR.png\">50px</a> Knight of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion\" title=\"Order of the Netherlands Lion\">Order of the Netherlands Lion</a> (11 April 1978)\n</li></ul>", "<h3> Foreign </h3>\n<ul><li> {{flag|Austria}}: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold of the <a href=\"/wiki/Decoration_of_Honour_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria\" title=\"Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria\">Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria</a> (18 May 2004)\n</li><li> {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cross of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_II\" title=\"Order of Leopold II\">Order of Leopold II</a> (15 May 1988)\n</li><li> {{flag|Denmark}}: Grand Cross of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog\" title=\"Order of the Dannebrog\">Order of the Dannebrog</a> (31 August 2003)\n</li><li> {{flag|France}}: Officer of the <a href=\"/wiki/Legion_of_Honour\" title=\"Legion of Honour\">Order of Legion of Honour</a> (4 July 2010)<ref><a href=\"https://nl.ambafrance.org/Laurens-Jan-BRINKHORST-Officier-de\">Laurens Jan BRINKHORST, Officier de la Légion d’Honneur</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415100646/https://nl.ambafrance.org/Laurens-Jan-BRINKHORST-Officier-de |date=15 April 2019 }} - website of the Ambassade de France à La Haye</ref>\n</li><li> {{flag|Germany}}: Commander of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany\" title=\"Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a> (1 September 2004)\n</li><li> {{flag|Italy}}: Knight Grand Cross of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic\" title=\"Order of Merit of the Italian Republic\">Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a> (30 April 1985)\n</li><li> {{flag|Japan}}: Grand Cordon of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun\" title=\"Order of the Rising Sun\">Order of the Rising Sun</a> (1 July 2005)\n</li><li> {{flag|Luxembourg}}: Commander of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_the_Oak_Crown\" title=\"Order of the Oak Crown\">Order of the Oak Crown</a> (25 January 1996)<ref><a href=\"https://archive.org/stream/Memorial1996/1996_djvu.txt\">Journal of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg: Administrative and Economic Collection, No. 1, 15 January 1996</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Archive.org\" title=\"Archive.org\">Archive.org</a></ref>\n</li><li> {{flag|Poland}}: Commander of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Polonia_Restituta\" title=\"Order of Polonia Restituta\">Order of Polonia Restituta</a> (6 May 2005)<ref><a href=\"http://prawo.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WMP20050610830/O/M20050830.pdf\">Order of the President of the Republic of Poland</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430011558/http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WMP20050610830/O/M20050830.pdf |date=30 April 2021 }} - Polish Internet System of Legal Acts</ref>\n</li><li> {{flag|Spain}}: Commander of the <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic\" title=\"Order of Isabella the Catholic\">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a> (5 December 2000)\n</li></ul>", "<h2> Honorary degrees </h2>\n<ul><li> {{flag|Netherlands}} {{ndash}} <a href=\"/wiki/Tilburg_University\" title=\"Tilburg University\">Tilburg University</a>: Law (5 July 2003)\n</li></ul>", "<h2> Electoral history </h2>\n<p>{{Incomplete list|date=September 2024}}\n<table class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders sortable\" border=\"2\" cellpadding=\"4\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"border: 1px #aaa solid; font-size: 90%; text-align:center;\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ {{sronly|Electoral history of Laurens Jan Brinkhorst}}\n</td>\n<th scope=\"col\" rowspan=\"2\">Year\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" rowspan=\"2\">Body\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" colspan=\"2\" rowspan=\"2\">Party\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" rowspan=\"2\">{{abbr|2=Position on the party list|Pos.}}\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" rowspan=\"2\">Votes\n</th>\n<th scope=\"colgroup\" colspan=\"2\">Result\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" rowspan=\"2\" class=\"unsortable\">{{abbr|2=References|Ref}}.\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Party seats\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Individual\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"> <a href=\"/wiki/2021_Dutch_general_election\" title=\"2021 Dutch general election\">2021</a>\n</th>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/House_of_Representatives_%28Netherlands%29\" title=\"House of Representatives (Netherlands)\">House of Representatives</a>\n</td>\n<td style=\"background-color:{{party color|Democrats 66}};\">\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Democrats_66\" title=\"Democrats 66\">Democrats 66</a>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:right\"> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Democrats_66_candidates_in_the_2021_Dutch_general_election\" title=\"List of Democrats 66 candidates in the 2021 Dutch general election\">73</a>{{efn|Only participated as [[lijstduwer]] in the electoral district The Hague.}}\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:right\"> 19\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:right\"> 24\n</td>\n<td> {{no2|Lost}}\n</td>\n<td> <ref>{{Cite web |url = https://www.kiesraad.nl/adviezen-en-publicaties/proces-verbalen/2021/03/26/uitslag-tweede-kamerverkiezing-17-maart-2021 |website = Dutch Electoral Council |language = nl |format = PDF |date = 29 March 2021 |title = Proces-verbaal verkiezingsuitslag Tweede Kamer 2021 |trans-title = Report of the election results House of Representatives 2021 |access-date = 13 September 2024 |archive-date = 1 June 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230601024131/https://www.kiesraad.nl/adviezen-en-publicaties/proces-verbalen/2021/03/26/uitslag-tweede-kamerverkiezing-17-maart-2021 |url-status = live }}</ref>\n</td></tr></table>\n</p>", "<h2> Notes </h2>\n<p>{{notelist}}\n</p>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<p>{{Commons category}}\n</p><dl><dt> Official\n</dt></dl><ul><li> {{in lang|nl}} <a href=\"http://www.parlement.com/id/vg09llg009z1/l_j_laurens_jan_brinkhorst\">Mr. L.J. (Laurens Jan) Brinkhorst</a> Parlement &amp; Politiek\n</li></ul><p>{{s-start}}\n{{s-ppo}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Jan Terlouw]]|rows=2}} \n{{s-ttl|title=[[Parliamentary leader]] of the <br/> [[Democrats 66]] in the <br/> [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]]|years=1981–1982}} \n{{s-aft|after=[[Maarten Engwirda]]|rows=2}}\n{{s-ttl|title=[[Leader of the Democrats 66]]|years=1982}} \n{{s-off}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Tjerk Westerterp]]}} \n{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands#List of State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs|State Secretary for Foreign Affairs]]|years=1973–1977|alongside=[[Pieter Kooijmans]]}} \n{{s-aft|after=[[Durk van der Mei]]}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Klaas de Vries (Labour Party)|Klaas de Vries]] <br/> <small>''Ad interim''</small>}} \n{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ministers of Agriculture of the Netherlands|Minister of Agriculture, <br/> Nature and Fisheries]]|years=1999–2002}} \n{{s-aft|after=[[Cees Veerman]]}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Hans Hoogervorst]]}} \n{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands|Minister of Economic Affairs]]|years=2003–2006}} \n{{s-aft|after=[[Gerrit Zalm]] <br/> <small>''Ad interim''</small>}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Thom de Graaf]]}} \n{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands|Deputy Prime Minister]]|years=2005–2006|alongside=[[Gerrit Zalm]]}}\n{{s-aft|after=[[Gerrit Zalm]]}}\n{{s-dip}}\n{{s-bef|before=[[Leslie Fielding]]}} \n{{s-ttl|title=[[List of ambassadors of the European Union|Ambassador of the European <br/> Union to Japan]]|years=1982–1987}} \n{{s-aft|after=[[Dries van Agt]]}}\n{{s-end}}\n</p><p>{{Deputy Prime Ministers of the Netherlands}}\n{{Ministers of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands}}\n{{Ministers of Agriculture of the Netherlands}}\n{{State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands}}\n{{European Parliament MEPs, 1994-1999 (Netherlands) by party}}\n{{Second Balkenende cabinet}}\n{{Second Kok cabinet}}\n{{Den Uyl cabinet}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Brinkhorst, Laurens Jan}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1937_births\" title=\"1937 births\">Category:1937 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ambassadors_of_the_European_Union_to_Japan\" title=\"Ambassadors of the European Union to Japan\">Category:Ambassadors of the European Union to Japan</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Columbia_University_alumni\" title=\"Columbia University alumni\">Category:Columbia University alumni</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Commanders_by_Number_of_the_Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic\" title=\"Commanders by Number of the Order of Isabella the Catholic\">Category:Commanders by Number of the Order of Isabella the Catholic</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Commanders_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany\" title=\"Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany\">Category:Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Commanders_of_the_Order_of_Polonia_Restituta\" title=\"Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta\">Category:Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Democrats_66_MEPs\" title=\"Democrats 66 MEPs\">Category:Democrats 66 MEPs</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Democrats_66_politicians\" title=\"Democrats 66 politicians\">Category:Democrats 66 politicians</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Deputy_prime_ministers_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"Deputy prime ministers of the Netherlands\">Category:Deputy prime ministers of the Netherlands</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_climate_activists\" title=\"Dutch climate activists\">Category:Dutch climate activists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_environmentalists\" title=\"Dutch environmentalists\">Category:Dutch environmentalists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_expatriates_in_Belgium\" title=\"Dutch expatriates in Belgium\">Category:Dutch expatriates in Belgium</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_expatriates_in_Japan\" title=\"Dutch expatriates in Japan\">Category:Dutch expatriates in Japan</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_expatriates_in_Switzerland\" title=\"Dutch expatriates in Switzerland\">Category:Dutch expatriates in Switzerland</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_expatriates_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Dutch expatriates in the United States\">Category:Dutch expatriates in the United States</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_human_rights_activists\" title=\"Dutch human rights activists\">Category:Dutch human rights activists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_legal_scholars\" title=\"Dutch legal scholars\">Category:Dutch legal scholars</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_legal_writers\" title=\"Dutch legal writers\">Category:Dutch legal writers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_officials_of_the_European_Union\" title=\"Dutch officials of the European Union\">Category:Dutch officials of the European Union</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_people_of_Indonesian_descent\" title=\"Dutch people of Indonesian descent\">Category:Dutch people of Indonesian descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_political_activists\" title=\"Dutch political activists\">Category:Dutch political activists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_political_writers\" title=\"Dutch political writers\">Category:Dutch political writers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Environmental_studies_scholars\" title=\"Environmental studies scholars\">Category:Environmental studies scholars</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:European_Union_lobbyists\" title=\"European Union lobbyists\">Category:European Union lobbyists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Foreign_policy_writers\" title=\"Foreign policy writers\">Category:Foreign policy writers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hybrid_electric_vehicle_advocates\" title=\"Hybrid electric vehicle advocates\">Category:Hybrid electric vehicle advocates</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:International_law_scholars\" title=\"International law scholars\">Category:International law scholars</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Dutch_international_relations_scholars\" title=\"Dutch international relations scholars\">Category:Dutch international relations scholars</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Grand_Cordons_of_the_Order_of_the_Rising_Sun\" title=\"Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun\">Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Grand_Crosses_of_the_Order_of_the_Dannebrog\" title=\"Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog\">Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Grand_Officers_of_the_Order_of_Orange-Nassau\" title=\"Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau\">Category:Grand Officers of the Order of Orange-Nassau</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Governmental_studies_academics\" title=\"Governmental studies academics\">Category:Governmental studies academics</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Knights_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Merit_of_the_Italian_Republic\" title=\"Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic\">Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion\" title=\"Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion\">Category:Knights of the Order of the Netherlands Lion</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Leaders_of_the_Democrats_66\" title=\"Leaders of the Democrats 66\">Category:Leaders of the Democrats 66</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Leiden_University_alumni\" title=\"Leiden University alumni\">Category:Leiden University alumni</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Leiden_University\" title=\"Academic staff of Leiden University\">Category:Academic staff of Leiden University</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_agriculture_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"Ministers of agriculture of the Netherlands\">Category:Ministers of agriculture of the Netherlands</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ministers_of_economic_affairs_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"Ministers of economic affairs of the Netherlands\">Category:Ministers of economic affairs of the Netherlands</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_%28Netherlands%29\" title=\"Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)\">Category:Members of the House of Representatives (Netherlands)</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Provincial_Council_of_Groningen\" title=\"Members of the Provincial Council of Groningen\">Category:Members of the Provincial Council of Groningen</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences\" title=\"Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences\">Category:Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:MEPs_for_the_Netherlands_1994%E2%80%931999\" title=\"MEPs for the Netherlands 1994–1999\">Category:MEPs for the Netherlands 1994–1999</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Officers_of_the_Legion_of_Honour\" title=\"Officers of the Legion of Honour\">Category:Officers of the Legion of Honour</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_from_Zwolle\" title=\"People from Zwolle\">Category:People from Zwolle</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_Shearman_%26_Sterling\" title=\"People associated with Shearman & Sterling\">Category:People associated with Shearman &amp; Sterling</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_Leopold_II\" title=\"Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II\">Category:Recipients of the Grand Cross of the Order of Leopold II</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Grand_Decoration_for_Services_to_the_Republic_of_Austria\" title=\"Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria\">Category:Recipients of the Grand Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:State_Secretaries_for_Foreign_Affairs_of_the_Netherlands\" title=\"State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands\">Category:State Secretaries for Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sustainability_advocates\" title=\"Sustainability advocates\">Category:Sustainability advocates</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Tilburg_University\" title=\"Academic staff of Tilburg University\">Category:Academic staff of Tilburg University</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Groningen\" title=\"Academic staff of the University of Groningen\">Category:Academic staff of the University of Groningen</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Lausanne\" title=\"Academic staff of the University of Lausanne\">Category:Academic staff of the University of Lausanne</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Writers_about_globalization\" title=\"Writers about globalization\">Category:Writers about globalization</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_civil_servants\" title=\"20th-century Dutch civil servants\">Category:20th-century Dutch civil servants</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_diplomats\" title=\"20th-century Dutch diplomats\">Category:20th-century Dutch diplomats</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_educators\" title=\"20th-century Dutch educators\">Category:20th-century Dutch educators</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_lawyers\" title=\"20th-century Dutch lawyers\">Category:20th-century Dutch lawyers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_jurists\" title=\"20th-century Dutch jurists\">Category:20th-century Dutch jurists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_male_writers\" title=\"20th-century Dutch male writers\">Category:20th-century Dutch male writers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_Dutch_politicians\" title=\"20th-century Dutch politicians\">Category:20th-century Dutch politicians</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_diplomats\" title=\"21st-century Dutch diplomats\">Category:21st-century Dutch diplomats</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_educators\" title=\"21st-century Dutch educators\">Category:21st-century Dutch educators</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_jurists\" title=\"21st-century Dutch jurists\">Category:21st-century Dutch jurists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_male_writers\" title=\"21st-century Dutch male writers\">Category:21st-century Dutch male writers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_Dutch_politicians\" title=\"21st-century Dutch politicians\">Category:21st-century Dutch politicians</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 10951369 ], "name": [ "Onel5969" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Awards", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Fletcher-class destroyer}}\n{{no footnotes|date=March 2009}}\n<table{{infobox ship begin}}=\"\">\n{{Infobox ship image\n|Ship image=[[File:USS Izard (DD-589) off Charleston SC in 1943.jpg|300px|USS Izard (DD-589) off Charleston SC in 1943]]\n|Ship caption=\n}}\n{{Infobox ship career\n|Hide header=\n|Ship country=United States\n|Ship flag={{USN flag|1946}}\n|Ship name=\n|Ship namesake=[[Ralph Izard (navy officer)|Ralph Izard]]\n|Ship ordered=\n|Ship builder=[[Charleston Navy Yard]]\n|Ship laid down=9 May 1942\n|Ship launched=8 August 1942\n|Ship acquired=\n|Ship commissioned=15 May 1943\n|Ship decommissioned=31 May 1946\n|Ship in service=\n|Ship out of service=\n|Ship struck=1 May 1968\n|Ship reinstated=\n|Ship honours=\n|Ship fate=Sold for scrap, 2 April 1970\n|Ship notes=\n}}\n{{Infobox ship characteristics\n|Hide header=\n|Header caption=\n|Ship class={{sclass|Fletcher|destroyer}}\n|Ship displacement=2,050&nbsp;tons\n|Ship length=376&nbsp;ft 6&nbsp;in (114.7&nbsp;m) \n|Ship beam=39&nbsp;ft 8&nbsp;in (12.1&nbsp;m)\n|Ship draught=\n|Ship draft=17&nbsp;ft 9&nbsp;in (5.4&nbsp;m)\n|Ship propulsion=*60,000&nbsp;shp (45&nbsp;MW);\n*2 propellers\n|Ship speed={{convert|35|kn|lk=in}}\n|Ship range=6500 [[nautical mile|nmi.]] (12,000&nbsp;km) at 15&nbsp;kt\n|Ship complement=273\n|Ship sensors=\n|Ship EW=\n|Ship armament=*5 × [[5\"/38 caliber gun|{{convert|5|in|mm|abbr=on}}]],\n*4 × [[Bofors 40 mm Automatic Gun L/60|40 mm]] AA guns,\n*4 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm]] AA guns,\n*10 × [[American 21 inch torpedo|21 inch (533 mm)]] [[torpedo tube]]s,\n*6 × [[depth charge]] projectors,\n*2 × depth charge tracks \n|Ship armour=\n|Ship armor=\n|Ship aircraft=\n|Ship aircraft facilities=\n|Ship notes=\n}}\n</table>\n</p><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><b>USS <i>Izard</i> (DD-589)</b>, a {{sclass|Fletcher|destroyer}}, was a ship of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Navy\" title=\"United States Navy\">United States Navy</a> named for Lieutenant <a href=\"/wiki/Ralph_Izard_%28navy_officer%29\" title=\"Ralph Izard (navy officer)\">Ralph Izard</a> (1785&ndash;1822),\n</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul><p><i>Izard</i> was <a href=\"/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching\" title=\"Ship naming and launching\">launched</a> 8 August 1942 by the <a href=\"/wiki/Charleston_Navy_Yard\" title=\"Charleston Navy Yard\">Charleston Navy Yard</a>; sponsored by Mrs. Robert E. Lee III, great-granddaughter of Lt. Ralph Izard; and <a href=\"/wiki/Ship_commissioning\" title=\"Ship commissioning\">commissioned</a> 15 May 1943.\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p>After shakedown interrupted by a search for a German <a href=\"/wiki/U-boat\" title=\"U-boat\">U-boat</a> off the coast of <a href=\"/wiki/The_Carolinas\" title=\"The Carolinas\">The Carolinas</a>, <i>Izard</i> departed <a href=\"/wiki/Naval_Station_Norfolk\" title=\"Naval Station Norfolk\">Norfolk</a> 14 September 1943 and sailed for <a href=\"/wiki/Pearl_Harbor\" title=\"Pearl Harbor\">Pearl Harbor</a> via the <a href=\"/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone\" title=\"Panama Canal Zone\">Panama Canal Zone</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Naval_Station_San_Diego\" title=\"Naval Station San Diego\">San Diego</a>. Arriving Pearl Harbor 4 October she spent the next 6 weeks training and standing plane guard duty.\n</p><p>As the <a href=\"/wiki/U.S._Pacific_Fleet\" title=\"U.S. Pacific Fleet\">Pacific Fleet</a> started its mighty sweep across <a href=\"/wiki/Micronesia\" title=\"Micronesia\">Micronesia</a> <i>Izard</i> sortied 10 November 1943 from Pearl Harbor with Rear Admiral <a href=\"/wiki/Charles_Alan_Pownall\" title=\"Charles Alan Pownall\">Charles Alan Pownall</a>'s Carrier Force (TF-50) for the <a href=\"/wiki/Gilbert_Islands\" title=\"Gilbert Islands\">Gilbert Islands operations</a>, and for the next month provided air, surface and anti<a href=\"/wiki/Submarine\" title=\"Submarine\">submarine</a> protection for <a href=\"/wiki/Butaritari\" title=\"Butaritari\">Makin Island</a>.\n</p><p>After taking part in the bombardment of <a href=\"/wiki/Nauru\" title=\"Nauru\">Nauru</a> Island 8 December 1943 <i>Izard</i> retired to <a href=\"/wiki/Havannah_Harbor\" title=\"Havannah Harbor\">Havannah Harbor</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Efate\" title=\"Efate\">Efate</a>. Here she trained and rehearsed for the fleet's next target&mdash;the <a href=\"/wiki/Marshall_Islands\" title=\"Marshall Islands\">Marshall Islands</a>. <i>Izard</i> sortied from <a href=\"/wiki/Funafuti\" title=\"Funafuti\">Funafuti</a> Harbor, <a href=\"/wiki/Ellice_Island\" title=\"Ellice Island\">Ellice Island</a>, 23 January 1944 with Rear Admiral <a href=\"/wiki/Forrest_Sherman\" title=\"Forrest Sherman\">Forrest Sherman</a>'s Carrier Task Group to provide air cover for the <a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Kwajalein\" title=\"Battle of Kwajalein\">assault and capture of Kwajalein</a>. At 04:40 29 January the carriers launched their first strikes toward <a href=\"/wiki/Kwajalein\" title=\"Kwajalein\">Kwajalein</a>. By that afternoon the fleet had delivered many devastating blows on the enemy. By 4 February <i>Izard</i> had entered <a href=\"/wiki/Majuro\" title=\"Majuro\">Majuro</a> Atoll, recently captured from the Japanese, and dropped anchor. Here she joined Admiral <a href=\"/wiki/Raymond_Spruance\" title=\"Raymond Spruance\">Raymond Spruance</a>'s Truk Striking Force and Admiral <a href=\"/wiki/Marc_Mitscher\" title=\"Marc Mitscher\">Marc Mitscher</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force\" title=\"Fast Carrier Task Force\">Fast Carrier Task Force</a> (TF 58/38) for strikes on <a href=\"/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon\" title=\"Chuuk Lagoon\">Truk</a> (17&ndash;18 February 1944). The first strike was launched at 06:42 17 February and after 2 days the carrier planes had destroyed <a href=\"/wiki/Auxiliary_cruiser\" title=\"Auxiliary cruiser\">auxiliary cruisers</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Aikoku_Maru\" title=\"Japanese cruiser Aikoku Maru\"><i>Aikoku Maru</i></a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Eiyosumi_Maru\" title=\"Japanese cruiser Eiyosumi Maru\"><i>Eiyosumi Maru</i></a>; destroyer <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Fumizuki_%281926%29\" title=\"Japanese destroyer Fumizuki (1926)\"><i>Fumizuki</i></a>; <a href=\"/wiki/Submarine_tender\" title=\"Submarine tender\">submarine tenders</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_submarine_tender_Rio_de_Janeiro_Maru\" title=\"Japanese submarine tender Rio de Janeiro Maru\"><i>Rio de Janeiro Maru</i></a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_submarine_tender_Heian_Maru\" title=\"Japanese submarine tender Heian Maru\"><i>Heian Maru</i></a>; aircraft ferry <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_ferry_Fujikawa_Maru\" title=\"Japanese aircraft ferry Fujikawa Maru\"><i>Fujikawa Maru</i></a>, 6 <a href=\"/wiki/Tanker_%28ship%29\" title=\"Tanker (ship)\">tankers</a> and 17 more marus; total tonnage about 200,000. Planes from <a href=\"/wiki/USS_Enterprise_%28CV-6%29\" title=\"USS Enterprise (CV-6)\"><i>Enterprise</i></a> (CV-6) also sunk destroyers <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Oite_%281924%29\" title=\"Japanese destroyer Oite (1924)\"><i>Oite</i></a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Agano\" title=\"Japanese cruiser Agano\"><i>Agano</i></a>. On the first day of the strikes while Admiral Mitscher's planes were at work, Admiral Spruance's group, including <i>Izard</i>, conducted a round-the-atoll search to catch escaping vessels. They sunk <a href=\"/wiki/Light_cruiser\" title=\"Light cruiser\">light cruiser</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_cruiser_Katori\" title=\"Japanese cruiser Katori\"><i>Katori</i></a>, destroyer <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_destroyer_Maikaze\" title=\"Japanese destroyer Maikaze\"><i>Maikaze</i></a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Sub_chaser\" title=\"Sub chaser\">sub chaser</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Japanese_sub_chaser_SC-24\" title=\"Japanese sub chaser SC-24\"><i>SC-24</i></a>. After 18 February Truk lost its usefulness as a fleet anchorage or advanced naval base for the Japanese. In addition, the 250 to 275 planes destroyed or damaged was a severe blow to the Japanese air force.\n</p><p><i>Izard</i> screened the carriers launching strikes in the <a href=\"/wiki/Tinian\" title=\"Tinian\">Tinian</a>-<a href=\"/wiki/Saipan\" title=\"Saipan\">Saipan</a> area 22 February, retiring to Majuro the 26th and Pearl in mid-March. From March through August she operated in support of the <a href=\"/wiki/U.S._5th_Fleet\" title=\"U.S. 5th Fleet\">5th Fleet</a> operations in <a href=\"/wiki/New_Guinea\" title=\"New Guinea\">New Guinea</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Marianas\" title=\"Marianas\">Marianas</a>. <i>Izard</i> was part of the screen for Admiral <a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_J._Clark\" title=\"Joseph J. Clark\">J.J. \"Jocko\" Clark</a>'s Carrier Task Group TG 58.1 during the <a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea\" title=\"Battle of the Philippine Sea\">Battle of the Philippine Sea</a> (19&ndash;20 June 1944) which broke the enemy's once-mighty naval air arm.\n</p><p><i>Izard</i> continued in support of fast carriers launching strike after strike against the enemy. On 4 July 1944 it was in a group of three cruisers and four destroyers that bombarded the airfield at <a href=\"/wiki/Iwo_Jima\" title=\"Iwo Jima\">Iwo Jima</a>. During the first part of October she joined Admiral <a href=\"/wiki/John_S._McCain%2C_Sr.\" title=\"John S. McCain, Sr.\">John S. McCain</a>'s task group for strikes on <a href=\"/wiki/Okinawa_Island\" title=\"Okinawa Island\">Okinawa</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Taiwan\" title=\"Taiwan\">Formosa</a>. During the following months she supported the <a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte\" title=\"Battle of Leyte\">Leyte operation</a> and participated in the Battle of <a href=\"/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf\" title=\"Lingayen Gulf\">Lingayen Gulf</a>. There she was next to the <a href=\"/wiki/USS_Columbia_%28CL-56%29\" title=\"USS Columbia (CL-56)\"><i>Columbia</i></a> (CL-56) when the <i>Columbia</i> was hit by a <a href=\"/wiki/Kamikaze\" title=\"Kamikaze\">kamikaze</a>. At one point, she sailed through the eyewall of a Pacific storm that had 50 knot winds. In February 1945 she was supposed to head for refitting, but another ship needed replacement as part of the Iwo Jima attack. She sailed with one other ship to Iwo Jima, arrived on the second day of the invasion, and was assigned duty during the <a href=\"/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima\" title=\"Battle of Iwo Jima\">Battle of Iwo Jima</a> rendering fire support, screening, and radar picket duty until 27 March. She fired 3,600 five inch rounds at Iwo Jima during the battle, firing from South of the island.\n</p><p><i>Izard</i> steamed for <a href=\"/wiki/Eniwetok\" title=\"Eniwetok\">Eniwetok</a> 28 March arriving 2 April. Joining a <a href=\"/wiki/Convoy\" title=\"Convoy\">convoy</a> she steamed east, reaching <a href=\"/wiki/Pearl_Harbor\" title=\"Pearl Harbor\">Pearl Harbor</a> on the day of <a href=\"/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" title=\"Franklin D. Roosevelt\">FDR</a>'s death, hearing the news as she was sailing in the channel at Pearl on her arrival. She then quickly resumed sailing and arrived at <a href=\"/wiki/Bremerton%2C_Washington\" title=\"Bremerton, Washington\">Bremerton</a> for refitting on 20 April 1945. <i>Izard</i> sailed for Pearl Harbor 30 June and in August joined the <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Force\" title=\"Northern Pacific Force\">Northern Pacific Force</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Adak%2C_Alaska\" title=\"Adak, Alaska\">Adak, Alaska</a>. The last of August, the <i>Izard</i> sailed for <a href=\"/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB\" title=\"Honshū\">Honshū</a>, Japan, and after the war continued to operate in northern Japan, liberating <a href=\"/wiki/Prisoner_of_war\" title=\"Prisoner of war\">prisoners-of-war</a> and demobilizing Japanese army and navy units until 15 November.\n</p><p><i>Izard</i> returned to Seattle the last of November and 2 April 1946 steamed to San Diego. <i>Izard</i> decommissioned there 31 May 1946 and joined the <a href=\"/wiki/Reserve_Fleet\" title=\"Reserve Fleet\">Reserve Fleet</a>. She was stricken from the <a href=\"/wiki/Naval_Vessel_Register\" title=\"Naval Vessel Register\">Naval Vessel Register</a> 1 May 1968, was sold 2 April 1970 and broken up for scrap.\n</p>", "<h2> Awards </h2>\n<p><i>Izard</i> received 10 <a href=\"/wiki/Battle_star\" title=\"Battle star\">battle stars</a> for <a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"World War II\">World War II</a> service.\n</p>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<ul><li>{{DANFS|http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/i/izard.html }}\n</li></ul>", "<h2> External links </h2><p> \n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/589.htm\"> Two photos of and the patch from the USS <i>Izard</i> at navsource.org</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/destroy/dd589txt.htm\"> hazegray.org: USS <i>Izard</i></a>\n</li></ul></p><p>{{Fletcher class destroyer}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Izard (DD-589)}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:World_War_II_destroyers_of_the_United_States\" title=\"World War II destroyers of the United States\">Category:World War II destroyers of the United States</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ships_built_in_Charleston%2C_South_Carolina\" title=\"Ships built in Charleston, South Carolina\">Category:Ships built in Charleston, South Carolina</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1942_ships\" title=\"1942 ships\">Category:1942 ships</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fletcher-class_destroyers_of_the_United_States_Navy\" title=\"Fletcher-class destroyers of the United States Navy\">Category:Fletcher-class destroyers of the United States Navy</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 44375367 ], "name": [ "Lomaine" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Settlements", "References", "Notes", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3 ], "content": [ "<p>{{EngvarB|date=August 2024}}\n{{short description|District of Cyprus}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}\n</p><p>{{coord|34|50|N|32|35|E|region:CY_type:adm1st|display=title}}\nThe <b>Paphos District</b>,{{Efn|{{lang-el|Επαρχία Πάφου|Eparchía Páfou}} {{IPA-el|/éparxía páfu/|}}; {{lang-tr|Baf kazası}}}} or simply <b>Paphos</b> (also <b>Pafos</b>),{{Efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|æ|f|ɒ|s}} {{respell|PAF|oss}}; {{lang-el|Πάφος}} {{IPA-el|ˈpafos|}}; {{lang-tr|Baf}}}} is one of the six <a href=\"/wiki/Districts_of_Cyprus\" title=\"Districts of Cyprus\">districts of Cyprus</a> and it is situated in the western part of Cyprus. Its main town and <a href=\"/wiki/Capital_%28political%29\" title=\"Capital (political)\">capital</a> is <a href=\"/wiki/Paphos\" title=\"Paphos\">Paphos</a>. The entire district is controlled by the internationally recognised government of <a href=\"/wiki/Cyprus\" title=\"Cyprus\">Cyprus</a>. There are four municipalities in Paphos District: <a href=\"/wiki/Paphos\" title=\"Paphos\">Paphos</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Yeroskipou\" title=\"Yeroskipou\">Yeroskipou</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Peyia\" title=\"Peyia\">Peyia</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Polis%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Polis, Cyprus\">Polis Chrysochous</a>.{{Infobox settlement\n<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Paphos District\n| native_name = {{nobold|{{native name|el|Επαρχία Πάφου|italics=off}}<br />{{native name|tr|Baf Kazası|italics=off}}}}\n| native_name_lang = \n| settlement_type = [[Districts of Cyprus|District]]\n| image_skyline = \n| image_alt = \n| image_caption = \n| image_flag = \n| flag_alt = \n| image_shield = \n| shield_alt = \n| nickname = \n| image_map = Paphos in Cyprus.svg\n| mapsize = 300\n| map_alt = \n| map_caption = Location of the district in Cyprus (in red)\n| coordinates = \n| subdivision_type = Country\n| subdivision_name = [[Cyprus]]\n| subdivision_type1 = [[Districts of Cyprus|District]]\n| subdivision_name1 = \n| established_title = \n| established_date = \n| seat_type = [[Capital (political)|Capital]]\n| seat = [[Paphos]]\n| leader_party = \n| leader_title = [[Mayor]]\n| leader_name = \n| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->\n| area_footnotes = <ref>http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/classifications_en/classifications_en?OpenForm Cyprus Statistical Service Classifications] — Degree of Urbanization.</ref>\n| area_total_km2 = 1,389.8\n| area_note = \n| elevation_footnotes = \n| elevation_m = \n| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumerated by Sex, Age, District and Municipality/Community 1.10.2021 |url=https://cystatdb.cystat.gov.cy/pxweb/en/8.CYSTAT-DB/8.CYSTAT-DB__Population__Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing%202021__Population__Population%20-%20Place%20of%20Residence/1891113E.px/table/tableViewLayout2/ |access-date=2024-09-05}}</ref>\n| population_total = 101106\n| population_as_of = 2021\n| population_density_km2 = auto\n| timezone = [[Eastern European Time|EET]]\n| utc_offset = +2\n| timezone_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]]\n| utc_offset_DST = +3\n| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Cyprus|Post code]]\n| postal_code = 8000-8999\n| blank_name_sec1 = \n| blank_info_sec1 = \n| website = \n| footnotes = \n| population_rank = [[Districts of Cyprus|4th]]\n| population_urban = 35,961 (2018)\n| population_rural = \n| area_code = +357 26\n| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Cyprus|Area code]]\n}}\nThe area of the district is 1,396&nbsp;km², which constitutes the 15.1% of the total area of the island, and the population {{As of|2021|lc=y}} was 101,106.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Enumerated by Sex, Age, District and Municipality/Community 1.10.2021 |url=https://cystatdb.cystat.gov.cy/pxweb/en/8.CYSTAT-DB/8.CYSTAT-DB__Population__Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing%202021__Population__Population%20-%20Place%20of%20Residence/1891113E.px/table/tableViewLayout2/ |access-date=2024-09-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cyprus population has grown 9.9% in a decade |url=https://www.cbn.com.cy/article/2023/8/8/726603/cyprus-population-has-grown-99-in-a-decade/ |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Cyprus population has grown 9.9% in a decade |language=en}}</ref> Its coastal area is characterised by gulfs and coves, capes and points, beaches and tiny isles. The district can be divided into three morphological regions: the coastal plain, lying mainly below 200 metres, the hilly area extending from plain up to the igneous rocks of Paphos forest and the mountainous region, lying mainly on the igneous rocks of the Paphos forest. North-west of the District is the <a href=\"/wiki/Akamas\" title=\"Akamas\">Akamas</a> peninsula which contains a national park where the <a href=\"/wiki/Green_sea_turtle\" title=\"Green sea turtle\">green sea turtle</a> is a protected animal.\n</p>", "<h2>Settlements</h2>\n<p>According to <i>Statistical Codes of Municipalities, Communities and Quarters of Cyprus</i> per the Statistical Service of Cyprus (2015), Paphos District has 4 municipalities and 121 communities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/47890E3B673F5D68C2257DBF00265E02/$file/GEO_CODES-2015.xls?OpenElement|title=Statistical Codes of Municipalities, Communities and Quarters of Cyprus per the Statistical Service of Cyprus, 2015|publisher=Statistical Service of Cyprus|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804200035/http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/47890E3B673F5D68C2257DBF00265E02/$file/GEO_CODES-2015.xls?OpenElement|archive-date=2018-08-04|access-date=2018-08-04}}</ref> Municipalities are written with bold.\n</p><p>{{div col|colwidth=15em}}\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Acheleia\" title=\"Acheleia\">Acheleia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Agia_Marinouda\" title=\"Agia Marinouda\">Agia Marinouda</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Agia_Varvara%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Agia Varvara, Paphos\">Agia Varvara</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Agios_Dimitrianos\" title=\"Agios Dimitrianos\">Agios Dimitrianos</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Agios_Georgios%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Agios Georgios, Paphos\">Agios Georgios</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Agios_Ioannis%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Agios Ioannis, Paphos\">Agios Ioannis</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Agios_Isidoros%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Agios Isidoros, Cyprus\">Agios Isidoros</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Agios_Nikolaos%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Agios Nikolaos, Paphos\">Agios Nikolaos</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Akoursos\" title=\"Akoursos\">Akoursos</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Amargeti\" title=\"Amargeti\">Amargeti</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Anadiou\" title=\"Anadiou\">Anadiou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Anarita\" title=\"Anarita\">Anarita</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Androlykou\" title=\"Androlykou\">Androlykou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Argaka\" title=\"Argaka\">Argaka</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Arminou\" title=\"Arminou\">Arminou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Armou\" title=\"Armou\">Armou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Asprogia\" title=\"Asprogia\">Asprogia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Axylou\" title=\"Axylou\">Axylou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Ayia_Marina_Chrysochous\" title=\"Ayia Marina Chrysochous\">Ayia Marina Chrysochous</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Ayia_Marina_Kelokedharon\" title=\"Ayia Marina Kelokedharon\">Ayia Marina Kelokedharon</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Chloraka\" title=\"Chloraka\">Chloraka</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Choletria\" title=\"Choletria\">Choletria</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Choli%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Choli, Cyprus\">Choli</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Choulou\" title=\"Choulou\">Choulou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Chrysochou\" title=\"Chrysochou\">Chrysochou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Dhrousha\" title=\"Dhrousha\">Dhrousha</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Drymou\" title=\"Drymou\">Drymou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Eledio\" title=\"Eledio\">Eledio</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Empa%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Empa, Cyprus\">Empa</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Episkopi%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Episkopi, Paphos\">Episkopi</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Evretou\" title=\"Evretou\">Evretou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Faleia\" title=\"Faleia\">Faleia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Fasli%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Fasli, Cyprus\">Fasli</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Fasoula%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Fasoula, Paphos\">Fasoula</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Foinikas%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Foinikas, Cyprus\">Foinikas</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Fyti\" title=\"Fyti\">Fyti</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Galataria\" title=\"Galataria\">Galataria</a>\n</li><li> <b><a href=\"/wiki/Geroskipou\" title=\"Geroskipou\">Geroskipou</a></b>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Gialia\" title=\"Gialia\">Gialia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Giolou\" title=\"Giolou\">Giolou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Goudi%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Goudi, Cyprus\">Goudi</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Inia%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Inia, Paphos\">Inia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Istinjon%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Istinjon, Cyprus\">Istinjon</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kallepia\" title=\"Kallepia\">Kallepia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kannaviou\" title=\"Kannaviou\">Kannaviou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Karamoullides\" title=\"Karamoullides\">Karamoullides</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kathikas\" title=\"Kathikas\">Kathikas</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kato_Akourdhalia\" title=\"Kato Akourdhalia\">Kato Akourdhalia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kato_Arodes\" title=\"Kato Arodes\">Kato Arodes</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kedares\" title=\"Kedares\">Kedares</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kelokedara\" title=\"Kelokedara\">Kelokedara</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kidasi\" title=\"Kidasi\">Kidasi</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kilinia\" title=\"Kilinia\">Kilinia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kinousa\" title=\"Kinousa\">Kinousa</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kissonerga\" title=\"Kissonerga\">Kissonerga</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Koili\" title=\"Koili\">Koili</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Konia%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Konia, Cyprus\">Konia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kouklia\" title=\"Kouklia\">Kouklia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kourtaka\" title=\"Kourtaka\">Kourtaka</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kritou_Marottou\" title=\"Kritou Marottou\">Kritou Marottou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kritou_Terra\" title=\"Kritou Terra\">Kritou Terra</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Lapithiou\" title=\"Lapithiou\">Lapithiou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Lasa%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Lasa, Cyprus\">Lasa</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Lemona%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Lemona, Cyprus\">Lemona</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Lempa%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Lempa, Cyprus\">Lempa</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Letymvou\" title=\"Letymvou\">Letymvou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Livadi%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Livadi, Paphos\">Livadi</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Loukrounou\" title=\"Loukrounou\">Loukrounou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Lysos\" title=\"Lysos\">Lysos</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Makounta\" title=\"Makounta\">Makounta</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mamonia\" title=\"Mamonia\">Mamonia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mamountali\" title=\"Mamountali\">Mamountali</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mandria%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Mandria, Paphos\">Mandria</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Marathounta\" title=\"Marathounta\">Marathounta</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Maronas%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Maronas, Cyprus\">Maronas</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Meladeia\" title=\"Meladeia\">Meladeia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Melandra%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Melandra, Cyprus\">Melandra</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mesa_Chorio\" title=\"Mesa Chorio\">Mesa Chorio</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mesana\" title=\"Mesana\">Mesana</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mesogi\" title=\"Mesogi\">Mesogi</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Milia%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Milia, Paphos\">Milia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Miliou\" title=\"Miliou\">Miliou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mousere\" title=\"Mousere\">Mousere</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Nata%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Nata, Cyprus\">Nata</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Nea_Dimmata\" title=\"Nea Dimmata\">Nea Dimmata</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Neo_Chorio%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Neo Chorio, Paphos\">Neo Chorio</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Nikokleia\" title=\"Nikokleia\">Nikokleia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pano_Akourdaleia\" title=\"Pano Akourdaleia\">Pano Akourdaleia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pano_Archimandrita\" title=\"Pano Archimandrita\">Pano Archimandrita</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pano_Arodes\" title=\"Pano Arodes\">Pano Arodes</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pano_Panagia\" title=\"Pano Panagia\">Pano Panagia</a>\n</li><li> <b><a href=\"/wiki/Paphos\" title=\"Paphos\">Paphos</a></b>\n</li><li> <b><a href=\"/wiki/Pegeia\" title=\"Pegeia\">Pegeia</a></b>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pelathousa\" title=\"Pelathousa\">Pelathousa</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pentalia\" title=\"Pentalia\">Pentalia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Peristerona%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Peristerona, Paphos\">Peristerona</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Philousa_Kelokedharon\" title=\"Philousa Kelokedharon\">Philousa Kelokedharon</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Philousa_Khrysokhous\" title=\"Philousa Khrysokhous\">Philousa Khrysokhous</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pitargou\" title=\"Pitargou\">Pitargou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Polemi\" title=\"Polemi\">Polemi</a>\n</li><li> <b><a href=\"/wiki/Polis%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Polis, Cyprus\">Polis, Cyprus</a></b>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pomos\" title=\"Pomos\">Pomos</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Praitori\" title=\"Praitori\">Praitori</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Prastio%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Prastio, Paphos\">Prastio</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Psathi%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Psathi, Cyprus\">Psathi</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Salamiou\" title=\"Salamiou\">Salamiou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Sarama%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Sarama, Cyprus\">Sarama</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Simou\" title=\"Simou\">Simou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Skoulli\" title=\"Skoulli\">Skoulli</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Souskiou\" title=\"Souskiou\">Souskiou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Statos%E2%80%93Agios_Fotios\" title=\"Statos–Agios Fotios\">Statos–Agios Fotios</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Stavrokonnou\" title=\"Stavrokonnou\">Stavrokonnou</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Steni%2C_Paphos\" title=\"Steni, Paphos\">Steni</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Stroumpi\" title=\"Stroumpi\">Stroumpi</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Tala%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Tala, Cyprus\">Tala</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Terra%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Terra, Cyprus\">Terra</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Theletra\" title=\"Theletra\">Theletra</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Thrinia\" title=\"Thrinia\">Thrinia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Timi\" title=\"Timi\">Timi</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Trachypedoula\" title=\"Trachypedoula\">Trachypedoula</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Tremithousa\" title=\"Tremithousa\">Tremithousa</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Trimithousa\" title=\"Trimithousa\">Trimithousa</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Tsada\" title=\"Tsada\">Tsada</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Vretsia\" title=\"Vretsia\">Vretsia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Zacharia%2C_Cyprus\" title=\"Zacharia, Cyprus\">Zacharia</a>\n{{Div col end}}\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<h3> Notes </h3>\n<p>{{noteslist}}\n</p><h3> References </h3>\n<p><references />\n</p><p>{{Districts of Cyprus}}\n{{Paphos District|state=expanded}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Paphos_District\" title=\"Paphos District\"> </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Cyprus\" title=\"Districts of Cyprus\">Category:Districts of Cyprus</a></p><p><br />\n{{Cyprus-geo-stub}}</p>", "<h3> Notes </h3>\n<p>{{noteslist}}\n</p>", "<h3> References </h3>\n<p><references />\n</p><p>{{Districts of Cyprus}}\n{{Paphos District|state=expanded}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Paphos_District\" title=\"Paphos District\"> </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Cyprus\" title=\"Districts of Cyprus\">Category:Districts of Cyprus</a></p><p><br />\n{{Cyprus-geo-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 41625025 ], "name": [ "162 etc." ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Factors affecting rainout", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>A <b>rainout</b> is the process of precipitation causing the removal of radioactive particles from the atmosphere onto the ground,<ref>{{cite web|url= http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20063/NuclearRisk.pdf|title=Communicating Nuclear Risk|accessdate = 2007-05-11 |author= Tonya L. Putnam |date= May 20, 2002 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070610233310/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/20063/NuclearRisk.pdf |archivedate = June 10, 2007}}</ref> creating <a href=\"/wiki/Nuclear_fallout\" title=\"Nuclear fallout\">nuclear fallout</a> by rain. The rainclouds of the rainout are often formed by the particles of a <a href=\"/wiki/Nuclear_explosion\" title=\"Nuclear explosion\">nuclear explosion</a> itself and because of this, the decontamination of rainout is more difficult than a \"dry\" fallout.\n</p><p>In atmospheric science, rainout also refers to the removal of soluble species—not necessarily radioactive—from the atmosphere by precipitation.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JD090iD05p07872|title=The rainout parameterization in a photochemical model|first1=F.|last1=Giorgi|first2=W. L.|last2=Chameides|date=October 7, 1985|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|volume=90|issue=D5|pages=7872–7880|via=Wiley Online Library|doi=10.1029/JD090iD05p07872|bibcode=1985JGR....90.7872G }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Factors affecting rainout</h2>\n<p>A rainout could occur in the vicinity of <a href=\"/wiki/Ground_zero\" title=\"Ground zero\">ground zero</a> or the contamination could be carried aloft before deposition depending on the current <a href=\"/wiki/Atmospheric\" title=\"Atmospheric\">atmospheric</a> conditions and how the explosion occurred. The explosion, or burst, can be air, surface, subsurface, or <a href=\"/wiki/Seawater\" title=\"Seawater\">seawater</a>. An air burst will produce less fallout than a comparable explosion near the ground due to less particulate being contaminated. Detonations at the surface will tend to produce more fallout material. In case of water surface bursts, the particles tend to be rather lighter and smaller, producing less local fallout but extending over a greater area. The particles contain mostly sea salts with some water; these can have a <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_seeding\" title=\"Cloud seeding\">cloud seeding</a> effect causing local rainout and areas of high local fallout. Fallout from a seawater burst is difficult to remove once it has soaked into porous surfaces because the fission products are present as metallic ions which become chemically bonded to many surfaces. For subsurface bursts, there is an additional phenomenon present called \"base surge\". The base surge is a cloud that rolls outward from the bottom of the subsiding column, which is caused by an excessive density of dust or water droplets in the air. This surge is made up of small solid particles, but it still behaves like a fluid. A soil earth medium favors base surge formation in an underground burst. Although the base surge typically contains only about 10% of the total bomb debris in a subsurface burst, it can create larger <a href=\"/wiki/Radiation\" title=\"Radiation\">radiation</a> doses than fallout near the detonation, because it arrives sooner than fallout, before much <a href=\"/wiki/Radioactive_decay\" title=\"Radioactive decay\">radioactive decay</a> has occurred. For underwater bursts, the visible surge is, in effect, a cloud of liquid (usually water) droplets with the property of flowing almost as if it were a homogeneous fluid. After the water evaporates, an invisible base surge of small radioactive particles may persist.\n</p><p>Meteorogically, snow and rain will accelerate local fallout. Under special <a href=\"/wiki/Meteorological\" title=\"Meteorological\">meteorological</a> conditions, such as a local rain shower that originates above the radioactive cloud, limited areas of heavy contamination just downwind of a nuclear blast may be formed. Rain on an area contaminated by a surface burst changes the pattern of radioactive intensities by washing off higher elevations, buildings, equipment, and vegetation. This reduces intensities in some areas and possibly increases intensities in drainage systems; on low ground; and in flat, poorly drained areas.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/policy/army/fm/3-6/3-6ch3.htm| title = Biological Agents And Nuclear Detonations| accessdate = 2007-05-11| author = Global Security.org| date = April 28, 2005}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p><references />\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Radioactivity\" title=\"Radioactivity\">Category:Radioactivity</a></p><p><br />\n{{radioactivity-stub}}\n{{Climate-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 45716824 ], "name": [ "Manunuscript" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Synopsis", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{more citations needed|date=May 2023}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}\n{{Infobox film\n| name = The Ninth Day\n| image = Theninthday.jpg\n| caption = Theatrical release poster\n| director = [[Volker Schlöndorff]]\n| writer = [[Eberhard Görner]]<BR />[[Andreas Pflüger]]\n| producer = [[Jürgen Haase]]<BR />[[Wolfgang Plehn]]<BR />[[Jean-Claude Schlim]]\n| starring = [[Ulrich Matthes]]<BR />[[August Diehl]]<BR /> [[Bibiana Beglau]]\n| music = \n| cinematography = \n| editing = \n| released = {{Film date|2004|11|11|Germany|df=y}}\n| runtime = 90 minutes\n| country = Germany<br />[[Luxembourg]]<br />[[Czech Republic]]\n| language = German\n| studio = \n| distributor = [[Kino Video|Kino International]]\n| budget =\n| gross = \n}}\n<i><b>The Ninth Day</b></i> is a 2004 <a href=\"/wiki/Germany\" title=\"Germany\">German</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Historical_film\" title=\"Historical film\">historical</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Drama_%28film_and_television%29\" title=\"Drama (film and television)\">drama film</a> directed by <a href=\"/wiki/Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff\" title=\"Volker Schlöndorff\">Volker Schlöndorff</a> and starring <a href=\"/wiki/Ulrich_Matthes\" title=\"Ulrich Matthes\">Ulrich Matthes</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/August_Diehl\" title=\"August Diehl\">August Diehl</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Ninth Day - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ninth_day |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> It was released by <a href=\"/wiki/Kino_Video\" title=\"Kino Video\">Kino International</a>.\n</p><p>The film is about a <a href=\"/wiki/Holy_Orders\" title=\"Holy Orders\">Catholic priest</a> from <a href=\"/wiki/Luxembourg\" title=\"Luxembourg\">Luxembourg</a> who is imprisoned in <a href=\"/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp\" title=\"Dachau concentration camp\">Dachau concentration camp</a>, but released for nine days. The story is based on a portion of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Pfarrerblock_25487\" title=\"Pfarrerblock 25487\">Pfarrerblock 25487</a></i> ({{ISBN|2-87963-286-2}}), the diary of <a href=\"/wiki/Father_Jean_Bernard\" title=\"Father Jean Bernard\">Father Jean Bernard</a> (1907–1994), which was translated into English by Deborah Lucas Schneider as <i>Priestblock 25487: A Memoir of Dachau</i> ({{ISBN|978-0972598170}}).\n</p>", "<h2>Synopsis</h2>\n<p>Henri Kremer, a Catholic priest from Luxemburg, is imprisoned in Dachau. He experiences the horrors of the camps, including the <a href=\"/wiki/Crucifixion\" title=\"Crucifixion\">crucifixion</a> of some of his fellow prisoners, when one day he is given an unexpected leave of nine days. He returns to his native city, where the young <a href=\"/wiki/SS\" title=\"SS\">SS</a> officer Gebhardt tells him that he should convince his <a href=\"/wiki/Bishop\" title=\"Bishop\">bishop</a> to cooperate with the <a href=\"/wiki/Nazi\" title=\"Nazi\">Nazis</a>. Gebhardt, himself a former candidate for the priesthood, tries to convince the priest that the role of <a href=\"/wiki/Judas_Iscariot\" title=\"Judas Iscariot\">Judas</a> is just what God wants from him. Kremer is confronted with a hard decision: Should he betray his Church or should he return to the concentration camp?\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20050616001148/http://www.kino.com/theninthday/\">Official Website</a>\n</li><li> {{IMDb title|411702|The Ninth Day}}\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20051027041203/http://www.kino.com/press/ninth_day/ninth_day_pbklw.pdf\">Press book</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20050309171223/http://www.filmfund.lu/filmfund.lu/mu/minlux/list/00135/index.php\">The Ninth Day Web site in Luxembourg</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/dachau/visits/04ninthday/NinthDayFilm053.htm\">H. Marcuse's page comparing film and memoir</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.opuszine.com/movie_reviews/review/the_ninth_day/\">Detailed review in Opuszine</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.decentfilms.com/reviews/ninthday.html\">Decentfilms.com review</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Volker Schlöndorff}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Ninth Day}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2004_films\" title=\"2004 films\">Category:2004 films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2004_drama_films\" title=\"2004 drama films\">Category:2004 drama films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:German_war_drama_films\" title=\"German war drama films\">Category:German war drama films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2000s_German-language_films\" title=\"2000s German-language films\">Category:2000s German-language films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Czech_war_drama_films\" title=\"Czech war drama films\">Category:Czech war drama films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Luxembourgian_war_films\" title=\"Luxembourgian war films\">Category:Luxembourgian war films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:German_World_War_II_films\" title=\"German World War II films\">Category:German World War II films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Films_directed_by_Volker_Schl%C3%B6ndorff\" title=\"Films directed by Volker Schlöndorff\">Category:Films directed by Volker Schlöndorff</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Films_shot_in_the_Czech_Republic\" title=\"Films shot in the Czech Republic\">Category:Films shot in the Czech Republic</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Luxembourgian_drama_films\" title=\"Luxembourgian drama films\">Category:Luxembourgian drama films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2000s_German_films\" title=\"2000s German films\">Category:2000s German films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Czech_World_War_II_films\" title=\"Czech World War II films\">Category:Czech World War II films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:German-language_Czech_films\" title=\"German-language Czech films\">Category:German-language Czech films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:German-language_war_films\" title=\"German-language war films\">Category:German-language war films</a></p><p><br />\n{{2000s-Germany-film-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 17619453 ], "name": [ "Me, Myself, and I are Here" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "''Famille verte''", "''Famille jaune''", "''Famille noire''", "''Famille rose''", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{italic title}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Moon_flasks._Famille_rose._Qing_1723-35._Sir_Percival_David_Collection%2C_British_Museum.jpg\" title=\"Moon flasks. Famille rose. Qing 1723-35. Sir Percival David Collection, British Museum.jpg\">thumb|Moon flask (right) in <i>famille rose</i>, <a href=\"/wiki/Jingdezhen_porcelain\" title=\"Jingdezhen porcelain\">Jingdezhen porcelain</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor\" title=\"Yongzheng Emperor\">Yongzheng</a> reign (1723–1735)</a>\n<i><b>Famille jaune, noire, rose, verte</b></i> are terms used in the West to classify <a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_porcelain\" title=\"Chinese porcelain\">Chinese porcelain</a> of the <a href=\"/wiki/Qing_dynasty\" title=\"Qing dynasty\">Qing dynasty</a> by the dominant <a href=\"/wiki/Colour\" title=\"Colour\">colour</a> of its enamel palette. These wares were initially grouped under the French names of <b>{{lang|fr|famille verte}}</b> (\"green family\"), and <b>{{lang|fr|[[famille rose]]}}</b> (pink family) by Albert Jacquemart in 1862. The other terms <b>{{lang|fr|famille jaune}}</b> (yellow) and <b>{{lang|fr|famille noire}}</b> (black) may have been introduced later by dealers or collectors and they are generally considered subcategories of <i>famille verte</i>.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRE4AQAAIAAJ&q=jaune |title=Chinese Ceramics in the Collection of the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam: The Ming and Qing Dynasties |page=147 |date= 1997|isbn=9780856674891 |last1=Jörg |first1=C. J. A. |last2=(Netherlands) |first2=Rijksmuseum |last3=Campen |first3=Jan van |publisher=Philip Wilson }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i3Od9bcGus0C&pg=PA367 |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts: Two-volume Set|editor=Gordon Campbell |page=367 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=2006|isbn=978-0195189483 }}</ref> <i>Famille verte</i> porcelain was produced mainly during the <a href=\"/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor\" title=\"Kangxi Emperor\">Kangxi</a> era, while <i>famille rose</i> porcelain was popular in the 18th and 19th century. Much of the Chinese production was <a href=\"/wiki/Jingdezhen_porcelain\" title=\"Jingdezhen porcelain\">Jingdezhen porcelain</a>, and a large proportion were <a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_export_porcelain\" title=\"Chinese export porcelain\">made for export to the West</a>, but some of the finest were made for the Imperial court.\n</p>", "<h2><i>Famille verte</i></h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:China%2C_Jiangxi_province%2C_Jingdezhen_kilns%2C_Qing_dynasty_%281644-1912%29%2C_Kangxi_-_Dish_with_Bird_on_Peach_Branch_-_1964.213.2_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif\" title=\"China, Jiangxi province, Jingdezhen kilns, Qing dynasty (1644-1912), Kangxi - Dish with Bird on Peach Branch - 1964.213.2 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif\">thumb|<i>Dish with Bird on Peach Branch</i>, <i>famille verte</i>, <a href=\"/wiki/Kangxi_reign\" title=\"Kangxi reign\">Kangxi reign</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Jingdezhen_porcelain\" title=\"Jingdezhen porcelain\">Jingdezhen porcelain</a></a>\n<i>Famille verte</i> (康熙五彩, <i>Kangxi wucai</i>, also 素三彩, <i>Susancai</i>), adopted in the <a href=\"/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor\" title=\"Kangxi Emperor\">Kangxi</a> period around 1680, uses <a href=\"/wiki/Green\" title=\"Green\">green</a> in a few different shades and <a href=\"/wiki/Iron_red\" title=\"Iron red\">iron red</a> with other overglaze colours. It developed from the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Wucai\" title=\"Wucai\">wucai</a></i> (五彩, \"five colours\") style, which combines <a href=\"/wiki/Underglaze\" title=\"Underglaze\">underglaze</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Cobalt_blue\" title=\"Cobalt blue\">cobalt blue</a> with a few <a href=\"/wiki/Overglaze\" title=\"Overglaze\">overglaze</a> colours. The <i>famille verte</i> enamels may be painted on the <a href=\"/wiki/Biscuit_porcelain\" title=\"Biscuit porcelain\">biscuit</a> (unglazed pre-fired ware) with no underglaze blue, or over high-fired glaze, producing wares of different appearances. Wares with enamel painted on the biscuit usually have a solid-colour ground such as yellow, black or green, while those painted over the glaze may have a white ground. Occasionally both underglaze and overglaze blue may be seen in the same object.<ref name=\"valenstein227\">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVwuJvo4YgC&pg=PA230 |pages=227&ndash;230|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|title=A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics |first= Suzanne G. |last=Valenstein |date= 1988|isbn=978-0810911703}}</ref> The firing to fuse the enamels was done at a relatively low temperature.\n</p><p>The colours found in <i>famille verte</i> are typically green, red, yellow, blue and aubergine (non-vivid purple). Black may also be used and occasionally gold. The blue colour is more violet or royal blue in tone, which is different in shade from the blue used in <a href=\"/wiki/Ming_dynasty\" title=\"Ming dynasty\">Ming dynasty</a> porcelain. The ability to achieve colour gradation <i>famille verte</i> is limited. The coloured enamels are often painted over the pure white body of the porcelain which comes over through the glaze. The colours may also be set off on black or yellow grounds (known as <i>famille noire</i> and <i>famille jaune</i> respectively), and more rarely aubergine and green.<ref name=\"valenstein227\" />\n</p><p><i>Famille verte</i> wares were popular for several decades until the 1720s after the reign of Kangxi when it became supplanted by <i>famille rose</i> which has a greater colour range. It continued to be made in small amounts in the subsequent periods, and its popularity revived in the West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ha0J2Jq4Ex4C&pg=PA177 |title=Understanding International Art Markets and Management |date=26 October 2005 |editor= Iain Robertson|page=177 |publisher=Routledge|isbn= 9780203087114}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVwuJvo4YgC&pg=PA236 |page=236|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|title=A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics |first= Suzanne G. |last=Valenstein |date= 1988|isbn=978-0810911703}}</ref>\n</p><p><gallery widths=\"170px\" heights=\"200px\">\nFile:Wusai vase Shunzi period circa 1650 1660.jpg|''[[Wucai]]'' vase, [[Shunzhi]] period, circa 1650–1660\nFile:Wucai plate for exportation Kangxi period circa 1680 bis.jpg|''Wucai'' plate for exportation, [[Kangxi]] period, circa 1680\nFile:Wucai plate for exportation Kangxi period circa 1680.jpg|''Wucai'' plate for exportation, [[Kangxi]] period, circa 1680\nFile:MET 37 191 8 S4 sf (cropped).jpg|Vase, [[Kangxi]] period\nFile:Saint Cloud soft porcelain spitting bowl Famille verte 1730 1740.jpg|[[Saint-Cloud porcelain|Saint-Cloud soft porcelain]] [[spitting bowl]], famille verte, 1730–1740\n</gallery>\n</p><h3><i>Famille jaune</i></h3>\n<p><i>Famille jaune</i> is a variation of <i>famille verte</i>, using <i>famille verte</i> <a href=\"/wiki/Vitreous_enamel\" title=\"Vitreous enamel\">enamels</a> on a <a href=\"/wiki/Yellow\" title=\"Yellow\">yellow</a> ground.\n</p><h3><i>Famille noire</i></h3>\n<p><i>Famille noire</i> (Chinese: 墨地素三彩, <i>Modi susancai</i>) uses a <a href=\"/wiki/Black\" title=\"Black\">black</a> ground. Genuine <i>famille noire</i> wares were made in the Kangxi era, although some clobbered wares had the black added to <i>famille verte</i> porcelain in the 19th century. They may have a copper-green lead-based enamel painted over dry black cobalt ground on the biscuit, and a transparent green glaze was then applied, giving it a near-iridescent appearance.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bntXrcs_peIC&pg=PA248 |title=The Arts of China|first= Michael |last=Sullivan|page=248 |isbn= 978-0520033672|publisher= University of California Press|edition= 2nd Revised |date= 1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gotheborg.com/glossary/famillenoire.shtml |title=Famille noire |work=Gotheborg.com }}</ref> <i>Famille noire</i> was once highly appreciated by western collectors, which led to high prices and many pieces were then counterfeited, with the result that a large proportion of those believed to be surviving examples are actually forgeries. The popularity of this type of porcelain has since declined.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O14530/vase-unknown/ |title= Vase | work=Victoria and Albert Museum}}</ref> \n<gallery widths=\"170px\" heights=\"200px\">\nFile:MET 14 40 417 O1 sf.jpg|''Famille jaune'' vase, probably Kangxi reign, Jingdezhen. Porcelain painted in polychrome enamels on the biscuit and on the glaze.\nFile:MET 61 200 49ab O4 sf.jpg|''Famille noire'' vase, Kangxi reign, Jingdezhen\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h3><i>Famille jaune</i></h3>\n<p><i>Famille jaune</i> is a variation of <i>famille verte</i>, using <i>famille verte</i> <a href=\"/wiki/Vitreous_enamel\" title=\"Vitreous enamel\">enamels</a> on a <a href=\"/wiki/Yellow\" title=\"Yellow\">yellow</a> ground.\n</p>", "<h3><i>Famille noire</i></h3>\n<p><i>Famille noire</i> (Chinese: 墨地素三彩, <i>Modi susancai</i>) uses a <a href=\"/wiki/Black\" title=\"Black\">black</a> ground. Genuine <i>famille noire</i> wares were made in the Kangxi era, although some clobbered wares had the black added to <i>famille verte</i> porcelain in the 19th century. They may have a copper-green lead-based enamel painted over dry black cobalt ground on the biscuit, and a transparent green glaze was then applied, giving it a near-iridescent appearance.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bntXrcs_peIC&pg=PA248 |title=The Arts of China|first= Michael |last=Sullivan|page=248 |isbn= 978-0520033672|publisher= University of California Press|edition= 2nd Revised |date= 1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gotheborg.com/glossary/famillenoire.shtml |title=Famille noire |work=Gotheborg.com }}</ref> <i>Famille noire</i> was once highly appreciated by western collectors, which led to high prices and many pieces were then counterfeited, with the result that a large proportion of those believed to be surviving examples are actually forgeries. The popularity of this type of porcelain has since declined.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O14530/vase-unknown/ |title= Vase | work=Victoria and Albert Museum}}</ref> \n<gallery widths=\"170px\" heights=\"200px\">\nFile:MET 14 40 417 O1 sf.jpg|''Famille jaune'' vase, probably Kangxi reign, Jingdezhen. Porcelain painted in polychrome enamels on the biscuit and on the glaze.\nFile:MET 61 200 49ab O4 sf.jpg|''Famille noire'' vase, Kangxi reign, Jingdezhen\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2><i>Famille rose</i></h2>\n<p>{{main|Famille rose}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Imperial_bowl_famille_rose_Guimet_G5249.jpg\" title=\"Imperial bowl famille rose Guimet G5249.jpg\">thumb|Famille rose bowl, Imperial porcelain, Jingdezhen</a> \n<i>Famille rose</i>, known in Chinese as <i>fencai</i> ({{lang|zh|粉彩}}) or <i>ruancai</i> ({{lang|zh-hant|軟彩}} / {{lang|zh-hans|软彩}}), {{abbr|lit.|literally}} 'pale colours' or 'soft colours'), <i>yangcai</i> ({{lang|zh|洋彩}}), lit. 'foreign colours'), and <i>falangcai</i> ({{lang|zh|珐琅彩}}, lit. 'enamel colours'),<ref name=\"valenstein\">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnVwuJvo4YgC&pg=PA244 |page=244 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|title=A Handbook of Chinese Ceramics |first= Suzanne G. |last=Valenstein |date= 1988|isbn=978-0810911703}}</ref> is a type of porcelain defined by the presence of pink colour overglaze enamel. The colour palette was introduced in China during the reign of <a href=\"/wiki/Kangxi\" title=\"Kangxi\">Kangxi</a> (1654–1722), possibly around 1720, but perfected only in the <a href=\"/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor\" title=\"Yongzheng Emperor\">Yongzheng</a> era when the finest pieces were made. <i>Famille rose</i> is named after its pink-coloured enamel, although it ranged from pale pink to deep ruby. Apart from pink, a range of other soft colour palettes were used in <i>famille rose</i>, hence the term <i>fencai</i>. The gradation of colours was produced by mixing coloured enamels with 'glassy white' (玻璃白, <i>boli bai</i>), an opaque white enamel (lead arsenate).<ref name=\"koh\">{{cite web |url=http://www.koh-antique.com/history/falang.htm |title=Relationship between Falangcai, Yangcai, Fencai, and Famille rose |work=Koh Antique }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d__HBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA375 |title=A History of Chinese Science and Technology: Volume 2, Volume 2 |editor= Yongxiang Lu |page=375 |isbn= 978-3662441657|publisher= Springer|date= 2014}}</ref>\n</p><p>It is generally believed that the new colour palette in China was introduced by <a href=\"/wiki/Jesuits_in_China\" title=\"Jesuits in China\">Jesuits in China</a> (through the use of <a href=\"/wiki/Purple_of_Cassius\" title=\"Purple of Cassius\">purple of Cassius</a>) to the Imperial court, initially on enamels used on metal wares such as <a href=\"/wiki/Cloisonn%C3%A9\" title=\"Cloisonné\">cloisonné</a> produced in the <i>falang</i> workshop (珐琅作, <i>falang</i> meaning enamel may have originated from the word for the \"<a href=\"/wiki/Franks\" title=\"Franks\">Franks</a>\" or \"France\"), or through adaptation of enamels used in tin-glazed South German earthenware.<ref name=\"valenstein\" /> Research has failed to show that the chemical composition of the pink colour pigment on <i>famille rose</i> to be the same as that of the European one. However, the term used by <a href=\"/wiki/Tang_Ying\" title=\"Tang Ying\">Tang Ying</a> (who oversaw the production of porcelain at <a href=\"/wiki/Jingdezhen_porcelain\" title=\"Jingdezhen porcelain\">Jingdezhen</a>) and in Qing documents was <i>yangcai</i> (\"foreign colours\"),<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AwpIAQAAIAAJ&q=fencai |title=徐氏藝術館: 清代: The Tsui Museum of Art: Chinese ceramics |page=71 |date=1993 |author1=徐氏藝術館 |publisher=徐氏藝術館 |isbn=978-962-7504-12-2 }}</ref><ref name=\"lockhart\">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/chinesepotterypo02hobs/page/n353/mode/2up |title=Chinese pottery and porcelain: an account of the potter's art in China from primitive times to the present day|author= Hobson, R. L. (Robert Lockhart)|date= 1915 |publisher= Funk and Wagnalls |page=209 }}</ref> indicating its foreign origin or influence. Rudimentary <i>famille rose</i> have been found in Chinese porcelain from the 1720s, although the technique was not fully developed until around 1730 during the <a href=\"/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor\" title=\"Yongzheng Emperor\">Yongzheng</a> period. The pink of the early pieces of the 1720s were darker in colours made with ruby-coloured glass, but after 1725 softer shades were achieved by mixing with white enamels.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPppyXCj1dIC&pg=PA39 |title=Collectors, Collections and Museums: The Field of Chinese Ceramics in Britain, 1560-1960|first= Stacey|last= Pierson|publisher= Verlag Peter Lang|date=2007|isbn=978-3039105380|page=39}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url =https://scinapse.io/papers/1976737233|title= A study of ruby-pink enamels on Chinese porcelain: with a comparison of Chinese pink glass and European pink enamels of ceramics|date= 2000|journal= Studies in Conservation|doi=10.1179/SIC.2000.45.S2.021|first1=Paula |last1=Mills |first2= Rose|last2= Kerr |volume= 45|issue=sup2|pages= 21–|s2cid= 191567275}}</ref> At the Palace workshops in <a href=\"/wiki/Beijing\" title=\"Beijing\">Beijing</a>, experimentation was conducted to develop a range of enamel colours and techniques for applying the such enamels onto blank porcelain supplied by Jingdezhen, and the wares produced were called <i>falangcai</i>. Court painters were employed to make drafts to decorate such wares, which produced a new aesthetic style of decoration on porcelain. <i>Falangcai</i> decorations may be painted on a white ground, or on a coloured ground with yellow being the most popular. As <i>falangcai</i> was produced at the palace for its exclusive use, there are relatively fewer pieces of <i>falangcai</i> porcelain.\n</p><p>With the successful creation of <i>falangcai</i> porcelain at the palace, <i>falangcai</i> was also then made at the imperial kilns of Jingdezhen. The term <i>yangcai</i> was used to refer to porcelain produced at Jingdezhen to imitate <i>falangcai</i>. Visually there is little difference in appearance between <i>falangcai</i> and <i>yangcai</i> wares produced for imperial use, but differences may be detected in the chemical composition of the <a href=\"/wiki/Ceramic_flux\" title=\"Ceramic flux\">flux</a> used.<ref name=\"koh\" /> <i>Ruancai</i> ('soft colours') was also a term used in the Yongzheng era as the colours used are softer in contrast to the 'hard colours' (硬彩, <i>yingcai</i>) previously used for <i>famille verte</i> or <i>wucai</i>.<ref name=\"lockhart\" /> <i>Fencai</i> is the more modern term used by Chen Liu (陈浏) in the early 20th century and it then replaced <i>yangcai</i> in Chinese usage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh101/yongzheng/en/ch00.html |title=The Introduction |work=National Palace Museum }}</ref><ref name=\"koh\" />\n</p><p>The <i>famille rose</i> enamels allow for a greater range of colour and tone than was previously possible, enabling the depiction of more complex images, particularly during the <a href=\"/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor\" title=\"Qianlong Emperor\">Qianlong</a> era, and decorations became more elaborate and crowded in the later Qianlong period. The images may be painted on coloured grounds, including yellow, blue, pink, coral red, light green, 'cafe au lait' and brown.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://gotheborg.com/glossary/famillerose.shtml |title=Famille rose |work=Gotheborg.com }}</ref> Black ground or <i>famille noire</i> may also be used on <i>famille rose</i> ware, but they are not highly regarded. Many produced in the Qianlong period were on eggshell porcelain. <i>Famille rose</i> supplanted <i>famille verte</i> in popularity, and its production overtook <a href=\"/wiki/Blue_and_white_pottery\" title=\"Blue and white pottery\">blue and white porcelain</a> in the mid-18th century. It remained popular throughout the 18th and 19th centuries and continued to be made in the 20th century. The quality of wares produced however declined after the Qianlong period.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Guangdong_Sheng_Bowuguan_2013.12.15_10-56-18.jpg\" title=\"Guangdong Sheng Bowuguan 2013.12.15 10-56-18.jpg\">thumb|<i>Famille rose</i> <a href=\"/wiki/Canton_porcelain\" title=\"Canton porcelain\">Canton ware</a> with Rose Mandarin decoration</a>\nJingdezhen produced many <i>famille rose</i> pieces, and some of the finest pieces were made there. However, from the late 18th century onwards, many pieces were decorated in the port city of <a href=\"/wiki/Guangzhou\" title=\"Guangzhou\">Canton</a> to produce the <a href=\"/wiki/Canton_porcelain\" title=\"Canton porcelain\">Canton ware</a> intended for export, using white porcelain from Jingdezhen. In contrast to the more refined 'court-taste' porcelain, export wares particularly those from the 19th century tend to be highly and brightly decorated. The decorative patterns used in these export wares may be referred to as Rose Canton, Rose Mandarin and Rose Medallion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Warman's Oriental Antiques|first1=Gloria |last1=Mascarelli|first2= Robert |last2=Mascarelli|publisher=Wallace-Homestead Book Company|date= 1992|page=42&ndash;46}}</ref>\n</p><p><i>Famille rose</i> enamels were known to have been used in Europe before its usage became established in China, for example in <a href=\"/wiki/Vienna_porcelain\" title=\"Vienna porcelain\">Vienna porcelain</a> made by the Du Paquier factory in 1725.<ref name=\"valenstein\" /> Large number of <i>famille rose</i> porcelains were exported from China to the West, and many European factories such as <a href=\"/wiki/Meissen_porcelain\" title=\"Meissen porcelain\">Meissen</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Chelsea_porcelain_factory\" title=\"Chelsea porcelain factory\">Chelsea</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Chantilly_porcelain\" title=\"Chantilly porcelain\">Chantilly</a> copied the <i>famille rose</i> palette used in Chinese porcelain.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3eSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98 |title=Miller's Antiques Handbook & Price Guide 2020-2021 |first= Judith |last=Miller |date=5 September 2019 |page=98 |publisher=Octopus |isbn=9781784726485}}</ref> Export of Chinese porcelain then declined due to competition from the European factories.\n</p><p><gallery widths=\"170px\" heights=\"200px\">\nFile:Shanghai Museum 2006 17-60.jpg|Auspicious bats and peaches on a dish, a popular subject in the Chinese taste. Yongzheng reign (1723–1735)\nFile:Percival David Collection DSCF3220 15.jpg|A selection of ''falangcai'' porcelains\nFile:Qing export porcelain with European figure Famille Rose first half of 18th century.jpg|[[Qing]] period [[Chinese export porcelain]] with European figure, ''famille rose'', first half of 18th century\nFile:Jingdezhen soft paste porcelain flower holder Famille Rose 1736 1796 Qianlong period.jpg|[[Jingdezhen porcelain]] soft paste porcelain flower holder, ''famille rose'', 1736–1796, [[Qianlong]] period\nFile:Punchbowl, unidentified maker, China, c. 1765, porcelain - Albany Institute of History and Art - DSC08001.JPG|Canton ware\nFile:Plate, China, 1840-1900, Rose medallion pattern porcelain - Portland Museum of Art - Portland, Maine - DSC04117.jpg|Rose Medallion plate with decorations that are divided into panels\nFile:Guimet porcelana china 31.JPG|Qianlong period ''famille rose'' vase\nFile:珐琅彩芍药雉鸡图玉壶春瓶08467.jpg|''Falangcai'' vase\n</gallery>\n</p><dl><dt> European pieces in the styles\n<gallery widths=\"170px\" heights=\"200px\">\nFile:Saint Cloud soft paste porcelain flower holder Famille Rose 1730 1740.jpg|[[Saint-Cloud porcelain|Saint-Cloud soft paste porcelain]] flower holder, ''famille rose'', 1730–1740\nFile:Delft plate faience Famille Rose 1760 1780.jpg|Dutch [[Delftware]] plate, [[faience]], ''famille rose'', 1760–1780\n</gallery>\n</dt></dl>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"http://www.gotheborg.com/qa/hsienfeng.shtml\">Example of fencai enamal ware</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Porcelain}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Famille Jaune, Noire, Rose, Verte}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Chinese_porcelain\" title=\"Chinese porcelain\">Category:Chinese porcelain</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Types_of_pottery_decoration\" title=\"Types of pottery decoration\">Category:Types of pottery decoration</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 35936988 ], "name": [ "JJMC89 bot III" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life", "Football career", "Club career", "State of Origin", "Post-playing", "Life outside football", "Acting career", "Filmography", "Film", "Television", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Australian rugby league footballer, and actor}}\n{{pp-move}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}\n{{Use Australian English|date=August 2011}}\n{{Infobox rugby league biography\n|name = Ian Roberts\n|fullname =\n|image = IanRoberts1997.jpg\n|image_size = 150\n|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|07|31|df=yes}}\n|birth_place = [[London, England]]\n|height = {{convert|196|cm|ftin|abbr=on}}\n|weight = {{convert|112|kg|stlb|abbr=on}}\n|position = {{rlp|PR|SR}}\n|club1 = [[South Sydney Rabbitohs|South Sydney]]\n|year1start = 1986\n|year1end = 89\n|appearances1 = 65\n|tries1 = 5\n|goals1 = 0\n|fieldgoals1 = 0\n|points1 = 20\n|club2 = [[Wigan Warriors|Wigan]]\n|year2start = 1986\n|year2end = 87\n|appearances2 = 19\n|tries2 = 3\n|goals2 = 0\n|fieldgoals2 = 0\n|points2 = 12\n|club3 = [[Manly Warringah Sea Eagles|Manly Sea Eagles]]\n|year3start = 1990\n|year3end = 95\n|appearances3 = 100\n|tries3 = 4\n|goals3 = 0\n|fieldgoals3 = 0\n|points3 = 16\n|club4 = [[North Queensland Cowboys|North Qld Cowboys]]\n|year4start = 1997\n|year4end = 98\n|appearances4 = 29\n|tries4 = 3\n|goals4 = 0\n|fieldgoals4 = 0\n|points4 = 12\n|teamA = [[City New South Wales rugby league team|City NSW]]\n|yearAstart = 1988\n|yearAend = 94\n|appearancesA = 5\n|triesA = 0\n|goalsA = 0\n|fieldgoalsA = 0\n|pointsA = 0\n|teamB = [[New South Wales rugby league team|New South Wales]]\n|yearBstart = 1990\n|yearBend = 94\n|appearancesB = 9\n|triesB = 0\n|goalsB = 0\n|fieldgoalsB = 0\n|pointsB = 0\n|teamC = [[Australian Kangaroos|Australia]]\n|yearCstart = 1990\n|yearCend = 94\n|appearancesC = 13\n|triesC = 3\n|goalsC = 0\n|fieldgoalsC = 0\n|pointsC = 12\n|teamD = [[New South Wales rugby league team|New South Wales (SL)]]\n|yearDstart = 1997\n|yearDend =\n|appearancesD = 2\n|triesD = 0\n|goalsD = 0\n|fieldgoalsD = 0\n|pointsD = 0\n|retired = yes\n|source = <ref>[http://www.rugbyleagueproject.com/players/Ian_Roberts.html Rugby League Project]</ref>\n|updated = 31 July 2009\n}}\n</p><p><b>Ian Roberts</b> (born 31 July 1965) is an Australian actor and former professional <a href=\"/wiki/Rugby_league\" title=\"Rugby league\">rugby league</a> player who played in the 1980s and 1990s. A <a href=\"/wiki/Rugby_league_positions%23Forwards\" title=\"Rugby league positions#Forwards\">forward</a>, he played for <a href=\"/wiki/New_South_Wales\" title=\"New South Wales\">New South Wales</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/State_of_Origin_series\" title=\"State of Origin series\">State of Origin</a> and won 13 caps for the <a href=\"/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_league_team\" title=\"Australia national rugby league team\">Australia national team</a>. He played club football for the <a href=\"/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs\" title=\"South Sydney Rabbitohs\">South Sydney Rabbitohs</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Wigan_Warriors\" title=\"Wigan Warriors\">Wigan</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Manly_Warringah_Sea_Eagles\" title=\"Manly Warringah Sea Eagles\">Manly Warringah Sea Eagles</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/North_Queensland_Cowboys\" title=\"North Queensland Cowboys\">North Queensland Cowboys</a>. In 1995 Roberts became the first high-profile Australian sports person and first rugby footballer in the world to come out to the public as gay.<ref>{{cite web|last=Peter|first=O'Shea|title=Out of the field|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA54|work=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]|date=3 October 1995|publisher=Here Publishing|access-date=10 October 2011}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Early life</h2>\n<p>Ian Roberts was born in 1965 in <a href=\"/wiki/Chelsea%2C_London\" title=\"Chelsea, London\">Chelsea, London</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/England\" title=\"England\">England</a>,<ref name=\":0\" /> to a father who worked in construction and was an amateur boxer, and a housewife mother. The family emigrated as <a href=\"/wiki/Ten_Pound_Poms\" title=\"Ten Pound Poms\">Ten Pound Poms</a> in 1967 to South Sydney, Australia, where the family was guaranteed a new house, and his father was guaranteed a job, continuing to work in construction. He was educated at <a href=\"/wiki/Maroubra_Bay_High_School\" title=\"Maroubra Bay High School\">Maroubra Bay High School</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/aug/18/the-courageous-journey-of-ian-roberts-rugby-leagues-first-openly-gay-player|title=The courageous journey of Ian Roberts, rugby league's first openly gay player &#124; Patrick Skene|website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |date=17 August 2015}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Football career</h2>\n<h3>Club career</h3>\n<p>As a junior Roberts played for the <a href=\"/wiki/Mascot_Juniors\" title=\"Mascot Juniors\">Mascot Jets</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs\" title=\"South Sydney Rabbitohs\">Souths</a> juniors competition.<ref name=\":0\">{{Cite news |last=Skene |first=Patrick |date=2015-08-17 |title=The courageous journey of Ian Roberts, rugby league's first openly gay player |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/aug/18/the-courageous-journey-of-ian-roberts-rugby-leagues-first-openly-gay-player |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He made his first grade début with the Rabbitohs in the <a href=\"/wiki/1986_NSWRL_season\" title=\"1986 NSWRL season\">1986 Winfield Cup season</a> and his form early on saw him touted as a bolter for the <a href=\"/wiki/1986_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France\" title=\"1986 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France\">1986</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Kangaroo_Tour\" title=\"Kangaroo Tour\">Kangaroo Tour</a>, though ultimately he would miss selection.<ref name=\":0\" />\n</p><p>At the end of the 1986 Sydney season, Roberts began a short stint with English club <a href=\"/wiki/Wigan_Warriors\" title=\"Wigan Warriors\">Wigan</a>. In his first appearance for the Cherry and Whites on 1 October against <a href=\"/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C.\" title=\"St Helens R.F.C.\">St. Helens</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Central_Park_%28Wigan%29\" title=\"Central Park (Wigan)\">Central Park</a>, Roberts came on after 8 minutes as a replacement and made an astonishing 59 tackles as the home side won their <a href=\"/wiki/1986_Lancashire_Cup\" title=\"1986 Lancashire Cup\">1986 Lancashire Cup</a> semi-final 22–16. Two weeks later he played for Wigan against the <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Kangaroos\" title=\"Australian Kangaroos\">Australian Kangaroos</a> for the opening game of the 1986 Kangaroo Tour which Australia won 26–18. He played second row in Wigan's 15–8 victory over <a href=\"/wiki/Oldham_R.L.F.C.\" title=\"Oldham R.L.F.C.\">Oldham</a> in the Lancashire County Cup Final at <a href=\"/wiki/Knowsley_Road\" title=\"Knowsley Road\">Knowsley Road</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/St_Helens%2C_Merseyside\" title=\"St Helens, Merseyside\">St. Helens</a>, on Sunday 19 October 1986.<ref name=\"1986-1987 Lancashire Cup Final\">{{cite web|url=http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=684|title=1986–1987 Lancashire Cup Final|publisher=wigan.rlfans.com|date=31 December 2011|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228114305/http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=684|url-status=dead}}</ref> and played in Wigan's 18–4 victory over <a href=\"/wiki/Warrington_Wolves\" title=\"Warrington Wolves\">Warrington</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_League_Cup_%28rugby_league%29\" title=\"1986–87 League Cup (rugby league)\">1986–87 John Player Special Trophy</a> Final at <a href=\"/wiki/Burnden_Park\" title=\"Burnden Park\">Burnden Park</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Bolton\" title=\"Bolton\">Bolton</a> on Saturday 10 January 1987.<ref name=\"1986-1987 John Player Special Trophy Final\">{{cite web|url=http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=447|title=1986–1987 John Player Special Trophy Final|publisher=wigan.rlfans.com|date=31 December 2011|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228114252/http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=447|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</p><p>By the age of 21, <a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Gibson_%28rugby_league%29\" title=\"Jack Gibson (rugby league)\">Jack Gibson</a> had described him as \"the best front rower in the game\",<ref>{{cite journal| author = Tim Bauer| title = Atonement| journal = [[Good Weekend]]| issue=30 January 2010|pages = 17| publisher = Fairfax Media| location = Pyrmont, NSW}}</ref> and in 1988 Roberts made the first of five appearances for the <a href=\"/wiki/City_New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team\" title=\"City New South Wales rugby league team\">City Origin team</a>.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ian Roberts|url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/Ian_Roberts/summary.html|access-date=31 January 2010| publisher=Rugby League Project}}</ref>\n</p><p>Roberts signed a contract with the <a href=\"/wiki/Manly_Warringah_Sea_Eagles\" title=\"Manly Warringah Sea Eagles\">Manly Warringah Sea Eagles</a> in 1990, and later said that the main reason he left South Sydney was the money, the Manly contract worth around <a href=\"/wiki/AU%24\" title=\"AU$\">AU$</a>100,000 more.<ref><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRrFuyfxHWg\">On the Couch with Sterlo - Ian Roberts One on One</a></ref>\n</p><p>He quickly justified his value with <a href=\"/wiki/State_of_Origin_series\" title=\"State of Origin series\">State of Origin</a> selection and a Test début against <a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Kiwis\" title=\"New Zealand Kiwis\">New Zealand</a>. At the end of the <a href=\"/wiki/1994_NSWRL_season\" title=\"1994 NSWRL season\">1994 NSWRL season</a>, he went on the <a href=\"/wiki/1994_Kangaroo_tour\" title=\"1994 Kangaroo tour\">1994 Kangaroo tour</a>. Leading up front in Australia's Ashes-winning 23-4 Third Test victory at <a href=\"/wiki/Elland_Road\" title=\"Elland Road\">Elland Road</a>. Not long after, Roberts signed with <a href=\"/wiki/Super_League_%28Australia%29\" title=\"Super League (Australia)\">Super League</a> despite his club and coach <a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Fulton\" title=\"Bob Fulton\">Bob Fulton</a> remaining loyal to the <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League\" title=\"Australian Rugby League\">Australian Rugby League</a>. He played in Manly's upset loss to Canterbury in the <a href=\"/wiki/1995_ARL_season\" title=\"1995 ARL season\">1995 ARL season</a>'s Grand Final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARL 1995 - Grand Final - Sydney Bulldogs 17 def. Manly Warringah Sea Eagles 4 - RLP |url=https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/arl-1995/grand-final/sydney-bulldogs-vs-manly/summary.html |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.rugbyleagueproject.org}}</ref>\n</p><p>Roberts sat out the 1996 season due to injuries and a contract dispute related to the <a href=\"/wiki/Super_League_war\" title=\"Super League war\">Super League war</a>. As a result, Roberts missed out on playing in Manly's 1996 ARL Grand Final victory over St. George. In 1997, Roberts signed with the <a href=\"/wiki/North_Queensland_Cowboys\" title=\"North Queensland Cowboys\">North Queensland Cowboys</a> and captained the side. His career wound down in 1998 under the increasing weight of injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrl.com/news/2020/04/12/legend-qa-ian-roberts/|title=Legend Q&A: Ian Roberts|website=www.nrl.com|date=11 April 2020 }}</ref>\n</p><h3>State of Origin</h3>\n<p>Roberts made nine appearances for the New South Wales State of Origin team between 1990 and 1994. The Blues won six of the nine matches in which Roberts played.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}\n</p><h3>Post-playing</h3>\n<p>In 2000, Roberts was awarded the <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Sports_Medal\" title=\"Australian Sports Medal\">Australian Sports Medal</a> for his contribution to Australia's international standing in rugby league. He served on the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Rugby_League\" title=\"National Rugby League\">National Rugby League</a>'s judiciary during the 2000s<ref>{{cite news\n| last = Ritchie\n| first = Dean\n| title = Cowboys want ex-Manly players off judiciary\n| work = [[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]\n| place = Australia\n| publisher = [[News Limited]]\n| date = 19 September 2007\n| url = http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/nrl/cowboys-anger-over-judiciary/story-e6frexri-1111114450391\n| access-date = 3 August 2010}}</ref> and in 2004 was named by Souths in their <i>South Sydney Dream Team</i>,<ref><a href=\"http://www.souths.com.au/history/viewclublegends.asp?ArticleID=842\">South Sydney Dream Team</a> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614004123/http://www.souths.com.au/history/viewclublegends.asp?ArticleID=842 |date=14 June 2007}} from the official South Sydney website.</ref> which consists of 17 players and a coach representing the club from <a href=\"/wiki/1908_NSWRFL_season\" title=\"1908 NSWRFL season\">1908</a> through to <a href=\"/wiki/2004_NRL_season\" title=\"2004 NRL season\">2004</a>. In 2005, he was named one of the 25 greatest ever New South Wales players.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|title=Origin's 25 greatest named|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/League/Origins-25-greatest-named/2005/03/30/1111862450901.html|access-date=8 March 2010|date=30 March 2005}}</ref> In March 2014, Roberts revealed that he has <a href=\"/wiki/Brain_damage\" title=\"Brain damage\">brain damage</a> after being knocked out up to a dozen times in his playing career.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=\"Sydney Morning Herald\"|title=Ian Roberts says he has brain damage|author=Brad Walter|url=http://www.smh.com.au/rugby-league/league-news/ian-roberts-says-he-has-brain-damage-20140309-34ez8.html|access-date=24 May 2014|date=9 March 2014}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Club career</h3>\n<p>As a junior Roberts played for the <a href=\"/wiki/Mascot_Juniors\" title=\"Mascot Juniors\">Mascot Jets</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/South_Sydney_Rabbitohs\" title=\"South Sydney Rabbitohs\">Souths</a> juniors competition.<ref name=\":0\">{{Cite news |last=Skene |first=Patrick |date=2015-08-17 |title=The courageous journey of Ian Roberts, rugby league's first openly gay player |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2015/aug/18/the-courageous-journey-of-ian-roberts-rugby-leagues-first-openly-gay-player |access-date=2024-05-10 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> He made his first grade début with the Rabbitohs in the <a href=\"/wiki/1986_NSWRL_season\" title=\"1986 NSWRL season\">1986 Winfield Cup season</a> and his form early on saw him touted as a bolter for the <a href=\"/wiki/1986_Kangaroo_tour_of_Great_Britain_and_France\" title=\"1986 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France\">1986</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Kangaroo_Tour\" title=\"Kangaroo Tour\">Kangaroo Tour</a>, though ultimately he would miss selection.<ref name=\":0\" />\n</p><p>At the end of the 1986 Sydney season, Roberts began a short stint with English club <a href=\"/wiki/Wigan_Warriors\" title=\"Wigan Warriors\">Wigan</a>. In his first appearance for the Cherry and Whites on 1 October against <a href=\"/wiki/St_Helens_R.F.C.\" title=\"St Helens R.F.C.\">St. Helens</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Central_Park_%28Wigan%29\" title=\"Central Park (Wigan)\">Central Park</a>, Roberts came on after 8 minutes as a replacement and made an astonishing 59 tackles as the home side won their <a href=\"/wiki/1986_Lancashire_Cup\" title=\"1986 Lancashire Cup\">1986 Lancashire Cup</a> semi-final 22–16. Two weeks later he played for Wigan against the <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Kangaroos\" title=\"Australian Kangaroos\">Australian Kangaroos</a> for the opening game of the 1986 Kangaroo Tour which Australia won 26–18. He played second row in Wigan's 15–8 victory over <a href=\"/wiki/Oldham_R.L.F.C.\" title=\"Oldham R.L.F.C.\">Oldham</a> in the Lancashire County Cup Final at <a href=\"/wiki/Knowsley_Road\" title=\"Knowsley Road\">Knowsley Road</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/St_Helens%2C_Merseyside\" title=\"St Helens, Merseyside\">St. Helens</a>, on Sunday 19 October 1986.<ref name=\"1986-1987 Lancashire Cup Final\">{{cite web|url=http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=684|title=1986–1987 Lancashire Cup Final|publisher=wigan.rlfans.com|date=31 December 2011|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228114305/http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=684|url-status=dead}}</ref> and played in Wigan's 18–4 victory over <a href=\"/wiki/Warrington_Wolves\" title=\"Warrington Wolves\">Warrington</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_League_Cup_%28rugby_league%29\" title=\"1986–87 League Cup (rugby league)\">1986–87 John Player Special Trophy</a> Final at <a href=\"/wiki/Burnden_Park\" title=\"Burnden Park\">Burnden Park</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Bolton\" title=\"Bolton\">Bolton</a> on Saturday 10 January 1987.<ref name=\"1986-1987 John Player Special Trophy Final\">{{cite web|url=http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=447|title=1986–1987 John Player Special Trophy Final|publisher=wigan.rlfans.com|date=31 December 2011|access-date=1 January 2012|archive-date=28 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228114252/http://wigan.rlfans.com/fusion_pages/index.php?page_id=447|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</p><p>By the age of 21, <a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Gibson_%28rugby_league%29\" title=\"Jack Gibson (rugby league)\">Jack Gibson</a> had described him as \"the best front rower in the game\",<ref>{{cite journal| author = Tim Bauer| title = Atonement| journal = [[Good Weekend]]| issue=30 January 2010|pages = 17| publisher = Fairfax Media| location = Pyrmont, NSW}}</ref> and in 1988 Roberts made the first of five appearances for the <a href=\"/wiki/City_New_South_Wales_rugby_league_team\" title=\"City New South Wales rugby league team\">City Origin team</a>.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ian Roberts|url=http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/Ian_Roberts/summary.html|access-date=31 January 2010| publisher=Rugby League Project}}</ref>\n</p><p>Roberts signed a contract with the <a href=\"/wiki/Manly_Warringah_Sea_Eagles\" title=\"Manly Warringah Sea Eagles\">Manly Warringah Sea Eagles</a> in 1990, and later said that the main reason he left South Sydney was the money, the Manly contract worth around <a href=\"/wiki/AU%24\" title=\"AU$\">AU$</a>100,000 more.<ref><a href=\"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aRrFuyfxHWg\">On the Couch with Sterlo - Ian Roberts One on One</a></ref>\n</p><p>He quickly justified his value with <a href=\"/wiki/State_of_Origin_series\" title=\"State of Origin series\">State of Origin</a> selection and a Test début against <a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Kiwis\" title=\"New Zealand Kiwis\">New Zealand</a>. At the end of the <a href=\"/wiki/1994_NSWRL_season\" title=\"1994 NSWRL season\">1994 NSWRL season</a>, he went on the <a href=\"/wiki/1994_Kangaroo_tour\" title=\"1994 Kangaroo tour\">1994 Kangaroo tour</a>. Leading up front in Australia's Ashes-winning 23-4 Third Test victory at <a href=\"/wiki/Elland_Road\" title=\"Elland Road\">Elland Road</a>. Not long after, Roberts signed with <a href=\"/wiki/Super_League_%28Australia%29\" title=\"Super League (Australia)\">Super League</a> despite his club and coach <a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Fulton\" title=\"Bob Fulton\">Bob Fulton</a> remaining loyal to the <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Rugby_League\" title=\"Australian Rugby League\">Australian Rugby League</a>. He played in Manly's upset loss to Canterbury in the <a href=\"/wiki/1995_ARL_season\" title=\"1995 ARL season\">1995 ARL season</a>'s Grand Final.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARL 1995 - Grand Final - Sydney Bulldogs 17 def. Manly Warringah Sea Eagles 4 - RLP |url=https://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/seasons/arl-1995/grand-final/sydney-bulldogs-vs-manly/summary.html |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=www.rugbyleagueproject.org}}</ref>\n</p><p>Roberts sat out the 1996 season due to injuries and a contract dispute related to the <a href=\"/wiki/Super_League_war\" title=\"Super League war\">Super League war</a>. As a result, Roberts missed out on playing in Manly's 1996 ARL Grand Final victory over St. George. In 1997, Roberts signed with the <a href=\"/wiki/North_Queensland_Cowboys\" title=\"North Queensland Cowboys\">North Queensland Cowboys</a> and captained the side. His career wound down in 1998 under the increasing weight of injuries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrl.com/news/2020/04/12/legend-qa-ian-roberts/|title=Legend Q&A: Ian Roberts|website=www.nrl.com|date=11 April 2020 }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>State of Origin</h3>\n<p>Roberts made nine appearances for the New South Wales State of Origin team between 1990 and 1994. The Blues won six of the nine matches in which Roberts played.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}\n</p>", "<h3>Post-playing</h3>\n<p>In 2000, Roberts was awarded the <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Sports_Medal\" title=\"Australian Sports Medal\">Australian Sports Medal</a> for his contribution to Australia's international standing in rugby league. He served on the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Rugby_League\" title=\"National Rugby League\">National Rugby League</a>'s judiciary during the 2000s<ref>{{cite news\n| last = Ritchie\n| first = Dean\n| title = Cowboys want ex-Manly players off judiciary\n| work = [[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]\n| place = Australia\n| publisher = [[News Limited]]\n| date = 19 September 2007\n| url = http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/sport/nrl/cowboys-anger-over-judiciary/story-e6frexri-1111114450391\n| access-date = 3 August 2010}}</ref> and in 2004 was named by Souths in their <i>South Sydney Dream Team</i>,<ref><a href=\"http://www.souths.com.au/history/viewclublegends.asp?ArticleID=842\">South Sydney Dream Team</a> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614004123/http://www.souths.com.au/history/viewclublegends.asp?ArticleID=842 |date=14 June 2007}} from the official South Sydney website.</ref> which consists of 17 players and a coach representing the club from <a href=\"/wiki/1908_NSWRFL_season\" title=\"1908 NSWRFL season\">1908</a> through to <a href=\"/wiki/2004_NRL_season\" title=\"2004 NRL season\">2004</a>. In 2005, he was named one of the 25 greatest ever New South Wales players.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|title=Origin's 25 greatest named|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/League/Origins-25-greatest-named/2005/03/30/1111862450901.html|access-date=8 March 2010|date=30 March 2005}}</ref> In March 2014, Roberts revealed that he has <a href=\"/wiki/Brain_damage\" title=\"Brain damage\">brain damage</a> after being knocked out up to a dozen times in his playing career.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=\"Sydney Morning Herald\"|title=Ian Roberts says he has brain damage|author=Brad Walter|url=http://www.smh.com.au/rugby-league/league-news/ian-roberts-says-he-has-brain-damage-20140309-34ez8.html|access-date=24 May 2014|date=9 March 2014}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Life outside football</h2>\n<p>Roberts came out as gay in 1995, becoming the first rugby league player in the world to do so. He discussed his <a href=\"/wiki/Homosexuality\" title=\"Homosexuality\">sexuality</a> in magazines and on television over the following year. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_NRL_Footy_Show\" title=\"The NRL Footy Show\">The NRL Footy Show</a></i> principals <a href=\"/wiki/Paul_Vautin\" title=\"Paul Vautin\">Paul Vautin</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Sterling_%28rugby_league_commentator%29\" title=\"Peter Sterling (rugby league commentator)\">Peter Sterling</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Steve_Roach_%28rugby_league%29\" title=\"Steve Roach (rugby league)\">Steve Roach</a> appeared in a poster campaign against <a href=\"/wiki/Homophobia\" title=\"Homophobia\">homophobia</a> conducted by the Lesbian and Gay Anti-Violence Project. He was praised for helping to question prevailing myths about gays and sport. Paul Freeman wrote a book on Roberts, <i>Ian Roberts – Finding Out</i>, which was published in 1997.<ref>Paul Freeman (1997) <i>Ian Roberts – Finding Out</i>, Random House Australia {{ISBN|978-0-09183-336-7}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 1999 Roberts was taken to court by <a href=\"/wiki/Garry_Jack\" title=\"Garry Jack\">Garry Jack</a> over an on-field brawl that occurred in 1991.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Ninemsn|title=League player charged over on-field assault|author=Erin Tennant|url=http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/625068/league-player-charged-over-on-field-assault|access-date=13 February 2010|date=3 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605061607/http://news.ninemsn.com.au/national/625068/league-player-charged-over-on-field-assault|archive-date=5 June 2011}}</ref> Jack stated he was taking a stand against a beating he received from several Manly players. He attempted to sue Roberts for $100,000 in damages, alleging he suffered shock, traumatic injuries to his face and eyes, cuts, headaches and numbness, and was embarrassed by scarring to his face. Jack and Roberts eventually settled the dispute out of court with Roberts handing over more than $50,000.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}\n</p><p>Roberts has stated he is a sex abuse victim,<ref name=\"smh2006\">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/witness-was-grandstanding-says-coroner/2006/09/28/1159337265695.html|title=Witness was grandstanding, says coroner|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=29 September 2006}}</ref> and gave evidence to the State <a href=\"/wiki/Coroner\" title=\"Coroner\">Coroner</a> of New South Wales in regard to the murder of Arron Light, a teenage boy who was set to give evidence against a <a href=\"/wiki/Pedophilia\" title=\"Pedophilia\">paedophile</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Organized_crime\" title=\"Organized crime\">syndicate</a>. Light disappeared in 1997, and his remains were recovered in 2002. Roberts accused the same man who molested him in his teens of being behind Light's death.<ref name=\"smh2006\" /> This story was the subject of an episode of the Australian TV program <i><a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Story\" title=\"Australian Story\">Australian Story</a></i>, entitled \"The Lost Boy\", which first aired on 26 September 2005.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}\n</p><p>Early in 2005, Roberts appeared in the second series of the Australian television series <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dancing_with_the_Stars_%28Australian_TV_series%29\" title=\"Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)\">Dancing with the Stars</a></i>, dancing with <a href=\"/wiki/Natalie_Lowe\" title=\"Natalie Lowe\">Natalie Lowe</a>. He was runner up in the competition, losing out to <a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Williams_%28presenter%29\" title=\"Tom Williams (presenter)\">Tom Williams</a>.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}\n</p><p>Roberts appeared on the 17 July 2007 cover of <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Advocate_%28LGBT_magazine%29\" title=\"The Advocate (LGBT magazine)\">The Advocate</a></i> magazine in an exclusive interview with <a href=\"/wiki/Canadian\" title=\"Canadian\">Canadian</a> author and journalist <a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Rowe_%28journalist%29\" title=\"Michael Rowe (journalist)\">Michael Rowe</a>, along with a photo layout by celebrity photographer Eric Schwabel.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Towle |first1=Andy |title=Rugby Icon Ian Roberts Battled Slurs with Kisses |url=https://www.towleroad.com/2007/07/rugby-icon-ian/ |website=Towleroad |access-date=6 August 2022 |date=13 July 2007}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}\n</p><p>In September 2010, Roberts publicly criticised Australian <a href=\"/wiki/Swimming_%28sport%29\" title=\"Swimming (sport)\">swimming</a> star <a href=\"/wiki/Stephanie_Rice\" title=\"Stephanie Rice\">Stephanie Rice</a> for calling the South African rugby union team \"faggots\" on <a href=\"/wiki/Twitter\" title=\"Twitter\">Twitter</a>, branding her \"a complete idiot\".<ref name=\"3_News_174722\">{{cite web|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/Top-Aussie-swimmer-loses-Jaguar-over-anti-gay-tweet/tabid/415/articleID/174722/Default.aspx|title=Top Aussie swimmer loses Jaguar over anti-gay tweet|author=Robertson, Greg|date=7 September 2010|work=[[3 News]]|access-date=4 October 2011|archive-date=28 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928120736/http://www.3news.co.nz/Top-Aussie-swimmer-loses-Jaguar-over-anti-gay-tweet/tabid/415/articleID/174722/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</p><p>A member of the <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party\" title=\"Australian Labor Party\">Australian Labor Party</a>, Roberts has twice stood unsuccessfully as an ALP candidate for the Council of the <a href=\"/wiki/City_of_Sydney\" title=\"City of Sydney\">City of Sydney</a> in 2016 and 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Saulwick |first1=Jacob |title=Former rugby league star Ian Roberts tackles homelessness as Labor candidate |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/former-rugby-league-star-ian-roberts-tackles-homelessness-as-labor-candidate-20160801-gqi435.html |access-date=11 June 2022 |publisher=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=1 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Magaletti |first1=Douglas |title=MEET THE LGBT CANDIDATES FOR THE CITY OF SYDNEY COUNCIL |url=https://www.starobserver.com.au/news/meet-the-lgbt-candidates-for-the-city-of-sydney-council/207190 |access-date=11 June 2022 |publisher=[[Sydney Star Observer]] |date=28 November 2021}}</ref>\n</p><p>Ian Roberts is a director and co-founder of Qtopia Sydney, an Australian museum of LGBTQ history and culture which opened in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FitzSimons |first=Peter |date=2024-02-17 |title='A horrible place for gays is now wonderful', thanks to the toughest bloke I've met |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/nsw/a-horrible-place-for-gays-is-now-wonderful-thanks-to-the-toughest-bloke-i-ve-met-20240214-p5f4x7.html |access-date=2024-06-07 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Acting career</h2>\n<p>Roberts finished playing professional rugby league in 1998, and began studying at the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art\" title=\"National Institute of Dramatic Art\">National Institute of Dramatic Art</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Sydney\" title=\"Sydney\">Sydney</a>. In 2003 he moved to the United States in search of acting opportunities.<ref>{{cite news|title=From running on rugby league fields to acting on the Hollywood big screen|url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/league/from-running-on-rugby-league-fields-to-acting-on-the-hollywood-big-screen/story-e6frf3ou-1226780413830|access-date=11 December 2013|newspaper=[[Fox Sports (Australia)|Fox Sports]]|date=11 December 2013}}</ref>\n</p><p>Roberts made a very brief <a href=\"/wiki/Cameo_appearance\" title=\"Cameo appearance\">cameo</a> in the 2002 film <i><a href=\"/wiki/Star_Wars:Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones\" title=\"Episode II – Attack of the Clones\">Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones</a></i> as a bartender working in the Outlander Club where <a href=\"/wiki/Obi-Wan_Kenobi\" title=\"Obi-Wan Kenobi\">Obi-Wan Kenobi</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Anakin_Skywalker\" title=\"Anakin Skywalker\">Anakin Skywalker</a> apprehend the bounty hunter <a href=\"/wiki/Zam_Wesell\" title=\"Zam Wesell\">Zam Wesell</a>. In 2005, Roberts had a brief cameo in the Australian film <i><a href=\"/wiki/Little_Fish_%282005_film%29\" title=\"Little Fish (2005 film)\">Little Fish</a></i>, starring <a href=\"/wiki/Cate_Blanchett\" title=\"Cate Blanchett\">Cate Blanchett</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Hugo_Weaving\" title=\"Hugo Weaving\">Hugo Weaving</a>, playing an ex-rugby league star. He appeared in the 2006 motion picture <i><a href=\"/wiki/Superman_Returns\" title=\"Superman Returns\">Superman Returns</a></i> as Riley, a henchman of <a href=\"/wiki/Lex_Luthor\" title=\"Lex Luthor\">Lex Luthor</a>.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Stephen|last=Vagg|magazine=Filmink|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/good-sports-australian-athletes-act/|title=Good Sports: Australian Athletes Who Act|date=12 July 2019}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 2009, Roberts appeared in the Australian television mini-series <i><a href=\"/wiki/Underbelly:A_Tale_of_Two_Cities\" title=\"A Tale of Two Cities\">Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities</a></i>, which retells real life events of the drug trade in the New South Wales town of <a href=\"/wiki/Griffith%2C_New_South_Wales\" title=\"Griffith, New South Wales\">Griffith</a> between 1976 and 1987. The mini-series is a prequel to the 2008 mini-series <i>Underbelly</i>, which was about <a href=\"/wiki/Melbourne\" title=\"Melbourne\">Melbourne</a> gangland killings. Roberts has a role as a body guard for <a href=\"/wiki/George_Freeman_%28bookmaker%29\" title=\"George Freeman (bookmaker)\">George Freeman</a> (played by <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_O%27Brien_%28actor%29\" title=\"Peter O'Brien (actor)\">Peter O'Brien</a>). The series began airing in NSW on 9 February 2009. Also in 2009, he starred in <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Cut_%28Australian_TV_series%29\" title=\"The Cut (Australian TV series)\">The Cut</a></i> on <a href=\"/wiki/ABC1\" title=\"ABC1\">ABC1</a> and had a small role in the film <i><a href=\"/wiki/Cedar_Boys\" title=\"Cedar Boys\">Cedar Boys</a></i>. In 2012 Ian landed his first starring role in the film <i><a href=\"/wiki/Saltwater_%282012_film%29\" title=\"Saltwater (2012 film)\">Saltwater</a></i>, starring opposite <a href=\"/wiki/Ronnie_Kerr\" title=\"Ronnie Kerr\">Ronnie Kerr</a>, which is also Ian's first role playing a gay man.<ref>{{cite web|first=BeBe|last=Sweetbriar| url=http://www.edgeboston.com/columnists/joshaterovis///133596/rugby_great_ian_roberts_takes_first_gay_role_in_%E2%80%99saltwater%E2%80%99|title=Rugby great Ian Roberts takes first gay role in 'Saltwater'|date=29 May 2012|publisher=edgeboston.com|access-date=23 January 2014}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 2016 he appeared in <a href=\"/wiki/Craig_Boreham\" title=\"Craig Boreham\">Craig Boreham</a>'s gay-themed film <i><a href=\"/wiki/Teenage_Kicks_%28film%29\" title=\"Teenage Kicks (film)\">Teenage Kicks</a></i>, playing a straight single father.<ref name=\"filmink\">Erin Free, <a href=\"https://www.filmink.com.au/craig-boreham-teenage-kicks-mardi-gras/\">\"Craig Boreham: Teenage Kicks At Mardi Gras\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Filmink\" title=\"Filmink\">Filmink</a></i>, 21 February 2017.</ref> In 2021 Roberts appeared in episode 1, series 3 of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mr_Inbetween\" title=\"Mr Inbetween\">Mr Inbetween</a></i> playing small-time arms dealer, Graham.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=Matt |date=January 2023 |title=Feature articles: Ian Roberts |url=https://thecelebritywhisperer.com.au/2023/01/23/ian-roberts/ |access-date=18 January 2023 |website=The Celebrity Whisperer}}</ref> In 2022 he appeared in Boreham's followup film <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lonesome_%282022_film%29\" title=\"Lonesome (2022 film)\">Lonesome</a></i>.<ref name=\"rooney\">David Rooney, <a href=\"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/lonesome-1235171263/\">\"'Lonesome': Film Review\"</a>. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter\" title=\"The Hollywood Reporter\">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>, 23 June 2022.</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Filmography </h2>\n<h3> Film </h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Year\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Title\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Role\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\"> Notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2002\n</th>\n<td> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Star_Wars:Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones\" title=\"Episode II – Attack of the Clones\">Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones</a></i>\n</td>\n<td> Ganwick Trag (uncredited)\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2003\n</th>\n<td><i>Room 14</i>\n</td>\n<td>The Monster\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Short_film\" title=\"Short film\">Short film</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"3\"\">2005\n</th>\n<td><i>Transient</i>\n</td>\n<td>Narrator\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Crooked Mick of the Speewah</i>\n</td>\n<td>Crooked Mick\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Little_Fish_%282005_film%29\" title=\"Little Fish (2005 film)\">Little Fish</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Marty\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"2\"\">2006\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Superman_Returns\" title=\"Superman Returns\">Superman Returns</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Riley\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Darklovestory</i>\n</td>\n<td>Bruder\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2009\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Cedar_Boys\" title=\"Cedar Boys\">Cedar Boys</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Bell room door man\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2010\n</th>\n<td><i>Genesys</i>\n</td>\n<td>Hired agent\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2011\n</th>\n<td><i>Mug's Game</i>\n</td>\n<td>Shad Newbolt\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"13\"\">2012\n</th>\n<td><i>Celebrity Sex Tape</i>\n</td>\n<td>Bronco\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Celestial Guard</i>\n</td>\n<td>Cain\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Vendetta</i>\n</td>\n<td>Thug #1\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Saltwater_%282012_film%29\" title=\"Saltwater (2012 film)\">Saltwater</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Josh\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>The Vanisher</i>\n</td>\n<td>CAPRI\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Killjoy_Goes_to_Hell\" title=\"Killjoy Goes to Hell\">Killjoy Goes to Hell</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Bailiff\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Puppet_Master_X:Axis_Rising\" title=\"Axis Rising\">Puppet Master X: Axis Rising</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>SS Soldier #1\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Chester Briggins' Magic Blood</i>\n</td>\n<td>Brother Mayweather\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>The Undercard</i>\n</td>\n<td>Ian\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Hate_Crime_%282013_film%29\" title=\"Hate Crime (2013 film)\">Hate Crime</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Three\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Pause</i>\n</td>\n<td>Bearclaw\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Gallic</i>\n</td>\n<td>Massive guard\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Sleep Attack</i>\n</td>\n<td>Darwin\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"9\"\">2013\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Quarantine_L.A.\" title=\"Quarantine L.A.\">Quarantine L.A.</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Zombie\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>The Big Lug</i>\n</td>\n<td>Harvey\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Genesis</i>\n</td>\n<td>Richard Hawkins\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/13/13/13\" title=\"13/13/13\">13/13/13</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Staircase Crazy #2\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>The Fall</i>\n</td>\n<td>Malek\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>My So Called Family</i>\n</td>\n<td>Sheldon\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Towers of Terror</i>\n</td>\n<td>Brian\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>MANipulation Part 1</i>\n</td>\n<td>Troy\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Absent Bliss</i>\n</td>\n<td>Warren\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"9\"\">2014\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Android_Cop\" title=\"Android Cop\">Android Cop</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Hawk Eye\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/P-51_Dragon_Fighter\" title=\"P-51 Dragon Fighter\">P-51 Dragon Fighter</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Anak\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Turkey_Shoot_%282014_film%29\" title=\"Turkey Shoot (2014 film)\">Turkey Shoot</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Haakon\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Denied and Betrayed</i>\n</td>\n<td>Arms Dealer\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Houses_October_Built\" title=\"The Houses October Built\">The Houses October Built</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Feaster Bunny\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Mile Marker Seven</i>\n</td>\n<td>Christian\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>My Christmas Wish</i>\n</td>\n<td>Zack\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Rise</i>\n</td>\n<td>Rymer Britton\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Hard Right</i>\n</td>\n<td>Winslow Harris\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"3\"\">2016\n</th>\n<td><i>13 Days</i>\n</td>\n<td>Monster\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Teenage_Kicks_%28film%29\" title=\"Teenage Kicks (film)\">Teenage Kicks</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Jack O'Connel\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Osiris_Child:Science_Fiction_Volume_One\" title=\"Science Fiction Volume One\">The Osiris Child: Science Fiction Volume One</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Nimal\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"3\"\">2017\n</th>\n<td><i>Aggregate</i>\n</td>\n<td>Harry\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Adrenochrome</i>\n</td>\n<td>Brutus\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Baby Boy</i>\n</td>\n<td>Coach Gibson\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"2\"\">2020\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Fantasy_Island_%28film%29\" title=\"Fantasy Island (film)\">Fantasy Island</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Dr. Torture\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>False Colors</i>\n</td>\n<td>Hotel assassin\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"2\"\">2022\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Lonesome_%282022_film%29\" title=\"Lonesome (2022 film)\">Lonesome</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Pietro\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Unreported</i>\n</td>\n<td>Jack\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2024\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Furiosa:A_Mad_Max_Saga\" title=\"A Mad Max Saga\">Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Mr. Harley\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n</tr></table>\n<h3> Television </h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Year\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Title\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Role\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\"> Notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2003\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/White_Collar_Blue\" title=\"White Collar Blue\">White Collar Blue</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Frank Gambino\n</td>\n<td>Episode: Episode 2.14\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2006\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Blue_Heelers\" title=\"Blue Heelers\">Blue Heelers</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Wayne Rhodes\n</td>\n<td>Episode: \"What's Love Got to Do with It\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"2\"\">2008\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Kiss_Me_Deadly_%282008_film%29\" title=\"Kiss Me Deadly (2008 film)\">Kiss Me Deadly</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Fredrick\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Television_film\" title=\"Television film\">Television film</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>BoysTown</i>\n</td>\n<td>Bar manager\n</td>\n<td>Episode: \"Visitors\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"3\"\">2009\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Underbelly:A_Tale_of_Two_Cities\" title=\"A Tale of Two Cities\">Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Barry\n</td>\n<td>9 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Cut_%28Australian_TV_series%29\" title=\"The Cut (Australian TV series)\">The Cut</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Sports beat anchor\n</td>\n<td>4 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Sea_Patrol\" title=\"Sea Patrol\">Sea Patrol</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Nathan Talbot\n</td>\n<td>Episode: \"Red Sky Morning\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2012\n</th>\n<td><i>Wonder Girls</i>\n</td>\n<td>Security guard\n</td>\n<td>Television film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2012–13\n</th>\n<td><i>La Verdad: Beginnings</i>\n</td>\n<td>Lazarus\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Web_series\" title=\"Web series\">Web series</a>; 8 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2012\n</th>\n<td><i>Vendetta</i>\n</td>\n<td>Thug #1\n</td>\n<td>Web series; episode: \"V101: Pilot\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"2\"\">2013\n</th>\n<td><i>Game Over</i>\n</td>\n<td>Bodyguard #1\n</td>\n<td>Episode: \"Sniper\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/My_Life_as_a_Video_Game\" title=\"My Life as a Video Game\">My Life as a Video Game</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Sarge\n</td>\n<td>Web series; 4 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2014\n</th>\n<td><i>Project: Phoenix</i>\n</td>\n<td>Agent Holden\n</td>\n<td>Web series\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2016\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Soul_Mates_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Soul Mates (TV series)\">Soul Mates</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Thutmose\n</td>\n<td>4 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2018\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Black_Comedy_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Black Comedy (TV series)\">Black Comedy</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Guest cast\n</td>\n<td>Episode: Episode 3.6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2019\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Les_Norton_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Les Norton (TV series)\">Les Norton</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Danny \"Foghorn\" McCormack\n</td>\n<td>5 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2021\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Mr_Inbetween\" title=\"Mr Inbetween\">Mr Inbetween</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Graham\n</td>\n<td>Episode: \"Coulda Shoulda\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2023\n</th>\n<td><i>The Adventures of the West Bros.</i>\n</td>\n<td>Giant scout\n</td>\n<td>2 episodes\n</td></tr></table>", "<h3> Film </h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Year\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Title\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Role\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\"> Notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2002\n</th>\n<td> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Star_Wars:Episode_II_%E2%80%93_Attack_of_the_Clones\" title=\"Episode II – Attack of the Clones\">Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones</a></i>\n</td>\n<td> Ganwick Trag (uncredited)\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2003\n</th>\n<td><i>Room 14</i>\n</td>\n<td>The Monster\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Short_film\" title=\"Short film\">Short film</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"3\"\">2005\n</th>\n<td><i>Transient</i>\n</td>\n<td>Narrator\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Crooked Mick of the Speewah</i>\n</td>\n<td>Crooked Mick\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Little_Fish_%282005_film%29\" title=\"Little Fish (2005 film)\">Little Fish</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Marty\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"2\"\">2006\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Superman_Returns\" title=\"Superman Returns\">Superman Returns</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Riley\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Darklovestory</i>\n</td>\n<td>Bruder\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2009\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Cedar_Boys\" title=\"Cedar Boys\">Cedar Boys</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Bell room door man\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2010\n</th>\n<td><i>Genesys</i>\n</td>\n<td>Hired agent\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2011\n</th>\n<td><i>Mug's Game</i>\n</td>\n<td>Shad Newbolt\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"13\"\">2012\n</th>\n<td><i>Celebrity Sex Tape</i>\n</td>\n<td>Bronco\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Celestial Guard</i>\n</td>\n<td>Cain\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Vendetta</i>\n</td>\n<td>Thug #1\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Saltwater_%282012_film%29\" title=\"Saltwater (2012 film)\">Saltwater</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Josh\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>The Vanisher</i>\n</td>\n<td>CAPRI\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Killjoy_Goes_to_Hell\" title=\"Killjoy Goes to Hell\">Killjoy Goes to Hell</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Bailiff\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Puppet_Master_X:Axis_Rising\" title=\"Axis Rising\">Puppet Master X: Axis Rising</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>SS Soldier #1\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Chester Briggins' Magic Blood</i>\n</td>\n<td>Brother Mayweather\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>The Undercard</i>\n</td>\n<td>Ian\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Hate_Crime_%282013_film%29\" title=\"Hate Crime (2013 film)\">Hate Crime</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Three\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Pause</i>\n</td>\n<td>Bearclaw\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Gallic</i>\n</td>\n<td>Massive guard\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Sleep Attack</i>\n</td>\n<td>Darwin\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"9\"\">2013\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Quarantine_L.A.\" title=\"Quarantine L.A.\">Quarantine L.A.</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Zombie\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>The Big Lug</i>\n</td>\n<td>Harvey\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Genesis</i>\n</td>\n<td>Richard Hawkins\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/13/13/13\" title=\"13/13/13\">13/13/13</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Staircase Crazy #2\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>The Fall</i>\n</td>\n<td>Malek\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>My So Called Family</i>\n</td>\n<td>Sheldon\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Towers of Terror</i>\n</td>\n<td>Brian\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>MANipulation Part 1</i>\n</td>\n<td>Troy\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Absent Bliss</i>\n</td>\n<td>Warren\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"9\"\">2014\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Android_Cop\" title=\"Android Cop\">Android Cop</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Hawk Eye\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/P-51_Dragon_Fighter\" title=\"P-51 Dragon Fighter\">P-51 Dragon Fighter</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Anak\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Turkey_Shoot_%282014_film%29\" title=\"Turkey Shoot (2014 film)\">Turkey Shoot</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Haakon\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Denied and Betrayed</i>\n</td>\n<td>Arms Dealer\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Houses_October_Built\" title=\"The Houses October Built\">The Houses October Built</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Feaster Bunny\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Mile Marker Seven</i>\n</td>\n<td>Christian\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>My Christmas Wish</i>\n</td>\n<td>Zack\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Rise</i>\n</td>\n<td>Rymer Britton\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Hard Right</i>\n</td>\n<td>Winslow Harris\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"3\"\">2016\n</th>\n<td><i>13 Days</i>\n</td>\n<td>Monster\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Teenage_Kicks_%28film%29\" title=\"Teenage Kicks (film)\">Teenage Kicks</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Jack O'Connel\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Osiris_Child:Science_Fiction_Volume_One\" title=\"Science Fiction Volume One\">The Osiris Child: Science Fiction Volume One</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Nimal\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"3\"\">2017\n</th>\n<td><i>Aggregate</i>\n</td>\n<td>Harry\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Adrenochrome</i>\n</td>\n<td>Brutus\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Baby Boy</i>\n</td>\n<td>Coach Gibson\n</td>\n<td>Short film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"2\"\">2020\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Fantasy_Island_%28film%29\" title=\"Fantasy Island (film)\">Fantasy Island</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Dr. Torture\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>False Colors</i>\n</td>\n<td>Hotel assassin\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"2\"\">2022\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Lonesome_%282022_film%29\" title=\"Lonesome (2022 film)\">Lonesome</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Pietro\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Unreported</i>\n</td>\n<td>Jack\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2024\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Furiosa:A_Mad_Max_Saga\" title=\"A Mad Max Saga\">Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Mr. Harley\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n</tr></table>", "<h3> Television </h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Year\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Title\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Role\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\"> Notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2003\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/White_Collar_Blue\" title=\"White Collar Blue\">White Collar Blue</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Frank Gambino\n</td>\n<td>Episode: Episode 2.14\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2006\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Blue_Heelers\" title=\"Blue Heelers\">Blue Heelers</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Wayne Rhodes\n</td>\n<td>Episode: \"What's Love Got to Do with It\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"2\"\">2008\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Kiss_Me_Deadly_%282008_film%29\" title=\"Kiss Me Deadly (2008 film)\">Kiss Me Deadly</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Fredrick\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Television_film\" title=\"Television film\">Television film</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>BoysTown</i>\n</td>\n<td>Bar manager\n</td>\n<td>Episode: \"Visitors\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"3\"\">2009\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Underbelly:A_Tale_of_Two_Cities\" title=\"A Tale of Two Cities\">Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Barry\n</td>\n<td>9 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Cut_%28Australian_TV_series%29\" title=\"The Cut (Australian TV series)\">The Cut</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Sports beat anchor\n</td>\n<td>4 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Sea_Patrol\" title=\"Sea Patrol\">Sea Patrol</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Nathan Talbot\n</td>\n<td>Episode: \"Red Sky Morning\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2012\n</th>\n<td><i>Wonder Girls</i>\n</td>\n<td>Security guard\n</td>\n<td>Television film\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2012–13\n</th>\n<td><i>La Verdad: Beginnings</i>\n</td>\n<td>Lazarus\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Web_series\" title=\"Web series\">Web series</a>; 8 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2012\n</th>\n<td><i>Vendetta</i>\n</td>\n<td>Thug #1\n</td>\n<td>Web series; episode: \"V101: Pilot\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"\"row\"rowspan=\"2\"\">2013\n</th>\n<td><i>Game Over</i>\n</td>\n<td>Bodyguard #1\n</td>\n<td>Episode: \"Sniper\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/My_Life_as_a_Video_Game\" title=\"My Life as a Video Game\">My Life as a Video Game</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Sarge\n</td>\n<td>Web series; 4 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2014\n</th>\n<td><i>Project: Phoenix</i>\n</td>\n<td>Agent Holden\n</td>\n<td>Web series\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2016\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Soul_Mates_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Soul Mates (TV series)\">Soul Mates</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Thutmose\n</td>\n<td>4 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2018\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Black_Comedy_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Black Comedy (TV series)\">Black Comedy</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Guest cast\n</td>\n<td>Episode: Episode 3.6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2019\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Les_Norton_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Les Norton (TV series)\">Les Norton</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Danny \"Foghorn\" McCormack\n</td>\n<td>5 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2021\n</th>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Mr_Inbetween\" title=\"Mr Inbetween\">Mr Inbetween</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Graham\n</td>\n<td>Episode: \"Coulda Shoulda\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">2023\n</th>\n<td><i>The Adventures of the West Bros.</i>\n</td>\n<td>Giant scout\n</td>\n<td>2 episodes\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n{{Portal|Australia|Sports|LGBTQ}}\n</p>", "<h2>Further reading</h2>\n<ul><li> {{Cite book\n| last = Freeman\n| first = Paul\n| title = Ian Roberts: finding out\n| publisher = Random House\n| year = 1997\n| location = Australia\n| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=o-XZAAAAMAAJ\n| isbn = 0-09-183336-1}}\n</li></ul>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> {{IMDb name|id=1791306|name=Ian Roberts}}\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.abc.net.au/austory/content/2005/s1466467.htm\">Australian Story Episode - <i>The Lost Boy</i></a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.searchmytrash.com/articles/ianroberts(8-12).shtml\">(re)Search my Trash interview</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{1991 Kangaroo Tour of Papua New Guinea squad}}\n{{1994 Kangaroo Tour squad}}\n{{North Queensland Cowboys captains}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Roberts, Ian}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1965_births\" title=\"1965 births\">Category:1965 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Australia_national_rugby_league_team_players\" title=\"Australia national rugby league team players\">Category:Australia national rugby league team players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Australian_expatriate_rugby_league_players_in_England\" title=\"Australian expatriate rugby league players in England\">Category:Australian expatriate rugby league players in England</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Australian_gay_actors\" title=\"Australian gay actors\">Category:Australian gay actors</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Australian_gay_sportsmen\" title=\"Australian gay sportsmen\">Category:Australian gay sportsmen</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Australian_LGBTQ_models\" title=\"Australian LGBTQ models\">Category:Australian LGBTQ models</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Australian_male_film_actors\" title=\"Australian male film actors\">Category:Australian male film actors</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Australian_male_models\" title=\"Australian male models\">Category:Australian male models</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:British_emigrants_to_Australia\" title=\"British emigrants to Australia\">Category:British emigrants to Australia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_emigrants_to_Australia\" title=\"English emigrants to Australia\">Category:English emigrants to Australia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Gay_models\" title=\"Gay models\">Category:Gay models</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_people_from_London\" title=\"LGBTQ people from London\">Category:LGBTQ people from London</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_rugby_league_players\" title=\"LGBTQ rugby league players\">Category:LGBTQ rugby league players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Manly_Warringah_Sea_Eagles_players\" title=\"Manly Warringah Sea Eagles players\">Category:Manly Warringah Sea Eagles players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art_alumni\" title=\"National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni\">Category:National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Naturalised_citizens_of_Australia\" title=\"Naturalised citizens of Australia\">Category:Naturalised citizens of Australia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:New_South_Wales_City_Origin_rugby_league_team_players\" title=\"New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players\">Category:New South Wales City Origin rugby league team players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:New_South_Wales_Rugby_League_State_of_Origin_players\" title=\"New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players\">Category:New South Wales Rugby League State of Origin players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:North_Queensland_Cowboys_players\" title=\"North Queensland Cowboys players\">Category:North Queensland Cowboys players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Australian_Sports_Medal\" title=\"Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal\">Category:Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Rugby_league_players_from_London\" title=\"Rugby league players from London\">Category:Rugby league players from London</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Rugby_league_players_from_Sydney\" title=\"Rugby league players from Sydney\">Category:Rugby league players from Sydney</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Rugby_league_props\" title=\"Rugby league props\">Category:Rugby league props</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Rugby_league_second-rows\" title=\"Rugby league second-rows\">Category:Rugby league second-rows</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:South_Sydney_Rabbitohs_players\" title=\"South Sydney Rabbitohs players\">Category:South Sydney Rabbitohs players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sportsmen_from_New_South_Wales\" title=\"Sportsmen from New South Wales\">Category:Sportsmen from New South Wales</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wigan_Warriors_players\" title=\"Wigan Warriors players\">Category:Wigan Warriors players</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 39496867 ], "name": [ "JuniperChill" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Governance", "Political control", "Leadership", "Composition", "Premises", "Elections", "Councillors", "Climate change", "Energy Superhub Oxford", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Local government for the city of Oxford in England}}\n{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}\n<dl><dt><dl><dd><dl><dt><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>{{Infobox legislature\n | name = Oxford City Council\n | legislature = Half of council elected every other year\n | coa_pic = Coat of arms for the City of Oxford.svg\n | coa_res = 150px\n | logo_pic = Oxford City Council.svg\n | logo_res = 110px\n | motto = {{native name|la|Fortis est Veritas}}\n | foundation = 1 April 1974\n | house_type = Non-metropolitan district council\n | jurisdiction = Oxford\n | houses = [[Unicameral]]\n | term_limits = None\n | leader1_type = [[List of mayors of Oxford|Lord Mayor]]\n | leader1 = Mike Rowley\n | party1 = <br />[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]\n | election1 = 16 May 2024<ref>{{cite web |title=Council minutes, 16 May 2024 |url=https://mycouncil.oxford.gov.uk/ieListDocuments.aspx?CId=157&MId=7534 |website=Oxford City Council | date=16 May 2024 |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>\n | leader2_type = [[Leader of the council|Leader]]\n | leader2 = Susan Brown\n | party2 = <br />[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]\n | election2 = 29 January 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/654/oxford_city_council_elects_councillor_susan_brown_as_new_leader |title=Oxford City Council elects Councillor Susan Brown as new Leader |date=30 January 2018 |website=Oxford City Council |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref>\n | leader3_type = [[Chief Executive]]\n | leader3 = Caroline Green\n | party3 = <!-- Non-political role -->\n | election3 = February 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=The Chief Executive |url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/info/20050/how_the_council_works/332/staff_and_management_structure#:~:text=The%20current%20Chief%20Executive%20is,was%20appointed%20in%20February%202021. |website=Oxford City Council |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>\n | members = 48 councillors\n | house1 = \n | house2 = \n | structure1 = Oxford City Council makeup 2024.svg\n | structure1_res = 250px\n| political_groups1 = \n;Administration (20)\n:{{Color box|{{party color|Labour Party (UK)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] (20)\n;Other parties (28)\n:{{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Liberal Democrats (UK)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] (9)}}\n:{{Color box|{{party color|Green Party of England and Wales}}|border=darkgray}} [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] (8)\n: {{Color box|{{party color|Independent}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent politician|Independent]] (7)\n:{{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Independent Oxford Alliance}}|border=darkgray}} IOA (4)}}\n | committees1 = \n | committees2 = \n | joint_committees =\n | voting_system1 = [[Plurality voting system|First past the post]]\n | voting_system2 = \n | last_election1 = [[2024 Oxford City Council election|2 May 2024]]\n | next_election1 = 7 May 2026\n | session_room = Museum of Oxford (5652685943).jpg\n | session_res = 240px\n | meeting_place = [[Oxford Town Hall|Town Hall]], [[St Aldate's, Oxford|St Aldate's]], Oxford, OX1{{nbsp}}1BX\n | website = {{Official URL}}\n | footnotes = \n}}\n</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dt></dl></dd></dl></dt></dl></p><p><b>Oxford City Council</b> is the <a href=\"/wiki/Local_government_in_England\" title=\"Local government in England\">local authority</a> for the city of <a href=\"/wiki/Oxford\" title=\"Oxford\">Oxford</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Oxfordshire\" title=\"Oxfordshire\">Oxfordshire</a>, England. Oxford has had a council since medieval times, which has been reformed on numerous occasions. Since 1974, Oxford has been a <a href=\"/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district\" title=\"Non-metropolitan district\">non-metropolitan district</a>, with <a href=\"/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county\" title=\"Non-metropolitan county\">county-level</a> functions in the city provided by <a href=\"/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council\" title=\"Oxfordshire County Council\">Oxfordshire County Council</a>.\n</p><p>The city council has been under <a href=\"/wiki/No_overall_control\" title=\"No overall control\">no overall control</a> since 2023. It is based at <a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_Town_Hall\" title=\"Oxford Town Hall\">Oxford Town Hall</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p>Oxford was an <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_borough\" title=\"Ancient borough\">ancient borough</a>, being governed by a corporation from medieval times. The borough gained <a href=\"/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"City status in the United Kingdom\">city status</a> in 1542. It was reformed in 1836 under the <a href=\"/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835\" title=\"Municipal Corporations Act 1835\">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a> to become a <a href=\"/wiki/Municipal_borough\" title=\"Municipal borough\">municipal borough</a>. When elected county councils were created on 1 April 1889, Oxford was initially within the area of <a href=\"/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council\" title=\"Oxfordshire County Council\">Oxfordshire County Council</a>. Seven months later, on 9 November 1889, the city become a <a href=\"/wiki/County_borough\" title=\"County borough\">county borough</a>, making it independent from the county council.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Report of the Local Government Board |date=1890 |publisher=Her Majesty's Stationery Office |location=London |page=324 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRUwAQAAMAAJ |access-date=21 December 2022}}</ref> In 1962 the council was given the right to appoint a <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oxford\" title=\"List of mayors of Oxford\">Lord Mayor</a>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/mayors/1205_1348/index.html |title=Mayors of Oxford in early medieval times 1205–1348 |last=Jenkins |first=Stephanie |date=9 August 2009 |work=Mayors of Oxford |publisher=Stephanie Jenkins |accessdate=3 August 2012}}</ref>\n</p><p>Local government was reformed across England and Wales in 1974 under the <a href=\"/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972\" title=\"Local Government Act 1972\">Local Government Act 1972</a>, which established a two-tier structure of local government comprising upper-tier counties and lower-tier districts. Oxford became a <a href=\"/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district\" title=\"Non-metropolitan district\">non-metropolitan district</a>, and county-level functions passed up to Oxfordshire County Council.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=act|act=Local Government Act 1972|year=1972|chapter=70}}</ref>\n</p><p>In early 2003, Oxford City Council submitted a bid to become a <a href=\"/wiki/Unitary_authority\" title=\"Unitary authority\">unitary authority</a>.<ref><a href=\"https://www.webcitation.org/5ZYHoDUNb?url=http://www.oxford.gov.uk/files/meetingdocs/60315/item%203%20part%202.pdf\">Oxford City Council: the case for unitary status</a>, draft version, 18 January 2007.</ref> This was received by the <a href=\"/wiki/Department_for_Communities_and_Local_Government\" title=\"Department for Communities and Local Government\">Department for Communities and Local Government</a>,<ref><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080731105749/http://www.communities.gov.uk/news/corporate/kellywelcomesproposals\">Communities and Local Government press release: Kelly welcomes proposals to improve local services: 26 local authorities bid to move to single tier local Government</a>, 26 January 2007.</ref> but subsequently rejected.<ref><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080728153648/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/localgovernment/pdf/letter-oxford.pdf\">Communities and Local Government: rejection letter to Oxford City Council’s unitary authority bid</a>.</ref><ref><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20080731131501/http://www.communities.gov.uk/news/corporate/woolasannouncessixteen\">Communities and Local Government press release: Woolas announces sixteen successful bids for unitary status to improve local services</a>, 27 March 2007.</ref><ref><a href=\"https://archive.today/20240524054757/https://www.webcitation.org/5ZYIWyM77?url=http://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/news.cfm/container/current/pagenum/34/item/2100\">Oxford City Council press release: Government backs off Oxfordshire reorganisation</a>, 27 March 2007.</ref>\n</p><p>In 2016, <a href=\"/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council\" title=\"Oxfordshire County Council\">Oxfordshire County Council</a> put forward a 'One Oxfordshire' proposal which would see Oxford City Council and the four other district councils in <a href=\"/wiki/Oxfordshire\" title=\"Oxfordshire\">Oxfordshire</a> abolished and replaced with a single unitary county council for Oxfordshire.<ref><a href=\"http://www.oneoxfordshire.org/\">One Oxfordshire</a>, February 2017.</ref> In 2017, Oxford City Council voiced their opposition to the proposal,<ref><a href=\"https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/384/oxford_city_council_launches_petition_against_unitary_county_council\">Oxford City Council website: Hands off Oxford City</a>, February 2017.</ref> and it was subsequently dropped.\n</p>", "<h2>Governance</h2>\n<p>Oxford City Council provides <a href=\"/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district\" title=\"Non-metropolitan district\">district-level</a> services. County-level services are provided by Oxfordshire County Council. Some outer parts of the city are also included in <a href=\"/wiki/Civil_parish\" title=\"Civil parish\">civil parishes</a>, which form an additional tier of local government for their areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Election Maps |url=https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb/ |publisher=Ordnance Survey |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>\n</p><h3>Political control</h3>\n<p>The first election to the reconstituted city council following the Local Government Act 1972 was held in 1973. It operated as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since then has been as follows:<ref name=\"compositions\">{{cite web |title=Compositions calculator |url=https://www.electionscentre.co.uk/?page_id=3825 |website=The Elections Centre | date=4 March 2016 |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=\"change\">{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/elections/local_council/08/html/38uc.stm | title = Oxford | access-date = 15 September 2009 | publisher = [[BBC News]] | date=19 April 2008}}</ref>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Party in control</th><th>Years\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td> 1974–1976\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}} </td><td> 1976–1980\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td> 1980–2000\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|No overall control}} </td><td> 2000–2002\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td> 2002–2004\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|No overall control}} </td><td> 2004–2010\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td> 2010–2023\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|No overall control}} </td><td> 2023–present\n</td></tr><tr>\n</tr></table>\n</p><p>In October 2023, the Labour Party lost control of the council after 9 Labour councillors resigned the party in protest at <a href=\"/wiki/Keir_Starmer\" title=\"Keir Starmer\">Keir Starmer</a>'s refusal to call for a ceasefire in the <a href=\"/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war\" title=\"2023 Israel–Hamas war\">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>.<ref name=\"Tribune 2023-10-20\">{{cite news |url=https://tribunemag.co.uk/2023/10/labour-just-lost-control-of-oxford-city-council-over-starmers-comments-on-gaza |title=Labour Loses Oxford City Council Over Gaza |author=Oxford City Council councillors |work=[[Tribune (magazine)|Tribune]] |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 }}</ref><ref name=\"BBC 2023-10-26\">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-67231473 |title=Labour loses majority on Oxford City Council after ninth resignation |work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 }}</ref> A tenth councillor resigned the part on 14 November, ahead of a vote in Westminster on an <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_National_Party\" title=\"Scottish National Party\">SNP</a> amendment to the debate on the <a href=\"/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne\" title=\"Speech from the throne\">Speech from the throne</a>.<ref name=\"Ajaz Rehman 2023-11-14\">{{Cite tweet |author=Cllr Ajaz Rehman |user=ajazrehman3 |number=1724563204083167423 |date=14 November 2023 |title=Resignation statement from the Labour Party Cllr Ajaz Rehman Cabinet Member Inclusive Communities. #CeasefireNOW #Gaza #BringThemHome |language=en-GB |access-date=15 November 2023 }}</ref>\n</p><h3>Leadership</h3>\n<p>{{also|List of mayors of Oxford}}\nPolitical leadership is provided by the <a href=\"/wiki/Leader_of_the_council\" title=\"Leader of the council\">leader of the council</a>; the role of Lord Mayor is largely ceremonial and usually changes hands each year. The leaders since 2000 have been:<ref>{{cite web |title=Council minutes |url=https://mycouncil.oxford.gov.uk/mgCalendarMonthView.aspx |website=Oxford City Council |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th> Councillor </th><th colspan=\"2\">Party </th><th> From </th><th> To\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> Corinna Redman </td><td> {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} </td><td align=\"right\">2000 </td><td align=\"right\">May 2002\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Alex Hollingsworth </td><td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td align=\"right\">30 May 2002 </td><td align=\"right\">May 2006\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> John Goddard<ref>{{cite web |title=Council minutes, 18 May 2006 |url=https://mycouncil.oxford.gov.uk/Data/Council/200606261600/Agenda/36099Item1b.pdf |website=Oxford City Council |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> </td><td> {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} </td><td align=\"right\">18 May 2006</td><td align=\"right\">May 2008\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Bob Price<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/654/oxford_city_council_elects_councillor_susan_brown_as_new_leader |title=Oxford City Council elects Councillor Susan Brown as new Leader |date=30 January 2018 |website=Oxford City Council |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> </td><td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td align=\"right\">15 May 2008</td><td align=\"right\">29 Jan 2018\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Susan Brown </td><td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td align=\"right\">29 Jan 2018 </td><td> \n</td></tr></table>\n</p><h3>Composition</h3>\n<p>Following the <a href=\"/wiki/2024_Oxford_City_Council_election\" title=\"2024 Oxford City Council election\">2024 election</a>, the composition of the council was:\n</p><table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Party </th><th> Councillors\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td> {{party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td align=\"center\">20\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} </td><td align=\"center\">9\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{party name with colour|Green Party of England and Wales}} </td><td align=\"center\">8\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{party name with colour|Independent politician}} </td><td align=\"center\">7\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{party name with colour|Independent Oxford Alliance|full=yes}} </td><td align=\"center\">4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Total </th><th> 48\n</th></tr></table>\n<p>Of the independent councillors, three sit together as the 'Oxford Community Independents' group, two form the 'Oxford Independent Group' and two form the 'Real Independent Group'. The next election is due in 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford |url=https://www.localcouncils.co.uk/councils/?council=oxford |website=Local Councils |publisher=Thorncliffe |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Political control</h3>\n<p>The first election to the reconstituted city council following the Local Government Act 1972 was held in 1973. It operated as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until it came into its powers on 1 April 1974. Political control of the council since then has been as follows:<ref name=\"compositions\">{{cite web |title=Compositions calculator |url=https://www.electionscentre.co.uk/?page_id=3825 |website=The Elections Centre | date=4 March 2016 |access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref name=\"change\">{{cite news| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/elections/local_council/08/html/38uc.stm | title = Oxford | access-date = 15 September 2009 | publisher = [[BBC News]] | date=19 April 2008}}</ref>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Party in control</th><th>Years\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td> 1974–1976\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|Conservative Party (UK)}} </td><td> 1976–1980\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td> 1980–2000\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|No overall control}} </td><td> 2000–2002\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td> 2002–2004\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|No overall control}} </td><td> 2004–2010\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td> 2010–2023\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{Party name with colour|No overall control}} </td><td> 2023–present\n</td></tr><tr>\n</tr></table>\n</p><p>In October 2023, the Labour Party lost control of the council after 9 Labour councillors resigned the party in protest at <a href=\"/wiki/Keir_Starmer\" title=\"Keir Starmer\">Keir Starmer</a>'s refusal to call for a ceasefire in the <a href=\"/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war\" title=\"2023 Israel–Hamas war\">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>.<ref name=\"Tribune 2023-10-20\">{{cite news |url=https://tribunemag.co.uk/2023/10/labour-just-lost-control-of-oxford-city-council-over-starmers-comments-on-gaza |title=Labour Loses Oxford City Council Over Gaza |author=Oxford City Council councillors |work=[[Tribune (magazine)|Tribune]] |date=20 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 }}</ref><ref name=\"BBC 2023-10-26\">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-67231473 |title=Labour loses majority on Oxford City Council after ninth resignation |work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=26 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 }}</ref> A tenth councillor resigned the part on 14 November, ahead of a vote in Westminster on an <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_National_Party\" title=\"Scottish National Party\">SNP</a> amendment to the debate on the <a href=\"/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne\" title=\"Speech from the throne\">Speech from the throne</a>.<ref name=\"Ajaz Rehman 2023-11-14\">{{Cite tweet |author=Cllr Ajaz Rehman |user=ajazrehman3 |number=1724563204083167423 |date=14 November 2023 |title=Resignation statement from the Labour Party Cllr Ajaz Rehman Cabinet Member Inclusive Communities. #CeasefireNOW #Gaza #BringThemHome |language=en-GB |access-date=15 November 2023 }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Leadership</h3>\n<p>{{also|List of mayors of Oxford}}\nPolitical leadership is provided by the <a href=\"/wiki/Leader_of_the_council\" title=\"Leader of the council\">leader of the council</a>; the role of Lord Mayor is largely ceremonial and usually changes hands each year. The leaders since 2000 have been:<ref>{{cite web |title=Council minutes |url=https://mycouncil.oxford.gov.uk/mgCalendarMonthView.aspx |website=Oxford City Council |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th> Councillor </th><th colspan=\"2\">Party </th><th> From </th><th> To\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> Corinna Redman </td><td> {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} </td><td align=\"right\">2000 </td><td align=\"right\">May 2002\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Alex Hollingsworth </td><td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td align=\"right\">30 May 2002 </td><td align=\"right\">May 2006\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> John Goddard<ref>{{cite web |title=Council minutes, 18 May 2006 |url=https://mycouncil.oxford.gov.uk/Data/Council/200606261600/Agenda/36099Item1b.pdf |website=Oxford City Council |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> </td><td> {{Party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} </td><td align=\"right\">18 May 2006</td><td align=\"right\">May 2008\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Bob Price<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/654/oxford_city_council_elects_councillor_susan_brown_as_new_leader |title=Oxford City Council elects Councillor Susan Brown as new Leader |date=30 January 2018 |website=Oxford City Council |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref> </td><td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td align=\"right\">15 May 2008</td><td align=\"right\">29 Jan 2018\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Susan Brown </td><td> {{Party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td align=\"right\">29 Jan 2018 </td><td> \n</td></tr></table>\n</p>", "<h3>Composition</h3>\n<p>Following the <a href=\"/wiki/2024_Oxford_City_Council_election\" title=\"2024 Oxford City Council election\">2024 election</a>, the composition of the council was:\n</p><table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Party </th><th> Councillors\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td> {{party name with colour|Labour Party (UK)}} </td><td align=\"center\">20\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{party name with colour|Liberal Democrats (UK)}} </td><td align=\"center\">9\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{party name with colour|Green Party of England and Wales}} </td><td align=\"center\">8\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{party name with colour|Independent politician}} </td><td align=\"center\">7\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> {{party name with colour|Independent Oxford Alliance|full=yes}} </td><td align=\"center\">4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">Total </th><th> 48\n</th></tr></table>\n<p>Of the independent councillors, three sit together as the 'Oxford Community Independents' group, two form the 'Oxford Independent Group' and two form the 'Real Independent Group'. The next election is due in 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Oxford |url=https://www.localcouncils.co.uk/councils/?council=oxford |website=Local Councils |publisher=Thorncliffe |access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Premises</h2>\n<p>The city council meets at the <a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_Town_Hall\" title=\"Oxford Town Hall\">Town Hall</a> on the street called <a href=\"/wiki/St_Aldate%27s%2C_Oxford\" title=\"St Aldate's, Oxford\">St Aldate's</a> in the city centre. The current building was completed in 1897, on a site which had been occupied by Oxford's <a href=\"/wiki/Guildhall\" title=\"Guildhall\">guildhall</a> since the thirteenth century.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1047153|desc=Town Hall, Municipal Buildings and Library|grade=II*|accessdate=25 April 2023}}</ref> Between 1967 and 2022 the council had its main offices at St Aldate's Chambers at 113 St Aldate's, a 1930s building opposite the town hall, but continued to use the town hall for meetings.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=44458|page=12728|date=21 November 1967|access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref> In 2022 the council moved its offices back into the town hall.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Norris |first1=Miranda |title=New tenants set to move into Oxford City Council's former HQ |url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/23762575.new-tenants-set-move-oxford-city-councils-former-hq/ |access-date=5 February 2024 |work=Oxford Mail |date=1 September 2023}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Elections</h2>\n<p>{{also|Oxford City Council elections}}\nSince the last boundary changes came into effect for the 2021 election, the council has comprised 48 <a href=\"/wiki/Councillor\" title=\"Councillor\">councillors</a> representing 24 <a href=\"/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom\">wards</a>, with each ward electing two councillors. Elections are held in alternate years, with half the council (one councillor for each ward) elected each time for a four-year term of office.<ref>{{cite legislation UK|type=si|si=The Oxford (Electoral Changes) Order 2019|year=2019|number=1162|access-date=15 July 2024}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Councillors</h2>\n<p>Oxford City Council is composed of the following councillors {{as of|2024|05|lc=y|post=:}}\n<table class=\"wikitable sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th> Ward\n</th>\n<th> Name\n</th>\n<th colspan=\"2\"> Party\n</th>\n<th> Next Election\n</th>\n<th> First Elected\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td> Barton and Sandhills\n</td>\n<td> Asima Qayyum\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Barton and Sandhills\n</td>\n<td> Mike Rowley\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2010 (by-election)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Blackbird Leys\n</td>\n<td> Lubna Arshad\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2018 (in Cowley Marsh)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Blackbird Leys\n</td>\n<td> Linda Smith\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2014 (by-election)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Carfax and Jericho\n</td>\n<td> Lizzie Diggins\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2021\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Carfax and Jericho\n</td>\n<td> Alex Hollingsworth\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2014 (by-election)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Churchill\n</td>\n<td> Susan Brown\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2014\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Churchill\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Mark_Lygo\" title=\"Mark Lygo\">Mark Lygo</a>\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2008\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Cowley\n</td>\n<td> Ian Yeatman\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent Oxford Alliance}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Cowley\n</td>\n<td> Mohammed Latif\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent (politician)}}<ref name=\"BBC 2023-10-14\">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-67101381 |title=Labour Oxford councillors quit over Starmer comments on Israel Gaza war |work=[[BBC News Online]] |date=14 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 }}</ref>\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2021 (as Labour)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Cuttleslowe and Sunnymead\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Gant\" title=\"Andrew Gant\">Andrew Gant</a>\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Liberal Democrats (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2014 (in Summertown)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Cuttleslowe and Sunnymead\n</td>\n<td> Laurence Fouweather\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Liberal Democrats (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2021\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Donnington\n</td>\n<td> Rosie Rawle\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Green Party of England and Wales}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2022\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Donnington\n</td>\n<td> Max Morris\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Green Party of England and Wales}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Headington\n</td>\n<td> Mohammed Altaf-Khan\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Liberal Democrats (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2006 (in Headington Hill and Northway)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Headington\n</td>\n<td> Christopher Smowton\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Liberal Democrats (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2021\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Headington Hill and Northway\n</td>\n<td> Barbara Coyne\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent (politician)}}<ref name=\"BBC 2023-10-26\" />\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2021 (as Labour)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Headington Hill and Northway\n</td>\n<td> Nigel Chapman\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2016\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Hinksey Park\n</td>\n<td> Naomi Waite\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2021\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Hinksey Park\n</td>\n<td> Anna Railton\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2022 (by-election)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Holywell\n</td>\n<td> Dianne Regisford\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Green Party of England and Wales}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Holywell\n</td>\n<td> Edward Mundy\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent (politician)}}<ref name=\"Tribune 2023-10-20\" />\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2021 (as Labour)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Littlemore\n</td>\n<td> Anne Stares\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent Oxford Alliance}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Littlemore\n</td>\n<td> Tiago Jorge de Assis Caldeira Cruz Corais\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2018\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Lye Valley\n</td>\n<td> Judith Harley\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent Oxford Alliance}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Lye Valley\n</td>\n<td> Ajaz Rehman\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent (politician)}}<ref name=\"Ajaz Rehman 2023-11-14\" />\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2021 (as Labour)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Marston\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Mary_Clarkson\" title=\"Mary Clarkson\">Mary Clarkson</a>\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 1998\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Marston\n</td>\n<td> Kate Robinson\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Green Party of England and Wales}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2024 (by-election)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Northfield Brook\n</td>\n<td> Hosnieh Djafari-Marbini\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent (politician)}}<ref name=\"Tribune 2023-10-20\" />\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2018 (as Labour)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Northfield Brook\n</td>\n<td> Simon Ottino\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Osney and St Thomas\n</td>\n<td> Susanna Pressel\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 1996\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Osney and St Thomas\n</td>\n<td> Lois Muddiman\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Green Party of England and Wales}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2022\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Quarry and Risinghurst\n</td>\n<td> Roz Smith\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Liberal Democrats (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2018\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Quarry and Risinghurst\n</td>\n<td> Chewe Munkonge\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2014 (by-election)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Rose Hill and Iffley\n</td>\n<td> David Henwood\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent Oxford Alliance}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Rose Hill and Iffley\n</td>\n<td> Edward Turner\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2002\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> St Clement's\n</td>\n<td> Alex Powell\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Green Party of England and Wales}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> St Clement's\n</td>\n<td> Jemima Hunt\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2021\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> St Mary's\n</td>\n<td> Emily Kerr\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Green Party of England and Wales}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2022\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> St Mary's\n</td>\n<td> Chris Jarvis\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Green Party of England and Wales}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2021\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Summertown\n</td>\n<td> Theodore Jupp\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Liberal Democrats (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Summertown\n</td>\n<td> Katherine Miles\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Liberal Democrats (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2021\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Temple Cowley\n</td>\n<td> Mohammed Azad\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent (politician)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2024\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Temple Cowley\n</td>\n<td> Sajjad Malik\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Independent (politician)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/17483434.deputy-lord-mayor-sajjad-malik-suspended-happens-now/|title=Deputy Lord Mayor - what happens now after domestic violence?|website=Oxford Mail|date=7 March 2019 }}</ref>\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2004 (as a Liberal Democrat; later Labour)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Walton Manor\n</td>\n<td> Louise Upton\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2013 (by-election)\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Walton Manor\n</td>\n<td> James Fry\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Labour Party (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 2012\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Wolvercote\n</td>\n<td> Steve Goddard\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Liberal Democrats (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2028\n</td>\n<td> 1996\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Wolvercote\n</td>\n<td> Jo Sandelson\n</td>\n<td> {{Party name with colour |Liberal Democrats (UK)}}\n</td>\n<td> 2026\n</td>\n<td> 2022\n</td></tr></table>\n</p>", "<h2> Climate change </h2>\n<p>{{see also|Oxford zero emission zone}}\nOxford City Council became the first UK authority to <a href=\"/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment\" title=\"Fossil fuel divestment\">divest from fossil fuel companies</a> in September 2014.<ref><a href=\"https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/oct/17/climate-change-make-big-polluters-pay-fossil-fuel-industries\">Climate change: how to make the big polluters really pay</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Naomi_Klein\" title=\"Naomi Klein\">Naomi Klein</a> The Guardian 17 October 2014</ref>\n</p><p>In 2011, the council had reduced their <a href=\"/wiki/Carbon_footprint\" title=\"Carbon footprint\">carbon footprint</a> by 25% against a baseline of 2005/6, and continues to reduce carbon emissions from its own estate by 5% year on year.\n</p><p>In 2014, Oxford City Council was named 'Most Sustainable Local Authority' in the Public Sector Sustainability Awards. That same year, both the city and the <a href=\"/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council\" title=\"Oxfordshire County Council\">county council</a> implemented its own <a href=\"/wiki/Low_emission_zone\" title=\"Low emission zone\">low emission zone</a> (LEZ) for buses, making it UK's second LEZ after <a href=\"/wiki/London_LEZ\" title=\"London LEZ\">London</a> because of the fact that buses accounted for up to 80% of emissions in the city.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-25557090 | title=Oxford city centre to become low emission zone on 1 January | work=BBC News | date=31 December 2013 }}</ref>\n</p><p>The council leads the Low Carbon Oxford network, a collaboration of over 40 organisations working together to reduce emissions in the city by 40% by 2020.\n</p><p>In 2021, both councils agreed to implement a <a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_zero_emission_zone\" title=\"Oxford zero emission zone\">zero emission zone</a> (ZEZ) which came into force in February 2022, the first of its kind in Britain.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Gareth |title=First zero emission zone goes live in Oxford |url=https://www.fleetnews.co.uk/news/latest-fleet-news/electric-fleet-news/2022/02/11/first-zero-emission-zone-to-go-live-at-the-end-of-february |work=www.fleetnews.co.uk |language=en |date=11 February 2022}}</ref>\n</p><p>They also lead onto delivering the annual Low Carbon Oxford Week festival, which uses culture, creativity and, community to inspire local people to take action on climate change. In 2015, the festival saw over 60 local organisations partner to deliver over 100 events across the city and attract over 40,000 visitors.\n</p><p>In 2023, Oxford City Council voted to serve plant-based, vegan food at council events. Butchers and animal farmers protested the vote, which came after a similar policy was adopted by the <a href=\"/wiki/Oxfordshire_County_Council\" title=\"Oxfordshire County Council\">Oxfordshire County Council</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Stavrou |first1=Athena |last2=Halford |first2=Ed |last3=Sheldon |first3=Liberty |date=2023-03-27 |title=Furious backlash after meat banned from Oxford council events |url=https://www.oxfordshirelive.co.uk/news/oxfordshire-news/oxofrd-city-council-faces-furious-8293391 |access-date=2023-04-13 |website=oxfordshirelive |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><h3>Energy Superhub Oxford</h3>\n<p>Energy Superhub Oxford is a power optimisation project at <a href=\"/wiki/Redbridge%2C_Oxford\" title=\"Redbridge, Oxford\">Redbridge</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Park_and_ride\" title=\"Park and ride\">park and ride</a>. It includes a <a href=\"/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery\" title=\"Lithium-ion battery\">lithium-ion battery</a> of 48MW/50MWh, a <a href=\"/wiki/Vanadium\" title=\"Vanadium\">vanadium</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Flow_battery\" title=\"Flow battery\">flow battery</a> of 2MW/5MWh, 20 fast <a href=\"/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charger\" title=\"Electric vehicle charger\">electric vehicle chargers</a> for public use and <a href=\"/wiki/Ground-source_heat_pump\" title=\"Ground-source heat pump\">ground-source heat pumps</a> for residential properties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1049/41m_project_to_support_oxford_on_journey_to_zero_carbon |title=£41m project to support Oxford on journey to zero carbon|first=Oxford City|last=Council |website=www.oxford.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Project with world's largest lithium-vanadium hybrid BESS officially launched in Oxford, UK |url=https://www.energy-storage.news/project-with-worlds-largest-lithium-vanadium-hybrid-bess-officially-launched-in-oxford-uk/ |website=Energy Storage News |date=5 July 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Energy Superhub Oxford</h3>\n<p>Energy Superhub Oxford is a power optimisation project at <a href=\"/wiki/Redbridge%2C_Oxford\" title=\"Redbridge, Oxford\">Redbridge</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Park_and_ride\" title=\"Park and ride\">park and ride</a>. It includes a <a href=\"/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery\" title=\"Lithium-ion battery\">lithium-ion battery</a> of 48MW/50MWh, a <a href=\"/wiki/Vanadium\" title=\"Vanadium\">vanadium</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Flow_battery\" title=\"Flow battery\">flow battery</a> of 2MW/5MWh, 20 fast <a href=\"/wiki/Electric_vehicle_charger\" title=\"Electric vehicle charger\">electric vehicle chargers</a> for public use and <a href=\"/wiki/Ground-source_heat_pump\" title=\"Ground-source heat pump\">ground-source heat pumps</a> for residential properties.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxford.gov.uk/news/article/1049/41m_project_to_support_oxford_on_journey_to_zero_carbon |title=£41m project to support Oxford on journey to zero carbon|first=Oxford City|last=Council |website=www.oxford.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Project with world's largest lithium-vanadium hybrid BESS officially launched in Oxford, UK |url=https://www.energy-storage.news/project-with-worlds-largest-lithium-vanadium-hybrid-bess-officially-launched-in-oxford-uk/ |website=Energy Storage News |date=5 July 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_City_Council_elections\" title=\"Oxford City Council elections\">Oxford City Council elections</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Oxford_Town_Hall\" title=\"Oxford Town Hall\">Oxford Town Hall</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oxford\" title=\"List of mayors of Oxford\">List of mayors of Oxford</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"http://www.oxford.gov.uk/\">Oxford City Council website</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Local_government_in_Oxford\" title=\"Local government in Oxford\">City Council</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Organisations_based_in_Oxford\" title=\"Organisations based in Oxford\">City Council</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Non-metropolitan_district_councils_of_England\" title=\"Non-metropolitan district councils of England\">Category:Non-metropolitan district councils of England</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Billing_authorities_in_England\" title=\"Billing authorities in England\">Category:Billing authorities in England</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Local_authorities_in_Oxfordshire\" title=\"Local authorities in Oxfordshire\">Category:Local authorities in Oxfordshire</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "46.44.180.251" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Aboriginal significance", "European discovery and use", "Access and description", "Historic houses", "Climate", "Snow", "General and rainfall", "Gallery", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Mountain in South Australia}}\n{{about|the mountain in South Australia|other uses|Mount Lofty (disambiguation)}}\n{{use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}\n{{use Australian English|date=December 2021}}\n{{Infobox mountain\n| name = Mount Lofty\n| other_name = \n| photo = Mount lofty from south.jpg\n| photo_size = \n| photo_alt = \n| photo_caption = North view of the Summit and Flinders Column from the Fire Tower\n| elevation = \n| elevation_m = 710\n| elevation_ft = \n| elevation_ref = \n| prominence = \n| prominence_m = \n| prominence_ft = \n| prominence_ref = \n| listing = \n| range = [[Mount Lofty Ranges]]\n| parent_peak = \n| location = [[Cleland, South Australia]], [[Australia]]<ref name=\"LMV\">{{cite web |title=Search result for 'Mount Lofty, MT' with the following datasets selected - 'Suburbs and Localities' and 'Gazetteer' |url=http://location.sa.gov.au/viewer/?map=roads&x=138.70964&y=-34.97452&z=14&uids=19,105&pinx=138.709000&piny=-34.974040&pinTitle=Location&pinText=Mount+Lofty,+Mt |website=Location SA Map Viewer |publisher=Government of South Australia |access-date=26 December 2018}}</ref>\n| map = South Australia\n| map_alt = \n| map_caption = \n| map_relief = \n| map_size = \n| label = \n| label_position = \n| coordinates = {{coord|34|58|S|138|42|E|region:AU-SA|display=inline,title}}\n| grid_ref_UK = \n| grid_ref_Ireland = \n| topo = \n| type = \n| volcanic_arc/belt = \n| age = \n| last_eruption = \n| first_ascent = April 1831 <br> [[Collet Barker]] (but likely ascended by Indigenous peoples before European contact)\n| easiest_route = \n| child = \n| embedded = \n}}\n<b>Mount Lofty</b> ({{coord|34|58|S|138|42|E|region:AU-SA_type:mountain}}, elevation {{cvt|710|m}} <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Height_Datum\" title=\"Australian Height Datum\">AHD</a>) is the highest point in the southern <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Ranges\" title=\"Mount Lofty Ranges\">Mount Lofty Ranges</a>. It is located about {{cvt|15|km}} east of the <a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide_city_centre\" title=\"Adelaide city centre\">Adelaide city centre</a>, within the <a href=\"/wiki/Cleland_National_Park\" title=\"Cleland National Park\">Cleland National Park</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide_Hills\" title=\"Adelaide Hills\">Adelaide Hills</a> area of <a href=\"/wiki/South_Australia\" title=\"South Australia\">South Australia</a>.\n</p><p>The mountain's summit has panoramic views of the city and the <a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide_plains\" title=\"Adelaide plains\">Adelaide plains</a> to the west, and of the <a href=\"/wiki/Piccadilly%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Piccadilly, South Australia\">Picadilly Valley</a> to the east. It is also popular destination for international tourists, as well as for cyclists coming up the old <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Barker_Road\" title=\"Mount Barker Road\">Mount Barker Road</a> through <a href=\"/wiki/Eagle_on_the_Hill%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Eagle on the Hill, South Australia\">Eagle on the Hill</a>, and for walkers from <a href=\"/wiki/Waterfall_Gully\" title=\"Waterfall Gully\">Waterfall Gully</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Flinders_Column_at_Mount_Lofty.JPG\" title=\"Flinders Column at Mount Lofty.JPG\">thumb|Flinders Column and viewing platform</a>\n</p><h3>Aboriginal significance</h3>\n<p>The adjacent peaks of Mount Lofty and <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Bonython\" title=\"Mount Bonython\">Mount Bonython</a> form a prominent landmark visible across the <a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide_Plains\" title=\"Adelaide Plains\">Adelaide Plains</a>, known to the local <a href=\"/wiki/Kaurna\" title=\"Kaurna\">Kaurna</a> people as <b>Yuridla</b>, 'two-ears', part of the body of an ancestral being called Nganu.<ref>{{Cite book| chapter = Chapter 10. Pinning down Kaurna names: Linguistic issues arising in the development of the Kaurna Placenames Database | last1 = Amery | first1 = Rob | last2 = Buckskin | first2 = Vincent (Jack) Kanya | title = The Land is a Map: Placenames of Indigenous Origin in Australia | editor1-last = Hercus | editor1-first = Luise | editor2-last = Hodges | editor2-first = Flavia | editor3-last = Simpson | editor3-first = Jane | publisher = ANU Press | chapter-url = http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p286811/pdf/ch101.pdf | url = http://press.anu.edu.au?p=29191 | date = March 2009 | pages = 187–212 | isbn = 978-1921536571}}</ref><ref><a href=\"https://citymag.indaily.com.au/culture/opinion/james-tylor-power-of-language/\">James Tylor on the power of language</a>, <i>InDaily</i>, 12 September 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</ref> This Kaurna name has been preserved in its anglicised form as the name of the nearby town of <a href=\"/wiki/Uraidla%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Uraidla, South Australia\">Uraidla</a>.\n</p><h3>European discovery and use</h3>\n<p>Mount Lofty was named by <a href=\"/wiki/Matthew_Flinders\" title=\"Matthew Flinders\">Matthew Flinders</a> on 23 March 1802 during his circumnavigation of the <a href=\"/wiki/Australia_%28continent%29\" title=\"Australia (continent)\">Australian continent</a>.<ref>\n{{cite book| last = Flinders| first = Matthew| author-link = Matthew Flinders| title = A Voyage to Terra Australis : undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner; with an account of the shipwreck of the Porpoise, arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island.| url = http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?pageno=229&fk_files=1486723| access-date= 4 January 2014| edition= Facsimile| year= 1966| orig-year= 1814| publisher= Libraries Board of South Australia| location= Adelaide\n| page= 251}}</ref> The explorer <a href=\"/wiki/Collet_Barker\" title=\"Collet Barker\">Collet Barker</a> was the first European to climb it, in April 1831, almost six years before Adelaide was settled.\n</p><p>A stone cairn at the summit was originally used to mark the <a href=\"/wiki/Triangulation_station\" title=\"Triangulation station\">trig point</a>, and in 1885 this was replaced by an obelisk which served as the central reference point for surveying purposes across Adelaide. In 1902 the obelisk was rededicated and renamed as the \"Flinders Column\".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Pam|last2=Pate|first2=F. Donald|last3=Martin|first3=Robert|title=Valleys of Stone: The Archaeology and History of Adelaide's Hills Face|date=2006|publisher=Kōpi Books|location=Belair, South Australia|isbn=0 975 7359-6-9|page=232}}</ref>\n</p><p>The summit was closed to the public during the <a href=\"/wiki/Second_World_War\" title=\"Second World War\">Second World War</a>, when the obelisk was considered an indispensable <a href=\"/wiki/Navigation_aid\" title=\"Navigation aid\">navigation aid</a>. A flashing strobe was fitted to the top to improve visibility at night. This strobe was removed after the war, but then re-installed in the 1990s, when the obelisk was repainted and restored during construction of a new kiosk.\n</p>", "<h3>Aboriginal significance</h3>\n<p>The adjacent peaks of Mount Lofty and <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Bonython\" title=\"Mount Bonython\">Mount Bonython</a> form a prominent landmark visible across the <a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide_Plains\" title=\"Adelaide Plains\">Adelaide Plains</a>, known to the local <a href=\"/wiki/Kaurna\" title=\"Kaurna\">Kaurna</a> people as <b>Yuridla</b>, 'two-ears', part of the body of an ancestral being called Nganu.<ref>{{Cite book| chapter = Chapter 10. Pinning down Kaurna names: Linguistic issues arising in the development of the Kaurna Placenames Database | last1 = Amery | first1 = Rob | last2 = Buckskin | first2 = Vincent (Jack) Kanya | title = The Land is a Map: Placenames of Indigenous Origin in Australia | editor1-last = Hercus | editor1-first = Luise | editor2-last = Hodges | editor2-first = Flavia | editor3-last = Simpson | editor3-first = Jane | publisher = ANU Press | chapter-url = http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p286811/pdf/ch101.pdf | url = http://press.anu.edu.au?p=29191 | date = March 2009 | pages = 187–212 | isbn = 978-1921536571}}</ref><ref><a href=\"https://citymag.indaily.com.au/culture/opinion/james-tylor-power-of-language/\">James Tylor on the power of language</a>, <i>InDaily</i>, 12 September 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</ref> This Kaurna name has been preserved in its anglicised form as the name of the nearby town of <a href=\"/wiki/Uraidla%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Uraidla, South Australia\">Uraidla</a>.\n</p>", "<h3>European discovery and use</h3>\n<p>Mount Lofty was named by <a href=\"/wiki/Matthew_Flinders\" title=\"Matthew Flinders\">Matthew Flinders</a> on 23 March 1802 during his circumnavigation of the <a href=\"/wiki/Australia_%28continent%29\" title=\"Australia (continent)\">Australian continent</a>.<ref>\n{{cite book| last = Flinders| first = Matthew| author-link = Matthew Flinders| title = A Voyage to Terra Australis : undertaken for the purpose of completing the discovery of that vast country, and prosecuted in the years 1801, 1802, and 1803 in His Majesty's ship the Investigator, and subsequently in the armed vessel Porpoise and Cumberland Schooner; with an account of the shipwreck of the Porpoise, arrival of the Cumberland at Mauritius, and imprisonment of the commander during six years and a half in that island.| url = http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?pageno=229&fk_files=1486723| access-date= 4 January 2014| edition= Facsimile| year= 1966| orig-year= 1814| publisher= Libraries Board of South Australia| location= Adelaide\n| page= 251}}</ref> The explorer <a href=\"/wiki/Collet_Barker\" title=\"Collet Barker\">Collet Barker</a> was the first European to climb it, in April 1831, almost six years before Adelaide was settled.\n</p><p>A stone cairn at the summit was originally used to mark the <a href=\"/wiki/Triangulation_station\" title=\"Triangulation station\">trig point</a>, and in 1885 this was replaced by an obelisk which served as the central reference point for surveying purposes across Adelaide. In 1902 the obelisk was rededicated and renamed as the \"Flinders Column\".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Pam|last2=Pate|first2=F. Donald|last3=Martin|first3=Robert|title=Valleys of Stone: The Archaeology and History of Adelaide's Hills Face|date=2006|publisher=Kōpi Books|location=Belair, South Australia|isbn=0 975 7359-6-9|page=232}}</ref>\n</p><p>The summit was closed to the public during the <a href=\"/wiki/Second_World_War\" title=\"Second World War\">Second World War</a>, when the obelisk was considered an indispensable <a href=\"/wiki/Navigation_aid\" title=\"Navigation aid\">navigation aid</a>. A flashing strobe was fitted to the top to improve visibility at night. This strobe was removed after the war, but then re-installed in the 1990s, when the obelisk was repainted and restored during construction of a new kiosk.\n</p>", "<h2>Access and description</h2>\n<p>The summit can be accessed by road from the <a href=\"/wiki/South_Eastern_Freeway\" title=\"South Eastern Freeway\">South Eastern Freeway</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Crafers%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Crafers, South Australia\">Crafers</a>, and from the eastern suburbs via <a href=\"/wiki/Greenhill_Road\" title=\"Greenhill Road\">Greenhill Road</a> and the Mount Lofty Scenic Route. There is a walking route up the gully from <a href=\"/wiki/Waterfall_Gully%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Waterfall Gully, South Australia\">Waterfall Gully</a>, through the <a href=\"/wiki/Cleland_National_Park\" title=\"Cleland National Park\">Cleland National Park</a> and from <a href=\"/wiki/Chambers_Gully\" title=\"Chambers Gully\">Chambers Gully</a>. This is a 4&nbsp;km uphill trek and one of Adelaide's most popular exercise circuits.\n</p><p>The summit provides panoramic views across Adelaide, a cafe-restaurant and a gift shop. Kangaroos are sometimes spotted on the trails leading up to the summit.\n</p><p>On the ridge near the summit are three television transmission towers (the northernmost being that of the <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation\" title=\"Australian Broadcasting Corporation\">ABC</a>), and the <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Lofty_Fire_Tower\" title=\"Mount Lofty Fire Tower\">Mount Lofty Fire Tower</a> operated by the <a href=\"/wiki/Country_Fire_Service\" title=\"Country Fire Service\">Country Fire Service</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Historic houses</h2>\n<p>Summit Road, Mt Lofty, was historically one of the best-known addresses in South Australia, with the <a href=\"/wiki/Summer_house\" title=\"Summer house\">summer houses</a> of several prominent families being located there. These were all destroyed or severely damaged by the <a href=\"/wiki/Ash_Wednesday_bushfires\" title=\"Ash Wednesday bushfires\">Ash Wednesday bushfires</a> in 1983, but have subsequently been restored.<ref>{{cite book |author= Wall, Barbara |title= Mount Lofty Summit Road: A survey 1841-2008 (research paper) |year= 2008 |url= http://www.catalog.slsa.sa.gov.au/record=b2231465~S1 }}</ref> They include:\n</p><ul><li> Mt Lofty House (1858) - <a href=\"/wiki/Arthur_Hardy_%28businessman%29\" title=\"Arthur Hardy (businessman)\">Arthur Hardy</a><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mtloftyhouse.com.au/adelaide-hills-hotel.html | title = Explore Mt Lofty House | publisher = Mt Lofty House - Adelaide Hills - Grand Mercure | access-date = 6 May 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130825230217/http://www.mtloftyhouse.com.au/adelaide-hills-hotel.html | archive-date = 25 August 2013 | url-status = dead }} <a href=\"http://www.mtloftyhouse.com.au/explorethearea/history-en.html\">History</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160706024038/http://www.mtloftyhouse.com.au/explorethearea/history-en.html |date=2016-07-06 }}</ref>\n</li><li> Eurilla (1884) - <a href=\"/wiki/William_Milne_%28politician%29\" title=\"William Milne (politician)\">William Milne</a>, 1917; <a href=\"/wiki/Lavington_Bonython\" title=\"Lavington Bonython\">Lavington Bonython</a>, 1972; <a href=\"/wiki/Kym_Bonython\" title=\"Kym Bonython\">Kym Bonython</a>, 1998<ref>{{cite web |author=Amanda Ward |date=February 2008 |title=Eurilla rises again |url=http://www.salife.com.au/megazine/bookhtml.aspx?BasePath=/magazine/homes/hills/Eurilla-Rises-Again |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411021409/http://www.salife.com.au/megazine/bookhtml.aspx?BasePath=%2Fmagazine%2Fhomes%2Fhills%2FEurilla-Rises-Again |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=17 June 2012 |work=SA Life Magazine, vol. 5, no. 2 |pages=32–43}}<br />{{cite web |author=Keelan, Michael |date=February 2008 |title=Eurilla : for the love of trees |url=http://www.salife.com.au/megazine/bookhtml.aspx?BasePath=/magazine/gardens/featuregardens/eurilla-feb08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411021534/http://www.salife.com.au/megazine/bookhtml.aspx?BasePath=%2Fmagazine%2Fgardens%2Ffeaturegardens%2Feurilla-feb08 |archive-date=11 April 2013 |access-date=17 June 2012 |work=SA Life Magazine, vol. 5, no. 2 |pages=44–51}}<br />Photos: <a href=\"http://images.slsa.sa.gov.au/mpcimg/47750/B47676.htm\">1890</a>,<a href=\"http://images.slsa.sa.gov.au/mpcimg/15750/B15676.htm\">1890</a>,<a href=\"http://images.slsa.sa.gov.au/mpcimg/33750/B33591.htm\">1905</a>,<a href=\"http://recordsearch.naa.gov.au/scripts/PhotoSearchItemDetail.asp?M=0&amp;B=11855511&amp;SE=1\">1983</a>{{Dead link|date=April 2020|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. See also: <a href=\"http://www.catalog.slsa.sa.gov.au:80/record=b2231465~S1\">http://www.catalog.slsa.sa.gov.au:80/record=b2231465~S1</a>,{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.burnside.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/snames.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322204433/http://www.burnside.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/snames.doc |archive-date=2012-03-22 |access-date=2012-06-16}},{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://portrait.gov.au/UserFiles/file/Portrait25.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090520153657/http://www.portrait.gov.au/UserFiles/file/Portrait25.pdf |archive-date=2009-05-20 |access-date=2012-06-16}}</ref>\n</li><li> Carminow (1885) - <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Elder\" title=\"Thomas Elder\">Thomas Elder</a>,<ref>{{cite book | author = Fayette Gosse | title = Elder, Sir Thomas (1818–1897) | publisher = Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University | url = http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/elder-sir-thomas-347/text5319 | access-date = 6 May 2013}}</ref> 1905 <a href=\"/wiki/Langdon_Bonython\" title=\"Langdon Bonython\">Langdon Bonython</a><ref><a href=\"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article5019086\">A Trip to Mount Lofty</a>, 31 March 1906, <i>The Advertiser</i> pg.6</ref>\n</li></ul><p>Other buildings, such as <a href=\"/wiki/St_Michael%27s_House\" title=\"St Michael's House\">St Michael's House</a> (an Anglican theological college and priory) and \"Arthur's Seat\", for a time known as <a href=\"/wiki/Stawell_School\" title=\"Stawell School\">Stawell School</a>, a private school for girls, were never rebuilt.<ref>Barbara Wall <i>A Short History of Stawell School: The forgotten school on Mount Lofty</i> published for Mount Lofty Districts Historical Society by Peacock Publications 2012 {{ISBN|978--1-921601-69-9}}</ref> Part of this property was excised for the ABC-TV transmitter building and mast.\n</p><p>Note that historically, \"Mount Lofty\" addresses frequently referred to the area now known as <a href=\"/wiki/Crafers%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Crafers, South Australia\">Crafers</a> and to parts of <a href=\"/wiki/Stirling%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Stirling, South Australia\">Stirling</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Climate</h2>\n<h3>Snow</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mt._Lofty_Snow.jpg\" title=\"Mt. Lofty Snow.jpg\">250px|right|thumb|Snow on Mount Lofty in August 2008.</a>\nMount Lofty is the coldest location in the Adelaide area; during winter months the temperature may not exceed 3-4&nbsp;°C on some days. \n</p><p>Adelaide's metropolitan area experiences mild winters, with temperatures virtually never cold enough to produce snow; the nearest snowfields to Adelaide are in central Victoria, over 700&nbsp;km away. However, Mount Lofty's summit is the most common location for snow in South Australia; rare snowfalls sometimes occur in other parts of the Mount Lofty Ranges, and occasionally further north, in the <a href=\"/wiki/Flinders_Ranges\" title=\"Flinders Ranges\">Flinders</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Gammon_Ranges\" title=\"Gammon Ranges\">Gammon Ranges</a>.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 1949 |title=Heaviest Snowfall in S.A. History |page=1 |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |location=South Australia |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36676683 |access-date=22 September 2019 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Snowfall tends to be light (rarely lasting for more than a day) and does not take place every year. <a href=\"/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed\" title=\"Rain and snow mixed\">Sleet</a> however is a regular occurrence.\n</p><p>The snow is a novelty for the approximately 1.4 million residents of the Adelaide Plains (particularly for children), and photographs of it have made the front page of <a href=\"/wiki/The_Advertiser_%28Adelaide%29\" title=\"The Advertiser (Adelaide)\">the local newspaper</a> many times.<ref>Advertiser coverage of \"Snow at Mt Lofty\": <a href=\"http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/mother-nature-delivers-snow-to-the-adelaide-hills-and-wild-wind-and-rain-to-sa/story-fni6uo1m-1227009593714\">1 August 2014</a>; <a href=\"http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/steady-rain-lashes-south-australia-but-warmer-weather-in-sight/story-fni6uo1m-1226682340603\">22 July 2013</a>; <a href=\"http://www.news.com.au/national/south-australia/snow-at-mt-lofty-more-wild-weather-coming/story-fndo4dzn-1226493307107\">11 October 2012</a>.</ref>\n</p><h3>General and rainfall</h3>\n<p>Mount Lofty has a cool <a href=\"/wiki/Mediterranean_climate\" title=\"Mediterranean climate\">Mediterranean climate</a> (<i>Csb</i>) in the <a href=\"/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification\" title=\"Köppen climate classification\">Köppen climate classification</a>, due to its elevation and very dry summers with a pronounced winter rainfall peak. The annual rainfall is nearly twice the amount, and the monthly rainfall during winter more than twice the amount, of the city of Adelaide. Cloud cover is particularly heavy during the winter months.\n<p>{{Weather box <!-- Infobox begins -->\n| width = auto\n| metric first = yes\n| single line = y\n| location = Mount Lofty (1991−2020); 685 m AMSL; 34.98° S, 138.71° E\n\n<!-- Record high temperatures -->\n<!-- Note that record temperatures should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible. -->\n| Jan record high C = 41.1\n| Feb record high C = 38.9\n| Mar record high C = 33.4\n| Apr record high C = 30.5\n| May record high C = 24.5\n| Jun record high C = 18.8\n| Jul record high C = 16.9\n| Aug record high C = 24.0\n| Sep record high C = 27.0\n| Oct record high C = 34.3\n| Nov record high C = 37.1\n| Dec record high C = 36.4\n| year record high C = \n<!-- Average high temperatures -->\n| Jan high C = 22.5\n| Feb high C = 22.5\n| Mar high C = 19.6\n| Apr high C = 16.2\n| May high C = 12.3\n| Jun high C = 9.4\n| Jul high C = 8.9\n| Aug high C = 10.0\n| Sep high C = 12.4\n| Oct high C = 15.3\n| Nov high C = 18.0\n| Dec high C = 20.2\n| year high C = \n<!-- Mean daily temperature -->\n| Jan mean C = 17.5\n| Feb mean C = 17.7\n| Mar mean C = 15.4\n| Apr mean C = 13.1\n| May mean C = 10.0\n| Jun mean C = 7.5\n| Jul mean C = 7.0\n| Aug mean C = 7.6\n| Sep mean C = 9.3\n| Oct mean C = 11.4\n| Nov mean C = 13.7\n| Dec mean C = 15.5\n| year mean C =\n<!-- Average low temperatures -->\n| Jan low C = 12.4\n| Feb low C = 12.9\n| Mar low C = 11.2\n| Apr low C = 9.9\n| May low C = 7.7\n| Jun low C = 5.6\n| Jul low C = 5.0\n| Aug low C = 5.2\n| Sep low C = 6.1\n| Oct low C = 7.5\n| Nov low C = 9.3\n| Dec low C = 10.8\n| year low C = \n<!-- Record low temperatures -->\n<!-- Note that record temperatures should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible. -->\n| Jan record low C = 4.5\n| Feb record low C = 4.4\n| Mar record low C = 3.8\n| Apr record low C = 1.1\n| May record low C = -0.4\n| Jun record low C = 0.1\n| Jul record low C = -0.1\n| Aug record low C = -0.5\n| Sep record low C = 0.6\n| Oct record low C = 0.4\n| Nov record low C = 1.6\n| Dec record low C = 3.0\n| year record low C = \n<!-- precipitation -->\n| precipitation colour = green\n<!-- IMPORTANT: use mm or cm but NOT both! -->\n| Jan precipitation mm = 38.5\n| Feb precipitation mm = 36.5\n| Mar precipitation mm = 38.2\n| Apr precipitation mm = 58.0\n| May precipitation mm = 109.9\n| Jun precipitation mm = 143.5\n| Jul precipitation mm = 147.9\n| Aug precipitation mm = 139.0\n| Sep precipitation mm = 114.1\n| Oct precipitation mm = 65.6\n| Nov precipitation mm = 43.0\n| Dec precipitation mm = 44.8\n| year precipitation mm = 986.4\n<!-- Average number of precipitation days -->\n| unit rain days = <!-- If entering the average number of days, then the unit requirement should be used, because this varies between countries. E.g. 0.2 cm, 0.2 mm. -->\n| Jan rain days = 6.9\n| Feb rain days = 8.1\n| Mar rain days = 10.0\n| Apr rain days = 12.9\n| May rain days = 17.3\n| Jun rain days = 20.2\n| Jul rain days = 22.1\n| Aug rain days = 21.5\n| Sep rain days = 18.1\n| Oct rain days = 13.8\n| Nov rain days = 11.0\n| Dec rain days = 10.0\n| year rain days = 171.9\n<!-- Average afternoon % humidity -->\n<!-- If entering the average afternoon % humidity, then the average afternoon % humidity table should be used. -->\n| humidity colour = green\n| time day = 3pm\n| daily = <!-- Enter \"Y\" if the humidity is for the entire day. Affects afternoon % humidity as well -->\n| Jan humidity = 51\n| Feb humidity = 50\n| Mar humidity = 56\n| Apr humidity = 60\n| May humidity = 73\n| Jun humidity = 82\n| Jul humidity = 80\n| Aug humidity = 72\n| Sep humidity = 70\n| Oct humidity = 64\n| Nov humidity = 58\n| Dec humidity = 53\n| year humidity = 64\n<!-- Average daily % humidity -->\n<!-- If entering the average daily % humidity, then the average daily % humidity table should be used. -->\n| Jan afthumidity =\n| Feb afthumidity =\n| Mar afthumidity =\n| Apr afthumidity =\n| May afthumidity =\n| Jun afthumidity =\n| Jul afthumidity =\n| Aug afthumidity =\n| Sep afthumidity =\n| Oct afthumidity =\n| Nov afthumidity =\n| Dec afthumidity =\n| year afthumidity =\n<!-- Average monthly sunshine hours, monthly totals are preferred, and will produce colours, but percentages are accepted.-->\n| Jan sun =\n| Feb sun = <!-- For February only if the source gives daily hours, please multiply by 28.25, not 28 -->\n| Mar sun =\n| Apr sun =\n| May sun =\n| Jun sun =\n| Jul sun =\n| Aug sun =\n| Sep sun =\n| Oct sun =\n| Nov sun =\n| Dec sun =\n| year sun =\n<!-- Average daily sunshine hours. Use this if the source shows daily sunshine hours. -->\n| Jand sun =\n| Febd sun =\n| Mard sun =\n| Aprd sun =\n| Mayd sun =\n| Jund sun =\n| Juld sun =\n| Augd sun =\n| Sepd sun =\n| Octd sun =\n| Novd sun =\n| Decd sun =\n| yeard sun =\n<!-- Average percent of possible sunshine. Number of daylight hours already factored into this number. Note that since this is possible sunshine, nighttime hours should not be included in this calculation. Will produce colours. -->\n| Jan percentsun =\n| Feb percentsun = \n| Mar percentsun =\n| Apr percentsun =\n| May percentsun =\n| Jun percentsun =\n| Jul percentsun =\n| Aug percentsun =\n| Sep percentsun =\n| Oct percentsun =\n| Nov percentsun =\n| Dec percentsun =\n| year percentsun =\n<!-- Mandatory fields, source -->\n| source = <ref name=\"Bureau of Meteorology\">{{cite web|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023842_All.shtml|website=www.bom.gov.au|access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>\n<!-- For a second source -->\n| source 2 = \n}}\n</p>", "<h3>Snow</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Mt._Lofty_Snow.jpg\" title=\"Mt. Lofty Snow.jpg\">250px|right|thumb|Snow on Mount Lofty in August 2008.</a>\nMount Lofty is the coldest location in the Adelaide area; during winter months the temperature may not exceed 3-4&nbsp;°C on some days. \n</p><p>Adelaide's metropolitan area experiences mild winters, with temperatures virtually never cold enough to produce snow; the nearest snowfields to Adelaide are in central Victoria, over 700&nbsp;km away. However, Mount Lofty's summit is the most common location for snow in South Australia; rare snowfalls sometimes occur in other parts of the Mount Lofty Ranges, and occasionally further north, in the <a href=\"/wiki/Flinders_Ranges\" title=\"Flinders Ranges\">Flinders</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Gammon_Ranges\" title=\"Gammon Ranges\">Gammon Ranges</a>.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 July 1949 |title=Heaviest Snowfall in S.A. History |page=1 |newspaper=[[The Advertiser (Adelaide)]] |location=South Australia |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article36676683 |access-date=22 September 2019 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref> Snowfall tends to be light (rarely lasting for more than a day) and does not take place every year. <a href=\"/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed\" title=\"Rain and snow mixed\">Sleet</a> however is a regular occurrence.\n</p><p>The snow is a novelty for the approximately 1.4 million residents of the Adelaide Plains (particularly for children), and photographs of it have made the front page of <a href=\"/wiki/The_Advertiser_%28Adelaide%29\" title=\"The Advertiser (Adelaide)\">the local newspaper</a> many times.<ref>Advertiser coverage of \"Snow at Mt Lofty\": <a href=\"http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/mother-nature-delivers-snow-to-the-adelaide-hills-and-wild-wind-and-rain-to-sa/story-fni6uo1m-1227009593714\">1 August 2014</a>; <a href=\"http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/south-australia/steady-rain-lashes-south-australia-but-warmer-weather-in-sight/story-fni6uo1m-1226682340603\">22 July 2013</a>; <a href=\"http://www.news.com.au/national/south-australia/snow-at-mt-lofty-more-wild-weather-coming/story-fndo4dzn-1226493307107\">11 October 2012</a>.</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>General and rainfall</h3>\n<p>Mount Lofty has a cool <a href=\"/wiki/Mediterranean_climate\" title=\"Mediterranean climate\">Mediterranean climate</a> (<i>Csb</i>) in the <a href=\"/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification\" title=\"Köppen climate classification\">Köppen climate classification</a>, due to its elevation and very dry summers with a pronounced winter rainfall peak. The annual rainfall is nearly twice the amount, and the monthly rainfall during winter more than twice the amount, of the city of Adelaide. Cloud cover is particularly heavy during the winter months.\n<p>{{Weather box <!-- Infobox begins -->\n| width = auto\n| metric first = yes\n| single line = y\n| location = Mount Lofty (1991−2020); 685 m AMSL; 34.98° S, 138.71° E\n\n<!-- Record high temperatures -->\n<!-- Note that record temperatures should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible. -->\n| Jan record high C = 41.1\n| Feb record high C = 38.9\n| Mar record high C = 33.4\n| Apr record high C = 30.5\n| May record high C = 24.5\n| Jun record high C = 18.8\n| Jul record high C = 16.9\n| Aug record high C = 24.0\n| Sep record high C = 27.0\n| Oct record high C = 34.3\n| Nov record high C = 37.1\n| Dec record high C = 36.4\n| year record high C = \n<!-- Average high temperatures -->\n| Jan high C = 22.5\n| Feb high C = 22.5\n| Mar high C = 19.6\n| Apr high C = 16.2\n| May high C = 12.3\n| Jun high C = 9.4\n| Jul high C = 8.9\n| Aug high C = 10.0\n| Sep high C = 12.4\n| Oct high C = 15.3\n| Nov high C = 18.0\n| Dec high C = 20.2\n| year high C = \n<!-- Mean daily temperature -->\n| Jan mean C = 17.5\n| Feb mean C = 17.7\n| Mar mean C = 15.4\n| Apr mean C = 13.1\n| May mean C = 10.0\n| Jun mean C = 7.5\n| Jul mean C = 7.0\n| Aug mean C = 7.6\n| Sep mean C = 9.3\n| Oct mean C = 11.4\n| Nov mean C = 13.7\n| Dec mean C = 15.5\n| year mean C =\n<!-- Average low temperatures -->\n| Jan low C = 12.4\n| Feb low C = 12.9\n| Mar low C = 11.2\n| Apr low C = 9.9\n| May low C = 7.7\n| Jun low C = 5.6\n| Jul low C = 5.0\n| Aug low C = 5.2\n| Sep low C = 6.1\n| Oct low C = 7.5\n| Nov low C = 9.3\n| Dec low C = 10.8\n| year low C = \n<!-- Record low temperatures -->\n<!-- Note that record temperatures should only be used when the data period is of the greatest length possible. -->\n| Jan record low C = 4.5\n| Feb record low C = 4.4\n| Mar record low C = 3.8\n| Apr record low C = 1.1\n| May record low C = -0.4\n| Jun record low C = 0.1\n| Jul record low C = -0.1\n| Aug record low C = -0.5\n| Sep record low C = 0.6\n| Oct record low C = 0.4\n| Nov record low C = 1.6\n| Dec record low C = 3.0\n| year record low C = \n<!-- precipitation -->\n| precipitation colour = green\n<!-- IMPORTANT: use mm or cm but NOT both! -->\n| Jan precipitation mm = 38.5\n| Feb precipitation mm = 36.5\n| Mar precipitation mm = 38.2\n| Apr precipitation mm = 58.0\n| May precipitation mm = 109.9\n| Jun precipitation mm = 143.5\n| Jul precipitation mm = 147.9\n| Aug precipitation mm = 139.0\n| Sep precipitation mm = 114.1\n| Oct precipitation mm = 65.6\n| Nov precipitation mm = 43.0\n| Dec precipitation mm = 44.8\n| year precipitation mm = 986.4\n<!-- Average number of precipitation days -->\n| unit rain days = <!-- If entering the average number of days, then the unit requirement should be used, because this varies between countries. E.g. 0.2 cm, 0.2 mm. -->\n| Jan rain days = 6.9\n| Feb rain days = 8.1\n| Mar rain days = 10.0\n| Apr rain days = 12.9\n| May rain days = 17.3\n| Jun rain days = 20.2\n| Jul rain days = 22.1\n| Aug rain days = 21.5\n| Sep rain days = 18.1\n| Oct rain days = 13.8\n| Nov rain days = 11.0\n| Dec rain days = 10.0\n| year rain days = 171.9\n<!-- Average afternoon % humidity -->\n<!-- If entering the average afternoon % humidity, then the average afternoon % humidity table should be used. -->\n| humidity colour = green\n| time day = 3pm\n| daily = <!-- Enter \"Y\" if the humidity is for the entire day. Affects afternoon % humidity as well -->\n| Jan humidity = 51\n| Feb humidity = 50\n| Mar humidity = 56\n| Apr humidity = 60\n| May humidity = 73\n| Jun humidity = 82\n| Jul humidity = 80\n| Aug humidity = 72\n| Sep humidity = 70\n| Oct humidity = 64\n| Nov humidity = 58\n| Dec humidity = 53\n| year humidity = 64\n<!-- Average daily % humidity -->\n<!-- If entering the average daily % humidity, then the average daily % humidity table should be used. -->\n| Jan afthumidity =\n| Feb afthumidity =\n| Mar afthumidity =\n| Apr afthumidity =\n| May afthumidity =\n| Jun afthumidity =\n| Jul afthumidity =\n| Aug afthumidity =\n| Sep afthumidity =\n| Oct afthumidity =\n| Nov afthumidity =\n| Dec afthumidity =\n| year afthumidity =\n<!-- Average monthly sunshine hours, monthly totals are preferred, and will produce colours, but percentages are accepted.-->\n| Jan sun =\n| Feb sun = <!-- For February only if the source gives daily hours, please multiply by 28.25, not 28 -->\n| Mar sun =\n| Apr sun =\n| May sun =\n| Jun sun =\n| Jul sun =\n| Aug sun =\n| Sep sun =\n| Oct sun =\n| Nov sun =\n| Dec sun =\n| year sun =\n<!-- Average daily sunshine hours. Use this if the source shows daily sunshine hours. -->\n| Jand sun =\n| Febd sun =\n| Mard sun =\n| Aprd sun =\n| Mayd sun =\n| Jund sun =\n| Juld sun =\n| Augd sun =\n| Sepd sun =\n| Octd sun =\n| Novd sun =\n| Decd sun =\n| yeard sun =\n<!-- Average percent of possible sunshine. Number of daylight hours already factored into this number. Note that since this is possible sunshine, nighttime hours should not be included in this calculation. Will produce colours. -->\n| Jan percentsun =\n| Feb percentsun = \n| Mar percentsun =\n| Apr percentsun =\n| May percentsun =\n| Jun percentsun =\n| Jul percentsun =\n| Aug percentsun =\n| Sep percentsun =\n| Oct percentsun =\n| Nov percentsun =\n| Dec percentsun =\n| year percentsun =\n<!-- Mandatory fields, source -->\n| source = <ref name=\"Bureau of Meteorology\">{{cite web|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_023842_All.shtml|website=www.bom.gov.au|access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>\n<!-- For a second source -->\n| source 2 = \n}}\n</p>", "<h2>Gallery</h2>\n<p><gallery>\nFile:Eurilla1905-B33591.jpg|Snow at Eurilla in 1905\nFile:Piccadilly Valley.JPG|View SE across the [[Piccadilly, South Australia|Piccadilly Valley]] from the Mount Lofty Scenic Route. The summit of [[Mount Barker (South Australia)|Mount Barker]], 22 km away, is visible on the horizon.\nFile:Flinders Column dedication plaque.JPG|Flinders Column dedication plaque, from 1902\nImage:Mount Lofty View Night.jpg|View of [[Adelaide]] Plains at night from the summit.\nFile:Adelaide sunset.jpg|View of the eastern suburbs, the [[Adelaide city centre]] and the [[Gulf St Vincent]] at sunset from the summit.\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia\" title=\"List of mountains in Australia\">List of mountains in Australia</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li>{{official|https://www.parks.sa.gov.au/parks/cleland-national-park|Cleland National Park}}\n</li></ul><p>{{Adelaide Hills Council suburbs}}\n{{Adelaide Hills}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Mount Lofty}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_South_Australia\" title=\"Mountains of South Australia\">Lofty, Mount</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 45417033 ], "name": [ "Swinub" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Work", "Books", "Notes", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}\n{{Short description|British-based archaeologist}}\n<b>Timothy Taylor</b> (born 1960) is a British-based archaeologist specialising in <a href=\"/wiki/Prehistory\" title=\"Prehistory\">prehistory</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Archaeological_theory\" title=\"Archaeological theory\">archaeological theory</a>.{{NoteTag|Not to be confused with [[Tim Taylor (producer)|Tim Taylor]], the producer behind the TV series [[Time Team]].}}\n</p>", "<h2>Work</h2>\n<p>Taylor was born in Norfolk and educated at the universities of Cambridge and Oxford.\n</p><p>His academic work began studying ornamental metalwork of the Balkans and western Asia. Since, his focus has shifted and he has done extensive work on the archaeology of <a href=\"/wiki/Human_cannibalism\" title=\"Human cannibalism\">cannibalism</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Human_sexuality\" title=\"Human sexuality\">sexuality</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Material_culture\" title=\"Material culture\">material culture</a> theory. He has also written several popular books on <a href=\"/wiki/Archaeology\" title=\"Archaeology\">archaeology</a>. In the 1980s and 1990s he frequently presented his work on television. The British Archaeological Award winner for \"best popular archaeology on television\" 1991 was a \"<i>Down to Earth</i>\" episode on which he appeared. Taylor is known for his closely reasoned, wide-ranging, and provocative ideas, and for his ability to connect with a general audience of readers and viewers.\n</p><p>Taylor is currently Jan Eisner Professor of Archaeology, <a href=\"/wiki/Comenius_University\" title=\"Comenius University\">Comenius University</a> in Bratislava.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edge.org/memberbio/timothy_taylor | title=Edge article | accessdate=2021-11-20}}</ref> Until 2020 he was Professor of the Prehistory of Humanity at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Vienna\" title=\"University of Vienna\">University of Vienna</a> (Austria)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://medienportal.univie.ac.at/uniview/professuren/detailansicht/archiv/2012/november/artikel/univ-prof-dr-timothy-taylor-ma-phd/|language=German|title=Univ.-Prof. Dr. Timothy Taylor, MA PhD|accessdate=2012-12-13|work=Universität Wien}}</ref> and is editor-in-chief of the <i>Journal of World Prehistory</i>.<ref><a href=\"https://www.springer.com/social+sciences/anthropology+%26+archaeology/journal/10963\"><i>Journal of World Prehistory</i></a> (official website)</ref> Until 2012, he was a senior lecturer in <a href=\"/wiki/Archaeology\" title=\"Archaeology\">archaeology</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Bradford\" title=\"University of Bradford\">University of Bradford</a> (UK).\n</p>", "<h2> Books </h2>\n<ul><li> <i>The Prehistory of Sex: Four Million Years of Human Sexual Culture</i> 1996, <a href=\"/wiki/Bantam_Books\" title=\"Bantam Books\">Bantam Books</a> {{ISBN|0-553-37527-X}} – a <a href=\"/wiki/Controversial\" title=\"Controversial\">controversial</a> book actually beginning eight million years in the past.\n</li><li> <i>The Buried Soul: How Humans Invented Death</i> 2004, Beacon {{ISBN|0-8070-4672-8}} – claims evidence for widespread prehistoric <a href=\"/wiki/Vampirism\" title=\"Vampirism\">vampirism</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Human_cannibalism\" title=\"Human cannibalism\">cannibalism</a>, and that ceremonial <a href=\"/wiki/Burial\" title=\"Burial\">burial</a> predates social conceptions of an immortal soul.\n</li><li> <i>The Artificial Ape: How Technology Changed the Course of Human Evolution</i> 2010, Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN|978-0-230-61763-6}}\n</li></ul>", "<h2>Notes</h2>\n<p>{{NoteFoot}}\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://www.edge.org/memberbio/timothy_taylor\">Timothy Taylor on Edge</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.brad.ac.uk/admin/pr/sept2002/stoneage.php\">A page on Timothy's newer book at the Bradford University site</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, Timothy}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:British_archaeologists\" title=\"British archaeologists\">Category:British archaeologists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_Bradford\" title=\"Academics of the University of Bradford\">Category:Academics of the University of Bradford</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1960_births\" title=\"1960 births\">Category:1960 births</a></p><p><br />\n{{UK-archaeologist-stub}}\n{{UK-tv-bio-stub}}\n{{UK-writer-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "2800:150:111:2F6:F843:1871:EB12:3680" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Coaches", "Year-by-year", "Honors", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}\n{{Use American English|date=March 2023}}\n{{Short description|Defunct American soccer club}}\n{{Infobox football club\n|American = true\n|clubname = Denver Dynamos\n|image = [[File:DenverDynamos.png|220px|logo]]\n|fullname = Denver Dynamos\n|nickname = The Dynamos\n|founded = 1974\n|dissolved = 1975\n|stadium = [[Mile High Stadium]] <br /> [[Jefferson County Stadium]]\n|capacity = 75,000 (Mile High)<br /> 10,000 (Jefferson)\n|chairman = \n|mgrtitle = Coach\n|manager = \n|league = [[North American Soccer League (1968-1984)|North American Soccer League]]\n|season = \n|position = \n|pattern_la1 = \n|pattern_b1 = _rightstripeonwhite\n|pattern_ra1 = \n|leftarm1 = ffffff\n|body1 = 0000FF\n|rightarm1 = ffffff\n|shorts1 = 0000FF\n|socks1 = ffffff\n|pattern_la2 = \n|pattern_b2 = _whitestripeonright\n|pattern_ra2 = \n|leftarm2 = 0000FF\n|body2 = 0000FF\n|rightarm2 = 0000FF\n|shorts2 = 0000FF\n|socks2 = 0000FF\n}}\nThe <b>Denver Dynamos</b> were a <a href=\"/wiki/Soccer\" title=\"Soccer\">soccer</a> team based in <a href=\"/wiki/Denver%2C_Colorado\" title=\"Denver, Colorado\">Denver</a> that played in the <a href=\"/wiki/North_American_Soccer_League_%281968-1984%29\" title=\"North American Soccer League (1968-1984)\">NASL</a> from 1974 to 1975. Their home field was <a href=\"/wiki/Mile_High_Stadium\" title=\"Mile High Stadium\">Mile High Stadium</a>. After the 1975 season, they moved to <a href=\"/wiki/Minnesota\" title=\"Minnesota\">Minnesota</a> and became the <a href=\"/wiki/Minnesota_Kicks\" title=\"Minnesota Kicks\">Minnesota Kicks</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p>Between the <a href=\"/wiki/1973_North_American_Soccer_League_season\" title=\"1973 North American Soccer League season\">1973</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/1974_North_American_Soccer_League_season\" title=\"1974 North American Soccer League season\">1974 North American Soccer League</a> seasons the league added eight new expansion teams, including one located in <a href=\"/wiki/Denver%2C_Colorado\" title=\"Denver, Colorado\">Denver</a>. English full-back and NASL veteran <a href=\"/wiki/Ken_Bracewell\" title=\"Ken Bracewell\">Ken Bracewell</a> was hired as <a href=\"/wiki/Player-coach\" title=\"Player-coach\">player-coach</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Oldham_Athletic_A.F.C.\" title=\"Oldham Athletic A.F.C.\">Oldham Athletic A.F.C.</a> players <a href=\"/wiki/Andy_Lochhead\" title=\"Andy Lochhead\">Andy Lochhead</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Ian_Wood_%28footballer%2C_born_1948%29\" title=\"Ian Wood (footballer, born 1948)\">Ian Wood</a> were brought over on loan.<ref>{{cite book| last=Tossell |first=David |title=Playing for Uncle Sam: The Brits' Story of the North American Soccer League.|location=United Kingdom |publisher=Mainstream Publishing |date=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Denver Dynamos Ink Wood to Boot Pact |work=Schenectady Gazette |date=April 23, 1974|page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGMtAAAAIBAJ |access-date=December 29, 2021}}</ref> The team lost its first game to the <a href=\"/wiki/Toronto_Blizzard_%281971%E2%80%931984%29\" title=\"Toronto Blizzard (1971–1984)\">Toronto Metros</a> 3-2<ref>{{cite news|title=Whitecaps fall in debut |work=The Leader-Post |date=May 6, 1974 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfNUAAAAIBAJ |access-date=December 29, 2021}}</ref> and finished the 1974 season in last place of the Central Division with a record of five wins and fifteen losses.<ref name=\"NASL\">{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/usadave/nasl.html|title=North American Soccer League|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=December 30, 2021}}</ref>\nDuring the season, the Dynamos went 523 minutes without scoring a goal, setting a record that held until the <a href=\"/wiki/Philadelphia_Fury_%281978%E2%80%931980%29\" title=\"Philadelphia Fury (1978–1980)\">Philadelphia Fury</a> went 524 minutes and 18 seconds without scoring during the <a href=\"/wiki/1978_North_American_Soccer_League_season\" title=\"1978 North American Soccer League season\">1978 NASL season</a>.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rowdies hope to reclaim East lead in Philadelphia |work=St. Petersburg Times |date=July 11, 1978|page=3c |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OYAmAAAAIBAJ |access-date=December 29, 2021}}</ref> Following the season, GM Norman Sutherland announced that Bracewell's contract would not be renewed, effectively firing the head coach.<ref>{{cite news |title=Coach Fired |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XVlVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA10&dq=ken+bracewell+denver+dynamos |page=19 |access-date=December 30, 2021 |work=The News-Dispatch |date=August 14, 1974}}</ref> On October 22, 1974, Sutherland, who had played for <a href=\"/wiki/East_Fife_F.C.\" title=\"East Fife F.C.\">East Fife F.C.</a> in Scotland and had won the <a href=\"/wiki/1968_American_Soccer_League\" title=\"1968 American Soccer League\">1968</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/1969_American_Soccer_League\" title=\"1969 American Soccer League\">1969</a> <a href=\"/wiki/American_Soccer_League_%281933%E2%80%931983%29\" title=\"American Soccer League (1933–1983)\">American Soccer League</a> titles as manager of the <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_Darts\" title=\"Washington Darts\">Washington Darts</a>, was named coach for the 1975 season.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Charleson |first1=Eric |title=Indoor Soccer Planned for OCC Gymnasium |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlNRAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=denver+dynamos+NASL+1974 |access-date=December 30, 2021 |work=The Evening News |publisher=Gannett |date=October 22, 1974}}</ref> However, less than five months later and a week before training camp, Sutherland announced his resignation as both coach and general manager of the organization.<ref>{{cite news |title=Denver Dynamos' GM-Coach Resigns |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OHQlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA5&dq=denver+dynamos |access-date=December 30, 2021 |work=Gettysburg Times |date=March 15, 1975}}</ref> Less than a week later, John Young, who had coached the <a href=\"/wiki/Miami_Toros\" title=\"Miami Toros\">Miami Toros</a> for three seasons, was named head coach and Joe Echelle was named general manager, a position he had held previously for four years with the <a href=\"/wiki/Dallas_Tornado\" title=\"Dallas Tornado\">Dallas Tornado</a>.<ref>{{cite news |title=Young to Coach Denver Dynamos |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uuYpAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA12&dq=denver+dynamos |access-date=December 30, 2021 |work=The Lewiston Daily Sun |agency=AP |date=March 21, 1975}}</ref> For the <a href=\"/wiki/1975_North_American_Soccer_League_season\" title=\"1975 North American Soccer League season\">1975 NASL season</a>, the Dynamos finished in third place of the Central Division with a record of nine wins and thirteen losses.<ref name=\"NASL\"></ref> The team played two season at <a href=\"/wiki/Mile_High_Stadium\" title=\"Mile High Stadium\">Mile High Stadium</a>, averaging 4,840 fans a game in 1974 and 3,654 during the 1975 season.<ref name=\"NASL\"></ref> On November 18, 1975, Jack Crocker announced that a group led by him would be purchasing the club and moving it to Minnesota for the 1976 season, the sale was completed on November 25.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASL CLUB MAY MOVE |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pj5VAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA45&dq=Jack+Crocker+denver+dynamos |access-date=December 30, 2021 |work=The Leader-Post |agency=AP |date=November 19, 1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reusse |first1=Patrick |title=Big-time soccer has arrived — again — in Minnesota with MLS announcement|url=https://www.startribune.com/big-time-soccer-has-arrived-again-in-minnesota-with-mls-announcement/390769671/ |access-date=December 30, 2021 |work=Star Tribune |publisher=StarTribune |date=August 20, 2016}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Coaches</h2>\n<ul><li>{{flagicon|ENG}} <a href=\"/wiki/Ken_Bracewell\" title=\"Ken Bracewell\">Ken Bracewell</a> 1974\n</li><li>{{flagicon|Scotland}} <a href=\"/wiki/John_Young_%28soccer_coach%29\" title=\"John Young (soccer coach)\">John Young</a> 1975\n</li></ul>", "<h2>Year-by-year</h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<th>Year\n</th>\n<th>League\n</th>\n<th>W\n</th>\n<th>L\n</th>\n<th>T\n</th>\n<th>Pts\n</th>\n<th>Reg. Season\n</th>\n<th>Playoffs\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1974_North_American_Soccer_League_season\" title=\"1974 North American Soccer League season\">1974</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">NASL\n</td>\n<td>5\n</td>\n<td>15\n</td>\n<td>0\n</td>\n<td>49\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">3rd, Central Division\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><i>did not qualify</i>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1975_North_American_Soccer_League_season\" title=\"1975 North American Soccer League season\">1975</a>\n</td>\n<td>9\n</td>\n<td>13\n</td>\n<td>—\n</td>\n<td>85\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>Honors</h2>\n<p><b>NASL All-Stars</b>\n<ul><li> 1975: <a href=\"/wiki/Hugh_Fisher_%28footballer%29\" title=\"Hugh Fisher (footballer)\">Hugh Fisher</a><ref>{{cite news |last=Mudry |first=Richard |title=Rowdies seven all-NASL; Quraishi leads Tampans|date=August 20, 1975|newspaper=Tampa Times|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/334636313/?terms=Quraishi&match=1|page=7-C|access-date=January 17, 2021}}</ref> <i>(honorable mention)</i>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>U.S. Soccer Hall of Fame</b>\n<ul><li> 2003: <a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Ntsoelengoe\" title=\"Patrick Ntsoelengoe\">Patrick Ntsoelengoe</a>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Minnesota Kicks}}\n{{North American Soccer League (1966–85)}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Denver_Dynamos\" title=\"Denver Dynamos\"> </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Defunct_soccer_clubs_in_Colorado\" title=\"Defunct soccer clubs in Colorado\">Category:Defunct soccer clubs in Colorado</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:North_American_Soccer_League_%281968%E2%80%931984%29_teams\" title=\"North American Soccer League (1968–1984) teams\">Category:North American Soccer League (1968–1984) teams</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Soccer_clubs_in_Denver\" title=\"Soccer clubs in Denver\">Category:Soccer clubs in Denver</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Soccer_clubs_in_Colorado\" title=\"Soccer clubs in Colorado\">Category:Soccer clubs in Colorado</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1974_establishments_in_Colorado\" title=\"1974 establishments in Colorado\">Category:1974 establishments in Colorado</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1975_disestablishments_in_Colorado\" title=\"1975 disestablishments in Colorado\">Category:1975 disestablishments in Colorado</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Association_football_clubs_established_in_1974\" title=\"Association football clubs established in 1974\">Category:Association football clubs established in 1974</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Association_football_clubs_disestablished_in_1975\" title=\"Association football clubs disestablished in 1975\">Category:Association football clubs disestablished in 1975</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>In <a href=\"/wiki/Formal_semantics_%28natural_language%29\" title=\"Formal semantics (natural language)\">formal semantics</a>, a <a href=\"/wiki/Predicate_%28grammar%29\" title=\"Predicate (grammar)\">predicate</a> is <b>quantized</b> if it being true of an entity requires that it is <i>not</i> true of any proper subparts of that entity. For example, if something is an \"apple\", then no proper subpart of that thing is an \"apple\". If something is \"water\", then many of its subparts will also be \"water\". Hence, the predicate \"apple\" is quantized, while \"water\" is not.<ref name=\"champkrifka\">{{cite encyclopedia |last1= Champollion | first1=Lucas | last2=Krifka |first2= Manfred|editor-last1=Aloni |editor-first1=Maria |editor1-link=Maria Aloni| editor-last2=Dekker |editor-first2=Paul |encyclopedia=The Cambridge Handbook of Formal Semantics |title=Mereology|year=2016 | pages=369–388 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139236157.014| isbn=9781139236157 }}</ref><ref name=\"krifkaarticle\">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Krifka |first= Manfred |author-link=Manfred Krifka |editor-last1=Bartsch |editor-first1=Renate | editor-last2=van Benthem |editor-first2=Johan | editor-last3=van Emde Boas | editor-first3= Peter | encyclopedia=Semantics and Contextual Expressions |title=Nominal reference, temporal constitution, and quantification in event semantics|year=1989 |publisher=Foris |pages=75–115}}</ref>\n</p><p>Formally, a <b>quantization</b> predicate <i>QUA</i> can be defined as follows, where <math>U</math> is the <a href=\"/wiki/Universe_of_discourse\" title=\"Universe of discourse\">universe of discourse</a>, <math>F</math> is a variable over <a href=\"/wiki/Set_%28mathematics%29\" title=\"Set (mathematics)\">sets</a>, and <math>p</math> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Mereology\" title=\"Mereology\">mereological</a> part <a href=\"/wiki/Mathematical_structure\" title=\"Mathematical structure\">structure</a> on <math>U</math> with <math> &lt;_p</math> the <a href=\"/wiki/Mereology\" title=\"Mereology\">mereological</a> part-of <a href=\"/wiki/Relation_%28mathematics%29\" title=\"Relation (mathematics)\">relation</a>:<ref name=\"champkrifka\" /><ref name=\"krifkaarticle\" />\n</p><p><math>(\\forall F\\subseteq U_p)(QUA(F) \\iff (\\forall x,y)(F(x)\\wedge F(y) \\Rightarrow \\neg x&lt;_p y))</math>\n</p><p>Quantization was first proposed by <a href=\"/wiki/Manfred_Krifka\" title=\"Manfred Krifka\">Manfred Krifka</a> as part of his <a href=\"/wiki/Mereology\" title=\"Mereology\">mereological</a> approach to the semantics of nominals. It has since been applied to other phenomena such as <a href=\"/wiki/Telicity\" title=\"Telicity\">telicity</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Fewer_vs._less\" title=\"Fewer vs. less\">Fewer vs. less</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mass_noun\" title=\"Mass noun\">Mass noun</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mereology\" title=\"Mereology\">Mereology</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Telicity\" title=\"Telicity\">Telicity</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p><p>{{formal semantics}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Logic\" title=\"Logic\">Category:Logic</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Semantics\" title=\"Semantics\">Category:Semantics</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Grammar\" title=\"Grammar\">Category:Grammar</a></p><p><br />\n{{semantics-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 753665 ], "name": [ "Ser Amantio di Nicolao" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Transportation", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use Canadian English|date=January 2023}}\n{{Infobox settlement\n| name = Nemegos\n| native_name = \n| other_name = \n| settlement_type = \n<!-- images, nickname, motto -->\n| image_skyline = \n| image_caption = \n| image_flag = \n| image_shield = \n| motto = \n| nickname = \n| etymology = Named for the [[Nemegosenda River]]\n<!-- location -->\n| subdivision_type = Country\n| subdivision_name = Canada\n| subdivision_type1 = Province\n| subdivision_name1 = Ontario\n| subdivision_type2 = Region\n| subdivision_name2 = Northeastern Ontario\n| subdivision_type3 = District\n| subdivision_name3 = [[Sudbury District|Sudbury]]\n| subdivision_type4 = Part\n| subdivision_name4 = [[Unorganized North Sudbury District|Sudbury, Unorganized, North]]\n<!-- maps and coordinates -->\n| image_map = \n| map_caption = \n| pushpin_map = Ontario\n| pushpin_relief = \n| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Nemegos in Ontario \n| coordinates = {{coord|47|43|32|N|83|12|13|W|display=inline,title}}\n| coordinates_footnotes = \n<!-- established -->\n| established_title = Founded\n| established_date = 1890s\n<!-- area -->\n| area_footnotes = \n| area_total_km2 = \n| area_total_sq_mi = \n| area_land_sq_mi = \n| area_water_sq_mi = \n<!-- elevation -->\n| elevation_footnotes = \n| elevation_m = 436\n| elevation_ft = \n<!-- population -->\n| population_as_of = \n| population_footnotes = \n| population_total = \n| population_density_km2 = auto\n| population_density_sq_mi=\n| population_demonym = \n<!-- time zone(s) -->\n| timezone1 = Eastern Time Zone\n| utc_offset1 = -5\n| timezone1_DST = Eastern Time Zone\n| utc_offset1_DST = -4\n<!-- postal codes, area code -->\n| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in Canada#Forward sortation areas|Postal code FSA]]\n| postal_code = P0M\n| area_code_type = \n| area_codes = [[Area codes 705 and 249|705, 249]]\n| geocode = \n| iso_code = \n<!-- website, footnotes -->\n| website = \n| footnotes = \n}}\n</p><p><b>Nemegos</b> is an <a href=\"/wiki/Unincorporated_area%23Canada\" title=\"Unincorporated area#Canada\">unincorporated place</a> and community in <a href=\"/wiki/Township_%28Canada%29%23Ontario\" title=\"Township (Canada)#Ontario\">geographic</a> Halsey Township<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/website/historic_claim_maps/H/Halsey.pdf|title= Halsey|work= Geology Ontario - Historic Claim Maps|publisher= [[Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forestry|Ontario Ministry of Northern Development, Mines and Forestry]]|accessdate= 2011-09-10|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120327213555/http://www.geologyontario.mndmf.gov.on.ca/website/historic_claim_maps/H/Halsey.pdf|archivedate= 2012-03-27}}</ref> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Unorganized_North_Sudbury_District\" title=\"Unorganized North Sudbury District\">Unorganized North Part</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Sudbury_District\" title=\"Sudbury District\">Sudbury District</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Northeastern_Ontario\" title=\"Northeastern Ontario\">Northeastern Ontario</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Canada\" title=\"Canada\">Canada</a>.<ref name=\"CGNDB\">{{cite cgndb|id= FDMZO|title= Nemegos|accessdate=2011-09-11}}</ref> It is on the <a href=\"/wiki/Nemegosenda_River\" title=\"Nemegosenda River\">Nemegosenda River</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/James_Bay\" title=\"James Bay\">James Bay</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Drainage_basin\" title=\"Drainage basin\">drainage basin</a>, and also is on the <a href=\"/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway\" title=\"Canadian Pacific Railway\">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad\" title=\"Transcontinental railroad\">transcontinental</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Main_line_%28railway%29\" title=\"Main line (railway)\">main line</a>,<ref>{{cite map|url= http://www.mto.gov.on.ca/english/traveller/map/images/pdf/northont/sheets/Map12.pdf |format= PDF|title= Map 12|series= Official road map of Ontario|publisher= [[Ministry of Transportation of Ontario]]|scale= 1 : 1,600,000|date= 2010-01-01|accessdate= 2011-09-11}}</ref> between the railway points of <a href=\"/wiki/Devon%2C_Ontario\" title=\"Devon, Ontario\">Devon</a> to the west and <a href=\"/wiki/Tophet%2C_Ontario\" title=\"Tophet, Ontario\">Tophet</a> to the east.\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p>Nemegos was established in the 1890s as a sectional point on the CPR between the divisional points of <a href=\"/wiki/Chapleau%2C_Ontario\" title=\"Chapleau, Ontario\">Chapleau</a> to the west and <a href=\"/wiki/Cartier%2C_Ontario\" title=\"Cartier, Ontario\">Cartier</a> to the east.<ref name=\"AOCRail1913\">{{cite map|url= http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/2ndedition/economic/transportationandcommunications/page43_44|title= \"Ontario and Quebec Railway Territories\" from the 2nd Edition, 1915, Atlas of Canada|year= 1913|publisher= [[Natural Resources Canada]]|scale= 1 : 2,217,600|accessdate= 2011-09-11|url-status= dead|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100728050049/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/archives/2ndedition/economic/transportationandcommunications/page43_44|archivedate= 2010-07-28}}</ref><ref name=\"NemegosHistory\">{{cite web|last= Charbonneau|first= Yvan|url= http://www.ghosttownpix.com/ontario/towns/nemego.html |title= History|work= Nemegos|publisher= Ontario Ghost Towns|date= 2010-10-02|accessdate= 2011-09-11}}</ref>\nThe residents were a mix of native and <a href=\"/wiki/Europe\" title=\"Europe\">European</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Settler\" title=\"Settler\">settlers</a>, primarily <a href=\"/wiki/Finnish_people\" title=\"Finnish people\">Finnish people</a>. The post office was opened in 1912 by S.A. Hatch. There was a store, hotel, bunkhouses and a <a href=\"/wiki/One-room_school\" title=\"One-room school\">one-room school</a>. Some of the men worked on the CPR; however, most were logging contractors, producing <a href=\"/wiki/Axe_ties\" title=\"Axe ties\">axe ties</a> under contract to Austin, Nicholson Ltd. of nearby Chapleau.<ref name=\"NemegosHistory\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Transportation</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Nemegos_railway_station\" title=\"Nemegos railway station\">Nemegos railway station</a> is served by the <a href=\"/wiki/Via_Rail\" title=\"Via Rail\">Via Rail</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Sudbury_%E2%80%93_White_River_train\" title=\"Sudbury – White River train\">Sudbury – White River train</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.ghosttownpix.com/ontario/towns/nemego.html\">Nemegos</a> at Ontario Ghost Towns; includes photos\n</li></ul><p>{{authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Communities_in_Sudbury_District\" title=\"Communities in Sudbury District\">Category:Communities in Sudbury District</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ghost_towns_in_Northern_Ontario\" title=\"Ghost towns in Northern Ontario\">Category:Ghost towns in Northern Ontario</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 46469326 ], "name": [ "Evooldevocco" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "1800s", "1900–1929", "1930–1959", "1960–1979", "1980–1999", "2000–2019", "2020s", "2020", "2021", "2022", "2024", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Part of the history of energy and technology}}\nIn the 19th century, it was observed that the sunlight striking certain materials generates detectable electric current – the <a href=\"/wiki/Photoelectric_effect\" title=\"Photoelectric effect\">photoelectric effect</a>. This discovery laid the foundation for <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell\" title=\"Solar cell\">solar cells</a>. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid was unavailable.\n</p><p>As the invention was brought out it made solar cells as a prominent utilization for power generation for satellites. Satellites orbit the Earth, thus making solar cells a prominent source for power generation through the sunlight falling on them. Solar cells are commonly used in satellites in today's times.\n</p>", "<h2> 1800s </h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Edmond_Becquerel%2C_by_Nadar%2C_2_%28cropped%29.jpg\" title=\"Edmond Becquerel, by Nadar, 2 (cropped).jpg\">thumb|right|<a href=\"/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel\" title=\"Edmond Becquerel\">Edmond Becquerel</a> created the world's first photovoltaic cell at 19 years old in 1839.</a>\n<ul><li> 1839 - <a href=\"/wiki/Edmond_Becquerel\" title=\"Edmond Becquerel\">Edmond Becquerel</a> observes the <a href=\"/wiki/Photovoltaic_effect\" title=\"Photovoltaic effect\">photovoltaic effect</a> via an electrode in a conductive solution exposed to light.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unige.ch/sphn/Publications/ArchivesSciences/AdS%202004-2015/AdS%202005%20Vol%2058%20Fasc%202/149-158_58_2.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507163731/https://www.unige.ch/sphn/Publications/ArchivesSciences/AdS%202004-2015/AdS%202005%20Vol%2058%20Fasc%202/149-158_58_2.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2020|title=Recreating Edmond Becquerel's electrochemical actinometer|access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Becquerel |first1=Alexandre Edmond |title=Recherche sur les effets de la radiation chimique de la lumière solaire, au moyen des courants électriques |journal=Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des séances de l'Académie des sciences |date=1839 |volume=9 |pages=145–149 |url=https://archive.org/details/comptes-rendus-hebdomadaires-des-seances-...-academie-des-bpt-6k-2968p |access-date=7 May 2020}}</ref>\n</li><li> 1873 - <a href=\"/wiki/Willoughby_Smith\" title=\"Willoughby Smith\">Willoughby Smith</a> finds that <a href=\"/wiki/Selenium\" title=\"Selenium\">selenium</a> shows <a href=\"/wiki/Photoconductivity\" title=\"Photoconductivity\">photoconductivity</a>.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Willoughby |title=Effect of Light on Selenium During the Passage of An Electric Current |journal=Nature |date=20 February 1873 |volume=7 |issue=173 |page=303 |doi=10.1038/007303e0|bibcode=1873Natur...7R.303. |doi-access=free }}</ref>\n</li><li> 1874 - <a href=\"/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell\" title=\"James Clerk Maxwell\">James Clerk Maxwell</a> writes to fellow mathematician <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Tait_%28physicist%29\" title=\"Peter Tait (physicist)\">Peter Tait</a> of his observation that light affects the conductivity of selenium.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maxwell |first1=James Clerk |title=The Scientific Letters and Papers of James Clerk Maxwell: Volume 3, 1874-1879 |date=April 1874 |publisher=P. M. Harman |location=Cambridge, UK |isbn=978-0-521-25627-8 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JbNK9lRLHPEC&pg=PA67 |access-date=7 May 2020 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027213439/https://books.google.com/books?id=JbNK9lRLHPEC&pg=PA67 |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li><li> 1877 - <a href=\"/wiki/William_Grylls_Adams\" title=\"William Grylls Adams\">William Grylls Adams</a> and Richard Evans Day observed the <a href=\"/wiki/Photovoltaic\" title=\"Photovoltaic\">photovoltaic</a> effect in solidified <a href=\"/wiki/Selenium\" title=\"Selenium\">selenium</a>, and published a paper on the selenium cell. 'The action of light on selenium,' in \"Proceedings of the Royal Society, A25, 113.\n</li><li> 1883 - <a href=\"/wiki/Charles_Fritts\" title=\"Charles Fritts\">Charles Fritts</a> develops a solar cell using selenium on a thin layer of gold to form a device giving less than 1% efficiency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2014/12/31/photovoltaic-dreaming-first-attempts-commercializing-pv/|title=Photovoltaic Dreaming 1875–1905: First Attempts At Commercializing PV|date=31 December 2014|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=25 May 2017|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170525170459/https://cleantechnica.com/2014/12/31/photovoltaic-dreaming-first-attempts-commercializing-pv/|url-status=live}}</ref> \n</li><li> 1887 - <a href=\"/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz\" title=\"Heinrich Hertz\">Heinrich Hertz</a> investigates ultraviolet light photoconductivity and discovers the <a href=\"/wiki/Photoelectric_effect\" title=\"Photoelectric effect\">photoelectric effect</a>\n</li><li> 1887 - James Moser reports <a href=\"/wiki/Hermann_Wilhelm_Vogel%23Dye_sensitization\" title=\"Hermann Wilhelm Vogel#Dye sensitization\">dye sensitized</a> photoelectrochemical cell.\n</li><li> 1888 - <a href=\"/wiki/Edward_Weston_%28chemist%29\" title=\"Edward Weston (chemist)\">Edward Weston</a> receives patent US389124, \"<i>Solar cell</i>,\" and US389125, \"<i>Solar cell</i>.\"\n</li><li> 1888–91 - <a href=\"/wiki/Aleksandr_Stoletov\" title=\"Aleksandr Stoletov\">Aleksandr Stoletov</a> creates the first <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell\" title=\"Solar cell\">solar cell</a> based on the outer <a href=\"/wiki/Photoelectric_effect\" title=\"Photoelectric effect\">photoelectric effect</a>\n</li><li> 1894 - <a href=\"/wiki/Melvin_Severy\" title=\"Melvin Severy\">Melvin Severy</a> receives patent US527377, \"<i>Solar cell</i>,\" and US527379, \"<i>Solar cell</i>.\"\n</li><li> 1897 - <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_Reagan\" title=\"Harry Reagan\">Harry Reagan</a> receives patent US588177, \"<i>Solar cell</i>.\"\n</li><li> 1899 - <a href=\"/wiki/Weston_Bowser\" title=\"Weston Bowser\">Weston Bowser</a> receives patent US598177, \"S<i>olar storage</i>.\"\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2> 1900–1929 </h2>\n<ul><li> 1901 - <a href=\"/wiki/Philipp_von_Lenard\" title=\"Philipp von Lenard\">Philipp von Lenard</a> observes the variation in electron energy with light frequency.\n</li><li> 1904 - <a href=\"/wiki/Wilhelm_Hallwachs\" title=\"Wilhelm Hallwachs\">Wilhelm Hallwachs</a> makes a semiconductor-junction solar cell (<a href=\"/wiki/Copper\" title=\"Copper\">copper</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Copper%28I%29_oxide\" title=\"Copper(I) oxide\">copper oxide</a>).\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Einstein_4.jpg\" title=\"Einstein 4.jpg\">thumb|right|Einstein's \"On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light\" was published in <i><a href=\"/wiki/Annalen_der_Physik\" title=\"Annalen der Physik\">Annalen der Physik</a></i> in 1905.</a>\n</li><li> 1904 - <a href=\"/wiki/George_Cove\" title=\"George Cove\">George Cove</a> develops a solar electric generator.\n</li><li> 1905 - <a href=\"/wiki/Albert_Einstein\" title=\"Albert Einstein\">Albert Einstein</a> publishes a paper explaining the photoelectric effect on a quantum basis.\n</li><li> 1913 - <a href=\"/wiki/William_Coblentz\" title=\"William Coblentz\">William Coblentz</a> receives US1077219, \"<i>Solar cell</i>.\"\n</li><li> 1914 - <a href=\"/wiki/Sven_Ason_Berglund\" title=\"Sven Ason Berglund\">Sven Ason Berglund</a> patents \"<i>methods of increasing the capacity of photosensitive cells</i>.\"\n</li><li> 1916 - <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Millikan\" title=\"Robert Millikan\">Robert Millikan</a> conducts experiments and proves the <a href=\"/wiki/Photoelectric_effect\" title=\"Photoelectric effect\">photoelectric effect</a>.\n</li><li> 1918 - <a href=\"/wiki/Jan_Czochralski\" title=\"Jan Czochralski\">Jan Czochralski</a> produces a method to grow single crystals of metal. Decades later, the method is adapted to produce single-crystal <a href=\"/wiki/Silicon\" title=\"Silicon\">silicon</a>.\n</li><li> 1921 - Einstein awarded the <a href=\"/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics\" title=\"Nobel Prize in Physics\">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his work on the photoelectric effect.\n</li></ul>", "<h2> 1930–1959 </h2>\n<ul><li> 1932 - Audobert and Stora discover the photovoltaic effect in <a href=\"/wiki/Cadmium_selenide\" title=\"Cadmium selenide\">Cadmium selenide</a> (CdSe), a photovoltaic material still used today.\n</li><li> 1935 - Anthony H. Lamb receives patent US2000642, \"<i>Photoelectric device</i>.\"<ref>Issue date: May 7, 1935. <a href=\"https://www.google.com/patents?id=QNh4AAAAEBAJ&amp;pg=PA2&amp;lpg=PA2&amp;dq=%22this+invention+relates+to+photoelectric+devices+and+more+particularly+to%22lamb&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=XzsdoV3IEx&amp;sig=bfrJAf1YEM6qI8ODcu8qRzEMYC8&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=YFYtTbTtPMKt8Aaa162NCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22this%20invention%20relates%20to%20photoelectric%20devices%20and%20more%20particularly%20to%22lamb&amp;f=false\">https://www.google.com/patents?id=QNh4AAAAEBAJ&amp;pg=PA2&amp;lpg=PA2&amp;dq=%22this+invention+relates+to+photoelectric+devices+and+more+particularly+to%22lamb&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=XzsdoV3IEx&amp;sig=bfrJAf1YEM6qI8ODcu8qRzEMYC8&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=YFYtTbTtPMKt8Aaa162NCQ&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CBYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22this%20invention%20relates%20to%20photoelectric%20devices%20and%20more%20particularly%20to%22lamb&amp;f=false</a>{{dead link|date=June 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} <a href=\"https://www.google.com/search?q=patent+lamb+%222000642%22&amp;hl=en&amp;num=10&amp;lr=&amp;ft=i&amp;cr=&amp;safe=images&amp;tbs=#sclient=psy&amp;hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22AH+Lamb.+2.000%2C042%22&amp;aq=&amp;aqi=&amp;aql=f&amp;oq=&amp;gs_rfai=&amp;pbx=1&amp;fp=fc8aae4abccfd483\">https://www.google.com/search?q=patent+lamb+%222000642%22&amp;hl=en&amp;num=10&amp;lr=&amp;ft=i&amp;cr=&amp;safe=images&amp;tbs=#sclient=psy&amp;hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;tbs=bks:1&amp;q=%22AH+Lamb.+2.000%2C042%22&amp;aq=&amp;aqi=&amp;aql=f&amp;oq=&amp;gs_rfai=&amp;pbx=1&amp;fp=fc8aae4abccfd483</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027213440/https://www.google.com/gen_204?atyp=csi&ei=7sV5YY6TL8HJ-gSl3qbYCw&s=web&t=all&bl=VsEN&frtp=288&wh=10520&imn=1&ima=0&imad=0&aftp=-1&adh=&ime=1&imex=1&imeh=0&imea=0&imeb=0&scp=0&fld=800&net=dl.10000,ect.4g,rtt.50&mem=ujhs.11,tjhs.14,jhsl.4295,dm.8&sto=&sys=hc.30&rt=sct.266,frt.313,aft.376,aftqf.379,prt.376,dcl.413,xjsls.415,xjses.569,xjsee.664,xjs.665,ol.1362,wsrt.123,cst.10,dnst.0,rqst.407,rspt.308,sslt.6,rqstt.24,unt.7,cstt.14,dit.536&zx=1635370480224#sclient=psy&hl=en&lr=&tbs=bks:1&q=%22AH+Lamb.+2.000%2C042%22&aq=&aqi=&aql=f&oq=&gs_rfai=&pbx=1&fp=fc8aae4abccfd483|date=2021-10-27}}</ref>\n</li><li> 1946 - <a href=\"/wiki/Russell_Ohl\" title=\"Russell Ohl\">Russell Ohl</a> files patent US2402662, \"<i>Light sensitive device</i>.\"\n</li><li> 1948 - <a href=\"/wiki/Gordon_K._Teal\" title=\"Gordon K. Teal\">Gordon Teal</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/John_B._Little_%28radiobiologist%29\" title=\"John B. Little (radiobiologist)\">John Little</a> adapt the Czochralski method of crystal growth to produce single-crystalline germanium and, later, silicon.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Useless No More: Gordon K. Teal, Germanium, and Single-Crystal Transistors | author = David C. Brock | journal = Chemical Heritage Magazine | volume = 24 | issue = 1 | publisher = Chemical Heritage Foundation |date=Spring 2006 | url = http://www.chemheritage.org/pubs/ch-v24n1-articles/haw_germanium.html | access-date = 2008-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615124737/http://www.chemheritage.org/pubs/ch-v24n1-articles/haw_germanium.html|archive-date = June 15, 2010}}</ref>\n</li><li>{{anchor|BellLabs50s}} 1950s - <a href=\"/wiki/Bell_Labs\" title=\"Bell Labs\">Bell Labs</a> produce solar cells for space activities.\n</li><li> 1953 - <a href=\"/wiki/Gerald_Pearson\" title=\"Gerald Pearson\">Gerald Pearson</a> begins research into <a href=\"/wiki/Lithium\" title=\"Lithium\">lithium</a>-<a href=\"/wiki/Silicon\" title=\"Silicon\">silicon</a> photovoltaic cells.\n</li><li> 1954 - On April 25, 1954, <a href=\"/wiki/Bell_Labs\" title=\"Bell Labs\">Bell Labs</a> announces the invention of the first practical silicon solar cell.<ref>{{cite journal |title=April 25, 1954: Bell Labs Demonstrates the First Practical Silicon Solar Cell |journal=APS News |volume=18 |issue=4 |date=April 2009 |publisher=American Physical Society |url=http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200904/physicshistory.cfm |access-date=May 15, 2014 |archive-date=January 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128132644/https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200904/physicshistory.cfm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = A New Silicon p-n Junction Photocell for Converting Solar Radiation into Electrical Power |author1=D. M. Chapin |author2=C. S. Fuller |author3=G. L. Pearson |name-list-style=amp | journal = Journal of Applied Physics | volume = 25 | issue = 5 |date=May 1954 | pages = 676–677 | doi = 10.1063/1.1721711|bibcode=1954JAP....25..676C }}</ref> Shortly afterwards, they are shown at the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences\" title=\"National Academy of Sciences\">National Academy of Sciences</a> Meeting. These cells have about 6% efficiency. <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_New_York_Times\" title=\"The New York Times\">The New York Times</a></i> forecasts that solar cells will eventually lead to a source of \"limitless energy of the sun\".\n</li><li> 1955 - <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Electric\" title=\"Western Electric\">Western Electric</a> licences commercial solar cell technologies. <a href=\"/wiki/Hoffman_Electronics\" title=\"Hoffman Electronics\">Hoffman Electronics</a>-Semiconductor Division creates a 2% efficient commercial solar cell for $25/cell or $1,785/watt.\n</li><li> 1957 - AT&amp;T assignors (<a href=\"/wiki/Gerald_Pearson\" title=\"Gerald Pearson\">Gerald L. Pearson</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Daryl_M._Chapin\" title=\"Daryl M. Chapin\">Daryl M. Chapin</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Calvin_Fuller\" title=\"Calvin Fuller\">Calvin S. Fuller</a>) receive patent US2780765, \"<i>Solar Energy Converting Apparatus</i>.\" They refer to it as the \"solar <a href=\"/wiki/Battery_%28electricity%29\" title=\"Battery (electricity)\">battery</a>\". Hoffman Electronics creates an 8% efficient solar cell.\n</li><li> 1957 – <a href=\"/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla\" title=\"Mohamed M. Atalla\">Mohamed M. Atalla</a> develops the process of silicon <a href=\"/wiki/Surface_passivation\" title=\"Surface passivation\">surface passivation</a> by <a href=\"/wiki/Thermal_oxidation\" title=\"Thermal oxidation\">thermal oxidation</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Bell_Laboratories\" title=\"Bell Laboratories\">Bell Laboratories</a>.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Lachlan E. |title=New Perspectives on Surface Passivation: Understanding the Si-Al2O3 Interface |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-32521-7 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156698511.pdf |page=13 |access-date=2019-10-05 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304010528/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156698511.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=\"Lojek\">{{cite book |last1=Lojek |first1=Bo |title=History of Semiconductor Engineering |url=https://archive.org/details/historysemicondu00loje_697 |url-access=limited |date=2007 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=978-3-540-34258-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/historysemicondu00loje_697/page/n128 120]& 321-323}}</ref> The surface passivation process has since been critical to <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency\" title=\"Solar cell efficiency\">solar cell efficiency</a>.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Black |first1=Lachlan E. |title=New Perspectives on Surface Passivation: Understanding the Si-Al2O3 Interface |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-32521-7 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156698511.pdf |access-date=2019-10-05 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304010528/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/156698511.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Vanguard_1.jpg\" title=\"Vanguard 1.jpg\">thumb|right|<a href=\"/wiki/Vanguard_1\" title=\"Vanguard 1\">Vanguard 1</a> with its six solar cells attached</a>\n</li><li> 1958 - T. Mandelkorn, U.S. Signal Corps Laboratories, creates n-on-p silicon solar cells, which are more resistant to radiation damage and are better suited for space. Hoffman Electronics creates 9% efficient solar cells. <a href=\"/wiki/Vanguard_I\" title=\"Vanguard I\">Vanguard I</a>, the first solar-powered satellite, was launched with a 0.1&nbsp;W, 100&nbsp;cm² solar panel.\n</li><li> 1959 - Hoffman Electronics creates a 10% efficient commercial solar cell, and introduces the use of a grid contact, reducing the cell's resistance.\n</li></ul>", "<h2> 1960–1979 </h2>\n<ul><li> 1960 - Hoffman Electronics creates a 14% efficient solar cell.\n</li><li> 1961 - \"Solar Energy in the Developing World\" conference is held by the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations\" title=\"United Nations\">United Nations</a>.\n</li><li> 1962 - The <a href=\"/wiki/Telstar\" title=\"Telstar\">Telstar</a> communications satellite is powered by solar cells.\n</li><li> 1963 - <a href=\"/wiki/Sharp_Corporation\" title=\"Sharp Corporation\">Sharp Corporation</a> produces a viable photovoltaic module of silicon solar cells.\n</li><li> 1964 - The satellite <a href=\"/wiki/Nimbus_I\" title=\"Nimbus I\">Nimbus I</a> is equipped with Sun-tracking solar panels.\n</li><li> 1964 - <a href=\"/wiki/Farrington_Daniels\" title=\"Farrington Daniels\">Farrington Daniels</a>' landmark book, <i>Direct Use of the Sun's Energy</i>, published by <a href=\"/wiki/Yale_University_Press\" title=\"Yale University Press\">Yale University Press</a>.\n</li><li> 1967 - <a href=\"/wiki/Soyuz_1\" title=\"Soyuz 1\">Soyuz 1</a> is the first <i>crewed</i> spacecraft to be powered by solar cells\n</li><li> 1967 - <a href=\"/wiki/Akira_Fujishima\" title=\"Akira Fujishima\">Akira Fujishima</a> discovers the <a href=\"/wiki/Honda-Fujishima_effect\" title=\"Honda-Fujishima effect\">Honda-Fujishima effect</a> which is used for <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrolysis\" title=\"Hydrolysis\">hydrolysis</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Photoelectrochemical_cell\" title=\"Photoelectrochemical cell\">photoelectrochemical cell</a>.\n</li><li> 1968 - Roger Riehl introduces the first solar-powered wristwatch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniquewatchguide.com/solar-watches.html|title=Solar watches|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=1 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401063358/http://www.uniquewatchguide.com/solar-watches.html|url-status=live}}</ref>\n</li><li> 1970 - First highly effective <a href=\"/wiki/GaAs\" title=\"GaAs\">GaAs</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Heterostructure\" title=\"Heterostructure\">heterostructure</a> solar cells are created by <a href=\"/wiki/Zhores_Alferov\" title=\"Zhores Alferov\">Zhores Alferov</a> and his team in the <a href=\"/wiki/USSR\" title=\"USSR\">USSR</a>.<ref>Alferov, Zh. I., V. M. Andreev, M. B. Kagan, I. I. Protasov, and V. G. Trofim, 1970, <i>Solar-energy converters based on p-n AlxGa12xAs-GaAs heterojunctions,</i> Fiz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 4, 2378 (Sov. Phys. Semicond. 4, 2047 (1971))]</ref><ref><a href=\"http://www.im.isu.edu.tw/seminar/2005.11.16.pdf\">Nanotechnology in energy applications</a> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225094509/http://www.im.isu.edu.tw/seminar/2005.11.16.pdf |date=2009-02-25 }}, pdf, p.24</ref><ref><a href=\"http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/alferov-lecture.pdf\">Nobel Lecture</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926195439/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/alferov-lecture.pdf |date=2007-09-26 }} by <a href=\"/wiki/Zhores_Alferov\" title=\"Zhores Alferov\">Zhores Alferov</a>, pdf, p.6</ref>\n</li><li> 1971 - <a href=\"/wiki/Salyut_1\" title=\"Salyut 1\">Salyut 1</a> is powered by solar cells.\n</li><li> 1973 - <a href=\"/wiki/Skylab\" title=\"Skylab\">Skylab</a> is powered by solar cells.\n</li><li> 1974 - <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Solar_Energy_Center\" title=\"Florida Solar Energy Center\">Florida Solar Energy Center</a> begins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/|title=Florida Solar Energy Center|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=20 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120030420/http://www2.fsec.ucf.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:DR._R.L._SAN_MARTIN%2C_NEW_MEXICO_STATE_UNIVERSITY_CLOSED_COIL_TYPE_SOLAR_HEATING_PANEL_-_555293_%28cropped%29.jpg\" title=\"DR. R.L. SAN MARTIN, NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY CLOSED COIL TYPE SOLAR HEATING PANEL - 555293 (cropped).jpg\">thumb|right|A <a href=\"/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University\" title=\"New Mexico State University\">New Mexico State University</a> professor showing a solar panel in New Mexico in April 1974</a>\n</li><li> 1974 - <a href=\"/wiki/J._Baldwin\" title=\"J. Baldwin\">J. Baldwin</a>, at Integrated Living Systems, co-develops the world's first building (in New Mexico) heated and otherwise powered by solar and <a href=\"/wiki/Wind_power\" title=\"Wind power\">wind power</a> exclusively.\n</li><li> 1976 - <a href=\"/wiki/David_E._Carlson\" title=\"David E. Carlson\">David E. Carlson</a> and Christopher Wronski of RCA Laboratories create first amorphous silicon PV cells, which have an efficiency of 2.4%.\n</li><li> 1977 - The <a href=\"/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory\" title=\"National Renewable Energy Laboratory\">Solar Energy Research Institute</a> is established at <a href=\"/wiki/Golden%2C_Colorado\" title=\"Golden, Colorado\">Golden, Colorado</a>.\n</li><li> 1977 - The world production of photovoltaic cells exceeded 500&nbsp;kW\n</li><li> 1978 - First solar-powered calculators.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/calculator_time-line.html|title=Calculator Time-line|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=17 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717205933/http://www.vintagecalculators.com/html/calculator_time-line.html|url-status=live}}</ref>\n</li><li> Late 1970s: the \"<a href=\"/wiki/1979_Energy_Crisis\" title=\"1979 Energy Crisis\">Energy Crisis</a>\"; groundswell of public interest in solar energy use: <a href=\"/wiki/Photovoltaic\" title=\"Photovoltaic\">photovoltaic</a> and active and passive solar, including in architecture and off-grid buildings and home sites.\n</li></ul>", "<h2> 1980–1999 </h2>\n<ul><li> 1980 - The <a href=\"/wiki/Institute_of_Energy_Conversion\" title=\"Institute of Energy Conversion\">Institute of Energy Conversion</a> at University of Delaware develops the first <a href=\"/wiki/Thin_film_solar_cell\" title=\"Thin film solar cell\">thin film solar cell</a> exceeding 10% efficiency using Cu₂S/CdS technology.\n</li><li> 1981 - <a href=\"/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Solar_Energy_Systems_ISE\" title=\"Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE\">Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE</a> is founded by <a href=\"/wiki/Adolf_Goetzberger\" title=\"Adolf Goetzberger\">Adolf Goetzberger</a> in Freiburg, Germany.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/ueber-uns/geschichte.html|title=Geschichte - Fraunhofer ISE }}</ref>\n</li><li> 1981 - <a href=\"/wiki/Isofoton\" title=\"Isofoton\">Isofoton</a> is the first company to mass-produce <a href=\"/wiki/Bifacial_solar_cells\" title=\"Bifacial solar cells\">bifacial solar cells</a> based on developments by <a href=\"/wiki/Antonio_Luque\" title=\"Antonio Luque\">Antonio Luque</a> et al. at the Institute of Solar Energy in Madrid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Eguren |first1=Javier |last2=Martínez-Moreno |first2=Francisco |last3=Merodio |first3=Pablo |last4=Lorenzo |first4=Eduardo |date=2022 |title=First bifacial PV modules early 1983 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0038092X22005382 |journal=[[Solar Energy (journal)|Solar Energy]] |volume=243 |pages=327–335 |doi=10.1016/j.solener.2022.08.002 |bibcode=2022SoEn..243..327E |s2cid=251552073 |issn=0038-092X}}</ref>\n</li><li> 1982 - The first &gt;10% <a href=\"/wiki/Amorphous_silicon\" title=\"Amorphous silicon\">amorphous silicon</a> thin film solar cell is reported.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Catalano |first1=A. |last2=D'Aiello |first2=R. V. |last3=Dresner |first3=J. |last4=Faughnan |first4=B. |last5=Firester |first5=A. |last6=Kane |first6=J. |last7=Schade |first7=H. |last8=Smith |first8=Z. E.|last9=Schwartz |first9=G. |last10=Triano |first10=A. |title=Attainment of 10% Conversion Efficiency in Amorphous Silicon Solar Cells |journal=Proceedings of the 16th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, San Diego, California |date=1982 |page=1421}}</ref>\n</li><li> 1983 - Worldwide photovoltaic production exceeds 21.3 megawatts, and sales exceed $250 million.\n</li><li> 1984 - 30,000 SF Building-Integrated Photovoltaic [BI-PV] Roof completed for the Intercultural Center of Georgetown University. Eileen M. Smith, M.Arch. took 20th Anniversary Journey by Horseback for Peace and Photovoltaics in 2004 from solar roof to Ground Zero NY World Trade Center to educate public about BI-PV Solar Architecture. Array was still generating an average of one MWh daily as it has since 1984 in the dense urban environment of Washington, DC.\n</li><li> 1985 - 20% efficient silicon cells are created by the <a href=\"/wiki/Centre_for_Photovoltaic_Engineering\" title=\"Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering\">Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales\" title=\"University of New South Wales\">University of New South Wales</a>.\n</li><li> 1986 - 'Solar-Voltaic DomeTM' patented by Lt. Colonel Richard T. Headrick of Irvine, California, as an efficient architectural configuration for building-integrated photovoltaics [BI-PV]; Hesperia, California field array.\n</li><li> 1988 - The <a href=\"/wiki/Dye-sensitized_solar_cell\" title=\"Dye-sensitized solar cell\">Dye-sensitized solar cell</a> is created by <a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Gr%C3%A4tzel\" title=\"Michael Grätzel\">Michael Grätzel</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Brian_O%27Regan_%28chemist%29\" title=\"Brian O'Regan (chemist)\">Brian O'Regan</a>. These photoelectrochemical cells work from an organic dye compound inside the cell and cost half as much as silicon solar cells.\n</li><li> 1988–1991 AMOCO/Enron used Solarex patents to sue ARCO Solar out of the business of a-Si (see Solarex Corp.(Enron/Amoco) v.Arco Solar, Inc.Ddel, 805 Fsupp 252 Fed Digest.)\n</li><li> 1989 - Reflective solar concentrators are first used with solar cells.\n</li><li> 1990 - The <a href=\"/wiki/Magdeburg_Cathedral\" title=\"Magdeburg Cathedral\">Magdeburg Cathedral</a> installs solar cells on the roof, marking the first installation on a church in East Germany.\n</li><li> 1991 - Efficient <a href=\"/wiki/Photoelectrochemical_cells\" title=\"Photoelectrochemical cells\">photoelectrochemical cells</a> are developed\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory_logo_%282_rows%29.jpg\" title=\"National Renewable Energy Laboratory logo (2 rows).jpg\">thumb|right|<a href=\"/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory\" title=\"National Renewable Energy Laboratory\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> logo</a>\n</li><li> 1991 - President <a href=\"/wiki/George_H._W._Bush\" title=\"George H. W. Bush\">George H. W. Bush</a> directs the <a href=\"/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy\" title=\"U.S. Department of Energy\">U.S. Department of Energy</a> to establish the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory\" title=\"National Renewable Energy Laboratory\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> (transferring the existing Solar Energy Research Institute).\n</li><li> 1992 - The PV Pioneer Program started at Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD). It was the first broad based commercialization of distributed, grid-connected PV system (\"roof-top solar\") It became the model for the later CA Million Solar Roofs Program.<ref>Switching To Solar, Bob Johnstone, 2011, Prometheus Books</ref>\n</li><li> 1992 - University of South Florida fabricates a 15.89% efficient thin-film cell.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}\n</li><li> 1993 - The <a href=\"/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory\" title=\"National Renewable Energy Laboratory\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a>'s (NREL) <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_Energy_Research_Facility\" title=\"Solar Energy Research Facility\">Solar Energy Research Facility</a> is established.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}\n</li><li> 1994 - NREL develops a GaInP/GaAs two-terminal <a href=\"/wiki/Multijunction_photovoltaic_cell\" title=\"Multijunction photovoltaic cell\">concentrator cell</a> (180 suns) which becomes the first solar cell to exceed 30% conversion efficiency.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}\n</li><li> 1996 - The <a href=\"/wiki/National_Center_for_Photovoltaics\" title=\"National Center for Photovoltaics\">National Center for Photovoltaics</a> is established. Graetzel, <a href=\"/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne\" title=\"École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne\">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lausanne\" title=\"Lausanne\">Lausanne</a>, Switzerland achieves 11% efficient energy conversion with dye-sensitized cells that use a photoelectrochemical effect.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}\n</li><li> 1999 - Total worldwide installed photovoltaic power reaches 1,000 megawatts.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}\n</li></ul>", "<h2> 2000–2019 </h2>\n<p>{{outdated section|date=April 2016}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:PV_cume_semi_log_chart_2014_estimate.svg\" title=\"PV cume semi log chart 2014 estimate.svg\">thumb|Exponential growth-curve on a semi-log scale of worldwide <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_power\" title=\"Solar power\">installed photovoltaics</a> in gigawatts since 1992</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:SolarCellProduction-E.PNG\" title=\"SolarCellProduction-E.PNG\">thumb|upright=1.25|Solar cell production by region 2000–2010<ref name=\"pvnews\"><a href=\"http://www.greentechmedia.com/research/report/pv-news\">Pv News November 2012</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043545/http://www.greentechmedia.com/research/report/pv-news |date=2015-09-24 }}. Greentech Media. Retrieved 3 June 2012.</ref></a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:PV_Technology_Share.png\" title=\"PV Technology Share.png\">thumb|Market share of the different PV technologies 1999–2010</a>\n<ul><li> 2003 - George Bush has a 9&nbsp;kW PV system and a solar thermal systems installed on grounds keeping building at the White House<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.enn.com/news/enn-stories/2003/01/01222003/s_49387.asp |title=White House installs solar-electric system - 1/22/2003 - ENN.com |date=29 February 2004 |access-date=8 April 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040229143156/http://www.enn.com/news/enn-stories/2003/01/01222003/s_49387.asp |archive-date=29 February 2004 }}</ref>\n</li><li> 2004 - California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger proposed Solar Roofs Initiative for one million solar roofs in California by 2017.<ref>Simone Pulver, Barry G. Rabe, Peter J. Stoett, <i>Changing Climates in North American Politics: Institutions, Policymaking, and Multilevel Governance</i>, MIT Press, 2009, {{ISBN|0262012995}} p. 67 </ref>\n</li><li> 2004 - Kansas Governor Kathleen Sebelius issued a mandate for 1,000&nbsp;MWp renewable electricity in Kansas by 2015 per Executive Order 04-05.\n</li><li> 2006 - <a href=\"/wiki/Polycrystalline_silicon\" title=\"Polycrystalline silicon\">Polysilicon</a> use in <a href=\"/wiki/Photovoltaics\" title=\"Photovoltaics\">photovoltaics</a> exceeds all other polysilicon use for the first time.\n</li><li> 2006 - California Public Utilities Commission approved the California Solar Initiative (CSI), a comprehensive $2.8 billion program that provides incentives toward solar development over 11 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/static/energy/solar/ |title=California Solar Initiative |access-date=2007-07-12 |archive-date=2008-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907010336/http://www.cpuc.ca.gov/static/energy/solar/ }}</ref>\n</li><li> 2006 - New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology - New Solar Cell Breaks the \"40 Percent Efficient\" Sunlight-to-Electricity Barrier.<ref>{{cite press release | url=https://www.energy.gov/articles/new-world-record-achieved-solar-cell-technology | title=New World Record Achieved in Solar Cell Technology | publisher=[[United States Department of Energy]] | date=December 5, 2006 | access-date=2020-11-30 | archive-date=2020-10-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030172134/https://www.energy.gov/articles/new-world-record-achieved-solar-cell-technology | url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li><li> 2007 - Construction of <a href=\"/wiki/Nellis_Solar_Power_Plant\" title=\"Nellis Solar Power Plant\">Nellis Solar Power Plant</a>, a 15&nbsp;MW PPA installation.\n</li><li> 2007 - The Vatican announced that in order to conserve Earth's resources they would be installing solar panels on some buildings, in \"a comprehensive energy project that will pay for itself in a few years.\"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Energy/Analysis/2007/05/31/solar_world_vatican_installs_solar_panels/3090/ |title=Solar World: Vatican installs solar panels |date=May 31, 2007 |last=Krauss |first=Leah |publisher=[[United Press International]] |access-date=2008-01-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413085542/http://www.upi.com/Energy/Analysis/2007/05/31/solar_world_vatican_installs_solar_panels/3090/ |archive-date=April 13, 2008 }}</ref>\n</li><li> 2007 - University of Delaware claims to achieve new world record in Solar Cell Technology without independent confirmation: 42.8% efficiency.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=49483 | title=From 40.7 to 42.8 % Solar Cell Efficiency | date=July 30, 2007 | access-date=2008-01-16 | archive-date=2007-10-18 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018203354/http://www.renewableenergyaccess.com/rea/news/story?id=49483 }}</ref>\n</li><li> 2007 - <a href=\"/wiki/Nanosolar\" title=\"Nanosolar\">Nanosolar</a> ships the first commercial printed <a href=\"/wiki/Copper_indium_gallium_selenide\" title=\"Copper indium gallium selenide\">CIGS</a>, claiming that they will eventually ship for less than $1/<a href=\"/wiki/Watt\" title=\"Watt\">watt</a>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nanosolar.com/blog3/2007/12/18/nanosolar-ships-first-panels/ |title=Nanosolar Ships First Panels |publisher=Nanosolar Blog |access-date=2008-01-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116115139/http://www.nanosolar.com/blog3/2007/12/18/nanosolar-ships-first-panels/ |archive-date=2008-01-16 }}</ref> However, the company does not publicly disclose the technical specifications or current selling price of the modules.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nanosolar.com/products.htm | title = Nanosolar - Products | publisher = Nanosolar.com | access-date = 2008-01-22 | archive-date = 2009-05-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090505221834/http://www.nanosolar.com/products.htm | url-status = live }}</ref>\n</li><li> 2008 - New record achieved in solar cell efficiency. Scientists at the <a href=\"/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Energy\" title=\"U.S. Department of Energy\">U.S. Department of Energy</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory\" title=\"National Renewable Energy Laboratory\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a> (NREL) have set a world record in solar cell efficiency with a photovoltaic device that converts 40.8% of the light that hits it into electricity. However, it was only under the concentrated energy of 326 suns that this was achieved. The inverted metamorphic <a href=\"/wiki/Multijunction_photovoltaic_cell\" title=\"Multijunction photovoltaic cell\">triple-junction solar cell</a> was designed, fabricated and independently measured at NREL.<ref>{{cite news\n |author=NREL Public Relations \n |date=2008-08-13 \n |title=NREL Solar Cell Sets World Efficiency Record at 40.8 Percent \n |publisher=National Renewable Energy Laboratory \n |url=http://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2008/625.html \n |access-date=2008-09-29 \n \n |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917040839/http://www.nrel.gov/news/press/2008/625.html \n |archive-date=2008-09-17 \n}}\n<ul><li> 2010 − <a href=\"/wiki/IKAROS\" title=\"IKAROS\">IKAROS</a> becomes the first spacecraft to successfully demonstrate <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_sail\" title=\"Solar sail\">solar sail</a> technology in interplanetary space.<ref name=\"spaceflightnow\">{{cite news | author=Stephen Clark | title=H-2A Launch Report – Mission Status Center | url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/h2a/akatsuki/status.html | work=Spaceflight Now | date=20 May 2010 | access-date=21 May 2010 | archive-date=20 May 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520013452/http://spaceflightnow.com/h2a/akatsuki/status.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Launch Day of the H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17(H-IIA F17) | url=http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/03/20100303_h2af17_e.html | publisher=JAXA | date=3 March 2010 | access-date=7 May 2010 | archive-date=3 June 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603022829/http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/03/20100303_h2af17_e.html | url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li><li> 2010 - US President <a href=\"/wiki/Barack_Obama\" title=\"Barack Obama\">Barack Obama</a> orders installation of additional solar panels and a solar water heater at the <a href=\"/wiki/White_House\" title=\"White House\">White House</a><ref name=\"white_house_goes_solar\">{{cite news |url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/10/white-house-goes-solar.html |title=White House goes solar |author=Juliet Eilperin |date=October 6, 2010 |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |access-date=October 5, 2010 |archive-date=October 7, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007031224/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/44/2010/10/white-house-goes-solar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n</li><li> 2011 - Fast-growing factories in China push manufacturing costs down to about $1.25 per watt for silicon photovoltaic modules. Installations double worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.solartoday-digital.org/solartoday/20111112#pg12 |title=Solyndra and the shakeout: the recent solar bankruptcies in context |author1=Mike Koshmrl |author2=Seth Masia |name-list-style=amp |date=Nov–Dec 2010 |publisher=[[Solar Today]] |access-date=2011-11-29 |archive-date=2011-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120004907/http://www.solartoday-digital.org/solartoday/20111112#pg12 |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li><li> 2013 - After three years, the solar panels ordered by <a href=\"/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama\" title=\"Presidency of Barack Obama\">President</a> Barack Obama were installed on the White House.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/08/15/white-house-solar-panels-finally-being-installed/ |title=White House solar panels being installed this week |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=2017-09-16 |archive-date=2015-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701053343/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/08/15/white-house-solar-panels-finally-being-installed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Worldwide_Photovoltaic_Deployment_in_Watts_per_Capita_by_Country.svg\" title=\"Worldwide Photovoltaic Deployment in Watts per Capita by Country.svg\">thumb|300px|Worldwide installed photovoltaic capacity in \"watts per capita\" by country. Estimated figures for year 2016.</a>\n</li><li> 2016 - <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales\" title=\"University of New South Wales\">University of New South Wales</a> engineers established a new world record for unfocused sunlight conversion to electricity with an efficiency increase to 34.5% <a href=\"http://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-tech/milestone-solar-cell-efficiency-unsw-engineers\">http://newsroom.unsw.edu.au/news/science-tech/milestone-solar-cell-efficiency-unsw-engineers</a>. The record was set by UNSW's Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics (ACAP) using a 28&nbsp;cm² four-junction mini-module – embedded in a <a href=\"/wiki/Prism_%28optics%29\" title=\"Prism (optics)\">prism</a> – that extracts the maximum energy from sunlight. It does this by splitting the incoming rays into four bands, using a four-junction receiver to squeeze even more electricity from each beam of sunlight.<ref>{{cite web|title=ARENA supports another solar world record|url=http://arena.gov.au/news/arena-supports-another-solar-world-record/|website=Australian Government - Australian Renewable Energy Agency|date=18 May 2016|access-date=14 June 2016|archive-date=22 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622171244/http://arena.gov.au/news/arena-supports-another-solar-world-record/|url-status=live}}</ref>\n</li><li> 2016 - <a href=\"/wiki/First_Solar\" title=\"First Solar\">First Solar</a> says it has converted 22.1 percent of the energy in sunlight into electricity using experimental cells made from cadmium telluride—a technology that today represents around 5 percent of the worldwide solar power market.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600922/first-solars-cells-break-efficiency-record/|title=Why the future of solar may not be silicon-based|first=Richard|last=Martin|access-date=8 April 2017|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227151855/https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600922/first-solars-cells-break-efficiency-record/|url-status=live}}</ref>\n</li><li> 2018 - <a href=\"/wiki/Alta_Devices\" title=\"Alta Devices\">Alta Devices</a>, a US-based specialty <a href=\"/wiki/Gallium_arsenide\" title=\"Gallium arsenide\">gallium arsenide</a> (GaAs) <a href=\"/wiki/Photovoltaic\" title=\"Photovoltaic\">PV</a> manufacturer, claimed to have achieved a <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell\" title=\"Solar cell\">solar cell</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Conversion_efficiency\" title=\"Conversion efficiency\">conversion efficiency</a> record of 29.1%, as certified by Germany's <a href=\"/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society\" title=\"Fraunhofer Society\">Fraunhofer</a> ISE CalLab.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pv-tech.org/news/alta-devices-sets-gaas-solar-cell-efficiency-record-at-29.1-joins-nasa-spac |title=Kenning T. Alta Devices sets GaAs solar cell efficiency record at 29.1%, joins NASA space station testing. PV-Tech. December 13, 2018 5:13 AM GMT |date=13 December 2018 |access-date=January 12, 2019 |archive-date=December 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213122230/https://www.pv-tech.org/news/alta-devices-sets-gaas-solar-cell-efficiency-record-at-29.1-joins-nasa-spac |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://optics.org/news/9/12/19|title=Alta sets flexible solar record with 29.1% GaAs cell|website=optics.org|access-date=2021-10-27|archive-date=2021-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306075236/https://optics.org/news/9/12/19|url-status=live}}</ref>\n</li><li> 2018 - The first dedicated solar panel recycling plant in Europe and \"possibly in the world\" is opened in France.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Clercq |first1=Geert De |title=Europe's first solar panel recycling plant opens in France |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-solar-recycling-idUSKBN1JL28Z |access-date=26 June 2021 |work=Reuters |date=2018-06-25 |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626210031/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-solar-recycling-idUSKBN1JL28Z |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li> 2019 – The world record for <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency\" title=\"Solar cell efficiency\">solar cell efficiency</a> at 47.1% was achieved by using <a href=\"/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell\" title=\"Multi-junction solar cell\">multi-junction</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Concentrator_photovoltaics\" title=\"Concentrator photovoltaics\">concentrator</a> solar cells, developed at National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geisz |first1=J. F. |last2=Steiner |first2=M. A. |last3=Jain |first3=N. |last4=Schulte |first4=K. L. |last5=France |first5=R. M. |last6=McMahon |first6=W. E. |last7=Perl |first7=E. E. |last8=Friedman |first8=D. J. |title=Building a Six-Junction Inverted Metamorphic Concentrator Solar Cell |journal=IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics |date=March 2018 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=626–632 |doi=10.1109/JPHOTOV.2017.2778567 |osti=1417798 |issn=2156-3403|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{additional citations needed|date=September 2020}} This is above the standard rating of 37% for polycrystalline photovoltaic or thin-film solar cells as of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/26/a-new-solar-technology-could-be-the-next-big-boost-for-renewable-energy/ | title=A new solar technology could be the next big boost for renewable energy | date=26 December 2018 | access-date=2020-11-30 | archive-date=2018-12-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227041013/https://techcrunch.com/2018/12/26/a-new-solar-technology-could-be-the-next-big-boost-for-renewable-energy/ | url-status=live }}</ref>{{additional citations needed|date=September 2020}} It was reported in a study published in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=New solar cells extract more energy from sunshine |url=https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2020/05/21/new-solar-cells-extract-more-energy-from-sunshine |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=2020-11-30 |archive-date=2020-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130022836/https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2020/05/21/new-solar-cells-extract-more-energy-from-sunshine |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geisz |first1=John F. |last2=France |first2=Ryan M. |last3=Schulte |first3=Kevin L. |last4=Steiner |first4=Myles A. |last5=Norman |first5=Andrew G. |last6=Guthrey |first6=Harvey L. |last7=Young |first7=Matthew R. |last8=Song |first8=Tao |last9=Moriarty |first9=Thomas |title=Six-junction III–V solar cells with 47.1% conversion efficiency under 143 Suns concentration |journal=Nature Energy |date=April 2020 |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=326–335 |doi=10.1038/s41560-020-0598-5 |bibcode=2020NatEn...5..326G |osti=1659948 |s2cid=216289881 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0598-5 |access-date=16 September 2020 |language=en |issn=2058-7546 |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807210331/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0598-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:NREL_PV_Cell_Record_Efficiency_Chart.png\" title=\"NREL PV Cell Record Efficiency Chart.png\">thumb|upright=1.8|Reported timeline of research <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell\" title=\"Solar cell\">solar cell</a> energy conversion efficiencies since 1976 (<a href=\"/wiki/National_Renewable_Energy_Laboratory\" title=\"National Renewable Energy Laboratory\">National Renewable Energy Laboratory</a>)</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2> 2020s </h2>\n<p>{{Expand section|date=September 2020}}\n<h3> 2020 </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency\" title=\"Solar cell efficiency\">Solar cell efficiency</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell\" title=\"Perovskite solar cell\">perovskite solar cells</a> have increased from 3.8% in 2009<ref name=\"ReferenceA\">{{cite journal|last1=Kojima|first1=Akihiro|last2=Teshima|first2=Kenjiro|last3=Shirai|first3=Yasuo|last4=Miyasaka|first4=Tsutomu|title=Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|date=May 6, 2009|volume=131|issue=17|pages=6050–6051|doi=10.1021/ja809598r|pmid=19366264}}</ref> to 25.2% in 2020 in single-junction architectures,<ref name=\"NREL_chart\">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-research-cell-efficiencies.20190802.pdf|title=NREL efficiency chart|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128044916/https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-research-cell-efficiencies.20190802.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 29.1%,<ref name=\"NREL_chart\" /> exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells.{{additional citations needed|date=September 2020}}\n</li></ul></p><ul><li> 6 March – Scientists show that adding a layer of <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_%28structure%29\" title=\"Perovskite (structure)\">perovskite</a> crystals on top of textured or planar silicon to create a <a href=\"/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell\" title=\"Multi-junction solar cell\">tandem solar cell</a> enhances its performance up to a power conversion efficiency of 26%. This could be a low cost way to increase efficiency of <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell\" title=\"Solar cell\">solar cells</a>.<ref>{{cite news |title=Light to electricity: New multi-material solar cells set new efficiency standard |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-03-electricity-multi-material-solar-cells-efficiency.html |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en-us |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328222054/https://phys.org/news/2020-03-electricity-multi-material-solar-cells-efficiency.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Jixian |last2=Boyd |first2=Caleb C. |last3=Yu |first3=Zhengshan J. |last4=Palmstrom |first4=Axel F. |last5=Witter |first5=Daniel J. |last6=Larson |first6=Bryon W. |last7=France |first7=Ryan M. |last8=Werner |first8=Jérémie |last9=Harvey |first9=Steven P. |last10=Wolf |first10=Eli J. |last11=Weigand |first11=William |last12=Manzoor |first12=Salman |last13=Hest |first13=Maikel F. A. M. van |last14=Berry |first14=Joseph J. |last15=Luther |first15=Joseph M. |last16=Holman |first16=Zachary C. |author17-link=Michael D. McGehee |last17=McGehee |first17=Michael D. |title=Triple-halide wide–band gap perovskites with suppressed phase segregation for efficient tandems |journal=Science |date=6 March 2020 |volume=367 |issue=6482 |pages=1097–1104 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz5074 |pmid=32139537 |bibcode=2020Sci...367.1097X |s2cid=212561010 }}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li> 13 July – The first global assessment into promising approaches of solar photovoltaic modules recycling is published. Scientists recommend \"research and development to reduce recycling costs and environmental impacts compared to disposal while maximizing material recovery\" as well as facilitation and use of techno–economic analyses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Research points to strategies for recycling of solar panels |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2020-07-strategies-recycling-solar-panels.html |work=techxplore.com |language=en |access-date=2021-06-26 |archive-date=2021-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626204913/https://techxplore.com/news/2020-07-strategies-recycling-solar-panels.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heath |first1=Garvin A. |last2=Silverman |first2=Timothy J. |last3=Kempe |first3=Michael |last4=Deceglie |first4=Michael |last5=Ravikumar |first5=Dwarakanath |last6=Remo |first6=Timothy |last7=Cui |first7=Hao |last8=Sinha |first8=Parikhit |last9=Libby |first9=Cara |last10=Shaw |first10=Stephanie |last11=Komoto |first11=Keiichi |last12=Wambach |first12=Karsten |last13=Butler |first13=Evelyn |last14=Barnes |first14=Teresa |last15=Wade |first15=Andreas |title=Research and development priorities for silicon photovoltaic module recycling to support a circular economy |journal=Nature Energy |date=July 2020 |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=502–510 |doi=10.1038/s41560-020-0645-2 |bibcode=2020NatEn...5..502H |s2cid=220505135 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0645-2 |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=en |issn=2058-7546 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821071335/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0645-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li> 3 July – Scientists show that adding an organic-based ionic solid into <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_%28structure%29\" title=\"Perovskite (structure)\">perovskites</a> can result in substantial improvement in <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell\" title=\"Solar cell\">solar cell</a> performance and stability. The study also reveals a complex degradation route that is responsible for failures in aged <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell\" title=\"Perovskite solar cell\">perovskite solar cells</a>. The understanding could help the future development of <a href=\"/wiki/Photovoltaics\" title=\"Photovoltaics\">photovoltaic</a> technologies with industrially relevant longevity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crystal structure discovered almost 200 years ago could hold key to solar cell revolution|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-crystal-years-key-solar-cell.html|access-date=2020-07-04|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704004024/https://phys.org/news/2020-07-crystal-years-key-solar-cell.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Yen-Hung |last2=Sakai |first2=Nobuya |last3=Da |first3=Peimei |last4=Wu |first4=Jiaying |last5=Sansom |first5=Harry C. |last6=Ramadan |first6=Alexandra J. |last7=Mahesh |first7=Suhas |last8=Liu |first8=Junliang |last9=Oliver |first9=Robert D. J. |last10=Lim |first10=Jongchul |last11=Aspitarte |first11=Lee |last12=Sharma |first12=Kshama |last13=Madhu |first13=P. K. |last14=Morales-Vilches |first14=Anna B. |last15=Nayak |first15=Pabitra K. |last16=Bai |first16=Sai |last17=Gao |first17=Feng |last18=Grovenor |first18=Chris R. M. |last19=Johnston |first19=Michael B. |last20=Labram |first20=John G. |last21=Durrant |first21=James R. |last22=Ball |first22=James M. |last23=Wenger |first23=Bernard |last24=Stannowski |first24=Bernd |last25=Snaith |first25=Henry J. |title=A piperidinium salt stabilizes efficient metal-halide perovskite solar cells |journal=Science |date=2 July 2020 |volume=369 |issue=6499 |pages=96–102 |doi=10.1126/science.aba1628 |pmid=32631893 |bibcode=2020Sci...369...96L |hdl=10044/1/82840 |s2cid=220304363 |url=https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa54855/Download/54855__17834__56da1616101640a481cb01c071a91ebc.pdf |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913051951/https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa54855/Download/54855__17834__56da1616101640a481cb01c071a91ebc.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul><h3> 2021 </h3>\n<ul><li> 12 April – Scientists develop a prototype and <a href=\"/wiki/Design\" title=\"Design\">design</a> rules for both-sides-contacted <a href=\"/wiki/Crystalline_silicon\" title=\"Crystalline silicon\">silicon</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell\" title=\"Solar cell\">solar cells</a> with conversion efficiencies of 26% and above, Earth's highest for this type of solar cell.<ref>{{cite news |title=Both-sides-contacted solar cell sets new world record of 26 percent efficiency |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-04-both-sides-contacted-solar-cell-world-percent.html |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510161820/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-04-both-sides-contacted-solar-cell-world-percent.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Armin |last2=Müller |first2=Ralph |last3=Benick |first3=Jan |last4=Feldmann |first4=Frank |last5=Steinhauser |first5=Bernd |last6=Reichel |first6=Christian |last7=Fell |first7=Andreas |last8=Bivour |first8=Martin |last9=Hermle |first9=Martin |last10=Glunz |first10=Stefan W. |title=Design rules for high-efficiency both-sides-contacted silicon solar cells with balanced charge carrier transport and recombination losses |journal=Nature Energy |date=April 2021 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=429–438 |doi=10.1038/s41560-021-00805-w |bibcode=2021NatEn...6..429R |s2cid=234847037 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-021-00805-w |access-date=10 May 2021 |language=en |issn=2058-7546 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027213451/https://www.nature.com/platform/track/preview/s41560-021-00805-w |url-status=live }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul><ul><li> 7 May – Researchers address a key problem of <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell\" title=\"Perovskite solar cell\">perovskite solar cells</a> by increasing their stability and long-term reliability with a <a href=\"/wiki/Self-assembled_monolayer\" title=\"Self-assembled monolayer\">form of \"molecular glue\"</a>.<ref>{{cite news |title=\"Molecular glue\" strengthens the weak point in perovskite solar cells |url=https://newatlas.com/energy/molecular-glue-strengthens-perovskite-solar-cells-stability/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=2021-05-10 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613230044/https://newatlas.com/energy/molecular-glue-strengthens-perovskite-solar-cells-stability/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dai |first1=Zhenghong |last2=Yadavalli |first2=Srinivas K. |last3=Chen |first3=Min |last4=Abbaspourtamijani |first4=Ali |last5=Qi |first5=Yue |last6=Padture |first6=Nitin P. |title=Interfacial toughening with self-assembled monolayers enhances perovskite solar cell reliability |journal=Science |date=2021-05-07 |volume=372 |issue=6542 |pages=618–622 |doi=10.1126/science.abf5602 |pmid=33958474 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..618D |s2cid=233872843 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf5602 |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613230053/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6542/618 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul><ul><li> 21 May – The first industrial commercial production line of perovskite solar panels, using an inkjet printing procedure, is launched in Poland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Polish firm opens cutting-edge solar energy plant |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-05-firm-cutting-edge-solar-energy.html |access-date=23 June 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204318/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-05-firm-cutting-edge-solar-energy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li> 13 December – Researchers report the development of a database and analysis tool about <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell\" title=\"Perovskite solar cell\">perovskite solar cells</a> which systematically integrates over 15,000 publications, in particular device-data about over 42,400 of such photovoltaic devices.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Wikipedia of perovskite solar cell research |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-12-wikipedia-perovskite-solar-cell.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=T. Jesper Jacobsson |author2=Adam Hultqvist |author3=Alberto García-Fernández |display-authors=et al. |title=An open-access database and analysis tool for perovskite solar cells based on the FAIR data principles |journal=Nature Energy |date=13 December 2021 |volume=7 |pages=107–115 |doi=10.1038/s41560-021-00941-3 |s2cid=245175279 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|hdl=10356/163386 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li> 16 December – ML System from <a href=\"/wiki/Jasionka%2C_Rzesz%C3%B3w_County\" title=\"Jasionka, Rzeszów County\">Jasionka</a>, Poland, opens first quantum glass production line. The factory started the production of windows integrating a transparent quantum-dots layer that can produce electricity while also capable of cooling buildings.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pveurope.eu/bipv/solar-glass-ml-system-opens-quantum-glass-production-line | title=Solar glass: - ML System opens Quantum Glass production line - pv Europe | date=13 December 2021 }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul><h3> 2022 </h3>\n<ul><li> 30 May - A team at <a href=\"/wiki/Fraunhofer_ISE\" title=\"Fraunhofer ISE\">Fraunhofer ISE</a> led by Frank Dimroth developed a 4-junction solar cell with an efficiency of 47.6% - a new world record for solar energy conversion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/presse-und-medien/presseinformationen/2022/fraunhofer-ise-entwickelt-effizienteste-solarzelle-der-welt-mit-47-komma-6-prozent-wirkungsgrad.html|title=Fraunhofer ISE entwickelt effizienteste Solarzelle der Welt mit 47,6 Prozent Wirkungsgrad - Fraunhofer ISE }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul><ul><li> 13 July – Researchers report the development of <a href=\"/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell\" title=\"Thin-film solar cell\">semitransparent solar cells</a> that are as large as windows,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xinjing |last2=Fan |first2=Dejiu |last3=Li |first3=Yongxi |last4=Forrest |first4=Stephen R. |title=Multilevel peel-off patterning of a prototype semitransparent organic photovoltaic module |journal=Joule |date=20 July 2022 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1581–1589 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.06.015 |s2cid=250541919 |language=English |issn=2542-4785|doi-access=free }}</ref> after team members achieved record efficiency with high transparency in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transparent solar panels for windows hit record 8% efficiency |url=https://news.umich.edu/transparent-solar-panels-for-windows-hit-record-8-efficiency/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=University of Michigan News |date=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Yongxi |last2=Guo |first2=Xia |last3=Peng |first3=Zhengxing |last4=Qu |first4=Boning |last5=Yan |first5=Hongping |last6=Ade |first6=Harald |last7=Zhang |first7=Maojie |last8=Forrest |first8=Stephen R. |title=Color-neutral, semitransparent organic photovoltaics for power window applications |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=September 2020 |volume=117 |issue=35 |pages=21147–21154 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2007799117 |pmid=32817532 |pmc=7474591 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11721147L |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }}</ref> On 4 July, researchers report the fabrication of solar cells with a record average visible transparency of 79%, being nearly invisible.<ref>{{cite news |title=Researchers fabricate highly transparent solar cell with 2D atomic sheet |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-07-fabricate-highly-transparent-solar-cell.html |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=[[Tohoku University]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Xing |last2=Iwamoto |first2=Yuta |last3=Kaneko |first3=Toshiro |last4=Kato |first4=Toshiaki |title=Fabrication of near-invisible solar cell with monolayer WS2 |journal=Scientific Reports |date=4 July 2022 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=11315 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-15352-x |pmid=35787666 |pmc=9253307 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1211315H |language=en |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li>9 December – Researchers report the development of 3D-printed <a href=\"/wiki/Flexible_electronics\" title=\"Flexible electronics\">flexible</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell\" title=\"Thin-film solar cell\">paper-thin organic photovoltaics</a>.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wells |first1=Sarah |title=Hair-thin solar cells could turn any surface into a power source |url=https://www.inverse.com/innovation/ultra-thin-solar-cells |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=Inverse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saravanapavanantham |first1=Mayuran |last2=Mwaura |first2=Jeremiah |last3=Bulović |first3=Vladimir |title=Printed Organic Photovoltaic Modules on Transferable Ultra-thin Substrates as Additive Power Sources |journal=Small Methods |date=January 2023 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=2200940 |doi=10.1002/smtd.202200940 |pmid=36482828 |s2cid=254524625 |language=en |issn=2366-9608|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li><li>19 December – A new world record <a href=\"/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency\" title=\"Solar-cell efficiency\">solar cell efficiency</a> for a silicon-perovskite <a href=\"/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell\" title=\"Multi-junction solar cell\">tandem solar cell</a> is achieved, with a german team of scientist converting 32.5% of sunlight into electrical energy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tandem solar cell achieves 32.5 percent efficiency |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/12/221219164845.htm |work=Science Daily|date=19 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul><h3> 2024 </h3>\n<ul><li> 12 March – Scientists demonstrate the first monolithically integrated tandem solar cell using <a href=\"/wiki/Selenium\" title=\"Selenium\">selenium</a> as the photoabsorbing layer in the top cell, and <a href=\"/wiki/Silicon\" title=\"Silicon\">silicon</a> as the photoabsorbing layer in the bottom cell.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nielsen |first1=Rasmus |last2=Crovetto |first2=Andrea |last3=Assar |first3=Alireza |last4=Hansen |first4=Ole |last5=Chorkendorff |first5=Ib |last6=Vesborg |first6=Peter C.K. |title=Monolithic Selenium/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells |journal=PRX Energy |date=12 March 2024 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=013013 |doi=10.1103/PRXEnergy.3.013013|arxiv=2307.05996 }}</ref>\n</li></ul>", "<h3> 2020 </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell_efficiency\" title=\"Solar cell efficiency\">Solar cell efficiency</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell\" title=\"Perovskite solar cell\">perovskite solar cells</a> have increased from 3.8% in 2009<ref name=\"ReferenceA\">{{cite journal|last1=Kojima|first1=Akihiro|last2=Teshima|first2=Kenjiro|last3=Shirai|first3=Yasuo|last4=Miyasaka|first4=Tsutomu|title=Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells|journal=Journal of the American Chemical Society|date=May 6, 2009|volume=131|issue=17|pages=6050–6051|doi=10.1021/ja809598r|pmid=19366264}}</ref> to 25.2% in 2020 in single-junction architectures,<ref name=\"NREL_chart\">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-research-cell-efficiencies.20190802.pdf|title=NREL efficiency chart|access-date=2020-11-30|archive-date=2020-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128044916/https://www.nrel.gov/pv/assets/pdfs/best-research-cell-efficiencies.20190802.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and, in silicon-based tandem cells, to 29.1%,<ref name=\"NREL_chart\" /> exceeding the maximum efficiency achieved in single-junction silicon solar cells.{{additional citations needed|date=September 2020}}\n</li></ul><ul><li> 6 March – Scientists show that adding a layer of <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_%28structure%29\" title=\"Perovskite (structure)\">perovskite</a> crystals on top of textured or planar silicon to create a <a href=\"/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell\" title=\"Multi-junction solar cell\">tandem solar cell</a> enhances its performance up to a power conversion efficiency of 26%. This could be a low cost way to increase efficiency of <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell\" title=\"Solar cell\">solar cells</a>.<ref>{{cite news |title=Light to electricity: New multi-material solar cells set new efficiency standard |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-03-electricity-multi-material-solar-cells-efficiency.html |access-date=5 April 2020 |work=phys.org |language=en-us |archive-date=28 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328222054/https://phys.org/news/2020-03-electricity-multi-material-solar-cells-efficiency.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Jixian |last2=Boyd |first2=Caleb C. |last3=Yu |first3=Zhengshan J. |last4=Palmstrom |first4=Axel F. |last5=Witter |first5=Daniel J. |last6=Larson |first6=Bryon W. |last7=France |first7=Ryan M. |last8=Werner |first8=Jérémie |last9=Harvey |first9=Steven P. |last10=Wolf |first10=Eli J. |last11=Weigand |first11=William |last12=Manzoor |first12=Salman |last13=Hest |first13=Maikel F. A. M. van |last14=Berry |first14=Joseph J. |last15=Luther |first15=Joseph M. |last16=Holman |first16=Zachary C. |author17-link=Michael D. McGehee |last17=McGehee |first17=Michael D. |title=Triple-halide wide–band gap perovskites with suppressed phase segregation for efficient tandems |journal=Science |date=6 March 2020 |volume=367 |issue=6482 |pages=1097–1104 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz5074 |pmid=32139537 |bibcode=2020Sci...367.1097X |s2cid=212561010 }}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li> 13 July – The first global assessment into promising approaches of solar photovoltaic modules recycling is published. Scientists recommend \"research and development to reduce recycling costs and environmental impacts compared to disposal while maximizing material recovery\" as well as facilitation and use of techno–economic analyses.<ref>{{cite news |title=Research points to strategies for recycling of solar panels |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2020-07-strategies-recycling-solar-panels.html |work=techxplore.com |language=en |access-date=2021-06-26 |archive-date=2021-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626204913/https://techxplore.com/news/2020-07-strategies-recycling-solar-panels.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Heath |first1=Garvin A. |last2=Silverman |first2=Timothy J. |last3=Kempe |first3=Michael |last4=Deceglie |first4=Michael |last5=Ravikumar |first5=Dwarakanath |last6=Remo |first6=Timothy |last7=Cui |first7=Hao |last8=Sinha |first8=Parikhit |last9=Libby |first9=Cara |last10=Shaw |first10=Stephanie |last11=Komoto |first11=Keiichi |last12=Wambach |first12=Karsten |last13=Butler |first13=Evelyn |last14=Barnes |first14=Teresa |last15=Wade |first15=Andreas |title=Research and development priorities for silicon photovoltaic module recycling to support a circular economy |journal=Nature Energy |date=July 2020 |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=502–510 |doi=10.1038/s41560-020-0645-2 |bibcode=2020NatEn...5..502H |s2cid=220505135 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0645-2 |access-date=26 June 2021 |language=en |issn=2058-7546 |archive-date=21 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821071335/https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-020-0645-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li> 3 July – Scientists show that adding an organic-based ionic solid into <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_%28structure%29\" title=\"Perovskite (structure)\">perovskites</a> can result in substantial improvement in <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell\" title=\"Solar cell\">solar cell</a> performance and stability. The study also reveals a complex degradation route that is responsible for failures in aged <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell\" title=\"Perovskite solar cell\">perovskite solar cells</a>. The understanding could help the future development of <a href=\"/wiki/Photovoltaics\" title=\"Photovoltaics\">photovoltaic</a> technologies with industrially relevant longevity.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crystal structure discovered almost 200 years ago could hold key to solar cell revolution|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-07-crystal-years-key-solar-cell.html|access-date=2020-07-04|website=phys.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704004024/https://phys.org/news/2020-07-crystal-years-key-solar-cell.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Yen-Hung |last2=Sakai |first2=Nobuya |last3=Da |first3=Peimei |last4=Wu |first4=Jiaying |last5=Sansom |first5=Harry C. |last6=Ramadan |first6=Alexandra J. |last7=Mahesh |first7=Suhas |last8=Liu |first8=Junliang |last9=Oliver |first9=Robert D. J. |last10=Lim |first10=Jongchul |last11=Aspitarte |first11=Lee |last12=Sharma |first12=Kshama |last13=Madhu |first13=P. K. |last14=Morales-Vilches |first14=Anna B. |last15=Nayak |first15=Pabitra K. |last16=Bai |first16=Sai |last17=Gao |first17=Feng |last18=Grovenor |first18=Chris R. M. |last19=Johnston |first19=Michael B. |last20=Labram |first20=John G. |last21=Durrant |first21=James R. |last22=Ball |first22=James M. |last23=Wenger |first23=Bernard |last24=Stannowski |first24=Bernd |last25=Snaith |first25=Henry J. |title=A piperidinium salt stabilizes efficient metal-halide perovskite solar cells |journal=Science |date=2 July 2020 |volume=369 |issue=6499 |pages=96–102 |doi=10.1126/science.aba1628 |pmid=32631893 |bibcode=2020Sci...369...96L |hdl=10044/1/82840 |s2cid=220304363 |url=https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa54855/Download/54855__17834__56da1616101640a481cb01c071a91ebc.pdf |access-date=30 November 2020 |archive-date=13 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913051951/https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa54855/Download/54855__17834__56da1616101640a481cb01c071a91ebc.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul>", "<h3> 2021 </h3>\n<ul><li> 12 April – Scientists develop a prototype and <a href=\"/wiki/Design\" title=\"Design\">design</a> rules for both-sides-contacted <a href=\"/wiki/Crystalline_silicon\" title=\"Crystalline silicon\">silicon</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Solar_cell\" title=\"Solar cell\">solar cells</a> with conversion efficiencies of 26% and above, Earth's highest for this type of solar cell.<ref>{{cite news |title=Both-sides-contacted solar cell sets new world record of 26 percent efficiency |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-04-both-sides-contacted-solar-cell-world-percent.html |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510161820/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-04-both-sides-contacted-solar-cell-world-percent.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Armin |last2=Müller |first2=Ralph |last3=Benick |first3=Jan |last4=Feldmann |first4=Frank |last5=Steinhauser |first5=Bernd |last6=Reichel |first6=Christian |last7=Fell |first7=Andreas |last8=Bivour |first8=Martin |last9=Hermle |first9=Martin |last10=Glunz |first10=Stefan W. |title=Design rules for high-efficiency both-sides-contacted silicon solar cells with balanced charge carrier transport and recombination losses |journal=Nature Energy |date=April 2021 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=429–438 |doi=10.1038/s41560-021-00805-w |bibcode=2021NatEn...6..429R |s2cid=234847037 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41560-021-00805-w |access-date=10 May 2021 |language=en |issn=2058-7546 |archive-date=27 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027213451/https://www.nature.com/platform/track/preview/s41560-021-00805-w |url-status=live }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul><ul><li> 7 May – Researchers address a key problem of <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell\" title=\"Perovskite solar cell\">perovskite solar cells</a> by increasing their stability and long-term reliability with a <a href=\"/wiki/Self-assembled_monolayer\" title=\"Self-assembled monolayer\">form of \"molecular glue\"</a>.<ref>{{cite news |title=\"Molecular glue\" strengthens the weak point in perovskite solar cells |url=https://newatlas.com/energy/molecular-glue-strengthens-perovskite-solar-cells-stability/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |work=New Atlas |date=2021-05-10 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613230044/https://newatlas.com/energy/molecular-glue-strengthens-perovskite-solar-cells-stability/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dai |first1=Zhenghong |last2=Yadavalli |first2=Srinivas K. |last3=Chen |first3=Min |last4=Abbaspourtamijani |first4=Ali |last5=Qi |first5=Yue |last6=Padture |first6=Nitin P. |title=Interfacial toughening with self-assembled monolayers enhances perovskite solar cell reliability |journal=Science |date=2021-05-07 |volume=372 |issue=6542 |pages=618–622 |doi=10.1126/science.abf5602 |pmid=33958474 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..618D |s2cid=233872843 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abf5602 |access-date=13 June 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075 |archive-date=2021-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613230053/https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6542/618 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul><ul><li> 21 May – The first industrial commercial production line of perovskite solar panels, using an inkjet printing procedure, is launched in Poland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Polish firm opens cutting-edge solar energy plant |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-05-firm-cutting-edge-solar-energy.html |access-date=23 June 2021 |work=techxplore.com |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204318/https://techxplore.com/news/2021-05-firm-cutting-edge-solar-energy.html |url-status=live }}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li> 13 December – Researchers report the development of a database and analysis tool about <a href=\"/wiki/Perovskite_solar_cell\" title=\"Perovskite solar cell\">perovskite solar cells</a> which systematically integrates over 15,000 publications, in particular device-data about over 42,400 of such photovoltaic devices.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Wikipedia of perovskite solar cell research |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2021-12-wikipedia-perovskite-solar-cell.html |access-date=19 January 2022 |work=Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=T. Jesper Jacobsson |author2=Adam Hultqvist |author3=Alberto García-Fernández |display-authors=et al. |title=An open-access database and analysis tool for perovskite solar cells based on the FAIR data principles |journal=Nature Energy |date=13 December 2021 |volume=7 |pages=107–115 |doi=10.1038/s41560-021-00941-3 |s2cid=245175279 |language=en |issn=2058-7546|hdl=10356/163386 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li> 16 December – ML System from <a href=\"/wiki/Jasionka%2C_Rzesz%C3%B3w_County\" title=\"Jasionka, Rzeszów County\">Jasionka</a>, Poland, opens first quantum glass production line. The factory started the production of windows integrating a transparent quantum-dots layer that can produce electricity while also capable of cooling buildings.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pveurope.eu/bipv/solar-glass-ml-system-opens-quantum-glass-production-line | title=Solar glass: - ML System opens Quantum Glass production line - pv Europe | date=13 December 2021 }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul>", "<h3> 2022 </h3>\n<ul><li> 30 May - A team at <a href=\"/wiki/Fraunhofer_ISE\" title=\"Fraunhofer ISE\">Fraunhofer ISE</a> led by Frank Dimroth developed a 4-junction solar cell with an efficiency of 47.6% - a new world record for solar energy conversion.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/presse-und-medien/presseinformationen/2022/fraunhofer-ise-entwickelt-effizienteste-solarzelle-der-welt-mit-47-komma-6-prozent-wirkungsgrad.html|title=Fraunhofer ISE entwickelt effizienteste Solarzelle der Welt mit 47,6 Prozent Wirkungsgrad - Fraunhofer ISE }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul><ul><li> 13 July – Researchers report the development of <a href=\"/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell\" title=\"Thin-film solar cell\">semitransparent solar cells</a> that are as large as windows,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xinjing |last2=Fan |first2=Dejiu |last3=Li |first3=Yongxi |last4=Forrest |first4=Stephen R. |title=Multilevel peel-off patterning of a prototype semitransparent organic photovoltaic module |journal=Joule |date=20 July 2022 |volume=6 |issue=7 |pages=1581–1589 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.06.015 |s2cid=250541919 |language=English |issn=2542-4785|doi-access=free }}</ref> after team members achieved record efficiency with high transparency in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Transparent solar panels for windows hit record 8% efficiency |url=https://news.umich.edu/transparent-solar-panels-for-windows-hit-record-8-efficiency/ |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=University of Michigan News |date=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Yongxi |last2=Guo |first2=Xia |last3=Peng |first3=Zhengxing |last4=Qu |first4=Boning |last5=Yan |first5=Hongping |last6=Ade |first6=Harald |last7=Zhang |first7=Maojie |last8=Forrest |first8=Stephen R. |title=Color-neutral, semitransparent organic photovoltaics for power window applications |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=September 2020 |volume=117 |issue=35 |pages=21147–21154 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2007799117 |pmid=32817532 |pmc=7474591 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11721147L |language=en |issn=0027-8424|doi-access=free }}</ref> On 4 July, researchers report the fabrication of solar cells with a record average visible transparency of 79%, being nearly invisible.<ref>{{cite news |title=Researchers fabricate highly transparent solar cell with 2D atomic sheet |url=https://techxplore.com/news/2022-07-fabricate-highly-transparent-solar-cell.html |access-date=23 August 2022 |work=[[Tohoku University]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Xing |last2=Iwamoto |first2=Yuta |last3=Kaneko |first3=Toshiro |last4=Kato |first4=Toshiaki |title=Fabrication of near-invisible solar cell with monolayer WS2 |journal=Scientific Reports |date=4 July 2022 |volume=12 |issue=1 |page=11315 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-15352-x |pmid=35787666 |pmc=9253307 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1211315H |language=en |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref>\n</li></ul><ul><li>9 December – Researchers report the development of 3D-printed <a href=\"/wiki/Flexible_electronics\" title=\"Flexible electronics\">flexible</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Thin-film_solar_cell\" title=\"Thin-film solar cell\">paper-thin organic photovoltaics</a>.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Wells |first1=Sarah |title=Hair-thin solar cells could turn any surface into a power source |url=https://www.inverse.com/innovation/ultra-thin-solar-cells |access-date=18 January 2023 |work=Inverse |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Saravanapavanantham |first1=Mayuran |last2=Mwaura |first2=Jeremiah |last3=Bulović |first3=Vladimir |title=Printed Organic Photovoltaic Modules on Transferable Ultra-thin Substrates as Additive Power Sources |journal=Small Methods |date=January 2023 |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=2200940 |doi=10.1002/smtd.202200940 |pmid=36482828 |s2cid=254524625 |language=en |issn=2366-9608|doi-access=free }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li><li>19 December – A new world record <a href=\"/wiki/Solar-cell_efficiency\" title=\"Solar-cell efficiency\">solar cell efficiency</a> for a silicon-perovskite <a href=\"/wiki/Multi-junction_solar_cell\" title=\"Multi-junction solar cell\">tandem solar cell</a> is achieved, with a german team of scientist converting 32.5% of sunlight into electrical energy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tandem solar cell achieves 32.5 percent efficiency |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/12/221219164845.htm |work=Science Daily|date=19 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 }}</ref>{{importance inline|date=February 2023}}\n</li></ul>", "<h3> 2024 </h3>\n<ul><li> 12 March – Scientists demonstrate the first monolithically integrated tandem solar cell using <a href=\"/wiki/Selenium\" title=\"Selenium\">selenium</a> as the photoabsorbing layer in the top cell, and <a href=\"/wiki/Silicon\" title=\"Silicon\">silicon</a> as the photoabsorbing layer in the bottom cell.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nielsen |first1=Rasmus |last2=Crovetto |first2=Andrea |last3=Assar |first3=Alireza |last4=Hansen |first4=Ole |last5=Chorkendorff |first5=Ib |last6=Vesborg |first6=Peter C.K. |title=Monolithic Selenium/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells |journal=PRX Energy |date=12 March 2024 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=013013 |doi=10.1103/PRXEnergy.3.013013|arxiv=2307.05996 }}</ref>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<p>{{Portal|Renewable energy|Energy}}\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Energy_development\" title=\"Energy development\">Energy development</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/History_of_wind_power\" title=\"History of wind power\">History of wind power</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_energy_topics\" title=\"List of energy topics\">List of energy topics</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_solar_energy_topics\" title=\"List of solar energy topics\">List of solar energy topics</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Financial_incentives_for_photovoltaics\" title=\"Financial incentives for photovoltaics\">Financial incentives for photovoltaics</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Smart_grid%23Research\" title=\"Smart grid#Research\">Smart grid#Research</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_materials_technology\" title=\"Timeline of materials technology\">Timeline of materials technology</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_hydrogen_technologies\" title=\"Timeline of hydrogen technologies\">Timeline of hydrogen technologies</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Timeline_of_sustainable_energy_research_2020%E2%80%93present\" title=\"Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present\">Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020–present</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_years_in_science\" title=\"List of years in science\">List of years in science</a>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{More footnotes|date=February 2008}}\n{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> \"<i><a href=\"https://us.sunpower.com/solar-resources\">Solar Resources</a></i>\". SunPower Corporation, 2004.\n</li><li> \"<i><a href=\"https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-solar-cells-1992435\">History: Photovoltaics Timeline</a></i>\". About, Inc., 2005.\n</li><li> Lenardic, Denis, \"<i><a href=\"http://www.pvresources.com/en/introduction/history.php\">Photovoltaics - Historical Development</a></i>\". PVResources.com, 2015.\n</li><li> Perlin, John, \"<i><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081208155823/http://www.californiasolarcenter.org/solareclips/2002.07/20020709-8.html\">Making Electricity Directly from Sunlight</a></i>\". Rahus Institute, 2002.\n</li><li> Trinkaus, George, \"<i>The Lost Inventions of Nikola Tesla</i>\". <a href=\"http://www.t0.or.at/tesla/tesfreee.htm\">Free Energy Receiver</a>, Chapter 9.\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.eetimes.com/news/semi/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=185300504\">Firm ups solar cell forecast for 2006, 2007</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Solar energy}}\n{{Photovoltaics}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Solar Cells}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Electrical-engineering-related_lists\" title=\"Electrical-engineering-related lists\">Category:Electrical-engineering-related lists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Energy_timelines\" title=\"Energy timelines\">Solar cell</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Technology_timelines\" title=\"Technology timelines\">Solar cells</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Solar_cells\" title=\"Solar cells\">*</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Solar_energy\" title=\"Solar energy\">*</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 1370770 ], "name": [ "Tewapack" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Highlights", "Winners", "Multiple winners", "Notes", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Golf tournament held in New York, United States}}\n{{for|previous golf tournaments with similar names also held in Memphis|St. Jude Classic|WGC Invitational}}\n{{redirect|The Northern Trust|the financial services company|Northern Trust|the golf tournament in Southern California formerly known as the Northern Trust Open|Los Angeles Open}}\n{{redirect|The Barclays|the English association football league also sometimes nicknamed \"The Barclays\"|Premier League}}\n{{Infobox golf tournament\n| name = FedEx St. Jude Championship\n| image = \n| location = [[Memphis, Tennessee]]\n| establishment = 1967\n| course = [[TPC Southwind]]\n| par = 70\n| yardage = {{convert|7244|yd}}\n| tour = [[PGA Tour]]\n| format = [[Stroke play]]\n| purse = {{currency|20,000,000|USD}}\n| month_played = August\n| aggregate = 254 [[Dustin Johnson]] (2020)\n| to-par = −30 ''as above''\n| current_champion = {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Hideki Matsuyama]]\n| map = USA#USA Tennessee\n| map_label = TPC Southwind\n| map_caption = Location in the [[United States]]##Location in [[Tennessee]]\n| map_relief = yes\n| map_label_position = \n| map_size = 200\n| coordinates = {{coord|35.057|-89.779}}\n}}\nThe <b>FedEx St. Jude Championship</b>, founded as the <b>Westchester Classic</b> in 1967, is a professional <a href=\"/wiki/Golf_tournament\" title=\"Golf tournament\">golf tournament</a> on the <a href=\"/wiki/PGA_Tour\" title=\"PGA Tour\">PGA Tour</a>. Since 2007, it has been played as the first tournament of the playoff system for the <a href=\"/wiki/FedEx_Cup\" title=\"FedEx Cup\">FedEx Cup</a>, with the field limited to the top 70 players on the FedEx Cup points list at the end of the regular season; prior to 2023, the top 125 players were included. For sponsorship reasons, the tournament has previously been titled as <b>The Northern Trust</b>, <b>The Barclays</b>, and the <b>Buick Classic</b>.\n</p><p>The Westchester Classic was hosted at <a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester Country Club</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Harrison%2C_New_York\" title=\"Harrison, New York\">Harrison, New York</a> until 2007, after which it moved around several courses in New York and New Jersey. In 2018, the PGA Tour announced that The Northern Trust, as it was then known, would alternate between the New York/New Jersey and Boston areas from 2019, and in 2020 it was held at <a href=\"/wiki/TPC_Boston\" title=\"TPC Boston\">TPC Boston</a>.<ref name=\"nynj\">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/the-northern-trust/news/2018/07/10/the-northern-trust-golf-tournament-new-york-new-jersey-boston-2019.html |title=The Northern Trust to call New York/New Jersey home in 2019, Boston home in 2020 |publisher=PGA Tour |date=July 10, 2018 |access-date=December 20, 2018}}</ref> For the <a href=\"/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2021–22 PGA Tour\">2021–22 season</a>, the tournament was relocated to <a href=\"/wiki/TPC_Southwind\" title=\"TPC Southwind\">TPC Southwind</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee\" title=\"Memphis, Tennessee\">Memphis, Tennessee</a> with FedEx as the new title sponsor and the event being titled the FedEx St. Jude Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=PGA Tour to relocate first FedEx Cup Playoffs event to TPC Southwind in Memphis |url=https://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/fedex-st-jude-championship/news/2021/08/03/pga-tour-fedexcup-playoffs-fedex-stjude-championship.html |publisher=PGA Tour |access-date=October 11, 2021 |date=September 14, 2021}}</ref>\n</p><p>Many of the world's top players have won the event including <a href=\"/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa\" title=\"Sergio García\">Sergio García</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Adam_Scott_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Adam Scott (golfer)\">Adam Scott</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Jason_Day\" title=\"Jason Day\">Jason Day</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Matt_Kuchar\" title=\"Matt Kuchar\">Matt Kuchar</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Reed\" title=\"Patrick Reed\">Patrick Reed</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Dustin_Johnson\" title=\"Dustin Johnson\">Dustin Johnson</a> and 2018 champion <a href=\"/wiki/Bryson_DeChambeau\" title=\"Bryson DeChambeau\">Bryson DeChambeau</a>, who captured a four-stroke victory and became the tournament's youngest winner in the FedEx Cup era. Since the tournament's inception in 1967, The Northern Trust has generated nearly $50 million for New York/New Jersey Metropolitan-area charities, including a record $1.865 million in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/the-northern-trust/news/2018/11/13/tournament-donates-nearly-two-million-paramus-area-charities.html |title=The Northern Trust generates $1.865 million for local area charities |publisher=PGA Tour |date= November 12, 2018 |access-date=December 20, 2018}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p>The event can trace its origins back to a Westchester based pro-am tournament that began at <a href=\"/wiki/The_Apawamis_Club\" title=\"The Apawamis Club\">The Apawamis Club</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Rye%2C_New_York\" title=\"Rye, New York\">Rye, New York</a>.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Rye Chronicle|location=Rye, New York|title=Repetitious and Wonderful|date=July 31, 1975|page=4}}</ref> Founded by William Mitchell \"Bill\" Jennings,<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Citizen Register|location=Ossining, New York|date=August 3, 1960|title=Cribari Says - Bill Jennings $120,000 Dream}}</ref> the popular spectator event drew many top players before leaving Apawamis after 1961 when it was merged into the <a href=\"/wiki/Thunderbird_Classic\" title=\"Thunderbird Classic\">Thunderbird Classic</a>.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://westchestermagazine.com/life-style/golf/apawamis-celebrates-125-years-of-golf-history|publisher=Westchester Magazine|title=Apawamis Celebrates 125 Years Of Golf History|author=Dave Donalson|date=November 3, 2015|access-date=March 12, 2022}}</ref> It was next played at the Upper Montclair Country Club in Clifton, New Jersey (1962, 1966-68) and the neighboring <a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester Country Club</a> (1963-65) also in Rye. Proceeds from the popular event benefited the now defunct United Hospital in Port Chester, New York for many years.Beginning in <a href=\"/wiki/1976_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1976 PGA Tour\">1976</a>, the tournament underwent a series of name sponsorships (detailed below), not unlike other PGA Tour stops. The name of the event evolved to the point that, by 1990, it no longer contained the name of its host course or location. However, among golfers on tour and many fans, it was still known by its traditional name, the Westchester Classic.\n</p><p>The tournament was usually played during June of each year, either the week before (in even-numbered years) or the week after (in odd-numbered years) the <a href=\"/wiki/U.S._Open_%28golf%29\" title=\"U.S. Open (golf)\">U.S. Open</a>. It had its greatest attendance in 2001 when <a href=\"/wiki/Tiger_Woods\" title=\"Tiger Woods\">Tiger Woods</a> participated, although two days of heavy rains disrupted play. It had one of its more exciting finishes in 2005, when <a href=\"/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington\" title=\"Pádraig Harrington\">Pádraig Harrington</a> eagled the par-5 final hole with a {{convert|65|ft|adj=on}} putt to win the title. The most frequent winner of the tournament is <a href=\"/wiki/Vijay_Singh\" title=\"Vijay Singh\">Vijay Singh</a>, with four trophies.\n</p><p>Beginning in <a href=\"/wiki/2008_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2008 PGA Tour\">2008</a>, it left the Westchester Country Club and began being rotated amongst different clubs in the New York metropolitan area (also detailed below).\n</p><p>In 2011, <a href=\"/wiki/Hurricane_Irene\" title=\"Hurricane Irene\">Hurricane Irene</a> shortened the tournament to 54 holes, which was played that year at the Plainfield Country Club in <a href=\"/wiki/Edison%2C_New_Jersey\" title=\"Edison, New Jersey\">Edison, New Jersey</a>. The tournament ended by noontime on Saturday, August 27, allowing ample time for players and spectators to evacuate the golf course.\n</p><p>The tournament has traditionally closed <a href=\"/wiki/PGA_Tour_on_CBS\" title=\"PGA Tour on CBS\">CBS Sports</a>'s PGA Tour television schedule, due to the network's commitment to airing <a href=\"/wiki/SEC_on_CBS\" title=\"SEC on CBS\">SEC</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/NFL_on_CBS\" title=\"NFL on CBS\">NFL</a> <a href=\"/wiki/American_football\" title=\"American football\">football</a> during the fall months; until 2014, the network also had rights to the <a href=\"/wiki/U.S._Open_%28tennis%29\" title=\"U.S. Open (tennis)\">U.S. Open</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Tennis\" title=\"Tennis\">tennis</a> tournament, which begins the Monday prior to <a href=\"/wiki/Labor_Day\" title=\"Labor Day\">Labor Day</a>. (The 2019 changes to the PGA Tour calendar, which resulted in The Northern Trust being moved up two weeks due to the PGA Tour's desire to complete the FedEx Cup Playoffs by the end of August, will not affect this tournament ending CBS's golf season, even though the tournament now takes place three weeks before the first week of the college football season.) <a href=\"/wiki/Jim_Nantz\" title=\"Jim Nantz\">Jim Nantz</a>, who calls the final two rounds of The Northern Trust on television, is also the lead play-by-play announcer for the <a href=\"/wiki/NFL_on_CBS\" title=\"NFL on CBS\">NFL on CBS</a>.\n</p><p>In <a href=\"/wiki/2017_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2017 PGA Tour\">2017</a>, Chicago-based financial services company <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Trust\" title=\"Northern Trust\">Northern Trust</a> replaced <a href=\"/wiki/Barclays\" title=\"Barclays\">Barclays</a>, which had sponsored the tournament since <a href=\"/wiki/2005_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2005 PGA Tour\">2005</a>.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pgatour.com/company/2016/01/19/northern-trust-fedexcup-playoffs.html |title=Northern Trust to sponsor first FedExCup event in 2017 |publisher=PGA Tour |date=January 19, 2016}}</ref> Northern Trust had previously been the title sponsor of the <a href=\"/wiki/Los_Angeles_Open\" title=\"Los Angeles Open\">Los Angeles Open</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Riviera_Country_Club\" title=\"Riviera Country Club\">Riviera</a> for nine years, known as the \"Northern Trust Open\" from <a href=\"/wiki/2008_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2008 PGA Tour\">2008</a> through <a href=\"/wiki/2016_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2016 PGA Tour\">2016</a>.\n</p><p>In 2019, the FedEx Cup Playoffs featured three events, instead of four, and the Playoffs concluded by the end of August. As a result, The Northern Trust was played earlier in August (August 5–11, 2019), followed by the BMW Championship, August 12-18 (70 players); and the Tour Championship August 19–25 (30 players).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pgatour.com/company/2018/07/10/pga-tour-unveils-significantly-revamped-2018-2019-season-schedule.html |title=PGA Tour unveils significantly revamped 2018-19 Season schedule |publisher=PGA Tour |date=July 10, 2018 |access-date=December 20, 2018}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Highlights</h2>\n<p>In 2015, <a href=\"/wiki/Brian_Harman\" title=\"Brian Harman\">Brian Harman</a> became only the third player in PGA Tour history to record two holes-in-one in the same round.<ref>{{cite web |last=Staats |first=Wayne |title=These are the only three golfers to make two holes-in-one in same PGA Tour round |url=https://www.pga.com/news/golf-buzz/these-only-three-golfers-make-two-holes-in-one-in-same-pga-tour-round |publisher=PGA of America |date=October 29, 2018 |access-date=February 26, 2019}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 2020, <a href=\"/wiki/Scottie_Scheffler\" title=\"Scottie Scheffler\">Scottie Scheffler</a> shot a 12-under-par 59 at <a href=\"/wiki/TPC_Boston\" title=\"TPC Boston\">TPC Boston</a> in the second round.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/scottie-scheffler-shoots-59-at-northern-trust-one-stroke-short-of-pga-tour-record-173022293.html |title=Rookie Scottie Scheffler shoots 59 at Northern Trust, one stroke short of PGA Tour record |publisher=Yahoo! |date=August 21, 2020}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Winners</h2>\n<tableclass=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:95%\">\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\"> </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/PGA_Tour\" title=\"PGA Tour\">PGA Tour</a> (FedEx Cup Playoffs) </td><td> 2007–\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\"> </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/PGA_Tour\" title=\"PGA Tour\">PGA Tour</a> (Regular) </td><td> 1967–2006\n</td></tr></table>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:95%\">\n<tr>\n<th>#\n</th>\n<th>Year</th><th>Winner</th><th>Score</th><th>To par</th><th>Margin of<br />victory</th><th>Runner(s)-up</th><th>Purse<br />(<a href=\"/wiki/United_States_dollar\" title=\"United States dollar\">US$</a>)</th><th>Winner's<br />share ($)</th><th>Venue\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"11\">FedEx St. Jude Championship\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">58th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2024_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2024 PGA Tour\">2024</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|JPN}} <a href=\"/wiki/Hideki_Matsuyama\" title=\"Hideki Matsuyama\">Hideki Matsuyama</a> </td><td align=\"center\">263 </td><td align=\"center\">−17 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|NOR}} <a href=\"/wiki/Viktor_Hovland\" title=\"Viktor Hovland\">Viktor Hovland</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Xander_Schauffele\" title=\"Xander Schauffele\">Xander Schauffele</a> </td><td align=\"center\">20,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">3,600,000 </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/TPC_Southwind\" title=\"TPC Southwind\">TPC Southwind</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tennessee\" title=\"Tennessee\">TN</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">57th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2022–23 PGA Tour\">2023</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Lucas_Glover\" title=\"Lucas Glover\">Lucas Glover</a> </td><td align=\"center\">265 </td><td align=\"center\">−15 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Cantlay\" title=\"Patrick Cantlay\">Patrick Cantlay</a> </td><td align=\"center\">20,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">3,600,000 </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/TPC_Southwind\" title=\"TPC Southwind\">TPC Southwind</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tennessee\" title=\"Tennessee\">TN</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">56th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2021–22 PGA Tour\">2022</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Will_Zalatoris\" title=\"Will Zalatoris\">Will Zalatoris</a> </td><td align=\"center\">265 </td><td align=\"center\">−15 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|AUT}} <a href=\"/wiki/Sepp_Straka\" title=\"Sepp Straka\">Sepp Straka</a> </td><td align=\"center\">15,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">2,700,000 </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/TPC_Southwind\" title=\"TPC Southwind\">TPC Southwind</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tennessee\" title=\"Tennessee\">TN</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"11\">The Northern Trust\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">55th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2020–21 PGA Tour\">2021</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Finau\" title=\"Tony Finau\">Tony Finau</a> </td><td align=\"center\">264 </td><td align=\"center\">−20 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Cameron_Smith_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Cameron Smith (golfer)\">Cameron Smith</a> </td><td align=\"center\">9,500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,710,000 </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/Liberty_National_Golf_Club\" title=\"Liberty National Golf Club\">Liberty National</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_Jersey\" title=\"New Jersey\">NJ</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">54th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2019–20 PGA Tour\">2020</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Dustin_Johnson\" title=\"Dustin Johnson\">Dustin Johnson</a> (3) </td><td style=\"text-align: center; background: #ACE1AF\">254 </td><td style=\"text-align: center; background: #ACE1AF\">−30 </td><td> 11 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Harris_English\" title=\"Harris English\">Harris English</a> </td><td align=\"center\">9,500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,710,000 </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/TPC_Boston\" title=\"TPC Boston\">TPC Boston</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Massachusetts\" title=\"Massachusetts\">MA</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">53rd\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2018–19 PGA Tour\">2019</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Reed\" title=\"Patrick Reed\">Patrick Reed</a> (2) </td><td align=\"center\">268 </td><td align=\"center\">−16 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|MEX}} <a href=\"/wiki/Abraham_Ancer\" title=\"Abraham Ancer\">Abraham Ancer</a> </td><td align=\"center\">9,250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,665,000 </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/Liberty_National_Golf_Club\" title=\"Liberty National Golf Club\">Liberty National</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_Jersey\" title=\"New Jersey\">NJ</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">52nd\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2017–18 PGA Tour\">2018</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Bryson_DeChambeau\" title=\"Bryson DeChambeau\">Bryson DeChambeau</a> </td><td align=\"center\">266 </td><td align=\"center\">−18 </td><td> 4 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Finau\" title=\"Tony Finau\">Tony Finau</a> </td><td align=\"center\">9,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,620,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Ridgewood_Country_Club\" title=\"Ridgewood Country Club\">Ridgewood</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_Jersey\" title=\"New Jersey\">NJ</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">51st\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2016–17 PGA Tour\">2017</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Dustin_Johnson\" title=\"Dustin Johnson\">Dustin Johnson</a> (2) </td><td align=\"center\">267 </td><td align=\"center\">−13 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jordan_Spieth\" title=\"Jordan Spieth\">Jordan Spieth</a> </td><td align=\"center\">8,750,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,575,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Glen_Oaks_Club\" title=\"Glen Oaks Club\">Glen Oaks</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"11\">The Barclays\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">50th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2015–16 PGA Tour\">2016</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Reed\" title=\"Patrick Reed\">Patrick Reed</a> </td><td align=\"center\">275 </td><td align=\"center\">−9 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|ARG}} <a href=\"/wiki/Emiliano_Grillo\" title=\"Emiliano Grillo\">Emiliano Grillo</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Sean_O%27Hair\" title=\"Sean O'Hair\">Sean O'Hair</a> </td><td align=\"center\">8,500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,530,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Bethpage_Black_Course\" title=\"Bethpage Black Course\">Bethpage Black</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">49th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2014–15 PGA Tour\">2015</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jason_Day\" title=\"Jason Day\">Jason Day</a> </td><td align=\"center\">261 </td><td align=\"center\">−19 </td><td> 6 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|SWE}} <a href=\"/wiki/Henrik_Stenson\" title=\"Henrik Stenson\">Henrik Stenson</a> </td><td align=\"center\">8,250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,485,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Plainfield_Country_Club\" title=\"Plainfield Country Club\">Plainfield</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_Jersey\" title=\"New Jersey\">NJ</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">48th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2013–14 PGA Tour\">2014</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Hunter_Mahan\" title=\"Hunter Mahan\">Hunter Mahan</a> </td><td align=\"center\">270 </td><td align=\"center\">−14 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Stuart_Appleby\" title=\"Stuart Appleby\">Stuart Appleby</a><br />{{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jason_Day\" title=\"Jason Day\">Jason Day</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Cameron_Tringale\" title=\"Cameron Tringale\">Cameron Tringale</a> </td><td align=\"center\">8,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,440,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Ridgewood_Country_Club\" title=\"Ridgewood Country Club\">Ridgewood</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_Jersey\" title=\"New Jersey\">NJ</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">47th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2013_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2013 PGA Tour\">2013</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Adam_Scott_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Adam Scott (golfer)\">Adam Scott</a> </td><td align=\"center\">273 </td><td align=\"center\">−11 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|CAN}} <a href=\"/wiki/Graham_DeLaet\" title=\"Graham DeLaet\">Graham DeLaet</a><br />{{flagicon|ENG}} <a href=\"/wiki/Justin_Rose\" title=\"Justin Rose\">Justin Rose</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Gary_Woodland\" title=\"Gary Woodland\">Gary Woodland</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Tiger_Woods\" title=\"Tiger Woods\">Tiger Woods</a> </td><td align=\"center\">8,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,440,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Liberty_National_Golf_Club\" title=\"Liberty National Golf Club\">Liberty National</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_Jersey\" title=\"New Jersey\">NJ</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">46th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2012_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2012 PGA Tour\">2012</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Nick_Watney\" title=\"Nick Watney\">Nick Watney</a> </td><td align=\"center\">274 </td><td align=\"center\">−10 </td><td> 3 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Brandt_Snedeker\" title=\"Brandt Snedeker\">Brandt Snedeker</a> </td><td align=\"center\">8,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,440,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Bethpage_Black_Course\" title=\"Bethpage Black Course\">Bethpage Black</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">45th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2011_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2011 PGA Tour\">2011</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Dustin_Johnson\" title=\"Dustin Johnson\">Dustin Johnson</a> </td><td align=\"center\">194{{efn|name=weather|Shortened to 54 holes due to weather.}} </td><td align=\"center\">−19 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Matt_Kuchar\" title=\"Matt Kuchar\">Matt Kuchar</a> </td><td align=\"center\">8,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,440,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Plainfield_Country_Club\" title=\"Plainfield Country Club\">Plainfield</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_Jersey\" title=\"New Jersey\">NJ</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">44th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2010_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2010 PGA Tour\">2010</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Matt_Kuchar\" title=\"Matt Kuchar\">Matt Kuchar</a> </td><td align=\"center\">272 </td><td align=\"center\">−12 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|SCO}} <a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Laird\" title=\"Martin Laird\">Martin Laird</a> </td><td align=\"center\">7,500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,350,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Ridgewood_Country_Club\" title=\"Ridgewood Country Club\">Ridgewood</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_Jersey\" title=\"New Jersey\">NJ</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">43rd\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2009_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2009 PGA Tour\">2009</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Heath_Slocum\" title=\"Heath Slocum\">Heath Slocum</a> </td><td align=\"center\">275 </td><td align=\"center\">−9 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|ZAF}} <a href=\"/wiki/Ernie_Els\" title=\"Ernie Els\">Ernie Els</a><br />{{flagicon|IRL}} <a href=\"/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington\" title=\"Pádraig Harrington\">Pádraig Harrington</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Steve_Stricker\" title=\"Steve Stricker\">Steve Stricker</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Tiger_Woods\" title=\"Tiger Woods\">Tiger Woods</a> </td><td align=\"center\">7,500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,350,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Liberty_National_Golf_Club\" title=\"Liberty National Golf Club\">Liberty National</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_Jersey\" title=\"New Jersey\">NJ</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">42nd\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2008_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2008 PGA Tour\">2008</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|FIJ}} <a href=\"/wiki/Vijay_Singh\" title=\"Vijay Singh\">Vijay Singh</a> (4) </td><td align=\"center\">276 </td><td align=\"center\">−8 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|ESP}} <a href=\"/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa\" title=\"Sergio García\">Sergio García</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Kevin_Sutherland\" title=\"Kevin Sutherland\">Kevin Sutherland</a> </td><td align=\"center\">7,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,260,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Ridgewood_Country_Club\" title=\"Ridgewood Country Club\">Ridgewood</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_Jersey\" title=\"New Jersey\">NJ</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:thistle\">41st\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2007_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2007 PGA Tour\">2007</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Steve_Stricker\" title=\"Steve Stricker\">Steve Stricker</a> </td><td align=\"center\">268 </td><td align=\"center\">−16 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|KOR}} <a href=\"/wiki/K._J._Choi\" title=\"K. J. Choi\">K. J. Choi</a> </td><td align=\"center\">7,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,260,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"11\">Barclays Classic\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">40th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2006_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2006 PGA Tour\">2006</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|FIJ}} <a href=\"/wiki/Vijay_Singh\" title=\"Vijay Singh\">Vijay Singh</a> (3) </td><td align=\"center\">274 </td><td align=\"center\">−10 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Adam_Scott_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Adam Scott (golfer)\">Adam Scott</a> </td><td align=\"center\">5,750,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,035,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">39th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2005_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2005 PGA Tour\">2005</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|IRL}} <a href=\"/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington\" title=\"Pádraig Harrington\">Pádraig Harrington</a> </td><td align=\"center\">274 </td><td align=\"center\">−10 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jim_Furyk\" title=\"Jim Furyk\">Jim Furyk</a> </td><td align=\"center\">5,750,000 </td><td align=\"center\">1,035,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"11\">Buick Classic\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">38th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2004_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2004 PGA Tour\">2004</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|ESP}} <a href=\"/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa\" title=\"Sergio García\">Sergio García</a> (2) </td><td align=\"center\">272 </td><td align=\"center\">−12 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|IRL}} <a href=\"/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_Harrington\" title=\"Pádraig Harrington\">Pádraig Harrington</a><br />{{flagicon|ZAF}} <a href=\"/wiki/Rory_Sabbatini\" title=\"Rory Sabbatini\">Rory Sabbatini</a> </td><td align=\"center\">5,250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">945,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">37th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2003_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2003 PGA Tour\">2003</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jonathan_Kaye\" title=\"Jonathan Kaye\">Jonathan Kaye</a> </td><td align=\"center\">271 </td><td align=\"center\">−13 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/John_Rollins_%28golfer%29\" title=\"John Rollins (golfer)\">John Rollins</a> </td><td align=\"center\">5,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">900,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">36th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2002_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2002 PGA Tour\">2002</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Chris_Smith_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Chris Smith (golfer)\">Chris Smith</a> </td><td align=\"center\">272 </td><td align=\"center\">−12 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/David_Gossett\" title=\"David Gossett\">David Gossett</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Pat_Perez\" title=\"Pat Perez\">Pat Perez</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Loren_Roberts\" title=\"Loren Roberts\">Loren Roberts</a> </td><td align=\"center\">3,500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">630,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">35th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2001_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2001 PGA Tour\">2001</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|ESP}} <a href=\"/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa\" title=\"Sergio García\">Sergio García</a></td><td align=\"center\">268 </td><td align=\"center\">−16 </td><td> 3 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Scott_Hoch\" title=\"Scott Hoch\">Scott Hoch</a> </td><td align=\"center\">3,500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">630,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">34th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2000_PGA_Tour\" title=\"2000 PGA Tour\">2000</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Dennis_Paulson\" title=\"Dennis Paulson\">Dennis Paulson</a></td><td align=\"center\">276 </td><td align=\"center\">−8 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/David_Duval\" title=\"David Duval\">David Duval</a> </td><td align=\"center\">3,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">540,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">33rd\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1999_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1999 PGA Tour\">1999</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Duffy_Waldorf\" title=\"Duffy Waldorf\">Duffy Waldorf</a></td><td align=\"center\">276 </td><td align=\"center\">−8 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Dennis_Paulson\" title=\"Dennis Paulson\">Dennis Paulson</a> </td><td align=\"center\">2,500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">450,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">32nd\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1998_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1998 PGA Tour\">1998</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/J._P._Hayes\" title=\"J. P. Hayes\">J. P. Hayes</a></td><td align=\"center\">201{{efn|name=weather}} </td><td align=\"center\">−12 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jim_Furyk\" title=\"Jim Furyk\">Jim Furyk</a> </td><td align=\"center\">1,800,000 </td><td align=\"center\">324,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">31st\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1997_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1997 PGA Tour\">1997</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|ZAF}} <a href=\"/wiki/Ernie_Els\" title=\"Ernie Els\">Ernie Els</a> (2) </td><td align=\"center\">268 </td><td align=\"center\">−16 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jeff_Maggert\" title=\"Jeff Maggert\">Jeff Maggert</a> </td><td align=\"center\">1,500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">270,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">30th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1996_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1996 PGA Tour\">1996</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|ZAF}} <a href=\"/wiki/Ernie_Els\" title=\"Ernie Els\">Ernie Els</a></td><td align=\"center\">271 </td><td align=\"center\">−13 </td><td> 8 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Steve_Elkington\" title=\"Steve Elkington\">Steve Elkington</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Lehman\" title=\"Tom Lehman\">Tom Lehman</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jeff_Maggert\" title=\"Jeff Maggert\">Jeff Maggert</a><br />{{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Craig_Parry\" title=\"Craig Parry\">Craig Parry</a> </td><td align=\"center\">1,200,000 </td><td align=\"center\">216,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">29th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1995_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1995 PGA Tour\">1995</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|FIJ}} <a href=\"/wiki/Vijay_Singh\" title=\"Vijay Singh\">Vijay Singh</a> (2) </td><td align=\"center\">278 </td><td align=\"center\">−6 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Doug_Martin_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Doug Martin (golfer)\">Doug Martin</a> </td><td align=\"center\">1,200,000 </td><td align=\"center\">216,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">28th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1994_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1994 PGA Tour\">1994</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Lee_Janzen\" title=\"Lee Janzen\">Lee Janzen</a></td><td align=\"center\">268 </td><td align=\"center\">−16 </td><td> 3 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|ZAF}} <a href=\"/wiki/Ernie_Els\" title=\"Ernie Els\">Ernie Els</a> </td><td align=\"center\">1,200,000 </td><td align=\"center\">216,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">27th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1993_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1993 PGA Tour\">1993</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|FIJ}} <a href=\"/wiki/Vijay_Singh\" title=\"Vijay Singh\">Vijay Singh</a> </td><td align=\"center\">280 </td><td align=\"center\">−4 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Mark_Wiebe\" title=\"Mark Wiebe\">Mark Wiebe</a> </td><td align=\"center\">1,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">180,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">26th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1992_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1992 PGA Tour\">1992</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|ZAF|1982}} <a href=\"/wiki/David_Frost_%28golfer%29\" title=\"David Frost (golfer)\">David Frost</a> </td><td align=\"center\">268 </td><td align=\"center\">−16 </td><td> 8 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Duffy_Waldorf\" title=\"Duffy Waldorf\">Duffy Waldorf</a> </td><td align=\"center\">1,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">180,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">25th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1991_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1991 PGA Tour\">1991</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Billy_Andrade\" title=\"Billy Andrade\">Billy Andrade</a> </td><td align=\"center\">273 </td><td align=\"center\">−11 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Brad_Bryant\" title=\"Brad Bryant\">Brad Bryant</a> </td><td align=\"center\">1,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">180,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">24th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1990_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1990 PGA Tour\">1990</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Hale_Irwin\" title=\"Hale Irwin\">Hale Irwin</a> </td><td align=\"center\">269 </td><td align=\"center\">−15 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Paul_Azinger\" title=\"Paul Azinger\">Paul Azinger</a> </td><td align=\"center\">1,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">180,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"11\">Manufacturers Hanover Westchester Classic\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">23rd\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1989_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1989 PGA Tour\">1989</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Wayne_Grady\" title=\"Wayne Grady\">Wayne Grady</a> </td><td align=\"center\">277 </td><td align=\"center\">−7 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Ronnie_Black\" title=\"Ronnie Black\">Ronnie Black</a> </td><td align=\"center\">1,000,000 </td><td align=\"center\">180,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">22rd\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1988_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1988 PGA Tour\">1988</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|ESP}} <a href=\"/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros\" title=\"Seve Ballesteros\">Seve Ballesteros</a> (2) </td><td align=\"center\">276 </td><td align=\"center\">−8 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|ZAF|1982}} <a href=\"/wiki/David_Frost_%28golfer%29\" title=\"David Frost (golfer)\">David Frost</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Ken_Green_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Ken Green (golfer)\">Ken Green</a><br />{{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Greg_Norman\" title=\"Greg Norman\">Greg Norman</a> </td><td align=\"center\">700,000 </td><td align=\"center\">126,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">21st\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1987_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1987 PGA Tour\">1987</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/J._C._Snead\" title=\"J. C. Snead\">J. C. Snead</a> </td><td align=\"center\">276 </td><td align=\"center\">−8 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|ESP}} <a href=\"/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros\" title=\"Seve Ballesteros\">Seve Ballesteros</a> </td><td align=\"center\">600,000 </td><td align=\"center\">108,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">20th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1986_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1986 PGA Tour\">1986</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Tway\" title=\"Bob Tway\">Bob Tway</a> </td><td align=\"center\">272 </td><td align=\"center\">−12 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Willie_Wood_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Willie Wood (golfer)\">Willie Wood</a> </td><td align=\"center\">600,000 </td><td align=\"center\">108,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">19th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1985_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1985 PGA Tour\">1985</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Roger_Maltbie\" title=\"Roger Maltbie\">Roger Maltbie</a> </td><td align=\"center\">275 </td><td align=\"center\">−9 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/George_Burns_%28golfer%29\" title=\"George Burns (golfer)\">George Burns</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Raymond_Floyd\" title=\"Raymond Floyd\">Raymond Floyd</a> </td><td align=\"center\">500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">90,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">18th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1984_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1984 PGA Tour\">1984</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Scott_Simpson_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Scott Simpson (golfer)\">Scott Simpson</a> </td><td align=\"center\">269 </td><td align=\"center\">−15 </td><td> 5 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/David_Graham_%28golfer%29\" title=\"David Graham (golfer)\">David Graham</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jay_Haas\" title=\"Jay Haas\">Jay Haas</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Mark_O%27Meara\" title=\"Mark O'Meara\">Mark O'Meara</a> </td><td align=\"center\">500,000 </td><td align=\"center\">90,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">17th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1983_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1983 PGA Tour\">1983</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|ESP}} <a href=\"/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros\" title=\"Seve Ballesteros\">Seve Ballesteros</a> </td><td align=\"center\">276 </td><td align=\"center\">−8 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Andy_Bean\" title=\"Andy Bean\">Andy Bean</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Craig_Stadler\" title=\"Craig Stadler\">Craig Stadler</a> </td><td align=\"center\">450,000 </td><td align=\"center\">81,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">16th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1982_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1982 PGA Tour\">1982</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Gilder\" title=\"Bob Gilder\">Bob Gilder</a> </td><td align=\"center\">261 </td><td align=\"center\">−19 </td><td> 5 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Jacobsen\" title=\"Peter Jacobsen\">Peter Jacobsen</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Kite\" title=\"Tom Kite\">Tom Kite</a> </td><td align=\"center\">400,000 </td><td align=\"center\">72,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">15th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1981_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1981 PGA Tour\">1981</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Raymond_Floyd\" title=\"Raymond Floyd\">Raymond Floyd</a> </td><td align=\"center\">275 </td><td align=\"center\">−9 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Bobby_Clampett\" title=\"Bobby Clampett\">Bobby Clampett</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Gibby_Gilbert\" title=\"Gibby Gilbert\">Gibby Gilbert</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Craig_Stadler\" title=\"Craig Stadler\">Craig Stadler</a> </td><td align=\"center\">400,000 </td><td align=\"center\">72,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">14th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1980_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1980 PGA Tour\">1980</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Curtis_Strange\" title=\"Curtis Strange\">Curtis Strange</a> </td><td align=\"center\">273 </td><td align=\"center\">−11 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Gibby_Gilbert\" title=\"Gibby Gilbert\">Gibby Gilbert</a> </td><td align=\"center\">400,000 </td><td align=\"center\">72,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">13th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1979_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1979 PGA Tour\">1979</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Renner_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Jack Renner (golfer)\">Jack Renner</a> </td><td align=\"center\">277 </td><td align=\"center\">−7 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/David_Graham_%28golfer%29\" title=\"David Graham (golfer)\">David Graham</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Howard_Twitty\" title=\"Howard Twitty\">Howard Twitty</a> </td><td align=\"center\">400,000 </td><td align=\"center\">72,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"11\">American Express Westchester Classic\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">12th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1978_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1978 PGA Tour\">1978</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Lee_Elder\" title=\"Lee Elder\">Lee Elder</a> </td><td align=\"center\">274 </td><td align=\"center\">−10 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Mark_Hayes_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Mark Hayes (golfer)\">Mark Hayes</a> </td><td align=\"center\">300,000 </td><td align=\"center\">60,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">11th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1977_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1977 PGA Tour\">1977</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Andy_North\" title=\"Andy North\">Andy North</a> </td><td align=\"center\">272 </td><td align=\"center\">−12 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/George_Archer\" title=\"George Archer\">George Archer</a> </td><td align=\"center\">300,000 </td><td align=\"center\">60,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">10th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1976_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1976 PGA Tour\">1976</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/David_Graham_%28golfer%29\" title=\"David Graham (golfer)\">David Graham</a> </td><td align=\"center\">272 </td><td align=\"center\">−12 </td><td> 3 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Ben_Crenshaw\" title=\"Ben Crenshaw\">Ben Crenshaw</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Watson_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Tom Watson (golfer)\">Tom Watson</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Fuzzy_Zoeller\" title=\"Fuzzy Zoeller\">Fuzzy Zoeller</a> </td><td align=\"center\">300,000 </td><td align=\"center\">60,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th colspan=\"11\">Westchester Classic\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">9th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1975_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1975 PGA Tour\">1975</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Gene_Littler\" title=\"Gene Littler\">Gene Littler</a> </td><td align=\"center\">271 </td><td align=\"center\">−17 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Julius_Boros\" title=\"Julius Boros\">Julius Boros</a> </td><td align=\"center\">250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">50,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">8th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1974_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1974 PGA Tour\">1974</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Johnny_Miller\" title=\"Johnny Miller\">Johnny Miller</a> </td><td align=\"center\">269 </td><td align=\"center\">−19 </td><td> 2 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Don_Bies\" title=\"Don Bies\">Don Bies</a> </td><td align=\"center\">250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">50,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">7th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1973_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1973 PGA Tour\">1973</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Bobby_Nichols\" title=\"Bobby Nichols\">Bobby Nichols</a> </td><td align=\"center\">272 </td><td align=\"center\">−16 </td><td> Playoff </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Murphy_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Bob Murphy (golfer)\">Bob Murphy</a> </td><td align=\"center\">250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">50,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">6th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1972_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1972 PGA Tour\">1972</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus\" title=\"Jack Nicklaus\">Jack Nicklaus</a> (2) </td><td align=\"center\">270 </td><td align=\"center\">−18 </td><td> 3 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jim_Colbert\" title=\"Jim Colbert\">Jim Colbert</a> </td><td align=\"center\">250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">50,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">5th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1971_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1971 PGA Tour\">1971</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Arnold_Palmer\" title=\"Arnold Palmer\">Arnold Palmer</a> </td><td align=\"center\">270 </td><td align=\"center\">−18 </td><td> 5 strokes </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Gibby_Gilbert\" title=\"Gibby Gilbert\">Gibby Gilbert</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Hale_Irwin\" title=\"Hale Irwin\">Hale Irwin</a> </td><td align=\"center\">250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">50,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">4th\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1970_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1970 PGA Tour\">1970</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|AUS}} <a href=\"/wiki/Bruce_Crampton\" title=\"Bruce Crampton\">Bruce Crampton</a> </td><td align=\"center\">273 </td><td align=\"center\">−15 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Larry_Hinson\" title=\"Larry Hinson\">Larry Hinson</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus\" title=\"Jack Nicklaus\">Jack Nicklaus</a> </td><td align=\"center\">250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">50,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">3rd\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1969_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1969 PGA Tour\">1969</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Frank_Beard_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Frank Beard (golfer)\">Frank Beard</a> </td><td align=\"center\">275 </td><td align=\"center\">−13 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Bert_Greene_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Bert Greene (golfer)\">Bert Greene</a> </td><td align=\"center\">250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">50,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">2nd\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1968_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1968 PGA Tour\">1968</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Julius_Boros\" title=\"Julius Boros\">Julius Boros</a> </td><td align=\"center\">272 </td><td align=\"center\">−16 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Murphy_%28golfer%29\" title=\"Bob Murphy (golfer)\">Bob Murphy</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus\" title=\"Jack Nicklaus\">Jack Nicklaus</a><br />{{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Dan_Sikes\" title=\"Dan Sikes\">Dan Sikes</a> </td><td align=\"center\">250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">50,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td style=\"background:lightblue\">1st\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1967_PGA_Tour\" title=\"1967 PGA Tour\">1967</a> </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus\" title=\"Jack Nicklaus\">Jack Nicklaus</a> </td><td align=\"center\">272 </td><td align=\"center\">−16 </td><td> 1 stroke </td><td> {{flagicon|USA}} <a href=\"/wiki/Dan_Sikes\" title=\"Dan Sikes\">Dan Sikes</a> </td><td align=\"center\">250,000 </td><td align=\"center\">50,000 </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Westchester_Country_Club\" title=\"Westchester Country Club\">Westchester</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"New York (state)\">NY</a>\n</td></tr></table>\n<p><i>Note: Green highlight indicates scoring records.</i><br />\nSources:<ref><a href=\"http://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/the-barclays/past-winners.html\">The Barclays – Winners</a> – at www.pgatour.com</ref><ref><a href=\"http://www.golfobserver.com/new/golfstats.php?style=&amp;tour=PGA&amp;name=&amp;year=&amp;tournament=The+Barclays&amp;in=Search\">The Barclays – Winners</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023010/http://www.golfobserver.com/new/golfstats.php?style=&tour=PGA&name=&year=&tournament=The+Barclays&in=Search |date=2015-09-24 }} – at golfobserver.com (since 1970)</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Sal |editor1-last=Johnson |editor2-first=Dave |editor2-last=Seanor |title=The USA Today Golfers Encyclopedia |year=2009 |publisher=[[Skyhorse Publishing]] |location=[[New York, New York]] |isbn=978-1-60239-302-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iOszAAAAIBAJ&pg=4364,3000600&dq=westchester+golf+beard&hl=en |title=Beard Cans Birdie On Final Hole For Title |newspaper=[[Lodi News-Sentinel]] |location=[[Lodi, California]] |agency=[[United Press International|UPI]] |date=August 4, 1969 |page=8 |access-date=August 25, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=92weAAAAIBAJ&pg=1370,4524665&dq=westchester+golf+boros&hl=en |title='Loose Moose' Grabs Westchester Win Away From Murphy |newspaper=[[Daytona Beach Morning Journal]] |location=[[Daytona Beach, Florida]] |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |date=August 19, 1968 |page=15 |access-date=August 25, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3XAQAAAAIBAJ&pg=4983,6257938&dq=westchester+golf+nicklaus&hl=en |title=Army Didn't Bug Me — Jack |newspaper=[[The Free Lance−Star]] |location=[[Fredericksburg, Virginia]] |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |date=August 31, 1967 |page=22 |access-date=August 25, 2010 }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Multiple winners</h2>\n<p>Seven men have won the tournament more than once through 2021.\n</p><ul><li>4 wins\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Vijay_Singh\" title=\"Vijay Singh\">Vijay Singh</a>: 1993, 1995, 2006, 2008\n</li></ul></li><li>3 wins\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Dustin_Johnson\" title=\"Dustin Johnson\">Dustin Johnson</a>: 2011, 2017, 2020\n</li></ul></li><li>2 wins\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Nicklaus\" title=\"Jack Nicklaus\">Jack Nicklaus</a>: 1967, 1972\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Seve_Ballesteros\" title=\"Seve Ballesteros\">Seve Ballesteros</a>: 1983, 1988\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ernie_Els\" title=\"Ernie Els\">Ernie Els</a>: 1996, 1997\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Sergio_Garc%C3%ADa\" title=\"Sergio García\">Sergio García</a>: 2001, 2004\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Patrick_Reed\" title=\"Patrick Reed\">Patrick Reed</a>: 2016, 2019\n</li></ul></li></ul>", "<h2>Notes</h2>\n<p>{{notelist}}\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https://www.pgatour.com/tournaments/fedex-st-jude-championship.html\">Coverage on the PGA Tour's official site</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{FedEx Cup Playoffs}}\n{{PGA Tour Events}}\n{{coord|35.057|N|89.779|W|display=title|type:event}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:PGA_Tour_events\" title=\"PGA Tour events\">Category:PGA Tour events</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:FedEx_Cup\" title=\"FedEx Cup\">Category:FedEx Cup</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Golf_tournaments_in_New_Jersey\" title=\"Golf tournaments in New Jersey\">Category:Golf tournaments in New Jersey</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Golf_tournaments_in_New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"Golf tournaments in New York (state)\">Category:Golf tournaments in New York (state)</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Golf_tournaments_in_Massachusetts\" title=\"Golf tournaments in Massachusetts\">Category:Golf tournaments in Massachusetts</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Golf_tournaments_in_Tennessee\" title=\"Golf tournaments in Tennessee\">Category:Golf tournaments in Tennessee</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Bristol_County%2C_Massachusetts\" title=\"Sports in Bristol County, Massachusetts\">Category:Sports in Bristol County, Massachusetts</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Hudson_County%2C_New_Jersey\" title=\"Sports in Hudson County, New Jersey\">Category:Sports in Hudson County, New Jersey</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sports_in_Westchester_County%2C_New_York\" title=\"Sports in Westchester County, New York\">Category:Sports in Westchester County, New York</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Norton%2C_Massachusetts\" title=\"Norton, Massachusetts\">Category:Norton, Massachusetts</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Recurring_sporting_events_established_in_1967\" title=\"Recurring sporting events established in 1967\">Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1967</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1967_establishments_in_New_York_%28state%29\" title=\"1967 establishments in New York (state)\">Category:1967 establishments in New York (state)</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "80.194.237.230" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Stratigraphic definitions", "References", "Sources", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|Fourth and last age of the Early Jurassic}}\n{{Infobox geologic timespan\n| name = Toarcian\n| color = Toarcian\n| time_start = 184.2 \n| time_start_uncertainty = 0.3\n| time_end = 174.7 \n| time_end_uncertainty = 0.8\n| image_map =\n| caption_map =\n| image_outcrop =\n| caption_outcrop =\n| image_art =\n| caption_art =\n<!--Chronology--> \n| timeline = Jurassic\n| formerly_part_of =\n| partially_contained_in =\n| partially_contains =\n<!--Etymology-->\n| name_formality = Formal\n| name_accept_date =\n| alternate_spellings =\n| synonym1 =\n| synonym1_coined =\n| synonym2 =\n| synonym2_coined =\n| synonym3 =\n| synonym3_coined =\n| nicknames =\n| former_names =\n| proposed_names =\n<!--Usage Information--> \n| celestial_body = earth\n| usage = Global ([[International Commission on Stratigraphy|ICS]])\n| timescales_used = ICS Time Scale\n| formerly_used_by =\n| not_used_by =\n<!--Definition-->\n| chrono_unit = Age\n| strat_unit = Stage\n| proposed_by =\n| type_section =\n| timespan_formality = Formal\n| lower_boundary_def = [[Peniche, Portugal|Peniche]], [[Portugal]]\n| lower_gssp_location = [[First appearance datum|FAD]] of the [[Ammonite]] ''[[Dactylioceras|D. (E.) simplex]]''\n| lower_gssp_coords = {{Coor|39.3708|N|9.3853|W|display=inline}}\n| lower_gssp_accept_date = 2014<ref>{{cite journal |last1=da Rocha |first1=Rogério Bordalo |last2=Mattioli |first2=Emanuela |last3=Duarte |first3=Luís Vítor |last4=Pittet |first4=Bernard |last5=Elmi |first5=Serge |last6=Mouterde |first6=René |last7=Cabral |first7=Maria Cristina |last8=Comas-Rengifo |first8=Maria José |last9=Gómez |first9=Juan José |last10=Goy |first10=António |last11=Hesselbo |first11=Stephen P. |last12=Jenkyns |first12=Hugh C. |last13=Littler |first13=Kate |last14=Mailliot |first14=Samuel |last15=Veiga de Oliveira |first15=Luiz Carlos |last16=Osete |first16=Maria Luisa |last17=Nicola |first17=Perilli |last18=Pinto |first18=Susana |last19=Ruget |first19=Christiane |last20=Suan |first20=Guillaume |title=Base of the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche section (Portugal) |journal=Episodes |date=September 2016 |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=460–481 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i3/99741 |doi-access=free |hdl=10261/140775 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>\n| upper_boundary_def = FAD of the Ammonites ''[[Leioceras opalinum]]'' and ''[[Leioceras lineatum]]''\n| upper_gssp_location = [[Fuentelsaz]], [[Spain]]\n| upper_gssp_coords = {{Coord|41.1708|N|1.8333|W|display=inline}}\n| upper_gssp_accept_date = 2000<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cresta |first1=S. |last2=Goy |first2=A. |last3=Arias |first3=C. |last4=Barrón |first4=E. |last5=Bernad |first5=J. |last6=Canales |first6=M. |last7=García-Joral |first7=F. |last8=García-Romero |first8=E |last9=Gialanella |first9=P. |last10=Gómez |first10=J. |last11=González |first11=J. |last12=Herrero |first12=C. |last13=Martínez2 |first13=G. |last14=Osete |first14=M. |last15=Perilli |first15=N. |last16=Villalaín |first16=J. |title=The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Toarcian-Aalenian Boundary (Lower-Middle Jurassic) |journal=Episodes |date=September 2001 |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=166–175 |doi=10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i3/003 |url=https://timescalefoundation.org/references/Aalenian.pdf |access-date=13 December 2020}}</ref>\n<!--Atmospheric and Climatic Data-->\n| o2 =\n| co2 =\n| temp =\n| sea_level = \n}}\nThe <b>Toarcian</b> is, in the <a href=\"/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy\" title=\"International Commission on Stratigraphy\">ICS</a>' <a href=\"/wiki/Geologic_timescale\" title=\"Geologic timescale\">geologic timescale</a>, an <a href=\"/wiki/Age_%28geology%29\" title=\"Age (geology)\">age</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Stage_%28stratigraphy%29\" title=\"Stage (stratigraphy)\">stage</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Early_Jurassic\" title=\"Early Jurassic\">Early or Lower Jurassic</a>. It spans the time between 184.2 <a href=\"/wiki/Megaannum\" title=\"Megaannum\">Ma (million years ago)</a> and 174.7 ±0.8 Ma.<ref name=\"benton, 2012\">{{cite book|last=Benton|first=Michael J.|title=Prehistoric Life|year=2012|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=Edinburgh, Scotland|isbn=978-0-7566-9910-9|pages=44–45}}</ref> It follows the <a href=\"/wiki/Pliensbachian\" title=\"Pliensbachian\">Pliensbachian</a> and is followed by the <a href=\"/wiki/Aalenian\" title=\"Aalenian\">Aalenian</a>.<ref>For a detailed geologic timescale see Gradstein <i>et al.</i> (2004)</ref>\n</p><p>The Toarcian Age began with the <a href=\"/wiki/Toarcian_Oceanic_Anoxic_Event\" title=\"Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event\">Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event</a>, a major <a href=\"/wiki/Anoxic_event\" title=\"Anoxic event\">anoxic event</a> associated with marine extinctions and increased global temperatures that sets its fossil faunas apart from the previous <a href=\"/wiki/Pliensbachian\" title=\"Pliensbachian\">Pliensbachian</a> age. It is believed to have ended with a global cooling event known as the Comptum Cooling Event, although whether it represented a worldwide event is controversial.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Henriques |first1=Maria Helena Paiva |last2=Canales |first2=Maria Luisa |date=September–October 2013 |title=Ammonite-benthic Foraminifera turnovers across the Lower-Middle Jurassic transition in the Lusitanian Basin (Portugal) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016699513000727 |journal=[[Geobios]] |volume=46 |issue=5 |pages=395–408 |doi=10.1016/j.geobios.2013.06.002 |bibcode=2013Geobi..46..395H |access-date=23 November 2022|hdl=10316/27258 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Stratigraphic definitions</h2>\n<p>The Toarcian takes its name from the city of <a href=\"/wiki/Thouars\" title=\"Thouars\">Thouars</a>, just south of <a href=\"/wiki/Saumur\" title=\"Saumur\">Saumur</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Loire_Valley\" title=\"Loire Valley\">Loire Valley</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/France\" title=\"France\">France</a>. The stage was introduced by French palaeontologist <a href=\"/wiki/Alcide_d%27Orbigny\" title=\"Alcide d'Orbigny\">Alcide d'Orbigny</a> in 1842, after examining <a href=\"/wiki/Stratum\" title=\"Stratum\">rock strata</a> of this age in a <a href=\"/wiki/Quarry\" title=\"Quarry\">quarry</a> near Thouars.\n</p><p>In Europe this period is represented by the upper part of the <a href=\"/wiki/Lias_Group\" title=\"Lias Group\">Lias</a>.\n</p><p>The base of the Toarcian is defined as the place in the stratigraphic record where the <a href=\"/wiki/Ammonite\" title=\"Ammonite\">ammonite</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Genus\" title=\"Genus\">genus</a> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Eodactylites\" title=\"Eodactylites\">Eodactylites</a></i> first appears. A global reference profile (a <a href=\"/wiki/GSSP\" title=\"GSSP\">GSSP</a>) for the base is <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Sections_and_Points\" title=\"List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points\">located</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Peniche%2C_Portugal\" title=\"Peniche, Portugal\">Peniche, Portugal</a>. The top of the stage is at the first appearance of ammonite genus <i><a href=\"/wiki/Leioceras\" title=\"Leioceras\">Leioceras</a></i>.\n</p><p>In the <a href=\"/wiki/Tethys_Ocean\" title=\"Tethys Ocean\">Tethys domain</a>, the Toarcian contains the following ammonite <a href=\"/wiki/Biozone\" title=\"Biozone\">biozones</a>:\n<ul><li>zone of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Pleydellia\" title=\"Pleydellia\">Pleydellia aalensis</a></i>\n</li><li>zone of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dumortieria\" title=\"Dumortieria\">Dumortieria pseudoradiosa</a></i>\n</li><li>zone of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Phlyseogrammoceras\" title=\"Phlyseogrammoceras\">Phlyseogrammoceras dispansum</a></i>\n</li><li>zone of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Grammoceras\" title=\"Grammoceras\">Grammoceras thouarcense</a></i>\n</li><li>zone of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Haugia\" title=\"Haugia\">Haugia variabilis</a></i>\n</li><li>zone of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hildoceras\" title=\"Hildoceras\">Hildoceras bifrons</a></i>\n</li><li>zone of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Harpoceras\" title=\"Harpoceras\">Harpoceras serpentinum</a></i>\n</li><li>zone of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dactylioceras\" title=\"Dactylioceras\">Dactylioceras tenuicostatum</a></i>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>Sources</h2>\n<ul><li>{{aut|Gradstein, F.M.; Ogg, J.G. & Smith, A.G.}}; <b>2004</b>: <i>A Geologic Time Scale 2004</i>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press\" title=\"Cambridge University Press\">Cambridge University Press</a>.\n</li><li>{{aut|d´Orbigny, A.C.V.M.D.}}; <b>1842</b>: <i>Paléontologie française. 1. Terrains oolitiques ou jurassiques</i>, Bertrand, Paris. {{in lang|fr}}\n</li><li>Elmi, S., Rulleau, L., Gabilly, J. &amp; Mouterde, R. 1997: Toarcien. <i>In</i>: Cariou, E. &amp; Hantzpergue, P. (eds): Biostratigraphie du Jurassique ouest-européen et méditerranéen. <i>Bulletin du Centre des Recherches, Elf Explor. Prod. Mém.</i>, 17.\n</li></ul>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Toarcian.html\">GeoWhen Database - Toarcian</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://stratigraphy.science.purdue.edu/charts/Timeslices/6_LowerJurassic.pdf\">Lower Jurassic timescale</a>, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS\n</li><li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060518101459/http://norges.uio.no/timescale/Fig17.1_Jur_colB.pdf\">Stratigraphic chart of the Lower Jurassic</a>, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy\n</li></ul><p>{{Jurassic Footer}}\n{{Geological history|p|m}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Toarcian\" title=\"Toarcian\"> </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Early_Jurassic\" title=\"Early Jurassic\">*04</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Geological_ages\" title=\"Geological ages\">Category:Geological ages</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "46.31.118.94" ] }

{ "title": [ "Islamic society" ], "level": [ 1 ], "content": [ "<p><b>Islamic society</b> may refer to:\n</p><ul><li> A society in which <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_culture\" title=\"Islamic culture\">Islamic culture</a> is dominant\n</li><li> The <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_world\" title=\"Islamic world\">Islamic world</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mosque\" title=\"Mosque\">Mosque</a>, or <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_Center\" title=\"Islamic Center\">Islamic Center</a> – the place of Muslim prayer\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mosques\" title=\"Mosques\">:Category:Mosques</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_organizations\" title=\"Islamic organizations\">:Category:Islamic organizations</a> of various types\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_Society_of_North_America\" title=\"Islamic Society of North America\">Islamic Society of North America</a> – one of the largest American Muslim organizations.\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Islamic_Society_%28Bahrain%29\" title=\"Islamic Society (Bahrain)\">Islamic Society (Bahrain)</a> – a Sunni Islamic organization in Bahrain\n</li><li> Islamic Society – a group within an institution (school, college, university) providing services for Muslims\n</li><li> Islamic Society, <a href=\"/wiki/Jamaat-e-Islami_Pakistan\" title=\"Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan\">Jamaat-e-Islami</a> – a political party in Pakistan\n</li><li> Islamic Society, <a href=\"/wiki/Jamiat-e_Islami\" title=\"Jamiat-e Islami\">Jamiat-e Islami</a> – a political party in Afghanistan\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Al-Gama%27a_al-Islamiyya\" title=\"Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya\">Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya</a> was/is an umbrella organization for Egyptian militant student groups, formed in the 1970s\n</li></ul><p>{{disambig}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "47.186.244.146" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Plot", "Background", "Reception", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}\n{{Multiple issues|\n{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}\n{{Primary sources|date=January 2021}}\n}}\n{{infobox book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->\n| name = The Crystal Prison\n| title_orig =\n| translator =\n| image = The Crystal Prison book cover.jpg\n| image_size =\n| caption = First edition cover\n| author = [[Robin Jarvis]]\n| cover_artist =\n| country = United Kingdom\n| language = English\n| series = [[The Deptford Mice]]\n| genre = [[Dark fantasy]]\n| publisher = Macdonald & Company\n| release_date = 1989\n| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] & [[Paperback]])\n| pages =\n| isbn = 1-58717-107-4 \n| preceded_by =[[The Dark Portal]]\n| followed_by =[[The Final Reckoning]]\n}}\n</p><p><i><b>The Crystal Prison</b></i> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Dark_fantasy\" title=\"Dark fantasy\">dark fantasy</a> novel for children by British author <a href=\"/wiki/Robin_Jarvis\" title=\"Robin Jarvis\">Robin Jarvis</a>. It is the second book in <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Deptford_Mice\" title=\"The Deptford Mice\">The Deptford Mice</a></i> trilogy, first published in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Kingdom\" title=\"United Kingdom\">United Kingdom</a> in 1989 by Macdonald &amp; Company, <a href=\"/wiki/London\" title=\"London\">London</a>. In 2001, it was published by SeaStar Books in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">United States</a>.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Crystal Prison |journal=Publishers Weekly |date=27 August 2001 |volume=248 |issue=35}}</ref> The book continues the story of the young <a href=\"/wiki/House_mouse\" title=\"House mouse\">house mouse</a> Audrey after she and her friends have defeated the evil cat Jupiter, lord of the sewer rats.\n</p>", "<h2>Plot</h2>\n<p>The story picks up shortly after the last book left off. <a href=\"/wiki/Albino\" title=\"Albino\">Albino</a> mouse Oswald Chitter is deathly ill, having caught an infection during his time in the <a href=\"/wiki/Deptford\" title=\"Deptford\">Deptford</a> sewers battling the villainous cat Jupiter with his friends. In caring for him, Oswald's parents have become sick as well. They are now being tended to by their friends the Browns, city mouse Piccadilly, and Oswald's <a href=\"/wiki/Micromys\" title=\"Micromys\">fieldmouse</a> cousin Twit. Midshipmouse Thomas Triton arrives with news that the Starwife, the wise and ancient queen of the squirrels, has summoned Audrey to her chambers so she can hear the story of Jupiter's downfall firsthand. While there, the Starwife reveals the main reason for summoning Audrey: the rat Madame Akkikuyu was found wandering aimlessly in <a href=\"/wiki/Greenwich_Park\" title=\"Greenwich Park\">Greenwich Park</a> by her sentries. A phony <a href=\"/wiki/Fortune_teller\" title=\"Fortune teller\">fortune teller</a> who once served Jupiter, Akkikuyu lost her mind when she discovered he was a cat. Now she is harmless, and the Starwife believes it best if Audrey, whom Akkikuyu considers her close friend, accompanies the rat to Twit's home of Fennywolde, a rural field. There she can live out her days in peace and happiness. Audrey is horrified when she learns she is to stay with Akkikuyu for the rest of the rat's life. She has no choice in the matter when the Starwife uses her magic to create a medicine to heal Oswald that will only work if Audrey agrees to the bargain. Oswald and his parents recover and there is a celebration, but Audrey is too depressed to join in.\n</p><p>Upon her arrival in Fennywolde, Akkikuyu immediately gains the respect of the inhabitants by saving the lives of two fieldmouse children and chasing off the owl who attacked them. Now able to move from their winter quarters and into the field again, the fieldmice build the Hall of Corn, an immense structure made from corn stalks. To celebrate its opening, Audrey creates a <a href=\"/wiki/Corn_dolly\" title=\"Corn dolly\">corn dolly</a> as a gift to the fieldmice. But country beauty Alison Sedge, jealous of the town mouse's popularity, informs the strict religious <a href=\"/wiki/Fundamentalist\" title=\"Fundamentalist\">fundamentalist</a> Isaac Nettle, who denounces the doll as blasphemy to the <a href=\"/wiki/Green_Man\" title=\"Green Man\">Green Mouse</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Deity\" title=\"Deity\">deity</a> and tosses it away. Meanwhile, Akkikuyu is haunted by a voice calling her name and discovers that it is a spirit named Nicodemus animating a <a href=\"/wiki/Tattoo\" title=\"Tattoo\">tattooed</a> face on her ear. He says he is trapped in <a href=\"/wiki/Limbo\" title=\"Limbo\">limbo</a> and needs her help in freeing him. In return he promises her magic powers. To convince her he is telling the truth, Nicodemus brings the discarded corn dolly to life. Multiple fieldmice turn up dead, and the Fennywolders begin to suspect Audrey as Isaac continues to vilify her. Nicodemus explains to Akkikuyu that to free him from the other side, a ritual must take place in which a female will be sacrificed. Audrey is the one he has in mind, to Akkikuyu's dismay. When the fieldmice discover that Audrey's animated corn dolly is the murderer, they want to hang her as a witch. But Twit invokes the Gallows Law, which states that if the accused can find a willing spouse, they cannot be hanged. He offers to marry Audrey, and she accepts only to save her life. Audrey is now under the protection of the Green Mouse, and thus unable to be sacrificed by Nicodemus. However, Akkikuyu suggests that Alison would be the perfect substitute.\n</p><p>Akkikuyu lures Alison into the ritual circle by saying she will cast a spell against Audrey. Alison soon finds out differently and midway through the ceremony, Akkikuyu herself learns she has been tricked as she sees she is turning into a cat. Nicodemus is revealed as the spirit of Jupiter, who plans to inhabit her body. Horrified, Akkikuyu leaps into the bonfire to free herself from Jupiter's control and burns to death. Alison escapes and Jupiter is left trapped inside Akkikuyu's <a href=\"/wiki/Crystal_ball\" title=\"Crystal ball\">crystal ball</a>, where he transferred his soul temporarily during the ritual. The fire spreads throughout Fennywolde and it takes many days to be put under control. Having learned the truth, the Fennywolders realise they misjudged Audrey. Now that Akkikuyu is dead, she is free to return home, although Twit stays behind to help rebuild Fennywolde. Some time later, Alison, driven mad with grief and hatred, finds Akkikuyu's charred crystal ball. Cursing Audrey, she tosses the globe away. It smashes and Jupiter is released to wreak vengeance on his enemies.\n</p>", "<h2>Background</h2>\n<p>Jarvis has said he based Fennywolde on the fields of a farm he played in as a child: \"Everything in the book was there, the meadow, the ditch and the pool surrounded by trees. It was a perfect setting for the mice's second adventure and made a refreshing change from the sewers.\"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jarvis |first1=Robin |title=The Deptford Mice - The Crystal Prison |url=http://www.robinjarvis.com/crystalprison.html |website=Robinjarvis.com |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> For <i>The Crystal Prison</i> he \"wanted a change of pace, slowly building up an atmosphere of tension and fear. [Jarvis] was particularly pleased with the murderer...who lurked in the cornfield.\"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jarvis |first1=Robin |title=The Deptford Mice - The Crystal Prison |url=http://www.robinjarvis.com/crystalprison.html |website=Robinjarvis.com |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Reception</h2>\n<p>Sally Estes of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Booklist\" title=\"Booklist\">Booklist</a></i> said that <i>The Crystal Prison</i> \"lacks the power of its predecessor, but it still stands up well as a foreboding bridge to the trilogy's concluding volume.\"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Estes |first1=Sally |title=The Crystal Prison: Book Two of the Deptford Mice Trilogy |journal=Booklist |date=August 2001 |volume=97 |issue=22}}</ref> According to Eva Mitnick of <i><a href=\"/wiki/School_Library_Journal\" title=\"School Library Journal\">School Library Journal</a></i>, \"Although this book stands on its own, readers who aren't familiar with the first volume might become impatient with the first section, which introduces a multitude of characters and moves slowly, impeded by old-fashioned, florid prose. The pace picks up in the countryside, where an ever-hungry owl and the mysterious spirit bring menace and tragedy to the close-knit community of field mice who live there, and the final chapters are breathtakingly thrilling. Some literal-minded readers may wonder how a mouse could stride or possess a waist and long flowing hair, but fans of <a href=\"/wiki/Brian_Jacques\" title=\"Brian Jacques\">Brian Jacques</a>'s <i><a href=\"/wiki/Redwall\" title=\"Redwall\">Redwall</a></i> series (<a href=\"/wiki/Philomel_Books\" title=\"Philomel Books\">Philomel</a>) and <a href=\"/wiki/Avi_%28author%29\" title=\"Avi (author)\">Avi</a>'s <i><a href=\"/wiki/Tales_from_Dimwood_Forest\" title=\"Tales from Dimwood Forest\">Tales from Dimwood Forest</a></i> series (<a href=\"/wiki/HarperCollins\" title=\"HarperCollins\">HarperCollins</a>) will likely relish this tale.\"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mitnick |first1=Eva |title=The Crystal Prison. (Fiction) |journal=School Library Journal |date=November 2001 |volume=47 |issue=11}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Portal |Children's literature}}\n</p><p>{{The Deptford Mice}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Crystal Prison, The}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:British_fantasy_novels\" title=\"British fantasy novels\">Category:British fantasy novels</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1989_British_novels\" title=\"1989 British novels\">Category:1989 British novels</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Novels_by_Robin_Jarvis\" title=\"Novels by Robin Jarvis\">Category:Novels by Robin Jarvis</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:The_Deptford_Mice_series\" title=\"The Deptford Mice series\">Category:The Deptford Mice series</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Novels_set_in_London\" title=\"Novels set in London\">Category:Novels set in London</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sequel_books\" title=\"Sequel books\">Category:Sequel books</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 14984434 ], "name": [ "Gonnym" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "See also", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}\n{{Infobox film\n| name = Wedding of Silence\n| image = \n| alt = \n| caption = \n| native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} -->\n| director = Pavel Medvedev\n| producer = \n| writer = \n| screenplay = \n| story = \n| based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} -->\n| starring = \n| narrator = \n| music = \n| cinematography = \n| editing = \n| studio = <!-- or: | production_companies = -->\n| distributor = <!-- or: | distributors = -->\n| released = {{Film date|2004}}\n| runtime = \n| country = Russia\n| language = Russian & [[Russian Sign Language]]\n| budget = \n| gross = \n}}\n<i><b>Wedding of Silence</b></i> (<i>Svaďba tišiny</i>) is a 2004 Russian documentary film directed by Pavel Medvedev. It won the Best Documentary Film award at the <a href=\"/wiki/Karlovy_Vary_International_Film_Festival\" title=\"Karlovy Vary International Film Festival\">Karlovy Vary International Film Festival</a> in 2003. It uses <a href=\"/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language\" title=\"Russian Sign Language\">Russian Sign Language</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_the_deaf_and_hard_of_hearing\" title=\"List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing\">List of films featuring the deaf and hard of hearing</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"http://www.kviff.com/en/films/film-archive-detail/20040683-wedding-of-silence/\"><i>Wedding of Silence</i></a> at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival web site\n</li><li>{{IMDb title|0418207}}\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Russian_documentary_films\" title=\"Russian documentary films\">Category:Russian documentary films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2004_documentary_films\" title=\"2004 documentary films\">Category:2004 documentary films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Documentary_films_about_deaf_people\" title=\"Documentary films about deaf people\">Category:Documentary films about deaf people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2004_films\" title=\"2004 films\">Category:2004 films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Black-and-white_documentary_films\" title=\"Black-and-white documentary films\">Category:Black-and-white documentary films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Russian_Sign_Language_films\" title=\"Russian Sign Language films\">Category:Russian Sign Language films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Documentaries_about_weddings\" title=\"Documentaries about weddings\">Category:Documentaries about weddings</a></p><p><br />\n{{bio-documentary-film-stub}}\n{{Russia-film-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "142.150.147.29" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Action", "Jargon", "Insulation", "Uses", "Variations", "Gallery", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|Cutting tool}}\n{{Redirect|Wirecutter|the review website|Wirecutter (website)}}{{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Seitenschneider.JPG\" title=\"Seitenschneider.JPG\">thumb|Diagonal pliers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Side_cutters.jpg\" title=\"Side cutters.jpg\">thumb|upright=0.4|Diagonal pliers with uninsulated handles</a>\n</p><p><b>Diagonal pliers</b> (also known as <b>wire cutters</b> or <b>diagonal cutting pliers</b>, or under many regional names) are <a href=\"/wiki/Pliers\" title=\"Pliers\">pliers</a> intended for the <a href=\"/wiki/Cutting\" title=\"Cutting\">cutting</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Wire\" title=\"Wire\">wire</a> or small stock, rather than grabbing or turning. The plane defined by the cutting edges of the jaws intersects the joint rivet at an angle or \"on a diagonal\", giving pliers their name.\n</p><p>They are also adapted for use in inaccessible places.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanrahan |first=Gene Z |title=Pre-service course in shop practice |date=1943 |publisher=J. Wiley & Sons |location=New York |pages=81 |lccn=43003480}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Action </h2>\n<p>Instead of using a shearing action as with <a href=\"/wiki/Scissors\" title=\"Scissors\">scissors</a>, diagonal pliers cut by indenting and wedging the wire apart. The jaw edges are ground to a symmetrical \"<a href=\"/wiki/V\" title=\"V\">V</a>\" shape, thus the two jaws can be visualized to form the letter \"<a href=\"/wiki/X\" title=\"X\">X</a>\", as seen end-on when closed. The blades are made of <a href=\"/wiki/Tempered_steel\" title=\"Tempered steel\">tempered steel</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Inductive_heating\" title=\"Inductive heating\">inductive heating</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Quenching\" title=\"Quenching\">quenching</a> are often used to harden the jaws.\n</p>", "<h2> Jargon </h2>\n<p>In <a href=\"/wiki/UK_English\" title=\"UK English\">UK English</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Irish_English\" title=\"Irish English\">Irish English</a>, diagonal pliers are commonly referred to as <b>snips</b>, <b>nippers</b> or <b>side cutters</b>. The term <b>snips</b> commonly refers to larger items, not to those used for cutting electrical wiring etc. In Canada, Australia and New Zealand too, the items are often referred to as <b>side cutters</b>.\n</p><p><b>Diags</b>, <b>dykes</b> or <b>dikes</b> is <a href=\"/wiki/Jargon\" title=\"Jargon\">jargon</a> used especially in the US <a href=\"/wiki/Electrical_industry\" title=\"Electrical industry\">electrical industry</a> to describe diagonal pliers. \"Dike\" can also be used (but only colloquially) as a verb, as in the phrase \"when in doubt, dike it out\". \n</p><p><br />\n</p>", "<h2> Insulation </h2>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Handle_%28grip%29\" title=\"Handle (grip)\">handles</a> of diagonal cutting pliers are commonly insulated with a <a href=\"/wiki/Dip-coating\" title=\"Dip-coating\">dip-type</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Shrink_fit\" title=\"Shrink fit\">shrink fit</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Insulator_%28electrical%29\" title=\"Insulator (electrical)\">electrically insulating material</a> for comfort and some protection against electric shock.\n</p>", "<h2> Uses </h2>\n<p>Diagonal pliers are useful for cutting <a href=\"/wiki/Copper\" title=\"Copper\">copper</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Brass\" title=\"Brass\">brass</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Iron\" title=\"Iron\">iron</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Aluminium\" title=\"Aluminium\">aluminium</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Steel\" title=\"Steel\">steel</a> wire. Lower quality versions are generally not suitable for cutting tempered steel, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Piano_wire\" title=\"Piano wire\">piano wire</a>, as the jaws are not hard enough. Attempting to cut such material will usually cause indentations to be made in the jaws, or a piece to break out of one or both jaws, thus ruining the tool. However higher quality side cutters can cut hardened steel, such as 2&nbsp;mm piano wire.\n</p>", "<h2> Variations </h2>\n<p>{{multiple image\n| align = right\n| direction = horizontal\n| header = \n| width = 200\n| image1 = Flush cutting wire cutters.jpg\n| alt1 = \n| caption1 = Light-duty flush cutting wire cutters with offcut retaining finger\n| image2 = Compound action wire cutters.jpg\n| alt2 = \n| caption2 =Compound-action wire cutters\n}}\nFor electronics work, special diagonal cutters that are ground flush to the <a href=\"/wiki/Apex_%28geometry%29\" title=\"Apex (geometry)\">apex</a> of the cutting edge on one side of the jaws are often used. These flush-cutting pliers allow wires to be trimmed flush or nearly flush to a solder joint, avoiding the sharp tip left by symmetrical diagonal cutters. It is common for this type of diagonal cutter to be referred to by another name, such as <i>flush cutter</i> to distinguish it from symmetrical cutters.\n</p><p>For easier cutting of larger gauge wire, a compound action can be employed to increase the mechanical advantage.\n</p><p>Some <a href=\"/wiki/Linesman%27s_pliers\" title=\"Linesman's pliers\">pliers for electrical work</a> are fitted with wire-cutter blades either built into the jaws or on the handles just below the pivot.\n</p><p>Other variations are made to create high leverage specifically to cut through hard wire, such as electrical fence wire, dental wire, and piano wire.\n</p>", "<h2> Gallery </h2>\n<p><gallery class=\"center\">\nFile:Diagonal pliers 2017 - A1.jpg\nFile:Diagonal pliers 2017 - A2.jpg\nFile:Knipex Kraft-Seitenschneider-7743.jpg\nFile:Nipper for Electronic Wire (Old).png|Wire cutting with a shearing action\nFile:Nipper for Electronic Wire (New).png\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Commons category|Wire cutters}}\n</p><p>{{Cutting and abrasive tools}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Pliers\" title=\"Pliers\">Category:Pliers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Cutting_tools\" title=\"Cutting tools\">Category:Cutting tools</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 43022949 ], "name": [ "DImi The Online" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Unreferenced|date=December 2009}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Medina_2.jpg\" title=\"Juan José Medina 2.jpg\">thumb|Juan José Medina</a>\n<b>Juan José Medina</b> was <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Paraguay\" title=\"List of Presidents of Paraguay\">President of the Provisional Junta</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Paraguay\" title=\"Paraguay\">Paraguay</a> from 22 January 1841 to 9 February 1841.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{S-start}}\n{{s-off}}\n{{Succession box|\n before=[[Manuel Antonio Ortiz]]|\n title=[[President of Paraguay|President of Provisional Junta]]|\n after=[[Mariano Roque Alonzo]]|\n years=1841\n}}\n{{S-end}}\n</p><p>{{Paraguay Presidents}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Medina, Juan Jose}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Paraguay\" title=\"Presidents of Paraguay\">Category:Presidents of Paraguay</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Year_of_death_missing\" title=\"Year of death missing\">Category:Year of death missing</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing\" title=\"Year of birth missing\">Category:Year of birth missing</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:19th-century_Paraguayan_people\" title=\"19th-century Paraguayan people\">Category:19th-century Paraguayan people</a>\n</p><p>{{Paraguay-politician-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 41865877 ], "name": [ "Ffffrr" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Chemical compound}}\n<p>{{Drugbox\n| Verifiedfields = \n| Watchedfields = \n| verifiedrevid = \n| IUPAC_name = (11β,16β)-9-Fluoro-11,21-dihydroxy-16-methyl-3,20-dioxopregna-1,4-dien-17-yl benzoate\n| image = Betamethasone benzoate.svg\n| width = \n\n<!--Clinical data-->\n| tradename = Bebate; Benisone \n| pregnancy_AU = <!-- A / B1 / B2 / B3 / C / D / X -->\n| pregnancy_US = <!-- A / B / C / D / X -->\n| pregnancy_category = \n| legal_AU = <!-- Unscheduled / S2 / S3 / S4 / S5 / S6 / S7 / S8 / S9 -->\n| legal_CA = \n| legal_UK = \n| legal_US = \n| legal_status = \n| routes_of_administration = \n\n<!--Pharmacokinetic data-->\n| bioavailability = \n| protein_bound = \n| metabolism = \n| elimination_half-life = \n| excretion =\n\n<!-- Identifiers -->\n| CAS_number_Ref = \n| CAS_number = 22298-29-9\n| CAS_supplemental = \n| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}\n| UNII = 877K0XW47A\n| class = [[Corticosteroid]]; [[Glucocorticoid]]\n| ATC_prefix = \n| ATC_suffix = \n| ATC_supplemental = \n| PubChem = \n| IUPHAR_ligand = \n| DrugBank_Ref = \n| DrugBank = \n| ChemSpiderID_Ref = \n| ChemSpiderID = \n| KEGG = \n| ChEBI = \n| ChEMBL = \n| synonyms = Betamethasone 17-benzoate\n\n<!--Chemical data-->\n| C=29|H=33|F=1|O=6\n| molecular_weight = \n| SMILES = C[C@H]1C[C@H]2[C@@H]3CCC4=CC(=O)C=C[C@@]4([C@]3([C@H](C[C@@]2([C@]1(C(=O)CO)OC(=O)c5ccccc5)C)O)F)C\n| StdInChI_Ref = \n| StdInChI = 1S/C29H33FO6/c1-17-13-22-21-10-9-19-14-20(32)11-12-26(19,2)28(21,30)23(33)15-27(22,3)29(17,24(34)16-31)36-25(35)18-7-5-4-6-8-18/h4-8,11-12,14,17,21-23,31,33H,9-10,13,15-16H2,1-3H3/t17-,21-,22-,23-,26-,27-,28-,29-/m0/s1\n| StdInChIKey_Ref = \n| StdInChIKey = SOQJPQZCPBDOMF-YCUXZELOSA-N\n}}\n</p><p><b>Betamethasone benzoate</b> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Synthetic_compound\" title=\"Synthetic compound\">synthetic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Glucocorticoid\" title=\"Glucocorticoid\">glucocorticoid</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Corticosteroid\" title=\"Corticosteroid\">corticosteroid</a> and a <a href=\"/wiki/Corticosteroid_ester\" title=\"Corticosteroid ester\">corticosteroid ester</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist|2}}</p><p><br />\n{{Glucocorticoid receptor modulators}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Benzoate_esters\" title=\"Benzoate esters\">Category:Benzoate esters</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Corticosteroid_esters\" title=\"Corticosteroid esters\">Category:Corticosteroid esters</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Glucocorticoids\" title=\"Glucocorticoids\">Category:Glucocorticoids</a></p><p><br />\n{{steroid-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "98.114.168.114" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Story", "Gameplay", "Release", "Reception", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Infobox video game\n| title = Shattered Steel\n| image = ShatteredSteelBoxArtPC.jpg\n| developer = [[BioWare]] (DOS)<br>Logicware (Mac)\n| publisher = [[Interplay Entertainment|Interplay Productions]]\n| producer = [[Greg Zeschuk]] (BioWare)<br>[[Feargus Urquhart]] (Interplay)\n| designer = John Winski<br> Patrick Winski\n| composer = Brian Luzietti<br>[[Mark Morgan (composer)|Mark Morgan]]\n| released = September 27, 1996 (DOS)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1998-02-10 |title=Online Gaming Review |url=http://www.ogr.com/news/news0896.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |archive-date=1998-02-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980210124955/http://www.ogr.com/news/news0896.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><br>December 8, 1997 (Mac)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.logicware.com/ShatteredSteelPressRelease.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19980610120456/http://www.logicware.com/ShatteredSteelPressRelease.htm|title=Shattered Steel Macintosh|website=logicware.com|archivedate=June 10, 1998|date=December 8, 1997|accessdate=March 31, 2022}}</ref>\n| genre = [[Mecha|Mech]] [[Vehicle simulation game|simulator]]\n| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]] <br> [[Multiplayer video game|Multiplayer]]\n| platforms = [[MS-DOS]], [[Mac OS]]\n}}\n</p><p><i><b>Shattered Steel</b></i> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Mecha\" title=\"Mecha\">mech</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Vehicle_simulation_game\" title=\"Vehicle simulation game\">simulation game</a> developed by <a href=\"/wiki/BioWare\" title=\"BioWare\">BioWare</a> and published by <a href=\"/wiki/Interplay_Productions\" title=\"Interplay Productions\">Interplay Productions</a> for <a href=\"/wiki/MS-DOS\" title=\"MS-DOS\">MS-DOS</a> in 1996. It was later ported to <a href=\"/wiki/Mac_OS\" title=\"Mac OS\">Mac OS</a> by now-defunct Logicware. It is notable for the <a href=\"/wiki/Deformable_terrain\" title=\"Deformable terrain\">deformable terrain</a> effects, and for being BioWare's first developed game.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/106/1062745p1.html|title = IGN Presents the History of BioWare|date = 22 January 2010|access-date = 25 February 2011|archive-date = 2 January 2012|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120102161001/http://xbox360.ign.com/articles/106/1062745p1.html|url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=\"BioWare\">BioWare <a href=\"http://www.bioware.com/games/legacy\">Bioware's Legacy page</a> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602235406/http://www.bioware.com/games/legacy |date=2013-06-02 }}, accessed November 11, 2007.</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Story</h2>\n<p><i>Shattered Steel</i> takes place in a desolate future where humanity is on the verge of extinction. The single-player campaign takes place over 5 separate worlds (planets); each planet has about 20 missions.\n</p><p>The enemy in the game is a group of aliens who are in some way or another organic, mechanical or a combination of both. Examples of this are the Aspis, a spider-like enemy with an organic look and the Wasp, a very mechanical looking air vehicle. As the story unfolds, more is discovered about who controls the aliens, what their purposes are, and how to destroy them once and for all.\n</p>", "<h2>Gameplay</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Shattered_Steel_screenshot.png\" title=\"Shattered Steel screenshot.png\">thumb|left|Cockpit view</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Shattered_Steel_screenshot_2.png\" title=\"Shattered Steel screenshot 2.png\">thumb|right|Upon exiting the game, a screen is displayed that advertises expansion packs and a sequel.</a>\nThe gameplay is similar in style to the <i><a href=\"/wiki/MechWarrior_%28video_game_series%29\" title=\"MechWarrior (video game series)\">MechWarrior</a></i> video game series, featuring mechanized combat in <a href=\"/wiki/Bipedal\" title=\"Bipedal\">bipedal</a> machines called \"Planet Runners\". Runners do not generally take humanoid shapes - only two of them, the Retro and Shiva, have a distinct human shape and neither of them have arms. Some of the Runners are based around animals, such as the Raptor, with a very overbearing appearance and \"<a href=\"/wiki/Chicken_walker\" title=\"Chicken walker\">Chicken walker</a>\" style legs, with claw-like feet. The enemies are somewhat more varied but generally center around animals such as spiders, scorpions and the praying mantis.\n</p><p>All of the Runners have a specific weight limitation, and can have their weapons, shield generator and engines interchanged and removed based around this limit. Each of the runners has a primary weapon mount, and one or more secondary weapon mounts, along with a shield and generator bay. Primary weapons are mounted on the head of the Runner and most feature twin primary mounts for a pair of guns. Secondary mounts are singular and weapons can be grouped, single, or alternately fired independent of the primary guns.\n</p><p>There are specific sets of primary and secondary weapons, and they are not interchangeable. A set of three laser and three bullet weapons, with two special energy weapons round out the primary weapons. Secondary weapons range from dumb fire rockets, guided missiles and energy cannons to <a href=\"/wiki/Howitzers\" title=\"Howitzers\">howitzers</a>, mortar cannons and - very late in the game - nuclear missiles.\n</p><p>Energy weapons have a maximum ammo amount (up to 200 in some cases) and recharge when below this number. Bullet weapons however, do not recharge, nor are mid-mission reloads possible. Weapons can sometimes be picked up off the battlefield, at the expense of dropping the currently selected secondary (or current primary) weapon. One advantage of this is the ability to pick up a weapon too heavy for the Runner to normally use, at the cost of drastically reduced speed.\n</p><p>Missions vary from assaults, infiltrations, recon to defending bases or convoy escorts. Combat is fairly straightforward, with the ability to tilt and pivot the Runners \"head\" (and sometimes the entire torso) to target enemies not directly ahead of the player. This is especially useful when attempting to take down rather frequent encounters with airborne units.\n</p><p>The two main features are locational damage and deformable terrain. Locational damage applies to all enemy units and buildings, allowing the player to target legs to quickly destroy or disable enemies, to destroying the head, which in most cases is not actually fatal, but has practical or comedic purposes. The basic bipedal walker enemy without its head has no weapons, but it will continue to walk around - blind - bumping into the player or buildings. Deformable terrain is primarily a visual pleasure, with little practical use. However, persistence or clever thinking can reward the player with a tactical advantage. shooting at the edge of a hillside can create a \"notch\" to fire down onto or up at targets. The biggest deformation possible is the nuclear missile. Accompanied by a white flash, it will not only obliterate almost anything within its wide explosion radius, it also creates a large crater and sends out a shock wave along the ground, using the terrain as a moving \"wall\". Not only does this serve to trap anyone surviving the blast inside a deep, burning crater, but it can be used as a mountain-destroying device, or to rip a chunk out of just about anything that stands in the player's way. Any terrain deformation can be seen on the game's 3D, real-time map screen.\n</p><p>In total there are 7 Planet Runners available to the player: Gnat, Stormguard, Invader, Warthog, Raptor, Retro, and Shiva. Each class of Runner also has its own onboard computer, with its own voice overs and in some cases, a different view on things. The heavy runners speak in first person (\"I have damage to my hull\"), where the lighter runners are more formal (\"Warning: Damage to hull\").\n</p><p>The player is assisted by yet another voiced computer situated in its starship in orbit around the planet. The AINIC<i>(Artificial Intelligence Network Interface Coupler)</i> Mark 3, as it calls itself, provides all mission summaries, briefings and mid-mission updates with a full voiced backing, and is presented as a self-aware computer entity.\n</p><p>The game also includes multiplayer and a mission editor. Multiplayer can support up to 16 players, and a \"single player anarchy\" mode also includes options for co-op play, custom missions, bots, and playing single player missions with multiple humans, either with the aliens or against them.\n</p>", "<h2>Release</h2>\n<p>Before the game release, a playable \"Interactive Preview\" was sold in stores. This preview came with a cloudy-red \"Interactive Preview\" CD-Rom (DOS version) in a standard jewel case, a red manual with, on its front, a small Interplay advertisement \"6$ OFF mail-in rebate...\" and a promotional \"coming this fall\" Shattered Steel advertising the full version at $15.95, and a \"Get Shattered\" back cover with the game plot and screenshots. This demo was not rated at its release (Rating Pending \"RP\"). Some Interactive Preview discs were defective, rendering working copies very scarce for collectors and fans.\n</p>", "<h2>Reception</h2>\n<p>{{Video game reviews\n| GSpot = 6.8/10 (DOS)<ref name=GSrev>{{cite web|last=Soete|first=Time|title=Shattered Steel Review|url=https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/shattered-steel-review/1900-2533160/|website=[[GameSpot]]|accessdate=15 January 2018|date=October 24, 1996|archive-date=21 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190521231317/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/shattered-steel-review/1900-2533160/|url-status=live}}</ref>\n| rev1 = ''[[Macworld]]''\n| rev1Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref name=macworldreviews />\n| NGen = {{rating|3|5}} (DOS)<ref name=NGen26>{{cite magazine|title=Shattered Steel|magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=26 |publisher=[[Imagine Media]]|date=February 1997|page=134}}</ref>\n}}\n</p><p>According to BioWare, sales of <i>Shattered Steel</i> had surpassed 170,000 units by late 2002.<ref name=\"sales\">{{cite web | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021207211601/http://www.bioware.com/bioware_info/about/ | url=http://www.bioware.com/bioware_info/about/ | title=About Bioware | publisher=[[BioWare]] | archive-date=December 7, 2002 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The game held an aggregate review score of 73% on <a href=\"/wiki/GameRankings\" title=\"GameRankings\">GameRankings</a>.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shattered Steel for PC |url=https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/198618-shattered-steel/index.html |website=[[GameRankings]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |access-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205230722/https://www.gamerankings.com/pc/198618-shattered-steel/index.html |archive-date=5 December 2019}}</ref>\n</p><p>Reviewing the MS-DOS version, Tim Soete of <a href=\"/wiki/GameSpot\" title=\"GameSpot\">GameSpot</a> said that while the plot is interesting, <i>Shattered Steel</i> is more of a mindless action game than <i><a href=\"/wiki/MechWarrior_2:31st_Century_Combat\" title=\"31st Century Combat\">MechWarrior 2: 31st Century Combat</a></i> and does not have the same sense of immersion, though it is still enjoyable.<ref name=\"GSrev\" /> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Next_Generation_%28magazine%29\" title=\"Next Generation (magazine)\">Next Generation</a></i> similarly described it as \"along the lines of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Earthsiege_II\" title=\"Earthsiege II\">Earthsiege II</a></i> or <i>MechWarrior 2</i>, but without the complexity. It settles for pure action from the minute players climb into their giant robots ...\" He too found it enjoyable in spite of its lack of depth or innovation, noting the numerous missions, selection of weapons, and options for networked multiplayer.<ref name=\"NGen26\" /> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Macworld\" title=\"Macworld\">Macworld</a></i>{{'}}s Michael Gowan wrote that <i>Shattered Steel</i>{{'}}s \"visuals are solid (although a few years old at this point), and the play is engaging.\" While he recommended it to fans of science-fiction simulation games, he argued that the \"scope of the game's missions could be more varied\".<ref name=\"macworldreviews\">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010810062339/http://www.macworld.com/1999/02/games/games.html |url=http://www.macworld.com:80/1999/02/games/games.html |title=Name Your Game; From Goofy to Gory, ''Macworld'' Reviews 48 Ways to Play |author=Gowan, Michael |work=[[Macworld]] |date=February 1999 |archive-date=August 10, 2001 |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://www.bioware.com/games/#previous-games\">BioWare's <i>Shattered Steel</i> page</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://www.mobygames.com/game/shattered-steel\"><i>Shattered Steel</i></a> at <a href=\"/wiki/MobyGames\" title=\"MobyGames\">MobyGames</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Bioware games}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:1996_video_games\" title=\"1996 video games\">Category:1996 video games</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:BioWare_games\" title=\"BioWare games\">Category:BioWare games</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:DOS_games\" title=\"DOS games\">Category:DOS games</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Games_commercially_released_with_DOSBox\" title=\"Games commercially released with DOSBox\">Category:Games commercially released with DOSBox</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Interplay_Entertainment_games\" title=\"Interplay Entertainment games\">Category:Interplay Entertainment games</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Classic_Mac_OS_games\" title=\"Classic Mac OS games\">Category:Classic Mac OS games</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Video_games_about_mecha\" title=\"Video games about mecha\">Category:Video games about mecha</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Multiplayer_and_single-player_video_games\" title=\"Multiplayer and single-player video games\">Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Video_games_developed_in_Canada\" title=\"Video games developed in Canada\">Category:Video games developed in Canada</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Video_games_scored_by_Mark_Morgan\" title=\"Video games scored by Mark Morgan\">Category:Video games scored by Mark Morgan</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Video_games_with_voxel_graphics\" title=\"Video games with voxel graphics\">Category:Video games with voxel graphics</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Logicware_games\" title=\"Logicware games\">Category:Logicware games</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 16794917 ], "name": [ "Peoya" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Formation, joining Barisan Nasional", "Withdrawal from Barisan Nasional", "Forming the United Sabah Alliance", "Representatives", "Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)", "Malaysian State Assembly Representatives", "General election results", "State election results", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{EngvarB|date=June 2018}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}\n{{Infobox political party\n| country = Malaysia\n| name = Sabah Progressive Party\n| native_name = Parti Maju Sabah\n| lang1 = Malay\n| name_lang1 = Parti Maju Sabah<ref name=\"name\">{{Cite web|title=Parti Maju Sabah – Bersama Kita Membangun, Serentak Kita Maju|url=https://sapp.org.my/ms/|access-date=2020-12-03|language=en-US}}</ref><!--<br>ڤرتي ڤروڬريسيف سابه-->\n| lang2 = Chinese\n| name_lang2 = 沙巴進步黨<br>沙巴进步党<br> ''Shābā jìnbù dǎng''\n| logo = Sabah Progressive Party Logo.svg\n| abbreviation = SAPP\n| chairman = Yeo Kai Seng<br />Mohd. Noor Mansoor<br />Joseph Voon Shin Choi<br />Murshidi Nambi<br />Yong Tet Yin<br />Awang Talip Awang Bagul<br />Geoffrey Yee Lung Fuk<br />Francis Yapp Tai Nyen<br />Chong Kon Fui\n| president = [[Yong Teck Lee]]\n| secretary_general = Richard Yong We Kong\n| spokesperson = Chong Pit Fah\n| leader1_title = Deputy President\n| leader1_name = Liew Teck Chan<br />Amde Sidik<br />[[Eric Majimbun]]<br />Melanie Chia Chui Ket<br />Edward Dagul\n| leader2_title = Youth Chief\n| leader2_name = Jamain Sarudin\n| leader3_title = Women Chief\n| leader3_name = Chia Miu Lee\n| leader4_title = Treasurer General\n| leader4_name = Japiril Suhaimin Bandaran\n| leader5_title = Vice President\n| leader5_name = Datu Shuaib Datu Mutalib<br />Aloysius Danim Siap<br />Carrie Fong Tet Meng\n| split = [[United Sabah Party]]\n| founder = [[Yong Teck Lee]]\n| foundation = 21 January 1994\n| legalised = \n| headquarters = House No. 1115, Lorong Kelengkeng 1, Taman Antarabangsa, 3rd Mile, Jalan Tuaran Lama, [[Likas]], 88300 [[Kota Kinabalu]], [[Sabah]]\n| youth_wing = SAPP Youth Movement\n| wing1_title = [[Women's wing]]\n| wing1 = SAPP Women's Movement\n| membership_year = \n| membership = \n| ideology = [[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]\n| position = \n| national = [[Barisan Nasional]] {{small|(1994–2008)}} <br /> [[Perikatan Nasional]] {{small|(since 2020)}}\n| regional = [[United Sabah Alliance]] {{small|(2016–2018)}} <br /> [[United Alliance of Sabah]] {{small|(2018–2020)}} <br /> [[Gabungan Rakyat Sabah]] {{small|(since 2020)}}\n| international = \n| colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}|border=darkgray}} Yellow, green and blue\n| colorcode = {{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}\n| seats1_title = [[Dewan Negara]]:\n| seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|70|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n| seats2_title = [[Dewan Rakyat]]:\n| seats2 = {{Composition bar|0|26|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}} ([[List of Malaysian electoral districts|Sabah and Labuan seats]])\n| seats3_title = [[Sabah State Legislative Assembly]]:\n| seats3 = {{Composition bar|1|79|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n| slogan = ''Bersama Kita Membangun, Serentak Kita Maju''\n| symbol = [[File:Gabungan_Rakyat_Sabah_GRS_Election_Symbol.jpg|x100px]]<!--[[File:Logo Perikatan Nasional.svg|border|150px]]-->\n| flag = [[File:Sabah Progressive Party Flag.svg|border|150px]]\n| website = {{URL|http://www.sapp.org.my/}}\n}}\n{{Politics of Malaysia}}\n</p><p>The <b>Sabah Progressive Party</b> ({{lang-ms|Parti Maju Sabah}}, abbreviated <b>SAPP</b>)<ref name=\"name\" /> is a multiracial <a href=\"/wiki/Political_party\" title=\"Political party\">political party</a> based in <a href=\"/wiki/Sabah\" title=\"Sabah\">Sabah</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Malaysia\" title=\"Malaysia\">Malaysia</a>. It was registered on 21 January 1994 by dissidents led by former Sabah Chief Minister Datuk <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a> from <a href=\"/wiki/United_Sabah_Party\" title=\"United Sabah Party\">United Sabah Party</a>. Formerly a component party in the ruling <a href=\"/wiki/Barisan_Nasional\" title=\"Barisan Nasional\">Barisan Nasional</a> coalition, SAPP officially withdrew from BN in September 2008 to become independent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/09/18/sapp-pulls-out-of-barisan/|title=SAPP pulls out of Barisan|author1=Muguntan Vanar|author2=Ruben Sario|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=18 September 2008|access-date=19 September 2008}}</ref> As of 2010, SAPP has two representatives in the <a href=\"/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat\" title=\"Dewan Rakyat\">national legislature</a> and two in the <a href=\"/wiki/Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Sabah\" title=\"Dewan Undangan Negeri Sabah\">Sabah State Assembly</a>. In 2016, the party together with <a href=\"/wiki/Homeland_Solidarity_Party\" title=\"Homeland Solidarity Party\">Homeland Solidarity Party</a> formed the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Sabah_Alliance\" title=\"United Sabah Alliance\">United Sabah Alliance</a>.<ref name=\"usa\">{{cite web|url=https://www.sapp.org.my/ms/article/2018/02/12/4617|title=Gabungan Sabah, perpaduan parti parti pembangkang tempatan yang dinantikan sekian lama|language=ms|publisher=Sabah Progressive Party|date=12 February 2018|access-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> It later joined the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Alliance_%28Sabah%29\" title=\"United Alliance (Sabah)\">United Alliance</a> together with STAR and PBS in 2018. The SAPP became the main component party of the <a href=\"/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional\" title=\"Perikatan Nasional\">Perikatan Nasional</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Gabungan_Rakyat_Sabah\" title=\"Gabungan Rakyat Sabah\">GRS coalition</a>, the successor of <a href=\"/wiki/United_Alliance_%28Sabah%29\" title=\"United Alliance (Sabah)\">United Alliance</a> that was established in 2020 and registered in 2022.\n</p>", "<h2> History </h2>\n<h3> Formation, joining Barisan Nasional </h3>\n<p>The party was formed on 21 January 1994, by factions of Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS) led by its vice-president Yong Teck Lee, who disagrees with directions the PBS leader <a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Pairin_Kitingan\" title=\"Joseph Pairin Kitingan\">Joseph Pairin Kitingan</a> is taking the party and state. Yong, who were the Deputy Chief Minister under Pairin, togethers with members of his faction, resigns from PBS on the day of SAPP's formation.<ref>{{cite web |title=SAPP Party Background |url=https://legacy.sapp.org.my/background/formation.php |website=legacy.sapp.org.my |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> The party was registered just in time to enter the <a href=\"/wiki/1994_Sabah_state_election\" title=\"1994 Sabah state election\">1994 Sabah state election</a>, which SAPP entered under the banner of Barisan Nasional, and won 3 seats out of seven SAPP contested.\nWhen BN regains control of the state on March that year after further defections from PBS, SAPP were part of the government in Sabah. Yong were appointed as the state's Chief Minister from 1996 to 1998, under then rotation system between Muslim bumiputera, Non-Muslim bumiputera, and Chinese leaders for two year tenure each.\n</p><h3> Withdrawal from Barisan Nasional </h3>\n<p>The SAPP won two parliamentary seats in the <a href=\"/wiki/Malaysian_general_election%2C_2008\" title=\"Malaysian general election, 2008\">general election</a> held on 8 March 2008. After the 2008 election, there were calls by many Sabahan political parties for more autonomy from the Malaysian federal government.\n</p><p>SAPP President <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a> announced on 18 June 2008 that the party would file a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence\" title=\"Motion of no confidence\">no-confidence motion</a>\" in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat\" title=\"Dewan Rakyat\">Dewan Rakyat</a></i> on 23 June against Prime Minister <a href=\"/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi\" title=\"Abdullah Ahmad Badawi\">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a>, calling on him to step down. The party, criticising what it described as insensitivity on the part of the government towards issues in <a href=\"/wiki/Sabah\" title=\"Sabah\">Sabah</a>, said that it was taking advantage of a unique \"window of opportunity\" for the sake of Sabah interests, including <a href=\"/wiki/Autonomy\" title=\"Autonomy\">autonomy</a>, return of <a href=\"/wiki/Labuan\" title=\"Labuan\">Labuan</a> and 20% of oil revenues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/06/18/sapps-vote-of-no-confidence-against-pm-update-2/|title=SAPP's vote of no confidence against PM (Update 2)|work=The Star|date=18 June 2008|access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/07/31/sapp-sticking-to-noconfidence-stand/|title=SAPP sticking to no-confidence stand|work=The Star|date=31 July 2008|access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> The majority of the Sabah population are generally content with the SAPP no-confidence vote against Prime Minister Abdullah who has been accused a number of wrongdoings including corruption and abuse of power. In retaliation for calling for a vote of no-confidence against Abdullah, the BN supreme council issued a show-cause letter to SAPP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/06/22/showcause-letter-may-be-issued-to-sapp/|title=Show-cause letter may be issued to SAPP|work=The Star|date=22 June 2008|access-date=22 June 2008}}</ref> A 30-day period was to give SAPP a chance to reply and defend itself before BN took any action against them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/06/27/sapp-gets-showcause-letter/|title=SAPP gets show-cause letter|author1=Shahanaaz Habib|author2=Florence A. Samy|author3=Manjit Kaur|work=The Star|date=27 June 2008|access-date=28 June 2008}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 17 September 2008, SAPP quit Barisan Nasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics/malaysia-party-quits-coalition-pm-cedes-key-post-idUSSP35599620080917|title=Malaysia party quits coalition; PM cedes key post|author1=Jalil Hamid|author2=Faisal Aziz|author3=Liau Y-Sing|author4=David Chance|author5=Jeremy Laurence|publisher=Reuters|date=17 September 2008|access-date=17 September 2008}}</ref> Nevertheless, the decision came at a price as the party's deputy president, one of its vice-presidents,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/09/18/sapp-pulls-out-of-barisan/|title=SAPP pulls out of Barisan|author1=Muguntan Vanar|author2=Ruben Sario|work=The Star|date=18 September 2008|access-date=19 September 2008}}</ref> and its youth chief (who chose to remain within BN) all opposed the move and withdrew from the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/09/21/15-out-of-17-sapp-branches-in-sandakan-opt-to-follow-tan-in-staying-with-barisan/|title=15 out of 17 SAPP branches in Sandakan opt to follow Tan in staying with Barisan|work=The Star|date=21 September 2008|access-date=22 September 2008}}</ref> Some 2,000 members of the party similarly disagreed from the move and left the party, showing support for these dissident leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/16491|title=2,000 SAPP Members Quit Party|work=[[Bernama]]|publisher=[[Sin Chew Daily]]|date=20 September 2008|access-date=22 September 2008}}</ref>\n</p><h3> Forming the United Sabah Alliance </h3>\n<p>In 2016, the party formed a part of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Sabah_Alliance\" title=\"United Sabah Alliance\">United Sabah Alliance</a> (USA).<ref name=\"usa\" />\n</p>", "<h3> Formation, joining Barisan Nasional </h3>\n<p>The party was formed on 21 January 1994, by factions of Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS) led by its vice-president Yong Teck Lee, who disagrees with directions the PBS leader <a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Pairin_Kitingan\" title=\"Joseph Pairin Kitingan\">Joseph Pairin Kitingan</a> is taking the party and state. Yong, who were the Deputy Chief Minister under Pairin, togethers with members of his faction, resigns from PBS on the day of SAPP's formation.<ref>{{cite web |title=SAPP Party Background |url=https://legacy.sapp.org.my/background/formation.php |website=legacy.sapp.org.my |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> The party was registered just in time to enter the <a href=\"/wiki/1994_Sabah_state_election\" title=\"1994 Sabah state election\">1994 Sabah state election</a>, which SAPP entered under the banner of Barisan Nasional, and won 3 seats out of seven SAPP contested.\nWhen BN regains control of the state on March that year after further defections from PBS, SAPP were part of the government in Sabah. Yong were appointed as the state's Chief Minister from 1996 to 1998, under then rotation system between Muslim bumiputera, Non-Muslim bumiputera, and Chinese leaders for two year tenure each.\n</p>", "<h3> Withdrawal from Barisan Nasional </h3>\n<p>The SAPP won two parliamentary seats in the <a href=\"/wiki/Malaysian_general_election%2C_2008\" title=\"Malaysian general election, 2008\">general election</a> held on 8 March 2008. After the 2008 election, there were calls by many Sabahan political parties for more autonomy from the Malaysian federal government.\n</p><p>SAPP President <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a> announced on 18 June 2008 that the party would file a \"<a href=\"/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence\" title=\"Motion of no confidence\">no-confidence motion</a>\" in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dewan_Rakyat\" title=\"Dewan Rakyat\">Dewan Rakyat</a></i> on 23 June against Prime Minister <a href=\"/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi\" title=\"Abdullah Ahmad Badawi\">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a>, calling on him to step down. The party, criticising what it described as insensitivity on the part of the government towards issues in <a href=\"/wiki/Sabah\" title=\"Sabah\">Sabah</a>, said that it was taking advantage of a unique \"window of opportunity\" for the sake of Sabah interests, including <a href=\"/wiki/Autonomy\" title=\"Autonomy\">autonomy</a>, return of <a href=\"/wiki/Labuan\" title=\"Labuan\">Labuan</a> and 20% of oil revenues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/06/18/sapps-vote-of-no-confidence-against-pm-update-2/|title=SAPP's vote of no confidence against PM (Update 2)|work=The Star|date=18 June 2008|access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/07/31/sapp-sticking-to-noconfidence-stand/|title=SAPP sticking to no-confidence stand|work=The Star|date=31 July 2008|access-date=31 July 2008}}</ref> The majority of the Sabah population are generally content with the SAPP no-confidence vote against Prime Minister Abdullah who has been accused a number of wrongdoings including corruption and abuse of power. In retaliation for calling for a vote of no-confidence against Abdullah, the BN supreme council issued a show-cause letter to SAPP.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/06/22/showcause-letter-may-be-issued-to-sapp/|title=Show-cause letter may be issued to SAPP|work=The Star|date=22 June 2008|access-date=22 June 2008}}</ref> A 30-day period was to give SAPP a chance to reply and defend itself before BN took any action against them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/06/27/sapp-gets-showcause-letter/|title=SAPP gets show-cause letter|author1=Shahanaaz Habib|author2=Florence A. Samy|author3=Manjit Kaur|work=The Star|date=27 June 2008|access-date=28 June 2008}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 17 September 2008, SAPP quit Barisan Nasional.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics/malaysia-party-quits-coalition-pm-cedes-key-post-idUSSP35599620080917|title=Malaysia party quits coalition; PM cedes key post|author1=Jalil Hamid|author2=Faisal Aziz|author3=Liau Y-Sing|author4=David Chance|author5=Jeremy Laurence|publisher=Reuters|date=17 September 2008|access-date=17 September 2008}}</ref> Nevertheless, the decision came at a price as the party's deputy president, one of its vice-presidents,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/09/18/sapp-pulls-out-of-barisan/|title=SAPP pulls out of Barisan|author1=Muguntan Vanar|author2=Ruben Sario|work=The Star|date=18 September 2008|access-date=19 September 2008}}</ref> and its youth chief (who chose to remain within BN) all opposed the move and withdrew from the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2008/09/21/15-out-of-17-sapp-branches-in-sandakan-opt-to-follow-tan-in-staying-with-barisan/|title=15 out of 17 SAPP branches in Sandakan opt to follow Tan in staying with Barisan|work=The Star|date=21 September 2008|access-date=22 September 2008}}</ref> Some 2,000 members of the party similarly disagreed from the move and left the party, showing support for these dissident leaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mysinchew.com/node/16491|title=2,000 SAPP Members Quit Party|work=[[Bernama]]|publisher=[[Sin Chew Daily]]|date=20 September 2008|access-date=22 September 2008}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3> Forming the United Sabah Alliance </h3>\n<p>In 2016, the party formed a part of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Sabah_Alliance\" title=\"United Sabah Alliance\">United Sabah Alliance</a> (USA).<ref name=\"usa\" />\n</p>", "<h2> Representatives </h2>\n<h3> Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly) </h3>\n<h4> Malaysian State Assembly Representatives </h4>\n<p>{{Main|List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2022–present)}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly\" title=\"Sabah State Legislative Assembly\">Sabah State Legislative Assembly</a>{{Composition bar|1|79|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</p><table class=\"wikitable sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width:100px;\"> State\n</th>\n<th style=\"width:30px;\"> No.\n</th>\n<th style=\"width:150px;\">State Constituency \n</th>\n<th style=\"width:240px;\">Member\n</th>\n<th style=\"width:80px;\" colspan=\"2\">Party\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>{{Flag|Sabah}} </td><td> – </td><td> Nominated Member </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a> </td><td bgcolor=\"{{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}\"> </td><td> SAPP\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Total </td><td style=\"width:30px;\" colspan=\"6\"> {{small|'''[[Sabah]]''' (1)}}\n</td></tr></table>", "<h3> Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly) </h3>\n<h4> Malaysian State Assembly Representatives </h4>\n<p>{{Main|List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2022–present)}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly\" title=\"Sabah State Legislative Assembly\">Sabah State Legislative Assembly</a>{{Composition bar|1|79|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</p><table class=\"wikitable sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width:100px;\"> State\n</th>\n<th style=\"width:30px;\"> No.\n</th>\n<th style=\"width:150px;\">State Constituency \n</th>\n<th style=\"width:240px;\">Member\n</th>\n<th style=\"width:80px;\" colspan=\"2\">Party\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>{{Flag|Sabah}} </td><td> – </td><td> Nominated Member </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a> </td><td bgcolor=\"{{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}\"> </td><td> SAPP\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Total </td><td style=\"width:30px;\" colspan=\"6\"> {{small|'''[[Sabah]]''' (1)}}\n</td></tr></table>", "<h4> Malaysian State Assembly Representatives </h4>\n<p>{{Main|List of Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2022–present)}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly\" title=\"Sabah State Legislative Assembly\">Sabah State Legislative Assembly</a>{{Composition bar|1|79|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</p><table class=\"wikitable sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width:100px;\"> State\n</th>\n<th style=\"width:30px;\"> No.\n</th>\n<th style=\"width:150px;\">State Constituency \n</th>\n<th style=\"width:240px;\">Member\n</th>\n<th style=\"width:80px;\" colspan=\"2\">Party\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>{{Flag|Sabah}} </td><td> – </td><td> Nominated Member </td><td> <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a> </td><td bgcolor=\"{{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}\"> </td><td> SAPP\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Total </td><td style=\"width:30px;\" colspan=\"6\"> {{small|'''[[Sabah]]''' (1)}}\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>General election results</h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th> Election\n</th>\n<th> Total seats won\n</th>\n<th> Seats contested\n</th>\n<th> Total votes\n</th>\n<th> Voting Percentage\n</th>\n<th> Outcome of election\n</th>\n<th> Election leader\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th><a href=\"/wiki/Malaysian_general_election%2C_1995\" title=\"Malaysian general election, 1995\">1995</a>\n</th>\n<td> {{Composition bar|2|193|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}} }}\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> \t\t\n</td>\n<td> \n</td>\n<td> {{increase}}2 seats; <b>Government coalition</b><br />{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th><a href=\"/wiki/Malaysian_general_election%2C_1999\" title=\"Malaysian general election, 1999\">1999</a>\n</th>\n<td> {{Composition bar|2|193|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> \t\t\n</td>\n<td> \n</td>\n<td> {{steady}}0 seats; <b>Government coalition</b><br />{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th><a href=\"/wiki/Malaysian_general_election%2C_2004\" title=\"Malaysian general election, 2004\">2004</a>\n</th>\n<td> {{Composition bar|2|219|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 16,426\t\t\n</td>\n<td> 0.24%\n</td>\n<td> {{steady}}0 seats; <b>Government coalition</b><br />{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}}\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th><a href=\"/wiki/Malaysian_general_election%2C_2008\" title=\"Malaysian general election, 2008\">2008</a>\n</th>\n<td> {{Composition bar|2|222|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 30,827\t\t\n</td>\n<td> 0.39%\n</td>\n<td> {{steady}}0 seats; <b>Government coalition</b> <br />{{small|([[Barisan Nasional]])}},<br /> later <b>Opposition</b>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th><a href=\"/wiki/Malaysian_general_election%2C_2013\" title=\"Malaysian general election, 2013\">2013</a>\n</th>\n<td> {{Composition bar|0|222|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td>\n<td> 10,099\t\t\n</td>\n<td> 0.09%\n</td>\n<td> {{decrease}}2 seats; <b>No representation in Parliament</b> {{small|(UBA)}}\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th><a href=\"/wiki/Malaysian_general_election%2C_2018\" title=\"Malaysian general election, 2018\">2018</a>\n</th>\n<td> {{Composition bar|0|222|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td> 5\n</td>\n<td> 6,090\t\n</td>\n<td> 0.05%\n</td>\n<td> {{steady}}0 seats; <b>No representation in Parliament</b> {{small|(USA)}}\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th><a href=\"/wiki/2022_Malaysian_general_election\" title=\"2022 Malaysian general election\">2022</a>\n</th>\n<td>{{Composition bar|0|222|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 5,054\n</td>\n<td> 0.03%\n</td>\n<td> {{steady}}0 seats; <b>No representation in Parliament</b> <br /> {{small|([[Gabungan Rakyat Sabah]])}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Yong_Teck_Lee\" title=\"Yong Teck Lee\">Yong Teck Lee</a>\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2> State election results </h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:center; font-size:95%\">\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">State election\n</th>\n<th colspan=\"2\">State Legislative Assembly\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<th><a href=\"/wiki/Sabah_State_Legislative_Assembly\" title=\"Sabah State Legislative Assembly\">Sabah</a>\n</th>\n<th>Total won / Total contested\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th>\n</th>\n<th>\n</th>\n<th>\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>2/3 majority\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|2|3|hex=#dcdcdc}}\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1994_Sabah_state_election\" title=\"1994 Sabah state election\">1994</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|3|48|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|3|7|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1999_Sabah_state_election\" title=\"1999 Sabah state election\">1999</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|3|48|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|3|5|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2004_Sabah_state_election\" title=\"2004 Sabah state election\">2004</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|4|60|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|4|4|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2008_Sabah_state_election\" title=\"2008 Sabah state election\">2008</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|5|60|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|5|5|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2013_Sabah_state_election\" title=\"2013 Sabah state election\">2013</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|0|41|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2018_Sabah_state_election\" title=\"2018 Sabah state election\">2018</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|0|60|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|0|5|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2020_Sabah_state_election\" title=\"2020 Sabah state election\">2020</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|0|73|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td>\n<td>{{Composition bar|0|2|hex={{party color|Sabah Progressive Party}}}}\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2> See also </h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Politics_of_Malaysia\" title=\"Politics of Malaysia\">Politics of Malaysia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Malaysia\" title=\"List of political parties in Malaysia\">List of political parties in Malaysia</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist|2}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<ul><li> {{Official website|http://www.sapp.org.my/}}\n</li></ul><p>{{Malaysian political parties}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Political_parties_in_Sabah\" title=\"Political parties in Sabah\">Category:Political parties in Sabah</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1994_establishments_in_Malaysia\" title=\"1994 establishments in Malaysia\">Category:1994 establishments in Malaysia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Political_parties_established_in_1994\" title=\"Political parties established in 1994\">Category:Political parties established in 1994</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "103.252.35.223" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Etymology", "History", "Geography", "Barangays", "Sitios", "Climate", "Demographics", "Economy", "Table of products", "Government", "Local government", "Education", "Transport", "Access", "Tourism", "Notable", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Municipality in Batangas, Philippines}}\n{{Use Philippine English|date=December 2022}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2022}}\n{{Infobox settlement\n| name = {{PH wikidata|name}} \n| image_skyline = {{PH wikidata|image_skyline}}\n| image_caption = Street in Lian\n| image_flag = Flag_of_Lian,_Batangas.png\n| flag_size = 120x80px\n| image_seal = Lian Batangas.png\n| seal_size = 100x80px\n| image_map = {{PH wikidata|image_map}}\n| map_caption = {{PH wikidata|map_caption}}\n| image_map1 = {{hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250}}{{hidden end}}\n| pushpin_map = Philippines\n| pushpin_label_position = left\n| pushpin_map_caption = Location within the {{PH wikidata|country}}\n| coordinates = {{PH wikidata|coordinates}}\n| settlement_type = {{PH wikidata|settlement_type}}\n| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]\n| subdivision_name = [[Philippines]]\n| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of the Philippines|Region]]\n| subdivision_name1 = {{PH wikidata|region}}\n| subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of the Philippines|Province]]\n| subdivision_name2 = {{PH wikidata|province}}\n| official_name = {{PH wikidata|official_name}}\n| etymology = <!--origin of name-->\n| named_for = <!--named after (if person or place)-->\n| native_name =\n| other_name =\n| nickname =\n| motto =\n| anthem =\n| subdivision_type3 = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines#District representation|District]]\n| subdivision_name3 = {{PH legislative district}}\n| established_title = [[Date of establishment|Founded]]\n| established_date = 1760\n| established_title1 = Annexation to [[Nasugbu]]\n| established_date1 = March 28, 1903\n| established_title2 = Reestablished\n| established_date2 = January 1, 1915\n| parts_type = [[Barangay]]s\n| parts_style = para\n| p1 = {{PH barangay count | {{wikidata|label|raw}} }} (see [[#Barangays|Barangays]])\n| leader_title = {{PH wikidata|leader_title}} <!--mayor-->\n| leader_name = Joseph V. Peji\n| leader_title1 = [[Vice Mayor]]\n| leader_name1 = Roberto Antonio S. Leviste\n| leader_title2 = [[House of Representatives of the Philippines#Current composition|Representative]] <!--congressman or congresswoman -->\n| leader_name2 = [[Eric Buhain|Joseph Eric R. Buhain]]\n| leader_title3 = [[Sangguniang Bayan|Municipal Council]]\n| leader_name3 = {{PH Town Council\n| 1 = <div style=\"border-style:solid none;border-width:thin;border-color:Gainsboro;background-color:#e6e6e6;text-align:center;width:95%;font-variant:small-caps;\"></div>\n | 2=Cesar R. Lagus Jr.\n | 3=Benito A. Magbago\n | 4=Leopoldo A. Jonson\n | 5=Osita P. Vergara\n | 6=Arlene C. Lagus\n | 7=Roland H. Magyaya\n | 8=Lauro A. Butiong\n | 9=Reynaldo J. Herrera Jr.\n}}\n| leader_title4 = [[Elections in the Philippines#Qualification|Electorate]] \n| leader_name4 = {{PH wikidata|electorate}} voters ([[Philippine general election, {{PH wikidata|electorate_point_in_time}}|{{PH wikidata|electorate_point_in_time}}]])\n| government_type = {{PH wikidata|government_type}}\n| government_footnotes = {{thinsp}}<ref>{{DILG detail}}</ref>\n| elevation_m = {{PH wikidata|elevation_m}}\n| elevation_max_m = 275\n| elevation_min_m = 0\n| elevation_max_rank =\n| elevation_min_rank =\n| elevation_footnotes = {{PH wikidata|elevation_footnotes}} \n| elevation_max_footnotes= \n| elevation_min_footnotes= \n| area_rank =\n| area_footnotes = {{PH area}}\n| area_total_km2 = {{PH wikidata|area}}\n| population_footnotes = {{PH census|current}}\n| population_total = {{PH wikidata|population_total}}\n| population_as_of = {{PH wikidata|population_as_of}}\n| population_density_km2 = auto\n| population_blank1_title= [[Household]]s\n| population_blank1 = {{PH wikidata|household}} \n| population_blank2_title= \n| population_blank2 = \n| population_demonym =\n| population_rank =\n| population_note =\n| timezone = [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]]\n| utc_offset = +8\n| postal_code_type = [[List of ZIP codes in the Philippines|ZIP code]]\n| postal_code = {{PH wikidata|postal_code}}\n| postal2_code_type = {{PSGCstyle}}\n| postal2_code = {{PSGC detail}}\n| area_code_type = {{areacodestyle}}\n| area_code = {{PH wikidata|area_code}}\n| website = {{PH wikidata|website}}\n| demographics_type1 = [[Economy of the Philippines|Economy]]\n| demographics1_title1 = {{PH wikidata|income_class_title}}\n| demographics1_info1 = {{PH wikidata|income_class}}\n| demographics1_title2 = [[Measuring poverty|Poverty incidence]]\n| demographics1_info2 = {{PH wikidata|poverty_incidence}}% ({{PH wikidata|poverty_incidence_point_in_time}}){{PH wikidata|poverty_incidence_footnotes}}\n| demographics1_title3 = [[Revenue]]\n| demographics1_info3 = {{PH wikidata|revenue}} {{PH wikidata|revenue_point_in_time}} \n| demographics1_title4 = Revenue rank\n| demographics1_info4 = \n| demographics1_title5 = [[Asset]]s\n| demographics1_info5 = {{PH wikidata|assets}} {{PH wikidata|assets_point_in_time}} \n| demographics1_title6 = Assets rank\n| demographics1_info6 = \n| demographics1_title7 = [[Internal Revenue Allotment|IRA]]\n| demographics1_info7 = \n| demographics1_title8 = IRA rank\n| demographics1_info8 = \n| demographics1_title9 = [[Expenditure]]\n| demographics1_info9 = {{PH wikidata|expenditure}} {{PH wikidata|expenditure_point_in_time}} \n| demographics1_title10 = [[Liability (financial accounting)|Liabilities]]\n| demographics1_info10 = {{PH wikidata|liabilities}} {{PH wikidata|liabilities_point_in_time}}\n| demographics_type2 = Service provider \n| demographics2_title1 = Electricity\n| demographics2_info1 = {{PH electricity distribution | {{wikidata|label|raw}} }}\n| demographics2_title2 = Water\n| demographics2_info2 = Lian Water District\n| demographics2_title3 = Telecommunications\n| demographics2_info3 = \n| demographics2_title4 = Cable TV\n| demographics2_info4 =\n| demographics2_title5 = \n| demographics2_info5 =\n| demographics2_title6 = \n| demographics2_info6 =\n| demographics2_title7 = \n| demographics2_info7 =\n| demographics2_title8 = \n| demographics2_info8 =\n| demographics2_title9 = \n| demographics2_info9 =\n| demographics2_title10 = \n| demographics2_info10 =\n| blank_name_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|climate_title}}\n| blank_info_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|climate_type}}\n| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Languages of the Philippines|Native languages]]\n| blank1_info_sec1 = {{PH wikidata|language}}\n| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Crime index]]\n| blank2_info_sec1 = \n| blank3_name_sec1 = \n| blank3_info_sec1 = \n| blank4_name_sec1 = \n| blank4_info_sec1 = \n| blank5_name_sec1 = \n| blank5_info_sec1 = \n| blank6_name_sec1 = \n| blank6_info_sec1 = \n| blank7_name_sec1 = \n| blank7_info_sec1 = \n| blank1_name_sec2 = Major religions\n| blank1_info_sec2 = \n| blank2_name_sec2 = Feast date\n| blank2_info_sec2 = \n| blank3_name_sec2 = Catholic diocese\n| blank3_info_sec2 =\n| blank4_name_sec2 = Patron saint \n| blank4_info_sec2 = \n| blank5_name_sec2 = \n| blank5_info_sec2 = \n| blank6_name_sec2 = \n| blank6_info_sec2 = \n| blank7_name_sec2 = \n| blank7_info_sec2 =\n| short_description =\n| footnotes =\n}}\n</p><p><b>Lian</b>, officially the <b>Municipality of Lian</b> ({{lang-tgl|Bayan ng Lian}}), is a 3rd class <a href=\"/wiki/Municipality_of_the_Philippines\" title=\"Municipality of the Philippines\">municipality</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Philippine_Province\" title=\"Philippine Province\">province</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Batangas\" title=\"Batangas\">Batangas</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Philippines\" title=\"Philippines\">Philippines</a>. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 56,280 people.{{PH census|current}}\n</p><p>The patron saint of Lian is <a href=\"/wiki/John_the_Baptist\" title=\"John the Baptist\">John the Baptist</a>.\n</p><p>Also the home of the <b>Lian Eco Park</b> which is environmental protection.\n</p>", "<h2>Etymology</h2>\n<p>According to the early residents of the town, it was initially named Lia, after the leader of the first group of Chinese traders who settled there. However, there is no significance if it is associated with the old name of the town. When Spaniards asked the traders about the name of the place and \"Lia\" was the answer, they took it as \"Lian,\" the town's present name.<ref name=\"nlp\">{{cite web|url=https://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph/HD01/p8/m10/md1/6.pdf|title=Historical and Cultural Life of the Town|website=[[National Library of the Philippines]]|accessdate=July 7, 2023}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p>Lian was founded in 1760 by <a href=\"/wiki/Chinese_people\" title=\"Chinese people\">Chinese</a> traders who settled in the area. There were no other information regarding the other settlers.<ref name=\"nlp\" />\n</p><p>On March 28, 1903, Lian was merged with the adjacent municipality of <a href=\"/wiki/Nasugbu\" title=\"Nasugbu\">Nasugbu</a>.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=Act|number=708|date=March 28, 1903|url=https://issuances-library.senate.gov.ph/legislative%2Bissuances/Act%20No.%20708|title=An Act Reducing Thirteen of the Municipalities in the Province of Batangas to Five|accessdate=July 7, 2023}}</ref> On December 28, 1914, <a href=\"/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines\" title=\"Governor-General of the Philippines\">Governor-General</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Francis_Burton_Harrison\" title=\"Francis Burton Harrison\">Francis Burton Harrison</a> signed Executive Order No. 127, separating Lian from Nasugbu to restore its independent municipality status effective January 1, 1915.<ref>{{cite PH act|chamber=EO|number=127|date=December 28, 1914|url=https://www.batangashistory.date/2019/01/executive-order127.html|title=An Act Reducing Thirteen of the Municipalities in the Province of Batangas to Five|accessdate=July 7, 2023|website=Batangas History, Culture and Folklore}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Geography </h2>\n<p>Lian is located at {{coord|format=dms}}. It is located at the western shore of <a href=\"/wiki/Batangas\" title=\"Batangas\">Batangas</a>, facing the <a href=\"/wiki/South_China_Sea\" title=\"South China Sea\">South China Sea</a>. It is {{convert|72|km|sp=us}} from <a href=\"/wiki/Batangas_City\" title=\"Batangas City\">Batangas City</a> and {{convert|100|km|sp=us}} from <a href=\"/wiki/Manila\" title=\"Manila\">Manila</a>.\n</p><p>According to the <a href=\"/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority\" title=\"Philippine Statistics Authority\">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>, the municipality has a land area of {{convert|76.80|km2|sp=us}}{{PSGC detail|area}} constituting {{percentage|76.80|3,119.75|2|pad=yes}} of the {{convert|3,119.75|km2|2|adj=mid|sp=us}} total area of Batangas.\n</p><h3>Barangays</h3>\n<p>Lian is politically subdivided into 19 <a href=\"/wiki/Barangay\" title=\"Barangay\">barangays</a>.{{PSGC detail|nscb}} Each barangay consists of <a href=\"/wiki/Purok\" title=\"Purok\">puroks</a> and some have <a href=\"/wiki/Sitios\" title=\"Sitios\">sitios</a>.\nBarangays Tres, Uno, Dos, Quatro, Singko, Malaruhatan and Binubusan (which is not Poblacion) are considered urban barangays, while barangays San Diego, Bungahan, Prenza, Bagong Pook, Kapito, Lumaniag, Humayingan, Puting Kahoy, Cumba, Luyahan, Matabungkay and Balibago are considered rural barangays.\n</p><p><br />\n{{PH brgy table lite|top}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013002| Bagong Pook | 2321| 2011}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013003| Balibago | 3250| 2964}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013004| Binubusan | 4610| 4061}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013005| Bungahan | 4249| 3415}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013007| Cumba | 1724| 1487}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013008| Humayingan | 1557| 1328}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013009| Kapito | 3273| 2764}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013012| Lumaniag | 2309| 2114}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013013| Luyahan | 2392| 2251}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013014| Malaruhatan | 4410| 3322}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013015| Matabungkay | 4938| 4389}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013016| Barangay 1 (''[[Poblacion]]'') | 1895| 1598}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013017| Barangay 2 (''Poblacion'') | 928| 514}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013018| Barangay 3 (''Poblacion'') | 1411| 1413}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013019| Barangay 4 (''Poblacion'') | 1463| 1330}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013020| Barangay 5 (''Poblacion'') | 1056| 1221}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013021| Prenza | 4486| 4070}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013022| Puting{{nbhyph}}Kahoy | 1905| 1707}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013023| San Diego | 4483| 3984}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|bottom|45943}}\n{{clear-left}}\n</p><h3>Sitios</h3>\n<p>{{Expand section|with=Possible more sitios in some rural barangays|date=July 2023}}\n<ul><li>Altura\n</li><li>Bagbag\n</li><li>Balanoy\n</li><li>Calumpit\n</li><li>Ligtasin\n</li><li>Magahis\n</li><li>Molino\n</li><li>Matuod\n</li><li>Pajo\n</li><li>Tan-ag\n</li></ul></p><h3> Climate </h3>\n<p>{{Weather box\n| location = Lian, Batangas\n| width = auto\n| metric first = Yes\n| single line = Yes\n| Jan high C = 29\n| Jan low C = 20\n| Feb high C = 30\n| Feb low C = 20\n| Mar high C = 31\n| Mar low C = 21\n| Apr high C = 33\n| Apr low C = 22\n| May high C = 32\n| May low C = 24\n| Jun high C = 30\n| Jun low C = 24\n| Jul high C = 29\n| Jul low C = 24\n| Aug high C = 29\n| Aug low C = 24\n| Sep high C = 29\n| Sep low C = 24\n| Oct high C = 29\n| Oct low C = 23\n| Nov high C = 29\n| Nov low C = 22\n| Dec high C = 29\n| Dec low C = 21\n| Jan precipitation mm = 11\n| Feb precipitation mm = 13\n| Mar precipitation mm = 14\n| Apr precipitation mm = 32\n| May precipitation mm = 101\n| Jun precipitation mm = 142\n| Jul precipitation mm = 208\n| Aug precipitation mm = 187\n| Sep precipitation mm = 175\n| Oct precipitation mm = 131\n| Nov precipitation mm = 68\n| Dec precipitation mm = 39\n| Jan rain days = 5.2\n| Feb rain days = 5.0\n| Mar rain days = 7.4\n| Apr rain days = 11.5\n| May rain days = 19.8\n| Jun rain days = 23.5\n| Jul rain days = 27.0\n| Aug rain days = 25.9\n| Sep rain days = 25.2\n| Oct rain days = 23.2\n| Nov rain days = 15.5\n| Dec rain days = 8.3\n| source 1 = Meteoblue<ref name=\"met_norms\">\n{{cite web \n| url = https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/lian_philippines_1706787\n| title = Lian: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\n| publisher = Meteoblue\n| access-date = May 5, 2020 }}</ref>\n| date = May 5, 2020\n}}\nThe climate of Lian falls under the first type of classification, Type I, characterized by two pronounced seasons: Dry season from November to April and wet season for the rest of the year.\n</p><p>{{clear-left}}\n</p>", "<h3>Barangays</h3>\n<p>Lian is politically subdivided into 19 <a href=\"/wiki/Barangay\" title=\"Barangay\">barangays</a>.{{PSGC detail|nscb}} Each barangay consists of <a href=\"/wiki/Purok\" title=\"Purok\">puroks</a> and some have <a href=\"/wiki/Sitios\" title=\"Sitios\">sitios</a>.\nBarangays Tres, Uno, Dos, Quatro, Singko, Malaruhatan and Binubusan (which is not Poblacion) are considered urban barangays, while barangays San Diego, Bungahan, Prenza, Bagong Pook, Kapito, Lumaniag, Humayingan, Puting Kahoy, Cumba, Luyahan, Matabungkay and Balibago are considered rural barangays.\n</p><p><br />\n{{PH brgy table lite|top}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013002| Bagong Pook | 2321| 2011}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013003| Balibago | 3250| 2964}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013004| Binubusan | 4610| 4061}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013005| Bungahan | 4249| 3415}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013007| Cumba | 1724| 1487}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013008| Humayingan | 1557| 1328}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013009| Kapito | 3273| 2764}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013012| Lumaniag | 2309| 2114}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013013| Luyahan | 2392| 2251}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013014| Malaruhatan | 4410| 3322}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013015| Matabungkay | 4938| 4389}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013016| Barangay 1 (''[[Poblacion]]'') | 1895| 1598}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013017| Barangay 2 (''Poblacion'') | 928| 514}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013018| Barangay 3 (''Poblacion'') | 1411| 1413}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013019| Barangay 4 (''Poblacion'') | 1463| 1330}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013020| Barangay 5 (''Poblacion'') | 1056| 1221}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013021| Prenza | 4486| 4070}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013022| Puting{{nbhyph}}Kahoy | 1905| 1707}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|041013023| San Diego | 4483| 3984}}\n{{PH brgy table lite|bottom|45943}}\n{{clear-left}}\n</p>", "<h3>Sitios</h3>\n<p>{{Expand section|with=Possible more sitios in some rural barangays|date=July 2023}}\n<ul><li>Altura\n</li><li>Bagbag\n</li><li>Balanoy\n</li><li>Calumpit\n</li><li>Ligtasin\n</li><li>Magahis\n</li><li>Molino\n</li><li>Matuod\n</li><li>Pajo\n</li><li>Tan-ag\n</li></ul></p>", "<h3> Climate </h3>\n<p>{{Weather box\n| location = Lian, Batangas\n| width = auto\n| metric first = Yes\n| single line = Yes\n| Jan high C = 29\n| Jan low C = 20\n| Feb high C = 30\n| Feb low C = 20\n| Mar high C = 31\n| Mar low C = 21\n| Apr high C = 33\n| Apr low C = 22\n| May high C = 32\n| May low C = 24\n| Jun high C = 30\n| Jun low C = 24\n| Jul high C = 29\n| Jul low C = 24\n| Aug high C = 29\n| Aug low C = 24\n| Sep high C = 29\n| Sep low C = 24\n| Oct high C = 29\n| Oct low C = 23\n| Nov high C = 29\n| Nov low C = 22\n| Dec high C = 29\n| Dec low C = 21\n| Jan precipitation mm = 11\n| Feb precipitation mm = 13\n| Mar precipitation mm = 14\n| Apr precipitation mm = 32\n| May precipitation mm = 101\n| Jun precipitation mm = 142\n| Jul precipitation mm = 208\n| Aug precipitation mm = 187\n| Sep precipitation mm = 175\n| Oct precipitation mm = 131\n| Nov precipitation mm = 68\n| Dec precipitation mm = 39\n| Jan rain days = 5.2\n| Feb rain days = 5.0\n| Mar rain days = 7.4\n| Apr rain days = 11.5\n| May rain days = 19.8\n| Jun rain days = 23.5\n| Jul rain days = 27.0\n| Aug rain days = 25.9\n| Sep rain days = 25.2\n| Oct rain days = 23.2\n| Nov rain days = 15.5\n| Dec rain days = 8.3\n| source 1 = Meteoblue<ref name=\"met_norms\">\n{{cite web \n| url = https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/lian_philippines_1706787\n| title = Lian: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\n| publisher = Meteoblue\n| access-date = May 5, 2020 }}</ref>\n| date = May 5, 2020\n}}\nThe climate of Lian falls under the first type of classification, Type I, characterized by two pronounced seasons: Dry season from November to April and wet season for the rest of the year.\n</p><p>{{clear-left}}\n</p>", "<h2>Demographics</h2>\n<p>{{Philippine Census\n| align= left\n| title= Population census of {{PH wikidata|name}}\n| 1903 = {{PH census population|1903}}\n| 1918 = {{PH census population|1918}}\n| 1939 = {{PH census population|1939}}\n| 1948 = {{PH census population|1948}}\n| 1960 = {{PH census population|1960}}\n| 1970 = {{PH census population|1970}}\n| 1975 = {{PH census population|1975}}\n| 1980 = {{PH census population|1980}}\n| 1990 = {{PH census population|1990}}\n| 1995 = {{PH census population|1995}}\n| 2000 = {{PH census population|2000}}\n| 2007 = {{PH census population|2007}}\n| 2010 = {{PH census population|2010}}\n| 2015 = {{PH census population|2015}}\n| 2020 = {{PH census population|2020}}\n| 2025 = \n| 2030 = \n| footnote= Source: [[Philippine Statistics Authority]]{{PH census|2015}}{{PH census|2010}}{{PH census|2007}}{{LWUA population data}} \n}}\n</p><p>In the 2020 census, Lian had a population of 56,280.{{PH census|current}} The population density was {{convert|{{sigfig|56,280/76.80|2}}|PD/km2|sp=us}}.\n</p><p>Most of the people in Lian are <a href=\"/wiki/Tagalog_people\" title=\"Tagalog people\">Tagalogs</a>. However, some Visayans are found in some barrios and barangays. The main language is <a href=\"/wiki/Tagalog_language\" title=\"Tagalog language\">Tagalog</a>. Most of the residents can also understand and speak English. Historically once been founded, they are inhabited by Chinese. Since 1800s, all Chinese in Lian was converted to Tagalog.{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}\n</p><p>{{clear left}}\n</p>", "<h2> Economy </h2>\n<p>{{expand section|date=August 2023}}\n{{PH poverty incidence}}\nLian's main products include <a href=\"/wiki/Rice\" title=\"Rice\">rice</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Corn\" title=\"Corn\">corn</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Onion\" title=\"Onion\">onion</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Calamansi\" title=\"Calamansi\">calamansi</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Milkfish\" title=\"Milkfish\">milkfish</a>, which are sold at Lian Public Market and other various locations. Industries also been found in Barangay Malaruhatan. such as Azucarera De Don Pedro.{{when|date=August 2023}} However, the industries cause damage the environment and <a href=\"/wiki/Climate_change\" title=\"Climate change\">climate change</a>. Construction supplies such as aluminum, timber (wood), etc.\n</p><h3>Table of products</h3>\n<p>{{No sources section|date=August 2023}}\n</p><table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Products in Lian{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th> Product </th><th> Description </th><th> Locations\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td> Calamansi </td><td> Calamansi is a fruit has been found in calamansi trees in some barangays. </td><td> Unknown\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Rice </td><td> Rice is the important food in the municipality. which is largely placed farms such as Barangays Kapito and Prenza. </td><td> Bungahan, Prenza, Malaruhatan, Bagong Pook, Kapito, Puting Kahoy, Humayingan, Binubusan, Matabungkay, Luyahan and Balibago\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Corn </td><td> Corn is an alternative food in rice. which is used the medicine in various dishes. </td><td> Various locations which is same in rice.\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Onion </td><td> Onion is the vegetable which is ranges in batangays Cumba, Prenza and Puting Kahoy. </td><td> Various locations which is same in rice.\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Wood </td><td> Wood is the possible product which is found in the forest. Usefully in the construction. </td><td> All locations exempt Poblacion\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Cement </td><td> Cement is the construction product to allow to construct the buildings, etc. </td><td> Everywhere\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Sugar </td><td> Sugar which is allows it used in processed food in home. </td><td> Unknown\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Aluminum </td><td> Aluminum which is used from the construction. However, it been used from tools. </td><td> Unknown\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Milkfish </td><td> Milkfish is found in all coastal barangays. Useful for the nutrition of the humans. </td><td> San Diego, Lumaniag, Luyahan, Binubusan and Matabungkay\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Chicken </td><td> Chicken is the poultry which people wants to interest as fast food. </td><td> Poultry farms\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Sand </td><td> Sand which it allows to create glass. It will found in the beaches. </td><td> Sands in coastal barangays\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Cocoa </td><td> Cocoa is the rare product, possibly found in barangay Cumba. However, it is usefully the recipe of chocolate. </td><td> Rarely found in Cumba.\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Flour </td><td> Flour can be sold in the public markets. Which allows people to create/cook bread, cakes, etc. </td><td> Public markets and <i>sari-sari</i> stores\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Salt </td><td> Salt is found in the sea. It is used in some recipes. </td><td> Coastal barangays\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Processed food </td><td> Is found in <i>sari-sari</i> stores. </td><td> <i>Sari-sari</i> stores and supermarkets\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Petroleum/Gasoline </td><td> Petroleum/Gasoline which is found in Azucarera De Don Pedro. Usefully in gasoline stations. </td><td> Azucarera De Don Pedro in Malaruhatan\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Tilapia </td><td> Tilapia is found in the sea. </td><td> Coastal barangays\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Fruits </td><td> Fruits which is found in the trees. </td><td> Everywhere\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Vegetables </td><td> Vegetables which is found in trees and farmlands. </td><td> Everywhere\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Hollow block </td><td> Hollow blocks which is usefully for the construction. </td><td> Unknown\n</td></tr></table>", "<h3>Table of products</h3>\n<p>{{No sources section|date=August 2023}}\n</p><table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Products in Lian{{citation needed|date=August 2023}}\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th> Product </th><th> Description </th><th> Locations\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td> Calamansi </td><td> Calamansi is a fruit has been found in calamansi trees in some barangays. </td><td> Unknown\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Rice </td><td> Rice is the important food in the municipality. which is largely placed farms such as Barangays Kapito and Prenza. </td><td> Bungahan, Prenza, Malaruhatan, Bagong Pook, Kapito, Puting Kahoy, Humayingan, Binubusan, Matabungkay, Luyahan and Balibago\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Corn </td><td> Corn is an alternative food in rice. which is used the medicine in various dishes. </td><td> Various locations which is same in rice.\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Onion </td><td> Onion is the vegetable which is ranges in batangays Cumba, Prenza and Puting Kahoy. </td><td> Various locations which is same in rice.\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Wood </td><td> Wood is the possible product which is found in the forest. Usefully in the construction. </td><td> All locations exempt Poblacion\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Cement </td><td> Cement is the construction product to allow to construct the buildings, etc. </td><td> Everywhere\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Sugar </td><td> Sugar which is allows it used in processed food in home. </td><td> Unknown\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Aluminum </td><td> Aluminum which is used from the construction. However, it been used from tools. </td><td> Unknown\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Milkfish </td><td> Milkfish is found in all coastal barangays. Useful for the nutrition of the humans. </td><td> San Diego, Lumaniag, Luyahan, Binubusan and Matabungkay\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Chicken </td><td> Chicken is the poultry which people wants to interest as fast food. </td><td> Poultry farms\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Sand </td><td> Sand which it allows to create glass. It will found in the beaches. </td><td> Sands in coastal barangays\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Cocoa </td><td> Cocoa is the rare product, possibly found in barangay Cumba. However, it is usefully the recipe of chocolate. </td><td> Rarely found in Cumba.\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Flour </td><td> Flour can be sold in the public markets. Which allows people to create/cook bread, cakes, etc. </td><td> Public markets and <i>sari-sari</i> stores\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Salt </td><td> Salt is found in the sea. It is used in some recipes. </td><td> Coastal barangays\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Processed food </td><td> Is found in <i>sari-sari</i> stores. </td><td> <i>Sari-sari</i> stores and supermarkets\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Petroleum/Gasoline </td><td> Petroleum/Gasoline which is found in Azucarera De Don Pedro. Usefully in gasoline stations. </td><td> Azucarera De Don Pedro in Malaruhatan\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Tilapia </td><td> Tilapia is found in the sea. </td><td> Coastal barangays\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Fruits </td><td> Fruits which is found in the trees. </td><td> Everywhere\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Vegetables </td><td> Vegetables which is found in trees and farmlands. </td><td> Everywhere\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Hollow block </td><td> Hollow blocks which is usefully for the construction. </td><td> Unknown\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>Government</h2>\n<h3>Local government</h3>\n<p>{{main|Sangguniang Bayan}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Batangasjf7824_46.JPG\" title=\"Batangasjf7824 46.JPG\">thumb|Municipal hall</a>\n</p><p>Current officials as of 2022:\n<ul><li> <b>Mayor</b>: Joseph V. Peji\n</li><li> <b>Vice Mayor</b>: Roberto Antonio \"Ronin\" S. Leviste \n</li><li> <b>Councilors</b>:{{ref|3|3}}\n{{Div col|colwidth=30em|style=padding-left:1em;}}\n</li><li> Cesar R. Lagus, Jr. \n</li><li> Benito A. Magbago\n</li><li> Osita P. Vergara\n</li><li> Arlene C. Lagus\n</li><li> Leopoldo A. Jonson\n</li><li> Roland H. Magyaya\n</li><li> Lauro \"Ompong\" A. Butiong\n</li><li> Reynaldo J. Herrera, Jr. \n{{div col end}}\n</li></ul></p>", "<h3>Local government</h3>\n<p>{{main|Sangguniang Bayan}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Batangasjf7824_46.JPG\" title=\"Batangasjf7824 46.JPG\">thumb|Municipal hall</a>\n</p><p>Current officials as of 2022:\n<ul><li> <b>Mayor</b>: Joseph V. Peji\n</li><li> <b>Vice Mayor</b>: Roberto Antonio \"Ronin\" S. Leviste \n</li><li> <b>Councilors</b>:{{ref|3|3}}\n{{Div col|colwidth=30em|style=padding-left:1em;}}\n</li><li> Cesar R. Lagus, Jr. \n</li><li> Benito A. Magbago\n</li><li> Osita P. Vergara\n</li><li> Arlene C. Lagus\n</li><li> Leopoldo A. Jonson\n</li><li> Roland H. Magyaya\n</li><li> Lauro \"Ompong\" A. Butiong\n</li><li> Reynaldo J. Herrera, Jr. \n{{div col end}}\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Education</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:LIan%2CBatangasjf0200_36.JPG\" title=\"LIan,Batangasjf0200 36.JPG\">thumb|Saint&nbsp;Claire Academy</a>\n</p><p>{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}\n<ul><li> Tan-ag Elementary School\n</li><li> Grand Prairie Learning School\n</li><li> Lian Institute \n</li><li> Lian National High school \n</li><li> Senior High School in Lian\n</li><li> Matabungkay National High School\n</li><li> R. B Concepcion Montessori School\n</li><li> Saint Anne Academy (formerly known as <i>Binubusan&nbsp;Academy</i>)\n</li><li> Saint Claire Academy\n</li><li> Luyahan Elementary School\n</li><li> Lian Central School \n</li><li> Binubusan Elementary School\n</li><li> Matabungkay Elementary School\n</li><li> Prenza Elementary School\n</li><li> Kapito Elementary School\n</li><li> Lian Senior High School\n</li><li> San Diego Elementary School\n</li></ul></p><p>{{div col end}}\n</p>", "<h2>Transport</h2>\n<p>Lian is plied by public transportation such as <a href=\"/wiki/Jeepneys\" title=\"Jeepneys\">jeepneys</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Tricycles\" title=\"Tricycles\">tricycles</a>, and buses.\n</p><h3>Access</h3>\n<p>Lian can be accessed from nearby municipalities through roads.\n</p>", "<h3>Access</h3>\n<p>Lian can be accessed from nearby municipalities through roads.\n</p>", "<h2>Tourism</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Matabungkay_Beach.jpg\" title=\"Matabungkay Beach.jpg\">thumb|Matabungkay Beach</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:LIan%2CBatangasjf0200_11.JPG\" title=\"LIan,Batangasjf0200 11.JPG\">thumb|Archdiocesan&nbsp;Shrine of Saint&nbsp;John the&nbsp;Baptist</a>\n{{More citations needed section|date=November 2016|small=y}}\n</p><ul><li> <i>Matabungkay Beach</i> – a white sand <a href=\"/wiki/Beach\" title=\"Beach\">beach</a> accessible to <a href=\"/wiki/Manila\" title=\"Manila\">Manila</a> {{convert|120|km|mi|sp=us}} away that was originally 'discovered' to be a great weekend or daytrip destination in the early 1950s, allegedly by sun starved <a href=\"/wiki/Germans\" title=\"Germans\">German</a> residents of Manila.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} It was soon a popular target for holiday-lovers, and permanent cottages (even deluxe beach houses) were built along the beach in the early 1960s by rich Manila folk. The beach became popular because it was said to be the favorite place to release stress of a notable Teacher of Lian Jovie Ann.But since the COVID-19 epidemic began.There are more tourists than other beaches.It takes more than three hours to drive to Manila.But there is a lot of seaweed on the beach.\n</li><li> <i>Town fiesta</i> – Lian's <a href=\"/wiki/Festival\" title=\"Festival\">fiesta</a> is held annually every June 24 to commemorate the birthdate of Saint <a href=\"/wiki/John_the_Baptist\" title=\"John the Baptist\">John the Baptist</a>. It is being celebrated by five barangays in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Poblacion\" title=\"Poblacion\">Poblacion</a></i>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sitio\" title=\"Sitio\">Sitio</a> Bag-bag, also celebrates its fiesta on this day because of its proximity to the town center than to its respective barangays, Kapito and Bungahan (Sitio Bag-bag is shared by 2 barangays).\n</li><li> <i>Balsa festival</i> – The quaint barangay of <a href=\"/wiki/Matabungkay\" title=\"Matabungkay\">Matabungkay</a> is known for its wide beach, clear waters, creamy sand and the <i>Balsa</i> (bamboo beach raft). Every year, this small town comes alive in colorful celebrations as <a href=\"/wiki/Matabungkay\" title=\"Matabungkay\">Matabungkay Beach Resort</a> &amp; Hotel hosts the Balsa Festival. The first ever Balsa Festival was held on May 18, 2002, aimed to help the local community by bringing back the town's popularity in the tourism map. With the continued support of the <a href=\"/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_%28Philippines%29\" title=\"Department of Tourism (Philippines)\">Department of Tourism</a>, the Balsa Festival has become an annual event. Activities include the Balsa Race Competition, Balsa Decor and Cultural Dance Competition, a concert and dance party by the beach, prominent media personalities and foreign executives.\n</li></ul><p>{{clear}}\n</p>", "<h2>Notable</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Mark_Leviste\" title=\"Mark Leviste\">Mark Leviste</a>, incumbent Vice Governor of <a href=\"/wiki/Batangas_%28province%29\" title=\"Batangas (province)\">Batangas</a>.\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist|30em}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<p>{{Commons category|position=left}}\n<ul><li>[{{NSCB detail}} Philippine Standard Geographic Code]\n{{Wikivoyage|Lian}}\n</li></ul></p><p>{{Geographic location\n| Centre = Lian\n| North = [[Nasugbu]]\n| East = [[Tuy, Batangas|Tuy]]<br />[[Balayan, Batangas|Balayan]]\n| South = [[Calatagan, Batangas|Calatagan]]\n| West = {{nowrap|''[[South China Sea]]''}}\n}}\n{{Batangas|state=expanded}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Lian, Batangas}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_Batangas\" title=\"Municipalities of Batangas\">Category:Municipalities of Batangas</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1760_establishments_in_the_Philippines\" title=\"1760 establishments in the Philippines\">Category:1760 establishments in the Philippines</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 46453021 ], "name": [ "Nelson Leach" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Notable people", "Governance", "Geography", "Religious sites", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}\n{{infobox UK place\n|country = England\n|coordinates = {{coord|50.9009|-2.6910|display=inline,title}}\n|official_name= Hardington Mandeville\n| population = 585\n| population_ref = (2011)<ref name=\"popn\"/>\n |shire_district= [[South Somerset]]\n|shire_county = [[Somerset]]\n|region= South West England\n|constituency_westminster= [[Yeovil (UK Parliament constituency)|Yeovil]]\n|post_town= YEOVIL\n|postcode_district = BA22\n|postcode_area= BA\n|dial_code= 01935\n|os_grid_reference= ST515115\n|static_image_name = Broadstone Villas Hardington Mandeville - geograph.org.uk - 489514.jpg\n|static_image_width = 240px\n|static_image_caption = Broadstone Villas\n|static_image_2_name = Hardington Moor - geograph.org.uk - 962169.jpg\n|static_image_2_alt=Two storey stone houses with a road in front.\n|static_image_2_caption = Hardington Moor\n}}\n</p><p><b>Hardington Mandeville</b> is a village and <a href=\"/wiki/Civil_parish\" title=\"Civil parish\">civil parish</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Somerset\" title=\"Somerset\">Somerset</a>, England, situated {{convert|3|mi|km|1}} south west of <a href=\"/wiki/Yeovil\" title=\"Yeovil\">Yeovil</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/South_Somerset\" title=\"South Somerset\">South Somerset</a> district. The village has a <a href=\"/wiki/Population\" title=\"Population\">population</a> of 585.<ref name=\"popn\">{{cite web|title=Statistics for Wards, LSOAs and Parishes&nbsp;— SUMMARY Profiles|url=http://www.somersetintelligence.org.uk/files/Somerset%20Census%20Key%20Statistics%20-%20Summary%20Profiles.xls|publisher=Somerset Intelligence|access-date=4 January 2014|format=Excel}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p>The Hardington part of the name of the village means <i>settlement of Heardred's people</i>.<ref name=\"bush\">{{cite book|last=Bush|first=Robin|title=Somerset: The Complete Guide|publisher=Dovecote Press|year=1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/somersetcomplete0000bush/page/111 111]|isbn=1-874336-26-1|url=https://archive.org/details/somersetcomplete0000bush/page/111}}</ref>\n</p><p>The manor was held before the <a href=\"/wiki/Norman_Conquest\" title=\"Norman Conquest\">Norman Conquest</a> by Gunhilda, the daughter of <a href=\"/wiki/Godwin%2C_Earl_of_Wessex\" title=\"Godwin, Earl of Wessex\">Godwin, Earl of Wessex</a> and then by <a href=\"/wiki/William_the_Conqueror\" title=\"William the Conqueror\">William the Conqueror</a>. during the 12th century it was granted to the Mandeville family, from which the second part of the name is taken. It was later held by the Portmans of <a href=\"/wiki/Orchard_Portman\" title=\"Orchard Portman\">Orchard Portman</a>.<ref name=\"bush\" />\n</p><p>The parish was part of the <a href=\"/wiki/Hundred_%28county_subdivision%29\" title=\"Hundred (county subdivision)\">hundred</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Houndsborough_%28hundred%29\" title=\"Houndsborough (hundred)\">Houndsborough</a>.<ref name=\"genuki\">{{cite web|title=Somerset Hundreds|url=http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/SOM/Miscellaneous/|publisher=GENUKI|access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Notable people </h2>\n<ul><li> Local councillor and village resident <a href=\"/wiki/Cathy_Bakewell\" title=\"Cathy Bakewell\">Cathy Bakewell</a> was made Baroness of Hardington Mandeville in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southsomerset.gov.uk/latest-news/august-2013/south-somerset-district-council-councillor-cathy-bakewell-to-become-baroness/ |title=South Somerset District Council Councillor Cathy Bakewell to become Baroness |publisher=South Somerset District Council |access-date=14 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214123037/http://www.southsomerset.gov.uk/latest-news/august-2013/south-somerset-district-council-councillor-cathy-bakewell-to-become-baroness/ |archive-date=14 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette\n| issue = 60624\n| date = 11 September 2013\n|page=17949\n}}</ref>\n</li><li> Sir <a href=\"/wiki/Herbert_Bartlett\" title=\"Herbert Bartlett\">Herbert Bartlett</a> (1842 – 1921), English civil engineer and contractor, was born in Hardington Mandeville.<ref name=\"Bartlett100\">{{cite web |title=The life of Herbert Henry Bartlett |url=https://bartlett100.com/article/the-life-of-herbert-henry-bartlett |website=Bartlett 100 |publisher=UCL Bartlett |access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>\n</li><li> Roger Burridge (1957-2020), folk musician, recording artist, and member of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Fairport_Convention\" title=\"Fairport Convention\">Fairport Convention</a></i> was born at Hill End and lived there until he left school.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roger Burridge Obituary (1957 - 2020) - Legacy Remembers |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/roger-burridge-obituary?pid=197343642 |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roger Burridge {{!}} Credits |url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/roger-burridge-mn0001749578/credits |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=AllMusic |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Roger Burridge |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/2066378-Roger-Burridge |access-date=2023-09-12 |website=Discogs |language=en}}</ref>\n</li><li> Rev. Henry Holditch Thomas Cleife (1849-1914), author of <i>England's Greatest National Sin: being selections and reflections on our Asiatic opium policy and traffic,</i><ref>{{Cite web |title=England's Greatest National Sin. Being selections and reflections on our Asiatic opium policy and traffic. - British Library |url=https://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01000720737&indx=2&recIds=BLL01000720737&recIdxs=1&elementId=1&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope:(BLCONTENT)&tb=t&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&vl(297891280UI0)=any&srt=rank&tab=local_tab&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=H%20H%20T%20cleife&dstmp=1694341593771 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=explore.bl.uk}}</ref> and <i>Mutual Recognition in the Life Beyond,</i><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutual Recognition in the Life Beyond. Meditations thereon extracted from various authors and arranged in suitable portions for daily use. By H. H. T. Cleife ... Preface by the Ven. W. M. Sinclair. - British Library |url=https://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01000720738&indx=1&recIds=BLL01000720738&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&frbg=&&dscnt=0&scp.scps=scope:(BLCONTENT)&tb=t&vid=BLVU1&mode=Basic&vl(297891280UI0)=any&srt=rank&tab=local_tab&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=H%20H%20T%20cleife&dstmp=1694341593771 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=explore.bl.uk}}</ref> was rector 1883-1914.\n</li><li> Rev. Richard James Hunt (1874-1938), missionary and linguist, author of <i>The Livingstone of South America</i>,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Livingstone of South America. The life & adventures of W. Barbrooke Grubb among the wild tribes of the Gran Chaco in Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina, the Falkland Islands & Tierra del Fuego, etc. [With plates, including maps and portraits.] - British Library |url=https://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01001770860&indx=7&recIds=BLL01001770860&recIdxs=6&elementId=6&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&vl(297891299UI2)=any&vl(297891310UI4)=&&dscnt=0&vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&mode=Advanced&vid=BLVU1&vl(297891311UI4)=00&tab=local_tab&vl(freeText1)=&dstmp=1694345895101&vl(297891292UI0)=AND&frbg=&vl(297891294UI1)=AND&vl(297891309UI4)=00&vl(297891307UI3)=all_items&vl(297891312UI4)=00&scp.scps=scope:(BLCONTENT)&tb=t&vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&vl(297891298UI2)=AND&vl(297891293UI0)=creator&srt=rank&vl(297891308UI4)=00&vl(297891313UI4)=&Submit=Search&vl(297891295UI1)=any&vl(freeText2)=&dum=true&vl(freeText0)=Richard%20james%20Hunt |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=explore.bl.uk}}</ref> was rector 1934-38. \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Harald_James_Penrose\" title=\"Harald James Penrose\">Harald James Penrose</a> O.B.E. (1904-1996), experimental test pilot, naval architect and aviation author, lived at Broadhill Cottage for the last decade of his life.<ref>After the death of his wife, Nora, in 1986 (<i>Western Gazette</i>, 30 May 1986 p.23); Western Daily Press,12 September 1996 p.18.</ref>\n</li><li> Rev. Canon <a href=\"/wiki/Leonard_Sharland\" title=\"Leonard Sharland\">Leonard Sharland</a> (1904-78), missionary to the Sudan and Canon of Khartoum Cathedral, was rector 1969-76. \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Gilbert_Vassall\" title=\"Gilbert Vassall\">Gilbert Vassall</a> (1876-1941), the top-flight sportsman who excelled at cricket, football, and long jump, was born at Hardington Rectory (now Hardington House). \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_Vassall\" title=\"Harry Vassall\">Harry Vassall</a> (1860-1926), Oxford and international rugby player, author of <i>Football: the Rugby Game,</i><ref>{{Cite web |title=Football. The Rugby game ... With a chapter on Professionalism by A. Budd. - British Library |url=https://explore.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/display.do?tabs=moreTab&ct=display&fn=search&doc=BLL01003761710&indx=1&recIds=BLL01003761710&recIdxs=0&elementId=0&renderMode=poppedOut&displayMode=full&frbrVersion=&vl(297891299UI2)=any&vl(297891310UI4)=&&dscnt=0&vl(1UIStartWith0)=contains&vl(1UIStartWith2)=contains&vid=BLVU1&mode=Advanced&vl(297891311UI4)=00&tab=local_tab&vl(freeText1)=rugby+football&dstmp=1694347906445&frbg=&vl(297891292UI0)=AND&vl(297891294UI1)=AND&vl(297891309UI4)=00&vl(297891307UI3)=all_items&title2=2&scp.scps=scope:(BLCONTENT)&vl(297891312UI4)=00&tb=t&vl(1UIStartWith1)=contains&vl(297891298UI2)=AND&vl(297891293UI0)=creator&srt=rank&vl(297891308UI4)=00&vl(297891313UI4)=&vl(297891295UI1)=title&Submit=Search&vl(freeText2)=&vl(freeText0)=Vassall&dum=true |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=explore.bl.uk}}</ref> and a leading figure in rugby's history, spent his childhood at Hardington Rectory (now Hardington House). \n</li></ul>", "<h2>Governance</h2>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Parish_councils_of_England\" title=\"Parish councils of England\">parish council</a> has responsibility for local issues, including setting an annual precept (local rate) to cover the council's operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny. The parish council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police, district council officers, and <a href=\"/wiki/Neighbourhood_Watch_%28UK%29\" title=\"Neighbourhood Watch (UK)\">neighbourhood watch</a> groups on matters of crime, security, and traffic. The parish council's role also includes initiating projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities, as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance, repair, and improvement of highways, drainage, footpaths, public transport, and street cleaning. Conservation matters (including trees and listed buildings) and environmental issues are also the responsibility of the council.\n</p><p>The town falls within the <a href=\"/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district\" title=\"Non-metropolitan district\">Non-metropolitan district</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/South_Somerset\" title=\"South Somerset\">South Somerset</a>, which was formed on 1 April 1974 under the <a href=\"/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972\" title=\"Local Government Act 1972\">Local Government Act 1972</a>, having previously been part of <a href=\"/wiki/Yeovil_Rural_District\" title=\"Yeovil Rural District\">Yeovil Rural District</a>.<ref name=\"yeovilrd\">{{cite web|title=Yeovil RD|url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10186286|work=A vision of Britain Through Time|publisher=University of Portsmouth|access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> The district council is responsible for <a href=\"/wiki/Planning_permission\" title=\"Planning permission\">local planning</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Building_regulations_in_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Building regulations in the United Kingdom\">building control</a>, local roads, <a href=\"/wiki/Council_housing\" title=\"Council housing\">council housing</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Environmental_health\" title=\"Environmental health\">environmental health</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Market_%28place%29\" title=\"Market (place)\">markets</a> and fairs, <a href=\"/wiki/Refuse_collection\" title=\"Refuse collection\">refuse collection</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Recycling\" title=\"Recycling\">recycling</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cemeteries\" title=\"Cemeteries\">cemeteries</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Crematoria\" title=\"Crematoria\">crematoria</a>, leisure services, parks, and <a href=\"/wiki/Tourism\" title=\"Tourism\">tourism</a>.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Somerset_County_Council\" title=\"Somerset County Council\">Somerset County Council</a> is responsible for running the largest and most expensive local services such as <a href=\"/wiki/Local_Education_Authority\" title=\"Local Education Authority\">education</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Social_services\" title=\"Social services\">social services</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Library\" title=\"Library\">libraries</a>, main roads, <a href=\"/wiki/Public_transport\" title=\"Public transport\">public transport</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Police\" title=\"Police\">policing</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Fire_service\" title=\"Fire service\">fire services</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Trading_Standards\" title=\"Trading Standards\">trading standards</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Waste_disposal\" title=\"Waste disposal\">waste disposal</a> and strategic planning.\n</p><p>It is also part of the <a href=\"/wiki/Yeovil_%28UK_Parliament_constituency%29\" title=\"Yeovil (UK Parliament constituency)\">Yeovil</a> <a href=\"/wiki/County_constituency\" title=\"County constituency\">county constituency</a> represented in the <a href=\"/wiki/British_House_of_Commons\" title=\"British House of Commons\">House of Commons</a> of the <a href=\"/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Parliament of the United Kingdom\">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>. It elects one <a href=\"/wiki/Member_of_Parliament\" title=\"Member of Parliament\">Member of Parliament (MP)</a> by the <a href=\"/wiki/First_past_the_post\" title=\"First past the post\">first past the post</a> system of election.\n</p>", "<h2>Geography</h2>\n<p>Nearby is the <a href=\"/wiki/Hardington_Moor\" title=\"Hardington Moor\">Hardington Moor</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Biological_Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest\" title=\"Biological Site of Special Scientific Interest\">biological Site of Special Scientific Interest</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/National_Nature_Reserve\" title=\"National Nature Reserve\">National Nature Reserve</a> where the meadows are examples of species-rich unimproved neutral grassland, which is now nationally rare. The rare <a href=\"/wiki/French_oat-grass\" title=\"French oat-grass\">French oat-grass</a> is very abundant on the site and the fields are home to a wide variety of plant species, most notably <a href=\"/wiki/Ophioglossum\" title=\"Ophioglossum\">adder's tongue</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Corky-fruited_water-dropwort\" title=\"Corky-fruited water-dropwort\">corky-fruited water-dropwort</a> and large numbers of <a href=\"/wiki/Green-winged_orchid\" title=\"Green-winged orchid\">green-winged orchid</a>. Invertebrates found at the site include <a href=\"/wiki/Butterflies\" title=\"Butterflies\">butterflies</a> such as <a href=\"/wiki/Gatekeeper_butterfly\" title=\"Gatekeeper butterfly\">gatekeeper</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Small_tortoiseshell\" title=\"Small tortoiseshell\">small tortoiseshell</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Common_blue\" title=\"Common blue\">common blue</a>. Less commonly seen are <a href=\"/wiki/Large_skipper\" title=\"Large skipper\">large skipper</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Green-veined_white\" title=\"Green-veined white\">green-veined white</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Green_hairstreak\" title=\"Green hairstreak\">green hairstreak</a>.<ref><a href=\"http://www.english-nature.org.uk/special/nnr/nnr_details.asp?nnr_name=&amp;C=0&amp;Habitat=0&amp;natural_area=&amp;local_team=0&amp;spotlight_reserve=0&amp;X=&amp;NNR_ID=78\">Hardington Moor NNR</a></ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Religious sites</h2>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary%2C_Hardington_Mandeville\" title=\"Church of St Mary, Hardington Mandeville\">Church of Saint Mary</a> was rebuilt in 1123 on the site of an earlier church. It has had renovation work in the 15th century and again in 1864. The circular <a href=\"/wiki/Baptismal_font\" title=\"Baptismal font\">font</a> is thought to be original dating from 1123, and the clock mechanism was built and installed before 1707. There are 6 bells in the tower, 3 of which are from the Purdue (<a href=\"/wiki/Closworth\" title=\"Closworth\">Closworth</a>) foundry, with the earliest being dated 1591. It has been designated as a Grade II* <a href=\"/wiki/Listed_building\" title=\"Listed building\">listed building</a>.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1345795|desc=Church of Saint Mary|access-date=16 February 2009}}</ref>\n</p><p>Collinson states that, \"In this parish are the remains of an ancient chapel of elegant workmanship, converted some time since into a weaving shop.\"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Collinson |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0VQTRESNJsC&dq=Hardington+mandeville+intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:somerset&pg=PA347 |title=The History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset: Collected from Authentick Records, and an Actual Survey Made by the Late Mr. Edmund Rack. Adorned with a Map of the County, and Engravings of Roman and Other Reliques, Town-seals, Baths, Churches, and Gentlemen's Seats |date=1791 |publisher=R. Cruttwell |pages=348 |language=en}}</ref></p><p><br />\n<gallery>\nFile:Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary Hardington Mandeville - geograph.org.uk - 1190199.jpg|Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary\nFile:Memorial window - St Mary's Hardington Mandeville - geograph.org.uk - 1191867.jpg|Memorial window - St Mary's\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<p>{{Commons category-inline|Hardington Mandeville}}\n</p><p>{{South Somerset}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Villages_in_South_Somerset\" title=\"Villages in South Somerset\">Category:Villages in South Somerset</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Civil_parishes_in_Somerset\" title=\"Civil parishes in Somerset\">Category:Civil parishes in Somerset</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 12897086 ], "name": [ "IznoRepeat" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Fauna", "Mammals", "Birds", "Flora", "Tourism infrastructure", "Visitor numbers", "External links", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|National park in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}\n{{Use South African English|date=February 2015}}\n{{Infobox protected area \n| name = Mountain Zebra National Park\n| photo = Mountain zebra NP.jpg\n| relief = 1\n| map_caption = Location of the park\n| location = [[Eastern Cape]], [[South Africa]]\n| nearest_city = [[Cradock, Eastern Cape|Cradock]]\n| coordinates = {{coord|32|11|S|25|37|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}\n| area_km2 = 284\n| established = {{Start date and age|1937|7|2}}\n| visitation_num =31 210 \n| visitation_year =2017 \n| governing_body = [[South African National Parks]]\n| url = https://www.sanparks.org/parks/mountain_zebra/\n|map_image={{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-align=center|id=Q206508|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#d6d6d6|fill=#1e5833|fill-opacity=0.3}}|embedded={{Location map | South Africa#Eastern Cape | relief=1 | width=300 }}|iucn_category=II}}\n</p><p><b>Mountain Zebra National Park</b> is a <a href=\"/wiki/South_African_National_Parks\" title=\"South African National Parks\">national park</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Cape\" title=\"Eastern Cape\">Eastern Cape</a> province of <a href=\"/wiki/South_Africa\" title=\"South Africa\">South Africa</a>; proclaimed in July 1937 for the purpose of providing a <a href=\"/wiki/Nature_reserve\" title=\"Nature reserve\">nature reserve</a> for the endangered <a href=\"/wiki/Cape_mountain_zebra\" title=\"Cape mountain zebra\">Cape mountain zebra</a>. It is surrounded by {{Convert|896146.57|ha}} of the <a href=\"/wiki/Mountain_Zebra-Camdeboo_Protected_Environment\" title=\"Mountain Zebra-Camdeboo Protected Environment\">Mountain Zebra-Camdeboo Protected Environment</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Gazette: Declaration of Mountain Zebra National Park |url=https://portal.environment.gov.za/PortalDownloads/PACA_Gazettes/PA/NP/Mountain_Zebra_NP.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mountain Zebra-Camdeboo Protected Environment Management Plan |url=https://www.mzcpe.co.za/documents/Final%20management%20plan_June%202017%20final.pdf}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p>In the early 1930s, the Cape mountain zebra was threatened with <a href=\"/wiki/Extinction\" title=\"Extinction\">extinction</a>. The National Parks Board of Trustees proclaimed a {{convert|17.12|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} area for the zebra's preservation in 1938 after the purchase of the farm <i>Babylons Toren</i>, Cradock the year before.<ref name=\"Pan01\" />{{rp|49}} The mountain zebra population of the park comprised only five <a href=\"/wiki/Stallion_%28horse%29\" title=\"Stallion (horse)\">stallions</a> and one <a href=\"/wiki/Mare_%28horse%29\" title=\"Mare (horse)\">mare</a> and was insufficient to expand the population. By 1950 only two stallions remained, and a neighbouring <a href=\"/wiki/Farmer\" title=\"Farmer\">farmer</a>, Mr H L Lombard, improved the breeding pool by donating eleven zebra to the park, five stallions and six mares.<ref name=\"Pan01\">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sim_south-african-panorama_1977-08_22_8 |title=South African Panorama 1977-08: Vol 22 Iss 8 |date=August 1977 |publisher=Information Service of South Africa |language=English}}</ref>{{rp|49}}\n</p><p>By 1964, there were only 25 zebra in the park. At this time, the park's size was increased to {{convert|65.36|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}} and Paul Michau donated six zebra to the park.<ref name=\"Pan01\" />{{rp|49}} From then on, the number of zebras increased steadily to about 140. In 1975, the zebras were re-introduced to the <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Cape\" title=\"Western Cape\">Western Cape</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/De_Hoop_Nature_Reserve\" title=\"De Hoop Nature Reserve\">De Hoop Nature Reserve</a>.\n</p><p>Since 1978, capture and relocation of mountain zebra to new habitat have been part of the routine management of the park. Currently (2015) the park's herd number over 700 animals, and an average of about 20 animals are relocated each year. Through the years, additional farms have been purchased to increase the size of the park to the current {{convert|284|km²|sqmi|abbr=on}}.\n</p>", "<h2> Fauna </h2>\n<p>Other mammals found in the boundaries of the park include <a href=\"/wiki/Caracal\" title=\"Caracal\">caracal</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/African_buffalo\" title=\"African buffalo\">Cape buffalo</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/South-central_black_rhinoceros\" title=\"South-central black rhinoceros\">black rhinoceros</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Common_eland\" title=\"Common eland\">eland</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Black_wildebeest\" title=\"Black wildebeest\">black wildebeest</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Red_hartebeest\" title=\"Red hartebeest\">red hartebeest</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Gemsbok\" title=\"Gemsbok\">gemsbok</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Grey_rhebok\" title=\"Grey rhebok\">grey rhebok</a>. In 2007, the <a href=\"/wiki/South_African_cheetah\" title=\"South African cheetah\">South African cheetahs</a> were reintroduced to the area. In 2013 three <a href=\"/wiki/Lion\" title=\"Lion\">lions</a> have been released. A predator-proof fence prevents the large predators from entering neighbouring farmland. The camps in the park have been fenced as well.<ref>SANParks: <a href=\"http://www.sanparks.org/about/news/default.php?id=55509\">Lion released in Mountain Zebra National Park</a>. Media Release from South Africas National Parks. 25 April 2013</ref>\n</p><h3>Mammals</h3>\n<p><gallery>\nEland (Taurotragus oryx) male ... (50546149998).jpg|[[Common eland|Eland]]\nRed Hartebeests (Alcelaphus buselaphus) drinking ... (32429185761).jpg|[[Red hartebeest]]\nGemsboks (Oryx gazella) (50550258972).jpg|[[Gemsbok]]\nAfrican Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) old bull grazing ... (45496148534).jpg|[[African buffalo|Cape buffalo]]\nMountain zebras.jpg|[[Mountain zebra]] harem\nBlesboks (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) female and young ... (31806451563).jpg|[[Blesbok]]s\nSpringbock im Mountain Zebra National Park.jpg|[[Springbok]]\n</gallery></p>Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) (30507962876).jpg|[[Black rhinoceros]]\nCaracal Caracal-001.jpg|[[Caracal]]\nLioness (Panthera leo) with a full belly ... (46431002144).jpg|[[Lion]]\nSouth African Ground Squirrel (Xerus inauris) male (32873570202).jpg|[[Ground squirrel]]\nMeerkats (Suricata suricatta) sentinels looking out ... (32413471312).jpg|[[Meerkat]]s\n\n<h3>Birds</h3>\n<p><gallery>\nBlue Korhaan (Eupodotis caerulescens) male (30200889041).jpg|[[Blue korhaan]]\nPale Chanting Goshawk (Melierax canorus) (32235575673).jpg|[[Pale chanting goshawk]]\nBlue Cranes (Anthropoides paradiseus) parading (29959840901).jpg|[[Blue crane]]\nOstrich (Struthio camelus) male and Black Wildebeest ... (32419039772).jpg|[[Ostrich]]\nBrown-hooded Kingfisher (Halcyon albiventris) (46169761092).jpg|[[Brown-hooded kingfisher]]\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h3>Mammals</h3>\n<p><gallery>\nEland (Taurotragus oryx) male ... (50546149998).jpg|[[Common eland|Eland]]\nRed Hartebeests (Alcelaphus buselaphus) drinking ... (32429185761).jpg|[[Red hartebeest]]\nGemsboks (Oryx gazella) (50550258972).jpg|[[Gemsbok]]\nAfrican Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) old bull grazing ... (45496148534).jpg|[[African buffalo|Cape buffalo]]\nMountain zebras.jpg|[[Mountain zebra]] harem\nBlesboks (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) female and young ... (31806451563).jpg|[[Blesbok]]s\nSpringbock im Mountain Zebra National Park.jpg|[[Springbok]]\n</gallery></p>Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) (30507962876).jpg|[[Black rhinoceros]]\nCaracal Caracal-001.jpg|[[Caracal]]\nLioness (Panthera leo) with a full belly ... (46431002144).jpg|[[Lion]]\nSouth African Ground Squirrel (Xerus inauris) male (32873570202).jpg|[[Ground squirrel]]\nMeerkats (Suricata suricatta) sentinels looking out ... (32413471312).jpg|[[Meerkat]]s", "<h3>Birds</h3>\n<p><gallery>\nBlue Korhaan (Eupodotis caerulescens) male (30200889041).jpg|[[Blue korhaan]]\nPale Chanting Goshawk (Melierax canorus) (32235575673).jpg|[[Pale chanting goshawk]]\nBlue Cranes (Anthropoides paradiseus) parading (29959840901).jpg|[[Blue crane]]\nOstrich (Struthio camelus) male and Black Wildebeest ... (32419039772).jpg|[[Ostrich]]\nBrown-hooded Kingfisher (Halcyon albiventris) (46169761092).jpg|[[Brown-hooded kingfisher]]\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2> Flora </h2>\n<p>Species of <a href=\"/wiki/Tree\" title=\"Tree\">trees</a> found in the park are:<ref>* National Parks and Nature Reserves. Chris &amp; Mathilde Stuart. Struik Travel and Heritage. 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-77007-742-3}}</ref>\n<gallery>\nRapanea melanophloeos - cape town 1.jpg|[[Rapanea melanophloeos]] (Cape beech),\nRhus_lancea,_foliage_detail.jpg|[[Rhus lancea]] (\"Karee\"),\nOlivesfromjordan.jpg|[[Olive]],\nLeucosidea sericea00.jpg|[[Leucosidea sericea]] (\"Ouhout\"),\nAcacia_karroo0.jpg|[[Acacia karroo]] and\nBuddleja salvifolia.jpg|[[Buddleja salviifolia]] (sage).\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2>Tourism infrastructure</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Doornhoek_Guest_house.JPG\" title=\"Doornhoek Guest house.JPG\">thumb|Doornhoek Guest house</a>\n<ul><li> 19 Family cottages with 76 beds (each unit sleeps 4 people).\n</li><li> One swimming pool (for overnight guests only).\n</li><li> One camping terrain with 20 sites, each sleeping a maximum of 6 persons.\n</li><li> Ablution and kitchen facilities on camp site\n</li><li> One guest house sleeping 6 persons.\n</li><li> Two overnight huts sleeping 10 persons each (for hiking trail) with approximately 39&nbsp;km of hiking trails.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/conservation/park_man/mznp_approved_plans.pdf |title=Mountain zebra national park - Park management plan |date=March 2008 |publisher=SANParks}}</ref>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2> Visitor numbers </h2>\n<p>From 1 April 2017 to 31 March 2018, the park received 31,210 visitors up from 27,965 in the previous year. This growth rate of 11.6% placed the park in the top five SANParks for percentage growth in visitors year-on-year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanparks.org/assets/docs/general/annual-report-2018.pdf|title=South African National Parks - Annual Report 2017/2018}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li>{{wikivoyage inline|Mountain Zebra National Park}}\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.sanparks.org/parks/mountain_zebra/\">South African National Parks</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Biodiversity of South Africa|proare}}\n{{Eastern Cape Provincial Parks}}\n{{authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_established_in_1937\" title=\"Protected areas established in 1937\">Category:Protected areas established in 1937</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:National_parks_of_South_Africa\" title=\"National parks of South Africa\">Category:National parks of South Africa</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_the_Eastern_Cape\" title=\"Protected areas of the Eastern Cape\">Category:Protected areas of the Eastern Cape</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Etymology", "Bogdania", "Black or Bogdan's Wallachia", "Bessarabia, Moldavia and Moldova", "Notes", "References", "Sources", "Further reading" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>The <b>names of Moldavia and Moldova</b> originate from the historical state of <a href=\"/wiki/Moldavia\" title=\"Moldavia\">Moldavia</a>, which at its greatest extent included eastern Romania (<a href=\"/wiki/Western_Moldavia\" title=\"Western Moldavia\">Western Moldavia</a>), <a href=\"/wiki/Moldova\" title=\"Moldova\">Moldova</a>, and parts of south-western and western <a href=\"/wiki/Ukraine\" title=\"Ukraine\">Ukraine</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Etymology</h2>\n<p>One of the existing theories is that Moldavia/Moldova was named after the <a href=\"/wiki/Moldova_River\" title=\"Moldova River\">Moldova River</a>, which is a Slavic name,{{sfnp|Boia|2001|p=55}} derived from Slavic <i>mold-</i>, \"spruce, fir\".{{sfnp|Du Nay|1996|loc=<!--Moldova (ancient forms: Moldua, Mulduva, the name of the province Moldavia in the east of Rumania) - Slavic mold- (molid+ihe Slavic suffix ...-->}}{{sfnp|Illyés|1988|loc=p. 173<!-- In Moldova, the opposite true, as is the case in other areas of present-day Romania. Not a single Latin place name has survived, while the entire territory abounds with place and river names of Slavic origin, including the very name of the province: Moldova, archaic Moldua, Mulduva; mold (molid, \"spruce fir\" cf., Bulgarian molika)433 + the Slavic suffix -ov, -ova. According to an earlier concept, the assimilation of the Slavs occurred in Moldova ...-->}} A. I. Sobolevskij derived it from <i>*moldu</i>, \"tender, soft, young\".{{sfnp|Nandriș|1968|p=121}} The ending <i>-ov(a)/-av(a)</i> is a common Slavic suffix used in appelatives and proper names.{{sfnp|Nandriș|1968|p=122}} <i>-ova</i> denotes ownership, chiefly of feminine nouns. There is significant <a href=\"/wiki/Slavic_influence_on_Romanian\" title=\"Slavic influence on Romanian\">Slavic influence on Romanian</a>.\n</p><p>The myth, included in works of <a href=\"/wiki/Grigore_Ureche\" title=\"Grigore Ureche\">Grigore Ureche</a> (1590–1647), <a href=\"/wiki/Miron_Costin\" title=\"Miron Costin\">Miron Costin</a> (1633–1691) and <a href=\"/wiki/Dimitrie_Cantemir\" title=\"Dimitrie Cantemir\">Dimitrie Cantemir</a> (1673–1723), but given varying levels of credibility by these, was that the hunter <a href=\"/wiki/Drago%C8%99\" title=\"Dragoș\">Dragoș</a> from <a href=\"/wiki/Maramure%C8%99_region\" title=\"Maramureș region\">Maramureș</a> (the founder of Moldova) One myth, given different levels of credence by Ureche, Miron Costin, and Cantemir, was about a place-name: Moldova. \nOther theories is that it is derived from old <a href=\"/wiki/German_language\" title=\"German language\">German</a> <i>Molde</i>, meaning \"<a href=\"/wiki/Open-pit_mining\" title=\"Open-pit mining\">open-pit mine</a>\",{{cn|date=April 2018}} or the <a href=\"/wiki/Gothic_language\" title=\"Gothic language\">Gothic</a> <i>Mulda</i> meaning \"dust\", \"dirt\" (cognate with the English <i><a href=\"/wiki/Mold_%28fungus%29\" title=\"Mold (fungus)\">mould</a></i>), referring to the river.{{cn|date=April 2018}}\n</p><p>The short-lived capital of Moldova, <a href=\"/wiki/Baia\" title=\"Baia\">Baia</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Suceava_County\" title=\"Suceava County\">Suceava County</a>, was called <i>Stadt Molde</i> in a 1421 German document.\n</p>", "<h2>Bogdania</h2>\n<p>The original and short-lived reference to the region was <i>Bogdania</i>, after <a href=\"/wiki/Bogdan_I\" title=\"Bogdan I\">Bogdan I</a>, the founding figure of the principality.<ref><a href=\"/wiki/Anton_Friedrich_B%C3%BCsching\" title=\"Anton Friedrich Büsching\">A. F. Büsching</a>. <i>A New System of Geography: In which is Given, a General Account of...</i> &amp;c., Volume 2. London: A. Millar, 1762. <a href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=NJhfAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA165\">p. 165.</a></ref> Polish historian {{ill|Ilona Czamańska|pl}} states that, \"according to the tradition of local chroniclers, the first Moldavian prince who agreed to pay tribute to the Ottomans was <a href=\"/wiki/Bogdan_III\" title=\"Bogdan III\">Bogdan III</a>, who reigned in the years 1504–1517,\"<ref>Ilona Czamańska. <a href=\"https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/bp/article/download/38386/34775/93135\">\"Ottoman Supremacy and the Political Independence of the Balkan and Central European States.\"</a> <i>Balcanica Posnaniensia: Acta et studia.</i> <b>30</b> (December 2023). p. 80. {{doi|10.14746/bp.2023.30.5}}</ref> and notes that \"this was [later used] to explain the Turkish name of Moldavia — Bogdania. In fact, this name is of Tatar origin and was used long before Bogdan III was born. It is undoubtedly associated with Bogdan I,\" the first voivode of Moldavia in the 1360s.<ref>Ilona Czamańska. <a href=\"https://pressto.amu.edu.pl/index.php/bp/article/download/38386/34775/93135\">\"Ottoman Supremacy and the Political Independence of the Balkan and Central European States.\"</a> <i>Balcanica Posnaniensia: Acta et studia.</i> <b>30</b> (December 2023). p. 80fn13. {{doi|10.14746/bp.2023.30.5}}</ref> It is this name that voyager <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Hakluyt\" title=\"Richard Hakluyt\">Richard Hakluyt</a> used for Moldavia in his writings in the late 16th century.<ref>Richard Hakluyt. <i>The Principal Navigations Voyages Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation.</i> Volume 5. 1598–1600. Republished by Cambridge University Press, 1904. Reprinted 2014. <a href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=mNYGAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA325\">p. 325.</a> {{ISBN|9781108071338}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Black or Bogdan's Wallachia</h2>\n<p>The term \"Black Wallachia\" ({{lang-ro|Valahia Neagră}}), in Turkish <i>Kara-Eflak</i>, was another name found used for Moldova in the Ottoman period.{{sfnp|Filstich|1979|loc=p. 39<!--Moldova, pe care unii o numesc Valahia Neagră-->}} It derived from <a href=\"/wiki/Bogdan_I_of_Moldavia\" title=\"Bogdan I of Moldavia\">Bogdan I of Moldavia</a>; in Ottoman Turkish usage his state was known as <i>Kara-Bogdan</i> ({{lang-ro|Cara-bogdan}}){{sfnp|Rădvan|2010|p=322}} and <i>Bogdan-Eflak</i>, \"Bogdan's Wallachia\".\n</p>", "<h2>Bessarabia, Moldavia and Moldova</h2>\n<p>{{also|Bessarabian question}}\nBefore 1812 the territory of the modern <a href=\"/wiki/Republic_of_Moldova\" title=\"Republic of Moldova\">Republic of Moldova</a> was usually called <i>Eastern Moldova</i>, <i>Eastern Lowlands</i>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Dniester\" title=\"Dniester\">Dniester</a>-<a href=\"/wiki/Prut\" title=\"Prut\">Prut</a></i>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Bendery\" title=\"Bendery\">Bendery</a></i> (for the largest town) or <i><a href=\"/wiki/Orhei\" title=\"Orhei\">Orhei</a></i> (for the largest town in the centre). After the entire eastern part of the region, between the Pruth and the Dniester, was ceded by the <a href=\"/wiki/Ottoman_Empire\" title=\"Ottoman Empire\">Ottomans</a> to <a href=\"/wiki/Russian_Empire\" title=\"Russian Empire\">Russia</a> in the 1812 <a href=\"/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_%281812%29\" title=\"Treaty of Bucharest (1812)\">Treaty of Bucharest</a>, the Russians used the name <i><a href=\"/wiki/Bessarabia\" title=\"Bessarabia\">Bessarabia</a></i> for its new acquisition.<ref>Charles King, <i>The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture</i>, 2000, Hoover Institution Press. pp. 21–22. {{ISBN|0-8179-9791-1}}</ref> though this name had formerly only been applied to the southern parts of this territory, what is now called <a href=\"/wiki/Budjak\" title=\"Budjak\">Budjak</a>, it quickly became associated with the whole territory. After the establishment of the <a href=\"/wiki/Moldavian_SSR\" title=\"Moldavian SSR\">Moldavian SSR</a> in the 1940s the new republic started to be unofficially called <i>Moldavia</i>. In 1991 that name was adopted as official name, with Romanian-language variant <i>Moldova</i> quickly become the preferred spelling.\n</p>", "<h2>Notes</h2>\n<p>{{Notelist}}\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>Sources</h2>\n<p>{{refbegin}}\n<ul><li>{{Cite book |last=Boia |first=Lucian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHTN-TQkd3cC&pg=PA55 |title=Romania: Borderland of Europe |date=2001 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=1-86189-103-2 |location=London |translator-last=Brown |translator-first=James Christian |author-link=Lucian Boia}}\n</li><li>{{Cite book |last=Du Nay |first=André |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofrumania0000duna |title=The Origins of the Rumanians: The Early History of the Rumanian Language |date=1996 |publisher=Matthias Corvinus Publishing |isbn=1-882785-08-8 |location=Toronto |url-access=registration |via=Archive.org}}\n</li><li>{{Cite book |last=Filstich |first=Johann |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FUBAAAAMAAJ |title=Tentamen historiae Vallachicae |date=1979 |publisher=Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică |editor-last=Armbruster |editor-first=Adolf |location=Bucureşti |language=ro}}\n</li><li>{{Cite book |last=Illyés |first=Elemér |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXlpAAAAMAAJ |title=Ethnic Continuity in the Carpatho-Danubian Area |publisher=East European Monographs |year=1988 |isbn=0-88033-146-1 |location=Boulder, Colorado}}\n</li><li>{{Cite book |last=Kellogg |first=Frederick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OOgAAAAMAAJ |title=A History of Romanian Historical Writing |date=1990 |publisher=C. Schlacks |isbn=9781884445170 |location=Bakersfield, California}}\n</li><li> {{Cite book |last=Nandriș |first=Grigore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgJhAAAAMAAJ |title=Studies in Slavic Linguistics and Poetics in Honor of Boris O. Unbegaun |date=1968 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=9780814702819 |editor-last=Magidoff |editor-first=Robert |location=New York |pages=119–128 |chapter=Moldova-The Name of the River and the Country |author-link=Grigore Nandriș |editor-last2=Shevelov |editor-first2=George Y. |editor-last3=Simmons |editor-first3=J. S. G. |editor-last4=Taranovski |editor-first4=Kiril}}\n</li><li>{{Cite book |last=Rădvan |first=Laurențiu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xNYmFwyCdkC&pg=PA322 |title=At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18010-9 |location=Leiden |translator-last=Cîrdei |translator-first=Valentin}}\n{{refend}}\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Further reading</h2>\n<p>{{refbegin}}\n<ul><li> {{Cite book |last1=Brezianu |first1=Andrei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SsF94kyuHs4C&pg=PA240 |title=The A to Z of Moldova |last2=Spânu |first2=Vlad |date=2007 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7211-0 |location=Lanham, Maryland |page=240}}\n</li><li> {{Cite journal |last=Mănăilă Maximean |first=Doina |date=2014 |title=A New Theory on the Etymology of the Name of \"Moldova\" |url=http://aos.ro/wp-content/anale/IVol6Nr2Art.10.pdf |journal=Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists: Series on History and Archaeology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=131–139}}\n</li><li> {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Moldavia (Moldova) |encyclopedia=The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iVRuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1162 |last=Everett-Heath |first=John |date=2018 |edition=4th |pages=1162 |isbn=978-0-19-256243-2}}\n{{refend}}\n</li></ul></p><p>{{Europe topic|Name of|title=Names of European states and territories}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Name Of Moldova}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Country_name_etymology\" title=\"Country name etymology\">Moldova</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:History_of_Moldova\" title=\"History of Moldova\">Category:History of Moldova</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Romanian_language\" title=\"Romanian language\">Category:Romanian language</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:History_of_Moldavia\" title=\"History of Moldavia\">Category:History of Moldavia</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 13892613 ], "name": [ "Estopedist1" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Settlements", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Former municipality of Estonia}}\n</p><p>{{Infobox settlement\n| name = Hummuli Parish\n| native_name = Hummuli vald\n| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Estonia|Municipality of Estonia]]\n| image_skyline = Hummuli mõisa peahoone.jpg\n| imagesize = 200px\n| image_caption = Hummuli manor\n| image_flag = Hummuli valla lipp.gif\n| flag_size = 85px\n| image_shield = Hummuli valla vapp.gif\n| shield_size = 75px\n| image_map = Eesti hummuli vald.png\n| mapsize = \n| map_caption = Hummuli Parish within Valga County.\n| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]\n| subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|25px]] [[Estonia]]\n| subdivision_type1 = [[Counties of Estonia|County]]\n| subdivision_name1 = [[File:Valgamaa lipp.svg|25px]] [[Valga County]]\n| seat_type = Administrative centre\n| seat = [[Hummuli]]\n| leader_party = \n| leader_title = Vallavanem\n| leader_name = Enn Mihhailov\n| area_total_km2 = 162.7\n| population_total = 1060\n| population_as_of = 01.01.2006\n| population_density_km2 = auto\n| website = [http://www.hummulivv.ee www.hummulivv.ee]\n}}\n</p><p><b>Hummuli Parish</b> was a <a href=\"/wiki/Rural_municipality_%28Estonia%29\" title=\"Rural municipality (Estonia)\">rural municipality</a> of the <a href=\"/wiki/Estonia\" title=\"Estonia\">Estonian</a> county of <a href=\"/wiki/Valga_County\" title=\"Valga County\">Valga</a>.<ref name=\"KNR\">{{cite web |title=X-GIS(4) Portal |url=http://xgis.maaamet.ee/knravalik/knr?obj_id=41 |website=xgis.maaamet.ee |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Settlements</h2>\n<dl><dt>Small borough\n<a href=\"/wiki/Hummuli\" title=\"Hummuli\">Hummuli</a>\n</dt></dl><dl><dt>Villages\n<a href=\"/wiki/Aitsra\" title=\"Aitsra\">Aitsra</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Alam%C3%B5isa\" title=\"Alamõisa\">Alamõisa</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Jeti\" title=\"Jeti\">Jeti</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Kulli%2C_Valga_County\" title=\"Kulli, Valga County\">Kulli</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Piiri%2C_Valga_County\" title=\"Piiri, Valga County\">Piiri</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Puide\" title=\"Puide\">Puide</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Ransi\" title=\"Ransi\">Ransi</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Soe%2C_Valga_County\" title=\"Soe, Valga County\">Soe</a>\n</dt></dl>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Coord|57|54|13|N|26|03|30|E|region:EE_type:city(95)|display=title}}\n</p><p>{{Valgamaa}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Former_municipalities_of_Estonia\" title=\"Former municipalities of Estonia\"> </a></p><p><br />\n{{Valga-geo-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "168.229.254.63" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Plot", "Adaptations", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|1965 novel by Masuji Ibuse}}\n{{infobox book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->\n| name = Black Rain\n| title_orig = 黒い雨 (Kuroi Ame)\n| orig_lang_code= ja\n| translator = [[John Bester]]\n| image = File:Black rain book cover.jpg\n| caption = First US edition\n| author = [[Masuji Ibuse]]\n| cover_artist = \n| country = \n| language = [[Japanese language|Japanese]]\n| series = \n| genre = [[Historical novel|Historical]], [[war novel]]\n| publisher =\n| release_date = 1965\n| english_pub_date = 1966\n| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] and [[paperback]])\n| pages = \n| isbn = 0-87011-364-X\n| oclc= 264049426\n| preceded_by = \n| followed_by = \n}}\n</p><p>{{Nihongo|'''''Black Rain'''''|黒い雨|Kuroi Ame}} is a novel by <a href=\"/wiki/Japan\" title=\"Japan\">Japanese</a> author <a href=\"/wiki/Masuji_Ibuse\" title=\"Masuji Ibuse\">Masuji Ibuse</a>. Ibuse began serializing <i>Black Rain</i> in the magazine <i>Shincho</i> in January 1965. The novel is based on historical records of the devastation caused by the atomic bombing of Hiroshima.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black Rain {{!}} work by Ibuse Masuji {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Rain-by-Ibuse-Masuji |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Plot</h2>\n<p>Black Rain is told through the diary entries of Shizuma Shigematsu and other characters during August 6–15, 1945, <a href=\"/wiki/Hiroshima\" title=\"Hiroshima\">Hiroshima</a>, and at the time of narration, Shigematsu and his wife Shigeko are the guardians of their niece Yasuko. They feel obligated to find a suitable husband for her, and by the start of the novel, three earlier attempts to arrange a match had already failed because of rumors that she had radiation sickness from exposure to \"<a href=\"/wiki/Nuclear_fallout\" title=\"Nuclear fallout\">Black Rain</a>,\" radioactive precipitation that had fallen when the immense <a href=\"/wiki/Firestorm\" title=\"Firestorm\">firestorm</a> caused by the nuclear explosion <a href=\"/wiki/Cloud_seeding\" title=\"Cloud seeding\">seeded the clouds</a> over Hiroshima, causing the radioactive material to fall back down as rain. Fear and disgust of radiation sickness and those who have it are two of the main themes throughout the story. Though Shigematsu's journal entries attempt to disprove his niece's sickness by demonstrating that she was not in Hiroshima during the blast, in the end it turns out that Yasuko had gone there immediately afterward to find her parents and was indeed sickened by the \"Black Rain\".\n</p>", "<h2>Adaptations</h2>\n<p>Director <a href=\"/wiki/Shohei_Imamura\" title=\"Shohei Imamura\">Shohei Imamura</a> directed a <a href=\"/wiki/Black_Rain_%28Japanese_film%29\" title=\"Black Rain (Japanese film)\">film adaptation</a> of the Japanese novel in 1989.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tachibana |first=Reiko |date=1998 |title=Seeing Between the Lines: Imamura Shōhei's \"Kuroi Ame (Black Rain)\" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43796865 |journal=Literature/Film Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=304–312 |jstor=43796865 |issn=0090-4260}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_books_about_nuclear_issues\" title=\"List of books about nuclear issues\">List of books about nuclear issues</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_films_about_nuclear_issues\" title=\"List of films about nuclear issues\">List of films about nuclear issues</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Rain (Novel)}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1965_Japanese_novels\" title=\"1965 Japanese novels\">Category:1965 Japanese novels</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Novels_about_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki\" title=\"Novels about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\">Category:Novels about the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Novels_first_published_in_serial_form\" title=\"Novels first published in serial form\">Category:Novels first published in serial form</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Works_originally_published_in_Shinch%C5%8D\" title=\"Works originally published in Shinchō\">Category:Works originally published in Shinchō</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Japanese_novels_adapted_into_films\" title=\"Japanese novels adapted into films\">Category:Japanese novels adapted into films</a></p><p><br />\n{{1960s-WWII-novel-stub}}\n{{nuclear-issue-book-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "2601:203:4300:A8D0:B00E:74EC:672F:7C9F" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Recording and production", "Content", "Promotion and reception", "Track listing", "UK track listing", "US track listing (Sparrow Records version)", "US track listing (Virgin Records version)", "Personnel", "Charts", "Notes", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2016}}\n{{EngvarB|date=March 2016}}\n{{Infobox album\n| name = Mezzamorphis\n| type = studio\n| artist = [[Delirious?]]\n| cover = Mezzamorphis.jpeg\n| alt =\n| released = 12 April 1999\n| recorded = 1998–1999\n| studio = {{hlist|Tortington Park, Sussex, UK|Ground Zero Digital, Sussex, UK|ICC Studios, Sussex, UK|Ford Lane Studios, West Sussex, UK}}\n| genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[Christian rock]], [[power pop]]\n| length = 49:47\n| label = [[Furious? Records|Furious?]]\n| producer = [[Delirious?]]\n| prev_title = [[d-tour 1997 Live at Southampton|d:tour]]\n| prev_year = 1998\n| next_title = [[Glo (album)|Glo]]\n| next_year = 2000\n| misc = {{Extra album cover\n | header = Alternative Covers\n | type = Album\n | cover = Delirious_mezzaus.jpg\n | border =\n | alt =\n | caption = North American version of ''Mezzamorphis''\n}}\n}}\n{{Album ratings\n|rev1 = ''[[Cross Rhythms]]''\n|rev1score = {{Rating|10|10}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Delirious/Mezzamorphis/391/|title=Review: Mezzamorphis - Delirious? - Cross Rhythms|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>\n|rev2 = [[AllMusic]]\n|rev2score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>[{{AllMusic|class=album|id=r415836|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic review]</ref>\n|rev3 = ''[[Q Magazine]]''\n|rev3score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc12.html|title=Delirious.org.uk - Reviews - Mezzamorphis (Q Magazine)|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228142705/http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc12.html|archive-date=28 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n|rev4 = ''Jesus Freak Hideout''\n|rev4score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdReviews/Mezzamorphis.asp|title=Delirious, \"Mezzamorphis\" Review|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>\n|rev5 = ''[[UNCUT (magazine)|UNCUT magazine]]''\n|rev5score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc11.html|title=Delirious.org.uk - Reviews - Mezzamorphis (Uncut Magazine)|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228162212/http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc11.html|archive-date=28 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n|rev6 = ''[[Rock Sound]]''\n|rev6score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc10.html|title=Delirious.org.uk - Reviews - Mezzamorphis (Rock Sound Magazine)|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228142658/http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc10.html|archive-date=28 February 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n|rev7 = \n|rev7score = (?)<!--add rating--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tollbooth.org/review99/del992.html|title=A Review by The Phantom Tollbooth|access-date=14 March 2016}}</ref>\n|rev8 = ''Exit Zine''\n|rev8score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exitzine.com/reviews-music/content.asp?content=rev-delir.htm&bname=Deliriou5?&balbum=Mezzamorphisis&stars=4 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010512214227/http://www.exitzine.com/reviews-music/content.asp?content=rev-delir.htm&bname=Deliriou5%3F&balbum=Mezzamorphisis&stars=4 |title=EXIT -*The Electronic Magazine* |archive-date=12 May 2001 |access-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n}}\n</p><p><i><b>Mezzamorphis</b></i> is the second studio album by <a href=\"/wiki/Christian_rock\" title=\"Christian rock\">Christian rock</a> band <a href=\"/wiki/Delirious%3F\" title=\"Delirious?\">Delirious?</a>. Released in 1999, it represented a large step towards a more <a href=\"/wiki/Electronic_music\" title=\"Electronic music\">electronic</a> sound for the band and received a huge critical acclaim.\n</p><p><i>Mezzamorphis</i> spawned two UK singles, \"<a href=\"/wiki/See_the_Star\" title=\"See the Star\">See the Star</a>\" and \"<a href=\"/wiki/It%27s_OK_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"It's OK (Delirious? song)\">It's OK</a>\", both of which landed in the top 20 of the <a href=\"/wiki/UK_Singles_Charts\" title=\"UK Singles Charts\">UK Singles Charts</a>, whilst the album itself peaked at No. 25 on the <a href=\"/wiki/UK_Album_Charts\" title=\"UK Album Charts\">UK Album Charts</a>, giving Delirious? their second top 30 album in a row. The album has since been certified <a href=\"/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification\" title=\"Music recording sales certification\">silver</a> in the UK. In the US, \"<a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"Gravity (Delirious? song)\">Gravity</a>\" was released as the lead single in promotion of the album.\n</p>", "<h2>Recording and production</h2>\n<p>Following their breakthrough 1997 album <i><a href=\"/wiki/King_of_Fools_%28album%29\" title=\"King of Fools (album)\">King of Fools</a></i>, Delirious? started recording <i>Mezzamorphis</i> in February 1998, and continued to record throughout that year, interspersed with summer tours throughout the US and UK. The band began recording with roughly half the songs already written, and continued writing as they recorded.<ref name=\"musician\" /> Most of the recording took place in an old school in <a href=\"/wiki/West_Sussex\" title=\"West Sussex\">West Sussex</a>. In the words of lead vocalist <a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Smith_%28songwriter%29\" title=\"Martin Smith (songwriter)\">Martin Smith</a>, \"We turned a classroom into a control room, and there were some wooden rooms where students used to dine, in which we set up a drum kit with different mike positions. We did the bulk of it there for the first six months in between touring. In the end, we went to a smaller studio in Ford just to finish it off.\"<ref>{{cite web |last = Brown |first = Bruce A. |title = A Conversation with Delirious |publisher = [[CDNOW]].com |date = October 1999 |url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc15.html |access-date = 10 April 2007}} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> The band used movable drapes to experiment with different drum sounds and <a href=\"/wiki/Reverberation\" title=\"Reverberation\">reverbs</a>; most of the drums on the album are thus natural and unprocessed.<ref name=\"musician\" />\n</p><p>Formerly known for a sound similar to that of <a href=\"/wiki/U2\" title=\"U2\">U2</a>,<ref name=\"viewfrom\">{{Cite journal |title = View from the Dressing Room |journal = Cross Rhythms Magazine |date = August 1998 }}</ref><ref name=\"CDNow\">{{cite web |last = Soditus |first = J. Warner |title = Modern Rock with a Message |publisher = [[CDNOW]].com |date = June 1999 |url = http://www.delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc06.html |access-date = 8 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183532/http://www.delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc06.html |archive-date = 27 September 2007 |url-status = dead }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref><ref name=\"Powell_Fe\" /> Delirious? aimed for a more dense and electronic sound, taking inspiration from <a href=\"/wiki/Radiohead\" title=\"Radiohead\">Radiohead</a>.<ref name=\"CDNow\" /><ref name=\"Powell_Fe\" /><ref>{{cite web |last = Lyttle |first = Michael |title = Delirious with Devotion |publisher = [[Amazon.com]] |date = June 1999 |url = http://www.delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc08.html |access-date = 8 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183709/http://www.delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc08.html |archive-date = 27 September 2007 |url-status = dead }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> Producer <a href=\"/wiki/Tedd_T\" title=\"Tedd T\">Tedd T</a> was brought in to add aspects of <a href=\"/wiki/Electronica\" title=\"Electronica\">electronica</a> to the production.<ref name=\"CDNow\" /> Recording was finished at a small studio near <a href=\"/wiki/Littlehampton\" title=\"Littlehampton\">Littlehampton</a>, putting the final touches on vocals.<ref name=\"musician\" />\n</p><p>The album was mixed by <a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Joseph_Puig\" title=\"Jack Joseph Puig\">Jack Joseph Puig</a><ref>{{cite web |title = Delirious? Biography |publisher = Crosswalk.com |date = August 1999 |url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc16.html |access-date = 8 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183832/http://delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc16.html |archive-date = 27 September 2007 |url-status = dead }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> in Los Angeles early in 1999. In the words of guitarist <a href=\"/wiki/Stu_G\" title=\"Stu G\">Stu G</a>, \"Martin and I went out to LA in January for three weeks and sat down with him and explained to him what we were doing and where we were coming from, what we were trying to accomplish with the music. He was very perceptive. He definitely took our tracks and made them into something we couldn't have done ourselves.\"<ref name=\"musician\" /> Puig's mixing of the album deepened the bass sound and brought it more of a \"club\" feel.<ref name=\"CDNow\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Content</h2>\n<p>As with the previous album, <i><a href=\"/wiki/King_of_Fools_%28album%29\" title=\"King of Fools (album)\">King of Fools</a></i>, <i>Mezzamorphis</i> is mostly midtempo; notable exceptions include \"Bliss\"<ref name=\"interactive\" /> and \"Gravity\".<ref name=\"crossrhythmsreview\" /> The new electronic direction taken by the band incorporated a <a href=\"/wiki/Theremin\" title=\"Theremin\">theremin</a>, played by bassist Jon Thatcher; additionally, <a href=\"/wiki/Stu_G\" title=\"Stu G\">Stu G</a> used <a href=\"/wiki/Revox\" title=\"Revox\">Revox</a> tape delays to create keyboard-like guitar effects.<ref name=\"musician\" /> Classical instruments were also included, including a <a href=\"/wiki/Salvation_Army\" title=\"Salvation Army\">Salvation Army</a> brass band on \"It's OK\",<ref name=\"crossrhythmsreview\" /> an upright bass (also played by Thatcher) on \"Kiss Your Feet\", and a <a href=\"/wiki/String_quartet\" title=\"String quartet\">string quartet</a> throughout the album.\n</p><p>While <i>Mezzamorphis</i> is not strictly a <a href=\"/wiki/Concept_album\" title=\"Concept album\">concept album</a>, more than one professional reviewer has pointed out that there is a general theme of getting to <a href=\"/wiki/Heaven\" title=\"Heaven\">heaven</a> running through the whole work.<ref name=\"crossrhythmsreview\">{{Cite journal |last = Rimmer |first = Mike |title = Delirious? - Mezzamorphis |journal = Cross Rhythms Magazine |issue = 51 |date = June 1999 |url = http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Delirious/Mezzamorphis/391/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Anderson |first = Rick |title = Mezzamorphis > Overview |publisher = [[Allmusic]] |url = {{AllMusic|class=album|id=r415836|pure_url=yes}} |access-date = 8 April 2007}}</ref> The band have confirmed this,<ref name=\"musician\">{{cite web |last = Adolph |first = Bruce |title = A Musician's Interview with Guitarist Stu G |publisher = Crosswalk.com |date = July 1999 |url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc17.html |access-date = 10 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090228143026/http://delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc17.html |archive-date = 28 February 2009 |url-status = dead }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> and have also pointed out a theme of change.<ref name=\"CDNow\" /> \"Heaven\", inspired by the troubles in Northern Ireland, ties the two themes of heaven and change together; according to Smith, \"we have to come to realize that we come from the dust, yet we believe one day we'll meet Jesus. In the meantime, we're caught between two worlds. Heaven is my home.\"<ref name=\"interactive\">{{cite web |title = An Interactive Mezzamorphis |publisher = Crosswalk.com |date = July 1999 |url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc18.html |access-date = 8 April 2007}} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref>\n</p><p>The first track, \"Mezzanine Floor\", is the change-oriented centrepiece of the album, written about the musical growth of the band.<ref name=\"interactive\" /> According to Stu G, \"we feel that we're at a point where we've left where we were, but we're not yet where we believe we're going to end up. So, we're on the way, in the middle, on the mezzanine floor.\"<ref name=\"interactive\" /> \"Metamorphis\", written solely by Stu G, further explores this theme of change. The name of the album is a mixture of the names of these two tracks (see <a href=\"/wiki/Metamorphosis\" title=\"Metamorphosis\">metamorphosis</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Mezzanine\" title=\"Mezzanine\">mezzanine</a>).<ref name=\"CDNow\" /><ref name=\"Powell_Fe\">{{cite book |last=Powell |first=Mark Allan |title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary Christian Music |year=2002 |publisher=Hendrickson Publishers |location=[[Peabody, Massachusetts|Peabody]], Massachusetts |isbn=1-56563-679-1 |edition=First printing |chapter=Delirious? |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/250 250–252] |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco00mark/page/250 }}</ref>\n</p><p>Another strong theme from the album is <a href=\"/wiki/Peer_pressure\" title=\"Peer pressure\">peer pressure</a>, particularly due to the band's part-Christian-part-mainstream status. The song \"Gravity\" refers to the opposing influences of Heaven and the secular world pulling the band in opposite directions, whilst \"Metamorphis\" further explores \"the fact that out in the world, although everybody wants to be their own selves, we're pulled this way and that. Everyone you meet wants you to be something or another. The song asks God to help us to be our own true selves, as God sees us, not the way folk pressure us to be what they want us to be.\" \"Bliss\" deals with accusations of <a href=\"/wiki/Selling_out\" title=\"Selling out\">selling out</a>; in the words of Stu G, \"we know exactly where we want to go, we want to take our music to the world and have it recognized as being as good as anything that's out there. But we're not going to compromise or back away from our integrity as Christians.\"<ref name=\"interactive\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Promotion and reception</h2>\n<p>The promotional UK tour featured American rock band <a href=\"/wiki/Switchfoot\" title=\"Switchfoot\">Switchfoot</a> as support.<ref>{{cite web |last = Wood |first = Dave |title = Switchfoot to Support Delirious? on Mezzamorphis UK Tour |publisher = delirious.org.uk |date = 10 May 1999 |url = http://www.delirious.org.uk/news/1999/news16.html |access-date = 8 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061129173557/http://www.delirious.org.uk/news/1999/news16.html |archive-date = 29 November 2006 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Delirious? also performed several songs live at <a href=\"/wiki/Glastonbury_Festival\" title=\"Glastonbury Festival\">Glastonbury Festival</a>.<ref>{{cite web |last = Wood |first = Dave |title = Delirious? Perform At UK Glastonbury Festival |publisher = delirious.org.uk |date = 28 June 1999 |url = http://www.delirious.org.uk/news/1999/news08.html |access-date = 8 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930152319/http://www.delirious.org.uk/news/1999/news08.html |archive-date = 30 September 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last = Wood |first = Dave |title = Neil Morrisey at Glastonbury |publisher = delirious.org.uk |date = 28 June 1999 |url = http://www.delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc07.html |access-date = 8 April 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183747/http://www.delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc07.html |archive-date = 27 September 2007 |url-status = dead }}</ref>\n</p><p>The first single, \"<a href=\"/wiki/See_the_Star\" title=\"See the Star\">See the Star</a>\", was released in the UK in 1999, selling over 5,000 copies in the first day and 12,000 copies in the first week. This was enough to push it to No. 16 in the <a href=\"/wiki/UK_Singles_Charts\" title=\"UK Singles Charts\">UK Singles Charts</a> and No. 2 in the indies<ref>{{Cite news |title = D:lighted at 16 |newspaper = Christian Herald |date = 27 March 1999 | url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc04.html }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> — the highest chart position ever held by a Delirious? single. A year later, the band released \"<a href=\"/wiki/It%27s_OK_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"It's OK (Delirious? song)\">It's OK</a>\", which entered the singles charts at No. 18 and the indie charts at No. 3.<ref name=\"featuresok\">{{cite web |title = Features - It's OK |publisher = delirious.org.uk |url = http://delirious.org.uk/features/itsok.html |access-date = 8 April 2007}}</ref> The song was featured an episode of the US television series <i><a href=\"/wiki/Get_Real_%28U.S._TV_series%29\" title=\"Get Real (U.S. TV series)\">Get Real</a></i>.<ref>{{cite web |last = Wood |first = Dave |title = 'It's OK' on TV |publisher = delirious.org.uk |url = http://delirious.org.uk/news/2000/news05.html |access-date = 8 April 2007}}</ref> \"Gravity\" was planned to be released as a single in the UK,<ref>{{cite web |last = Wood |first = Dave |title = Gravity Single in the USA / New UK Single Planned |publisher = delirious.org.uk |url = http://delirious.org.uk/news/2000/news05.html |access-date = 8 April 2007}}</ref> but was only released as a radio single in the US, due to <a href=\"/wiki/BBC_Radio_1\" title=\"BBC Radio 1\">Radio One</a>'s refusal to playlist the band.<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Rimmer |first = Mike |title = Radio and TV Snub Delirious |journal = Cross Rhythms Magazine |issue = 51 |date = June 1999 |url = http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/products/Delirious/Mezzamorphis/391/ }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref>\n</p><p><i>Mezzamorphis</i> was released on 12 April 1999 in the United Kingdom. Despite the extensive publicity campaign, the album debuted at No. 25 in the <a href=\"/wiki/UK_Album_Charts\" title=\"UK Album Charts\">UK Album Charts</a> and No. 2 in the indies,<ref name=\"delpress\">{{cite press release |title = Delirious? Update (Mezzamorphis Quotes) |publisher = [[Delirious?]] |date = 29 July 1999 |url = http://www.delirious.org.uk/articles/press/doc06.html |access-date = 11 April 2006}} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> lower than the band's first album, <i><a href=\"/wiki/King_of_Fools_%28album%29\" title=\"King of Fools (album)\">King of Fools</a></i>; however, it was the second consecutive Top 30 release for the band. The album also reached No. 2 in the <a href=\"/wiki/Contemporary_Christian_music\" title=\"Contemporary Christian music\">contemporary Christian music</a> charts in America and No. 137 in the <a href=\"/wiki/Billboard_200\" title=\"Billboard 200\"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a> (No. 5 in the <a href=\"/wiki/Top_Heatseekers\" title=\"Top Heatseekers\">Heatseekers</a>) following its 8 June release.<ref name=\"allmusiccharts\">{{cite web |title = Mezzamorphis > Charts & Awards > Billboard Albums |publisher = [[AllMusic]] |url = {{AllMusic|class=album|id=r415836|pure_url=yes}} |access-date = 11 April 2007}}</ref>\n</p><p>Critical response was generally positive in both the secular and UK Christian music media. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Rock_Sound\" title=\"Rock Sound\">Rock Sound</a></i> magazine praised \"the band's talent for writing instant rock/pop songs\"<ref name=\"rocksoundreview\" /> and stated, \"it shouldn't be long before Delirious? claim their rightful place as one of Britain's brightest new bands\",<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Smith |first = Nick |title = Heaven Sent |journal = [[Rock Sound]] |date = May 1999 |url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc05.html }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> whilst <i><a href=\"/wiki/Q_%28magazine%29\" title=\"Q (magazine)\">Q</a></i> magazine named them \"the hottest thing in Christian rock\"<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Duerden |first = Nick |title = This band can fill Brixton Academy but Radio 1 won't play them. Is it because they're Christians? |journal = Q Magazine |date = July 1999 |url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc10.html }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> and predicted, \"Mezzamorphis will be the album that makes them\".<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Beattie |first = Rob |title = Review: Mezzamorphis |journal = Q Magazine |date = June 1999 |url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc12.html |access-date = 24 June 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090228142705/http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc12.html |archive-date = 28 February 2009 |url-status = dead }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> The UK Christian music magazine <a href=\"/wiki/Cross_Rhythms\" title=\"Cross Rhythms\">Cross Rhythms</a> awarded the album a full ten-square rating, calling the album an \"absolute classic\",<ref name=\"crossrhythmsreview\" /> whilst Jesus Freak Hideout stated, \"the musical growth is evident... and appreciated\".<ref>{{cite web |last = DiBiase |first = John |title = Delirious, \"Mezzamorphis\" review |publisher = Jesus Freak Hideout |date = 8 June 1999|url = http://www.jesusfreakhideout.com/cdReviews/Mezzamorphis.asp |access-date = 22 April 2007}} This review was reprinted in <i><a href=\"/wiki/HM_Magazine\" title=\"HM Magazine\">HM Magazine</a></i>, Issue 79, September/October 1999.</ref> The album also drew comparisons to U2's anthemic qualities<ref name=\"rocksoundreview\">{{Cite journal |last = Porter |first = Martina |title = Review: Mezzamorphis |journal = [[Rock Sound]] |date = May 1999 |url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc10.html |access-date = 30 March 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090228142658/http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc10.html |archive-date = 28 February 2009 |url-status = dead }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last = Sutherland |first = Adam |title = Review: Mezzamorphis |journal = Maxim Magazine |date = May 1999 |url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/reviews/doc09.html }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> and was praised for its modern production.<ref name=\"rocksoundreview\" /><ref>{{cite web |last = Lyttle |first = Michael |title = Review: Mezzamorphis |url = https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00000J5ZY |access-date = 9 April 2007}}</ref>\n</p><p>In the United States, the <a href=\"/wiki/Virgin_Records\" title=\"Virgin Records\">Virgin</a> marketed version omitted two songs (\"Kiss Your Feet\" and \"Jesus' Blood\") that were included on the Sparrow version. Each of these contained explicit faith references.<ref name=\"Powell_Fe\" /> Additionally, the album caused some controversy in the US Christian music scene<ref name=\"CDNow\" /> due to the lyric \"she's as pretty as hell\" in the song \"It's OK\".<ref name=\"Powell_Fe\" /> The band had left the song off promotional copies of the album, and Sparrow Records had considered leaving the song off the album;<ref>{{Cite journal |last = Carlozo |first = Lou |title = Fab Five |journal = [[CCM Magazine]] |date = July 1999 |url = http://delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc11.html }} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> several Christian retailers dropped the album amongst the complaints.<ref name=\"sellout\" /> Smith wrote a response to the controversy on the band's website;<ref name=\"sellout\">{{cite press release |title = Martin Smith Answers the Selling-Out Question |publisher = [[Delirious?]] |date = 6 July 1999 |url = http://www.delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc69.html |access-date = 8 April 2006}} (delirious.org.uk mirror)</ref> however, many fans continued to believe that the band had left <a href=\"/wiki/Christian_rock\" title=\"Christian rock\">Christian rock</a> for the secular industry. The band also received criticism for the lack of the word \"Jesus\" on the album.<ref name=\"Powell_Fe\" /><ref>{{cite web |last = Wood |first = Dave |title = Delirious? Speak Out Against Criticism |publisher = delirious.org.uk |url = http://www.delirious.org.uk/news/1999/news07.html |access-date = 9 April 2007}}</ref> \"We recognise the ultimate validity of the criticisms leveled against us,\" responded lead singer Martin Smith, \"and we feel as a band that this just speaks to the spiritual and intellectual maturity of our listening audience and Christians in general, for that matter.\"<ref>{{cite web |last = Satyre |first = A. Lotta |title = Delirious? Well, sorta. |publisher = [[CCM Quarterly]] |url = http://www.delirious.org.uk/articles/media/doc12.html |access-date = 7 March 2009}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Track listing</h2>\n<h3>UK track listing</h3>\n<ol><li> \"Mezzanine Floor\" (<a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Smith_%28songwriter%29\" title=\"Martin Smith (songwriter)\">Martin Smith</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stu_G\" title=\"Stu G\">Stuart Garrard</a>) – 3:44\n</li><li> \"Heaven\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:59\n</li><li> \"Follow\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:39\n</li><li> \"Bliss\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:15\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/It%27s_OK_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"It's OK (Delirious? song)\">It's OK</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:08\n</li><li> \"Metamorphis\" (Garrard) – 4:20\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/See_The_Star\" title=\"See The Star\">See The Star</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:30\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"Gravity (Delirious? song)\">Gravity</a>\" (Garrard, Jonathan Thatcher, Smith) – 3:18\n</li><li> \"Beautiful Sun\" (Garrard) – 4:35\n</li><li> \"Love Falls Down\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:58\n</li><li> \"Blindfold\" (Smith) – 5:58\n</li><li> \"Kiss Your Feet\" (Smith, Thatcher) – 4:19\n</li></ol><h3>US track listing (Sparrow Records version)</h3>\n<ol><li> \"The Mezzanine Floor\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:44\n</li><li> \"Heaven\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:59\n</li><li> \"Follow\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:39\n</li><li> \"Bliss\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:15\n</li><li> \"Beautiful Sun\" (Garrard) – 4:35\n</li><li> \"Metamorphis\" (Garrard) – 4:20\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/See_The_Star\" title=\"See The Star\">See The Star</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:30\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"Gravity (Delirious? song)\">Gravity</a>\" (Garrard, Jonathan Thatcher, Smith) – 3:18\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/It%27s_OK_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"It's OK (Delirious? song)\">It's OK</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:08\n</li><li> \"Love Falls Down\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:58\n</li><li> \"Blindfold\" (Smith) – 5:58\n</li><li> \"Kiss Your Feet\" (Smith, Thatcher) – 4:19\n</li><li> \"Jesus' Blood\" (Smith) - 5:54\n</li><li> \"Deeper 99\" (Smith, Garrard) - 4:19\n</li></ol><h3>US track listing (Virgin Records version)</h3>\n<ol><li> \"The Mezzanine Floor\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:44\n</li><li> \"Deeper 99\" (Smith, Garrard) - 4:19\n</li><li> \"Heaven\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:59\n</li><li> \"Follow\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:39\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/It%27s_OK_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"It's OK (Delirious? song)\">It's OK</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:08\n</li><li> \"Metamorphis\" (Garrard) – 4:20\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/See_The_Star\" title=\"See The Star\">See The Star</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:30\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"Gravity (Delirious? song)\">Gravity</a>\" (Garrard, Jonathan Thatcher, Smith) – 3:18\n</li><li> \"Bliss\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:15\n</li><li> \"Beautiful Sun\" (Garrard) – 4:35\n</li><li> \"Love Falls Down\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:58\n</li><li> \"Blindfold\" (Smith) – 5:58\n</li></ol>", "<h3>UK track listing</h3>\n<ol><li> \"Mezzanine Floor\" (<a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Smith_%28songwriter%29\" title=\"Martin Smith (songwriter)\">Martin Smith</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stu_G\" title=\"Stu G\">Stuart Garrard</a>) – 3:44\n</li><li> \"Heaven\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:59\n</li><li> \"Follow\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:39\n</li><li> \"Bliss\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:15\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/It%27s_OK_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"It's OK (Delirious? song)\">It's OK</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:08\n</li><li> \"Metamorphis\" (Garrard) – 4:20\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/See_The_Star\" title=\"See The Star\">See The Star</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:30\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"Gravity (Delirious? song)\">Gravity</a>\" (Garrard, Jonathan Thatcher, Smith) – 3:18\n</li><li> \"Beautiful Sun\" (Garrard) – 4:35\n</li><li> \"Love Falls Down\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:58\n</li><li> \"Blindfold\" (Smith) – 5:58\n</li><li> \"Kiss Your Feet\" (Smith, Thatcher) – 4:19\n</li></ol>", "<h3>US track listing (Sparrow Records version)</h3>\n<ol><li> \"The Mezzanine Floor\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:44\n</li><li> \"Heaven\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:59\n</li><li> \"Follow\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:39\n</li><li> \"Bliss\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:15\n</li><li> \"Beautiful Sun\" (Garrard) – 4:35\n</li><li> \"Metamorphis\" (Garrard) – 4:20\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/See_The_Star\" title=\"See The Star\">See The Star</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:30\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"Gravity (Delirious? song)\">Gravity</a>\" (Garrard, Jonathan Thatcher, Smith) – 3:18\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/It%27s_OK_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"It's OK (Delirious? song)\">It's OK</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:08\n</li><li> \"Love Falls Down\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:58\n</li><li> \"Blindfold\" (Smith) – 5:58\n</li><li> \"Kiss Your Feet\" (Smith, Thatcher) – 4:19\n</li><li> \"Jesus' Blood\" (Smith) - 5:54\n</li><li> \"Deeper 99\" (Smith, Garrard) - 4:19\n</li></ol>", "<h3>US track listing (Virgin Records version)</h3>\n<ol><li> \"The Mezzanine Floor\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:44\n</li><li> \"Deeper 99\" (Smith, Garrard) - 4:19\n</li><li> \"Heaven\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:59\n</li><li> \"Follow\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:39\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/It%27s_OK_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"It's OK (Delirious? song)\">It's OK</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 4:08\n</li><li> \"Metamorphis\" (Garrard) – 4:20\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/See_The_Star\" title=\"See The Star\">See The Star</a>\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:30\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"Gravity (Delirious? song)\">Gravity</a>\" (Garrard, Jonathan Thatcher, Smith) – 3:18\n</li><li> \"Bliss\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:15\n</li><li> \"Beautiful Sun\" (Garrard) – 4:35\n</li><li> \"Love Falls Down\" (Smith, Garrard) – 3:58\n</li><li> \"Blindfold\" (Smith) – 5:58\n</li></ol>", "<h2> Personnel </h2>\n<p><b>Delirious?</b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Smith_%28English_musician%29\" title=\"Martin Smith (English musician)\">Martin Smith</a> – vocals, guitars\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Stu_G\" title=\"Stu G\">Stuart \"Stu G\" Garrard</a> – guitars, backing vocals\n</li><li> Tim Jupp – keyboards, <a href=\"/wiki/Logic_Pro\" title=\"Logic Pro\">Logic Audio programming</a>\n</li><li> Jon Thatcher – keyboards, electric bass, upright bass, <a href=\"/wiki/Theremin\" title=\"Theremin\">theremin</a>\n</li><li> Stewart Smith – drums, percussion, backing vocals\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Additional musicians</b>\n{{div col}}\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Tedd_T\" title=\"Tedd T\">Tedd T</a> – additional programming \n</li><li> Andy Harwood-White – brass \n</li><li> Steven Mathieson – brass\n</li><li> Jayne Murrill – brass \n</li><li> Paul Sharman – brass\n</li><li> Anthony Thompson – brass\n</li><li> Nicholas Tollervey – brass \n</li><li> Matthew Wells – brass\n</li><li> Douglas Wilson – brass\n</li><li> Tim Harries – string arrangements \n</li><li> Tony Patoto – backing vocals\n{{div col end}}\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Production</b>\n{{div col|colwidth=40em}}\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Lynn_Nichols\" title=\"Lynn Nichols\">Lynn Nichols</a> – executive producer \n</li><li> Delirious? – producers, engineers at Tortington Park, Sussex, UK; Ground Zero Digital, Sussex, UK; ICC Studios, Sussex, UK; Ford Lane Studios, West Sussex, UK\n</li><li> Julian Kindred – additional engineer \n</li><li> Martin Smith – recording of sounds to tape\n</li><li> Stuart \"Stu G\" Garrard – <a href=\"/wiki/RADAR_%28audio_recorder%29\" title=\"RADAR (audio recorder)\">Otari RADAR engineer</a>\n</li><li> Tim Jupp – editing\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Jack_Joseph_Puig\" title=\"Jack Joseph Puig\">Jack Joseph Puig</a> – mixing at <a href=\"/wiki/Ocean_Way_Recording\" title=\"Ocean Way Recording\">Ocean Way Recording</a>, Hollywood, California\n</li><li> Jim Champagne – mix assistant \n</li><li> Chris Blair – mastering at <a href=\"/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios\" title=\"Abbey Road Studios\">Abbey Road Studios</a>, London, UK\n</li><li> Nick Webb – mastering assistant \n</li><li> Stewart Smith – art direction \n</li><li> Dan Harding – design \n</li><li> Robert Fleischauer – location photography \n</li><li> Andy Hutch – studio photography \n</li><li> Tony Patoto – band management\n{{div col end}}\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Charts</h2>\n<p><b>Album</b>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th>Year\n</th>\n<th>Chart\n</th>\n<th>Position\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"4\">1999\n</td>\n<td>Billboard Top Contemporary Christian\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2<ref name=\"allmusiccharts\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Top_Heatseekers\" title=\"Top Heatseekers\">Heatseekers</a>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">5<ref name=\"allmusiccharts\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>UK Album Charts\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">25<ref name=\"delpress\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Billboard_200\" title=\"Billboard 200\"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">137<ref name=\"allmusiccharts\" />\n</td></tr></table>\n</p><p><b>Singles</b>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th>Year\n</th>\n<th>Single\n</th>\n<th>Chart\n</th>\n<th>aPeak<br />position\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"7\">1999\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\">\"<a href=\"/wiki/See_the_Star\" title=\"See the Star\">See the Star</a>\"\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/UK_Singles_Charts\" title=\"UK Singles Charts\">UK Singles Charts</a>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">16<ref name=\"delpress\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Cross Rhythms Annual Chart\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">36<ref name=\"cr99\">{{cite web|title=Cross Rhythms Annual Chart: 1999|publisher=Cross Rhythms|url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/chart/?year=1999|access-date=9 November 2009}}</ref>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> US Christian Radio\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">7<ref name=\"Powell_Fe\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">\"<a href=\"/wiki/Gravity_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"Gravity (Delirious? song)\">Gravity</a>\"\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Cross_Rhythms\" title=\"Cross Rhythms\">Cross Rhythms</a> Annual Chart\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2<ref name=\"cr99\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>US Christian Radio\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">4<ref name=\"Powell_Fe\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>\"Bliss\"\n</td>\n<td>Cross Rhythms Annual Chart\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">5<ref name=\"cr99\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>\"Heaven\"\n</td>\n<td> Cross Rhythms Annual Chart\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">9<ref name=\"cr99\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\">2000\n</td>\n<td>\"Love Falls Down\"\n</td>\n<td> US Christian Radio\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">7<ref name=\"Powell_Fe\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">\"<a href=\"/wiki/It%27s_OK_%28Delirious%3F_song%29\" title=\"It's OK (Delirious? song)\">It's OK</a>\"\n</td>\n<td>UK Singles Charts\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">18<ref name=\"featuresok\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> Cross Rhythms Annual Chart\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">19<ref>{{cite web|title=Cross Rhythms Annual Chart: 2000|publisher=Cross Rhythms|url=http://www.crossrhythms.co.uk/chart/?year=2000|access-date=9 November 2009}}</ref>\n</td></tr></table>\n</p>", "<h2>Notes</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"http://www.delirious.org.uk/lyrics/mezzamorphis.html\">Lyrics from UK version of the album</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.delirious.org.uk/lyrics/mezzamorphisus.html\">Lyrics from US version of the album</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Delirious?}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:1999_albums\" title=\"1999 albums\">Category:1999 albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Delirious%3F_albums\" title=\"Delirious? albums\">Category:Delirious? albums</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 41311832 ], "name": [ "Jim W6LFB" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Programming", "History", "Earlier activities", "Early history", "1950s and 1960s", "The talk of the town", "KFBK begins FM simulcasting", "Ownership changes", "Prominent staff members", "References", "External links", "Further reading" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2022}}\n{{short description|Clear-channel news/talk radio station in Sacramento, California}}\n<ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>{{Infobox radio station\n| name = KFBK\n| logo = KFBK New Logo.png\n| logo_size = 150px\n| city = [[Sacramento, California]]\n| country = US\n| area = [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]]–[[Stockton, California]]\n| branding = News 93.1 KFBK\n| network =\n| affiliations = {{plainlist|\n* [[ABC News Radio]]\n* [[CBS News Radio]]\n* [[Compass Media Networks]]\n* [[Premiere Networks]]\n}}\n| frequency = 1530 [[kHz]]\n| repeater = {{ubl|{{Radio Relay|93.1|[[KFBK-FM]]|[[Pollock Pines, California|Pollock Pines]]}}|{{Radio Relay|92.5|[[KBEB|KBEB-HD2]]|Sacramento}}}}\n| airdate = {{start date and age|1922|9|17}}\n| format = [[All-news radio|News]]–[[Talk radio|talk]]\n| power = 50,000 [[watt]]s\n| class = A\n| licensing_authority = [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]]\n| facility_id = 10145\n| coordinates = {{nowrap|{{coord|38|50|53.63|N|121|29|1.85|W|type:landmark_region:US-CA|display=in,ine,title}}}}\n| callsign_meaning = \n| owner = [[iHeartMedia, Inc.]]\n| licensee = iHM Licenses, LLC\n| sister_stations = {{hlist|[[KBEB]]|[[KFBK-FM]]|[[KHYL]]|[[KSTE]]|[[KYRV]]|[[KZIS]]}}\n| webcast = {{iHeartRadio|kfbk-fm-am-217}}\n| website = {{url|kfbk.iheart.com}}\n}}\n</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></p><p><b>KFBK</b> (1530 <a href=\"/wiki/Hertz\" title=\"Hertz\">kHz</a>) is a <a href=\"/wiki/Commercial_radio\" title=\"Commercial radio\">commercial</a> <a href=\"/wiki/AM_radio\" title=\"AM radio\">AM</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_station\" title=\"Radio station\">radio station</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Sacramento%2C_California\" title=\"Sacramento, California\">Sacramento, California</a>. It is <a href=\"/wiki/Simulcast\" title=\"Simulcast\">simulcast</a> on <a href=\"/wiki/KFBK-FM\" title=\"KFBK-FM\">KFBK-FM</a> 93.1 <a href=\"/wiki/Hertz\" title=\"Hertz\">MHz</a>. KFBK-AM-FM air a <a href=\"/wiki/All-news\" title=\"All-news\">news</a>-<a href=\"/wiki/Talk_radio\" title=\"Talk radio\">talk</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_format\" title=\"Radio format\">radio format</a> and are owned by <a href=\"/wiki/IHeartMedia%2C_Inc.\" title=\"IHeartMedia, Inc.\">iHeartMedia, Inc.</a> The <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_studio\" title=\"Radio studio\">studios</a> and offices are on River Park Drive in North Sacramento, near the <a href=\"/wiki/Arden_Fair_Mall\" title=\"Arden Fair Mall\">Arden Fair Mall</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kfbk.iheart.com/contact/|title=NewsRadio KFBK Contact Info: Number, Address, Advertising & More|website=NewsRadio KFBK}}</ref>\n</p><p>KFBK is a <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes\" title=\"List of broadcast station classes\">Class A</a> radio station. Its 50,000-<a href=\"/wiki/Watt\" title=\"Watt\">watt</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Transmitter\" title=\"Transmitter\">transmitter</a> is on Pleasant Grove Road at Catlett Road in <a href=\"/wiki/Pleasant_Grove%2C_California\" title=\"Pleasant Grove, California\">Pleasant Grove</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radio-locator.com/info/KFBK-AM|title=KFBK-AM 1530 kHz - Sacramento, CA|website=radio-locator.com}}</ref> Because KFBK shares <a href=\"/wiki/AM_1530\" title=\"AM 1530\">AM 1530</a> with another Class A station, <a href=\"/wiki/WCKY_%28AM%29\" title=\"WCKY (AM)\">WCKY</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Cincinnati\" title=\"Cincinnati\">Cincinnati</a>, KFBK uses a <a href=\"/wiki/Directional_antenna\" title=\"Directional antenna\">directional antenna</a>, which operates with separate day and night parameters and has the highest field strength of any AM station in the United States.<ref><a href=\"https://www.fybush.com/sites/2005/site-051028.html\">\"Tower Site of the Week: KFBK 1530, Sacramento, California\"</a> by Scott Fybush, October 28, 2005 (Fybush.com)</ref> The daytime signal covers much of the <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_California\" title=\"Northern California\">Northern California</a>, from the northern <a href=\"/wiki/Sacramento_Valley\" title=\"Sacramento Valley\">Sacramento Valley</a> to the <a href=\"/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area\" title=\"San Francisco Bay Area\">San Francisco Bay Area</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Central_Valley_%28California%29\" title=\"Central Valley (California)\">Central Valley</a>. At night, it reaches much of the <a href=\"/wiki/Western_United_States\" title=\"Western United States\">Western United States</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Canada\" title=\"Western Canada\">Western Canada</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Programming</h2>\n<p>iHeart owns three talk stations in the <a href=\"/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area\" title=\"Sacramento metropolitan area\">Sacramento metropolitan area</a>, KFBK-AM-FM, which air mostly local shows and news blocks on weekdays, and <a href=\"/wiki/KSTE\" title=\"KSTE\">KSTE</a> <a href=\"/wiki/650_AM\" title=\"650 AM\">650 AM</a> which carries mostly <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_syndication\" title=\"Radio syndication\">syndicated</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Conservative_talk\" title=\"Conservative talk\">conservative talk</a> shows. Weekdays on KFBK-AM-FM begin with \"The KFBK Morning News\" with Cristina Mendonsa and Sam Shane, followed by \"<a href=\"/wiki/The_Clay_Travis_and_Buck_Sexton_Show\" title=\"The Clay Travis and Buck Sexton Show\">Clay Travis &amp; Buck Sexton</a>,\" <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_M._Sullivan\" title=\"Thomas M. Sullivan\">Tom Sullivan</a> (originally local, now syndicated via <a href=\"/wiki/NBC_News_Radio\" title=\"NBC News Radio\">NBC News Radio</a>), John McGinness and \"The Afternoon News with Kitty O'Neal.\" At night, three syndicated shows are heard: \"The Pat Walsh Show,\" \"<a href=\"/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM\" title=\"Coast to Coast AM\">Coast to Coast AM</a> with <a href=\"/wiki/George_Noory\" title=\"George Noory\">George Noory</a>\" and \"<a href=\"/wiki/This_Morning%2C_America%27s_First_News_with_Gordon_Deal\" title=\"This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal\">This Morning, America's First News with Gordon Deal</a>.\"\n</p><p>Weekends feature shows on money, health, the outdoors, guns, car repair and travel, some of which are paid <a href=\"/wiki/Brokered_programming\" title=\"Brokered programming\">brokered programming</a>. Some weekday shows are repeated on weekends. <a href=\"/wiki/ABC_News_Radio\" title=\"ABC News Radio\">ABC News Radio</a> begins most hours nights and weekends.\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<h3>Earlier activities</h3>\n<p>{{Main|KVQ}}\nAccording to official government records, KFBK's first license was granted in August 1922.<ref><a href=\"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=37784\">\"Date First Licensed\"</a>, FCC History Cards for KFBK (FCC.gov).</ref> However, the station has in some cases included as part of its history an earlier Sacramento station, KVQ, which began broadcasting in February 1922.<ref><a href=\"https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele62unse_0#page/n860/mode/1up\">\"Radio stations 40 or more years old in 1962\"</a> (KFBK entry), <i>Broadcasting</i>, May 14, 1962, pages 123-124.</ref>\n</p><p>KVQ received its initial license, as Sacramento's first broadcasting station, on December 9, 1921, issued to J. C. Hobrecht.<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420257&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=284\">\"New Stations\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, January 3, 1922, page 2. Limited Commercial license, serial number 250, issued for a one year period to J. C. Hobrecht for operation of KVQ on 360 meters (833&nbsp;kHz).</ref> It was operated in conjunction with the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Sacramento_Bee\" title=\"Sacramento Bee\">Sacramento Bee</a></i> newspaper, and made its debut broadcast on February 2, 1922.<ref>\"Victor Artists Will Give Bee Radio Concert To-day\", <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, February 2, 1922, page 1.</ref> A few months later, ownership was transferred from J. C. Hobrecht to the <i>Bee's</i> publisher, James McClatchy,<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420257&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=459\">\"Alterations and Corrections\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, September 1, 1922, page 7.</ref> followed a short time later by a transfer to \"Sacramento Bee (James McClatchy Co.)\".<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420257&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=495\">\"Alterations and Corrections\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, November 1, 1922, page 7.</ref> However, KVQ suspended operations on December 20, 1922,<ref>\"KVQ Quits Broadcasting Field In Interest Of Fans\", <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, December 20, 1922, page 1.</ref> and was formally deleted on January 2, 1923.<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420265&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=27\">\"Strike out all particulars\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, February 1, 1923, page 7.</ref> Early reviews in the <i>Sacramento Bee</i> treated KVQ as a separate station from the later KFBK,<ref>\"Five Radio Stations Give Service to Sister State\", <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, February 3, 1932, page A-Five.</ref><ref>\"The Bee Pioneered Radio in Superior California\", <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, April 24, 1937, page 3-R.</ref> and government regulators at the time consistently considered the two to be separate, unrelated stations.\n</p><h3>Early history</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Kimball-Upson_Company_advertisement_for_KFBK_radio_debut_%281922%29.gif\" title=\"Kimball-Upson Company advertisement for KFBK radio debut (1922).gif\">thumb|right|275px|Following a series of test transmissions, KFBK held its formal debut broadcast on September 17, 1922.<ref>\"Opening Concert\" (Kimball-Upson Company advertisement), <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, September 16, 1922, page 13.</ref></a> KFBK was first licensed, as the city's second broadcasting station, on August 16, 1922, to the Kimball-Upson Company,<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420257&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=455\">\"New Stations\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, September 1, 1922, page 3.</ref> and initially was operated in conjunction with the <i>Bee's</i> primary competitor, the <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Sacramento_Union\" title=\"The Sacramento Union\">Sacramento Union</a></i>. The call letters were sequentially assigned from an alphabetic list maintained by the Department of Commerce, which regulated radio in the United States at this time. KFBK began test transmissions in early September,<ref><a href=\"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&amp;d=SU19220902.2.13&amp;srpos=1&amp;e=01-09-1922-16-09-1922--en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22kfbk%22-------1\">\"KFBK Ready For Test; Tune Up And Listen\"</a>, <i>Sacramento Union</i>, September 2, 1922, page 1.</ref> and made its formal debut broadcast on September 17, 1922.<ref><a href=\"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&amp;d=SU19220916.2.130&amp;srpos=15&amp;e=01-09-1922-16-09-1922--en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22kfbk%22-------1\">\"KFBK in Rare Tune For Sunday Night's Big Radio Concert\"</a>, <i>Sacramento Union</i>, September 16, 1922, page 8.</ref>\n</p><p>Initially there was only a single wavelength, 360 meters (833&nbsp;kHz), available for radio station \"entertainment\" broadcasts,<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066705633&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=200\">\"Amendments to Regulations\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, January 3, 1922, page 10.</ref> which required stations in various regions to develop timesharing agreements assigning operating hours. As of November 1, 1922, there were seven \"Inland Stations\" sharing time on 360 meters, with KFBK allocated 6:00 to 6:30 P.M. daily except Sunday, plus 8:00 to 9:00 P.M. Thursdays and 8:00 to 10:00 P.M. Sundays.<ref><a href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=IGpOAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=RA12-PA36\">\"Central California Broadcasting Schedule---<i>Effective Nov. 1, '22</i>\"</a> (\"Inland Stations\" section), <i>Radio</i> magazine, December 1922, page 36.</ref>\n</p><p>In May 1923 the Department of Commerce greatly expanded the number of broadcasting station frequencies,<ref><a href=\"https://archive.org/stream/radioage12unse#page/n362/mode/1up/\">\"Radio Conference Recommendations: New Wave Lengths\"</a>, <i>Radio Age</i>, May 1923, pages 11-12.</ref>\nand later that year KFBK was assigned unlimited use of 1060&nbsp;kHz.<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420265&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=173\">\"Alterations and Corrections\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, September 1, 1923, page 9.</ref> A series of reassignments followed, until November 11, 1928, when, under the provisions of Commerce's <a href=\"/wiki/General_Order_40\" title=\"General Order 40\">General Order 40</a>, the station was assigned to a low-powered \"Local\" frequency, 1310&nbsp;kHz.<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221814&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=242\">\"Broadcasting Stations, Alphabetically By Call Signals, Effective November 11, 1928\"</a> <i>Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.</i> (June 30, 1928), page 167</ref>\n</p><p>As was true with most stations in the early 1920s, KFBK was initially operated without advertising, and was primarily used for publicity purposes. The <i>Sacramento Union</i> eventually ended its close association with the station. In 1925 the <i>Sacramento Bee</i> saw this as an opportunity to re-enter the broadcasting field which it had left nearly three years earlier when it had shut down KVQ, but now on a commercial basis. Effective September 1, 1925, the <a href=\"/wiki/McClatchy\" title=\"McClatchy\">James McClatchy Company</a>, a local, family-owned company which owned the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Sacramento_Bee\" title=\"Sacramento Bee\">Sacramento Bee</a></i>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Modesto_Bee\" title=\"Modesto Bee\">Modesto Bee</a></i> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Fresno_Bee\" title=\"Fresno Bee\">Fresno Bee</a></i> newspapers, made an agreement with station owner Kimball-Upson for a half interest in KFBK's equipment and good will. The Kimball-Upson company was granted a $3,000 credit for advertisements placed in the <i>Bee</i>, while the newspaper company agreed to enlarge the station's studio and pay for KFBK's operating and maintenance expenses. As part of this arrangement, McClatchy assumed control over all airtime sales at the station, with net profits up to $6,000 shared equally between the two partners, and 80% of any higher profits going to McClatchy.<ref>\"Sacramento Bee Calling, Hello, Hello\" (chapter 2), <i>Sacramento on the Air: How the McClatchy Family Revolutionized West Coast Broadcasting</i> by Annette Kassis, 2015.</ref> The station's new status was formally introduced by a special broadcast made on September 5, 1925.<ref>\"To-night Marks Entry Of The Bee-Kimball-Upson Radio Station On Broadcast Circles of The State\", <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, September 5, 1925, page 1.</ref>\n</p><p>In early 1929, ownership of KFBK was transferred from Kimball-Upson to the James McClatchy Company.<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112106763086&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=7\">\"Alterations and Corrections\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, January 31, 1929, page 7.</ref> McClatchy later acquired additional radio stations in the region, including <a href=\"/wiki/KESP\" title=\"KESP\">KBEE</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Modesto%2C_California\" title=\"Modesto, California\">Modesto</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/KMJ_%28AM%29\" title=\"KMJ (AM)\">KMJ</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Fresno%2C_California\" title=\"Fresno, California\">Fresno</a>. From 1964 to 1978, KFBK was a sister station to Sacramento-Stockton-Modesto TV station <a href=\"/wiki/KOVR\" title=\"KOVR\">KOVR</a>. The cluster of KFBK, KBEE and KOVR was possible because Sacramento and Modesto, then as now, are separate radio markets. In the 1950's, McClatchy also owned KMJ (AM, FM, TV) Fresno, KOH Reno, and KERN Bakersfield (White's Radio log et al).\n</p><p>In 1936 KFBK was granted permission to make a major upgrade, going from 100 watts on 1310&nbsp;kHz to 5,000 watts on the \"High Powered Regional\" frequency of 1490&nbsp;kHz, which had previously been exclusively assigned to <a href=\"/wiki/WCKY_%28AM%29\" title=\"WCKY (AM)\">WCKY</a> in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1937 KFBK increased power again, to 10,000 watts. In March 1941, under the provisions of the <a href=\"/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement\" title=\"North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement\">North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement</a>, KFBK and WCKY shifted to 1530&nbsp;kHz, a frequency designated as a \"Clear Channel\" assignment, with both stations now classified as \"Class I-B\".<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32437010939748&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=583\">\"United States Assignments\"</a>, <i>Arrangement between the United States of America, Canada, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Mexico, comprising recommendations of the North American Regional Radio-Engineering Meeting (supplemental to North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement [NARBA], Habana, 1937)</i>, page 1443.</ref> On October 2, 1948, KFBK increased its power to 50,000 watts, concurrent with the installation of a directional antenna to limit its signal toward WCKY.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=KFBK (advertisement)|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1948/1948-10-04-BC.pdf#page=2|access-date=July 13, 2019|journal=Broadcasting|date=October 4, 1948|page=2}}</ref>\n</p><h3>1950s and 1960s</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Advertisement_for_radio_station_KFBK_%281960%29.gif\" title=\"Advertisement for radio station KFBK (1960).gif\">thumb|right|275px|In January 1960, KFBK became a CBS radio affiliate.<ref><a href=\"https://archive.org/details/broadcastingtele58unse_0/page/n1040/mode/1up\">\"KFBK\"</a> (advertisement), <i>Broadcasting</i>, May 30, 1960, page 33.</ref></a>\nAs television took over network programming, KFBK reinvented itself as a news, information, sports, and entertainment station. Because of its strong signal and location in the heart of the <a href=\"/wiki/Central_Valley_%28California%29\" title=\"Central Valley (California)\">Central Valley</a>, the station became the chief source for farmers to obtain weather reports and price and other farming information. Beginning on January 4, 1960, KFBK carried <a href=\"/wiki/CBS_Radio_Network\" title=\"CBS Radio Network\">CBS Radio Network</a> programming,<ref><a href=\"https://archive.org/details/broadcastingtele57unse_0/page/n1511/mode/1up\">\"New CBS stations\"</a>, <i>Broadcasting</i>, December 28, 1959, page 48.</ref> including top-of-the-hour newscasts, plus specialized reports from <a href=\"/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow\" title=\"Edward R. Murrow\">Edward R. Murrow</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Lowell_Thomas\" title=\"Lowell Thomas\">Lowell Thomas</a>. Local news programs included the <i>Richfield Reporter</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Koester\" title=\"Tony Koester\">Tony Koester</a> was both the long-time voice of the minor league <a href=\"/wiki/Sacramento_Solons\" title=\"Sacramento Solons\">Sacramento Solons</a> and the station's sports director. When the <a href=\"/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants\" title=\"San Francisco Giants\">San Francisco Giants</a> arrived in 1958, the station began a long partnership carrying their games. Entertainment programming included <a href=\"/wiki/Arthur_Godfrey\" title=\"Arthur Godfrey\">Arthur Godfrey</a> and Doug Pledger.<ref name=\"history\">{{Cite web|url=http://tangentsunset.com/sacramentoradio.htm|title=History of the Airwaves: Sacramento Radio Voices|website=tangentsunset.com}}</ref>\n</p><h3>The talk of the town</h3>\n<p>In the 1970s, with less network programming available, KFBK began programming talk shows as part of their broadcast day, promoting them as \"The Talk of the Town\". After a brief trial as an <a href=\"/wiki/Adult_contemporary\" title=\"Adult contemporary\">adult contemporary</a> music station, ownership committed themselves to a format that included news blocks during morning and afternoon <a href=\"/wiki/Drive_time\" title=\"Drive time\">drive time</a>, with the remainder of the day's programming featuring local talk shows. With the <a href=\"/wiki/U.S._Federal_Communications_Commission\" title=\"U.S. Federal Communications Commission\">U.S. Federal Communications Commission</a> implementing a newspaper-broadcasting cross-ownership rule, McClatchy was forced to divest itself of its radio and television stations. KFBK was sold to <a href=\"/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting\" title=\"Westinghouse Broadcasting\">Westinghouse Broadcasting</a> and later shifted network affiliation to <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks\" title=\"Cumulus Media Networks\">ABC Radio</a>.<ref name=\"history\" />\n</p><h3>KFBK begins FM simulcasting</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/KFBK-FM\" title=\"KFBK-FM\">KFBK-FM</a> began simulcasting KFBK on December 1, 2011, at 92.5 FM, the former home of <a href=\"/wiki/KBEB\" title=\"KBEB\">KGBY</a>. This was mainly to fill in areas east of Sacramento where the AM signal is weaker at night due to the need to protect WCKY (Cincinnati, OH). Beginning December 26, 2013, KFBK briefly operated a trimulcast, adding 93.1 FM, the former home of \"Classic 93.1\" (<a href=\"/wiki/KFBK-FM\" title=\"KFBK-FM\">KHLX</a>); this ended a week later when KGBY adopted a country music format as <a href=\"/wiki/KBEB\" title=\"KBEB\">KBEB</a>.\n</p><h3>Ownership changes</h3>\n<p>KFBK was acquired by Chancellor Media in 1997.<ref><a href=\"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2000/D-Radio-All-BC-YB-2000-2.pdf\">Information</a> from the <a href=\"/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable\" title=\"Broadcasting & Cable\">Broadcasting &amp; Cable</a> Yearbook 2000 page D-58</ref> Chancellor was acquired by <a href=\"/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications\" title=\"Clear Channel Communications\">Clear Channel Communications</a> a few years later; in September 2014, Clear Channel changed its name to <a href=\"/wiki/IHeartMedia%2C_Inc.\" title=\"IHeartMedia, Inc.\">iHeartMedia, Inc.</a>\n</p>", "<h3>Earlier activities</h3>\n<p>{{Main|KVQ}}\nAccording to official government records, KFBK's first license was granted in August 1922.<ref><a href=\"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=37784\">\"Date First Licensed\"</a>, FCC History Cards for KFBK (FCC.gov).</ref> However, the station has in some cases included as part of its history an earlier Sacramento station, KVQ, which began broadcasting in February 1922.<ref><a href=\"https://archive.org/stream/broadcastingtele62unse_0#page/n860/mode/1up\">\"Radio stations 40 or more years old in 1962\"</a> (KFBK entry), <i>Broadcasting</i>, May 14, 1962, pages 123-124.</ref>\n</p><p>KVQ received its initial license, as Sacramento's first broadcasting station, on December 9, 1921, issued to J. C. Hobrecht.<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420257&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=284\">\"New Stations\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, January 3, 1922, page 2. Limited Commercial license, serial number 250, issued for a one year period to J. C. Hobrecht for operation of KVQ on 360 meters (833&nbsp;kHz).</ref> It was operated in conjunction with the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Sacramento_Bee\" title=\"Sacramento Bee\">Sacramento Bee</a></i> newspaper, and made its debut broadcast on February 2, 1922.<ref>\"Victor Artists Will Give Bee Radio Concert To-day\", <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, February 2, 1922, page 1.</ref> A few months later, ownership was transferred from J. C. Hobrecht to the <i>Bee's</i> publisher, James McClatchy,<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420257&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=459\">\"Alterations and Corrections\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, September 1, 1922, page 7.</ref> followed a short time later by a transfer to \"Sacramento Bee (James McClatchy Co.)\".<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420257&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=495\">\"Alterations and Corrections\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, November 1, 1922, page 7.</ref> However, KVQ suspended operations on December 20, 1922,<ref>\"KVQ Quits Broadcasting Field In Interest Of Fans\", <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, December 20, 1922, page 1.</ref> and was formally deleted on January 2, 1923.<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420265&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=27\">\"Strike out all particulars\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, February 1, 1923, page 7.</ref> Early reviews in the <i>Sacramento Bee</i> treated KVQ as a separate station from the later KFBK,<ref>\"Five Radio Stations Give Service to Sister State\", <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, February 3, 1932, page A-Five.</ref><ref>\"The Bee Pioneered Radio in Superior California\", <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, April 24, 1937, page 3-R.</ref> and government regulators at the time consistently considered the two to be separate, unrelated stations.\n</p>", "<h3>Early history</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Kimball-Upson_Company_advertisement_for_KFBK_radio_debut_%281922%29.gif\" title=\"Kimball-Upson Company advertisement for KFBK radio debut (1922).gif\">thumb|right|275px|Following a series of test transmissions, KFBK held its formal debut broadcast on September 17, 1922.<ref>\"Opening Concert\" (Kimball-Upson Company advertisement), <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, September 16, 1922, page 13.</ref></a> KFBK was first licensed, as the city's second broadcasting station, on August 16, 1922, to the Kimball-Upson Company,<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420257&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=455\">\"New Stations\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, September 1, 1922, page 3.</ref> and initially was operated in conjunction with the <i>Bee's</i> primary competitor, the <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Sacramento_Union\" title=\"The Sacramento Union\">Sacramento Union</a></i>. The call letters were sequentially assigned from an alphabetic list maintained by the Department of Commerce, which regulated radio in the United States at this time. KFBK began test transmissions in early September,<ref><a href=\"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&amp;d=SU19220902.2.13&amp;srpos=1&amp;e=01-09-1922-16-09-1922--en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22kfbk%22-------1\">\"KFBK Ready For Test; Tune Up And Listen\"</a>, <i>Sacramento Union</i>, September 2, 1922, page 1.</ref> and made its formal debut broadcast on September 17, 1922.<ref><a href=\"https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&amp;d=SU19220916.2.130&amp;srpos=15&amp;e=01-09-1922-16-09-1922--en--20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22kfbk%22-------1\">\"KFBK in Rare Tune For Sunday Night's Big Radio Concert\"</a>, <i>Sacramento Union</i>, September 16, 1922, page 8.</ref>\n</p><p>Initially there was only a single wavelength, 360 meters (833&nbsp;kHz), available for radio station \"entertainment\" broadcasts,<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435066705633&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=200\">\"Amendments to Regulations\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, January 3, 1922, page 10.</ref> which required stations in various regions to develop timesharing agreements assigning operating hours. As of November 1, 1922, there were seven \"Inland Stations\" sharing time on 360 meters, with KFBK allocated 6:00 to 6:30 P.M. daily except Sunday, plus 8:00 to 9:00 P.M. Thursdays and 8:00 to 10:00 P.M. Sundays.<ref><a href=\"https://books.google.com/books?id=IGpOAQAAIAAJ&amp;pg=RA12-PA36\">\"Central California Broadcasting Schedule---<i>Effective Nov. 1, '22</i>\"</a> (\"Inland Stations\" section), <i>Radio</i> magazine, December 1922, page 36.</ref>\n</p><p>In May 1923 the Department of Commerce greatly expanded the number of broadcasting station frequencies,<ref><a href=\"https://archive.org/stream/radioage12unse#page/n362/mode/1up/\">\"Radio Conference Recommendations: New Wave Lengths\"</a>, <i>Radio Age</i>, May 1923, pages 11-12.</ref>\nand later that year KFBK was assigned unlimited use of 1060&nbsp;kHz.<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008420265&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=173\">\"Alterations and Corrections\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, September 1, 1923, page 9.</ref> A series of reassignments followed, until November 11, 1928, when, under the provisions of Commerce's <a href=\"/wiki/General_Order_40\" title=\"General Order 40\">General Order 40</a>, the station was assigned to a low-powered \"Local\" frequency, 1310&nbsp;kHz.<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3221814&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=242\">\"Broadcasting Stations, Alphabetically By Call Signals, Effective November 11, 1928\"</a> <i>Commercial and Government Radio Stations of the U.S.</i> (June 30, 1928), page 167</ref>\n</p><p>As was true with most stations in the early 1920s, KFBK was initially operated without advertising, and was primarily used for publicity purposes. The <i>Sacramento Union</i> eventually ended its close association with the station. In 1925 the <i>Sacramento Bee</i> saw this as an opportunity to re-enter the broadcasting field which it had left nearly three years earlier when it had shut down KVQ, but now on a commercial basis. Effective September 1, 1925, the <a href=\"/wiki/McClatchy\" title=\"McClatchy\">James McClatchy Company</a>, a local, family-owned company which owned the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Sacramento_Bee\" title=\"Sacramento Bee\">Sacramento Bee</a></i>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Modesto_Bee\" title=\"Modesto Bee\">Modesto Bee</a></i> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Fresno_Bee\" title=\"Fresno Bee\">Fresno Bee</a></i> newspapers, made an agreement with station owner Kimball-Upson for a half interest in KFBK's equipment and good will. The Kimball-Upson company was granted a $3,000 credit for advertisements placed in the <i>Bee</i>, while the newspaper company agreed to enlarge the station's studio and pay for KFBK's operating and maintenance expenses. As part of this arrangement, McClatchy assumed control over all airtime sales at the station, with net profits up to $6,000 shared equally between the two partners, and 80% of any higher profits going to McClatchy.<ref>\"Sacramento Bee Calling, Hello, Hello\" (chapter 2), <i>Sacramento on the Air: How the McClatchy Family Revolutionized West Coast Broadcasting</i> by Annette Kassis, 2015.</ref> The station's new status was formally introduced by a special broadcast made on September 5, 1925.<ref>\"To-night Marks Entry Of The Bee-Kimball-Upson Radio Station On Broadcast Circles of The State\", <i>Sacramento Bee</i>, September 5, 1925, page 1.</ref>\n</p><p>In early 1929, ownership of KFBK was transferred from Kimball-Upson to the James McClatchy Company.<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112106763086&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=7\">\"Alterations and Corrections\"</a>, <i>Radio Service Bulletin</i>, January 31, 1929, page 7.</ref> McClatchy later acquired additional radio stations in the region, including <a href=\"/wiki/KESP\" title=\"KESP\">KBEE</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Modesto%2C_California\" title=\"Modesto, California\">Modesto</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/KMJ_%28AM%29\" title=\"KMJ (AM)\">KMJ</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Fresno%2C_California\" title=\"Fresno, California\">Fresno</a>. From 1964 to 1978, KFBK was a sister station to Sacramento-Stockton-Modesto TV station <a href=\"/wiki/KOVR\" title=\"KOVR\">KOVR</a>. The cluster of KFBK, KBEE and KOVR was possible because Sacramento and Modesto, then as now, are separate radio markets. In the 1950's, McClatchy also owned KMJ (AM, FM, TV) Fresno, KOH Reno, and KERN Bakersfield (White's Radio log et al).\n</p><p>In 1936 KFBK was granted permission to make a major upgrade, going from 100 watts on 1310&nbsp;kHz to 5,000 watts on the \"High Powered Regional\" frequency of 1490&nbsp;kHz, which had previously been exclusively assigned to <a href=\"/wiki/WCKY_%28AM%29\" title=\"WCKY (AM)\">WCKY</a> in Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1937 KFBK increased power again, to 10,000 watts. In March 1941, under the provisions of the <a href=\"/wiki/North_American_Regional_Broadcasting_Agreement\" title=\"North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement\">North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement</a>, KFBK and WCKY shifted to 1530&nbsp;kHz, a frequency designated as a \"Clear Channel\" assignment, with both stations now classified as \"Class I-B\".<ref><a href=\"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32437010939748&amp;view=1up&amp;seq=583\">\"United States Assignments\"</a>, <i>Arrangement between the United States of America, Canada, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Mexico, comprising recommendations of the North American Regional Radio-Engineering Meeting (supplemental to North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement [NARBA], Habana, 1937)</i>, page 1443.</ref> On October 2, 1948, KFBK increased its power to 50,000 watts, concurrent with the installation of a directional antenna to limit its signal toward WCKY.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=KFBK (advertisement)|url=https://www.worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1948/1948-10-04-BC.pdf#page=2|access-date=July 13, 2019|journal=Broadcasting|date=October 4, 1948|page=2}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>1950s and 1960s</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Advertisement_for_radio_station_KFBK_%281960%29.gif\" title=\"Advertisement for radio station KFBK (1960).gif\">thumb|right|275px|In January 1960, KFBK became a CBS radio affiliate.<ref><a href=\"https://archive.org/details/broadcastingtele58unse_0/page/n1040/mode/1up\">\"KFBK\"</a> (advertisement), <i>Broadcasting</i>, May 30, 1960, page 33.</ref></a>\nAs television took over network programming, KFBK reinvented itself as a news, information, sports, and entertainment station. Because of its strong signal and location in the heart of the <a href=\"/wiki/Central_Valley_%28California%29\" title=\"Central Valley (California)\">Central Valley</a>, the station became the chief source for farmers to obtain weather reports and price and other farming information. Beginning on January 4, 1960, KFBK carried <a href=\"/wiki/CBS_Radio_Network\" title=\"CBS Radio Network\">CBS Radio Network</a> programming,<ref><a href=\"https://archive.org/details/broadcastingtele57unse_0/page/n1511/mode/1up\">\"New CBS stations\"</a>, <i>Broadcasting</i>, December 28, 1959, page 48.</ref> including top-of-the-hour newscasts, plus specialized reports from <a href=\"/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow\" title=\"Edward R. Murrow\">Edward R. Murrow</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Lowell_Thomas\" title=\"Lowell Thomas\">Lowell Thomas</a>. Local news programs included the <i>Richfield Reporter</i>. <a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Koester\" title=\"Tony Koester\">Tony Koester</a> was both the long-time voice of the minor league <a href=\"/wiki/Sacramento_Solons\" title=\"Sacramento Solons\">Sacramento Solons</a> and the station's sports director. When the <a href=\"/wiki/San_Francisco_Giants\" title=\"San Francisco Giants\">San Francisco Giants</a> arrived in 1958, the station began a long partnership carrying their games. Entertainment programming included <a href=\"/wiki/Arthur_Godfrey\" title=\"Arthur Godfrey\">Arthur Godfrey</a> and Doug Pledger.<ref name=\"history\">{{Cite web|url=http://tangentsunset.com/sacramentoradio.htm|title=History of the Airwaves: Sacramento Radio Voices|website=tangentsunset.com}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>The talk of the town</h3>\n<p>In the 1970s, with less network programming available, KFBK began programming talk shows as part of their broadcast day, promoting them as \"The Talk of the Town\". After a brief trial as an <a href=\"/wiki/Adult_contemporary\" title=\"Adult contemporary\">adult contemporary</a> music station, ownership committed themselves to a format that included news blocks during morning and afternoon <a href=\"/wiki/Drive_time\" title=\"Drive time\">drive time</a>, with the remainder of the day's programming featuring local talk shows. With the <a href=\"/wiki/U.S._Federal_Communications_Commission\" title=\"U.S. Federal Communications Commission\">U.S. Federal Communications Commission</a> implementing a newspaper-broadcasting cross-ownership rule, McClatchy was forced to divest itself of its radio and television stations. KFBK was sold to <a href=\"/wiki/Westinghouse_Broadcasting\" title=\"Westinghouse Broadcasting\">Westinghouse Broadcasting</a> and later shifted network affiliation to <a href=\"/wiki/Cumulus_Media_Networks\" title=\"Cumulus Media Networks\">ABC Radio</a>.<ref name=\"history\" />\n</p>", "<h3>KFBK begins FM simulcasting</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/KFBK-FM\" title=\"KFBK-FM\">KFBK-FM</a> began simulcasting KFBK on December 1, 2011, at 92.5 FM, the former home of <a href=\"/wiki/KBEB\" title=\"KBEB\">KGBY</a>. This was mainly to fill in areas east of Sacramento where the AM signal is weaker at night due to the need to protect WCKY (Cincinnati, OH). Beginning December 26, 2013, KFBK briefly operated a trimulcast, adding 93.1 FM, the former home of \"Classic 93.1\" (<a href=\"/wiki/KFBK-FM\" title=\"KFBK-FM\">KHLX</a>); this ended a week later when KGBY adopted a country music format as <a href=\"/wiki/KBEB\" title=\"KBEB\">KBEB</a>.\n</p>", "<h3>Ownership changes</h3>\n<p>KFBK was acquired by Chancellor Media in 1997.<ref><a href=\"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2000/D-Radio-All-BC-YB-2000-2.pdf\">Information</a> from the <a href=\"/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable\" title=\"Broadcasting & Cable\">Broadcasting &amp; Cable</a> Yearbook 2000 page D-58</ref> Chancellor was acquired by <a href=\"/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications\" title=\"Clear Channel Communications\">Clear Channel Communications</a> a few years later; in September 2014, Clear Channel changed its name to <a href=\"/wiki/IHeartMedia%2C_Inc.\" title=\"IHeartMedia, Inc.\">iHeartMedia, Inc.</a>\n</p>", "<h2>Prominent staff members</h2>\n<p>During the 1980s, KFBK employed <a href=\"/wiki/Morton_Downey%2C_Jr.\" title=\"Morton Downey, Jr.\">Morton Downey, Jr.</a> as a local midday host. Downey later went on to host a popular nationally syndicated weekday TV show. After Downey's departure, <a href=\"/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh\" title=\"Rush Limbaugh\">Rush Limbaugh</a> replaced him at the station in 1984. Limbaugh first rose to prominence at KFBK before becoming nationally syndicated in 1988. His national program aired for many years on KFBK in the same time slot (9:00&nbsp;a.m.–noon) where he hosted locally.\n</p><p>Limbaugh's local replacement, <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_M._Sullivan\" title=\"Thomas M. Sullivan\">Tom Sullivan</a> later gained national syndication. For a time, he also working for the <a href=\"/wiki/Fox_Business_Network\" title=\"Fox Business Network\">Fox Business Network</a>. Sullivan continues to be heard on KFBK weekday afternoons.\n</p><p>A number of other KFBK alumni have gained national prominence. Former KFBK news reporter/anchor Laura Ingle is a featured reporter on <a href=\"/wiki/Fox_News_Channel\" title=\"Fox News Channel\">Fox News Channel</a>. Former KFBK reporter and weekend anchor <a href=\"/wiki/Todd_Starnes\" title=\"Todd Starnes\">Todd Starnes</a> hosted a weekday show on <a href=\"/wiki/Fox_News_Radio\" title=\"Fox News Radio\">Fox News Radio</a> and currently owns a radio station in <a href=\"/wiki/Memphis%2C_Tennessee\" title=\"Memphis, Tennessee\">Memphis, Tennessee</a>. Former KFBK evening host Spencer Hughes hosted a weekday program <i>Fox Across America</i> on Fox News Radio.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist|30em}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://kfbk.iheart.com/\">KFBK official website</a>\n{{AM station data|10145|KFBK}}\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://licensing.fcc.gov/cgi-bin/prod/cdbs/forms/prod/getimportletter_exh.cgi?import_letter_id=37784\">FCC History Cards for KFBK</a> (covering 1927-1980) (FCC.gov)\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://www.iheart.com/live/kfbk-fm-am-217/\">Live web broadcast</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>Further reading</h2>\n<ul><li> <i>Sacramento on the Air: How the McClatchy Family Revolutionized West Coast Broadcasting</i> by Annette Kassis, 2015.\n</li></ul><p>{{Sacramento Radio}}\n{{News/Talk Radio Stations in California}}\n{{IHeartMedia}}\n{{Clear Channel AM}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_in_Sacramento%2C_California\" title=\"Radio stations in Sacramento, California\">FBK</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Westinghouse_Broadcasting\" title=\"Westinghouse Broadcasting\">Category:Westinghouse Broadcasting</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:News_and_talk_radio_stations_in_the_United_States\" title=\"News and talk radio stations in the United States\">Category:News and talk radio stations in the United States</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_established_in_1922\" title=\"Radio stations established in 1922\">Category:Radio stations established in 1922</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1922_establishments_in_California\" title=\"1922 establishments in California\">Category:1922 establishments in California</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:IHeartMedia_radio_stations\" title=\"IHeartMedia radio stations\">Category:IHeartMedia radio stations</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Clear-channel_radio_stations\" title=\"Clear-channel radio stations\">Category:Clear-channel radio stations</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 44557434 ], "name": [ "Big Blue Cray(fish) Twins" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Species of rodent}}\n{{Speciesbox\n| name = Harrison's gerbil\n| status = LC\n| status_system = IUCN3.1\n| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Kock, D. |author2= Amori, G. |name-list-style=amp |year= 2016 |title= ''Gerbillus mesopotamiae'' |errata= 2017 |page= e.T9135A115091132|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9135A22463714.en|access-date=13 March 2023}}</ref>\n| genus = Gerbillus\n| species = mesopotamiae\n| authority = Harrison, 1956\n}}\n</p><p><b>Harrison's gerbil</b> (<i><b>Gerbillus mesopotamiae</b></i>) is a <a href=\"/wiki/Gerbillinae\" title=\"Gerbillinae\">gerbil</a>, a small <a href=\"/wiki/Mammal\" title=\"Mammal\">mammal</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Rodent\" title=\"Rodent\">rodent</a> order. It is distributed mainly in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley in <a href=\"/wiki/Iraq\" title=\"Iraq\">Iraq</a> and western <a href=\"/wiki/Iran\" title=\"Iran\">Iran</a>. It is also known as the Mesopotamian gerbil.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Gerbillinae|G1.}}\n{{Taxonbar|from=Q306380}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Gerbillus\" title=\"Gerbillus\">Category:Gerbillus</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Mammals_of_Asia\" title=\"Mammals of Asia\">Category:Mammals of Asia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Iran\" title=\"Fauna of Iran\">Category:Fauna of Iran</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Mammals_described_in_1956\" title=\"Mammals described in 1956\">Category:Mammals described in 1956</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 24902 ], "name": [ "Bearcat" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Unreferenced|date=March 2022}}\n</p><p><b>Festivaletteratura</b> is a literary festival, held in <a href=\"/wiki/Mantua\" title=\"Mantua\">Mantua</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Italy\" title=\"Italy\">Italy</a>, since 1997. Its peculiar formula is to host five days of small-sized lectures by authors from all over the world. The event is run mostly by volunteers, numbering around 700 in total. The lectures are hosted in historical places and squares, and during the five days of the fair there are about two hundred events. The low-profile style has in time attracted many big names of literature, along with <a href=\"/wiki/Nobel_Prize\" title=\"Nobel Prize\">Nobel Prize</a> winners. The attendance to the events roughly matches the population of the city, so it is necessary to book tickets well in advance. In 2007, the fair celebrated its tenth edition.\n</p><p>The 2005 fair was the set for the 2005 <a href=\"/wiki/Tinto_Brass\" title=\"Tinto Brass\">Tinto Brass</a> movie <i><a href=\"/wiki/Monamour\" title=\"Monamour\">Monamour</a></i>, in which it was depicted the peculiarity of the exhibit. The 2011 edition had seen for the first time the public exposition of the <a href=\"/wiki/Lovers_of_Valdaro\" title=\"Lovers of Valdaro\">Lovers of Valdaro</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mantua\" title=\"Mantua\">Mantua</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Monamour\" title=\"Monamour\">Monamour</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Lovers_of_Valdaro\" title=\"Lovers of Valdaro\">Lovers of Valdaro</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Virgilio%2C_Lombardy\" title=\"Virgilio, Lombardy\">Virgilio</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<p>{{commons category}}\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.festivaletteratura.it\">Festivaletteratura homepage</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Literary_festivals_in_Italy\" title=\"Literary festivals in Italy\">Category:Literary festivals in Italy</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Festivals_established_in_1997\" title=\"Festivals established in 1997\">Category:Festivals established in 1997</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1997_establishments_in_Italy\" title=\"1997 establishments in Italy\">Category:1997 establishments in Italy</a></p><p><br />\n{{Italy-culture-stub}}\n{{lit-festival-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 11241628 ], "name": [ "Hiddenstranger" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life and beginnings", "Career", "Discography", "References", "Bibliography", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|British musician, singer, and actor}}\n{{EngvarB|date=July 2014}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}\n{{Infobox musical artist\n| name = Leee John\n| image = Leee John 1.jpg\n| landscape = yes\n| caption = John performing in [[Olonne-sur-Mer]]\n| background = solo_singer\n| birth_name = Leslie McGregor John\n| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|6|23}}\n| birth_place = [[Hackney, London]], England\n| death_date = {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}\n| death_place = \n| genre = {{hlist|[[R&B]]|[[Soul music|soul]]|[[Britfunk]]|[[funk]]|[[post-disco]]|[[pop music|pop]]}}\n| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|actor}}\n| instrument = Vocals\n| years_active = 1970s–present\n| label = {{hlist|[[R&B Records|R&B]]|[[RCA Records|RCA]]}}\n| current_member_of = Imagination feat. Leee John\n| past_member_of = Fizzz ⸱ [[Imagination (band)|Imagination]]\n| associated_acts = [[Imagination (band)|Imagination]], [[Byron Stingily]], [[Junior Giscombe]]<br />[[Noel McKoy]], [[Don-E]]\n| website = {{URL|leeejohn.com}}\n}}\n<b>Leslie McGregor </b>\"<b>Leee</b>\"<b> John</b> (born 23 June 1957)<ref name=\":0\">{{Cite web |title=Leee John age, biography |url=https://www.last.fm/music/Leee+John/+wiki |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Last.fm |language=en}}</ref> is an English musician, singer and actor of <a href=\"/wiki/Saint_Lucia\" title=\"Saint Lucia\">St Lucian</a> descent. He rose to fame as the lead singer of the <a href=\"/wiki/Soul_music\" title=\"Soul music\">soul</a> band <a href=\"/wiki/Imagination_%28band%29\" title=\"Imagination (band)\">Imagination</a>, which had three UK top 10 hits in the early 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1981-05-16 |title=IMAGINATION |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/19012/imagination/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref> He is known for his falsetto voice and his flamboyant sense of fashion and outfits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=See-through suits and Marvin Gaye: Leee John talks {{!}} Essex {{!}} Muddy Stilettos |url=https://essex.muddystilettos.co.uk/life/people/see-through-suits-and-marvin-gaye-leee-john-talks/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=See-through suits and Marvin Gaye: Leee John talks {{!}} Essex {{!}} Muddy Stilettos |language=en}}</ref><ref name=\":2\">{{Cite web |date=2013-10-15 |title=Not Just An Illusion {{!}} Leee John Interview {{!}} polarimagazine.com |url=http://www.polarimagazine.com/interviews/just-illusion-interview-leee-john/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pafford |first=Steve |date=2023-02-20 |title=Imagination can make a man of you: The Leee John interview |url=https://www.stevepafford.com/leee/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Steve Pafford}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Early life and beginnings</h2>\n<p>John was born in <a href=\"/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Hackney\" title=\"Metropolitan Borough of Hackney\">Hackney, London</a>, and educated in <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_City\" title=\"New York City\">New York City</a>, later studying drama at the <a href=\"/wiki/Anna_Scher_Theatre\" title=\"Anna Scher Theatre\">Anna Scher Theatre School</a>.<ref name=\":0\" /> \n</p><p>His mother is Jessie Stevens <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire\" title=\"Order of the British Empire\">MBE</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Lucia\" title=\"Order of Saint Lucia\">SLPM</a> (born 1927),<ref name=\":3\">{{Cite web |title=King Charles celebrates his 75th birthday a day early - with host of famous faces |url=https://news.sky.com/story/king-charles-celebrates-his-75th-birthday-a-day-early-with-host-of-famous-faces-13007494 |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref> who moved with her then husband from <a href=\"/wiki/Saint_Lucia\" title=\"Saint Lucia\">St. Lucia</a> to <a href=\"/wiki/United_Kingdom\" title=\"United Kingdom\">Britain</a> in 1955. She is the first black woman to have worked at <a href=\"/wiki/Companies_House\" title=\"Companies House\">Companies House</a>. Part of the <a href=\"/wiki/Windrush_Generation\" title=\"Windrush Generation\">Windrush Generation</a>, she is a well-known figure in the St Lucian community and she received a MBE from <a href=\"/wiki/Elizabeth_II\" title=\"Elizabeth II\">Queen Elizabeth</a> in 1982, after having worked in the <a href=\"/wiki/London_Borough_of_Haringey\" title=\"London Borough of Haringey\">Haringey</a> Police Liaison Group, which helped facilitate relations between the police and the community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Review |first=Alt A. |date=2023-10-20 |title=Private View Windrush: Portraits of a Pioneering Generation: Jessie Stephens, MBE, SLPM with son Leee John - Alt A Review |url=https://alt-africa.com/2023/10/20/private-view-windrush-portraits-of-a-pioneering-generation-jessie-stephens-mbe-slpm-with-son-leee-john/ |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=alt-africa.com |language=en-US}}</ref> \n</p><p>John, then a young child, moved to New York City with his father, after his parents’ divorce. Despite signing, aged 10 or 11, to a record label and notably working as a background singer for <a href=\"/wiki/The_Delfonics\" title=\"The Delfonics\">The Delfonics</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/Chairmen_of_the_Board\" title=\"Chairmen of the Board\">Chairmen of the Board</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/The_Velvelettes\" title=\"The Velvelettes\">The Velvelettes</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/The_Elgins\" title=\"The Elgins\">The Elgins</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographie Imagination |url=https://www.nostalgie.fr/artistes/imagination/biographie |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Nostalgie |language=fr}}</ref> he moved back as a teenager to England to live with his mother. His father didn’t really support his musical ambitions and rather wanted John to continue studying. While in college, he recorded an album for <a href=\"/wiki/EMI\" title=\"EMI\">EMI</a> with family friend Russel Fraser (under the name Russ and Leee), but only had very little success.<ref name=\":0\" /><ref name=\":1\">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-07 |title=Leee John : une icône funk |url=https://www.nostalgie.fr/artistes/imagination/actus/leee-john-une-icone-funk-70237736 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Nostalgie |language=fr}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Career</h2>\n<p>{{BLP sources section|date=September 2017}}\nJohn was still working as a backing singer when he met Ashley Ingram (born 27 November 1957, <a href=\"/wiki/Northampton\" title=\"Northampton\">Northampton</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/England\" title=\"England\">England</a>) a guitarist/bassist. They formed a songwriting partnership, working in a short-lived band called Fizzz.<ref name=\":1\" /> Together with Ingram and <a href=\"/wiki/Errol_Kennedy\" title=\"Errol Kennedy\">Errol Kennedy</a> (born 9 June 1953, <a href=\"/wiki/Montego_Bay\" title=\"Montego Bay\">Montego Bay</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Jamaica\" title=\"Jamaica\">Jamaica</a>) they formed <a href=\"/wiki/Imagination_%28band%29\" title=\"Imagination (band)\">Imagination</a>, a three-piece <a href=\"/wiki/Soul_music\" title=\"Soul music\">soul music</a> band, in the early 1980s. The band was named after <a href=\"/wiki/Imagine_%28song%29\" title=\"Imagine (song)\">Imagine</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/John_Lennon\" title=\"John Lennon\">John Lennon</a> song, whom had <a href=\"/wiki/Murder_of_John_Lennon\" title=\"Murder of John Lennon\">died</a> a year earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-05-12 |title=Imagination: Night Dubbing (1983) |url=https://www.fondsound.com/imagination-night-dubbing-1983/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |work=FOND/SOUND |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=\":2\" /> The band worked with Grammy-winning record producer <a href=\"/wiki/Trevor_Horn\" title=\"Trevor Horn\">Trevor Horn</a>, which had them discovered by the production duo <a href=\"/wiki/Jolley_%26_Swain\" title=\"Jolley & Swain\">Jolley &amp; Swain</a>.<ref name=\":0\" /> The duo produced their <a href=\"/wiki/Hit_record\" title=\"Hit record\">hit</a> \"Body Talk\" reached number 4 in the <a href=\"/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart\" title=\"UK Singles Chart\">UK Singles Chart</a> in May 1981. Their biggest hit, \"<a href=\"/wiki/Just_an_Illusion\" title=\"Just an Illusion\">Just an Illusion</a>\", peaked at number 2 in March 1982. The <a href=\"/wiki/Trio_%28music%29\" title=\"Trio (music)\">trio</a> frequently appeared on <i><a href=\"/wiki/Top_of_the_Pops\" title=\"Top of the Pops\">Top of the Pops</a></i> and other pop music programmes. Imagination released <a href=\"/wiki/Imagination_discography\" title=\"Imagination discography\">7 albums in total</a>, the most famous being first 3: <a href=\"/wiki/Body_Talk_%28Imagination_album%29\" title=\"Body Talk (Imagination album)\">Body Talk</a> (1981), <a href=\"/wiki/In_the_Heat_of_the_Night_%28Imagination_album%29\" title=\"In the Heat of the Night (Imagination album)\">In the Heat of the Night</a> (1982) and <a href=\"/wiki/Scandalous_%28album%29\" title=\"Scandalous (album)\">Scandalous</a> (1983).<ref>{{Cite web |title=swedishcharts.com - Discography Imagination |url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Imagination |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref>\n</p><p>Despite not being an actor, John made a guest appearance in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Doctor_Who\" title=\"Doctor Who\">Doctor Who</a></i> story <i><a href=\"/wiki/Enlightenment_%28Doctor_Who%29\" title=\"Enlightenment (Doctor Who)\">Enlightenment</a></i> in 1983, playing the character Mansell; he replaced actor David Rhule, who had dropped out at short notice due to an industrial strike at the BBC after the rehearsals had begun.<ref><a href=\"/wiki/%23refHowe\" title=\"#refHowe\">Howe &amp; Walker</a>, p. 117</ref> The group's fortunes waned but they continued to perform, tour and record until the early 1990s. John went back to acting, but in 2003 resurfaced in the reality television show <i><a href=\"/wiki/Reborn_in_the_USA\" title=\"Reborn in the USA\">Reborn in the USA</a></i>, alongside other singers such as <a href=\"/wiki/Elkie_Brooks\" title=\"Elkie Brooks\">Elkie Brooks</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Hadley\" title=\"Tony Hadley\">Tony Hadley</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-04-13 |title=Goodbyee to Leee in 'Reborn' |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a10906/goodbyee-to-leee-in-reborn/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=Digital Spy |language=en-GB}}</ref>\n</p><p>He released a number of dance singles in the late 1990s and early 2000s, including the <a href=\"/wiki/UK_garage\" title=\"UK garage\">UK garage</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/House_music\" title=\"House music\">house</a> tracks \"Your Mind, Your Body, Your Soul\" on <a href=\"/wiki/Locked_On_Records\" title=\"Locked On Records\">Locked On Records</a> and \"U Turn Me\" with <a href=\"/wiki/Ten_City\" title=\"Ten City\">Ten City</a> vocalist <a href=\"/wiki/Byron_Stingily\" title=\"Byron Stingily\">Byron Stingily</a> (2000). Under the artist name Johnny X, he also co-wrote and performed vocals on \"Call on Me\" which was released on <a href=\"/wiki/Higher_State\" title=\"Higher State\">Higher State</a>. In 2005, John released a <a href=\"/wiki/Jazz\" title=\"Jazz\">jazz</a> album, <i>Feel My Soul</i>, on <a href=\"/wiki/Candid_Records\" title=\"Candid Records\">Candid Records</a>, featuring a mixture of jazz standards and original compositions. Since the album's release, John has been touring the UK and Europe with his jazz quartet, as well as performing with Imagination.\n</p><p>John is an ambassador for SOS Children's Villages,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soschildren.org|title=Child Sponsorship Charity|publisher=SOS Children|accessdate=28 September 2012}}</ref> an international orphan charity providing homes and mothers for orphaned and abandoned children. He supports the charity's annual World Orphan Week<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/donate-help/wow-main.htm|title=World Orphan Week 2013 – World Orphan Week|publisher=Soschildrensvillages.org.uk|accessdate=28 September 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015190126/http://www.soschildrensvillages.org.uk/donate-help/wow-main.htm|archivedate=15 October 2009}}</ref> campaign which takes place each February. In 2012, he performed at the <a href=\"/wiki/Leicester_Square_Theatre\" title=\"Leicester Square Theatre\">Leicester Square Theatre</a>. Special guests included <a href=\"/wiki/Mike_Lindup\" title=\"Mike Lindup\">Mike Lindup</a> from <a href=\"/wiki/Level_42\" title=\"Level 42\">Level 42</a>.\n</p><p>In 2020, John appeared on the track \"The Lost Chord\" by <a href=\"/wiki/Gorillaz\" title=\"Gorillaz\">Gorillaz</a> for their <i><a href=\"/wiki/Song_Machine\" title=\"Song Machine\">Song Machine</a></i> project, which was followed by the album <i><a href=\"/wiki/Song_Machine%2C_Season_One:Strange_Timez\" title=\"Strange Timez\">Song Machine, Season One: Strange Timez</a></i>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/gorillaz-song-machine-season-one-strange-timez-album-tracklist-robert-smith-2749027|title=Gorillaz team up with Robert Smith on 'Strange Timez' and share star-studded 'Song Machine' tracklist|website=[[NME]] |date=9 September 2020}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 2023, Leee John and his mother, Jessie Stephens, were invited, alongside celebrities like <a href=\"/wiki/Raymond_Blanc\" title=\"Raymond Blanc\">Raymond Blanc</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Jay_Blades\" title=\"Jay Blades\">Jay Blades</a> to <a href=\"/wiki/Charles_III\" title=\"Charles III\">King Charles</a>' birthday celebration, in his <a href=\"/wiki/Highgrove_House\" title=\"Highgrove House\">Highgrove House</a>, in <a href=\"/wiki/Gloucestershire\" title=\"Gloucestershire\">Gloucestershire</a>.<ref name=\":3\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Discography</h2>\n<p>{{See also|Imagination discography}}\n<ul><li><i>Feel My Soul</i> (2005)<ref name=\":4\">{{Cite web |title=Full Discography, Albums & Singles - Leee John |url=https://www.leeejohn.com/discography.html |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.leeejohn.com}}</ref>\n</li><li><i>Live in Paris at the New Morning</i> (2007)<ref name=\":4\" />\n</li><li><i>The Voice of Illusion Vol. 1</i> (2008)<ref name=\":4\" />\n</li><li><i>Now Is the Time</i> (2008)<ref name=\":4\" />\n</li><li><i>Intimate Glow</i>, with <a href=\"/wiki/Bill_Sharpe_%28musician%29\" title=\"Bill Sharpe (musician)\">Bill Sharpe</a> (2024)<ref name=\":4\" />\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>Bibliography</h2>\n<ul><li> {{Cite book |last1=Howe |first1=David J. |last2=Walker |first2=Stephen James |title=Doctor Who: The Handbook |volume=The Fifth Doctor |isbn=978-0-426-20458-9 |ref=refHowe |year=1995 }}\n</li></ul>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> {{IMDb name|1336530}}\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.leeejohn.com/\">Official website</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://archive.today/20130128025628/http://www.leeejohn.com/discography/index.htm\">Discography from Leee John's personal website</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{Imagination (band)}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:John, Leee}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1957_births\" title=\"1957 births\">Category:1957 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_Black_British_male_singers\" title=\"20th-century Black British male singers\">Category:20th-century Black British male singers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_Black_British_male_singers\" title=\"21st-century Black British male singers\">Category:21st-century Black British male singers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Actors_from_the_London_Borough_of_Hackney\" title=\"Actors from the London Borough of Hackney\">Category:Actors from the London Borough of Hackney</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Anna_Scher_Theatre_School\" title=\"Alumni of the Anna Scher Theatre School\">Category:Alumni of the Anna Scher Theatre School</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_male_songwriters\" title=\"English male songwriters\">Category:English male songwriters</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_male_television_actors\" title=\"English male television actors\">Category:English male television actors</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_people_of_Saint_Lucian_descent\" title=\"English people of Saint Lucian descent\">Category:English people of Saint Lucian descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Locked_On_Records_artists\" title=\"Locked On Records artists\">Category:Locked On Records artists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Musicians_from_the_London_Borough_of_Hackney\" title=\"Musicians from the London Borough of Hackney\">Category:Musicians from the London Borough of Hackney</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Singers_from_the_London_Borough_of_Hackney\" title=\"Singers from the London Borough of Hackney\">Category:Singers from the London Borough of Hackney</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_from_Hackney%2C_London\" title=\"People from Hackney, London\">Category:People from Hackney, London</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 2842084 ], "name": [ "Jevansen" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Career statistics", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Canadian ice hockey player}}\n{{Distinguish|Alain Côté (ice hockey, born 1957)}}\n{{BLP one source|date=July 2022}}\n{{Infobox ice hockey player\n| caption = \n| alt = \n| image = \n| image_size = 230px\n| name = Alain Côté\n| position = [[Defenceman (ice hockey)|Defenceman]]\n| shoots = Right\n| height_ft = 6\n| height_in = 1\n| weight_lb = 200\n| played_for = [[Boston Bruins]]<br>[[Washington Capitals]]<br>[[Montreal Canadiens]]<br>[[Tampa Bay Lightning]]<br>[[Quebec Nordiques]]\n| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|4|14|mf=y}}\n| birth_place = [[Montmagny, Quebec]], Canada\n| draft = 31st overall\n| draft_year = 1985\n| draft_team = [[Boston Bruins]]\n| career_start = 1987\n| career_end = 2006\n}}\n<b>Alain R. Gabriel Côté</b> (born April 14, 1967) is a Canadian former professional <a href=\"/wiki/Ice_hockey\" title=\"Ice hockey\">ice hockey</a> player and <a href=\"/wiki/Inline_hockey\" title=\"Inline hockey\">inline hockey</a> player.\n</p>", "<h2>Early life</h2>\n<p>Côté was born in <a href=\"/wiki/Montmagny%2C_Quebec\" title=\"Montmagny, Quebec\">Montmagny, Quebec</a>. As a youth, he played in the 1979 and 1980 <a href=\"/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament\" title=\"Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament\">Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments</a> with a <a href=\"/wiki/Minor_ice_hockey\" title=\"Minor ice hockey\">minor ice hockey</a> team from Montmagny.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf|title=Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA|year=2018|website=Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament|access-date=2019-01-15|archive-date=2019-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306085544/https://www.publicationsports.com/ressources/files/439/Joueurs_Pro.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Career </h2>\n<p>Côté was drafted in the second round (31st overall) by the <a href=\"/wiki/Boston_Bruins\" title=\"Boston Bruins\">Boston Bruins</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/1985_NHL_Entry_Draft\" title=\"1985 NHL Entry Draft\">1985 NHL Entry Draft</a>. His first season in the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Hockey_League\" title=\"National Hockey League\">National Hockey League</a> (NHL) was <a href=\"/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_NHL_season\" title=\"1985–86 NHL season\">1985–86</a>. He played a total of 36 games in his rookie year and had no goals and six assists. Those 32 games marked the most games that he would play in a single NHL season as he spent most of his career playing in the minors and elsewhere.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}\n</p><p>Côté played for five different NHL clubs during his career. He played for the Boston Bruins (1985–86 to <a href=\"/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_NHL_season\" title=\"1988–89 NHL season\">1988–89</a>), <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_Capitals\" title=\"Washington Capitals\">Washington Capitals</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_NHL_season\" title=\"1989–90 NHL season\">1989–90</a>), <a href=\"/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens\" title=\"Montreal Canadiens\">Montreal Canadiens</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_NHL_season\" title=\"1990–91 NHL season\">1990–91</a> to <a href=\"/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_NHL_season\" title=\"1991–92 NHL season\">1991–92</a>), <a href=\"/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning\" title=\"Tampa Bay Lightning\">Tampa Bay Lightning</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_NHL_season\" title=\"1992–93 NHL season\">1992–93</a>) and <a href=\"/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques\" title=\"Quebec Nordiques\">Quebec Nordiques</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_NHL_season\" title=\"1993–94 NHL season\">1993–94</a>). During that span, he played a total of 119 games in which he scored 2 goals and 18 assists for 20 points. He also racked up 124 <a href=\"/wiki/Penalty_%28hockey%29\" title=\"Penalty (hockey)\">penalty</a> minutes. As well as the NHL, Côté has played in the <a href=\"/wiki/Quebec_Major_Junior_Hockey_League\" title=\"Quebec Major Junior Hockey League\">QMJHL</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/American_Hockey_League\" title=\"American Hockey League\">AHL</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/International_Hockey_League_%281945%E2%80%932001%29\" title=\"International Hockey League (1945–2001)\">IHL</a>. He has also played hockey in Europe and Japan.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}\n</p><p>In 1996, Côté played 26 games of <a href=\"/wiki/Inline_hockey\" title=\"Inline hockey\">inline hockey</a> for the <a href=\"/wiki/Oakland_Skates\" title=\"Oakland Skates\">Oakland Skates</a>. He had 4 goals and 15 assists for 19 points.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}\n</p>", "<h2>Career statistics</h2>\n<table border=\"0\" cellpadding=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"text-align:center; width:60em\"> \n<tr bgcolor=\"#e0e0e0\"> \n<th colspan=\"3\" bgcolor=\"#ffffff\"> \n</th>\n<th rowspan=\"99\" bgcolor=\"#ffffff\"> \n</th>\n<th colspan=\"5\"> <a href=\"/wiki/Regular_season\" title=\"Regular season\">Regular season</a> \n</th>\n<th rowspan=\"99\" bgcolor=\"#ffffff\"> \n</th>\n<th colspan=\"5\"> <a href=\"/wiki/Playoffs\" title=\"Playoffs\">Playoffs</a> \n</th></tr><tr bgcolor=\"#e0e0e0\"> \n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/Season_%28sports%29\" title=\"Season (sports)\">Season</a> \n</th>\n<th> Team \n</th>\n<th> League \n</th>\n<th> GP \n</th>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/Goal_%28ice_hockey%29\" title=\"Goal (ice hockey)\">G</a> \n</th>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/Assist_%28ice_hockey%29\" title=\"Assist (ice hockey)\">A</a> \n</th>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/Point_%28ice_hockey%29\" title=\"Point (ice hockey)\">Pts</a> \n</th>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/Penalty_%28ice_hockey%29\" title=\"Penalty (ice hockey)\">PIM</a> \n</th>\n<th> GP \n</th>\n<th> G \n</th>\n<th> A \n</th>\n<th> Pts \n</th>\n<th> PIM \n</th></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1983%E2%80%9384_QMJHL_season\" title=\"1983–84 QMJHL season\">1983–84</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Quebec_Remparts\" title=\"Quebec Remparts\">Quebec Remparts</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Quebec_Major_Junior_Hockey_League\" title=\"Quebec Major Junior Hockey League\">QMJHL</a>\n</td>\n<td> 60\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 17\n</td>\n<td> 20\n</td>\n<td> 40\n</td>\n<td> 5\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1984%E2%80%9385_QMJHL_season\" title=\"1984–85 QMJHL season\">1984–85</a>\n</td>\n<td> Quebec Remparts\n</td>\n<td> QMJHL\n</td>\n<td> 68\n</td>\n<td> 9\n</td>\n<td> 25\n</td>\n<td> 34\n</td>\n<td> 173\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 12\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_QMJHL_season\" title=\"1985–86 QMJHL season\">1985–86</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Granby_Bisons\" title=\"Granby Bisons\">Granby Bisons</a>\n</td>\n<td> QMJHL\n</td>\n<td> 22\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 12\n</td>\n<td> 16\n</td>\n<td> 48\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_AHL_season\" title=\"1985–86 AHL season\">1985–86</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Moncton_Golden_Flames\" title=\"Moncton Golden Flames\">Moncton Golden Flames</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/American_Hockey_League\" title=\"American Hockey League\">AHL</a>\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1985%E2%80%9386_NHL_season\" title=\"1985–86 NHL season\">1985–86</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Boston_Bruins\" title=\"Boston Bruins\">Boston Bruins</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/National_Hockey_League\" title=\"National Hockey League\">NHL</a>\n</td>\n<td> 32\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 6\n</td>\n<td> 6\n</td>\n<td> 14\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_QMJHL_season\" title=\"1986–87 QMJHL season\">1986–87</a>\n</td>\n<td> Granby Bisons\n</td>\n<td> QMJHL\n</td>\n<td> 43\n</td>\n<td> 7\n</td>\n<td> 24\n</td>\n<td> 31\n</td>\n<td> 185\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1986%E2%80%9387_NHL_season\" title=\"1986–87 NHL season\">1986–87</a>\n</td>\n<td> Boston Bruins\n</td>\n<td> NHL\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_AHL_season\" title=\"1987–88 AHL season\">1987–88</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Maine_Mariners_%28AHL%29\" title=\"Maine Mariners (AHL)\">Maine Mariners</a>\n</td>\n<td> AHL\n</td>\n<td> 69\n</td>\n<td> 9\n</td>\n<td> 34\n</td>\n<td> 43\n</td>\n<td> 108\n</td>\n<td> 9\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 6\n</td>\n<td> 19\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_NHL_season\" title=\"1987–88 NHL season\">1987–88</a>\n</td>\n<td> Boston Bruins\n</td>\n<td> NHL\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_AHL_season\" title=\"1988–89 AHL season\">1988–89</a>\n</td>\n<td> Maine Mariners\n</td>\n<td> AHL\n</td>\n<td> 37\n</td>\n<td> 5\n</td>\n<td> 16\n</td>\n<td> 21\n</td>\n<td> 111\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1988%E2%80%9389_NHL_season\" title=\"1988–89 NHL season\">1988–89</a>\n</td>\n<td> Boston Bruins\n</td>\n<td> NHL\n</td>\n<td> 31\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 5\n</td>\n<td> 51\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_AHL_season\" title=\"1989–90 AHL season\">1989–90</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Baltimore_Skipjacks\" title=\"Baltimore Skipjacks\">Baltimore Skipjacks</a>\n</td>\n<td> AHL\n</td>\n<td> 57\n</td>\n<td> 5\n</td>\n<td> 19\n</td>\n<td> 24\n</td>\n<td> 161\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 9\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_NHL_season\" title=\"1989–90 NHL season\">1989–90</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_Capitals\" title=\"Washington Capitals\">Washington Capitals</a>\n</td>\n<td> NHL\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 7\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_AHL_season\" title=\"1990–91 AHL season\">1990–91</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Fredericton_Canadiens\" title=\"Fredericton Canadiens\">Fredericton Canadiens</a>\n</td>\n<td> AHL\n</td>\n<td> 49\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td>\n<td> 19\n</td>\n<td> 27\n</td>\n<td> 110\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1990%E2%80%9391_NHL_season\" title=\"1990–91 NHL season\">1990–91</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens\" title=\"Montreal Canadiens\">Montreal Canadiens</a>\n</td>\n<td> NHL\n</td>\n<td> 28\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 6\n</td>\n<td> 6\n</td>\n<td> 26\n</td>\n<td> 11\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 26\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_AHL_season\" title=\"1991–92 AHL season\">1991–92</a>\n</td>\n<td> Fredericton Canadiens\n</td>\n<td> AHL\n</td>\n<td> 20\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 10\n</td>\n<td> 11\n</td>\n<td> 24\n</td>\n<td> 7\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1991%E2%80%9392_NHL_season\" title=\"1991–92 NHL season\">1991–92</a>\n</td>\n<td> Montreal Canadiens\n</td>\n<td> NHL\n</td>\n<td> 13\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 22\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_AHL_season\" title=\"1992–93 AHL season\">1992–93</a>\n</td>\n<td> Fredericton Canadiens\n</td>\n<td> AHL\n</td>\n<td> 61\n</td>\n<td> 10\n</td>\n<td> 17\n</td>\n<td> 27\n</td>\n<td> 83\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_IHL_season\" title=\"1992–93 IHL season\">1992–93</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Atlanta_Knights\" title=\"Atlanta Knights\">Atlanta Knights</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/International_Hockey_League_%281945%E2%80%932001%29\" title=\"International Hockey League (1945–2001)\">IHL</a>\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1992%E2%80%9393_NHL_season\" title=\"1992–93 NHL season\">1992–93</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Lightning\" title=\"Tampa Bay Lightning\">Tampa Bay Lightning</a>\n</td>\n<td> NHL\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_AHL_season\" title=\"1993–94 AHL season\">1993–94</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Cornwall_Aces\" title=\"Cornwall Aces\">Cornwall Aces</a>\n</td>\n<td> AHL\n</td>\n<td> 67\n</td>\n<td> 10\n</td>\n<td> 34\n</td>\n<td> 44\n</td>\n<td> 80\n</td>\n<td> 11\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 11\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_NHL_season\" title=\"1993–94 NHL season\">1993–94</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Quebec_Nordiques\" title=\"Quebec Nordiques\">Quebec Nordiques</a>\n</td>\n<td> NHL\n</td>\n<td> 6\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_IHL_season\" title=\"1995–96 IHL season\">1995–96</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/San_Francisco_Spiders\" title=\"San Francisco Spiders\">San Francisco Spiders</a>\n</td>\n<td> IHL\n</td>\n<td> 80\n</td>\n<td> 5\n</td>\n<td> 26\n</td>\n<td> 31\n</td>\n<td> 133\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 10\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_IHL_season\" title=\"1996–97 IHL season\">1996–97</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Atlanta_Knights\" title=\"Atlanta Knights\">Quebec Rafales</a>\n</td>\n<td> IHL\n</td>\n<td> 76\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td>\n<td> 17\n</td>\n<td> 25\n</td>\n<td> 102\n</td>\n<td> 9\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 30\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> 1997–98\n</td>\n<td> Japan\n</td>\n<td> Intl\n</td>\n<td> 38\n</td>\n<td> 15\n</td>\n<td> 19\n</td>\n<td> 34\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_DEL_season\" title=\"1999–2000 DEL season\">1999–00</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Sabo_Ice_Tigers\" title=\"Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers\">Nuermberg Ice Tigers</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Deutsche_Eishockey_Liga\" title=\"Deutsche Eishockey Liga\">DEL</a>\n</td>\n<td> 45\n</td>\n<td> 6\n</td>\n<td> 12\n</td>\n<td> 18\n</td>\n<td> 114\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_QSPHL_season\" title=\"2000–01 QSPHL season\">2000–01</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Saint-Georges_Cool_FM_103.5\" title=\"Saint-Georges Cool FM 103.5\">St. Georges-de-Beauce Garaga</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Ligue_Nord-Am%C3%A9ricaine_de_Hockey\" title=\"Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey\">QSPHL</a>\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_SM-liiga_season\" title=\"2000–01 SM-liiga season\">2000–01</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Tappara\" title=\"Tappara\">Tappara Tampere</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Liiga\" title=\"Liiga\">SM-liiga</a>\n</td>\n<td> 44\n</td>\n<td> 9\n</td>\n<td> 15\n</td>\n<td> 24\n</td>\n<td> 111\n</td>\n<td> 5\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 27\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_QSPHL_season\" title=\"2001–02 QSPHL season\">2001–02</a>\n</td>\n<td> St. Georges-de-Beauce Garaga\n</td>\n<td> QSPHL\n</td>\n<td> 43\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td>\n<td> 12\n</td>\n<td> 20\n</td>\n<td> 55\n</td>\n<td> 11\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 14\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_QSPHL_season\" title=\"2002–03 QSPHL season\">2002–03</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Rivi%C3%A8re-du-Loup_Promutuel\" title=\"Rivière-du-Loup Promutuel\">Rivière-du-Loup Promutuel</a>\n</td>\n<td> QSPHL\n</td>\n<td> 14\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 7\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td>\n<td> 2\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\"> \n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_QSPHL_season\" title=\"2003–04 QSPHL season\">2003–04</a>\n</td>\n<td> Rivière-du-Loup Promutuel\n</td>\n<td> QSPHL\n</td>\n<td> 49\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 17\n</td>\n<td> 21\n</td>\n<td> 87\n</td>\n<td> 10\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> 14\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_LNAH_season\" title=\"2004–05 LNAH season\">2004–05</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Pont_Rouge_Lois_Jeans\" title=\"Pont Rouge Lois Jeans\">Quebec RadioX</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Ligue_Nord-Am%C3%A9ricaine_de_Hockey\" title=\"Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey\">LNAH</a>\n</td>\n<td> 42\n</td>\n<td> 6\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td>\n<td> 14\n</td>\n<td> 64\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\"> \n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_LNAH_season\" title=\"2005–06 LNAH season\">2005–06</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res_Draveurs_%28LNAH%29\" title=\"Trois-Rivières Draveurs (LNAH)\">Trois-Rivieres Caron and Guay</a>\n</td>\n<td> LNAH\n</td>\n<td> 3\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 1\n</td>\n<td> 4\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#f0f0f0\">\n<td> 2005–06\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res_Draveurs_%28LNAH%29\" title=\"Trois-Rivières Draveurs (LNAH)\">Pont Rouge Grand Portneuf</a>\n</td>\n<td> LNAH\n</td>\n<td> 31\n</td>\n<td> 5\n</td>\n<td> 13\n</td>\n<td> 18\n</td>\n<td> 42\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\"> \n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_LNAH_season\" title=\"2006–07 LNAH season\">2006–07</a>\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Jonqui%C3%A8re_Marquis\" title=\"Jonquière Marquis\">Saguenay 98.3-FM</a>\n</td>\n<td> LNAH\n</td>\n<td> 29\n</td>\n<td> 0\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td>\n<td> 8\n</td>\n<td> 46\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td>\n<td> —\n</td></tr><tr align=\"center\" bgcolor=\"#e0e0e0\">\n<th colspan=\"3\"> NHL totals\n</th>\n<th> 119\n</th>\n<th> 2\n</th>\n<th> 18\n</th>\n<th> 20\n</th>\n<th> 124\n</th>\n<th> 11\n</th>\n<th> 0\n</th>\n<th> 2\n</th>\n<th> 2\n</th>\n<th> 26\n</th></tr></table>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li>{{icehockeystats}}\n</li></ul><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Cote, Alain}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1967_births\" title=\"1967 births\">Category:1967 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Atlanta_Knights_players\" title=\"Atlanta Knights players\">Category:Atlanta Knights players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Baltimore_Skipjacks_players\" title=\"Baltimore Skipjacks players\">Category:Baltimore Skipjacks players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Boston_Bruins_draft_picks\" title=\"Boston Bruins draft picks\">Category:Boston Bruins draft picks</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Boston_Bruins_players\" title=\"Boston Bruins players\">Category:Boston Bruins players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Canadian_expatriate_ice_hockey_players_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States\">Category:Canadian expatriate ice hockey players in the United States</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Canadian_ice_hockey_defencemen\" title=\"Canadian ice hockey defencemen\">Category:Canadian ice hockey defencemen</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Cornwall_Aces_players\" title=\"Cornwall Aces players\">Category:Cornwall Aces players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fredericton_Canadiens_players\" title=\"Fredericton Canadiens players\">Category:Fredericton Canadiens players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Granby_Bisons_players\" title=\"Granby Bisons players\">Category:Granby Bisons players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:HDD_Olimpija_Ljubljana_players\" title=\"HDD Olimpija Ljubljana players\">Category:HDD Olimpija Ljubljana players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ice_hockey_people_from_Chaudi%C3%A8re-Appalaches\" title=\"Ice hockey people from Chaudière-Appalaches\">Category:Ice hockey people from Chaudière-Appalaches</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Maine_Mariners_%28AHL%29_players\" title=\"Maine Mariners (AHL) players\">Category:Maine Mariners (AHL) players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Moncton_Golden_Flames_players\" title=\"Moncton Golden Flames players\">Category:Moncton Golden Flames players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Montreal_Canadiens_players\" title=\"Montreal Canadiens players\">Category:Montreal Canadiens players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:N%C3%BCrnberg_Ice_Tigers_players\" title=\"Nürnberg Ice Tigers players\">Category:Nürnberg Ice Tigers players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Oakland_Skates_players\" title=\"Oakland Skates players\">Category:Oakland Skates players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_from_Montmagny%2C_Quebec\" title=\"People from Montmagny, Quebec\">Category:People from Montmagny, Quebec</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Quebec_Nordiques_players\" title=\"Quebec Nordiques players\">Category:Quebec Nordiques players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Quebec_RadioX_players\" title=\"Quebec RadioX players\">Category:Quebec RadioX players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Quebec_Rafales_players\" title=\"Quebec Rafales players\">Category:Quebec Rafales players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Quebec_Remparts_players\" title=\"Quebec Remparts players\">Category:Quebec Remparts players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:San_Francisco_Spiders_players\" title=\"San Francisco Spiders players\">Category:San Francisco Spiders players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Tampa_Bay_Lightning_players\" title=\"Tampa Bay Lightning players\">Category:Tampa Bay Lightning players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Tappara_players\" title=\"Tappara players\">Category:Tappara players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Washington_Capitals_players\" title=\"Washington Capitals players\">Category:Washington Capitals players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Canadian_inline_hockey_players\" title=\"Canadian inline hockey players\">Category:Canadian inline hockey players</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 28568042 ], "name": [ "User-duck" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Worldwide TV studies", "Television scholars", "See also", "Museums", "Journals", "References", "Further reading" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description| Academic discipline focused on television}}\n<b>Television studies</b> is an <a href=\"/wiki/Academic_discipline\" title=\"Academic discipline\">academic discipline</a> that deals with critical approaches to <a href=\"/wiki/Television\" title=\"Television\">television</a>. Usually, it is distinguished from <a href=\"/wiki/Mass_communication\" title=\"Mass communication\">mass communication</a> research, which tends to approach the topic from a <a href=\"/wiki/Social_sciences\" title=\"Social sciences\">social sciences</a> perspective. Defining the field is problematic; some institutions and syllabuses do not distinguish it from <a href=\"/wiki/Media_studies\" title=\"Media studies\">media studies</a> or classify it as a subfield of <a href=\"/wiki/Popular_culture_studies\" title=\"Popular culture studies\">popular culture studies</a>.\n</p><p>One form of television studies is roughly equivalent to the longer-standing discipline of <a href=\"/wiki/Film_studies\" title=\"Film studies\">film studies</a> in that it is often concerned with <a href=\"/wiki/Textual_analysis\" title=\"Textual analysis\">textual analysis</a> yet other approaches center more on the <a href=\"/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television\" title=\"Social aspects of television\">social functions of television</a>.<ref>Brunsdon, Charlotte (2004). Television Studies. In Horace Newcomb (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Television[second edition]. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2299–304.</ref> For example, analyses of <a href=\"/wiki/Quality_television\" title=\"Quality television\">quality television</a>, such as <i><a href=\"/wiki/Cathy_Come_Home\" title=\"Cathy Come Home\">Cathy Come Home</a></i> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Twin_Peaks\" title=\"Twin Peaks\">Twin Peaks</a></i>, have attracted the interests of researchers for their <a href=\"/wiki/Art_film\" title=\"Art film\">cinematic</a> qualities. However, television studies can also incorporate the study of television viewing and how <a href=\"/wiki/Audience\" title=\"Audience\">audiences</a> make meaning from texts, which is commonly known as <a href=\"/wiki/Audience_theory\" title=\"Audience theory\">audience theory</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Reception_theory\" title=\"Reception theory\">reception theory</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Charlotte_Brunsdon\" title=\"Charlotte Brunsdon\">Charlotte Brunsdon</a> argues that television studies is an \"aspirationally disciplinary name given to the academic study of television.\" Since it is a relatively new discipline, Brunsdon notes that \"...many of the key television scholars are employed in departments of <a href=\"/wiki/Sociology\" title=\"Sociology\">sociology</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Politics\" title=\"Politics\">politics</a>, communication arts, speech, theatre, media and film studies.\" She argues that television studies developed during the 1970s and 1980s \"...from three major bodies of commentary on television: <a href=\"/wiki/Journalism\" title=\"Journalism\">journalism</a>, literary/dramatic criticism and the social sciences.\" Critical methods for television have been \"...extrapolated from traditional literary and dramatic criticism.\"<ref name=\"Television Studies\"><a href=\"http://www.museum.tv/archives/etv/T/htmlT/televisionst/televisionst.htm\">Television Studies</a></ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Horace_Newcomb\" title=\"Horace Newcomb\">Horace Newcomb</a> argues that television studies scholars often need to justify their academic focus: \"[T]he mere suggestion that television needs analysis itself requires supportive argument.\"<ref>Horace Newcomb, “The Development of Television Studies,” in A Companion to Television, ed. Janet Wasko (Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing), p. 16.</ref>\n</p><p>As a result, television studies is marked by a great deal of \"disciplinary <a href=\"/wiki/Hybridity\" title=\"Hybridity\">hybridity</a>.\" Perhaps because television scholars are approaching the subject from so many different disciplinary and theoretical perspectives, there are many debates about how television should be understood and conceptualized from a political and methodological point of view. Another impact of the disciplinary hybridity is the diversity in the types of studies carried out. Early television studies included histories of television, biographies of <a href=\"/wiki/Television_producer\" title=\"Television producer\">television producers</a>, archival research by historians, and sociological studies of the role the television set played in 1950s homes.\n</p><p>In television studies, television and other <a href=\"/wiki/Mass_media\" title=\"Mass media\">mass media</a> forms are \"...conceptualised within frameworks\" such as \"...ownership; national and international <a href=\"/wiki/Regulation\" title=\"Regulation\">regulation</a> of media production and distribution; professional ideologies; public opinion; [and] media audiences.\" As the field of television studies was being developed, it was influenced by the medium's longstanding issue of invoking \"distrust, fear and contempt\", as a purported cause of social ills. As well, television scholars had to prove that television was different from other \"mass media\", often by pointing to how television differed from radio and cinema.\n</p><p>In the 1970s and 1980s, television studies developed three strands of commentary: \n<ul><li> A journalistic approach, which reviews recent <a href=\"/wiki/Television_program\" title=\"Television program\">television programs</a>\n</li><li> A literary and dramatic criticism approach, which examines the television screenwriter in the same way that literary and dramatic criticism examines novels and plays\n</li><li>A social science approach, which examines production and distribution, and the function of television in society.\n</li></ul></p><p>The social science stream examined the social function and effects of television and analyzed the role that television plays in the social order and the public sphere. Some television scholars applied <a href=\"/wiki/Marxist\" title=\"Marxist\">Marxist</a> frameworks or the \"critical sociology of the <a href=\"/wiki/Frankfurt_School\" title=\"Frankfurt School\">Frankfurt School</a>\". Since the 1970s, feminist television scholars have focused \"... on programmes for women and those which have key female protagonists\", such as Julie D'Acci's study of the police drama <i><a href=\"/wiki/Cagney_and_Lacey\" title=\"Cagney and Lacey\">Cagney and Lacey</a></i> and the \"...now substantial literature on <a href=\"/wiki/Soap_opera\" title=\"Soap opera\">soap opera</a>.\" Television studies in the 1990s includes \"work on the definition and interpretation of the television text and the new media ethnographies of viewing\" and histories of \"production studies\" - how television shows are developed, financed, and produced.<ref name=\"Television Studies\" />\n</p><p>While some predicted the end of television (or at least of the broadcast TV), some scholars claim that television \"has never been so healthy and triumphant as nowadays\".<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Buonanno |first1=Milly |title=Thematic Issue on The End of Television (Not Yet): Editor's Introduction |journal=Media and Communication |date=2016 |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=95 |doi=10.17645/mac.v4i3.661 |url=https://www.cogitatiopress.com/mediaandcommunication/article/view/661|doi-access=free }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Worldwide TV studies </h2>\n<p>Researchers have studied how the show <a href=\"/wiki/Big_Brother_Africa\" title=\"Big Brother Africa\">Big Brother Africa</a> (2003-2014) effects moral conduct of Undergraduate students at a local Nigerian University. \"The study concludes that BBA reality TV show has the propensity of sloping the moral views and sense of judgement and attitude of young people towards decency, sexuality, morality, dressing, language, respect to elders and indigenous cultures, and perception about women and violence against them.\"<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kenneth Adibe Nwafor and Ezike, Michael Onyekachi |date=2015 |title=VIEWERSHIP OF BIG BROTHER AFRICA REALITY TV SHOW AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE MORAL CONDUCT OF UNDERGRADUATE STU |journal=Global Journal of Arts Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=1-15}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Television scholars</h2>\n<p>Scholars who principally work in television studies include:\n</p><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ien_Ang\" title=\"Ien Ang\">Ien Ang</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Jeremy_G._Butler\" title=\"Jeremy G. Butler\">Jeremy G. Butler</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/John_Ellis_%28media_academic%29\" title=\"John Ellis (media academic)\">John Ellis</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Jane_Feuer\" title=\"Jane Feuer\">Jane Feuer</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/John_Fiske_%28media_studies%29\" title=\"John Fiske (media studies)\">John Fiske</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/John_Hartley_%28academic%29\" title=\"John Hartley (academic)\">John Hartley</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Henry_Jenkins\" title=\"Henry Jenkins\">Henry Jenkins</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Amanda_D._Lotz\" title=\"Amanda D. Lotz\">Amanda D. Lotz</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Toby_Miller\" title=\"Toby Miller\">Toby Miller</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Jason_Mittell\" title=\"Jason Mittell\">Jason Mittell</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Horace_Newcomb\" title=\"Horace Newcomb\">Horace Newcomb</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Neil_Postman\" title=\"Neil Postman\">Neil Postman</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Lynn_Spigel\" title=\"Lynn Spigel\">Lynn Spigel</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Raymond_Williams\" title=\"Raymond Williams\">Raymond Williams</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/B-television\" title=\"B-television\">B-television</a>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Four_Arguments_for_the_Elimination_of_Television\" title=\"Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television\">Four Arguments for the Elimination of Television</a></i>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Media_psychology\" title=\"Media psychology\">Media psychology</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Quality_television\" title=\"Quality television\">Quality television</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television\" title=\"Social aspects of television\">Social aspects of television</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Telephilia\" title=\"Telephilia\">Telephilia</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Television_production\" title=\"Television production\">Television production</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/The_A.V._Club\" title=\"The A.V. Club\">The A.V. Club</a>\n</li></ul><h3>Museums</h3>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/The_Paley_Center_for_Media\" title=\"The Paley Center for Media\">The Paley Center for Media</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_City\" title=\"New York City\">New York City</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Los_Angeles\" title=\"Los Angeles\">Los Angeles</a>\n</li></ul><h3>Journals</h3>\n<p>The following journals are either devoted to television studies or, at the least, frequently include TV-studies essays.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Cinema_and_Media_Studies\" title=\"Journal of Cinema and Media Studies\">Journal of Cinema and Media Studies</a></i> — published by the <a href=\"/wiki/Society_for_Cinema_and_Media_Studies\" title=\"Society for Cinema and Media Studies\">Society for Cinema and Media Studies</a>.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Critical_Studies_in_Television\" title=\"Critical Studies in Television\">Critical Studies in Television: Scholarly Studies in Small Screen Fictions</a></i> — a print journal and online research resource, published by Manchester University Press.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Flow_%28journal%29\" title=\"Flow (journal)\">Flow</a></i> — an online journal of television and media studies published biweekly by the Department of Radio-TV-Film at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin\" title=\"University of Texas at Austin\">University of Texas at Austin</a>.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Historical_Journal_of_Film%2C_Radio_and_Television\" title=\"Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television\">Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</a></i> — journal of The International Association for Media and History\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Film_and_Video\" title=\"Journal of Film and Video\">Journal of Film and Video</a></i> — published by the <a href=\"/wiki/University_Film_and_Video_Association\" title=\"University Film and Video Association\">University Film and Video Association</a>.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Jump_Cut_%28journal%29\" title=\"Jump Cut (journal)\">Jump Cut</a></i> — review of contemporary media.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Media_Industries_Journal\" title=\"Media Industries Journal\">Media Industries Journal</a></i> — peer reviewed and open-access. \n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/New_Review_of_Film_and_Television_Studies\" title=\"New Review of Film and Television Studies\">New Review of Film and Television Studies</a></i> — edited by Warren Buckland at Oxford Brookes University, UK\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Screen_journal\" title=\"Screen journal\">Screen</a></i> — film and TV journal, particularly influential during the 1970s and 1980s.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Velvet_Light_Trap\" title=\"The Velvet Light Trap\">The Velvet Light Trap</a></i> — long-running film and media journal.\n</li></ul></p>", "<h3>Museums</h3>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/The_Paley_Center_for_Media\" title=\"The Paley Center for Media\">The Paley Center for Media</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/New_York_City\" title=\"New York City\">New York City</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Los_Angeles\" title=\"Los Angeles\">Los Angeles</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Journals</h3>\n<p>The following journals are either devoted to television studies or, at the least, frequently include TV-studies essays.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Cinema_and_Media_Studies\" title=\"Journal of Cinema and Media Studies\">Journal of Cinema and Media Studies</a></i> — published by the <a href=\"/wiki/Society_for_Cinema_and_Media_Studies\" title=\"Society for Cinema and Media Studies\">Society for Cinema and Media Studies</a>.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Critical_Studies_in_Television\" title=\"Critical Studies in Television\">Critical Studies in Television: Scholarly Studies in Small Screen Fictions</a></i> — a print journal and online research resource, published by Manchester University Press.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Flow_%28journal%29\" title=\"Flow (journal)\">Flow</a></i> — an online journal of television and media studies published biweekly by the Department of Radio-TV-Film at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin\" title=\"University of Texas at Austin\">University of Texas at Austin</a>.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Historical_Journal_of_Film%2C_Radio_and_Television\" title=\"Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television\">Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</a></i> — journal of The International Association for Media and History\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Journal_of_Film_and_Video\" title=\"Journal of Film and Video\">Journal of Film and Video</a></i> — published by the <a href=\"/wiki/University_Film_and_Video_Association\" title=\"University Film and Video Association\">University Film and Video Association</a>.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Jump_Cut_%28journal%29\" title=\"Jump Cut (journal)\">Jump Cut</a></i> — review of contemporary media.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Media_Industries_Journal\" title=\"Media Industries Journal\">Media Industries Journal</a></i> — peer reviewed and open-access. \n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/New_Review_of_Film_and_Television_Studies\" title=\"New Review of Film and Television Studies\">New Review of Film and Television Studies</a></i> — edited by Warren Buckland at Oxford Brookes University, UK\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/Screen_journal\" title=\"Screen journal\">Screen</a></i> — film and TV journal, particularly influential during the 1970s and 1980s.\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Velvet_Light_Trap\" title=\"The Velvet Light Trap\">The Velvet Light Trap</a></i> — long-running film and media journal.\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2> Further reading </h2>\n<ul><li>Allen, Robert C. and Annette Hill, eds., <i>The Television Studies Reader</i> (New York: Routledge, 2004)\n</li><li>Bignell, Jonathan. <i>An Introduction to Television Studies</i> (New York: Routledge, 2004)\n</li><li>Boddy, William. <i>Fifties Television: The Industry And Its Critics.</i> Urbana: The University of Illinois Press, 1990.\n</li><li>Brandt, George. British Television Drama. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.\n</li><li>Casey, Bernadette; <a href=\"/wiki/Neil_Casey\" title=\"Neil Casey\">Neil Casey</a>, Ben Calvert, Liam French, Justin Lewis, <i>Television Studies: The Key Concepts</i> (New York: Routledge, 2002)\n</li><li>Corner, John. <i>Critical Ideas in Television Studies</i> (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999)\n</li><li>Ellis, John. <i>Visible Fictions</i> London: Routledge, 1982, 1992\n</li><li>Ellis, John. <i>Seeing Things</i> London: IBTauris, 1987\n</li><li>Feuer, Jane, Paul Kerr, and Tise Vahimagi. <i>MTM: \"<a href=\"/wiki/Quality_Television\" title=\"Quality Television\">Quality Television</a>.\"</i> London: British Film Institute, 1984.\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/John_Fiske_%28media_studies%29\" title=\"John Fiske (media studies)\">Fiske, John</a>. <i>Television Culture</i>. London: Methuen, 1987.\n</li><li>Fiske, John and John Hartley. <i>Reading Television</i>. London: Methuen, 1978.\n</li><li>Geraghty, Christine and David Lusted, eds., <i>The Television Studies Book</i> (New York: Arnold, 1998)\n</li><li>Goldie, Grace Wyndham.<i> Facing The Nation: Television And Politics, 1936-1976.</i> London: The Bodley Head, 1978.\n</li><li>Hall, Stuart. <i>Early Writings On Television.</i> London: Routledge, 1997.\n</li><li>Halloran, James. <i>The Effects Of Television.</i> London: Panther, 1970.\n</li><li>Kaplan, E. Ann. <i>Regarding Television.</i> Los Angeles: American Film Institute, 1983.\n</li><li>Lembo, Ron. <i>Thinking through Television.</i> New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Amanda_D._Lotz\" title=\"Amanda D. Lotz\">Lotz, Amanda D.</a> (2007) <i>The Television Will Be Revolutionized</i>. New York, NY: New York University Press.\n</li><li>Miller, Toby ed., <i>Television Studies</i> (London: BFI, 2002).\n</li><li>Morley, David. <i>Television, Audiences And Cultural Power.</i> London: Routledge, 1992.\n</li><li>Newcomb, Horace. <i>TV: The Most Popular Art.</i> New York: Doubleday, 1974.\n</li><li>Newcomb, Horace, and Paul Hirsch. \"Television as a Cultural Forum: Implications for Research.\" In Newcomb, Horace, editor. <i>Television: The Critical View.</i> New York: Oxford, 1994.\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Helena_Sheehan\" title=\"Helena Sheehan\">Sheehan, Helena</a>. <i>Irish Television Drama: A Society and Its Stories</i>. Dublin: RTE, 1987\n</li><li>Sheehan, Helena. <i>The Continuing Story of Irish Television Drama: Tracking the Tiger. Dublin:</i> Four Courts Press, 2004.\n</li><li>Silverstone, Roger. <i>Television and Everyday Life</i> London: Routledge, 1994.\n</li><li>Sartori, Giovanni. <i>Homo Videns: Televisione e Post-Pensiero</i>, Laterza, 2000.\n</li><li>Smith-Shomade, Beretta E. <i>Shaded Lives: African-American Women and Television</i> (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, 2002)\n</li><li>Smith-Shomade, Beretta E. <i>Pimpin' Ain't Easy: Selling Black Entertainment Television</i> (New York: Routledge, 2007)\n</li><li>Smith-Shomade, Beretta E<i>.</i> ed. <i>Watching While Black: Centering the Television of Black Audiences</i> (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, 2013)\n</li><li>Smith-Shomade, Beretta E. ed. <i>Watching While Black Rebooted! The Television and Digitality of Black Audiences</i> (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers, 2023)\n</li><li>Williams, Raymond. <i>Television, Technology And Cultural Form.</i> London: Fontana, 1974.\n</li><li>Starman, Ray. \"The Sitcom Class Wars:20th Century\". Troy NY. The Troy Bookmakers Press. 2014.\n</li></ul><p>{{Media studies}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Television_studies\" title=\"Television studies\"> </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:History_of_television\" title=\"History of television\">Category:History of television</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Track listing", "Personnel", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Infobox album\n| name = The Cape Verdean Blues\n| type = Studio\n| artist = [[Horace Silver|The Horace Silver Quintet]] Plus [[J.J. Johnson]]\n| cover = Cape Verdean Blues.jpg\n| alt =\n| released = Early January 1966<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=7SgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Verdean+Blues+horace&pg=PA52 ''Billboard'' Jan 15, 1966]</ref>\n| recorded = October 1 & 22, 1965\n| venue =\n| studio = [[Van Gelder Studio]], [[Englewood Cliffs]], NJ\n| genre = [[Jazz]]\n| length = 43:43\n| label = [[Blue Note Records|Blue Note]]<br><small>BST 84220</small>\n| producer = [[Alfred Lion]]\n| chronology = Horace Silver\n| prev_title = [[Song for My Father (album)|Song for My Father]]\n| prev_year = 1964\n| next_title = [[The Jody Grind]]\n| next_year = 1966\n}}\n{{Album reviews\n|rev1 = ''[[The Penguin Guide to Jazz]]''\n|rev1score = {{Rating|3.5|4}}<ref name=\"Penguin\">{{cite book|last1=Cook|first1=Richard|author-link1=Richard Cook (journalist)|last2=Morton|first2=Brian|author-link2=Brian Morton (Scottish writer)|year=2008|title=The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings|edition=9th|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Penguin]]|page=1299|isbn=978-0-141-03401-0}}</ref>\n| rev2 = ''[[The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide]]''\n| rev2Score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name=RSJRG>{{Cite book\n |editor-last=Swenson\n |editor-first=J.\n | year = 1985\n | title = The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide\n |url=https://archive.org/details/rollingstonejazz00swen\n |url-access=registration\n | publisher = Random House/Rolling Stone\n | location = USA\n | isbn = 0-394-72643-X\n | pages = [https://archive.org/details/rollingstonejazz00swen/page/181 181]\n}}</ref>\n}}\n</p><p><i><b>The Cape Verdean Blues</b></i> is a 1966 album by a <a href=\"/wiki/Jazz\" title=\"Jazz\">jazz</a> quintet led by pianist <a href=\"/wiki/Horace_Silver\" title=\"Horace Silver\">Horace Silver</a>. The quintet is augmented on the last three tracks on the album by trombonist <a href=\"/wiki/J._J._Johnson\" title=\"J. J. Johnson\">J. J. Johnson</a>. The album was inspired by Silver's father, John Tavares Silva, who was born in <a href=\"/wiki/Cape_Verde\" title=\"Cape Verde\">Cape Verde</a>.<ref><a href=\"http://www.discogs.com/Horace-Silver-QuintetPlus-JJ-Johnson-The-Cape-Verdean-Blues/release/2040055\">At Discogs</a></ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Track listing</h2>\n<p>All tracks by Horace Silver, unless otherwise noted\n</p><ol><li>\"The Cape Verdean Blues\" - 4:59\n</li><li>\"The African Queen\" - 9:36\n</li><li>\"Pretty Eyes\" - 7:30\n</li><li>\"Nutville\" - 7:15\n</li><li>\"Bonita\" - 8:37\n</li><li>\"Mo' Joe\" (Joe Henderson) - 5:46\n</li></ol><p><i>Recorded on October 1 (#1-3) and 22 (#4-6), 1965.</i>\n</p>", "<h2>Personnel</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Horace_Silver\" title=\"Horace Silver\">Horace Silver</a> – piano\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Woody_Shaw\" title=\"Woody Shaw\">Woody Shaw</a> – trumpet\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Joe_Henderson\" title=\"Joe Henderson\">Joe Henderson</a> – tenor sax\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/J._J._Johnson\" title=\"J. J. Johnson\">J. J. Johnson</a> – trombone (tracks 4–6)\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Cranshaw\" title=\"Bob Cranshaw\">Bob Cranshaw</a> – bass\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Roger_Humphries\" title=\"Roger Humphries\">Roger Humphries</a> – drums\n</li></ul><p>Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=Horace Silver Catalog |url=https://www.jazzdisco.org/horace-silver/catalog/#blue-note-blp-4220 |website=jazzdisco |access-date=March 29, 2020}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<p>{{Horace Silver}}{{J. J. Johnson}}{{Woody Shaw}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Cape Verdean Blues, The}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1966_albums\" title=\"1966 albums\">Category:1966 albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Blue_Note_Records_albums\" title=\"Blue Note Records albums\">Category:Blue Note Records albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Alfred_Lion\" title=\"Albums produced by Alfred Lion\">Category:Albums produced by Alfred Lion</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Horace_Silver_albums\" title=\"Horace Silver albums\">Category:Horace Silver albums</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 35936988 ], "name": [ "JJMC89 bot III" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Storylines", "Characterisation", "Development", "Reception", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|Fictional character from Coronation Street}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}\n{{Use British English|date=June 2019}}\n<ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>{{Infobox soap character\n|series= Coronation Street\n|image=Sean Tully.jpg\n|imagesize=200\n|name=Sean Tully\n|portrayer= [[Antony Cotton]]\n|introducer= Jane Macnaught (2003) <br/> Kieran Roberts (2004)\n|first= Episode 5542 <br> {{Start date|2003|07|13|df=y}}\n|years= 2003–present\n|classification=[[List of Coronation Street characters#Present characters|Present; regular]]\n|spinoffs = ''[[East Street (Children in Need)|East Street]]'' (2010)\n|occupation = {{plainlist|\n*Machinist\n*Barman \n*Receptionist\n*Make-up salesperson\n}}\n|father = Paul Jones\n|stepfather = [[Brian Tully]]\n|mother = [[Maureen Tully]]\n|halfsisters = Angela Tully\n|sons = [[Dylan Wilson]]\n}}\n</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></p><p><b>Sean Tully</b> is a fictional character from the <a href=\"/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Television in the United Kingdom\">British</a> soap opera <i><a href=\"/wiki/Coronation_Street\" title=\"Coronation Street\">Coronation Street</a></i>, played by <a href=\"/wiki/Antony_Cotton\" title=\"Antony Cotton\">Antony Cotton</a>. He made his first appearance during the episode broadcast on 13 July 2003. Following that appearance, the character returned full-time on 12 April 2004.\n</p>", "<h2>Storylines</h2>\n<p>Sean is introduced as a gay colleague of <a href=\"/wiki/Martin_Platt\" title=\"Martin Platt\">Martin Platt</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Sean_Wilson_%28actor%29\" title=\"Sean Wilson (actor)\">Sean Wilson</a>) and <a href=\"/wiki/Karl_Foster\" title=\"Karl Foster\">Karl Foster</a> (Chris Finch). Some months after his first appearance, Sean comes to Coronation Street, desperately looking for somewhere to live. Karl's ex-boyfriend <a href=\"/wiki/Todd_Grimshaw\" title=\"Todd Grimshaw\">Todd Grimshaw</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Bruno_Langley\" title=\"Bruno Langley\">Bruno Langley</a>) recognises Sean and takes him for a drink at The Rovers. When Todd's mother <a href=\"/wiki/Eileen_Grimshaw\" title=\"Eileen Grimshaw\">Eileen Grimshaw</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Sue_Cleaver\" title=\"Sue Cleaver\">Sue Cleaver</a>) meets Sean, she likes him and offers him a place to stay. Her other son, <a href=\"/wiki/Jason_Grimshaw\" title=\"Jason Grimshaw\">Jason Grimshaw</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Ryan_Thomas\" title=\"Ryan Thomas\">Ryan Thomas</a>), is not pleased, but later warms to the idea. Sean gets a job at Underworld, where he makes friends with <a href=\"/wiki/Fiz_Brown\" title=\"Fiz Brown\">Fiz Brown</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Jennie_McAlpine\" title=\"Jennie McAlpine\">Jennie McAlpine</a>) and <a href=\"/wiki/Kelly_Crabtree\" title=\"Kelly Crabtree\">Kelly Crabtree</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Tupele_Dorgu\" title=\"Tupele Dorgu\">Tupele Dorgu</a>).\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Violet_Wilson\" title=\"Violet Wilson\">Violet Wilson</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Jenny_Platt\" title=\"Jenny Platt\">Jenny Platt</a>), Sean's close friend, moves to the street and begins dating <a href=\"/wiki/Jamie_Baldwin\" title=\"Jamie Baldwin\">Jamie Baldwin</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Rupert_Hill\" title=\"Rupert Hill\">Rupert Hill</a>), who Sean also becomes close to. When Jamie seems to be losing interest in Violet she fears he is secretly gay, she asks Sean to spend time with him to see if he can find out, unaware that Sean has fallen for Jamie himself. However, Sean is shocked to discover that Jamie is actually in love with his stepmother, <a href=\"/wiki/Frankie_Baldwin\" title=\"Frankie Baldwin\">Frankie Baldwin</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Debra_Stephenson\" title=\"Debra Stephenson\">Debra Stephenson</a>). Sean supports both Violet and Jamie when Violet ends their relationship.\n</p><p>When Violet suffers an ectopic pregnancy, she is told her chances of conceiving have been reduced. Violet then becomes desperate to have a baby, and suggests she and Sean should consider having a child together. Sean agrees, and, despite her fertility issues, Violet becomes pregnant via self-administered artificial insemination (after the two try and fail to have sex).\n</p><p>Sean accompanies Violet to her 12-week scan, where he becomes attracted to the <a href=\"/wiki/Sonographer\" title=\"Sonographer\">sonographer</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Marcus_Dent\" title=\"Marcus Dent\">Marcus Dent</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Charlie_Condou\" title=\"Charlie Condou\">Charlie Condou</a>). Violet matchmakes between the two and they begin dating, although they hit a rough patch when Sean tricks Marcus into telling him Violet is expecting a baby boy, when she had wanted the gender to be a surprise.\n</p><p>When Violet gets back together with Jamie, she begins to find Sean's presence during the pregnancy stifling, especially after Sean lends the couple money for a flat deposit and begins coming and going as he pleases. When Violet realises she is in labour at the <a href=\"/wiki/Rovers_Return_Inn\" title=\"Rovers Return Inn\">Rovers'</a>, it is Sean, not Jamie, at her side, as Jamie is in <a href=\"/wiki/London\" title=\"London\">London</a>.\n</p><p>Sean is delighted to be the first person that his son saw, and bonds with Dylan while Violet is in hospital, upsetting both her and Jamie. Sean suggests calling him \"Dylan Wilson-Tully\", and asks Violet to put his name on the birth certificate. Violet ignores both suggestions, naming her son \"Dylan James Wilson\" and putting Jamie's name on the birth certificate. Fed up with Sean being a third wheel, Jamie and Violet move to London with Dylan, devastating Sean when Violet throws her mobile away so that he cannot contact her.\n</p><p>Sean becomes close friends with <a href=\"/wiki/Tom_Kerrigan_%28Coronation_Street%29\" title=\"Tom Kerrigan (Coronation Street)\">Tom Kerrigan</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Philip_McGinley\" title=\"Philip McGinley\">Philip McGinley</a>), a business partner of his boss, <a href=\"/wiki/Carla_Connor\" title=\"Carla Connor\">Carla Connor</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Alison_King\" title=\"Alison King\">Alison King</a>) and begins to develop feelings for him. When Sean tries to kiss Tom, he tells him that he is straight, and actually interested in Sean's friend Kelly. \n</p><p>Realising things are awkward between Sean and Tom, Marcus questions Sean, who lies and says Tom made a pass at him rather than the other way around. Marcus angrily punches Tom, but is furious to then discover Sean was the one in the wrong. With Sean having already been jealous of Marcus's friendships with other gay men, Marcus realises there is no trust left in their relationship, and departs for London.\n</p><p>After joining a gym with Jason, Sean becomes attracted to fellow member <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_minor_Coronation_Street_characters_%282009%29%23Leon\" title=\"List of minor Coronation Street characters (2009)#Leon\">Leon</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Langtree\" title=\"Andrew Langtree\">Andrew Langtree</a>). When Leon mistakenly thinks Jason is Sean's ex-boyfriend, Sean does not correct him, and is pleased that Leon seems happy to hear he is single. However, Sean is left disappointed when it turns out that Leon is actually interested in Jason and \"doesn't fancy camp men\".\n</p><p>Sean decides that he wants to track down Violet and Dylan, as his son would now be two years old. Sean finds Violet via a <a href=\"/wiki/Social_networking\" title=\"Social networking\">social networking</a> site, and sets up a page using <a href=\"/wiki/Liz_McDonald\" title=\"Liz McDonald\">Liz McDonald</a>'s (<a href=\"/wiki/Beverley_Callard\" title=\"Beverley Callard\">Beverley Callard</a>) identity. However, the scheme backfires when Liz finds out what Sean has done, and she fires him from the Rovers. She later softens towards Sean and reinstates him. Liz also has a word with Violet on Sean's behalf. Violet agrees to Sean visiting Dylan in London; however, on one of his visits, Sean is surprised to see Marcus at Violet's house, unaware that they were still in touch. The two realise they still have feelings for one another and reunite.\n</p><p>When Violet and Jamie split, Sean begins looking after Dylan more often, and Dylan lives with the pair for several weeks after Violet has a car accident. Marcus enjoys being part of Dylan's life, and suggest they adopt a child of their own, but Sean does not feel the need to have another child. The issue eventually drives the pair apart, with Sean later horrified to discover Marcus has begun a relationship with his close friend <a href=\"/wiki/Maria_Connor\" title=\"Maria Connor\">Maria Connor</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Samia_Ghadie\" title=\"Samia Ghadie\">Samia Ghadie</a>), despite him having shown no interest in women before. Sean accuses Marcus of only dating Maria to become a father to her son, Liam, and the two fall out.\n</p><p>When Todd returns to <a href=\"/wiki/Manchester\" title=\"Manchester\">Manchester</a> after several years in London, Sean wonders if there is a chance for romance between them. However, Todd is only interested in getting Sean to spend money on him, turning his romantic attention towards Marcus instead. Sean is shocked when he catches Marcus cheating on Maria with Todd, and encourages him to be honest with both Maria and himself.\n</p><p>Depressed at being alone, Sean goes on a night out to <a href=\"/wiki/Canal_Street_%28Manchester%29\" title=\"Canal Street (Manchester)\">Manchester's gay village</a> with his colleague <a href=\"/wiki/Sinead_Tinker\" title=\"Sinead Tinker\">Sinead Tinker</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Katie_McGlynn\" title=\"Katie McGlynn\">Katie McGlynn</a>), and meets <a href=\"/wiki/Billy_Mayhew\" title=\"Billy Mayhew\">Billy Mayhew</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Daniel_Brocklebank\" title=\"Daniel Brocklebank\">Daniel Brocklebank</a>). The two exchange phone numbers, and meet again, but Sean is shocked when <a href=\"/wiki/Emily_Bishop\" title=\"Emily Bishop\">Emily Bishop</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Eileen_Derbyshire\" title=\"Eileen Derbyshire\">Eileen Derbyshire</a>) introduces Billy as the new local vicar a few days later.\n</p><p>Although Sean struggles with Billy's job, the two begin dating, and Sean even tries to become involved with the church. However, when Emily seems distant from Billy, and unwilling to involve herself with his new ideas for the church, Sean accuses her of homophobia. Emily is upset, and denies this, telling Sean that she simply prefers more traditional church activities. Billy is angry with Sean and makes him apologise, telling Sean that he has to put his parishioners first, and that being gay in the church involves some discretion. The pair briefly split, but Emily matchmakes to bring them back together.\n</p><p>Sean later accompanies the Underworld staff to an awards ceremony, but events take a nasty turn when a group of racers cause the minibus driver, <a href=\"/wiki/Steve_McDonald_%28Coronation_Street%29\" title=\"Steve McDonald (Coronation Street)\">Steve McDonald</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Simon_Gregson\" title=\"Simon Gregson\">Simon Gregson</a>), to swerve and crash the vehicle, which is now narrowly balancing on the edge of a quarry. Sean is one of the first people to awaken from unconsciousness and he, Steve and <a href=\"/wiki/Julie_Carp\" title=\"Julie Carp\">Julie Carp</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Katy_Cavanagh\" title=\"Katy Cavanagh\">Katy Cavanagh</a>) escape the wreckage. Steve flees as he comes to terms with the events, while Julie re-enters the vehicle to retrieve the trapped passengers. \n</p><p>Sean looks after the staff once they are out, but he soon suffers a <a href=\"/wiki/Panic_attack\" title=\"Panic attack\">panic attack</a> as the reality of the minibus crash dawns on him. Once everybody is out, Sean is the first person to realise that Carla is still trapped in the front seat of the minibus. <a href=\"/wiki/Tracy_Barlow\" title=\"Tracy Barlow\">Tracy Barlow</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Kate_Ford\" title=\"Kate Ford\">Kate Ford</a>) risks her life to save Carla, and nearly falls to her own death when the wreckage begins to slide off the edge of the quarry, but she leaps out just in time. At the hospital, Sean is met by Billy, who reveals how proud he is of him.\n</p>", "<h2>Characterisation</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Antony_Cotton_3.jpg\" title=\"Antony Cotton 3.jpg\">thumb|150px|right|Antony Cotton (<i>pictured</i>) has revealed that playing Sean is easy because he just acts like himself.</a>\nAntony Cotton said that playing Sean is easy because he just has to act like himself.<ref name=\"Easy Sean\">{{cite web|last=Kilkelly|first=Daniel|title=Corrie star reveals secret of success|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a17464/corrie-star-reveals-secret-of-success.html|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|access-date=28 February 2012|date=5 December 2004}}</ref> Speaking to <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Sunday_People\" title=\"The Sunday People\">The People</a></i>, Cotton said that Sean looks and he sounds like him.<ref name=\"Easy Sean\" /> Cotton later admitted that not all of the reviews about him are positive.<ref name=\"Easy Sean\" /> Some of the gay press have accused Cotton of making Sean a stereotype. Of this he said, \"You've got people like <a href=\"/wiki/Blanche_Hunt\" title=\"Blanche Hunt\">Blanche Hunt</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Emily_Bishop\" title=\"Emily Bishop\">Emily Bishop</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Norris_Cole_%28Coronation_Street%29\" title=\"Norris Cole (Coronation Street)\">Norris Cole</a> and there were the classic characters like <a href=\"/wiki/Bet_Lynch\" title=\"Bet Lynch\">Bet Lynch</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Annie_Walker_%28Coronation_Street%29\" title=\"Annie Walker (Coronation Street)\">Annie Walker</a>. They're all more camp than Sean&nbsp;— I'm <a href=\"/wiki/Grant_Mitchell_%28EastEnders%29\" title=\"Grant Mitchell (EastEnders)\">Grant Mitchell</a> compared to them.\"<ref name=\"Easy Sean\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Development</h2>\n<p>In an interview with <i><a href=\"/wiki/Digital_Spy\" title=\"Digital Spy\">Digital Spy</a></i>, Cotton was asked why Sean has always been so unlucky in love. He answered: \"When I first came into the show, a lot of the old-school writers that are no longer here had never written a gay character. At that time, <a href=\"/wiki/Raquel_Watts\" title=\"Raquel Watts\">Raquel</a> had just gone so they basically wrote Sean as Raquel. <a href=\"/wiki/Hilda_Ogden\" title=\"Hilda Ogden\">Hilda</a> and Raquel are my favourite ever Corrie characters and one of the reasons that I've always loved Raquel is that she was unlucky in love. Even when she was in the gutter battered and bruised, she was always looking up at the stars thinking that the next one was around the corner. I thought that was an interesting way to play Sean, so he's always unlucky in love because Raquel was, is the short answer! That's just the way it worked out&nbsp;— but I like playing that.\"<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/scoop/a612229/coronation-streets-antony-cotton-new-sean-romance-could-be-special.html#~p5MGB2wQ5t5a4L | title=Corrie star teases Sean's new romance| website=[[Digital Spy]]| date=2014-11-25}}</ref>\n</p><p>In January 2011, it was confirmed that <a href=\"/wiki/Charlie_Condou\" title=\"Charlie Condou\">Charlie Condou</a>, who played Sean's ex-boyfriend <a href=\"/wiki/Marcus_Dent\" title=\"Marcus Dent\">Marcus Dent</a> between 2007 and 2008, would return to the serial. A <i>Coronation Street</i> spokesperson teased the upcoming reunion: \"There are eventful times ahead for Sean as his old flame Marcus Dent returns to the cobbles. Marcus arrives back in Weatherfield and the relationship between him and Sean is rekindled.\"<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a296602/corrie-confirms-sean-marcus-reunion.html#~p5MDbrtgwFcVjP | title=Corrie confirms Sean, Marcus reunion| website=[[Digital Spy]]| date=2011-01-07}}</ref>\n</p><p>In September 2014, it was revealed that Sean would begin a relationship with a <a href=\"/wiki/Vicar\" title=\"Vicar\">vicar</a> named Billy portrayed by Daniel Brocklebank. Producer <a href=\"/wiki/Coronation_Street\" title=\"Coronation Street\">Stuart Blackburn</a> said: \"It's about time Sean had a romance, he's been unlucky in love for a long time. Billy is a great guy who is sincere about his feelings for Sean, but his first love is and always will be God and the Church. We will be exploring this very modern relationship in the coming months and are delighted to have Daniel on board to play Billy.\" Cotton added: \"I am thrilled that Sean is to find love again especially with this unique and exciting storyline. I'm sure it'll have its ups and downs, but that's what makes <i>Coronation Street</i> great. Hopefully it will be tender, funny and honest. Heaven!\"<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a598896/coronation-street-sean-tully-to-find-love-with-vicar-in-new-storyline.html#~p5MGMQoLVDsbFS | title=Corrie: Sean to find love with a vicar| website=[[Digital Spy]]| date=2014-09-24}}</ref> In January 2015, Cotton revealed in an interview that he was surprised by the positive response to Sean's relationship with Billy storyline.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/s3/coronation-street/news/a621530/coronation-streets-antony-cotton-sean-billy-reaction-is-surprising.html#~p5MJBZeegfyBgH | title=Corrie's Cotton surprised by plot response| website=[[Digital Spy]]| date=2015-01-16}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Reception</h2>\n<p>Cotton has won a number of awards since the character's first appearance, including a prestigious <a href=\"/wiki/National_Television_Award\" title=\"National Television Award\">National Television Award</a>. In 2006, he won an award for Funniest Character at the <a href=\"/wiki/Inside_Soap_Awards\" title=\"Inside Soap Awards\">Inside Soap Awards</a>,<ref>{{cite web|title=Brad cleans up at soap awards|url=http://www.metro.co.uk/showbiz/20202-brad-cleans-up-at-soap-awards|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]|publisher=([[Associated Newspapers]])|date=September 2006|access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref> along with Best Actor at the <a href=\"/wiki/The_British_Soap_Awards\" title=\"The British Soap Awards\">British Soap Awards</a> in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|last=Green|first=Kris|title=The British Soap Awards 2007: The Winners|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a58280/the-british-soap-awards-2007-the-winners.html|work=[[Digital Spy]]|publisher=[[Hachette Filipacchi UK]]|access-date=28 February 2012|date=27 May 2007}}</ref> He also won \"Best Actor\" at the <a href=\"/wiki/Inside_Soap_Awards%232007\" title=\"Inside Soap Awards#2007\">2007 <i>Inside Soap</i> Awards</a>.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Green |first1=Kris |title=Inside Soap Awards 2007: The Nominations |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/a64083/inside-soap-awards-2007-the-nominations/ |website=[[Digital Spy]] |publisher=[[Hearst Communications]] |access-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709034740/https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/a64083/inside-soap-awards-2007-the-nominations/ |archive-date=9 July 2024 |date=3 July 2007}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 2010, Dan Martin from <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Guardian\" title=\"The Guardian\">The Guardian</a></i> put Sean on his \"fantasy hit-list\" of characters to be <a href=\"/wiki/Killing_off\" title=\"Killing off\">killed-off</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Coronation_Street_Live_%282010_episode%29\" title=\"Coronation Street Live (2010 episode)\">50th anniversary special</a> for \"setting the gay cause back 10 years\", and that he believed that it would create \"better drama\" if the soap's scriptwriters used the accident to kill-off \"major characters we're supposed to care about\".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Martin |first1=Dan |title=Coronation's Street birthday disaster: who should go, who should survive? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2010/jul/08/coronation-street-birthday-disaster |website=[[The Guardian]] |publisher=[[Guardian Media Group]] |access-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903184138/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/tvandradioblog/2010/jul/08/coronation-street-birthday-disaster |archive-date=3 September 2024 |date=8 July 2010}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https://www.itv.com/coronationstreet/sean\">Sean Tully</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Itv.com\" title=\"Itv.com\">itv.com</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Coronation Street characters|present}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Tully, Sean}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Coronation_Street_characters\" title=\"Coronation Street characters\">Category:Coronation Street characters</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fictional_bartenders\" title=\"Fictional bartenders\">Category:Fictional bartenders</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fictional_factory_workers\" title=\"Fictional factory workers\">Category:Fictional factory workers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fictional_gay_men\" title=\"Fictional gay men\">Category:Fictional gay men</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fictional_machinists\" title=\"Fictional machinists\">Category:Fictional machinists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fictional_receptionists\" title=\"Fictional receptionists\">Category:Fictional receptionists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fictional_homeless_people\" title=\"Fictional homeless people\">Category:Fictional homeless people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Television_characters_introduced_in_2003\" title=\"Television characters introduced in 2003\">Category:Television characters introduced in 2003</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fictional_LGBTQ_characters_in_television\" title=\"Fictional LGBTQ characters in television\">Category:Fictional LGBTQ characters in television</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_male_characters_in_television\" title=\"English male characters in television\">Category:English male characters in television</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_and_homelessness\" title=\"LGBTQ and homelessness\">Category:LGBTQ and homelessness</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 7098284 ], "name": [ "Tassedethe" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Reception", "Legacy", "Track listing", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}\n{{Infobox album\n| name = Downside Up\n| type = [[Box set]]\n| artist = [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]]\n| cover = Siouxsie Downside Up.jpg\n| alt =\n| released = 29 November 2004\n| recorded = 1978–1994\n| venue =\n| studio =\n| genre = {{hlist|[[Post-punk]]|[[alternative rock]]}}\n| length =\n| label = [[Universal Records|Universal]]\n| producer = Various\n| chronology = [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]]<br /> compilations\n| prev_title = [[The Best of Siouxsie and the Banshees]]\n| prev_year = 2002\n| next_title =\n| next_year =\n}}\n{{Music ratings\n| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]\n| rev1score = {{rating|3.5|5}}<ref name=\"True\">{{cite web |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/downside-up-mw0000478934 |title=''Downside Up'' – Siouxsie and the Banshees review |last=True |first=Chris |website=[[AllMusic]] |accessdate=21 February 2015}}</ref>\n| rev2 = ''[[Record Collector]]''\n| rev2score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref name=Collector>{{citation |title=Siouxsie and the Banshees – ''Downside Up'' review |last=Chalmers |first=Murray |date=January 2005 |work=[[Record Collector]] }}</ref>\n| rev3 = ''[[Rock Sound]]''\n| rev3score = very favourable<ref name=Sound>{{citation |title=Siouxsie and the Banshees – ''Downside Up'' review |last=Gardner |first=Neil |date=January 2005 |work=[[Rock Sound]] }}</ref>\n| rev4 = [[Stylus Magazine|Stylus]]\n| rev4score = A<ref name=stylus>{{cite web |url=http://stylusmagazine.com/reviews/siouxsie-the-banshees/downside-up.htm |title=Siouxsie & the Banshees – ''Downside Up'' |last=Parrish |first=Peter |date=12 January 2005 |website=[[Stylus Magazine|Stylus]] |accessdate=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509165927/http://stylusmagazine.com/reviews/siouxsie-the-banshees/downside-up.htm |archivedate=9 May 2012 }}</ref>\n| rev5 = ''[[The Times]]''\n| rev5score = very favourable<ref name=times />\n| rev6 = ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]''\n| rev6score = very favourable<ref name=Uncut>{{citation |title=Siouxsie and the Banshees – ''Downside Up'' review |last=Piers |first=Martin |date=January 2005 |work=[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]] }}</ref>\n}}\n</p><p><i><b>Downside Up</b></i> is a four-disc <a href=\"/wiki/Box_set\" title=\"Box set\">box set</a> collecting <a href=\"/wiki/B-side\" title=\"B-side\">B-sides</a> and bonus material from the catalogue of <a href=\"/wiki/Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees\" title=\"Siouxsie and the Banshees\">Siouxsie and the Banshees</a>. Also included (on disc four) is <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Thorn_%28EP%29\" title=\"The Thorn (EP)\">The Thorn</a></i> <a href=\"/wiki/Extended_play\" title=\"Extended play\">EP</a>, originally released in 1984. Most of these songs (only present on these <a href=\"/wiki/Compact_disc\" title=\"Compact disc\">CDs</a>) were classics of the band's live repertoire like \"Pulled to Bits\", \"Eve White/Eve Black\", \"Red Over White\", \"I Promise\", \"Something Blue\", \"El Día de los Muertos\" and \"B Side Ourselves\". The box set was also released on <a href=\"/wiki/ITunes\" title=\"ITunes\">iTunes</a>.\n</p>", "<h2> Reception </h2>\n<p><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Times\" title=\"The Times\">The Times</a></i> wrote in its review of <i>Downside Up</i>: \"Standouts include the spiky 'Drop Dead/Celebration', the sinister 'Eve White/Eve Black' and the chopped up <a href=\"/wiki/Industrial_music\" title=\"Industrial music\">industrial</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Funk\" title=\"Funk\">funk</a> of '<a href=\"/wiki/Tattoo_%28Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Tattoo (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)\">Tattoo</a>'\". The reviewer rated the band as one of \"the most audacious and uncompromising musical adventurers of the <a href=\"/wiki/Post-punk\" title=\"Post-punk\">post-punk</a> era\".<ref name=\"times\">Williamson, Nigel. <a href=\"http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/music/albumreviews/article2420133.ece\">\"Siouxsie &amp; the Banshees\" <i>Downside Up</i> review (subscription required</a>. <i>The Times</i>. 27 November 2004.</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Stylus_Magazine\" title=\"Stylus Magazine\"><i>Stylus</i></a> rated it A saying: \"It’s a wonderfully <a href=\"/wiki/Eclecticism_in_music\" title=\"Eclecticism in music\">eclectic</a> mixture of fingers-down-a-blackboard <a href=\"/wiki/Avant-punk\" title=\"Avant-punk\">avant-punk</a> ('Voices (on the Air)', 'Eve White/Eve Black'), <a href=\"/wiki/The_Creatures\" title=\"The Creatures\">Creatures</a>-esque <a href=\"/wiki/Tribal\" title=\"Tribal\">tribal</a> drum-worship ('Sunless'), majestic beauty ('Something Blue', 'Shooting Sun', 'Return'), amusing <a href=\"/wiki/Experimental_music\" title=\"Experimental music\">experimentation</a> ('Slap Dash Snap', '(There's a) Planet in My Kitchen'), <a href=\"/wiki/Linguistic\" title=\"Linguistic\">linguistic</a> fun ('<a href=\"/wiki/Mittageisen\" title=\"Mittageisen\">Mittageisen</a>', '<a href=\"/wiki/Il_est_n%C3%A9%2C_le_divin_Enfant\" title=\"Il est né, le divin Enfant\">Il est né, le divin Enfant</a>', 'El Día de los Muertos') and, yes, playfully 'dark' tunes ('Something Wicked (This Way Comes)', 'Are You Still Dying, Darling?').\"<ref name=\"stylus\" /> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Record_Collector\" title=\"Record Collector\">Record Collector</a></i> praised the box set for its \"remarkable diversity, spontaneity and playfulness\", saying that there are \"No throwaway tracks\". Murray Chalmers commented: \"'Drop Dead/Celebration' is still a wonderful explosion of bile aimed at their absconded guitarist and drummer, while 'Slap Dash Snap' is prototype <a href=\"/wiki/Techno\" title=\"Techno\">techno</a>.\" He underlined the diversity of the material: \"on more reflective tracks like 'Sea of Light' and 'Let Go' you feel that here is a group who could go anywhere\". He stated that \"By CD2 they are firing on all cylinders, a pop group thrillingly ahead of the pack, CD3 is immaculate\", and considered the four tracks from <i>The Thorn</i> that end the box set as an \"orchestrated EP of ferocious intensity\".<ref name=\"Collector\" /> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Rock_Sound\" title=\"Rock Sound\">Rock Sound</a></i> said: \"Whilst most bands regard the B-side as an irrelevancy, a dumping ground for throwaway tracks not deemed good enough for proper release, Siouxsie and the Banshees always treated it with respect, an excuse to have fun and experiment.\" Neil Gardner praised \"the sensual menace of 'Tattoo'\".<ref name=\"Sound\" /> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Uncut_%28magazine%29\" title=\"Uncut (magazine)\">Uncut</a></i> recognized <i>Downside Up</i> as \"an exhaustive and fascinating collection from an astonishing group\".<ref name=\"Uncut\" />\n</p><p><i><a href=\"/wiki/NME\" title=\"NME\">NME</a></i> retrospectively wrote in 2009 : \"<a href=\"/wiki/Manna\" title=\"Manna\">Manna</a> from heaven for all Siouxsie and the Banshees obsessives, <i>Downside Up</i> is a four-CD box set of the band's B-sides and bonus material, including the spellbinding 'Tattoo' and 'Eve White/Eve Black'.\"<ref>Barker, Emily. <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20161123144000/http://www.nme.com/photos/30-killer-b-side-and-rarities-albums-you-might-ve-missed-1408113\">\"30 Killer B-Side And Rarities Albums You Might've Missed\"</a>. <i>NME</i>. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2015</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Legacy </h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Tricky_%28musician%29\" title=\"Tricky (musician)\">Tricky</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Cover_version\" title=\"Cover version\">covered</a> \"Tattoo\" as the opening number of his second solo album <i><a href=\"/wiki/Nearly_God\" title=\"Nearly God\">Nearly God</a></i> (1996).<ref><a href=\"http://www.moon-palace.de/tricky/cover.html\">\"Cover Me\"</a> Moonpalace.de. Tricky covered \"Tattoo\" for the opening track of his second album \"Nearly God\" in 1996</ref> The original version of \"Tattoo\", sounds like a pre-<a href=\"/wiki/Trip_hop\" title=\"Trip hop\">trip hop</a> manifesto with a part of the genre's codes; a sweaty atmosphere, whispered voices, humming basses and sounds of fluffy drums.<ref>{{cite web |author=Patrick Eudeline |url=http://www.rocknfolk.com/site/ancien-numero.php?produit=2090 |title=Siouxsie Sioux |work=rocknfolk.com |accessdate=6 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010073356/http://www.rocknfolk.com/site/ancien-numero.php?produit=2090 |archive-date=10 October 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. [{{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p132766|pure_url=yes}} Tricky Biography] Allmusic.com. Tricky \"Influenced By\" Siouxsie &amp; the Banshees</ref> In 1997, <a href=\"/wiki/Massive_Attack\" title=\"Massive Attack\">Massive Attack</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Sampling_%28music%29\" title=\"Sampling (music)\">sampled</a> \"Mittageisen\" on \"Superpredators\" for the <a href=\"/wiki/The_Jackal_%28soundtrack%29\" title=\"The Jackal (soundtrack)\">soundtrack</a> of <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Jackal_%281997_film%29\" title=\"The Jackal (1997 film)\">The Jackal</a></i>.<ref><a href=\"http://www.inflightdata.com/superpredators.html\">\"Massive Attack Discography. Tune Info Superpredators\"</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713030438/http://www.inflightdata.com/superpredators.html |date=13 July 2011 }}. Inflightdata.com. Massive Attack sampled \"Metal Postcard\" in 1997 for their track \"Superpredators\" on the movie soundtrack \"The jackal\".</ref> Acts from other genres also selected some of these B-sides. <a href=\"/wiki/Morrissey\" title=\"Morrissey\">Morrissey</a> had \"Eve White/Eve Black\" played during intermission on his 1997's Maladjusted Tour.<ref><a href=\"http://passionsjustlikemine.com/influence-music.htm\">\"Under the influence-music\"</a> Passionsjustlikemine.com.</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Shirley_Manson\" title=\"Shirley Manson\">Shirley Manson</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Garbage_%28band%29\" title=\"Garbage (band)\">Garbage</a> stated that \"Drop Dead/Celebration\" was one of her favorite tracks.<ref>Paytress, Mark. Foreword by Shirley Manson, <a href=\"https://www.amazon.com/dp/1860743757\"><i>The Siouxsie &amp; The Banshees The Authorized Biography</i>. Sanctuary 2003.</a></ref><ref>Dunn, Jancee. \"Work in Progress\". <i>Rolling Stone</i>. October 1996. She rebelled against school, and she says, \"I more or less had to leave.\" Manson had an anger that she still can't explain. \"I played the 45 of Siouxsie and the Banshees' 'Drop Dead Celebration' constantly,\" she says of the B-side of \"Happy House.\"</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Jenny_Lee_Lindberg\" title=\"Jenny Lee Lindberg\">Jenny Lee Lindberg</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Warpaint_%28band%29\" title=\"Warpaint (band)\">Warpaint</a> mentioned her liking for \"Umbrella\", a song recorded in 1985.<ref>Kerr, David. <a href=\"http://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/opinion/under-the-influence-warpaints-jenny-lee-lindberg\">\"Under the Influence: Warpaint's Jenny Lee Lindberg\"</a>. Theskinny.co.uk. 16 March 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2015</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Track listing</h2>\n<p>All songs by Siouxsie and the Banshees except*\n</p><dl><dt>Disc one (1978–1982) \n</dt></dl><ol><li> \"Voices (on the Air)\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Hong_Kong_Garden_%28song%29\" title=\"Hong Kong Garden (song)\">Hong Kong Garden</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/20th_Century_Boy\" title=\"20th Century Boy\">20th Century Boy</a>\"* <small>(<a href=\"/wiki/T._Rex_%28band%29\" title=\"T. Rex (band)\">T. Rex</a> cover) (Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/The_Staircase_%28Mystery%29\" title=\"The Staircase (Mystery)\">The Staircase (Mystery)</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Pulled to Bits\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Playground_Twist\" title=\"Playground Twist\">Playground Twist</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Mittageisen\" title=\"Mittageisen\">Mittageisen</a> (Metal Postcard)\" <small>(Originally the A-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Mittageisen\" title=\"Mittageisen\">Mittageisen</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Drop Dead/Celebration\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Happy_House\" title=\"Happy House\">Happy House</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Eve White/Eve Black\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Christine_%28Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Christine (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)\">Christine</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Red Over White\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Israel_%28Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Israel (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)\">Israel</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Follow the Sun\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Spellbound_%28Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Spellbound (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)\">Spellbound</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Slap Dash Snap\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Spellbound\")</small>\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Supernatural_%28Ben_E._King_album%29\" title=\"Supernatural (Ben E. King album)\">Supernatural Thing</a>\"* <small>(<a href=\"/wiki/Ben_E._King\" title=\"Ben E. King\">Ben E. King</a> cover) (Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Arabian_Knights_%28song%29\" title=\"Arabian Knights (song)\">Arabian Knights</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Congo Conga\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Arabian Knights\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Coal Mind\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Fireworks_%28Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Fireworks (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)\">Fireworks</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"We Fall\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Fireworks\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Cannibal Roses\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Slowdive_%28song%29\" title=\"Slowdive (song)\">Slowdive</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Obsession II\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Slowdive\")</small>\n</li><li> \"A Sleeping Rain\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Melt%21_%28Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Melt! (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)\">Melt!</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Il_est_n%C3%A9%2C_le_divin_Enfant\" title=\"Il est né, le divin Enfant\">Il est né, le divin Enfant</a>\"* <small>(traditional <a href=\"/wiki/Early_modern_France%23France_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries\" title=\"Early modern France#France in the 17th and 18th centuries\">18th century French</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Christmas_carol\" title=\"Christmas carol\">carol</a>) (Originally the b-side of \"Melt!\")</small>\n</li></ol><dl><dt>Disc two (1983–1987)\n</dt></dl><ol><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Tattoo_%28Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Tattoo (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)\">Tattoo</a>\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Dear_Prudence_%28Siouxsie_%26_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Dear Prudence (Siouxsie & the Banshees song)\">Dear Prudence</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"(There's A) Planet in My Kitchen\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Dear Prudence\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Let Go\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Swimming_Horses\" title=\"Swimming Horses\">Swimming Horses</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"The Humming Wires\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Swimming Horses\")</small>\n</li><li> \"I Promise\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Dazzle_%28song%29\" title=\"Dazzle (song)\">Dazzle</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Throw Them to the Lions\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Dazzle\")</small>\n</li><li> \"An Execution\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Cities_in_Dust\" title=\"Cities in Dust\">Cities in Dust</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"The Quarterdrawing of the Dog\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of\"Cities in Dust\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Lullaby\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Candyman_%28Siouxsie_%26_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Candyman (Siouxsie & the Banshees song)\">Candyman</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Umbrella\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Candyman\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Shooting Sun\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/This_Wheel%27s_on_Fire\" title=\"This Wheel's on Fire\">This Wheel's on Fire</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Sleepwalking (On the High Wire)\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"This Wheel's on Fire\")</small>\n</li><li> \"She Cracked\"* <small>(<a href=\"/wiki/The_Modern_Lovers\" title=\"The Modern Lovers\">The Modern Lovers</a> cover) (Originally the extra b-side of \"This Wheel's on Fire\" 1987 double-pack 7-inch)</small>\n</li><li> \"She's Cuckoo\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/The_Passenger_%28song%29\" title=\"The Passenger (song)\">The Passenger</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Something Blue\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"The Passenger\")</small>\n</li><li> \"The Whole Price of Blood\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Song_from_the_Edge_of_the_World\" title=\"Song from the Edge of the World\">Song from the Edge of the World</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Mechanical Eyes\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Song from the Edge of the World\")</small>\n</li></ol><dl><dt>Disc three (1988–1995)\n</dt></dl><ol><li> \"False Face\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Peek-a-Boo_%28Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Peek-a-Boo (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)\">Peek-a-Boo</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Catwalk\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Peek-a-Boo\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Something Wicked (This Way Comes)\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/The_Killing_Jar_%28song%29\" title=\"The Killing Jar (song)\">The Killing Jar</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Are You Still Dying, Darling?\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"The Killing Jar\")</small>\n</li><li> \"El Día de los Muertos\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/The_Last_Beat_of_My_Heart\" title=\"The Last Beat of My Heart\">The Last Beat of My Heart</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Sunless\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"The Last Beat of My Heart\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Staring Back\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Kiss_Them_for_Me_%28song%29\" title=\"Kiss Them for Me (song)\">Kiss Them for Me</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Return\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"Kiss Them for Me\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Spiral Twist\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Shadowtime\" title=\"Shadowtime\">Shadowtime</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Sea of Light\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Shadowtime\")</small>\n</li><li> \"I Could Be Again\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Face_to_Face_%28Siouxsie_%26_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Face to Face (Siouxsie & the Banshees song)\">Face to Face</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Hothead\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Face to Face\")</small>\n</li><li> \"B Side Ourselves\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/O_Baby\" title=\"O Baby\">O Baby</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Swimming_Horses\" title=\"Swimming Horses\">Swimming Horses</a>\" <small>(<a href=\"/wiki/KROQ_Almost_Acoustic_Christmas\" title=\"KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas\">KROQ Acoustic Christmas</a>, 1991) (Originally the extra b-side of \"O Baby\")</small>\n</li><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/All_Tomorrow%27s_Parties\" title=\"All Tomorrow's Parties\">All Tomorrow's Parties</a>\"* <small>(<a href=\"/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground\" title=\"The Velvet Underground\">Velvet Underground</a> cover) (KROQ Acoustic Christmas, 1991) (Originally the extra b-side of \"O Baby\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Hang Me High\" <small>(Originally the b-side of \"<a href=\"/wiki/Stargazer_%28Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_song%29\" title=\"Stargazer (Siouxsie and the Banshees song)\">Stargazer</a>\")</small>\n</li><li> \"Black Sun\" <small>(Originally the extra b-side of \"Stargazer\")</small>\n</li></ol><dl><dt>Disc Four <i>The Thorn</i> EP (1984)\n</dt></dl><ol><li> \"<a href=\"/wiki/Overground_%28song%29\" title=\"Overground (song)\">Overground</a>\" <small>(Originally from <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Thorn_%28EP%29\" title=\"The Thorn (EP)\">The Thorn</a></i>)</small>\n</li><li> \"Voices (on the Air)\" <small>(Originally from <i>The Thorn</i>)</small>\n</li><li> \"Placebo Effect\" <small>(Originally from <i>The Thorn</i>)</small>\n</li><li> \"Red Over White\" <small>(Originally from <i>The Thorn</i>)</small>\n</li></ol><p>Three songs were slightly re-edited for the purpose of the box set. \"False Face\" has a longer introduction with the first singing line repeated. The first seconds of \"Hang Me High\" were edited out and \"Black Sun\" has a remodeled end.\n</p>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist|2}}\n</p><p>{{Siouxsie and the Banshees}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:B-side_compilation_albums\" title=\"B-side compilation albums\">Category:B-side compilation albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2004_compilation_albums\" title=\"2004 compilation albums\">Category:2004 compilation albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Siouxsie_and_the_Banshees_compilation_albums\" title=\"Siouxsie and the Banshees compilation albums\">Category:Siouxsie and the Banshees compilation albums</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "160.217.120.169" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Books", "Poetry", "Novel", "Criticism", "Translations", "Art books", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|Irish poet and critic (born 1968)}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}\n{{Multiple issues|\n{{BLP sources|date=January 2014}}\n{{No footnotes|BLP=yes|date=January 2014}}\n}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Justin_Quinn_%282019%29.jpg\" title=\"Justin Quinn (2019).jpg\">thumb|Justin Quinn in 2019</a>\n<b>Justin Quinn</b> (born 1968 in <a href=\"/wiki/Dublin\" title=\"Dublin\">Dublin</a>) is an <a href=\"/wiki/Irish_poetry\" title=\"Irish poetry\">Irish poet</a> and critic. He received a doctorate from <a href=\"/wiki/Trinity_College%2C_Dublin\" title=\"Trinity College, Dublin\">Trinity College, Dublin</a>, where his contemporaries included poets <a href=\"/wiki/David_Wheatley_%28poet%29\" title=\"David Wheatley (poet)\">David Wheatley</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Caitriona_O%27Reilly\" title=\"Caitriona O'Reilly\">Caitriona O'Reilly</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Sin%C3%A9ad_Morrissey\" title=\"Sinéad Morrissey\">Sinéad Morrissey</a>, and now lives with his wife and sons in <a href=\"/wiki/Prague\" title=\"Prague\">Prague</a>. He is a lecturer at <a href=\"/wiki/Charles_University\" title=\"Charles University\">Charles University</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_West_Bohemia\" title=\"University of West Bohemia\">University of West Bohemia</a>.\n</p><p>He has published seven poetry collections: <i>The 'O'o'a'a' Bird</i> (1995), <i>Privacy</i> (1999), <i>Fuselage</i> (2002), <i>Waves &amp; Trees</i> (2006), <i>The Months</i> (2009), <i>Close Quarters</i> (2011) and <i>Early House</i> (2015). <i>The 'O'o'a'a' Bird</i> was nominated for the <a href=\"/wiki/Forward_Poetry_Prize\" title=\"Forward Poetry Prize\">Forward Poetry Prize</a> for Best First Collection.\n</p><p>With David Wheatley, he was a founding editor of the influential journal <i>Metre</i>, which stressed internationalism and contributed to a burgeoning interest in formalism in Irish poetry. He has published three critical studies, <i>Gathered Beneath the Storm: Wallace Stevens, Nature and Community</i>, <i>American Errancy: Empire, Sublimity and Modern Poetry</i> and <i>Between Two Fires: Transnationalism and Cold War Poetry</i>. He has also translated extensively from Czech, in particular the work of Petr Borkovec and Bohuslav Reynek, and has written non-fiction prose on life in the Czech Republic for the<i> Dublin Review</i>.\n</p><p>Quinn's work shows the influence of American writers such as, principally, <a href=\"/wiki/Wallace_Stevens\" title=\"Wallace Stevens\">Wallace Stevens</a>, but also <a href=\"/wiki/Anthony_Hecht\" title=\"Anthony Hecht\">Anthony Hecht</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/James_Merrill\" title=\"James Merrill\">James Merrill</a>, as well as Irish writers such as <a href=\"/wiki/W._B._Yeats\" title=\"W. B. Yeats\">W. B. Yeats</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Paul_Muldoon\" title=\"Paul Muldoon\">Paul Muldoon</a>. It is characterised by a sensual lushness informed by an awareness of the violence of history, as inflected by the author's experiences of living in the Czech Republic. In its mix of formalist sophistication and openness to experiment, Quinn's work confounds perceptions of Irish poetry as rigidly dichotomised between formal conservatism and 1930s-derived innovation, a distinctiveness confirmed by the editorial decision to award him the single largest share of the 2004 Bloodaxe anthology <i>The New Irish Poets</i>.\n</p><p>He has recently translated the work of Czech poet <a href=\"/wiki/Ivan_Blatn%C3%BD\" title=\"Ivan Blatný\">Ivan Blatný</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Books</h2>\n<h3>Poetry</h3>\n<ul><li><i>The 'O'o'a'a' Bird</i> (Carcanet, 1995)\n</li><li><i>Privacy</i> (Carcanet, 1999)\n</li><li><i>Fuselage</i> (Gallery Press, 2002)\n</li><li><i>Waves and Trees</i> (Gallery Press, 2006)\n</li><li><i>The Months</i> (2009)\n</li><li><i>Close Quarters</i> (Gallery Press, 2011)\n</li><li><i>Early House</i> (Gallery Press, 2015)\n</li><li><i>Shallow Seas</i> (Gallery Press, 2020)\n</li></ul><h3>Novel</h3>\n<ul><li><i>Mount Merrion</i> (Penguin Ireland, 2013)\n</li></ul><h3>Criticism</h3>\n<ul><li><i>Gathered Beneath the Storm: Wallace Stevens, Nature and Community</i> (UCD Press, 2002)\n</li><li><i>American Errancy: Empire, Sublimity and Modern Poetry</i> (UCD Press, 2005)\n</li><li><i>The Cambridge Introduction to Modern Irish Poetry, 1800-2000</i> (Cambridge UP, 2008)\n</li><li><i>Between Two Fires: Transnationalism and Cold War Poetry</i> (Oxford, 2015).\n</li></ul><h3>Translations</h3>\n<ul><li><i>The Drug of Art: Selected Poems of Ivan Blatný</i> (trs Justin Quinn <i>et al.</i>, Ugly Duckling Presse, 2007) \n</li><li><i> Petr Borkovec: From the Interior, Poems 1995-2005</i> (Seren, 2008)\n</li><li><i>Bohuslav Reynek: The Well at Morning: Selected Poems 1925-1971</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2018)\n</li><li><i>Jan Zábrana: The Lesser Histories</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2023)\n</li></ul><h3>Art books</h3>\n<ul><li><i>Jiří Mědílek, Obrazy</i> (Prague: Opus, 2008)\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Poetry</h3>\n<ul><li><i>The 'O'o'a'a' Bird</i> (Carcanet, 1995)\n</li><li><i>Privacy</i> (Carcanet, 1999)\n</li><li><i>Fuselage</i> (Gallery Press, 2002)\n</li><li><i>Waves and Trees</i> (Gallery Press, 2006)\n</li><li><i>The Months</i> (2009)\n</li><li><i>Close Quarters</i> (Gallery Press, 2011)\n</li><li><i>Early House</i> (Gallery Press, 2015)\n</li><li><i>Shallow Seas</i> (Gallery Press, 2020)\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Novel</h3>\n<ul><li><i>Mount Merrion</i> (Penguin Ireland, 2013)\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Criticism</h3>\n<ul><li><i>Gathered Beneath the Storm: Wallace Stevens, Nature and Community</i> (UCD Press, 2002)\n</li><li><i>American Errancy: Empire, Sublimity and Modern Poetry</i> (UCD Press, 2005)\n</li><li><i>The Cambridge Introduction to Modern Irish Poetry, 1800-2000</i> (Cambridge UP, 2008)\n</li><li><i>Between Two Fires: Transnationalism and Cold War Poetry</i> (Oxford, 2015).\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Translations</h3>\n<ul><li><i>The Drug of Art: Selected Poems of Ivan Blatný</i> (trs Justin Quinn <i>et al.</i>, Ugly Duckling Presse, 2007) \n</li><li><i> Petr Borkovec: From the Interior, Poems 1995-2005</i> (Seren, 2008)\n</li><li><i>Bohuslav Reynek: The Well at Morning: Selected Poems 1925-1971</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2018)\n</li><li><i>Jan Zábrana: The Lesser Histories</i> (University of Chicago Press, 2023)\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Art books</h3>\n<ul><li><i>Jiří Mědílek, Obrazy</i> (Prague: Opus, 2008)\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n<ul><li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060303172923/http://cprw.com/quinn2.htm\">Short biography</a>\n</li></ul></p><p>{{Irish poetry}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Quinn, Justin}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1968_births\" title=\"1968 births\">Category:1968 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Irish_literary_critics\" title=\"Irish literary critics\">Category:Irish literary critics</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Irish_male_poets\" title=\"Irish male poets\">Category:Irish male poets</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Trinity_College_Dublin\" title=\"Alumni of Trinity College Dublin\">Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Charles_University\" title=\"Academic staff of Charles University\">Category:Academic staff of Charles University</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_West_Bohemia\" title=\"Academic staff of the University of West Bohemia\">Category:Academic staff of the University of West Bohemia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Writers_from_County_Dublin\" title=\"Writers from County Dublin\">Category:Writers from County Dublin</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_Irish_poets\" title=\"20th-century Irish poets\">Category:20th-century Irish poets</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_Irish_poets\" title=\"21st-century Irish poets\">Category:21st-century Irish poets</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 29259446 ], "name": [ "Pkbwcgs" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Facilities", "Services", "Accidents", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|Railway station in Cumbria, England}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}\n{{Use British English|date=June 2017}}\n{{Infobox station\n| name = Flimby\n| symbol_location = gb\n| symbol = rail\n| image = Flimby railway station, Cumbria (geograph 3565290).jpg\n| borough = [[Flimby]], [[Cumberland (unitary authority)|Cumberland]]\n| country = England\n| coordinates = {{coord|54.6900700|-3.5204804|format=dms|region:GB_type:railwaystation|display=inline,title}}\n| grid_name = [[Ordnance Survey National Grid|Grid reference]]\n| grid_position = {{gbmapscaled|NY020338|25|NY020338}}\n| owned = [[Network Rail]]\n| manager = [[Northern (train operating company)|Northern Trains]]\n| platforms = 2\n| tracks = 2\n| code = FLM\n| classification = [[United Kingdom railway station categories|DfT category]] F2\n| original = [[Whitehaven Junction Railway]]\n| pregroup = [[London and North Western Railway]]\n| postgroup = [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]<br>[[London Midland Region of British Railways|British Rail (London Midland Region)]]\n| years = 19 January 1846\n| events = Opened\n| mpassengers =\n{{Rail pass box |pass_year=2018/19 |passengers={{increase}} 9,474}}\n{{Rail pass box |pass_year=2019/20 |passengers={{increase}} 12,844}}\n{{Rail pass box |pass_year=2020/21 |passengers={{decrease}} 4,372}}\n{{Rail pass box |pass_year=2021/22 |passengers={{increase}} 10,502}}\n{{Rail pass box |pass_year=2022/23 |passengers={{increase}} 10,574}}\n| footnotes = Passenger statistics from the [[Office of Rail and Road]]\n| map_type = United Kingdom Allerdale#Cumbria\n| map_caption = Location in [[Allerdale]], [[Cumbria]]##Location in [[Cumbria]], England\n}}\n<b>Flimby railway station</b> serves the coastal village of <a href=\"/wiki/Flimby\" title=\"Flimby\">Flimby</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Cumbria\" title=\"Cumbria\">Cumbria</a>, England. It is on the <a href=\"/wiki/Cumbrian_Coast_line\" title=\"Cumbrian Coast line\">Cumbrian Coast Line</a>, which runs between {{rws|Carlisle}} and {{rws|Barrow-in-Furness}}. It is owned by <a href=\"/wiki/Network_Rail\" title=\"Network Rail\">Network Rail</a> and managed by <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Trains\" title=\"Northern Trains\">Northern Trains</a>.\n</p>", "<h2> History </h2>\n<p>Flimby railway station was opened by the Whitehaven Junction Railway in 1846 along with the rest of the stations on the line from Maryport to Whitehaven Bransty.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.railbrit.co.uk/Whitehaven_Junction_Railway/index.php|title = Whitehaven Junction Railway|access-date = 2014-05-19|website = RAILSCOT}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Facilities</h2>\n<p>The station is unstaffed and has no buildings other than a footbridge and waiting shelters. Tickets can be purchased from the ticket machine. The two platforms are of differing construction - the southbound is stone whereas the northbound one is wooden.<ref><a href=\"http://www.geog.port.ac.uk/webmap/thelakes/html/lgaz/lk03863.htm\">Flimby Station</a> <i>Old Cumbria Gazetteer</i>; Retrieved 2 December 2016</ref> Step-free access is only available for southbound passengers, as the footbridge does not have ramps.<ref><a href=\"http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/stations/FLM/details.html\">Flimby station facilities</a> <i>National Rail Enquiries</i></ref> Train running information is provided by telephone and timetable posters, with digital information screens due to be commissioned here in the winter of 2019.\n</p>", "<h2>Services</h2>\n<p>{{Northern (train operating company) route 6}}\nThere is generally an hourly service northbound to Carlisle and southbound to <a href=\"/wiki/Whitehaven_railway_station\" title=\"Whitehaven railway station\">Whitehaven</a> with most trains going onward to <a href=\"/wiki/Barrow-in-Furness_railway_station\" title=\"Barrow-in-Furness railway station\">Barrow-in-Furness</a> (no late evening service operates south of Whitehaven).<ref>GB eNRT December 2019 Edition, Table 100</ref> All of these trains only stop at Flimby on request.\n</p><p>Train operator Northern introduced a regular through service to Barrow via the coast at the May 2018 timetable change - the first such service south of Whitehaven since 1976. Services run approximately hourly from late morning until early evening, with later trains terminating at Whitehaven. This represents a major upgrade on the former infrequent service of four per day each way to/from Whitehaven only that previously operated.\n</p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href=\"/wiki/November_2009_Great_Britain_and_Ireland_floods\" title=\"November 2009 Great Britain and Ireland floods\">November 2009 Great Britain and Ireland floods</a> Flimby saw its passenger numbers soar because of the closure of road transport between the north and south of the town of <a href=\"/wiki/Workington\" title=\"Workington\">Workington</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.timesandstar.co.uk/prime_minister_gordon_brown_pledges_to_pay_for_temporary_bridge_1_640617|title=Prime Minister Gordon Brown pledges to pay for temporary bridge|date=25 November 2009|work=Times & Star|access-date=30 November 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929060258/http://www.timesandstar.co.uk/prime_minister_gordon_brown_pledges_to_pay_for_temporary_bridge_1_640617|archive-date=29 September 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additional peak-time services were added for 26–27 November, followed by a new hourly shuttle service northbound to <a href=\"/wiki/Maryport_railway_station\" title=\"Maryport railway station\">Maryport</a> and southbound to <a href=\"/wiki/Workington_railway_station\" title=\"Workington railway station\">Workington</a>. This shuttle train was timetabled to always stop at Flimby, briefly reversing its status as a request-only stop. This operated between 30 November 2009 and 28 May 2010. <a href=\"/wiki/Workington_North_railway_station\" title=\"Workington North railway station\">Workington North railway station</a>, a temporary station, opened south of Flimby on 30 November 2009, reducing the pressure on trains at Flimby. In addition, all services between Workington, Workington North, Flimby and Maryport were free of charge for this period.<ref>{{cite web|title=New hourly train to help reunite Cumbrian community|url=http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/detail.aspx?NewsAreaId=2&ReleaseID=409070&SubjectId=2|date=30 November 2009|publisher=Department for Transport|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224072117/http://nds.coi.gov.uk/content/detail.aspx?NewsAreaId=2&ReleaseID=409070&SubjectId=2|archive-date=24 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>\n</p><p>In January 2014, services through the station had to be suspended for several days following flood damage to a 200yd (180m) section of track south of the station caused by strong winds and <a href=\"/wiki/Tidal_surge\" title=\"Tidal surge\">tidal surges</a> (the railway runs very close to the seashore at this point). The line was closed for a week whilst repairs were carried out.<ref><a href=\"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-25612478\">\"Repairs to storm-damaged line to take a week\"</a> <i>BBC News</i> article 06-01-2014; Retrieved 2014-03-05</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Accidents </h2>\n<p>On 1 February 1858, near Flimby colliery which is around a mile north of Flimby railway station, a coal train from Maryport was struck by a scheduled mixed goods and passenger train. It was said that the sharp curve on the line prevented the drivers from seeing each other. The crew of the two trains jumped out and only the fireman of the passenger train was hurt. It was found that the two drivers were not to blame and it was miscommunication between the signalman near the colliery and the Maryport telegraph clerk that caused the clerk to tell the driver of the coal train to proceed. Whilst the clerk was away a third message came through, to which the son of the signalman at the colliery replied \"GD\" meaning \"good\", and so the signalman allowed the passenger train to proceed, thus causing the accident.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Railway Accidents|publisher = Board of Trade|location = Great Britain|year = 1858}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<p>{{portal|Cumbria}}\n<ul><li> {{commons-inline}}\n</li><li> {{stn art lnk|FLM|CA156NQ}}\n</li></ul></p><p>{{rail start}}\n{{rail line|previous={{rws|Maryport}}|next={{rws|Workington}}|route=[[Northern (train operating company)|Northern Trains]]<br>{{small|[[Cumbrian Coast Line]]}}|col={{Northern colour}} }}\n{{Historical Rail Insert}}\n{{rail line|route=[[Northern Rail]]<br>{{small|[[Cumbrian Coast Line]]}}|col={{Northern colour}}|previous={{rws|Maryport}}|next={{rws|Workington North}}}}\n{{rail line|route=[[London and North Western Railway]]<br>{{small|[[Whitehaven Junction Railway]]}}|col={{LNWR colour}}|previous={{rws|Maryport}}|next={{rws|Siddick Junction}}}}\n{{s-end}}\n</p><p>{{Cumbria railway stations}}\n{{Railway stations served by Northern Trains}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Flimby Railway Station}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Cumbria\" title=\"Railway stations in Cumbria\">Category:Railway stations in Cumbria</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:DfT_Category_F2_stations\" title=\"DfT Category F2 stations\">Category:DfT Category F2 stations</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Former_London_and_North_Western_Railway_stations\" title=\"Former London and North Western Railway stations\">Category:Former London and North Western Railway stations</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Great_Britain_opened_in_1846\" title=\"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1846\">Category:Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1846</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Northern_franchise_railway_stations\" title=\"Northern franchise railway stations\">Category:Northern franchise railway stations</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Railway_request_stops_in_Great_Britain\" title=\"Railway request stops in Great Britain\">Category:Railway request stops in Great Britain</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1846_establishments_in_England\" title=\"1846 establishments in England\">Category:1846 establishments in England</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Maryport\" title=\"Maryport\">Category:Maryport</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 27823944 ], "name": [ "GreenC bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Technology and use", "Issues for broadcasters", "Notable applications", "Compared", "Branded webtv service for end-users", "Commercial solutions for broadcasters", "Free P2P TV software for end users and amateur broadcasters", "Unclassified (yet)", "Discontinued services", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Video distribution method}}\n{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2010}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Image:P2ptv.PNG\" title=\"P2ptv.PNG\">thumb|right|P2PTV <a href=\"/wiki/Overlay_network\" title=\"Overlay network\">overlay network</a> serving three video streams.</a>\n<b>P2PTV</b> refers to <a href=\"/wiki/Peer-to-peer\" title=\"Peer-to-peer\">peer-to-peer</a> (P2P) <a href=\"/wiki/Software\" title=\"Software\">software</a> applications designed to redistribute video streams in real time on a P2P network; the distributed video streams are typically <a href=\"/wiki/TV\" title=\"TV\">TV</a> channels from all over the world but may also come from other sources. The draw to these applications is significant because they have the potential to make any TV channel globally available by any individual feeding the stream into the network where each peer joining to watch the video is a relay to other peer viewers, allowing a scalable distribution among a large audience with no incremental cost for the source.\n</p>", "<h2>Technology and use</h2>\n<p>In a P2PTV system, each user, while downloading a video stream, is simultaneously also uploading that stream to other users, thus contributing to the overall available <a href=\"/wiki/Bandwidth_%28computing%29\" title=\"Bandwidth (computing)\">bandwidth</a>. The arriving streams are typically a few minutes time-delayed compared to the original sources. The video quality of the channels usually depends on how many users are watching; the video quality is better if there are more users.\nThe architecture of many P2PTV networks can be thought of as real-time versions of <a href=\"/wiki/BitTorrent_%28protocol%29\" title=\"BitTorrent (protocol)\">BitTorrent</a>: if a user wishes to view a certain channel, the P2PTV software contacts a \"tracker server\" for that channel in order to obtain addresses of peers who distribute that channel; it then contacts these peers to receive the feed. The tracker records the user's address, so that it can be given to other users who wish to view the same channel. In effect, this creates an <a href=\"/wiki/Overlay_network\" title=\"Overlay network\">overlay network</a> on top of the regular internet for the distribution of real-time video content.\n</p><p>The need for a tracker can also be eliminated by the use of <a href=\"/wiki/Distributed_hash_table\" title=\"Distributed hash table\">distributed hash table</a> technology.\n</p><p>Some applications allow users to broadcast their own streams, whether self-produced, obtained from a video file, or through a <a href=\"/wiki/TV_tuner_card\" title=\"TV tuner card\">TV tuner card</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Video_capture_card\" title=\"Video capture card\">video capture card</a>. Many of the commercial P2PTV applications were developed in China (<a href=\"/wiki/TVUnetworks\" title=\"TVUnetworks\">TVUPlayer</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/PPLive\" title=\"PPLive\">PPLive</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/QQLive\" title=\"QQLive\">QQLive</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/PPStream\" title=\"PPStream\">PPStream</a>). The majority of available applications broadcast mainly Asian TV stations, with the exception of TVUPlayer, which carries a number of North American stations including <a href=\"/wiki/CBS\" title=\"CBS\">CBS</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Spike_TV\" title=\"Spike TV\">Spike TV</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Fox_News\" title=\"Fox News\">Fox News</a>. Some applications distribute TV channels without a legal license to do so; this utilization of P2P technology is particularly popular to view channels that are either not available locally, or only available by paid subscription, as is the case for some sports channels.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB112560377411829361 |title=Newest Export From China: Pirated Pay TV |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=2 September 2005 |author=Geoffrey A. Fowler |author2=Sarah McBride|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310125747/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB112560377411829361|archive-date=March 10, 2016}} {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120717230659/http://www.appliancedesign.com/Articles/Breaking_News/3f4af146cda38010VgnVCM100000f932a8c0____ Alt URL]}}</ref> Distributing links to pirated P2PTV feeds on a U.S.-based Web site can result in the U.S. government seizing the Web site, as it did with several P2PTV aggregation sites prior to <a href=\"/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLV\" title=\"Super Bowl XLV\">Super Bowl XLV</a>.<ref>Martinez, Jennifer (2011-02-02). <a href=\"http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0211/48692.html\">Feds seize sports websites before Super Bowl</a>. <i>The Politico</i>. Retrieved 2011-02-02.</ref> By January 2009, there were about 14,000 P2P channels on PPStream.\n</p><p>Other commercial P2PTV applications outside China are Abroadcasting (USA), <a href=\"/wiki/Zattoo\" title=\"Zattoo\">Zattoo</a> (Switzerland/USA), Octoshape (Denmark), <a href=\"/wiki/LiveStation\" title=\"LiveStation\">LiveStation</a> (UK).\n</p>", "<h2> Issues for broadcasters</h2>\n<ul><li> Broadcasting via a P2PTV system is usually much cheaper than the alternatives and can be done by private individuals.\n</li><li> No <a href=\"/wiki/Quality_of_service\" title=\"Quality of service\">quality of service</a> (QoS). Compared to <a href=\"/wiki/Unicast\" title=\"Unicast\">unicasting</a> (the standard server-client architecture used in <a href=\"/wiki/Streaming_media\" title=\"Streaming media\">streaming media</a>) no one can guarantee a reliable stream, since every user is a rebroadcaster. Each viewer is a part of a chain of viewers who can all have a negative influence on the reliability of the stream (by having a slow PC, a filled downlink or uplink or an unreliable consumer grade DSL or cable connection).\n</li><li> Less control. If a broadcaster prefers to limit access to their content based on regions, and would like good data on viewer behaviour, such as volume, trends and viewing time, then a traditional broadcasting solution offers more control. \n</li><li> Professional broadcasters and distributors have used a hybrid solution for many years. Distribution servers are not centrally installed, but are rolled out in a smart, decentralized way. A central management facility manages content distribution over multiple peer servers (also known as edge servers, or caches), strategically located near user swarms (generally popular access ISP networks), manages load balancing, redirection of users, view reporting and QoS. An example is <a href=\"/wiki/Akamai_Technologies\" title=\"Akamai Technologies\">Akamai</a>.\n</li></ul>", "<h2> Notable applications </h2>\n<h3> Compared </h3>\n<table style=\"font-size: 85%; text-align: center;\" class=\"wikitable sortable\" border=\"0\">\n<tr>\n<th> App\n</th>\n<th> Fully Distributed \n</th>\n<th> Public \n</th>\n<th> Private\n</th>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/FOSS\" title=\"FOSS\">FOSS</a>\n</th>\n<th> First Release\n</th>\n<th> Windows\n</th>\n<th> Linux\n</th>\n<th> Mac\n</th>\n<th> Android\n</th>\n<th> iOS\n</th>\n<th> Comments\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Ace_Stream\" title=\"Ace Stream\">Ace Stream</a>\n</td>\n<td>?\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td>2012\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td>via Wine\n</td>\n<td>Yes\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"http://www.acestream.org\">home</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/QQLive\" title=\"QQLive\">QQLive</a>\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"https://github.com/zgbdsg/qqlive\">source</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/PULSE_%28P2PTV%29\" title=\"PULSE (P2PTV)\">peerstreamer</a>\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> play only (2013/12/11)\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}} (2013/12/11)\n</td>\n<td> play only (2013/12/11)\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"http://peerstreamer.org\">home</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124012217/http://peerstreamer.org/ |date=2011-11-24 }} <a href=\"https://github.com/cskiraly/Streamers-build\">source</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Tribler\" title=\"Tribler\">Tribler</a>\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}; LGPL\n</td>\n<td> 2007\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/Tribler/tribler-android|title=GitHub - Tribler/tribler-android|date=28 February 2019|via=GitHub}}</ref>\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"https://www.tribler.org/\">home</a> <a href=\"https://github.com/Tribler/tribler\">source</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> <b>anym3u8player.com</b>\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td>2023\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> Utilizes P2P technology to reduce server load by up to 90%, enhancing streaming during peak times. <a href=\"https://anym3u8player.com/player-generator/\">home</a>\n</td></tr></table><p><br />\n<h3> Branded webtv service for end-users </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Afreeca\" title=\"Afreeca\">Afreeca</a> – based in South Korea\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Funshion\" title=\"Funshion\">Funshion</a> – based in China mainland\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Hypp.TV\" title=\"Hypp.TV\">Hypp.TV</a> (live and non-live) – based in Malaysia\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Miro_%28software%29\" title=\"Miro (software)\">Miro</a> (non-live)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/PPLive\" title=\"PPLive\">PPLive</a> – based in China mainland, Chinese only program.\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/PPStream\" title=\"PPStream\">PPStream</a> – based in China mainland\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/QQLive\" title=\"QQLive\">QQLive</a> – based in China mainland\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Zattoo\" title=\"Zattoo\">Zattoo</a>.com (Windows, Linux, Mac)\n</li></ul></p><h3> Commercial solutions for broadcasters </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Alluvium_%28peercasting%29\" title=\"Alluvium (peercasting)\">Alluvium</a> – based in Texas, USA\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/CDNetworks\" title=\"CDNetworks\">CDNetworks</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Content_delivery_network\" title=\"Content delivery network\">CDN</a> service)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Rawflow\" title=\"Rawflow\">Rawflow</a>\n</li></ul><h3> Free P2P TV software for end users and amateur broadcasters </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Ace_Stream\" title=\"Ace Stream\">Ace Stream</a> - P2PTV software solution based in Russia and derived from <a href=\"/wiki/BitTorrent\" title=\"BitTorrent\">BitTorrent</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Tribler\" title=\"Tribler\">Tribler</a> – linked to <a href=\"/wiki/P2P-Next\" title=\"P2P-Next\">P2P-Next</a>, relies on <a href=\"/wiki/BitTorrent_%28protocol%29\" title=\"BitTorrent (protocol)\">BitTorrent</a> protocol\n{{Main article|Peercasting}}\n</li></ul><h3> Unclassified (yet) </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/PULSE_%28P2PTV%29\" title=\"PULSE (P2PTV)\">Pulse</a> – (Windows, Linux) LGPL P2PTV engine with announcement portal and unrestricted access\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Swoosh\" title=\"Red Swoosh\">Red Swoosh</a>\n</li></ul><h3>Discontinued services</h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Babelgum\" title=\"Babelgum\">Babelgum</a>.com (non-live, used peer-to-peer technology <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110403045401/http://gigaom.com/video/goodnight-burbank-spins-off-to-babelgum/\">until March 2009</a>)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/BBC_iPlayer\" title=\"BBC iPlayer\">BBC iPlayer</a> (live and non-live, used peer-to-peer technology <a href=\"/wiki/BBC_iPlayer%23Download_service\" title=\"BBC iPlayer#Download service\">until December 2008</a>)\n</li><li> CoolStreaming (discontinued service)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Joost\" title=\"Joost\">Joost</a>.com (non-live, live trials)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/LiveStation\" title=\"LiveStation\">LiveStation</a>.com (Windows, Linux, Mac) – based in United Kingdom\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pando_%28application%29\" title=\"Pando (application)\">Pando</a>\n</li><li> Sopcast<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sopcast.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-04-14 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090718071556/http://www.sopcast.org/ |archive-date=2009-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n</li><li> Streamtorrent<ref><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://streamtorrentblog.wordpress.com/\">https://streamtorrentblog.wordpress.com/</a> {{User-generated source|date=August 2022}}</ref>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/TVUnetworks\" title=\"TVUnetworks\">TVUnetworks</a> – P2PTV software (Windows and Mac OS X) and network (Discontinued, Service is shut down)\n</li></ul>", "<h3> Compared </h3>\n<table style=\"font-size: 85%; text-align: center;\" class=\"wikitable sortable\" border=\"0\">\n<tr>\n<th> App\n</th>\n<th> Fully Distributed \n</th>\n<th> Public \n</th>\n<th> Private\n</th>\n<th> <a href=\"/wiki/FOSS\" title=\"FOSS\">FOSS</a>\n</th>\n<th> First Release\n</th>\n<th> Windows\n</th>\n<th> Linux\n</th>\n<th> Mac\n</th>\n<th> Android\n</th>\n<th> iOS\n</th>\n<th> Comments\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Ace_Stream\" title=\"Ace Stream\">Ace Stream</a>\n</td>\n<td>?\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td>2012\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td>via Wine\n</td>\n<td>Yes\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"http://www.acestream.org\">home</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/QQLive\" title=\"QQLive\">QQLive</a>\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"https://github.com/zgbdsg/qqlive\">source</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/PULSE_%28P2PTV%29\" title=\"PULSE (P2PTV)\">peerstreamer</a>\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> play only (2013/12/11)\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}} (2013/12/11)\n</td>\n<td> play only (2013/12/11)\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"http://peerstreamer.org\">home</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124012217/http://peerstreamer.org/ |date=2011-11-24 }} <a href=\"https://github.com/cskiraly/Streamers-build\">source</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/Tribler\" title=\"Tribler\">Tribler</a>\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> ?\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}; LGPL\n</td>\n<td> 2007\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://github.com/Tribler/tribler-android|title=GitHub - Tribler/tribler-android|date=28 February 2019|via=GitHub}}</ref>\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> <a href=\"https://www.tribler.org/\">home</a> <a href=\"https://github.com/Tribler/tribler\">source</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> <b>anym3u8player.com</b>\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td> {{no}}\n</td>\n<td>2023\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> {{yes}}\n</td>\n<td> Utilizes P2P technology to reduce server load by up to 90%, enhancing streaming during peak times. <a href=\"https://anym3u8player.com/player-generator/\">home</a>\n</td></tr></table><p><br />\n</p>", "<h3> Branded webtv service for end-users </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Afreeca\" title=\"Afreeca\">Afreeca</a> – based in South Korea\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Funshion\" title=\"Funshion\">Funshion</a> – based in China mainland\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Hypp.TV\" title=\"Hypp.TV\">Hypp.TV</a> (live and non-live) – based in Malaysia\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Miro_%28software%29\" title=\"Miro (software)\">Miro</a> (non-live)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/PPLive\" title=\"PPLive\">PPLive</a> – based in China mainland, Chinese only program.\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/PPStream\" title=\"PPStream\">PPStream</a> – based in China mainland\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/QQLive\" title=\"QQLive\">QQLive</a> – based in China mainland\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Zattoo\" title=\"Zattoo\">Zattoo</a>.com (Windows, Linux, Mac)\n</li></ul>", "<h3> Commercial solutions for broadcasters </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Alluvium_%28peercasting%29\" title=\"Alluvium (peercasting)\">Alluvium</a> – based in Texas, USA\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/CDNetworks\" title=\"CDNetworks\">CDNetworks</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Content_delivery_network\" title=\"Content delivery network\">CDN</a> service)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Rawflow\" title=\"Rawflow\">Rawflow</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h3> Free P2P TV software for end users and amateur broadcasters </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Ace_Stream\" title=\"Ace Stream\">Ace Stream</a> - P2PTV software solution based in Russia and derived from <a href=\"/wiki/BitTorrent\" title=\"BitTorrent\">BitTorrent</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Tribler\" title=\"Tribler\">Tribler</a> – linked to <a href=\"/wiki/P2P-Next\" title=\"P2P-Next\">P2P-Next</a>, relies on <a href=\"/wiki/BitTorrent_%28protocol%29\" title=\"BitTorrent (protocol)\">BitTorrent</a> protocol\n{{Main article|Peercasting}}\n</li></ul>", "<h3> Unclassified (yet) </h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/PULSE_%28P2PTV%29\" title=\"PULSE (P2PTV)\">Pulse</a> – (Windows, Linux) LGPL P2PTV engine with announcement portal and unrestricted access\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Swoosh\" title=\"Red Swoosh\">Red Swoosh</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Discontinued services</h3>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Babelgum\" title=\"Babelgum\">Babelgum</a>.com (non-live, used peer-to-peer technology <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20110403045401/http://gigaom.com/video/goodnight-burbank-spins-off-to-babelgum/\">until March 2009</a>)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/BBC_iPlayer\" title=\"BBC iPlayer\">BBC iPlayer</a> (live and non-live, used peer-to-peer technology <a href=\"/wiki/BBC_iPlayer%23Download_service\" title=\"BBC iPlayer#Download service\">until December 2008</a>)\n</li><li> CoolStreaming (discontinued service)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Joost\" title=\"Joost\">Joost</a>.com (non-live, live trials)\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/LiveStation\" title=\"LiveStation\">LiveStation</a>.com (Windows, Linux, Mac) – based in United Kingdom\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pando_%28application%29\" title=\"Pando (application)\">Pando</a>\n</li><li> Sopcast<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sopcast.org/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-04-14 |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090718071556/http://www.sopcast.org/ |archive-date=2009-07-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n</li><li> Streamtorrent<ref><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"https://streamtorrentblog.wordpress.com/\">https://streamtorrentblog.wordpress.com/</a> {{User-generated source|date=August 2022}}</ref>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/TVUnetworks\" title=\"TVUnetworks\">TVUnetworks</a> – P2PTV software (Windows and Mac OS X) and network (Discontinued, Service is shut down)\n</li></ul>", "<h2> See also </h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Comparison_of_streaming_media_systems\" title=\"Comparison of streaming media systems\">Comparison of streaming media systems</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Comparison_of_video_services\" title=\"Comparison of video services\">Comparison of video services</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_television\" title=\"Digital television\">Digital television</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Internet_television\" title=\"Internet television\">Internet television</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/IPTV\" title=\"IPTV\">IPTV</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_music_streaming_services\" title=\"List of music streaming services\">List of music streaming services</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_streaming_media_systems\" title=\"List of streaming media systems\">List of streaming media systems</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Multicast\" title=\"Multicast\">Multicast</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Peercasting\" title=\"Peercasting\">Peercasting</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Portable_application\" title=\"Portable application\">Portable application</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Protection_of_Broadcasts_and_Broadcasting_Organizations_Treaty\" title=\"Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty\">Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Push_technology\" title=\"Push technology\">Push technology</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Software_as_a_service\" title=\"Software as a service\">Software as a service</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Streaming_media\" title=\"Streaming media\">Streaming media</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Webcast\" title=\"Webcast\">Webcast</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Web_television\" title=\"Web television\">Web television</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Computer_networking\" title=\"Computer networking\">Category:Computer networking</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Applications_of_distributed_computing\" title=\"Applications of distributed computing\">Category:Applications of distributed computing</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Cloud_storage\" title=\"Cloud storage\">Category:Cloud storage</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Digital_television\" title=\"Digital television\">Category:Digital television</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Distributed_algorithms\" title=\"Distributed algorithms\">Category:Distributed algorithms</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Distributed_data_storage\" title=\"Distributed data storage\">Category:Distributed data storage</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Distributed_data_storage_systems\" title=\"Distributed data storage systems\">Category:Distributed data storage systems</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:File_sharing_networks\" title=\"File sharing networks\">Category:File sharing networks</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Film_and_video_technology\" title=\"Film and video technology\">Category:Film and video technology</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Internet_broadcasting\" title=\"Internet broadcasting\">Category:Internet broadcasting</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Streaming_television\" title=\"Streaming television\">Category:Streaming television</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Multimedia\" title=\"Multimedia\">Category:Multimedia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Peer-to-peer_computing\" title=\"Peer-to-peer computing\">Category:Peer-to-peer computing</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Peercasting\" title=\"Peercasting\">*</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Streaming_media_systems\" title=\"Streaming media systems\">Category:Streaming media systems</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Video_hosting\" title=\"Video hosting\">Category:Video hosting</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Video_on_demand\" title=\"Video on demand\">Category:Video on demand</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 7098284 ], "name": [ "Tassedethe" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Sessions", "Historical context", "Party standings", "1914–1916", "1916–1919", "Members", "Initial MPs", "By-elections during the 19th Parliament", "Summary of changes", "Party changes", "Deaths", "Resignations", "Expulsions", "Notes", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Term of the Parliament of New Zealand}}\n{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2015}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}\n{{Infobox legislative term\n| name = 19th Parliament of New Zealand\n| image = \n| image_size = \n| caption = \n| body = [[New Zealand Parliament]]\n| election = [[1914 New Zealand general election]]\n| government = [[Reform Government of New Zealand|Reform Government]]\n| opposition = \n| term_start = 24 June 1915\n| term_end = 5 November 1919\n| before = [[18th New Zealand Parliament|18th Parliament]]\n| after = [[20th New Zealand Parliament|20th Parliament]]\n| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} -->\n| chamber1 = [[New Zealand House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]\n| chamber1_image = File:19th New Zealand Parliament Seating.png\n| chamber1_image_size = \n| chamber1_alt– = \n| membership1 = 80\n| control1 = \n| chamber1_leader1_type = [[Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]\n| chamber1_leader1 = [[Frederic Lang]]\n| chamber1_leader2_type = [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]]\n| chamber1_leader2 = [[William Massey]]\n| chamber1_leader3_type = [[Leader of the Opposition (New Zealand)|Leader of the Opposition]]\n| chamber1_leader3 = [[Joseph Ward]]\n| chamber2 = [[New Zealand Legislative Council|Legislative Council]]\n| chamber2_image = \n| chamber2_image_size = \n| chamber2_alt = \n| membership2 = 37 (at start)<br />39 (at end)\n| control2 = \n| chamber2_leader1_type = [[Speaker of the New Zealand Legislative Council|Speaker of the Council]]\n| chamber2_leader1 = [[Walter Carncross|Sir Walter Carncross]] from 1 November 1918<br />— [[Charles Johnston (New Zealand politician)|Charles Johnson]] until 13 June 1918† <br />— [[Charles Bowen (New Zealand politician)|Charles Bowen]] until 4 July 1915\n| chamber2_leader2_type = Leader of the Council\n| chamber2_leader2 = [[Francis Bell (New Zealand politician)|Sir Francis Bell]]\n| chamber3 = Sovereign\n| chamber3_image = \n| chamber3_image_size = \n| chamber3_alt = \n| membership3 = \n| control3 = \n| chamber3_leader1_type = [[Monarchy of New Zealand|Monarch]]\n| chamber3_leader1 = HM [[George V]]\n| chamber3_leader2_type = [[Governor-General of New Zealand|Governor-General]] <br /> <small>''as Governor until 28 June 1917''</small>\n| chamber3_leader2 = HE Rt. Hon. [[Arthur Foljambe, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|The Earl of Liverpool]]\n}}\nThe <b>19th New Zealand Parliament</b> was a term of the <a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Parliament\" title=\"New Zealand Parliament\">New Zealand Parliament</a>. It opened on 24 June 1915, following the <a href=\"/wiki/1914_New_Zealand_general_election\" title=\"1914 New Zealand general election\">1914 election</a>. It was dissolved on 27 November 1919 in preparation for <a href=\"/wiki/1919_New_Zealand_general_election\" title=\"1919 New Zealand general election\">1919 election</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Sessions</h2>\n<p>The 19th Parliament opened on 24 June 1915, following the <a href=\"/wiki/1914_New_Zealand_general_election\" title=\"1914 New Zealand general election\">1914 general election</a>. It sat for six sessions (with two sessions in 1918), and was dissolved on 27 November 1919.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|pp=138, 141}}\n</p><table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th> Session </th><th> Opened </th><th> Ended </th><th> Prorogued\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td> first </td><td> 24 June 1915 </td><td> 12 October 1915 </td><td> 15 October 1915\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> second </td><td> 9 May 1916 </td><td> 8 August 1916 </td><td> 9 August 1916\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> third </td><td> 28 June 1917 </td><td> 1 November 1917 </td><td> 2 November 1917\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> fourth </td><td> 9 April 1918 </td><td> 15 April 1918 </td><td> 17 April 1918\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> fifth </td><td> 24 October 1918 </td><td> 9 December 1918 </td><td> 12 December 1918\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> sixth </td><td> 28 August 1919 </td><td> 5 November 1919 </td><td> 7 November 1919\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>Historical context</h2>\n<p>The 19th Parliament was the second term of the <a href=\"/wiki/Reform_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Reform Party (New Zealand)\">Reform Party</a> government, which had been elected in the <a href=\"/wiki/1911_New_Zealand_general_election\" title=\"1911 New Zealand general election\">1911 election</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/William_Massey\" title=\"William Massey\">William Massey</a>, the leader of the Reform Party, remained <a href=\"/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand\" title=\"Prime Minister of New Zealand\">Prime Minister</a>.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=58}} The <a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Liberal Party\">Liberal Party</a>, led by former Prime Minister <a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Ward\" title=\"Joseph Ward\">Joseph Ward</a>, was technically the main opposition party, although for the majority of the term, the Liberals were part of a <a href=\"/wiki/Grand_coalition\" title=\"Grand coalition\">war-time coalition</a> with Reform. Two small left-wing parties, the <a href=\"/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Social Democratic Party (New Zealand)\">Social Democratic Party</a> and the loosely grouped remnants of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Labour_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"United Labour Party (New Zealand)\">United Labour Party</a>, also held seats, and there was one left-wing independent (<a href=\"/wiki/John_Payne_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"John Payne (New Zealand politician)\">John Payne</a>). During the 19th Parliament, the Social Democrats and most of the United Labour Party merged to form the modern <a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Labour Party\">Labour Party</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Party standings</h2>\n<p>There were 616,043 electors on the European roll, with 521,525 (84.66%) voting, including 5,618 informal votes.{{sfn|Wilson|1985|p=286}} Turnout including Maori voters was 540,075. The following table shows votes at and party strengths immediately after the 1914 election:{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}\n</p><h3>1914–1916</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr------------------=\"\">\n<tdwidth=\"30%\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"><b>Party</b>\n</td>\n<tdwidth=\"55%\" align=\"center\"><b>Leader(s)</b>\n</td>\n<tdwidth=\"15%\" align=\"center\"><b>Seats at start</b>\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|Reform Party (New Zealand)}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Reform_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Reform Party (New Zealand)\">Reform Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/William_Massey\" title=\"William Massey\">William Massey</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">40\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|New Zealand Liberal Party}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Liberal Party\">Liberal Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Ward\" title=\"Joseph Ward\">Joseph Ward</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">34\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|United Labour Party (New Zealand)}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/United_Labour_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"United Labour Party (New Zealand)\">United Labour Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Alfred_Hindmarsh\" title=\"Alfred Hindmarsh\">Alfred Hindmarsh</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">3\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (New Zealand)}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Social Democratic Party (New Zealand)\">Social Democrat Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/James_McCombs\" title=\"James McCombs\">James McCombs</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">2\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|Independent politician}}\n</td>\n<tdcolspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Independent_politician\" title=\"Independent politician\">Independents</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">1\n</td></tr></table>\n<h3>1916–1919</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr------------------=\"\">\n<tdwidth=\"30%\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"><b>Party</b>\n</td>\n<tdwidth=\"55%\" align=\"center\"><b>Leader(s)</b>\n</td>\n<tdwidth=\"15%\" align=\"center\"><b>Seats at end</b>\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|Reform Party (New Zealand)}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Reform_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Reform Party (New Zealand)\">Reform Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/William_Massey\" title=\"William Massey\">William Massey</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">39\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|New Zealand Liberal Party}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Liberal Party\">Liberal Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Ward\" title=\"Joseph Ward\">Joseph Ward</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">34\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|New Zealand Labour Party}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Labour Party\">Labour Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Alfred_Hindmarsh\" title=\"Alfred Hindmarsh\">Alfred Hindmarsh</a>, then <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_Holland\" title=\"Harry Holland\">Harry Holland</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">5\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|Independent politician}}\n</td>\n<tdcolspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Independent_politician\" title=\"Independent politician\">Independents</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">2\n</td></tr></table>", "<h3>1914–1916</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr------------------=\"\">\n<tdwidth=\"30%\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"><b>Party</b>\n</td>\n<tdwidth=\"55%\" align=\"center\"><b>Leader(s)</b>\n</td>\n<tdwidth=\"15%\" align=\"center\"><b>Seats at start</b>\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|Reform Party (New Zealand)}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Reform_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Reform Party (New Zealand)\">Reform Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/William_Massey\" title=\"William Massey\">William Massey</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">40\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|New Zealand Liberal Party}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Liberal Party\">Liberal Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Ward\" title=\"Joseph Ward\">Joseph Ward</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">34\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|United Labour Party (New Zealand)}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/United_Labour_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"United Labour Party (New Zealand)\">United Labour Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Alfred_Hindmarsh\" title=\"Alfred Hindmarsh\">Alfred Hindmarsh</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">3\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|Social Democratic Party (New Zealand)}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Social Democratic Party (New Zealand)\">Social Democrat Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/James_McCombs\" title=\"James McCombs\">James McCombs</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">2\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|Independent politician}}\n</td>\n<tdcolspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Independent_politician\" title=\"Independent politician\">Independents</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">1\n</td></tr></table>", "<h3>1916–1919</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr------------------=\"\">\n<tdwidth=\"30%\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"center\"><b>Party</b>\n</td>\n<tdwidth=\"55%\" align=\"center\"><b>Leader(s)</b>\n</td>\n<tdwidth=\"15%\" align=\"center\"><b>Seats at end</b>\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|Reform Party (New Zealand)}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Reform_Party_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Reform Party (New Zealand)\">Reform Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/William_Massey\" title=\"William Massey\">William Massey</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">39\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|New Zealand Liberal Party}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Liberal_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Liberal Party\">Liberal Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Joseph_Ward\" title=\"Joseph Ward\">Joseph Ward</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">34\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|New Zealand Labour Party}}\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Labour Party\">Labour Party</a></td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Alfred_Hindmarsh\" title=\"Alfred Hindmarsh\">Alfred Hindmarsh</a>, then <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_Holland\" title=\"Harry Holland\">Harry Holland</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">5\n</td></tr><tr------------------=\"\">\n<td>{{party color cell|Independent politician}}\n</td>\n<tdcolspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Independent_politician\" title=\"Independent politician\">Independents</a></td><tdalign=\"center\">2\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>Members</h2>\n<h3>Initial MPs</h3>\n<p>76 general and 4 <a href=\"/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates\" title=\"Māori electorates\">Māori electorates</a> existed for the 19th Parliament.\n</p>{{#section:1914 New Zealand general election|Electorate results}}\n<h3>By-elections during the 19th Parliament</h3>\n<p>There were a number of changes during the term of the 19th Parliament.\n</p><table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr align=\"center\">\n<th colspan=\"2\"> Electorate and by-election </th><th> Date </th><th colspan=\"2\"> Incumbent </th><th> Cause </th><th colspan=\"2\"> Winner\n</th></tr><tr>\n{{New Zealand by-elections during the 19th Parliament}}\n</tr></table>\n<h3>Summary of changes</h3>\n<h4>Party changes</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhodes\" title=\"Thomas William Rhodes\">Thomas Rhodes</a></b>, the Liberal Party MP for Thames, changed affiliation to the Reform Party in 1915.\n</li><li>The Social Democratic Party and the loose United Labour Party grouping merged to form the modern <a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Labour Party\">Labour Party</a> on 7 July 1916. One ULP member, <a href=\"/wiki/Bill_Veitch\" title=\"Bill Veitch\">Bill Veitch</a>, rejected the merger, and carried on as an independent.\n</li></ul><h4>Deaths</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/James_Escott\" title=\"James Escott\">James Escott</a></b> (Reform, Pahiatua) died on 28 July 1916.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1916_Pahiatua_by-election\" title=\"1916 Pahiatua by-election\">1916 Pahiatua by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Harold_Smith_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"Harold Smith (New Zealand politician)\">Harold Smith</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Robert_McNab\" title=\"Robert McNab\">Robert McNab</a></b> (Liberal, Hawkes Bay) died on 3 February 1917.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1917_Hawkes_Bay_by-election\" title=\"1917 Hawkes Bay by-election\">1917 Hawkes Bay by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/John_Findlay_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"John Findlay (New Zealand politician)\">John Findlay</a> (Liberal)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Taare_Parata\" title=\"Taare Parata\">Taare Parata</a></b> (Liberal, Southern Maori) died on 8 January 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Southern_Maori_by-election\" title=\"1918 Southern Maori by-election\">1918 Southern Maori by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Hopere_Uru\" title=\"Hopere Uru\">Hopere Uru</a> (Independent)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Fletcher_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"Robert Fletcher (New Zealand politician)\">Robert Fletcher</a></b> (Liberal, Wellington Central) died on 4 September 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Wellington_Central_by-election\" title=\"1918 Wellington Central by-election\">1918 Wellington Central by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Fraser\" title=\"Peter Fraser\">Peter Fraser</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Henry_Okey\" title=\"Henry Okey\">Henry Okey</a></b> (Reform, Taranaki) died on 13 September 1918\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Taranaki_by-election\" title=\"1918 Taranaki by-election\">1918 Taranaki by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Sydney_George_Smith\" title=\"Sydney George Smith\">Sydney Smith</a> (Independent aligned with Liberals)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Alfred_Hindmarsh\" title=\"Alfred Hindmarsh\">Alfred Hindmarsh</a></b> (Labour, Wellington South) died on 13 November 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Wellington_South_by-election\" title=\"1918 Wellington South by-election\">1918 Wellington South by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Semple\" title=\"Bob Semple\">Bob Semple</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/David_Buick_%28politician%29\" title=\"David Buick (politician)\">David Buick</a></b> (Reform, Palmerston) died on 18 November 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Palmerston_by-election\" title=\"1918 Palmerston by-election\">1918 Palmerston by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Jimmy_Nash\" title=\"Jimmy Nash\">Jimmy Nash</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/James_Colvin\" title=\"James Colvin\">James Colvin</a></b> (Liberal, Buller) died on 29 October 1919.\n<ul><li>Seat remained vacant, as it was only two months until the general election.\n</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Resignations</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/William_Stewart_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"William Stewart (New Zealand politician)\">William Stewart</a></b> (Reform, Bay of Islands) resigned in March 1917. Stewart won the seat in a by-election when the victory of another Reform candidate, <a href=\"/wiki/Vernon_Reed\" title=\"Vernon Reed\">Vernon Reed</a>, had been overturned, and Stewart's resignation opened the way for Reed to return via another by-election.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1915_Bay_of_Islands_by-election\" title=\"1915 Bay of Islands by-election\">1915 Bay of Islands by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Stewart_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"William Stewart (New Zealand politician)\">William Stewart</a> (Reform)\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1917_Bay_of_Islands_by-election\" title=\"1917 Bay of Islands by-election\">1917 Bay of Islands by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Vernon_Reed\" title=\"Vernon Reed\">Vernon Reed</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Paddy_Webb\" title=\"Paddy Webb\">Paddy Webb</a></b> (Labour, Grey) resigned in November 1917. He then challenged the government to fight the resulting by-election on the issue of conscription, which Webb opposed. The government declined the challenge, and did not contest the by-election.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1917_Grey_by-election\" title=\"1917 Grey by-election\">1917 Grey by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Paddy_Webb\" title=\"Paddy Webb\">Paddy Webb</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Alexander_Herdman\" title=\"Alexander Herdman\">Alexander Herdman</a></b> (Reform, Wellington North) resigned in February 1918. Herdman, as <a href=\"/wiki/Attorney-General_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Attorney-General (New Zealand)\">Attorney-General</a>, had just appointed himself to a judicial position, and was resigning in order to take up this role.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Wellington_North_by-election\" title=\"1918 Wellington North by-election\">1918 Wellington North by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/John_Luke_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"John Luke (New Zealand politician)\">John Luke</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Expulsions</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/William_Thomas_Jennings\" title=\"William Thomas Jennings\">William Thomas Jennings</a></b> (Liberal Party, Taumarunui) lost his seat in May 1915 when his election the previous year was declared void.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1915_Taumarunui_by-election\" title=\"1915 Taumarunui by-election\">1915 Taumarunui by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Thomas_Jennings\" title=\"William Thomas Jennings\">William Thomas Jennings</a> (Liberal)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Vernon_Reed\" title=\"Vernon Reed\">Vernon Reed</a></b> (Reform, Bay of Islands) lost his seat in May 1915 when his election the previous year was declared void. (His successor later resigned, allowing Reed to reclaim the seat).\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1915_Bay_of_Islands_by-election\" title=\"1915 Bay of Islands by-election\">1915 Bay of Islands by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Stewart_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"William Stewart (New Zealand politician)\">William Stewart</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Paddy_Webb\" title=\"Paddy Webb\">Paddy Webb</a></b> (Labour, Grey) lost his seat in April 1918, having been jailed for refusing military service. (He had previously fought and won a by-election on the issue).\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Grey_by-election\" title=\"1918 Grey by-election\">1918 Grey by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_Holland\" title=\"Harry Holland\">Harry Holland</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li></ul>", "<h3>Initial MPs</h3>\n<p>76 general and 4 <a href=\"/wiki/M%C4%81ori_electorates\" title=\"Māori electorates\">Māori electorates</a> existed for the 19th Parliament.\n</p>{{#section:1914 New Zealand general election|Electorate results}}", "<h3>By-elections during the 19th Parliament</h3>\n<p>There were a number of changes during the term of the 19th Parliament.\n</p><table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr align=\"center\">\n<th colspan=\"2\"> Electorate and by-election </th><th> Date </th><th colspan=\"2\"> Incumbent </th><th> Cause </th><th colspan=\"2\"> Winner\n</th></tr><tr>\n{{New Zealand by-elections during the 19th Parliament}}\n</tr></table>", "<h3>Summary of changes</h3>\n<h4>Party changes</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhodes\" title=\"Thomas William Rhodes\">Thomas Rhodes</a></b>, the Liberal Party MP for Thames, changed affiliation to the Reform Party in 1915.\n</li><li>The Social Democratic Party and the loose United Labour Party grouping merged to form the modern <a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Labour Party\">Labour Party</a> on 7 July 1916. One ULP member, <a href=\"/wiki/Bill_Veitch\" title=\"Bill Veitch\">Bill Veitch</a>, rejected the merger, and carried on as an independent.\n</li></ul><h4>Deaths</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/James_Escott\" title=\"James Escott\">James Escott</a></b> (Reform, Pahiatua) died on 28 July 1916.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1916_Pahiatua_by-election\" title=\"1916 Pahiatua by-election\">1916 Pahiatua by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Harold_Smith_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"Harold Smith (New Zealand politician)\">Harold Smith</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Robert_McNab\" title=\"Robert McNab\">Robert McNab</a></b> (Liberal, Hawkes Bay) died on 3 February 1917.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1917_Hawkes_Bay_by-election\" title=\"1917 Hawkes Bay by-election\">1917 Hawkes Bay by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/John_Findlay_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"John Findlay (New Zealand politician)\">John Findlay</a> (Liberal)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Taare_Parata\" title=\"Taare Parata\">Taare Parata</a></b> (Liberal, Southern Maori) died on 8 January 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Southern_Maori_by-election\" title=\"1918 Southern Maori by-election\">1918 Southern Maori by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Hopere_Uru\" title=\"Hopere Uru\">Hopere Uru</a> (Independent)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Fletcher_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"Robert Fletcher (New Zealand politician)\">Robert Fletcher</a></b> (Liberal, Wellington Central) died on 4 September 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Wellington_Central_by-election\" title=\"1918 Wellington Central by-election\">1918 Wellington Central by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Fraser\" title=\"Peter Fraser\">Peter Fraser</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Henry_Okey\" title=\"Henry Okey\">Henry Okey</a></b> (Reform, Taranaki) died on 13 September 1918\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Taranaki_by-election\" title=\"1918 Taranaki by-election\">1918 Taranaki by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Sydney_George_Smith\" title=\"Sydney George Smith\">Sydney Smith</a> (Independent aligned with Liberals)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Alfred_Hindmarsh\" title=\"Alfred Hindmarsh\">Alfred Hindmarsh</a></b> (Labour, Wellington South) died on 13 November 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Wellington_South_by-election\" title=\"1918 Wellington South by-election\">1918 Wellington South by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Semple\" title=\"Bob Semple\">Bob Semple</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/David_Buick_%28politician%29\" title=\"David Buick (politician)\">David Buick</a></b> (Reform, Palmerston) died on 18 November 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Palmerston_by-election\" title=\"1918 Palmerston by-election\">1918 Palmerston by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Jimmy_Nash\" title=\"Jimmy Nash\">Jimmy Nash</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/James_Colvin\" title=\"James Colvin\">James Colvin</a></b> (Liberal, Buller) died on 29 October 1919.\n<ul><li>Seat remained vacant, as it was only two months until the general election.\n</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Resignations</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/William_Stewart_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"William Stewart (New Zealand politician)\">William Stewart</a></b> (Reform, Bay of Islands) resigned in March 1917. Stewart won the seat in a by-election when the victory of another Reform candidate, <a href=\"/wiki/Vernon_Reed\" title=\"Vernon Reed\">Vernon Reed</a>, had been overturned, and Stewart's resignation opened the way for Reed to return via another by-election.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1915_Bay_of_Islands_by-election\" title=\"1915 Bay of Islands by-election\">1915 Bay of Islands by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Stewart_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"William Stewart (New Zealand politician)\">William Stewart</a> (Reform)\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1917_Bay_of_Islands_by-election\" title=\"1917 Bay of Islands by-election\">1917 Bay of Islands by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Vernon_Reed\" title=\"Vernon Reed\">Vernon Reed</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Paddy_Webb\" title=\"Paddy Webb\">Paddy Webb</a></b> (Labour, Grey) resigned in November 1917. He then challenged the government to fight the resulting by-election on the issue of conscription, which Webb opposed. The government declined the challenge, and did not contest the by-election.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1917_Grey_by-election\" title=\"1917 Grey by-election\">1917 Grey by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Paddy_Webb\" title=\"Paddy Webb\">Paddy Webb</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Alexander_Herdman\" title=\"Alexander Herdman\">Alexander Herdman</a></b> (Reform, Wellington North) resigned in February 1918. Herdman, as <a href=\"/wiki/Attorney-General_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Attorney-General (New Zealand)\">Attorney-General</a>, had just appointed himself to a judicial position, and was resigning in order to take up this role.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Wellington_North_by-election\" title=\"1918 Wellington North by-election\">1918 Wellington North by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/John_Luke_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"John Luke (New Zealand politician)\">John Luke</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li></ul><h4>Expulsions</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/William_Thomas_Jennings\" title=\"William Thomas Jennings\">William Thomas Jennings</a></b> (Liberal Party, Taumarunui) lost his seat in May 1915 when his election the previous year was declared void.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1915_Taumarunui_by-election\" title=\"1915 Taumarunui by-election\">1915 Taumarunui by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Thomas_Jennings\" title=\"William Thomas Jennings\">William Thomas Jennings</a> (Liberal)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Vernon_Reed\" title=\"Vernon Reed\">Vernon Reed</a></b> (Reform, Bay of Islands) lost his seat in May 1915 when his election the previous year was declared void. (His successor later resigned, allowing Reed to reclaim the seat).\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1915_Bay_of_Islands_by-election\" title=\"1915 Bay of Islands by-election\">1915 Bay of Islands by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Stewart_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"William Stewart (New Zealand politician)\">William Stewart</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Paddy_Webb\" title=\"Paddy Webb\">Paddy Webb</a></b> (Labour, Grey) lost his seat in April 1918, having been jailed for refusing military service. (He had previously fought and won a by-election on the issue).\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Grey_by-election\" title=\"1918 Grey by-election\">1918 Grey by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_Holland\" title=\"Harry Holland\">Harry Holland</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li></ul>", "<h4>Party changes</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_William_Rhodes\" title=\"Thomas William Rhodes\">Thomas Rhodes</a></b>, the Liberal Party MP for Thames, changed affiliation to the Reform Party in 1915.\n</li><li>The Social Democratic Party and the loose United Labour Party grouping merged to form the modern <a href=\"/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party\" title=\"New Zealand Labour Party\">Labour Party</a> on 7 July 1916. One ULP member, <a href=\"/wiki/Bill_Veitch\" title=\"Bill Veitch\">Bill Veitch</a>, rejected the merger, and carried on as an independent.\n</li></ul>", "<h4>Deaths</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/James_Escott\" title=\"James Escott\">James Escott</a></b> (Reform, Pahiatua) died on 28 July 1916.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1916_Pahiatua_by-election\" title=\"1916 Pahiatua by-election\">1916 Pahiatua by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Harold_Smith_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"Harold Smith (New Zealand politician)\">Harold Smith</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Robert_McNab\" title=\"Robert McNab\">Robert McNab</a></b> (Liberal, Hawkes Bay) died on 3 February 1917.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1917_Hawkes_Bay_by-election\" title=\"1917 Hawkes Bay by-election\">1917 Hawkes Bay by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/John_Findlay_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"John Findlay (New Zealand politician)\">John Findlay</a> (Liberal)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Taare_Parata\" title=\"Taare Parata\">Taare Parata</a></b> (Liberal, Southern Maori) died on 8 January 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Southern_Maori_by-election\" title=\"1918 Southern Maori by-election\">1918 Southern Maori by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Hopere_Uru\" title=\"Hopere Uru\">Hopere Uru</a> (Independent)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Fletcher_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"Robert Fletcher (New Zealand politician)\">Robert Fletcher</a></b> (Liberal, Wellington Central) died on 4 September 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Wellington_Central_by-election\" title=\"1918 Wellington Central by-election\">1918 Wellington Central by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Peter_Fraser\" title=\"Peter Fraser\">Peter Fraser</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Henry_Okey\" title=\"Henry Okey\">Henry Okey</a></b> (Reform, Taranaki) died on 13 September 1918\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Taranaki_by-election\" title=\"1918 Taranaki by-election\">1918 Taranaki by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Sydney_George_Smith\" title=\"Sydney George Smith\">Sydney Smith</a> (Independent aligned with Liberals)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Alfred_Hindmarsh\" title=\"Alfred Hindmarsh\">Alfred Hindmarsh</a></b> (Labour, Wellington South) died on 13 November 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Wellington_South_by-election\" title=\"1918 Wellington South by-election\">1918 Wellington South by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Semple\" title=\"Bob Semple\">Bob Semple</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/David_Buick_%28politician%29\" title=\"David Buick (politician)\">David Buick</a></b> (Reform, Palmerston) died on 18 November 1918.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Palmerston_by-election\" title=\"1918 Palmerston by-election\">1918 Palmerston by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Jimmy_Nash\" title=\"Jimmy Nash\">Jimmy Nash</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/James_Colvin\" title=\"James Colvin\">James Colvin</a></b> (Liberal, Buller) died on 29 October 1919.\n<ul><li>Seat remained vacant, as it was only two months until the general election.\n</li></ul></li></ul>", "<h4>Resignations</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/William_Stewart_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"William Stewart (New Zealand politician)\">William Stewart</a></b> (Reform, Bay of Islands) resigned in March 1917. Stewart won the seat in a by-election when the victory of another Reform candidate, <a href=\"/wiki/Vernon_Reed\" title=\"Vernon Reed\">Vernon Reed</a>, had been overturned, and Stewart's resignation opened the way for Reed to return via another by-election.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1915_Bay_of_Islands_by-election\" title=\"1915 Bay of Islands by-election\">1915 Bay of Islands by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Stewart_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"William Stewart (New Zealand politician)\">William Stewart</a> (Reform)\n</li><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1917_Bay_of_Islands_by-election\" title=\"1917 Bay of Islands by-election\">1917 Bay of Islands by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Vernon_Reed\" title=\"Vernon Reed\">Vernon Reed</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Paddy_Webb\" title=\"Paddy Webb\">Paddy Webb</a></b> (Labour, Grey) resigned in November 1917. He then challenged the government to fight the resulting by-election on the issue of conscription, which Webb opposed. The government declined the challenge, and did not contest the by-election.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1917_Grey_by-election\" title=\"1917 Grey by-election\">1917 Grey by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Paddy_Webb\" title=\"Paddy Webb\">Paddy Webb</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Alexander_Herdman\" title=\"Alexander Herdman\">Alexander Herdman</a></b> (Reform, Wellington North) resigned in February 1918. Herdman, as <a href=\"/wiki/Attorney-General_%28New_Zealand%29\" title=\"Attorney-General (New Zealand)\">Attorney-General</a>, had just appointed himself to a judicial position, and was resigning in order to take up this role.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Wellington_North_by-election\" title=\"1918 Wellington North by-election\">1918 Wellington North by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/John_Luke_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"John Luke (New Zealand politician)\">John Luke</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li></ul>", "<h4>Expulsions</h4>\n<ul><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/William_Thomas_Jennings\" title=\"William Thomas Jennings\">William Thomas Jennings</a></b> (Liberal Party, Taumarunui) lost his seat in May 1915 when his election the previous year was declared void.\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1915_Taumarunui_by-election\" title=\"1915 Taumarunui by-election\">1915 Taumarunui by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Thomas_Jennings\" title=\"William Thomas Jennings\">William Thomas Jennings</a> (Liberal)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Vernon_Reed\" title=\"Vernon Reed\">Vernon Reed</a></b> (Reform, Bay of Islands) lost his seat in May 1915 when his election the previous year was declared void. (His successor later resigned, allowing Reed to reclaim the seat).\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1915_Bay_of_Islands_by-election\" title=\"1915 Bay of Islands by-election\">1915 Bay of Islands by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Stewart_%28New_Zealand_politician%29\" title=\"William Stewart (New Zealand politician)\">William Stewart</a> (Reform)\n</li></ul></li><li><b><a href=\"/wiki/Paddy_Webb\" title=\"Paddy Webb\">Paddy Webb</a></b> (Labour, Grey) lost his seat in April 1918, having been jailed for refusing military service. (He had previously fought and won a by-election on the issue).\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"/wiki/1918_Grey_by-election\" title=\"1918 Grey by-election\">1918 Grey by-election</a></i> – won by <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_Holland\" title=\"Harry Holland\">Harry Holland</a> (Labour)\n</li></ul></li></ul>", "<h2>Notes</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<ul><li>{{cite book |first = Barry |last = Gustafson |author-link = Barry Gustafson |title = Labour's path to political independence: The Origins and Establishment of the New Zealand Labour Party, 1900–19 |place = [[Auckland]], New Zealand |publisher = [[Auckland University Press]] |year = 1980 |isbn = 0-19-647986-X }}\n</li><li>{{cite book |title=Electoral Atlas of New Zealand |last=McRobie |first=Alan |year=1989 |publisher=GP Books |location=Wellington |isbn=0-477-01384-8}}\n</li><li>{{cite book |last= Wilson |first= James Oakley |title= New Zealand Parliamentary Record, 1840–1984 |edition= 4th |orig-year=First published in 1913 |year= 1985 |publisher=V.R. Ward, Govt. Printer |location= Wellington |oclc= 154283103}}\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:New_Zealand_parliaments\" title=\"New Zealand parliaments\">Category:New Zealand parliaments</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 753665 ], "name": [ "Ser Amantio di Nicolao" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Facts", "Issue", "Opinion", "Later developments", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|U.S. trademark law case}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}\n{{Infobox COA case\n |Litigants=Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo\n |Court=[[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]\n |CourtSeal=Seal of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.png\n |ArgueDate=April 8,\n |ArgueYear=2005\n |DecideDate=July 15,\n |DecideYear=2005\n |FullName=Pro-Football, Inc. v. Suzan Shown HARJO, et al.\n |Citations=415 [[F.3d]] [https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/415/44/524808/ 44]\n |Holding=\n |Judges=Circuit Judges [[A. Raymond Randolph]], [[David B. Sentelle]], [[David S. Tatel]]\n |PerCuriam=yes\n}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Washington_Redskins_wordmark.svg\" title=\"Washington Redskins wordmark.svg\">thumb|right|300px|Script logo used by the Redskins (1972–2020).</a>\n<i><b>Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo</b></i>, 415 <a href=\"/wiki/F.3d\" title=\"F.3d\">F.3d</a> 44 (<a href=\"/wiki/D.C._Cir.\" title=\"D.C. Cir.\">D.C. Cir.</a> 2005),<ref>{{cite court |litigants=Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo |vol=415 |reporter=F.3d |opinion=44 |pinpoint= |court=D.C. Cir. |date=2005 |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/415/44/524808/ |accessdate=2017-12-26 |quote=}}</ref> is a case in which the <a href=\"/wiki/U.S._Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia\" title=\"U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia\">U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia</a> considered the decision of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office\" title=\"United States Patent and Trademark Office\">United States Patent and Trademark Office</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Trademark_Trial_and_Appeal_Board\" title=\"Trademark Trial and Appeal Board\">Trademark Trial and Appeal Board</a> (TTAB) to cancel the registration of the <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_Commanders\" title=\"Washington Commanders\">Washington Redskins</a> <a href=\"/wiki/American_football\" title=\"American football\">football</a> team, based on the claim that the name was <a href=\"/wiki/Disparagement\" title=\"Disparagement\">disparaging</a> to <a href=\"/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Native Americans in the United States\">Native Americans</a>. The Court of Appeals did not actually reach the merits of the TTAB's decision; it sent the case back to the trial court for consideration of a procedural issue.\n</p>", "<h2>Facts</h2>\n<p>In 1992, activist <a href=\"/wiki/Suzan_Harjo\" title=\"Suzan Harjo\">Suzan Harjo</a> led seven Native Americans in petitioning the TTAB to cancel six trademark registrations owned by Pro-Football, Inc., the corporate entity that operates the franchise then known as the Washington Redskins. The TTAB granted the petition, and the owner appealed to the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia\" title=\"United States District Court for the District of Columbia\">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a>, which overturned the cancellation on two grounds. The District Court found that the TTAB lacked substantial evidence to find disparagement, and since the Redskins had registered their marks as early as 1967, the petition was barred by <a href=\"/wiki/Laches_%28equity%29\" title=\"Laches (equity)\">laches</a> — an equitable legal theory which prohibits a party from waiting so long to file a claim that it becomes unfair to the other party.\n</p><p>The complainants then appealed this decision to the Court of Appeals.\n</p>", "<h2>Issue</h2>\n<p>The Court of Appeals was presented with several questions:\n<ol><li>Whether the complainants had indeed presented \"substantial evidence\" to the TTAB\n</li><li>whether a laches defense should apply at all in a disparagement case; and\n</li><li>if such a defense should apply, whether it would bar these particular complainants.\n</li></ol></p>", "<h2>Opinion</h2>\n<p>The Native Americans claimed that laches should not apply to a disparagement claim at all, because the law specifies that such a claim can be brought \"at any time\". The Court rejected this, noting that other language in the same statute specifically permits equitable defenses, and laches is such a defense.\n</p><p>The Court then considered the applicability of laches to the case at hand. Because the defense depends on the laxity of the plaintiff in pursuing his rights - which can not effectively be pursued until the plaintiff has reached the age of majority - the Court found that the defense could not be applied against the youngest plaintiff, who was only one year old when the trademarks were first registered in 1967. It vacated the District Court's application of laches to that plaintiff, and remanded the case for further consideration on that issue only. It retained jurisdiction over the rest of the case (including the question of whether the TTAB's decision had been supported by substantial evidence), pending the District Court's resolution of the laches issue.\n</p><p>The Court acknowledged the assertion by the owner that this finding would leave trademarks disparaging a group with a constantly expanding population \"perpetually at risk\". The fact that Pro-Football may never have security in its trademark registrations stems from Congress's decision not to set a <a href=\"/wiki/Statute_of_limitations\" title=\"Statute of limitations\">statute of limitations</a> and instead to authorize petitions for cancellation based on disparagement \"at any time\".\n</p>", "<h2>Later developments</h2>\n<p>The case was <a href=\"/wiki/Remand_%28court_procedure%29\" title=\"Remand (court procedure)\">remanded</a> to the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia\" title=\"United States District Court for the District of Columbia\">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a> for further proceedings relating to the youngest plaintiff only. In July 2008, that court found that the doctrine of laches was still applicable to that plaintiff, since he had turned 18 eight years before the case was filed.<ref><a href=\"http://www.realclearsports.com/news/ap/sports/2008/Jul/11/judge_sides_with_redskins_against_american_indians.html\">Judge sides with Redskins against American Indians</a>{{dead link|date=April 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, July 11, 2008.</ref> On November 16, 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court declined certiorari and refused to hear the Native American group's appeal.<ref>Richey, Warren. <a href=\"http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/1116/p02s07-usju.html\">\"Washington Redskins can keep team name; Supreme Court refuses native Americans' suit.\"</a> <i>Christian Science Monitor.</i> 16 Nov 2009 (retrieved 16 Nov 2009)</ref>\n</p><p>In 2012, another case was brought by Native Americans, <i>Blackhorse v. Pro-Football, Inc.</i> with younger plaintiffs whose standing was not hindered by laches.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/capital-business/post/legal-battle-over-redskins-name-continues/2012/09/06/9b80a502-f7ac-11e1-8398-0327ab83ab91_blog.html|title=Legal battle over Redskins' name continues|date=September 6, 2012 |first=Catherine|last=Ho|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=February 9, 2013}}</ref> On June 17, 2014 the TTAB ruled to void the Washington Redskins trademark finding the name \"disparaging of Native Americans\".<ref>{{cite web|last=Vargas |first=Theresa |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/us-patent-office-cancels-redskins-trademark-registration-says-name-is-disparaging/2014/06/18/e7737bb8-f6ee-11e3-8aa9-dad2ec039789_story.html |title=U.S. patent office cancels Redskins trademark registration, says name is disparaging |work=The Washington Post |date=2013-09-22 |accessdate=2014-06-18}}</ref> On July 8, 2015, Judge Gerald Lee of the Eastern District of Virginia upheld that ruling.\n</p><p>The Redskins nickname controversy ended shortly before the 2020 NFL season when, under pressure from team sponsors, owner <a href=\"/wiki/Daniel_Snyder\" title=\"Daniel Snyder\">Daniel Snyder</a> dropped the \"Redskins\" nickname, with Washington Football Team used as a placeholder name<ref>{{cite web|last=Keim|first=John|title=How the events of 2020 forced the Washington NFL team's name change|url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/29460299/how-events-2020-forced-washington-nfl-team-name-change|website=ESPN.com|date=July 14, 2020|access-date=July 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714200616/https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/29460299/how-events-2020-forced-washington-nfl-team-name-change|archive-date=July 14, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=Washington Announces Franchise Will Be Called 'Washington Football Team' Pending Adoption Of New Name|url=https://www.redskins.com/news/redskins-announce-franchise-will-be-called-washington-football-team-pending-adop|publisher=NFL Enterprises|website=Redskins.com|date=July 23, 2020|access-date=July 24, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724023656/https://www.redskins.com/news/redskins-announce-franchise-will-be-called-washington-football-team-pending-adop|archive-date=July 24, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> until the new name of <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_Commanders\" title=\"Washington Commanders\">Washington Commanders</a> was announced on February 2, 2022.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.commanders.com/news/the-washington-football-team-is-now-the-washington-commanders |title=The Washington Football Team Is Now the Washington Commanders |publisher=Washington Commanders |date=February 2, 2022 |accessdate=February 4, 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy\" title=\"Native American mascot controversy\">Native American mascot controversy</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Washington_Redskins_name_controversy\" title=\"Washington Redskins name controversy\">Washington Redskins name controversy</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> {{caselaw source\n | case = ''Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo'', 415 F.3d 44 (D.C. Cir. 2005)\n | courtlistener =https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/186501/pro-ftbl-inc-v-harjo-suzan/\n | googlescholar = https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2204191829610278162\n | justia =https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F3/415/44/524808/\n | openjurist =https://openjurist.org/415/f3d/44\n }}\n</li><li> <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20140623131555/http://www.narf.org/nill/bulletins/dct/documents/football.html\"><i>Pro-Football, Inc. v. Harjo</i>, Civil Action No. 99-1385 (CKK).July 26, 2006.</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Pro-Football, Inc. V. Harjo}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit_cases\" title=\"United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit cases\">Category:United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit cases</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:United_States_trademark_case_law\" title=\"United States trademark case law\">Category:United States trademark case law</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Washington_Redskins\" title=\"Washington Redskins\">Category:Washington Redskins</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2005_in_United_States_case_law\" title=\"2005 in United States case law\">Category:2005 in United States case law</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2005_in_American_football\" title=\"2005 in American football\">Category:2005 in American football</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 27823944 ], "name": [ "GreenC bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Senior playing career", "Inverness", "Ross County", "Brora Rangers", "St Duthus", "Nairn County", "Coaching career", "Honours", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Scottish footballer}}\n{{Use British English|date=October 2020}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}\n{{Infobox football biography\n| name = Ross Tokely\n| fullname = Ross Norman Tokely\n| image = Ross Tokely playing for St Duthus FC.jpg\n| caption = Tokely playing for St Duthus in 2019\n| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1979|3|8}}\n| birth_place = [[Aberdeen]], Scotland\n| height = \n| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]\n| currentclub = [[Nairn County F.C.|Nairn County]] (manager)\n| youthyears1 = 1995–1996\n| youthclubs1 = [[Huntly F.C.|Huntly]]\n| years1 = 1996–2012\n| clubs1 = [[Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.|Inverness CT]]\n| caps1 = 593\n| goals1 = 30\n| years2 = 2012–2013\n| clubs2 = [[Ross County F.C.|Ross County]]\n| caps2 = 17\n| goals2 = 0\n| years3 = 2013–2018\n| clubs3 = [[Brora Rangers F.C.|Brora Rangers]]\n| caps3 = 40\n| goals3 = 7\n| years4 = 2018–2022\n| clubs4 = [[St Duthus F.C.|St Duthus]]\n| caps4 = 30\n| goals4 = 5\n| years5 = 2022–2024\n| clubs5 = [[Nairn County F.C.|Nairn County]]\n| caps5 = 51\n| goals5 = 7\n| totalcaps = 731\n| totalgoals = 49\n| manageryears1 = 2016–2018\n| managerclubs1 = [[Brora Rangers F.C.|Brora Rangers]]\n| manageryears2 = 2024–\n| managerclubs2 = [[Nairn County F.C.|Nairn County]]\n}}\n<b>Ross Tokely</b> (born 8 March 1979) is a Scottish <a href=\"/wiki/Association_football\" title=\"Association football\">football</a> coach and former professional player who played for <a href=\"/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C.\" title=\"Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.\">Inverness Caledonian Thistle</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ross_County_F.C.\" title=\"Ross County F.C.\">Ross County</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Brora_Rangers_F.C.\" title=\"Brora Rangers F.C.\">Brora Rangers</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Nairn_County_F.C.\" title=\"Nairn County F.C.\">Nairn County</a>, he currently manages <a href=\"/wiki/Nairn_County_F.C.\" title=\"Nairn County F.C.\">Nairn County</a>.\n</p><p>Tokely joined Inverness from <a href=\"/wiki/Highland_Football_League\" title=\"Highland Football League\">Highland League</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/Huntly_F.C.\" title=\"Huntly F.C.\">Huntly</a> in 1996 and remained at the club until June 2012, for a total of 16 seasons at the <a href=\"/wiki/Inverness\" title=\"Inverness\">Inverness</a> club. Tokely was ICT's longest serving player and currently holds their appearance record.<ref name=\"bbc\">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/i/inverness_ct/8474486.stm |title=Inverness CT's Ross Tokely set for 500th match for club |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |date=22 January 2010}}</ref> He also holds the distinction of having played and scored in every division of <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_football_pyramid\" title=\"Scottish football pyramid\">Scottish league football</a>, from <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_Third_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League Third Division\">Third Division</a> to the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League\" title=\"Scottish Premier League\">SPL</a>, for Inverness.<ref name=\"bbc\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Senior playing career</h2>\n<h3>Inverness</h3>\n<p>Tokely was born in <a href=\"/wiki/Aberdeen\" title=\"Aberdeen\">Aberdeen</a>. He was signed to <a href=\"/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C.\" title=\"Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.\">Inverness Caledonian Thistle</a> by manager Steve Paterson and made his first appearance in the side that won the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_Third_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League Third Division\">Third Division</a> title in <a href=\"/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_in_Scottish_football\" title=\"1996–97 in Scottish football\">1997</a>. Tokely gradually established himself in the side, usually playing at right back, although he has sometimes played in central defence or as a <a href=\"/wiki/Midfielder_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Midfielder (association football)\">holding midfielder</a>.\n</p><p>Tokely retained his place in the team as Inverness progressed through the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_Third_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League Third Division\">Third Division</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_Second_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League Second Division\">Second Division</a> to the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League First Division\">First Division</a>.\n</p><p>Tokely also had more positive successes during this period, notably a fantastic goal against his boyhood heroes <a href=\"/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C.\" title=\"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\">Hearts</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Scottish_Cup\" title=\"2001–02 Scottish Cup\">2002</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Cup\" title=\"Scottish Cup\">Scottish Cup</a>.<ref name=\"hearts\">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/scotland/1785320.stm |title=Caley hero Tokely's Hearts-breaker |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |date=27 January 2002}}</ref> Tokely hit a 20-yard shot into the top corner at <a href=\"/wiki/Tynecastle_Stadium\" title=\"Tynecastle Stadium\">Tynecastle</a> as Inverness defeated another SPL club in the cup, having won 3–1 at <a href=\"/wiki/Celtic_Park\" title=\"Celtic Park\">Celtic Park</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Scottish_Cup\" title=\"1999–2000 Scottish Cup\">2000</a>.<ref name=\"hearts\" /> Tokely also scored the winning <a href=\"/wiki/Penalty_kick_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Penalty kick (association football)\">penalty</a> in a <a href=\"/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\">shoot-out</a> against <a href=\"/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C.\" title=\"Dunfermline Athletic F.C.\">Dunfermline Athletic</a> in the following <a href=\"/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Scottish_League_Cup\" title=\"2000–01 Scottish League Cup\">season</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup\" title=\"Scottish League Cup\">League Cup</a>.\n</p><p>Tokely was part of the squad that won promotion to the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League\" title=\"Scottish Premier League\">SPL</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_in_Scottish_football\" title=\"2003–04 in Scottish football\">2004</a>, by winning the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League First Division\">First Division</a> title. As Inverness moved into the SPL, he retained his spot in the side, being awarded the number 2 jersey. After 10 years of service to the club, Tokely was awarded a <a href=\"/wiki/Testimonial_match\" title=\"Testimonial match\">testimonial match</a> against <a href=\"/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C.\" title=\"Sheffield United F.C.\">Sheffield United</a>.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/i/inverness_ct/5198822.stm |title=Tokely comeback for testimonial |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |date=20 July 2006}}</ref>\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:ICTChampionsMay_2010.jpg\" title=\"ICTChampionsMay 2010.jpg\">thumb|Tokely on stage as the Inverness team celebrate winning the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League First Division\">First Division</a> title in May 2010 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Caledonian_Stadium\" title=\"Caledonian Stadium\">Caledonian Stadium</a></a>\n</p><p>Throughout their five-year stint in the top league, Tokely was an established player in the side. His longest spell out of the team came in 2007, when he missed a month of first team action after being sent off for an off the ball punch on <a href=\"/wiki/Motherwell_F.C.\" title=\"Motherwell F.C.\">Motherwell</a> player <a href=\"/wiki/Steven_McGarry\" title=\"Steven McGarry\">Steven McGarry</a>. As the Highland club unsuccessfully battled against relegation in <a href=\"/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Scottish_Premier_League\" title=\"2008–09 Scottish Premier League\">2009</a>, manager <a href=\"/wiki/Terry_Butcher\" title=\"Terry Butcher\">Terry Butcher</a> joked that he wanted his side to achieve more league points than Tokely's total of disciplinary points.<ref name=\"kerr\">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/scotland/article6216698.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604153510/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/scotland/article6216698.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2011 |title=Abuse stokes Ross Tokely to fire Inverness's winner |work=[[The Times]] |date=4 May 2009 | location=London | first=Stuart | last=Darroch}}</ref> Tokely racked up further disciplinary points as he was sent off for a professional foul on the final day of the season against <a href=\"/wiki/Falkirk_F.C.\" title=\"Falkirk F.C.\">Falkirk</a>. Inverness went on to lose the decisive match 1–0, and were consequently relegated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McDaid |first1=David |title=Inverness CT 0-1 Falkirk |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/scot_prem/8062736.stm |accessdate=13 October 2020 |work=BBC Sport |date=23 May 2009}}</ref>\n</p><p>Nonetheless, Tokely retained his place in the Inverness side after their drop back down to the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League First Division\">First Division</a>, helping the club gain promotion straight back to the SPL in <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Scottish_First_Division\" title=\"2009–10 Scottish First Division\">2010</a>.<ref name=\"new deal\" /> He was made <a href=\"/wiki/Captain_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Captain (association football)\">captain</a> of the team for his 500th appearance for Inverness, a 1–0 win against <a href=\"/wiki/Airdrie_United_F.C.\" title=\"Airdrie United F.C.\">Airdrie United</a>. Tokely agreed a new contract with Inverness in June 2010, despite receiving offers from overseas.<ref name=\"new deal\">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/inverness-caledonian-thistle/2010/06/19/i-rejected-moves-to-greece-and-even-china-to-stay-at-club-i-love-says-inverness-star-ross-tokely-86908-22344355/ |work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |date=19 June 2010 |accessdate=20 June 2010 |title=I rejected moves to Greece and even China to stay at club I love, says Inverness star Ross Tokely}}</ref> In May 2012, he rejected a contract offer from Inverness and ended his 16-year career with the club.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sport.stv.tv/football/clubs/inverness/104494-ross-tokely-angry-at-disrespectful-treatment-from-inverness-caledonian-th/ | title=Ross Tokely angry at 'disrespectful' treatment from Inverness CT | publisher=[[Scottish Television|STV]] | date=2 June 2012 | accessdate=16 June 2012}}</ref>\n</p><h3>Ross County</h3>\n<p>On 7 June 2012, Tokely signed for <a href=\"/wiki/Ross_County_F.C.\" title=\"Ross County F.C.\">Ross County</a> on a one-year contract.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18354490|title=Former Inverness defender Ross Tokely joins Ross County|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=7 June 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref>\n</p><h3>Brora Rangers</h3>\n<p>Tokely joined <a href=\"/wiki/Brora_Rangers_F.C.\" title=\"Brora Rangers F.C.\">Brora Rangers</a> as a player/coach in January 2013. On Saturday 5 October Brora drew 1–1 with league rivals <a href=\"/wiki/Cove_Rangers_F.C.\" title=\"Cove Rangers F.C.\">Cove Rangers</a>, but went on to beat them 3–0 away from home in the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Cup\" title=\"Scottish Cup\">Scottish Cup</a>, flying high in the Highland League, Brora were favourites to beat <a href=\"/wiki/Clyde_F.C.\" title=\"Clyde F.C.\">Clyde</a> in the 2nd round but lost 2–1 at <a href=\"/wiki/Broadwood_Stadium\" title=\"Broadwood Stadium\">Broadwood</a>.\n</p><p>In 2013–14 Brora won the <a href=\"/wiki/Highland_Football_League\" title=\"Highland Football League\">Highland League</a> for the first time in their history - by twenty-clear-points. They also won the <a href=\"/wiki/North_of_Scotland_Cup\" title=\"North of Scotland Cup\">North Of Scotland Cup</a> for the fourth time when they beat <a href=\"/wiki/Elgin_City_F.C.\" title=\"Elgin City F.C.\">Elgin City</a> in the 2014–15 final.\n</p><p>On 26 July 2014, Brora knocked <a href=\"/wiki/Stenhousemuir_F.C.\" title=\"Stenhousemuir F.C.\">Stenhousemuir</a> out of the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Challenge_Cup\" title=\"Scottish Challenge Cup\">Challenge Cup</a> after extra-time 3–1, Alex Sutherland hat-trick, to be beaten by <a href=\"/wiki/East_Fife_F.C.\" title=\"East Fife F.C.\">East Fife</a> in the second round 3–1.\n</p><h3>St Duthus</h3>\n<p>Midway through the 2018–19 season, Tokely made a return to senior football when he joined <a href=\"/wiki/North_Caledonian_Football_League\" title=\"North Caledonian Football League\">North Caledonian League</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/St_Duthus_F.C.\" title=\"St Duthus F.C.\">St Duthus</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stduthusfc.co.uk/news_article.php?id=320|title=Ross Tokely signs up with Saints {{!}} St Duthus Football Club - Tain, Highland, Scotland|last=Club|first=St Duthus Football|website=www.stduthusfc.co.uk|language=en|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stduthusfc.co.uk/archive/player.php?id=106|title=Ross Tokely {{!}} Player Statistics {{!}} St Duthus (Saints Archive)|website=stduthusfc.co.uk|language=en|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ross Tokely {{!}} Player Statistics {{!}} St Duthus (Saints Archive) |url=https://stduthusfc.co.uk/archive/player.php?id=106 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=stduthusfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> During his time with the Tain based club, he won two cup medals, the Football Times Cup in 2020, and the North Caledonian Cup in 2022.\n</p><h3> Nairn County </h3>\n<p>After starting the 2022-23 season with St Duthus, Tokely was released to sign for Nairn County on 24 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2022 |title=Former Ross County and St Duthus player to sign for Highland League club |url=https://www.ross-shirejournal.co.uk/sport/former-ross-county-and-st-duthus-player-to-sign-for-highland-291407/ |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=RossShire Journal |language=en}}</ref> Tokely decided to end his playing career at the end of 2023-24.\n</p>", "<h3>Inverness</h3>\n<p>Tokely was born in <a href=\"/wiki/Aberdeen\" title=\"Aberdeen\">Aberdeen</a>. He was signed to <a href=\"/wiki/Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C.\" title=\"Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.\">Inverness Caledonian Thistle</a> by manager Steve Paterson and made his first appearance in the side that won the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_Third_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League Third Division\">Third Division</a> title in <a href=\"/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_in_Scottish_football\" title=\"1996–97 in Scottish football\">1997</a>. Tokely gradually established himself in the side, usually playing at right back, although he has sometimes played in central defence or as a <a href=\"/wiki/Midfielder_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Midfielder (association football)\">holding midfielder</a>.\n</p><p>Tokely retained his place in the team as Inverness progressed through the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_Third_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League Third Division\">Third Division</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_Second_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League Second Division\">Second Division</a> to the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League First Division\">First Division</a>.\n</p><p>Tokely also had more positive successes during this period, notably a fantastic goal against his boyhood heroes <a href=\"/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C.\" title=\"Heart of Midlothian F.C.\">Hearts</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_Scottish_Cup\" title=\"2001–02 Scottish Cup\">2002</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Cup\" title=\"Scottish Cup\">Scottish Cup</a>.<ref name=\"hearts\">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/scotland/1785320.stm |title=Caley hero Tokely's Hearts-breaker |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |date=27 January 2002}}</ref> Tokely hit a 20-yard shot into the top corner at <a href=\"/wiki/Tynecastle_Stadium\" title=\"Tynecastle Stadium\">Tynecastle</a> as Inverness defeated another SPL club in the cup, having won 3–1 at <a href=\"/wiki/Celtic_Park\" title=\"Celtic Park\">Celtic Park</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Scottish_Cup\" title=\"1999–2000 Scottish Cup\">2000</a>.<ref name=\"hearts\" /> Tokely also scored the winning <a href=\"/wiki/Penalty_kick_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Penalty kick (association football)\">penalty</a> in a <a href=\"/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Penalty shoot-out (association football)\">shoot-out</a> against <a href=\"/wiki/Dunfermline_Athletic_F.C.\" title=\"Dunfermline Athletic F.C.\">Dunfermline Athletic</a> in the following <a href=\"/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Scottish_League_Cup\" title=\"2000–01 Scottish League Cup\">season</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_League_Cup\" title=\"Scottish League Cup\">League Cup</a>.\n</p><p>Tokely was part of the squad that won promotion to the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Premier_League\" title=\"Scottish Premier League\">SPL</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_in_Scottish_football\" title=\"2003–04 in Scottish football\">2004</a>, by winning the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League First Division\">First Division</a> title. As Inverness moved into the SPL, he retained his spot in the side, being awarded the number 2 jersey. After 10 years of service to the club, Tokely was awarded a <a href=\"/wiki/Testimonial_match\" title=\"Testimonial match\">testimonial match</a> against <a href=\"/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C.\" title=\"Sheffield United F.C.\">Sheffield United</a>.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/i/inverness_ct/5198822.stm |title=Tokely comeback for testimonial |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |date=20 July 2006}}</ref>\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:ICTChampionsMay_2010.jpg\" title=\"ICTChampionsMay 2010.jpg\">thumb|Tokely on stage as the Inverness team celebrate winning the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League First Division\">First Division</a> title in May 2010 at the <a href=\"/wiki/Caledonian_Stadium\" title=\"Caledonian Stadium\">Caledonian Stadium</a></a>\n</p><p>Throughout their five-year stint in the top league, Tokely was an established player in the side. His longest spell out of the team came in 2007, when he missed a month of first team action after being sent off for an off the ball punch on <a href=\"/wiki/Motherwell_F.C.\" title=\"Motherwell F.C.\">Motherwell</a> player <a href=\"/wiki/Steven_McGarry\" title=\"Steven McGarry\">Steven McGarry</a>. As the Highland club unsuccessfully battled against relegation in <a href=\"/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Scottish_Premier_League\" title=\"2008–09 Scottish Premier League\">2009</a>, manager <a href=\"/wiki/Terry_Butcher\" title=\"Terry Butcher\">Terry Butcher</a> joked that he wanted his side to achieve more league points than Tokely's total of disciplinary points.<ref name=\"kerr\">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/scotland/article6216698.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604153510/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/football/scotland/article6216698.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 June 2011 |title=Abuse stokes Ross Tokely to fire Inverness's winner |work=[[The Times]] |date=4 May 2009 | location=London | first=Stuart | last=Darroch}}</ref> Tokely racked up further disciplinary points as he was sent off for a professional foul on the final day of the season against <a href=\"/wiki/Falkirk_F.C.\" title=\"Falkirk F.C.\">Falkirk</a>. Inverness went on to lose the decisive match 1–0, and were consequently relegated.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McDaid |first1=David |title=Inverness CT 0-1 Falkirk |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/scot_prem/8062736.stm |accessdate=13 October 2020 |work=BBC Sport |date=23 May 2009}}</ref>\n</p><p>Nonetheless, Tokely retained his place in the Inverness side after their drop back down to the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League First Division\">First Division</a>, helping the club gain promotion straight back to the SPL in <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Scottish_First_Division\" title=\"2009–10 Scottish First Division\">2010</a>.<ref name=\"new deal\" /> He was made <a href=\"/wiki/Captain_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Captain (association football)\">captain</a> of the team for his 500th appearance for Inverness, a 1–0 win against <a href=\"/wiki/Airdrie_United_F.C.\" title=\"Airdrie United F.C.\">Airdrie United</a>. Tokely agreed a new contract with Inverness in June 2010, despite receiving offers from overseas.<ref name=\"new deal\">{{cite news |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/football/spl/inverness-caledonian-thistle/2010/06/19/i-rejected-moves-to-greece-and-even-china-to-stay-at-club-i-love-says-inverness-star-ross-tokely-86908-22344355/ |work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]] |date=19 June 2010 |accessdate=20 June 2010 |title=I rejected moves to Greece and even China to stay at club I love, says Inverness star Ross Tokely}}</ref> In May 2012, he rejected a contract offer from Inverness and ended his 16-year career with the club.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://sport.stv.tv/football/clubs/inverness/104494-ross-tokely-angry-at-disrespectful-treatment-from-inverness-caledonian-th/ | title=Ross Tokely angry at 'disrespectful' treatment from Inverness CT | publisher=[[Scottish Television|STV]] | date=2 June 2012 | accessdate=16 June 2012}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Ross County</h3>\n<p>On 7 June 2012, Tokely signed for <a href=\"/wiki/Ross_County_F.C.\" title=\"Ross County F.C.\">Ross County</a> on a one-year contract.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/18354490|title=Former Inverness defender Ross Tokely joins Ross County|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|date=7 June 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Brora Rangers</h3>\n<p>Tokely joined <a href=\"/wiki/Brora_Rangers_F.C.\" title=\"Brora Rangers F.C.\">Brora Rangers</a> as a player/coach in January 2013. On Saturday 5 October Brora drew 1–1 with league rivals <a href=\"/wiki/Cove_Rangers_F.C.\" title=\"Cove Rangers F.C.\">Cove Rangers</a>, but went on to beat them 3–0 away from home in the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Cup\" title=\"Scottish Cup\">Scottish Cup</a>, flying high in the Highland League, Brora were favourites to beat <a href=\"/wiki/Clyde_F.C.\" title=\"Clyde F.C.\">Clyde</a> in the 2nd round but lost 2–1 at <a href=\"/wiki/Broadwood_Stadium\" title=\"Broadwood Stadium\">Broadwood</a>.\n</p><p>In 2013–14 Brora won the <a href=\"/wiki/Highland_Football_League\" title=\"Highland Football League\">Highland League</a> for the first time in their history - by twenty-clear-points. They also won the <a href=\"/wiki/North_of_Scotland_Cup\" title=\"North of Scotland Cup\">North Of Scotland Cup</a> for the fourth time when they beat <a href=\"/wiki/Elgin_City_F.C.\" title=\"Elgin City F.C.\">Elgin City</a> in the 2014–15 final.\n</p><p>On 26 July 2014, Brora knocked <a href=\"/wiki/Stenhousemuir_F.C.\" title=\"Stenhousemuir F.C.\">Stenhousemuir</a> out of the <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Challenge_Cup\" title=\"Scottish Challenge Cup\">Challenge Cup</a> after extra-time 3–1, Alex Sutherland hat-trick, to be beaten by <a href=\"/wiki/East_Fife_F.C.\" title=\"East Fife F.C.\">East Fife</a> in the second round 3–1.\n</p>", "<h3>St Duthus</h3>\n<p>Midway through the 2018–19 season, Tokely made a return to senior football when he joined <a href=\"/wiki/North_Caledonian_Football_League\" title=\"North Caledonian Football League\">North Caledonian League</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/St_Duthus_F.C.\" title=\"St Duthus F.C.\">St Duthus</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stduthusfc.co.uk/news_article.php?id=320|title=Ross Tokely signs up with Saints {{!}} St Duthus Football Club - Tain, Highland, Scotland|last=Club|first=St Duthus Football|website=www.stduthusfc.co.uk|language=en|access-date=21 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stduthusfc.co.uk/archive/player.php?id=106|title=Ross Tokely {{!}} Player Statistics {{!}} St Duthus (Saints Archive)|website=stduthusfc.co.uk|language=en|access-date=30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ross Tokely {{!}} Player Statistics {{!}} St Duthus (Saints Archive) |url=https://stduthusfc.co.uk/archive/player.php?id=106 |access-date=5 April 2022 |website=stduthusfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> During his time with the Tain based club, he won two cup medals, the Football Times Cup in 2020, and the North Caledonian Cup in 2022.\n</p>", "<h3> Nairn County </h3>\n<p>After starting the 2022-23 season with St Duthus, Tokely was released to sign for Nairn County on 24 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2022 |title=Former Ross County and St Duthus player to sign for Highland League club |url=https://www.ross-shirejournal.co.uk/sport/former-ross-county-and-st-duthus-player-to-sign-for-highland-291407/ |access-date=24 October 2022 |website=RossShire Journal |language=en}}</ref> Tokely decided to end his playing career at the end of 2023-24.\n</p>", "<h2>Coaching career</h2>\n<p>Tokely was appointed Brora Rangers manager in December 2016.<ref name=\"brora manager\" /> Brora knocked SPFL clubs <a href=\"/wiki/Stranraer_F.C.\" title=\"Stranraer F.C.\">Stranraer</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/East_Fife_F.C.\" title=\"East Fife F.C.\">East Fife</a> out of the <a href=\"/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Scottish_Cup\" title=\"2017–18 Scottish Cup\">2017–18 Scottish Cup</a>, before eventually losing to Premiership club <a href=\"/wiki/Kilmarnock_F.C.\" title=\"Kilmarnock F.C.\">Kilmarnock</a> in the fifth round (last 16).<ref name=\"brora manager\" /> They had poorer results in the <a href=\"/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Highland_Football_League\" title=\"2017–18 Highland Football League\">2017–18 Highland Football League</a>, however, and Tokely left the club near the end of the season.<ref name=\"brora manager\">{{cite web |url=https://brorarangers.football/2018/05/02/ross-resigns/ |title=Ross Resigns |publisher=Brora Rangers FC |date= |accessdate=3 May 2018}}</ref>\n</p><p>Tokely returned to Inverness to become their Under 16 Youth Team coach.\n</p><p>On 26 April 2024, Tokely was appointed as manager of <a href=\"/wiki/Highland_Football_League\" title=\"Highland Football League\">Highland Football League</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/Nairn_County_F.C.\" title=\"Nairn County F.C.\">Nairn County</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacLeod |first=Graeme |date=2024-04-26 |title=Ross Tokely appointed manager of Nairn County |url=https://nairncountyfc.co.uk/news/ross-tokely-appointed-manager-of-nairn-county/ |access-date=2024-04-27 |website=Nairn County Football Club}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Honours </h2>\n<p><b>Inverness Caledonian Thistle</b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_First_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League First Division\">Scottish First Division</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Scottish_First_Division\" title=\"2003–04 Scottish First Division\">2003–04</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Scottish_First_Division\" title=\"2009–10 Scottish First Division\">2009–10</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Football_League_Third_Division\" title=\"Scottish Football League Third Division\">Scottish Third Division</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_in_Scottish_football\" title=\"1996–97 in Scottish football\">1996–97</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Scottish_Challenge_Cup\" title=\"Scottish Challenge Cup\">Scottish Challenge Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Scottish_Challenge_Cup\" title=\"2003–04 Scottish Challenge Cup\">2003–04</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Brora Rangers</b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Highland_Football_League\" title=\"Highland Football League\">Highland League</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Highland_Football_League\" title=\"2013–14 Highland Football League\">2013–14</a> 2014-2015\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/North_of_Scotland_Cup\" title=\"North of Scotland Cup\">North Of Scotland Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_North_of_Scotland_Cup\" title=\"2013–14 North of Scotland Cup\">2013–14</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_North_of_Scotland_Cup\" title=\"2014–15 North of Scotland Cup\">2014–15</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>St Duthus</b>\n<ul><li> Football Times Cup: <a href=\"/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_North_Caledonian_Football_League\" title=\"2019–20 North Caledonian Football League\">2019-20</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/North_Caledonian_Cup\" title=\"North Caledonian Cup\">North Caledonian Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_North_Caledonian_Football_League\" title=\"2021–22 North Caledonian Football League\">2021-22</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Nairn County</b>\n</p><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/North_of_Scotland_Cup\" title=\"North of Scotland Cup\">North Of Scotland Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_North_of_Scotland_Cup\" title=\"2023–24 North of Scotland Cup\">2023–24</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<ul><li>{{Soccerbase}}\n</li></ul><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Tokely, Ross}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1979_births\" title=\"1979 births\">Category:1979 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Aberdeen\" title=\"Footballers from Aberdeen\">Category:Footballers from Aberdeen</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_defenders\" title=\"Men's association football defenders\">Category:Men's association football defenders</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Scottish_men%27s_footballers\" title=\"Scottish men's footballers\">Category:Scottish men's footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Huntly_F.C._players\" title=\"Huntly F.C. players\">Category:Huntly F.C. players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C._players\" title=\"Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players\">Category:Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Brora_Rangers_F.C._players\" title=\"Brora Rangers F.C. players\">Category:Brora Rangers F.C. players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Scottish_Football_League_players\" title=\"Scottish Football League players\">Category:Scottish Football League players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Scottish_Premier_League_players\" title=\"Scottish Premier League players\">Category:Scottish Premier League players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ross_County_F.C._players\" title=\"Ross County F.C. players\">Category:Ross County F.C. players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Highland_Football_League_players\" title=\"Highland Football League players\">Category:Highland Football League players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Scottish_football_managers\" title=\"Scottish football managers\">Category:Scottish football managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Brora_Rangers_F.C._managers\" title=\"Brora Rangers F.C. managers\">Category:Brora Rangers F.C. managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Inverness_Caledonian_Thistle_F.C._non-playing_staff\" title=\"Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. non-playing staff\">Category:Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C. non-playing staff</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Association_football_coaches\" title=\"Association football coaches\">Category:Association football coaches</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Highland_Football_League_managers\" title=\"Highland Football League managers\">Category:Highland Football League managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Loch_Ness_F.C._players\" title=\"Loch Ness F.C. players\">Category:Loch Ness F.C. players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:St_Duthus_F.C._players\" title=\"St Duthus F.C. players\">Category:St Duthus F.C. players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Nairn_County_F.C._players\" title=\"Nairn County F.C. players\">Category:Nairn County F.C. players</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 14064649 ], "name": [ "Saintandy7" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Club career", "Red Star Belgrade", "Lazio", "Inter Milan", "2004–2008", "2008–09 season", "2009–10: Triplete season", "2010–11 season", "Retirement", "International career", "Style of play", "Managerial career", "Red Star Belgrade", "Sampdoria", "Ferencváros", "Spartak Moscow", "Personal life", "Career statistics", "Club", "International", "Managerial statistics", "Honours", "Player", "Individual", "Manager", "Notes", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Serbian football manager (born 1978)}}\n{{For-multi|the beach soccer player|Dejan Stankovic (beach soccer)|the football manager and former player born 1957|Dejan Stanković (football manager)|other uses|Stanković}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}\n{{Infobox football biography\n| name = Dejan Stanković\n| image = FC Zenit Saint Petersburg vs. Red Star Belgrade, 3 July 2022 09 (cropped).jpg\n| caption = Stanković with [[Red Star Belgrade]] in 2022\n| full_name = Dejan Stanković<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf |title=2006 FIFA World Cup Germany: List of Players |publisher=FIFA |page=24 |date=21 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610174527/https://www.fifadata.com/document/fwc/2006/PDF/FWC_2006_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=10 June 2019}}</ref>\n| height = 1.81 m\n| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1978|09|11|df=y}}\n| birth_place = [[Belgrade]], [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|SR Serbia]],<br>[[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|SFR Yugoslavia]]\n| currentclub = [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] (manager)\n| position = [[Midfielder]]\n| youthyears1 = 1985–1992\n| youthclubs1 = [[FK Teleoptik|Teleoptik]]\n| youthyears2 = 1992–1995\n| youthclubs2 = [[Red Star Belgrade]]\n| years1 = 1995–1998\n| clubs1 = [[Red Star Belgrade]]\n| caps1 = 85\n| goals1 = 29\n| years2 = 1998–2004\n| clubs2 = [[SS Lazio|Lazio]]\n| caps2 = 137\n| goals2 = 22\n| years3 = 2004–2013\n| clubs3 = [[Inter Milan]]\n| caps3 = 231\n| goals3 = 29\n| totalcaps = 453\n| totalgoals = 80\n| nationalyears1 = 1998–2013\n| nationalteam1 = [[Serbia national football team|Serbia]]{{refn|group=note|Including 61 caps and 12 goals for [[Serbia and Montenegro national football team|Serbia and Montenegro]] (known as FR Yugoslavia until 2003)}}\n| nationalcaps1 = 103\n| nationalgoals1 = 15\n| manageryears1 = 2019–2022\n| managerclubs1 = [[Red Star Belgrade]]\n| manageryears2 = 2022–2023\n| managerclubs2 = [[UC Sampdoria|Sampdoria]]\n| manageryears3 = 2023–2024\n| managerclubs3 = [[Ferencvárosi TC|Ferencváros]]\n| manageryears4 = 2024–\n| managerclubs4 = [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]]\n}}\n<b>Dejan Stanković</b> ({{lang-sr-Cyrl|Дејан Станковић}}, {{IPA|sr|dějan stǎŋkoʋitɕ}}, born 11 September 1978) is a Serbian professional <a href=\"/wiki/Manager_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Manager (association football)\">football manager</a> and former <a href=\"/wiki/Football_player\" title=\"Football player\">player</a>. He captained the <a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_national_football_team\" title=\"Serbia national football team\">Serbia national team</a> from 2007 until 2011, when he announced his retirement from international football.<ref name=\"ansa\">{{Cite web |date=30 April 2010 |title=Serbia: Dejan Stankovic |url=http://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/mondialisudafrica/stelle/2010/04/20/visualizza_new.html_1764419313.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926023534/https://www.ansa.it/web/notizie/mondialisudafrica/stelle/2010/04/20/visualizza_new.html_1764419313.html |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=12 May 2019 |website=Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2011 |title=Serbia captain retires from national duty |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/serbia-captain-retires-from-national-duty-1564934 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031203911/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/serbia-captain-retires-from-national-duty-1564934 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> He is the manager of <a href=\"/wiki/Russia\" title=\"Russia\">Russian</a> team <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow\" title=\"FC Spartak Moscow\">Spartak Moscow</a>.\n</p><p>Stanković began his career at <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade\">Red Star Belgrade</a> before joining <a href=\"/wiki/SS_Lazio\" title=\"SS Lazio\">Lazio</a> in 1998. He spent more than five years with the latter club before joining <a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan\" title=\"Inter Milan\">Inter Milan</a>, where he remained until his retirement in 2013. Stanković is renowned for being the only man to represent three differently named nations at <a href=\"/wiki/FIFA\" title=\"FIFA\">FIFA</a> World Cups – <a href=\"/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_football_team\" title=\"Yugoslavia national football team\">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_national_football_team\" title=\"Serbia and Montenegro national football team\">Serbia and Montenegro</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_national_football_team\" title=\"Serbia national football team\">Serbia</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2011 |title=Tutto su… Dejan Stanković |url=https://www.passioneinter.com/inter-news/tutto-su-dejan-stankovic/ |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=Passione Inter |language=it-IT}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Club career</h2>\n<h3>Red Star Belgrade</h3>\n<p>Stanković grew up in <a href=\"/wiki/Zemun\" title=\"Zemun\">Zemun</a>, a municipality of <a href=\"/wiki/Belgrade\" title=\"Belgrade\">Belgrade</a>.<ref name=\"pedulla\">{{Cite web |last=Pedullà |first=Alfredo |date=2 July 2013 |title=Dejan Stankovic, il tributo a un campione |url=https://www.alfredopedulla.com/dejan-stankovic-il-tributo-a-un-campione/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125233700/https://www.alfredopedulla.com/dejan-stankovic-il-tributo-a-un-campione/ |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=alfredopedulla.com |language=it-IT}}</ref> Both of his parents, Borislav and Dragica, have strong football backgrounds.<ref name=\"deki5\">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://www.deki5.com/en/dejan-stankovic/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=Fudbalski kamp DEKI 5 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=\":0\">{{Cite web|last=Sweeney|first=Janes|date=5 February 2020|title=The record-breaking brilliance of peak Dejan Stanković|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2020/02/05/the-record-breaking-brilliance-of-peak-dejan-stankovic/|access-date=4 May 2021|website=These Football Times}}</ref> Stanković began playing football for <a href=\"/wiki/FK_Teleoptik\" title=\"FK Teleoptik\">FK Teleoptik</a>, based in his neighbourhood of Zemun.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /> When spotted by Red Star cadet squad coach <a href=\"/wiki/Branko_Radovi%C4%87_%28footballer%2C_born_1950%29\" title=\"Branko Radović (footballer, born 1950)\">Branko Radović</a>, however, 14-year-old Dejan transferred to <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade\">Red Star Belgrade</a>'s youth system.<ref name=\"danas\">{{Cite web |last=Marjanović |first=S. |date=7 September 2011 |title=Dejan Stanković |url=https://www.danas.rs/dijalog/licni-stavovi/dejan-stankovic/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=Danas |language=sr-RS}}</ref> Stanković then passed every age category at his hometown club.<ref>{{cite news|title= Stankovic split by Zvezda |publisher= [[UEFA]] |date = 30 October 2002 |url= http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=8192/newsid=40464.html\n |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind%3D8192/newsid%3D40464.html|archive-date = 1 December 2008|url-status = dead|df= dmy}}</ref><ref name=\"ansa\" /> In the youth teams, he was coached by <a href=\"/wiki/Vladimir_Petrovi%C4%87\" title=\"Vladimir Petrović\">Vladimir Petrović</a>,<ref name=\":0\" /> playing alongside future professionals <a href=\"/wiki/Nikola_Lazeti%C4%87\" title=\"Nikola Lazetić\">Nikola Lazetić</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Nenad_Lalatovi%C4%87\" title=\"Nenad Lalatović\">Nenad Lalatović</a>.<ref name=\"ambassador\">{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |date=2 October 2015 |title=Ambassador: Dejan Stanković |url=https://www.uefa.com/futsaleuro/news/0257-0defaedf809e-a694ec854891-1000--ambassador-dejan-stankovic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504224437/https://www.uefa.com/futsaleuro/news/0257-0defaedf809e-a694ec854891-1000--ambassador-dejan-stankovic/ |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=UEFA.com |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>During the <a href=\"/wiki/First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia_1994-95\" title=\"First League of FR Yugoslavia 1994-95\">1994–95 season</a>, Stanković's debut opportunity for first-team action came under head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Ljupko_Petrovi%C4%87\" title=\"Ljupko Petrović\">Ljupko Petrović</a> against crosstown rivals <a href=\"/wiki/OFK_Beograd\" title=\"OFK Beograd\">OFK Beograd</a> on 11 February 1995, becoming the youngest player to debut with Red Star at senior level.<ref name=\"ambassador\" /><ref name=\":0\" /> Fighting for a spot on the team led by, among others, <a href=\"/wiki/Rambo_Petkovic\" title=\"Rambo Petkovic\">Rambo Petković</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Darko_Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87\" title=\"Darko Kovačević\">Darko Kovačević</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_Krupnikovi%C4%87\" title=\"Nebojša Krupniković\">Nebojša Krupniković</a>,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crvena Zvezda » Squad 1994/1995|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/crvena-zvezda/1995/2/|access-date=5 May 2021|website=WorldFootball.net}}</ref> 16-year-old Stanković made seven league appearances that season as the team won the <a href=\"/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"1994–95 First League of FR Yugoslavia\">league title</a>.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /> He scored his first goal against <a href=\"/wiki/FK_Budu%C4%87nost_Podgorica\" title=\"FK Budućnost Podgorica\">Budućnost Podgorica</a>, becoming the youngest goalscorer in Red Star history as well as a first-team regular and a fan favourite.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /><ref name=\":0\" />\n</p><p>During the early 1990s, Red Star was under an international ban because of a <a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations\" title=\"United Nations\">United Nations</a> sanction imposed on <a href=\"/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"FR Yugoslavia\">FR Yugoslavia</a>, meaning that the team could not compete in any European competition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stojanovic|first=Dusan|date=4 June 1992|title=Red Star Sells Its Stars Because of U.N. Boycott With AM-Yugoslavia|url=https://apnews.com/article/d2e97a35ef91d25642cf33919d70a127|access-date=5 May 2021|website=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=\":1\">{{Cite web|last=Schlewitz|first=Kirsten|title=The rise, fall and resurrection of Red Star Belgrade – and why European competition still means so much to them|url=https://thesetpieces.com/latest-posts/the-rise-fall-and-resurrection-of-red-star-belgrade-and-why-european-competition-still-means-so-much-to-them/|access-date=5 May 2021|website=The Set Pieces|date=24 October 2018}}</ref> The ban was lifted ahead of the 1995–96 season,<ref name=\":1\" /> and just a year later Stanković debuted in a European competition in two-leg victory over <a href=\"/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern\" title=\"1. FC Kaiserslautern\">1. FC Kaiserslautern</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup\" title=\"1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\">Cup Winners' Cup</a>.<ref name=\"pedulla\" />\n</p><p>Before the start of the 1997–98 season, he was made squad captain at the age of 19, the youngest ever in the club's history.<ref name=\":0\" /> Despite not winning the league, he captained the team to two domestic cup victories.\n</p><h3>Lazio</h3>\n<p>In the summer of 1998, Stanković transferred for <a href=\"/wiki/Italian_lira\" title=\"Italian lira\">₤</a>24 million to <a href=\"/wiki/SS_Lazio\" title=\"SS Lazio\">Lazio</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.raisport.rai.it/news/rubriche/cmercato/199803/26/351ac20b03825/ |title=Stankovic alla Lazio |date=26 March 1998 |website=[[Rai Sport]] |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040818191816/http://www2.raisport.rai.it/news/rubriche/cmercato/199803/26/351ac20b03825/ |archive-date=18 August 2004 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 March 2019 }}</ref> where he scored on his <a href=\"/wiki/Serie_A\" title=\"Serie A\">Serie A</a> debut versus <a href=\"/wiki/Piacenza_Calcio\" title=\"Piacenza Calcio\">Piacenza</a> on 13 September 1998.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /><ref name=\":0\" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Piacenza 1 – Lazio 1|url=https://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie-a/match-report/1998-99/UNICO/UNI/1/PIALAZ|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Lega Serie A}}</ref> In those years, Lazio had an all-star squad with world class players at almost every position, but Stanković quickly secured a regular first-team place despite competition from <a href=\"/wiki/Pavel_Nedv%C4%9Bd\" title=\"Pavel Nedvěd\">Pavel Nedvěd</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Ver%C3%B3n\" title=\"Juan Sebastián Verón\">Juan Sebastián Verón</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Roberto_Mancini\" title=\"Roberto Mancini\">Roberto Mancini</a>.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /><ref name=\":0\" /> He formed a formidable midfield combination with Argentinian Verón and <a href=\"/wiki/Diego_Simeone\" title=\"Diego Simeone\">Diego Simeone</a> and were an integral part of the successful Lazio side at the turn of the decade.<ref name=\":0\" /> His work rate and impressive performances earned him the nickname \"<i>Il Dragone</i>\" (\"The Dragon\").<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2009 |title=Ambition fuelling Stankovic's flame |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=990896.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121094320/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid%3D990896.html |archive-date=21 January 2009 |access-date=21 January 2009 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref><ref name=\"ambassador\" /> He had five-and-a-half successful seasons in the <i>Biancoceleste</i> part of <a href=\"/wiki/Rome\" title=\"Rome\">Rome</a> – winning <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Serie_A\" title=\"1999–2000 Serie A\">1999–2000 Serie A</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"1999–2000 Coppa Italia\">1999–2000 Coppa Italia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1998_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"1998 Supercoppa Italiana\">1998</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/2000_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2000 Supercoppa Italiana\">2000 Supercoppa Italiana</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup\" title=\"1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\">1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/1999_UEFA_Super_Cup\" title=\"1999 UEFA Super Cup\">1999 UEFA Super Cup</a><ref name=\"deki5\" /> – before earning a high-profile move to <a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan\" title=\"Inter Milan\">Inter Milan</a> in February 2004.<ref name=\":0\" />\n</p><h3>Inter Milan</h3>\n<h4>2004–2008</h4>\n<p>Although Lazio had suffered from financial issues since 2001 and had been forced to sell some of its best players,<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 November 2002|title=Cirio insolvente, Lazio in crisi|url=https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Economia/2002/11_Novembre/08/economia.shtml|access-date=10 May 2021|website=Corriere della Sera|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 July 2001|title=Cragnotti vende i big: \"E io lascerò la presidenza\"|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/calciomercato/cragnodue/cragnodue/cragnodue.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2001|title=E ora la grande rivoluzione Nesta e Crespo in vendita|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/calcio_coppe/cragnotti/cragnotti/cragnotti.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> Stanković began the 2003–04 season at Lazio. In January 2004, <a href=\"/wiki/Juventus_FC\" title=\"Juventus FC\">Juventus</a> were favorites in the chase for the Serb's signature, with even some preliminary paperwork reportedly signed between the two parties in early January 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2004 |title=Juve no longer keen on Stankovic |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/football/01/05/juventus.stankovic.reut/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921051921/http://www.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/football/01/05/juventus.stankovic.reut/ |archive-date=21 September 2007 |website=[[CNN]] }}</ref> but the player eventually chose Inter. He was signed as part of a deal worth €4&nbsp;million, that also sent Macedonian international <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Pandev\" title=\"Goran Pandev\">Goran Pandev</a> in the opposite direction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2010 |title=Pandev returns to Inter Milan |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=1153426.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid%3D1153426.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 |publisher=[[FIFA]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2004 |title=Gazzetta dello Sport - Stankovic: \"Finalmente all'Inter\" |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/primi_piani/calcio/2004/pp_1.0.287568272.shtml |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref>\n</p><p>In early February 2004, Stanković played his debut for Inter under head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Alberto_Zaccheroni\" title=\"Alberto Zaccheroni\">Alberto Zaccheroni</a>, a Serie A clash at home against <a href=\"/wiki/AC_Siena\" title=\"AC Siena\">Siena</a> that ended 4–0.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedrazzini |first=Marco |title=Correva l'anno 2004: Stankovic, il drago dell'Inter |url=https://www.fcinternews.it/vintage/correva-l-anno-2004-stankovic-il-drago-dell-inter-118726 |access-date=26 June 2013 |website=FC Inter News |language=it}}</ref> On 21 February 2004, he scored a spectacular goal directly from a corner kick to put Inter 1–0 up in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Derby_della_Madonnina\" title=\"Derby della Madonnina\">Derby della Madonnina</a></i> versus fierce rivals <a href=\"/wiki/AC_Milan\" title=\"AC Milan\">Milan</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2020 |title=Eriksen, gol diretto da calcio d'angolo: prima di lui Stankovic, Recoba |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2020/06/14/gol-diretti-su-calcio-dangolo-eriksen-stankovic-recoba.html |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |language=it}}</ref> Inter finished the league season in fourth place, thus qualifying for Champions League.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alberto |first=Cerruti |date=17 May 2004 |title=L'Inter respira Futuro salvato |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2004/maggio/17/Inter_respira_Futuro_salvato_ga_10_0405171944.shtml |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref> Still, Inter president <a href=\"/wiki/Massimo_Moratti\" title=\"Massimo Moratti\">Massimo Moratti</a> was not convinced with Zaccheroni, who quit at the end of the season because of a feeling of distrust;<ref name=\":2\">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2004 |title=Zaccheroni verso la Fiorentina. Tutto pronto per Mancini all'Inter |url=https://www.repubblica.it/2004/f/sezioni/sport/calcio/serie_a/zacmancio/zacmancio/zacmancio.html |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref><ref name=\":3\">{{Cite web |last=Piva |first=Gianni |date=15 June 2004 |title=Inter, Zaccheroni si è dimesso \"Non c'era più fiducia in me\" |url=https://www.repubblica.it/2004/f/sezioni/sport/calcio/serie_a/zacdimette/zacdimette/zacdimette.html |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Roberto_Mancini\" title=\"Roberto Mancini\">Mancini</a> was then brought in by Moratti from the financial shipwreck at Lazio.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grassia |first1=Filippo |title=Inter. Il calcio siamo noi |last2=Lotito |first2=Gianpiero |publisher=Sperling & Kupfer |year=2010 |isbn=978-88-200-4967-6 |language=it}}</ref><ref name=\":2\" /><ref name=\":3\" /> In the summer of 2004, Stanković reunited with another familiar face from Lazio: <a href=\"/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87\" title=\"Siniša Mihajlović\">Siniša Mihajlović</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2004|title=Mihajlovic follows Mancini to Inter|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/025a-0eaab2bbdbce-781b45a65c45-1000--mihajlovic-follows-mancini-to-inter/?iv=true&referrer=%2Fuefachampionsleague%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D211283|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517110630/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/025a-0eaab2bbdbce-781b45a65c45-1000--mihajlovic-follows-mancini-to-inter/?iv=true&referrer=%2Fuefachampionsleague%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D211283|archive-date=17 May 2021|access-date=17 May 2021|website=UEFA.com}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 7 May 2006, Stanković played his 100th match for Inter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter – Siena 1–1 |url=https://t1.inter.it/en/match_center/3582 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=F.C. Internazionale Milano – Official Website |language=it}}</ref> Coming off the summer appearance at the <a href=\"/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup\" title=\"2006 FIFA World Cup\">2006 World Cup</a>,<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" /> he carried excellent form right from the start of the <a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Serie_A\" title=\"2006–07 Serie A\">2006–07 Serie A</a> campaign, scoring some decisive goals. His double against <a href=\"/wiki/Calcio_Catania\" title=\"Calcio Catania\">Catania</a><ref>{{Cite web|language=it|last=Taglioli|first=Livia|date=10 October 2006|title=L'Inter rischia ma gode: è prima|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Inter/Primo_Piano/2006/10_Ottobre/15/inter-catania.shtml|access-date=23 May 2021|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport}}</ref> and his memorable goal against city rivals Milan<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2006 |title=Milan-Inter 3-4 |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Milan/Primo_Piano/2006/10_Ottobre/28/prederby.shtml |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref> only further enhanced his central role in a team that will win the league in a record-breaking season.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /> He renewed his contract on 2 February 2007, with Inter securing his services until at least 2010.<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</p><h4>2008–09 season</h4>\n<p>With the June 2008 arrival of <a href=\"/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho\" title=\"José Mourinho\">José Mourinho</a> to replace Mancini as Inter's head coach, there was much press speculation about Stanković's exit from the <i>Nerazzuri</i> (along with <a href=\"/wiki/Adriano_%28footballer%2C_born_February_1982%29\" title=\"Adriano (footballer, born February 1982)\">Adriano</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/David_Suazo\" title=\"David Suazo\">David Suazo</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Burdisso\" title=\"Nicolás Burdisso\">Nicolás Burdisso</a>) being imminent, due to reportedly not being held in high regard by the newly arrived Portuguese coach as well as the strong connection the Serbian midfielder had with the previous coach.<ref name=\":4\">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2008 |title=Deki na transfer listi, Juventus zainteresovan |url=http://www.srbijasport.com/vest.php?news_id=12748&sport_id=55 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.srbijasport.com/vest.php?news_id=12748&sport_id=55 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 July 2011 |website=SrbijaSport.com |language=sr}}</ref><ref name=\"ansa\" /><ref name=\"pedulla\" /><ref name=\":0\" /> Then in late June, after reports that Stanković was told by Mourinho that he would not be allowed to show up for the pre-season training in <a href=\"/wiki/South_Tyrol\" title=\"South Tyrol\">South Tyrol</a>,<ref name=\":5\">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2008 |title=Stankovic nears Juve switch |url=http://www.footballitaliano.org/194/stankovic-nears-juve-switch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.footballitaliano.org/194/stankovic-nears-juve-switch.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=26 July 2011 |website=FootballItaliano.org}}</ref> and more reports on the interest of Juventus, it seemed that Stanković was definitely on his way out.<ref name=\":5\" /><ref name=\":4\" /><ref name=\"pedulla\" /> The press reports of Stanković's pending arrival to Juventus, sparked the club's fans into protests and online petitions, as they would neither forgive his turning down the club back in January 2004, nor his exuberant public celebrations after the 2005–06 Serie A title that was stripped from Juventus and handed to Inter following the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calciopoli\" title=\"Calciopoli\">Calciopoli</a></i> scandal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AbdelAziz |first=Omar |date=6 July 2008 |title=Nedved backs Stankovic move |url=http://www.filgoal.com/English/News.aspx?NewsID=44662 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.filgoal.com/English/News.aspx?NewsID=44662 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=19 March 2014 |website=[[FilGoal]]}}</ref> The Juve deal fell through within days for a variety of other reasons,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gotta |first=Roberto |date=29 August 2008 |title=Getting back to business |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=567298&sec=europe&root=europe&cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=567298&sec=europe&root=europe&cc=5901 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=10 November 2012 |publisher=[[ESPN FC]]}}</ref> and Stanković was suddenly reported to be happy to stay at Inter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carminati |first=Nadia |date=6 July 2008 |title=Stankovic set to stay at Inter |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11854_3786515,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911152847/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11854_3786515,00.html |archive-date=11 September 2012 |access-date=11 September 2012 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> However, the transfer talk was temporarily reignited again by Mourinho's suggestion in mid-July 2008 that \"Stanković was not the same player that he was at Lazio\".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mira |first=Luís |date=16 July 2008 |title=Mourinho: Stankovic No Longer The Same Player |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2008/07/16/779090/mourinho-stankovic-no-longer-the-same-player |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011053425/http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2008/07/16/779090/mourinho-stankovic-no-longer-the-same-player |archive-date=11 October 2012 |access-date=11 October 2012 |website=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=Murinjo: Stanković više nije isti |url=http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/Evropski-fudbal/49553/Murinjo-Stankovic-vise-nije-isti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/Evropski-fudbal/49553/Murinjo-Stankovic-vise-nije-isti |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=23 September 2012 |website=[[Blic]] |language=sr}}</ref>\n</p><p>Stanković, however, remained with the club to fight for a spot on Mourinho's team.<ref name=\":0\" /> On 19 October 2008, Stanković scored a superb goal in Inter's 4–0 hammering of <a href=\"/wiki/Luciano_Spalletti\" title=\"Luciano Spalletti\">Luciano Spalletti</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/AS_Roma\" title=\"AS Roma\">Roma</a> away at the <a href=\"/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico\" title=\"Stadio Olimpico\">Stadio Olimpico</a>. After receiving a pass from <a href=\"/wiki/Sulley_Muntari\" title=\"Sulley Muntari\">Sulley Muntari</a>, he drove the ball past the Roma goalkeeper into the net, his 24th goal in all competitions for the <i>Nerazzuri</i>, thus ending a year-long goal drought.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2008 |title=Serie A: Roma 0–4 Inter |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/2008/10/19/serie-a-roma-0-4-inter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914100745/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=30072&L=en&IDINI=30088 |archive-date=14 September 2011 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Inter.it |language=it}}</ref> In the interviews after the match, Stanković talked of his joy to be fully back on form following the injury-prone previous season, also thanking Mourinho for giving him an opportunity, even after the two did not get off on the right foot during the summer pre-season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Stanković: \"Murinjo, hvala\" |url=http://www.b92.net/sport/vesti.php?yyyy=2008&mm=10&dd=21&nav_id=324574 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.b92.net/sport/vesti.php?yyyy=2008&mm=10&dd=21&nav_id=324574 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=4 November 2012 |website=B92.net |language=sl}}</ref> In December 2008, Stanković, by now an irreplaceable part of Mourinho's midfield,<ref name=\":0\" /> gave another display of his rediscovered form versus <a href=\"/wiki/AC_ChievoVerona\" title=\"AC ChievoVerona\">Chievo</a> at home: first with a through-pass to <a href=\"/wiki/Maxwell_%28footballer%2C_born_1981%29\" title=\"Maxwell (footballer, born 1981)\">Maxwell</a> for the game's opening goal, followed by a goal of his own for 2–0 with a first time shot from the edge of the penalty area, and finally an assist from the right wing to <a href=\"/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87\" title=\"Zlatan Ibrahimović\">Zlatan Ibrahimović</a> as Inter recorded a 4–2 win.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IY7eIe8zU4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7IY7eIe8zU4 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Inter 4-2 Chievo - Campionato 2008/09 |date=7 February 2017 |language=it |publisher=SerieAclassics}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2008 |title=Srbi u Evropi: Stanković sjajan, golovi Jovanovića i Lovrea |url=http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/70082/Srbi-u-Evropi-Stankovic-sjajan-golovi-Jovanovica-i-Lovrea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/70082/Srbi-u-Evropi-Stankovic-sjajan-golovi-Jovanovica-i-Lovrea |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Blic |language=sr}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 7 February 2009, Stanković celebrated his 200th appearance for Inter in all competitions at the away game versus <a href=\"/wiki/US_Lecce\" title=\"US Lecce\">Lecce</a>.<ref name=\"lecceinter\" /> Inter hammered the newly promoted team 3–0, with Stanković heading in the third goal, following a slick free-kick cross from <a href=\"/wiki/Maicon_Sisenando\" title=\"Maicon Sisenando\">Maicon</a>.<ref name=\"lecceinter\">{{Cite web |title=Lecce–Inter 0–3 |url=https://t1.inter.it/it/match_center/3752 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=Inter.it |language=it}}</ref> Stanković's season-long good form continued, as he scored Inter's second goal against Milan in the 270th Milan Derby on 15 February.<ref name=\"derby2009\">{{Cite web |last=Marucci |first=Lorenzo |date=15 February 2016 |title=15 febbraio 2009, l'Inter vince 2-1 il derby e mette le mani sullo scudetto - TUTTOmercatoWEB.com |url=https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/accadde-oggi/15-febbraio-2009-l-inter-vince-2-1-il-derby-e-mette-le-mani-sullo-scudetto-792162 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=TUTTOmercatoWEB.com |language=it}}</ref> This turned out to be the winning goal, after <a href=\"/wiki/Alexandre_Pato\" title=\"Alexandre Pato\">Alexandre Pato</a> had pulled one back.<ref name=\"derby2009\" /> Inter went on to win a fourth consecutive title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Inter, tutti i 19 scudetti vinti dai nerazzurri dal 1910 al 2021 |url=https://tg24.sky.it/sport/approfondimenti/inter-scudetti |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=Sky TG24 |language=it}}</ref>\n</p><p>In the Champions League, Inter limped into the second round, after losing their final two <a href=\"/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage\" title=\"2008–09 UEFA Champions League group stage\">group stage</a> matches against <a href=\"/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C.\" title=\"Panathinaikos F.C.\">Panathinaikos</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen\" title=\"SV Werder Bremen\">Werder Bremen</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2008 |title=Inter squeeze into last 16 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/4553652/inter-squeeze-into-last-16 |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2008 |title=Werder Brema-Inter 2-1: Sconfitta indolore per i nerazzurri, ma come la prenderà Mourinho? |url=https://www.goal.com/it/news/173/champions-league/2008/12/09/1004439/werder-brema-inter-2-1-sconfitta-indolore-per-i-nerazzurri |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=Goal.com |language=it}}</ref> In the first elimination round (round of 16), they lost to Manchester United in a hard-fought tie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2009 |title=Man Utd 2-0 Inter Milan (agg 2-0) |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7899577.stm |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Stanković played the full 90 minutes in the first leg at San Siro, putting in a very active display.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liotta |first=Christian |date=25 February 2009 |title=Le pagelle di Inter-Manchester United |url=https://www.fcinternews.it/in-primo-piano/le-pagelle-di-inter-manchester-united-2447 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=FC Inter News |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2009 |title=Inter, si decide a Manchester. Leggi le pagelle dei nerazzurri (Inter-Manchester 0-0) |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/calcio-e-altri-sport/2009/2/24/inter-si-decide-a-manchester-leggi-le-pagelle-dei-nerazzurri-inter-manchester-0-0/13014/ |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}</ref> In the return at <a href=\"/wiki/Old_Trafford\" title=\"Old Trafford\">Old Trafford</a>, Stanković started the match and had a lively first half, with two missed opportunities to score.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morici|first=Antonino|date=11 March 2009|title=Inter fuori a testa alta|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Speciali/Italia_Inghilterra/Primo_Piano/2009/03/11/ManchesterInter.shtml|access-date=13 June 2021|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it}}</ref> In the 58th minute, with United leading 2–0, and Inter forced to chase the result, Mourinho took Stanković off and inserted striker <a href=\"/wiki/Adriano_%28footballer%2C_born_February_1982%29\" title=\"Adriano (footballer, born February 1982)\">Adriano</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McNulty|first=Phil|date=11 March 2009|title=Man Utd 2-0 Inter Milan (agg 2-0)|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7899577.stm|access-date=13 June 2021|website=BBC Sport}}</ref>\n</p><h4>2009–10: Triplete season</h4>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dejan_Stankovi%C4%87_-_Inter_Mailand_%284%29.jpg\" title=\"Dejan Stanković - Inter Mailand (4).jpg\">thumb|right|200px|Stanković in action for <a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan\" title=\"Inter Milan\">Inter</a> in 2009</a>\n</p><p>The 2009–10 season began well for Stanković. In the Milan derby on 29 August, he played in a deeper role to replace the injured <a href=\"/wiki/Esteban_Cambiasso\" title=\"Esteban Cambiasso\">Esteban Cambiasso</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2009 |title=Milan-Inter, le pagelle |url=https://www.bausciacafe.com/senza-categoria/milan-inter-le-pagelle/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=Bauscia Cafè |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2009 |title=Inter, derby da poker! Le pagelle dei nerazzurri (Milan-Inter 0-4) |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/calcio-e-altri-sport/2009/8/29/inter-derby-da-poker-le-pagelle-dei-nerazzurri-milan-inter-0-4/36346/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}</ref> Nevertheless, he scored Inter's fourth goal and his second in consecutive Milan derbies in a 4–0 thrashing, a spectacular 30-yard strike after quickly collecting Sulley Muntari's pass.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2009 |title=Inter Milan thrash ten-man AC Milan in one-sided derby |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/aug/29/serieafootball-acmilan |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901130312/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/aug/29/serieafootball-acmilan |archive-date=1 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAijrzyCgmU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/NAijrzyCgmU |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Inter Classics, Full Match, AC Milan vs Inter, 2009/10 Serie A TIM - Matchday 02 |language=it |publisher=Inter |place=YouTube |access-date=17 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He subsequently scored against <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan\" title=\"FC Rubin Kazan\">Rubin Kazan</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Udinese_Calcio\" title=\"Udinese Calcio\">Udinese</a> to continue his rich vein of form under José Mourinho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2009 |title=Ten-man Inter hold Kazan |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/5593813/ten-man-inter-hold-kazan |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pochini |first=Danilo |date=3 October 2009 |title=It Was Important To Win - Inter's Dejan Stankovic |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italian-football/2009/10/03/1539516/it-was-important-to-win-inters-dejan-stankovic |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Goal.com}}</ref>\n</p><p>He also scored a wonder goal from 54 metres out in a 5–0 thrashing against <a href=\"/wiki/Genoa_CFC\" title=\"Genoa CFC\">Genoa</a>, volleying the ball straight in from <a href=\"/wiki/Marco_Amelia\" title=\"Marco Amelia\">Marco Amelia</a>'s clearance.<ref name=\"form\">{{Cite news |date=23 December 2009 |title=Christmas 2009: what a year for Dejan Stankovic |work=Inter.it |url=http://inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=32820&L=en |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819174445/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=32820&L=en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2009 |title=Quel gol da 54 metri, la prodezza che per Amelia è un incubo |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/2009/10/18/genoa_inter_stankovic_amelia |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=Sky Sport |language=it}}</ref> At the end of the season, Stanković won an historical <a href=\"/wiki/Treble_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Treble (association football)\">treble</a> with Inter, conquering the 2009–10 <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Serie_A\" title=\"2009–10 Serie A\">Serie A</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2009–10 Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League\" title=\"2009–10 UEFA Champions League\">Champions League</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clari |first=Valerio |date=22 May 2010 |title=Inter nella storia! La Champions è tua - Risultati e ultime notizie calcio e calciomercato - La Gazzetta dello Sport |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Speciali/Calcio/Inter-Bayern/22-05-2010/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-604079613740.shtml |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref><ref name=\":0\" />\n</p><h4>2010–11 season</h4>\n<p>Playing under new head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez\" title=\"Rafael Benítez\">Rafael Benítez</a>, Stanković continued his usual midfield role. On 28 November 2010, Stanković netted a hat-trick in an emphatic 5–2 victory over <a href=\"/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913\" title=\"Parma Calcio 1913\">Parma</a> at the San Siro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2010 |title=Stankovic hat-trick provides 'penicillin' for Benitez's ailing Inter |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/football/11/28/football.inter.milan.roma.valencia/index.html |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>At the <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_Club_World_Cup\" title=\"2010 FIFA Club World Cup\">2010 FIFA Club World Cup</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Abu_Dhabi\" title=\"Abu Dhabi\">Abu Dhabi</a> in mid-December, Stanković played an excellent semi-final against <a href=\"/wiki/Seongnam_FC\" title=\"Seongnam FC\">Seongnam</a>, scoring the opening goal and performing well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2010 |title=PAGELLE/ Inter Seongnam (3-0): i voti, la cronaca, il tabellino |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/calcio-e-altri-sport/inter/2010/12/15/pagelle-inter-seongnam-3-0-i-voti-la-cronaca-il-tabellino/134608/ |access-date=1 July 2021 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}</ref> Despite this, however, Benítez decided to bench the midfielder for the <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_Club_World_Cup_Final\" title=\"2010 FIFA Club World Cup Final\">final</a> versus <a href=\"/wiki/TP_Mazembe\" title=\"TP Mazembe\">TP Mazembe</a>, only bringing him on for <a href=\"/wiki/Christian_Chivu\" title=\"Christian Chivu\">Christian Chivu</a> in the 54th minute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TP Mazembe Englebert - F.C. Internazionale Milano 0:3 (0:2) |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/35/39/48/08_1218_tpm-fci_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024161946/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/35/39/48/08_1218_tpm-fci_fulltime.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=24 October 2013 |website=FIFA.com}}</ref> Benítez was soon sacked despite winning the trophy, and a couple of weeks later, Stanković expressed his dismay at Spaniard's decision to leave him on the bench for the final.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scime |first=Adam |date=3 January 2011 |title=Dejan Stankovic: I Can't Forgive Former Inter Boss Rafael Benitez |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2176/serie-a/2011/01/03/2288385/dejan-stankovic-i-cant-forgive-former-inter-boss-Rafael |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2176/serie-a/2011/01/03/2288385/dejan-stankovic-i-cant-forgive-former-inter-boss-Rafael |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=6 January 2011 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> On the same occasion, despite publicly backing the beleaguered coach months earlier,<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Andrea |first=Rick |date=18 November 2010 |title=Dejan Stankovic: Rafael Benitez Is The Right Person For Inter |url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/86/italy/2010/11/18/2220920/dejan-stankovic-rafael-benitez-is-the-right-person-for-inter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/86/italy/2010/11/18/2220920/dejan-stankovic-rafael-benitez-is-the-right-person-for-inter |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=20 November 2010 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Stanković stated that Benítez simply \"didn't work\" at Inter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecci |first=Davor |date=4 January 2011 |title=Stankovic: Benitez didn't work at Inter |url=http://soccer-magazine.com/soccer-news/italy-soccer/stankovic-benitez-didnt-work-at-inter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://soccer-magazine.com/soccer-news/italy-soccer/stankovic-benitez-didnt-work-at-inter/ |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=13 March 2011 |website=Soccer Magazine}}</ref>\n</p><p>Under newly arrived head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Leonardo_Ara%C3%BAjo\" title=\"Leonardo Araújo\">Leonardo</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2010 |title=Leonardo in for Benitez at Inter |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/9320450.stm |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Stanković continued his role in midfield. Stanković scored his first goal under the new coach at home versus Bologna in mid-January,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Inter-Bologna: da Stankovic a Eto'o è 4-1 |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2011/01/15/inter-bologna-da-stankovic-a-etoo-e-4-1.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204201221/https://www.inter.it/it/news/2011/01/15/inter-bologna-da-stankovic-a-etoo-e-4-1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and then continued with the same form away at Udinese, scoring the opening goal in a match that Inter lost 3–1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farinola |first=Antonio |date=23 January 2011 |title=Primo stop per Leo. L'Udinese fa festa |url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/inter/2011/01/23/news/udinese_inter-11553046/ |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> In <a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2010–11 Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia quarter-final</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/SSC_Napoli\" title=\"SSC Napoli\">Napoli</a> on 26 January, Stanković injured his thigh muscle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Ahi, Inter: è stiramento per Stankovic. Ko anche Cordoba |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/2011/01/27/stankovic_inter_stiramento |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=Sky Sport |language=it}}</ref> He returned for a Serie A match at <a href=\"/wiki/UC_Sampdoria\" title=\"UC Sampdoria\">Sampdoria</a> on 27 February, as Inter won 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2011 |title=Sampdoria 0-2 Inter: Sneijder and Eto'o |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/2011/02/27/sampdoria-0-2-inter-sneijder-and-etoo.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204201224/https://www.inter.it/en/news/2011/02/27/sampdoria-0-2-inter-sneijder-and-etoo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inter made good recovery chasing the league-leaders Milan, getting within two points of them ahead of Milan derby,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=Inter close the gap on leaders AC Milan |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/football/03/20/football.italy.inter.napoli/index.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> but lost disastrously 0–3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milan–Inter 3–0 |url=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Milan-Inter/25449 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405165438/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Milan-Inter/25449 |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=5 April 2011 |website=Lega Serie A |language=it-IT}}</ref>\n</p><p>Stanković scored a spectacular volley from the halfway line against <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Schalke_04\" title=\"FC Schalke 04\">Schalke 04</a> in the Champions League quarter-final first leg on 5 April 2011, as goalkeeper <a href=\"/wiki/Manuel_Neuer\" title=\"Manuel Neuer\">Manuel Neuer</a> ran out of the box to make a daring header clearance that made it up to the halfway line, leaving an open goal as a target for Stanković's firm first-time volley. Inter, however, would lose that match 2–5 at home.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boylan |first=James |date=5 April 2011 |title=Inter Milan 2-5 Schalke |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/9445389.stm |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2017 |title=The 100 greatest Champions League moments |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/06/01/100-greatest-champions-league-moments/29-dejan-stankovic-volley-inter-2-schalke-5-201011-quarter-final/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The Telegraph |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 19 April, in the <a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2010–11 Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia</a> semi-final first leg, Stanković scored the winning goal with another spectacular long-range effort, hitting a sweet outside foot volley past the despairing dive of the goalkeeper.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Subhankar |date=19 April 2011 |title=Roma 0-1 Inter: Dejan Stankovic gives Leonardo's men first leg Coppa Italia semi-final advantage |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1036/coppa-italia/2011/04/19/2449170/roma-0-1-inter-dejan-stankovic-gives-leonardos-men-first-leg |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Stanković played the full 90 in the <a href=\"/wiki/2011_Coppa_Italia_Final\" title=\"2011 Coppa Italia Final\">2011 Coppa Italia Final</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter 3 - Palermo 1 |url=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Inter-Palermo/33701 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704131301/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Inter-Palermo/33701 |archive-date=4 July 2011 |access-date=4 July 2011 |website=Lega Serie A |language=it}}</ref> winning his last trophy with Inter.<ref name=\"archivio\" />\n</p><h4>Retirement</h4>\n<p>Stanković played two additional seasons at Inter without reaching the same heights.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /> On 6 July 2013, he announced his goodbye to Inter fans via a letter published on the club's official website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Dejan Stankovic ai tifosi nerazzurri |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2013/07/6/dejan-stankovic-ai-tifosi-nerazzurri.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |language=it |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204201229/https://www.inter.it/it/news/2013/07/6/dejan-stankovic-ai-tifosi-nerazzurri.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made a total of 326 appearances with Inter, scoring 42 goals.<ref name=\"archivio\">{{Cite web |title=Dejan Stankovic |url=http://www.inter.it/en/archivio_giocatore/G0764 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site}}</ref> In 2019, he was inducted into <a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan_Hall_of_Fame\" title=\"Inter Milan Hall of Fame\">Inter Milan Hall of Fame</a>.<ref name=\"2ndedition\">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2019 |title=Toldo, Facchetti, Stankovic and Meazza join the Inter Hall of Fame |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/67625/toldo-facchetti-stankovic-and-meazza-join-the-inter-hall-of-fame |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511103954/https://www.inter.it/en/news/67625/toldo-facchetti-stankovic-and-meazza-join-the-inter-hall-of-fame |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Red Star Belgrade</h3>\n<p>Stanković grew up in <a href=\"/wiki/Zemun\" title=\"Zemun\">Zemun</a>, a municipality of <a href=\"/wiki/Belgrade\" title=\"Belgrade\">Belgrade</a>.<ref name=\"pedulla\">{{Cite web |last=Pedullà |first=Alfredo |date=2 July 2013 |title=Dejan Stankovic, il tributo a un campione |url=https://www.alfredopedulla.com/dejan-stankovic-il-tributo-a-un-campione/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125233700/https://www.alfredopedulla.com/dejan-stankovic-il-tributo-a-un-campione/ |archive-date=25 January 2018 |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=alfredopedulla.com |language=it-IT}}</ref> Both of his parents, Borislav and Dragica, have strong football backgrounds.<ref name=\"deki5\">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://www.deki5.com/en/dejan-stankovic/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=Fudbalski kamp DEKI 5 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=\":0\">{{Cite web|last=Sweeney|first=Janes|date=5 February 2020|title=The record-breaking brilliance of peak Dejan Stanković|url=https://thesefootballtimes.co/2020/02/05/the-record-breaking-brilliance-of-peak-dejan-stankovic/|access-date=4 May 2021|website=These Football Times}}</ref> Stanković began playing football for <a href=\"/wiki/FK_Teleoptik\" title=\"FK Teleoptik\">FK Teleoptik</a>, based in his neighbourhood of Zemun.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /> When spotted by Red Star cadet squad coach <a href=\"/wiki/Branko_Radovi%C4%87_%28footballer%2C_born_1950%29\" title=\"Branko Radović (footballer, born 1950)\">Branko Radović</a>, however, 14-year-old Dejan transferred to <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade\">Red Star Belgrade</a>'s youth system.<ref name=\"danas\">{{Cite web |last=Marjanović |first=S. |date=7 September 2011 |title=Dejan Stanković |url=https://www.danas.rs/dijalog/licni-stavovi/dejan-stankovic/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=Danas |language=sr-RS}}</ref> Stanković then passed every age category at his hometown club.<ref>{{cite news|title= Stankovic split by Zvezda |publisher= [[UEFA]] |date = 30 October 2002 |url= http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=8192/newsid=40464.html\n |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind%3D8192/newsid%3D40464.html|archive-date = 1 December 2008|url-status = dead|df= dmy}}</ref><ref name=\"ansa\" /> In the youth teams, he was coached by <a href=\"/wiki/Vladimir_Petrovi%C4%87\" title=\"Vladimir Petrović\">Vladimir Petrović</a>,<ref name=\":0\" /> playing alongside future professionals <a href=\"/wiki/Nikola_Lazeti%C4%87\" title=\"Nikola Lazetić\">Nikola Lazetić</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Nenad_Lalatovi%C4%87\" title=\"Nenad Lalatović\">Nenad Lalatović</a>.<ref name=\"ambassador\">{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |date=2 October 2015 |title=Ambassador: Dejan Stanković |url=https://www.uefa.com/futsaleuro/news/0257-0defaedf809e-a694ec854891-1000--ambassador-dejan-stankovic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504224437/https://www.uefa.com/futsaleuro/news/0257-0defaedf809e-a694ec854891-1000--ambassador-dejan-stankovic/ |archive-date=4 May 2021 |access-date=4 May 2021 |website=UEFA.com |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>During the <a href=\"/wiki/First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia_1994-95\" title=\"First League of FR Yugoslavia 1994-95\">1994–95 season</a>, Stanković's debut opportunity for first-team action came under head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Ljupko_Petrovi%C4%87\" title=\"Ljupko Petrović\">Ljupko Petrović</a> against crosstown rivals <a href=\"/wiki/OFK_Beograd\" title=\"OFK Beograd\">OFK Beograd</a> on 11 February 1995, becoming the youngest player to debut with Red Star at senior level.<ref name=\"ambassador\" /><ref name=\":0\" /> Fighting for a spot on the team led by, among others, <a href=\"/wiki/Rambo_Petkovic\" title=\"Rambo Petkovic\">Rambo Petković</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Darko_Kova%C4%8Devi%C4%87\" title=\"Darko Kovačević\">Darko Kovačević</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_Krupnikovi%C4%87\" title=\"Nebojša Krupniković\">Nebojša Krupniković</a>,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crvena Zvezda » Squad 1994/1995|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/crvena-zvezda/1995/2/|access-date=5 May 2021|website=WorldFootball.net}}</ref> 16-year-old Stanković made seven league appearances that season as the team won the <a href=\"/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"1994–95 First League of FR Yugoslavia\">league title</a>.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /> He scored his first goal against <a href=\"/wiki/FK_Budu%C4%87nost_Podgorica\" title=\"FK Budućnost Podgorica\">Budućnost Podgorica</a>, becoming the youngest goalscorer in Red Star history as well as a first-team regular and a fan favourite.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /><ref name=\":0\" />\n</p><p>During the early 1990s, Red Star was under an international ban because of a <a href=\"/wiki/United_Nations\" title=\"United Nations\">United Nations</a> sanction imposed on <a href=\"/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"FR Yugoslavia\">FR Yugoslavia</a>, meaning that the team could not compete in any European competition.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stojanovic|first=Dusan|date=4 June 1992|title=Red Star Sells Its Stars Because of U.N. Boycott With AM-Yugoslavia|url=https://apnews.com/article/d2e97a35ef91d25642cf33919d70a127|access-date=5 May 2021|website=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=\":1\">{{Cite web|last=Schlewitz|first=Kirsten|title=The rise, fall and resurrection of Red Star Belgrade – and why European competition still means so much to them|url=https://thesetpieces.com/latest-posts/the-rise-fall-and-resurrection-of-red-star-belgrade-and-why-european-competition-still-means-so-much-to-them/|access-date=5 May 2021|website=The Set Pieces|date=24 October 2018}}</ref> The ban was lifted ahead of the 1995–96 season,<ref name=\":1\" /> and just a year later Stanković debuted in a European competition in two-leg victory over <a href=\"/wiki/1._FC_Kaiserslautern\" title=\"1. FC Kaiserslautern\">1. FC Kaiserslautern</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup\" title=\"1996–97 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\">Cup Winners' Cup</a>.<ref name=\"pedulla\" />\n</p><p>Before the start of the 1997–98 season, he was made squad captain at the age of 19, the youngest ever in the club's history.<ref name=\":0\" /> Despite not winning the league, he captained the team to two domestic cup victories.\n</p>", "<h3>Lazio</h3>\n<p>In the summer of 1998, Stanković transferred for <a href=\"/wiki/Italian_lira\" title=\"Italian lira\">₤</a>24 million to <a href=\"/wiki/SS_Lazio\" title=\"SS Lazio\">Lazio</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.raisport.rai.it/news/rubriche/cmercato/199803/26/351ac20b03825/ |title=Stankovic alla Lazio |date=26 March 1998 |website=[[Rai Sport]] |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040818191816/http://www2.raisport.rai.it/news/rubriche/cmercato/199803/26/351ac20b03825/ |archive-date=18 August 2004 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 March 2019 }}</ref> where he scored on his <a href=\"/wiki/Serie_A\" title=\"Serie A\">Serie A</a> debut versus <a href=\"/wiki/Piacenza_Calcio\" title=\"Piacenza Calcio\">Piacenza</a> on 13 September 1998.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /><ref name=\":0\" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Piacenza 1 – Lazio 1|url=https://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie-a/match-report/1998-99/UNICO/UNI/1/PIALAZ|access-date=6 May 2021|website=Lega Serie A}}</ref> In those years, Lazio had an all-star squad with world class players at almost every position, but Stanković quickly secured a regular first-team place despite competition from <a href=\"/wiki/Pavel_Nedv%C4%9Bd\" title=\"Pavel Nedvěd\">Pavel Nedvěd</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Ver%C3%B3n\" title=\"Juan Sebastián Verón\">Juan Sebastián Verón</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Roberto_Mancini\" title=\"Roberto Mancini\">Roberto Mancini</a>.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /><ref name=\":0\" /> He formed a formidable midfield combination with Argentinian Verón and <a href=\"/wiki/Diego_Simeone\" title=\"Diego Simeone\">Diego Simeone</a> and were an integral part of the successful Lazio side at the turn of the decade.<ref name=\":0\" /> His work rate and impressive performances earned him the nickname \"<i>Il Dragone</i>\" (\"The Dragon\").<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2009 |title=Ambition fuelling Stankovic's flame |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=990896.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121094320/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid%3D990896.html |archive-date=21 January 2009 |access-date=21 January 2009 |publisher=[[FIFA]]}}</ref><ref name=\"ambassador\" /> He had five-and-a-half successful seasons in the <i>Biancoceleste</i> part of <a href=\"/wiki/Rome\" title=\"Rome\">Rome</a> – winning <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Serie_A\" title=\"1999–2000 Serie A\">1999–2000 Serie A</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"1999–2000 Coppa Italia\">1999–2000 Coppa Italia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1998_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"1998 Supercoppa Italiana\">1998</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/2000_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2000 Supercoppa Italiana\">2000 Supercoppa Italiana</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup\" title=\"1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\">1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/1999_UEFA_Super_Cup\" title=\"1999 UEFA Super Cup\">1999 UEFA Super Cup</a><ref name=\"deki5\" /> – before earning a high-profile move to <a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan\" title=\"Inter Milan\">Inter Milan</a> in February 2004.<ref name=\":0\" />\n</p>", "<h3>Inter Milan</h3>\n<h4>2004–2008</h4>\n<p>Although Lazio had suffered from financial issues since 2001 and had been forced to sell some of its best players,<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 November 2002|title=Cirio insolvente, Lazio in crisi|url=https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Economia/2002/11_Novembre/08/economia.shtml|access-date=10 May 2021|website=Corriere della Sera|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 July 2001|title=Cragnotti vende i big: \"E io lascerò la presidenza\"|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/calciomercato/cragnodue/cragnodue/cragnodue.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2001|title=E ora la grande rivoluzione Nesta e Crespo in vendita|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/calcio_coppe/cragnotti/cragnotti/cragnotti.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> Stanković began the 2003–04 season at Lazio. In January 2004, <a href=\"/wiki/Juventus_FC\" title=\"Juventus FC\">Juventus</a> were favorites in the chase for the Serb's signature, with even some preliminary paperwork reportedly signed between the two parties in early January 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2004 |title=Juve no longer keen on Stankovic |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/football/01/05/juventus.stankovic.reut/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921051921/http://www.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/football/01/05/juventus.stankovic.reut/ |archive-date=21 September 2007 |website=[[CNN]] }}</ref> but the player eventually chose Inter. He was signed as part of a deal worth €4&nbsp;million, that also sent Macedonian international <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Pandev\" title=\"Goran Pandev\">Goran Pandev</a> in the opposite direction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2010 |title=Pandev returns to Inter Milan |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=1153426.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid%3D1153426.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 |publisher=[[FIFA]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2004 |title=Gazzetta dello Sport - Stankovic: \"Finalmente all'Inter\" |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/primi_piani/calcio/2004/pp_1.0.287568272.shtml |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref>\n</p><p>In early February 2004, Stanković played his debut for Inter under head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Alberto_Zaccheroni\" title=\"Alberto Zaccheroni\">Alberto Zaccheroni</a>, a Serie A clash at home against <a href=\"/wiki/AC_Siena\" title=\"AC Siena\">Siena</a> that ended 4–0.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedrazzini |first=Marco |title=Correva l'anno 2004: Stankovic, il drago dell'Inter |url=https://www.fcinternews.it/vintage/correva-l-anno-2004-stankovic-il-drago-dell-inter-118726 |access-date=26 June 2013 |website=FC Inter News |language=it}}</ref> On 21 February 2004, he scored a spectacular goal directly from a corner kick to put Inter 1–0 up in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Derby_della_Madonnina\" title=\"Derby della Madonnina\">Derby della Madonnina</a></i> versus fierce rivals <a href=\"/wiki/AC_Milan\" title=\"AC Milan\">Milan</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2020 |title=Eriksen, gol diretto da calcio d'angolo: prima di lui Stankovic, Recoba |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2020/06/14/gol-diretti-su-calcio-dangolo-eriksen-stankovic-recoba.html |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |language=it}}</ref> Inter finished the league season in fourth place, thus qualifying for Champions League.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alberto |first=Cerruti |date=17 May 2004 |title=L'Inter respira Futuro salvato |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2004/maggio/17/Inter_respira_Futuro_salvato_ga_10_0405171944.shtml |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref> Still, Inter president <a href=\"/wiki/Massimo_Moratti\" title=\"Massimo Moratti\">Massimo Moratti</a> was not convinced with Zaccheroni, who quit at the end of the season because of a feeling of distrust;<ref name=\":2\">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2004 |title=Zaccheroni verso la Fiorentina. Tutto pronto per Mancini all'Inter |url=https://www.repubblica.it/2004/f/sezioni/sport/calcio/serie_a/zacmancio/zacmancio/zacmancio.html |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref><ref name=\":3\">{{Cite web |last=Piva |first=Gianni |date=15 June 2004 |title=Inter, Zaccheroni si è dimesso \"Non c'era più fiducia in me\" |url=https://www.repubblica.it/2004/f/sezioni/sport/calcio/serie_a/zacdimette/zacdimette/zacdimette.html |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Roberto_Mancini\" title=\"Roberto Mancini\">Mancini</a> was then brought in by Moratti from the financial shipwreck at Lazio.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grassia |first1=Filippo |title=Inter. Il calcio siamo noi |last2=Lotito |first2=Gianpiero |publisher=Sperling & Kupfer |year=2010 |isbn=978-88-200-4967-6 |language=it}}</ref><ref name=\":2\" /><ref name=\":3\" /> In the summer of 2004, Stanković reunited with another familiar face from Lazio: <a href=\"/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87\" title=\"Siniša Mihajlović\">Siniša Mihajlović</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2004|title=Mihajlovic follows Mancini to Inter|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/025a-0eaab2bbdbce-781b45a65c45-1000--mihajlovic-follows-mancini-to-inter/?iv=true&referrer=%2Fuefachampionsleague%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D211283|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517110630/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/025a-0eaab2bbdbce-781b45a65c45-1000--mihajlovic-follows-mancini-to-inter/?iv=true&referrer=%2Fuefachampionsleague%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D211283|archive-date=17 May 2021|access-date=17 May 2021|website=UEFA.com}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 7 May 2006, Stanković played his 100th match for Inter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter – Siena 1–1 |url=https://t1.inter.it/en/match_center/3582 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=F.C. Internazionale Milano – Official Website |language=it}}</ref> Coming off the summer appearance at the <a href=\"/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup\" title=\"2006 FIFA World Cup\">2006 World Cup</a>,<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" /> he carried excellent form right from the start of the <a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Serie_A\" title=\"2006–07 Serie A\">2006–07 Serie A</a> campaign, scoring some decisive goals. His double against <a href=\"/wiki/Calcio_Catania\" title=\"Calcio Catania\">Catania</a><ref>{{Cite web|language=it|last=Taglioli|first=Livia|date=10 October 2006|title=L'Inter rischia ma gode: è prima|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Inter/Primo_Piano/2006/10_Ottobre/15/inter-catania.shtml|access-date=23 May 2021|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport}}</ref> and his memorable goal against city rivals Milan<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2006 |title=Milan-Inter 3-4 |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Milan/Primo_Piano/2006/10_Ottobre/28/prederby.shtml |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref> only further enhanced his central role in a team that will win the league in a record-breaking season.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /> He renewed his contract on 2 February 2007, with Inter securing his services until at least 2010.<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</p><h4>2008–09 season</h4>\n<p>With the June 2008 arrival of <a href=\"/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho\" title=\"José Mourinho\">José Mourinho</a> to replace Mancini as Inter's head coach, there was much press speculation about Stanković's exit from the <i>Nerazzuri</i> (along with <a href=\"/wiki/Adriano_%28footballer%2C_born_February_1982%29\" title=\"Adriano (footballer, born February 1982)\">Adriano</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/David_Suazo\" title=\"David Suazo\">David Suazo</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Burdisso\" title=\"Nicolás Burdisso\">Nicolás Burdisso</a>) being imminent, due to reportedly not being held in high regard by the newly arrived Portuguese coach as well as the strong connection the Serbian midfielder had with the previous coach.<ref name=\":4\">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2008 |title=Deki na transfer listi, Juventus zainteresovan |url=http://www.srbijasport.com/vest.php?news_id=12748&sport_id=55 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.srbijasport.com/vest.php?news_id=12748&sport_id=55 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 July 2011 |website=SrbijaSport.com |language=sr}}</ref><ref name=\"ansa\" /><ref name=\"pedulla\" /><ref name=\":0\" /> Then in late June, after reports that Stanković was told by Mourinho that he would not be allowed to show up for the pre-season training in <a href=\"/wiki/South_Tyrol\" title=\"South Tyrol\">South Tyrol</a>,<ref name=\":5\">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2008 |title=Stankovic nears Juve switch |url=http://www.footballitaliano.org/194/stankovic-nears-juve-switch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.footballitaliano.org/194/stankovic-nears-juve-switch.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=26 July 2011 |website=FootballItaliano.org}}</ref> and more reports on the interest of Juventus, it seemed that Stanković was definitely on his way out.<ref name=\":5\" /><ref name=\":4\" /><ref name=\"pedulla\" /> The press reports of Stanković's pending arrival to Juventus, sparked the club's fans into protests and online petitions, as they would neither forgive his turning down the club back in January 2004, nor his exuberant public celebrations after the 2005–06 Serie A title that was stripped from Juventus and handed to Inter following the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calciopoli\" title=\"Calciopoli\">Calciopoli</a></i> scandal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AbdelAziz |first=Omar |date=6 July 2008 |title=Nedved backs Stankovic move |url=http://www.filgoal.com/English/News.aspx?NewsID=44662 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.filgoal.com/English/News.aspx?NewsID=44662 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=19 March 2014 |website=[[FilGoal]]}}</ref> The Juve deal fell through within days for a variety of other reasons,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gotta |first=Roberto |date=29 August 2008 |title=Getting back to business |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=567298&sec=europe&root=europe&cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=567298&sec=europe&root=europe&cc=5901 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=10 November 2012 |publisher=[[ESPN FC]]}}</ref> and Stanković was suddenly reported to be happy to stay at Inter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carminati |first=Nadia |date=6 July 2008 |title=Stankovic set to stay at Inter |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11854_3786515,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911152847/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11854_3786515,00.html |archive-date=11 September 2012 |access-date=11 September 2012 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> However, the transfer talk was temporarily reignited again by Mourinho's suggestion in mid-July 2008 that \"Stanković was not the same player that he was at Lazio\".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mira |first=Luís |date=16 July 2008 |title=Mourinho: Stankovic No Longer The Same Player |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2008/07/16/779090/mourinho-stankovic-no-longer-the-same-player |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011053425/http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2008/07/16/779090/mourinho-stankovic-no-longer-the-same-player |archive-date=11 October 2012 |access-date=11 October 2012 |website=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=Murinjo: Stanković više nije isti |url=http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/Evropski-fudbal/49553/Murinjo-Stankovic-vise-nije-isti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/Evropski-fudbal/49553/Murinjo-Stankovic-vise-nije-isti |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=23 September 2012 |website=[[Blic]] |language=sr}}</ref>\n</p><p>Stanković, however, remained with the club to fight for a spot on Mourinho's team.<ref name=\":0\" /> On 19 October 2008, Stanković scored a superb goal in Inter's 4–0 hammering of <a href=\"/wiki/Luciano_Spalletti\" title=\"Luciano Spalletti\">Luciano Spalletti</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/AS_Roma\" title=\"AS Roma\">Roma</a> away at the <a href=\"/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico\" title=\"Stadio Olimpico\">Stadio Olimpico</a>. After receiving a pass from <a href=\"/wiki/Sulley_Muntari\" title=\"Sulley Muntari\">Sulley Muntari</a>, he drove the ball past the Roma goalkeeper into the net, his 24th goal in all competitions for the <i>Nerazzuri</i>, thus ending a year-long goal drought.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2008 |title=Serie A: Roma 0–4 Inter |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/2008/10/19/serie-a-roma-0-4-inter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914100745/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=30072&L=en&IDINI=30088 |archive-date=14 September 2011 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Inter.it |language=it}}</ref> In the interviews after the match, Stanković talked of his joy to be fully back on form following the injury-prone previous season, also thanking Mourinho for giving him an opportunity, even after the two did not get off on the right foot during the summer pre-season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Stanković: \"Murinjo, hvala\" |url=http://www.b92.net/sport/vesti.php?yyyy=2008&mm=10&dd=21&nav_id=324574 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.b92.net/sport/vesti.php?yyyy=2008&mm=10&dd=21&nav_id=324574 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=4 November 2012 |website=B92.net |language=sl}}</ref> In December 2008, Stanković, by now an irreplaceable part of Mourinho's midfield,<ref name=\":0\" /> gave another display of his rediscovered form versus <a href=\"/wiki/AC_ChievoVerona\" title=\"AC ChievoVerona\">Chievo</a> at home: first with a through-pass to <a href=\"/wiki/Maxwell_%28footballer%2C_born_1981%29\" title=\"Maxwell (footballer, born 1981)\">Maxwell</a> for the game's opening goal, followed by a goal of his own for 2–0 with a first time shot from the edge of the penalty area, and finally an assist from the right wing to <a href=\"/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87\" title=\"Zlatan Ibrahimović\">Zlatan Ibrahimović</a> as Inter recorded a 4–2 win.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IY7eIe8zU4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7IY7eIe8zU4 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Inter 4-2 Chievo - Campionato 2008/09 |date=7 February 2017 |language=it |publisher=SerieAclassics}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2008 |title=Srbi u Evropi: Stanković sjajan, golovi Jovanovića i Lovrea |url=http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/70082/Srbi-u-Evropi-Stankovic-sjajan-golovi-Jovanovica-i-Lovrea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/70082/Srbi-u-Evropi-Stankovic-sjajan-golovi-Jovanovica-i-Lovrea |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Blic |language=sr}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 7 February 2009, Stanković celebrated his 200th appearance for Inter in all competitions at the away game versus <a href=\"/wiki/US_Lecce\" title=\"US Lecce\">Lecce</a>.<ref name=\"lecceinter\" /> Inter hammered the newly promoted team 3–0, with Stanković heading in the third goal, following a slick free-kick cross from <a href=\"/wiki/Maicon_Sisenando\" title=\"Maicon Sisenando\">Maicon</a>.<ref name=\"lecceinter\">{{Cite web |title=Lecce–Inter 0–3 |url=https://t1.inter.it/it/match_center/3752 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=Inter.it |language=it}}</ref> Stanković's season-long good form continued, as he scored Inter's second goal against Milan in the 270th Milan Derby on 15 February.<ref name=\"derby2009\">{{Cite web |last=Marucci |first=Lorenzo |date=15 February 2016 |title=15 febbraio 2009, l'Inter vince 2-1 il derby e mette le mani sullo scudetto - TUTTOmercatoWEB.com |url=https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/accadde-oggi/15-febbraio-2009-l-inter-vince-2-1-il-derby-e-mette-le-mani-sullo-scudetto-792162 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=TUTTOmercatoWEB.com |language=it}}</ref> This turned out to be the winning goal, after <a href=\"/wiki/Alexandre_Pato\" title=\"Alexandre Pato\">Alexandre Pato</a> had pulled one back.<ref name=\"derby2009\" /> Inter went on to win a fourth consecutive title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Inter, tutti i 19 scudetti vinti dai nerazzurri dal 1910 al 2021 |url=https://tg24.sky.it/sport/approfondimenti/inter-scudetti |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=Sky TG24 |language=it}}</ref>\n</p><p>In the Champions League, Inter limped into the second round, after losing their final two <a href=\"/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage\" title=\"2008–09 UEFA Champions League group stage\">group stage</a> matches against <a href=\"/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C.\" title=\"Panathinaikos F.C.\">Panathinaikos</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen\" title=\"SV Werder Bremen\">Werder Bremen</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2008 |title=Inter squeeze into last 16 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/4553652/inter-squeeze-into-last-16 |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2008 |title=Werder Brema-Inter 2-1: Sconfitta indolore per i nerazzurri, ma come la prenderà Mourinho? |url=https://www.goal.com/it/news/173/champions-league/2008/12/09/1004439/werder-brema-inter-2-1-sconfitta-indolore-per-i-nerazzurri |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=Goal.com |language=it}}</ref> In the first elimination round (round of 16), they lost to Manchester United in a hard-fought tie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2009 |title=Man Utd 2-0 Inter Milan (agg 2-0) |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7899577.stm |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Stanković played the full 90 minutes in the first leg at San Siro, putting in a very active display.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liotta |first=Christian |date=25 February 2009 |title=Le pagelle di Inter-Manchester United |url=https://www.fcinternews.it/in-primo-piano/le-pagelle-di-inter-manchester-united-2447 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=FC Inter News |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2009 |title=Inter, si decide a Manchester. Leggi le pagelle dei nerazzurri (Inter-Manchester 0-0) |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/calcio-e-altri-sport/2009/2/24/inter-si-decide-a-manchester-leggi-le-pagelle-dei-nerazzurri-inter-manchester-0-0/13014/ |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}</ref> In the return at <a href=\"/wiki/Old_Trafford\" title=\"Old Trafford\">Old Trafford</a>, Stanković started the match and had a lively first half, with two missed opportunities to score.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morici|first=Antonino|date=11 March 2009|title=Inter fuori a testa alta|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Speciali/Italia_Inghilterra/Primo_Piano/2009/03/11/ManchesterInter.shtml|access-date=13 June 2021|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it}}</ref> In the 58th minute, with United leading 2–0, and Inter forced to chase the result, Mourinho took Stanković off and inserted striker <a href=\"/wiki/Adriano_%28footballer%2C_born_February_1982%29\" title=\"Adriano (footballer, born February 1982)\">Adriano</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McNulty|first=Phil|date=11 March 2009|title=Man Utd 2-0 Inter Milan (agg 2-0)|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7899577.stm|access-date=13 June 2021|website=BBC Sport}}</ref>\n</p><h4>2009–10: Triplete season</h4>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dejan_Stankovi%C4%87_-_Inter_Mailand_%284%29.jpg\" title=\"Dejan Stanković - Inter Mailand (4).jpg\">thumb|right|200px|Stanković in action for <a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan\" title=\"Inter Milan\">Inter</a> in 2009</a>\n</p><p>The 2009–10 season began well for Stanković. In the Milan derby on 29 August, he played in a deeper role to replace the injured <a href=\"/wiki/Esteban_Cambiasso\" title=\"Esteban Cambiasso\">Esteban Cambiasso</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2009 |title=Milan-Inter, le pagelle |url=https://www.bausciacafe.com/senza-categoria/milan-inter-le-pagelle/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=Bauscia Cafè |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2009 |title=Inter, derby da poker! Le pagelle dei nerazzurri (Milan-Inter 0-4) |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/calcio-e-altri-sport/2009/8/29/inter-derby-da-poker-le-pagelle-dei-nerazzurri-milan-inter-0-4/36346/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}</ref> Nevertheless, he scored Inter's fourth goal and his second in consecutive Milan derbies in a 4–0 thrashing, a spectacular 30-yard strike after quickly collecting Sulley Muntari's pass.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2009 |title=Inter Milan thrash ten-man AC Milan in one-sided derby |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/aug/29/serieafootball-acmilan |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901130312/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/aug/29/serieafootball-acmilan |archive-date=1 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAijrzyCgmU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/NAijrzyCgmU |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Inter Classics, Full Match, AC Milan vs Inter, 2009/10 Serie A TIM - Matchday 02 |language=it |publisher=Inter |place=YouTube |access-date=17 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He subsequently scored against <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan\" title=\"FC Rubin Kazan\">Rubin Kazan</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Udinese_Calcio\" title=\"Udinese Calcio\">Udinese</a> to continue his rich vein of form under José Mourinho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2009 |title=Ten-man Inter hold Kazan |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/5593813/ten-man-inter-hold-kazan |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pochini |first=Danilo |date=3 October 2009 |title=It Was Important To Win - Inter's Dejan Stankovic |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italian-football/2009/10/03/1539516/it-was-important-to-win-inters-dejan-stankovic |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Goal.com}}</ref>\n</p><p>He also scored a wonder goal from 54 metres out in a 5–0 thrashing against <a href=\"/wiki/Genoa_CFC\" title=\"Genoa CFC\">Genoa</a>, volleying the ball straight in from <a href=\"/wiki/Marco_Amelia\" title=\"Marco Amelia\">Marco Amelia</a>'s clearance.<ref name=\"form\">{{Cite news |date=23 December 2009 |title=Christmas 2009: what a year for Dejan Stankovic |work=Inter.it |url=http://inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=32820&L=en |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819174445/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=32820&L=en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2009 |title=Quel gol da 54 metri, la prodezza che per Amelia è un incubo |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/2009/10/18/genoa_inter_stankovic_amelia |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=Sky Sport |language=it}}</ref> At the end of the season, Stanković won an historical <a href=\"/wiki/Treble_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Treble (association football)\">treble</a> with Inter, conquering the 2009–10 <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Serie_A\" title=\"2009–10 Serie A\">Serie A</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2009–10 Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League\" title=\"2009–10 UEFA Champions League\">Champions League</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clari |first=Valerio |date=22 May 2010 |title=Inter nella storia! La Champions è tua - Risultati e ultime notizie calcio e calciomercato - La Gazzetta dello Sport |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Speciali/Calcio/Inter-Bayern/22-05-2010/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-604079613740.shtml |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref><ref name=\":0\" />\n</p><h4>2010–11 season</h4>\n<p>Playing under new head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez\" title=\"Rafael Benítez\">Rafael Benítez</a>, Stanković continued his usual midfield role. On 28 November 2010, Stanković netted a hat-trick in an emphatic 5–2 victory over <a href=\"/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913\" title=\"Parma Calcio 1913\">Parma</a> at the San Siro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2010 |title=Stankovic hat-trick provides 'penicillin' for Benitez's ailing Inter |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/football/11/28/football.inter.milan.roma.valencia/index.html |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>At the <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_Club_World_Cup\" title=\"2010 FIFA Club World Cup\">2010 FIFA Club World Cup</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Abu_Dhabi\" title=\"Abu Dhabi\">Abu Dhabi</a> in mid-December, Stanković played an excellent semi-final against <a href=\"/wiki/Seongnam_FC\" title=\"Seongnam FC\">Seongnam</a>, scoring the opening goal and performing well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2010 |title=PAGELLE/ Inter Seongnam (3-0): i voti, la cronaca, il tabellino |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/calcio-e-altri-sport/inter/2010/12/15/pagelle-inter-seongnam-3-0-i-voti-la-cronaca-il-tabellino/134608/ |access-date=1 July 2021 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}</ref> Despite this, however, Benítez decided to bench the midfielder for the <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_Club_World_Cup_Final\" title=\"2010 FIFA Club World Cup Final\">final</a> versus <a href=\"/wiki/TP_Mazembe\" title=\"TP Mazembe\">TP Mazembe</a>, only bringing him on for <a href=\"/wiki/Christian_Chivu\" title=\"Christian Chivu\">Christian Chivu</a> in the 54th minute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TP Mazembe Englebert - F.C. Internazionale Milano 0:3 (0:2) |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/35/39/48/08_1218_tpm-fci_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024161946/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/35/39/48/08_1218_tpm-fci_fulltime.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=24 October 2013 |website=FIFA.com}}</ref> Benítez was soon sacked despite winning the trophy, and a couple of weeks later, Stanković expressed his dismay at Spaniard's decision to leave him on the bench for the final.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scime |first=Adam |date=3 January 2011 |title=Dejan Stankovic: I Can't Forgive Former Inter Boss Rafael Benitez |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2176/serie-a/2011/01/03/2288385/dejan-stankovic-i-cant-forgive-former-inter-boss-Rafael |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2176/serie-a/2011/01/03/2288385/dejan-stankovic-i-cant-forgive-former-inter-boss-Rafael |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=6 January 2011 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> On the same occasion, despite publicly backing the beleaguered coach months earlier,<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Andrea |first=Rick |date=18 November 2010 |title=Dejan Stankovic: Rafael Benitez Is The Right Person For Inter |url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/86/italy/2010/11/18/2220920/dejan-stankovic-rafael-benitez-is-the-right-person-for-inter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/86/italy/2010/11/18/2220920/dejan-stankovic-rafael-benitez-is-the-right-person-for-inter |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=20 November 2010 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Stanković stated that Benítez simply \"didn't work\" at Inter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecci |first=Davor |date=4 January 2011 |title=Stankovic: Benitez didn't work at Inter |url=http://soccer-magazine.com/soccer-news/italy-soccer/stankovic-benitez-didnt-work-at-inter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://soccer-magazine.com/soccer-news/italy-soccer/stankovic-benitez-didnt-work-at-inter/ |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=13 March 2011 |website=Soccer Magazine}}</ref>\n</p><p>Under newly arrived head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Leonardo_Ara%C3%BAjo\" title=\"Leonardo Araújo\">Leonardo</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2010 |title=Leonardo in for Benitez at Inter |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/9320450.stm |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Stanković continued his role in midfield. Stanković scored his first goal under the new coach at home versus Bologna in mid-January,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Inter-Bologna: da Stankovic a Eto'o è 4-1 |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2011/01/15/inter-bologna-da-stankovic-a-etoo-e-4-1.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204201221/https://www.inter.it/it/news/2011/01/15/inter-bologna-da-stankovic-a-etoo-e-4-1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and then continued with the same form away at Udinese, scoring the opening goal in a match that Inter lost 3–1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farinola |first=Antonio |date=23 January 2011 |title=Primo stop per Leo. L'Udinese fa festa |url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/inter/2011/01/23/news/udinese_inter-11553046/ |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> In <a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2010–11 Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia quarter-final</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/SSC_Napoli\" title=\"SSC Napoli\">Napoli</a> on 26 January, Stanković injured his thigh muscle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Ahi, Inter: è stiramento per Stankovic. Ko anche Cordoba |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/2011/01/27/stankovic_inter_stiramento |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=Sky Sport |language=it}}</ref> He returned for a Serie A match at <a href=\"/wiki/UC_Sampdoria\" title=\"UC Sampdoria\">Sampdoria</a> on 27 February, as Inter won 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2011 |title=Sampdoria 0-2 Inter: Sneijder and Eto'o |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/2011/02/27/sampdoria-0-2-inter-sneijder-and-etoo.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204201224/https://www.inter.it/en/news/2011/02/27/sampdoria-0-2-inter-sneijder-and-etoo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inter made good recovery chasing the league-leaders Milan, getting within two points of them ahead of Milan derby,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=Inter close the gap on leaders AC Milan |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/football/03/20/football.italy.inter.napoli/index.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> but lost disastrously 0–3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milan–Inter 3–0 |url=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Milan-Inter/25449 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405165438/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Milan-Inter/25449 |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=5 April 2011 |website=Lega Serie A |language=it-IT}}</ref>\n</p><p>Stanković scored a spectacular volley from the halfway line against <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Schalke_04\" title=\"FC Schalke 04\">Schalke 04</a> in the Champions League quarter-final first leg on 5 April 2011, as goalkeeper <a href=\"/wiki/Manuel_Neuer\" title=\"Manuel Neuer\">Manuel Neuer</a> ran out of the box to make a daring header clearance that made it up to the halfway line, leaving an open goal as a target for Stanković's firm first-time volley. Inter, however, would lose that match 2–5 at home.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boylan |first=James |date=5 April 2011 |title=Inter Milan 2-5 Schalke |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/9445389.stm |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2017 |title=The 100 greatest Champions League moments |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/06/01/100-greatest-champions-league-moments/29-dejan-stankovic-volley-inter-2-schalke-5-201011-quarter-final/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The Telegraph |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 19 April, in the <a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2010–11 Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia</a> semi-final first leg, Stanković scored the winning goal with another spectacular long-range effort, hitting a sweet outside foot volley past the despairing dive of the goalkeeper.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Subhankar |date=19 April 2011 |title=Roma 0-1 Inter: Dejan Stankovic gives Leonardo's men first leg Coppa Italia semi-final advantage |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1036/coppa-italia/2011/04/19/2449170/roma-0-1-inter-dejan-stankovic-gives-leonardos-men-first-leg |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Stanković played the full 90 in the <a href=\"/wiki/2011_Coppa_Italia_Final\" title=\"2011 Coppa Italia Final\">2011 Coppa Italia Final</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter 3 - Palermo 1 |url=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Inter-Palermo/33701 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704131301/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Inter-Palermo/33701 |archive-date=4 July 2011 |access-date=4 July 2011 |website=Lega Serie A |language=it}}</ref> winning his last trophy with Inter.<ref name=\"archivio\" />\n</p><h4>Retirement</h4>\n<p>Stanković played two additional seasons at Inter without reaching the same heights.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /> On 6 July 2013, he announced his goodbye to Inter fans via a letter published on the club's official website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Dejan Stankovic ai tifosi nerazzurri |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2013/07/6/dejan-stankovic-ai-tifosi-nerazzurri.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |language=it |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204201229/https://www.inter.it/it/news/2013/07/6/dejan-stankovic-ai-tifosi-nerazzurri.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made a total of 326 appearances with Inter, scoring 42 goals.<ref name=\"archivio\">{{Cite web |title=Dejan Stankovic |url=http://www.inter.it/en/archivio_giocatore/G0764 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site}}</ref> In 2019, he was inducted into <a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan_Hall_of_Fame\" title=\"Inter Milan Hall of Fame\">Inter Milan Hall of Fame</a>.<ref name=\"2ndedition\">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2019 |title=Toldo, Facchetti, Stankovic and Meazza join the Inter Hall of Fame |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/67625/toldo-facchetti-stankovic-and-meazza-join-the-inter-hall-of-fame |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511103954/https://www.inter.it/en/news/67625/toldo-facchetti-stankovic-and-meazza-join-the-inter-hall-of-fame |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h4>2004–2008</h4>\n<p>Although Lazio had suffered from financial issues since 2001 and had been forced to sell some of its best players,<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 November 2002|title=Cirio insolvente, Lazio in crisi|url=https://www.corriere.it/Primo_Piano/Economia/2002/11_Novembre/08/economia.shtml|access-date=10 May 2021|website=Corriere della Sera|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=5 July 2001|title=Cragnotti vende i big: \"E io lascerò la presidenza\"|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/calciomercato/cragnodue/cragnodue/cragnodue.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2001|title=E ora la grande rivoluzione Nesta e Crespo in vendita|url=https://www.repubblica.it/online/calcio_coppe/cragnotti/cragnotti/cragnotti.html|access-date=10 May 2021|website=la Repubblica|language=it}}</ref> Stanković began the 2003–04 season at Lazio. In January 2004, <a href=\"/wiki/Juventus_FC\" title=\"Juventus FC\">Juventus</a> were favorites in the chase for the Serb's signature, with even some preliminary paperwork reportedly signed between the two parties in early January 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2004 |title=Juve no longer keen on Stankovic |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/football/01/05/juventus.stankovic.reut/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921051921/http://www.cnn.com/2004/SPORT/football/01/05/juventus.stankovic.reut/ |archive-date=21 September 2007 |website=[[CNN]] }}</ref> but the player eventually chose Inter. He was signed as part of a deal worth €4&nbsp;million, that also sent Macedonian international <a href=\"/wiki/Goran_Pandev\" title=\"Goran Pandev\">Goran Pandev</a> in the opposite direction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2010 |title=Pandev returns to Inter Milan |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=1153426.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid%3D1153426.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 |publisher=[[FIFA]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2004 |title=Gazzetta dello Sport - Stankovic: \"Finalmente all'Inter\" |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/primi_piani/calcio/2004/pp_1.0.287568272.shtml |access-date=10 May 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref>\n</p><p>In early February 2004, Stanković played his debut for Inter under head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Alberto_Zaccheroni\" title=\"Alberto Zaccheroni\">Alberto Zaccheroni</a>, a Serie A clash at home against <a href=\"/wiki/AC_Siena\" title=\"AC Siena\">Siena</a> that ended 4–0.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedrazzini |first=Marco |title=Correva l'anno 2004: Stankovic, il drago dell'Inter |url=https://www.fcinternews.it/vintage/correva-l-anno-2004-stankovic-il-drago-dell-inter-118726 |access-date=26 June 2013 |website=FC Inter News |language=it}}</ref> On 21 February 2004, he scored a spectacular goal directly from a corner kick to put Inter 1–0 up in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Derby_della_Madonnina\" title=\"Derby della Madonnina\">Derby della Madonnina</a></i> versus fierce rivals <a href=\"/wiki/AC_Milan\" title=\"AC Milan\">Milan</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 June 2020 |title=Eriksen, gol diretto da calcio d'angolo: prima di lui Stankovic, Recoba |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2020/06/14/gol-diretti-su-calcio-dangolo-eriksen-stankovic-recoba.html |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |language=it}}</ref> Inter finished the league season in fourth place, thus qualifying for Champions League.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alberto |first=Cerruti |date=17 May 2004 |title=L'Inter respira Futuro salvato |url=http://archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/2004/maggio/17/Inter_respira_Futuro_salvato_ga_10_0405171944.shtml |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref> Still, Inter president <a href=\"/wiki/Massimo_Moratti\" title=\"Massimo Moratti\">Massimo Moratti</a> was not convinced with Zaccheroni, who quit at the end of the season because of a feeling of distrust;<ref name=\":2\">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2004 |title=Zaccheroni verso la Fiorentina. Tutto pronto per Mancini all'Inter |url=https://www.repubblica.it/2004/f/sezioni/sport/calcio/serie_a/zacmancio/zacmancio/zacmancio.html |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref><ref name=\":3\">{{Cite web |last=Piva |first=Gianni |date=15 June 2004 |title=Inter, Zaccheroni si è dimesso \"Non c'era più fiducia in me\" |url=https://www.repubblica.it/2004/f/sezioni/sport/calcio/serie_a/zacdimette/zacdimette/zacdimette.html |access-date=16 May 2021 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Roberto_Mancini\" title=\"Roberto Mancini\">Mancini</a> was then brought in by Moratti from the financial shipwreck at Lazio.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grassia |first1=Filippo |title=Inter. Il calcio siamo noi |last2=Lotito |first2=Gianpiero |publisher=Sperling & Kupfer |year=2010 |isbn=978-88-200-4967-6 |language=it}}</ref><ref name=\":2\" /><ref name=\":3\" /> In the summer of 2004, Stanković reunited with another familiar face from Lazio: <a href=\"/wiki/Sini%C5%A1a_Mihajlovi%C4%87\" title=\"Siniša Mihajlović\">Siniša Mihajlović</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 July 2004|title=Mihajlovic follows Mancini to Inter|url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/025a-0eaab2bbdbce-781b45a65c45-1000--mihajlovic-follows-mancini-to-inter/?iv=true&referrer=%2Fuefachampionsleague%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D211283|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517110630/https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/025a-0eaab2bbdbce-781b45a65c45-1000--mihajlovic-follows-mancini-to-inter/?iv=true&referrer=%2Fuefachampionsleague%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D211283|archive-date=17 May 2021|access-date=17 May 2021|website=UEFA.com}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 7 May 2006, Stanković played his 100th match for Inter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter – Siena 1–1 |url=https://t1.inter.it/en/match_center/3582 |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=F.C. Internazionale Milano – Official Website |language=it}}</ref> Coming off the summer appearance at the <a href=\"/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup\" title=\"2006 FIFA World Cup\">2006 World Cup</a>,<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" /> he carried excellent form right from the start of the <a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Serie_A\" title=\"2006–07 Serie A\">2006–07 Serie A</a> campaign, scoring some decisive goals. His double against <a href=\"/wiki/Calcio_Catania\" title=\"Calcio Catania\">Catania</a><ref>{{Cite web|language=it|last=Taglioli|first=Livia|date=10 October 2006|title=L'Inter rischia ma gode: è prima|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Inter/Primo_Piano/2006/10_Ottobre/15/inter-catania.shtml|access-date=23 May 2021|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport}}</ref> and his memorable goal against city rivals Milan<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2006 |title=Milan-Inter 3-4 |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Milan/Primo_Piano/2006/10_Ottobre/28/prederby.shtml |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref> only further enhanced his central role in a team that will win the league in a record-breaking season.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /> He renewed his contract on 2 February 2007, with Inter securing his services until at least 2010.<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</p>", "<h4>2008–09 season</h4>\n<p>With the June 2008 arrival of <a href=\"/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mourinho\" title=\"José Mourinho\">José Mourinho</a> to replace Mancini as Inter's head coach, there was much press speculation about Stanković's exit from the <i>Nerazzuri</i> (along with <a href=\"/wiki/Adriano_%28footballer%2C_born_February_1982%29\" title=\"Adriano (footballer, born February 1982)\">Adriano</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/David_Suazo\" title=\"David Suazo\">David Suazo</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Burdisso\" title=\"Nicolás Burdisso\">Nicolás Burdisso</a>) being imminent, due to reportedly not being held in high regard by the newly arrived Portuguese coach as well as the strong connection the Serbian midfielder had with the previous coach.<ref name=\":4\">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2008 |title=Deki na transfer listi, Juventus zainteresovan |url=http://www.srbijasport.com/vest.php?news_id=12748&sport_id=55 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.srbijasport.com/vest.php?news_id=12748&sport_id=55 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=16 July 2011 |website=SrbijaSport.com |language=sr}}</ref><ref name=\"ansa\" /><ref name=\"pedulla\" /><ref name=\":0\" /> Then in late June, after reports that Stanković was told by Mourinho that he would not be allowed to show up for the pre-season training in <a href=\"/wiki/South_Tyrol\" title=\"South Tyrol\">South Tyrol</a>,<ref name=\":5\">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2008 |title=Stankovic nears Juve switch |url=http://www.footballitaliano.org/194/stankovic-nears-juve-switch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.footballitaliano.org/194/stankovic-nears-juve-switch.html |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=26 July 2011 |website=FootballItaliano.org}}</ref> and more reports on the interest of Juventus, it seemed that Stanković was definitely on his way out.<ref name=\":5\" /><ref name=\":4\" /><ref name=\"pedulla\" /> The press reports of Stanković's pending arrival to Juventus, sparked the club's fans into protests and online petitions, as they would neither forgive his turning down the club back in January 2004, nor his exuberant public celebrations after the 2005–06 Serie A title that was stripped from Juventus and handed to Inter following the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calciopoli\" title=\"Calciopoli\">Calciopoli</a></i> scandal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AbdelAziz |first=Omar |date=6 July 2008 |title=Nedved backs Stankovic move |url=http://www.filgoal.com/English/News.aspx?NewsID=44662 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.filgoal.com/English/News.aspx?NewsID=44662 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=19 March 2014 |website=[[FilGoal]]}}</ref> The Juve deal fell through within days for a variety of other reasons,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gotta |first=Roberto |date=29 August 2008 |title=Getting back to business |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=567298&sec=europe&root=europe&cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/columns/story?id=567298&sec=europe&root=europe&cc=5901 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=10 November 2012 |publisher=[[ESPN FC]]}}</ref> and Stanković was suddenly reported to be happy to stay at Inter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Carminati |first=Nadia |date=6 July 2008 |title=Stankovic set to stay at Inter |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11854_3786515,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120911152847/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11854_3786515,00.html |archive-date=11 September 2012 |access-date=11 September 2012 |website=[[Sky Sports]]}}</ref> However, the transfer talk was temporarily reignited again by Mourinho's suggestion in mid-July 2008 that \"Stanković was not the same player that he was at Lazio\".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mira |first=Luís |date=16 July 2008 |title=Mourinho: Stankovic No Longer The Same Player |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2008/07/16/779090/mourinho-stankovic-no-longer-the-same-player |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011053425/http://www.goal.com/en/news/8/main/2008/07/16/779090/mourinho-stankovic-no-longer-the-same-player |archive-date=11 October 2012 |access-date=11 October 2012 |website=Goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=Murinjo: Stanković više nije isti |url=http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/Evropski-fudbal/49553/Murinjo-Stankovic-vise-nije-isti |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/Evropski-fudbal/49553/Murinjo-Stankovic-vise-nije-isti |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=23 September 2012 |website=[[Blic]] |language=sr}}</ref>\n</p><p>Stanković, however, remained with the club to fight for a spot on Mourinho's team.<ref name=\":0\" /> On 19 October 2008, Stanković scored a superb goal in Inter's 4–0 hammering of <a href=\"/wiki/Luciano_Spalletti\" title=\"Luciano Spalletti\">Luciano Spalletti</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/AS_Roma\" title=\"AS Roma\">Roma</a> away at the <a href=\"/wiki/Stadio_Olimpico\" title=\"Stadio Olimpico\">Stadio Olimpico</a>. After receiving a pass from <a href=\"/wiki/Sulley_Muntari\" title=\"Sulley Muntari\">Sulley Muntari</a>, he drove the ball past the Roma goalkeeper into the net, his 24th goal in all competitions for the <i>Nerazzuri</i>, thus ending a year-long goal drought.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2008 |title=Serie A: Roma 0–4 Inter |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/2008/10/19/serie-a-roma-0-4-inter.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914100745/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=30072&L=en&IDINI=30088 |archive-date=14 September 2011 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Inter.it |language=it}}</ref> In the interviews after the match, Stanković talked of his joy to be fully back on form following the injury-prone previous season, also thanking Mourinho for giving him an opportunity, even after the two did not get off on the right foot during the summer pre-season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2008 |title=Stanković: \"Murinjo, hvala\" |url=http://www.b92.net/sport/vesti.php?yyyy=2008&mm=10&dd=21&nav_id=324574 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.b92.net/sport/vesti.php?yyyy=2008&mm=10&dd=21&nav_id=324574 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=4 November 2012 |website=B92.net |language=sl}}</ref> In December 2008, Stanković, by now an irreplaceable part of Mourinho's midfield,<ref name=\":0\" /> gave another display of his rediscovered form versus <a href=\"/wiki/AC_ChievoVerona\" title=\"AC ChievoVerona\">Chievo</a> at home: first with a through-pass to <a href=\"/wiki/Maxwell_%28footballer%2C_born_1981%29\" title=\"Maxwell (footballer, born 1981)\">Maxwell</a> for the game's opening goal, followed by a goal of his own for 2–0 with a first time shot from the edge of the penalty area, and finally an assist from the right wing to <a href=\"/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87\" title=\"Zlatan Ibrahimović\">Zlatan Ibrahimović</a> as Inter recorded a 4–2 win.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7IY7eIe8zU4 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/7IY7eIe8zU4 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Inter 4-2 Chievo - Campionato 2008/09 |date=7 February 2017 |language=it |publisher=SerieAclassics}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2008 |title=Srbi u Evropi: Stanković sjajan, golovi Jovanovića i Lovrea |url=http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/70082/Srbi-u-Evropi-Stankovic-sjajan-golovi-Jovanovica-i-Lovrea |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://sport.blic.rs/Fudbal/70082/Srbi-u-Evropi-Stankovic-sjajan-golovi-Jovanovica-i-Lovrea |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=29 May 2021 |website=Blic |language=sr}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 7 February 2009, Stanković celebrated his 200th appearance for Inter in all competitions at the away game versus <a href=\"/wiki/US_Lecce\" title=\"US Lecce\">Lecce</a>.<ref name=\"lecceinter\" /> Inter hammered the newly promoted team 3–0, with Stanković heading in the third goal, following a slick free-kick cross from <a href=\"/wiki/Maicon_Sisenando\" title=\"Maicon Sisenando\">Maicon</a>.<ref name=\"lecceinter\">{{Cite web |title=Lecce–Inter 0–3 |url=https://t1.inter.it/it/match_center/3752 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=Inter.it |language=it}}</ref> Stanković's season-long good form continued, as he scored Inter's second goal against Milan in the 270th Milan Derby on 15 February.<ref name=\"derby2009\">{{Cite web |last=Marucci |first=Lorenzo |date=15 February 2016 |title=15 febbraio 2009, l'Inter vince 2-1 il derby e mette le mani sullo scudetto - TUTTOmercatoWEB.com |url=https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/accadde-oggi/15-febbraio-2009-l-inter-vince-2-1-il-derby-e-mette-le-mani-sullo-scudetto-792162 |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=TUTTOmercatoWEB.com |language=it}}</ref> This turned out to be the winning goal, after <a href=\"/wiki/Alexandre_Pato\" title=\"Alexandre Pato\">Alexandre Pato</a> had pulled one back.<ref name=\"derby2009\" /> Inter went on to win a fourth consecutive title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Inter, tutti i 19 scudetti vinti dai nerazzurri dal 1910 al 2021 |url=https://tg24.sky.it/sport/approfondimenti/inter-scudetti |access-date=1 June 2021 |website=Sky TG24 |language=it}}</ref>\n</p><p>In the Champions League, Inter limped into the second round, after losing their final two <a href=\"/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_UEFA_Champions_League_group_stage\" title=\"2008–09 UEFA Champions League group stage\">group stage</a> matches against <a href=\"/wiki/Panathinaikos_F.C.\" title=\"Panathinaikos F.C.\">Panathinaikos</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/SV_Werder_Bremen\" title=\"SV Werder Bremen\">Werder Bremen</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2008 |title=Inter squeeze into last 16 |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/4553652/inter-squeeze-into-last-16 |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2008 |title=Werder Brema-Inter 2-1: Sconfitta indolore per i nerazzurri, ma come la prenderà Mourinho? |url=https://www.goal.com/it/news/173/champions-league/2008/12/09/1004439/werder-brema-inter-2-1-sconfitta-indolore-per-i-nerazzurri |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=Goal.com |language=it}}</ref> In the first elimination round (round of 16), they lost to Manchester United in a hard-fought tie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2009 |title=Man Utd 2-0 Inter Milan (agg 2-0) |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7899577.stm |access-date=3 June 2021 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Stanković played the full 90 minutes in the first leg at San Siro, putting in a very active display.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Liotta |first=Christian |date=25 February 2009 |title=Le pagelle di Inter-Manchester United |url=https://www.fcinternews.it/in-primo-piano/le-pagelle-di-inter-manchester-united-2447 |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=FC Inter News |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2009 |title=Inter, si decide a Manchester. Leggi le pagelle dei nerazzurri (Inter-Manchester 0-0) |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/calcio-e-altri-sport/2009/2/24/inter-si-decide-a-manchester-leggi-le-pagelle-dei-nerazzurri-inter-manchester-0-0/13014/ |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}</ref> In the return at <a href=\"/wiki/Old_Trafford\" title=\"Old Trafford\">Old Trafford</a>, Stanković started the match and had a lively first half, with two missed opportunities to score.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morici|first=Antonino|date=11 March 2009|title=Inter fuori a testa alta|url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Speciali/Italia_Inghilterra/Primo_Piano/2009/03/11/ManchesterInter.shtml|access-date=13 June 2021|website=La Gazzetta dello Sport|language=it}}</ref> In the 58th minute, with United leading 2–0, and Inter forced to chase the result, Mourinho took Stanković off and inserted striker <a href=\"/wiki/Adriano_%28footballer%2C_born_February_1982%29\" title=\"Adriano (footballer, born February 1982)\">Adriano</a>.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McNulty|first=Phil|date=11 March 2009|title=Man Utd 2-0 Inter Milan (agg 2-0)|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/europe/7899577.stm|access-date=13 June 2021|website=BBC Sport}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h4>2009–10: Triplete season</h4>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Dejan_Stankovi%C4%87_-_Inter_Mailand_%284%29.jpg\" title=\"Dejan Stanković - Inter Mailand (4).jpg\">thumb|right|200px|Stanković in action for <a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan\" title=\"Inter Milan\">Inter</a> in 2009</a>\n</p><p>The 2009–10 season began well for Stanković. In the Milan derby on 29 August, he played in a deeper role to replace the injured <a href=\"/wiki/Esteban_Cambiasso\" title=\"Esteban Cambiasso\">Esteban Cambiasso</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2009 |title=Milan-Inter, le pagelle |url=https://www.bausciacafe.com/senza-categoria/milan-inter-le-pagelle/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=Bauscia Cafè |language=it-IT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2009 |title=Inter, derby da poker! Le pagelle dei nerazzurri (Milan-Inter 0-4) |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/calcio-e-altri-sport/2009/8/29/inter-derby-da-poker-le-pagelle-dei-nerazzurri-milan-inter-0-4/36346/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}</ref> Nevertheless, he scored Inter's fourth goal and his second in consecutive Milan derbies in a 4–0 thrashing, a spectacular 30-yard strike after quickly collecting Sulley Muntari's pass.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2009 |title=Inter Milan thrash ten-man AC Milan in one-sided derby |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2009/aug/29/serieafootball-acmilan |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901130312/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2009/aug/29/serieafootball-acmilan |archive-date=1 September 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NAijrzyCgmU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/NAijrzyCgmU |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Inter Classics, Full Match, AC Milan vs Inter, 2009/10 Serie A TIM - Matchday 02 |language=it |publisher=Inter |place=YouTube |access-date=17 June 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He subsequently scored against <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Rubin_Kazan\" title=\"FC Rubin Kazan\">Rubin Kazan</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Udinese_Calcio\" title=\"Udinese Calcio\">Udinese</a> to continue his rich vein of form under José Mourinho.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2009 |title=Ten-man Inter hold Kazan |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/5593813/ten-man-inter-hold-kazan |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Sky Sports |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pochini |first=Danilo |date=3 October 2009 |title=It Was Important To Win - Inter's Dejan Stankovic |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/10/italian-football/2009/10/03/1539516/it-was-important-to-win-inters-dejan-stankovic |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=Goal.com}}</ref>\n</p><p>He also scored a wonder goal from 54 metres out in a 5–0 thrashing against <a href=\"/wiki/Genoa_CFC\" title=\"Genoa CFC\">Genoa</a>, volleying the ball straight in from <a href=\"/wiki/Marco_Amelia\" title=\"Marco Amelia\">Marco Amelia</a>'s clearance.<ref name=\"form\">{{Cite news |date=23 December 2009 |title=Christmas 2009: what a year for Dejan Stankovic |work=Inter.it |url=http://inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=32820&L=en |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=19 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819174445/http://www.inter.it/aas/news/reader?N=32820&L=en |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 October 2009 |title=Quel gol da 54 metri, la prodezza che per Amelia è un incubo |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/2009/10/18/genoa_inter_stankovic_amelia |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=Sky Sport |language=it}}</ref> At the end of the season, Stanković won an historical <a href=\"/wiki/Treble_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Treble (association football)\">treble</a> with Inter, conquering the 2009–10 <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Serie_A\" title=\"2009–10 Serie A\">Serie A</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2009–10 Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League\" title=\"2009–10 UEFA Champions League\">Champions League</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Clari |first=Valerio |date=22 May 2010 |title=Inter nella storia! La Champions è tua - Risultati e ultime notizie calcio e calciomercato - La Gazzetta dello Sport |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Speciali/Calcio/Inter-Bayern/22-05-2010/xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx-604079613740.shtml |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=La Gazzetta dello Sport |language=it}}</ref><ref name=\":0\" />\n</p>", "<h4>2010–11 season</h4>\n<p>Playing under new head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez\" title=\"Rafael Benítez\">Rafael Benítez</a>, Stanković continued his usual midfield role. On 28 November 2010, Stanković netted a hat-trick in an emphatic 5–2 victory over <a href=\"/wiki/Parma_Calcio_1913\" title=\"Parma Calcio 1913\">Parma</a> at the San Siro.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2010 |title=Stankovic hat-trick provides 'penicillin' for Benitez's ailing Inter |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/SPORT/football/11/28/football.inter.milan.roma.valencia/index.html |access-date=29 June 2021 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>At the <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_Club_World_Cup\" title=\"2010 FIFA Club World Cup\">2010 FIFA Club World Cup</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Abu_Dhabi\" title=\"Abu Dhabi\">Abu Dhabi</a> in mid-December, Stanković played an excellent semi-final against <a href=\"/wiki/Seongnam_FC\" title=\"Seongnam FC\">Seongnam</a>, scoring the opening goal and performing well.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2010 |title=PAGELLE/ Inter Seongnam (3-0): i voti, la cronaca, il tabellino |url=https://www.ilsussidiario.net/news/calcio-e-altri-sport/inter/2010/12/15/pagelle-inter-seongnam-3-0-i-voti-la-cronaca-il-tabellino/134608/ |access-date=1 July 2021 |website=IlSussidiario.net |language=it}}</ref> Despite this, however, Benítez decided to bench the midfielder for the <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_Club_World_Cup_Final\" title=\"2010 FIFA Club World Cup Final\">final</a> versus <a href=\"/wiki/TP_Mazembe\" title=\"TP Mazembe\">TP Mazembe</a>, only bringing him on for <a href=\"/wiki/Christian_Chivu\" title=\"Christian Chivu\">Christian Chivu</a> in the 54th minute.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TP Mazembe Englebert - F.C. Internazionale Milano 0:3 (0:2) |url=https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/35/39/48/08_1218_tpm-fci_fulltime.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024161946/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/35/39/48/08_1218_tpm-fci_fulltime.pdf |archive-date=24 October 2013 |access-date=24 October 2013 |website=FIFA.com}}</ref> Benítez was soon sacked despite winning the trophy, and a couple of weeks later, Stanković expressed his dismay at Spaniard's decision to leave him on the bench for the final.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Scime |first=Adam |date=3 January 2011 |title=Dejan Stankovic: I Can't Forgive Former Inter Boss Rafael Benitez |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2176/serie-a/2011/01/03/2288385/dejan-stankovic-i-cant-forgive-former-inter-boss-Rafael |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/2176/serie-a/2011/01/03/2288385/dejan-stankovic-i-cant-forgive-former-inter-boss-Rafael |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=6 January 2011 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> On the same occasion, despite publicly backing the beleaguered coach months earlier,<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Andrea |first=Rick |date=18 November 2010 |title=Dejan Stankovic: Rafael Benitez Is The Right Person For Inter |url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/86/italy/2010/11/18/2220920/dejan-stankovic-rafael-benitez-is-the-right-person-for-inter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/86/italy/2010/11/18/2220920/dejan-stankovic-rafael-benitez-is-the-right-person-for-inter |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=20 November 2010 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Stanković stated that Benítez simply \"didn't work\" at Inter.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecci |first=Davor |date=4 January 2011 |title=Stankovic: Benitez didn't work at Inter |url=http://soccer-magazine.com/soccer-news/italy-soccer/stankovic-benitez-didnt-work-at-inter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://soccer-magazine.com/soccer-news/italy-soccer/stankovic-benitez-didnt-work-at-inter/ |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=13 March 2011 |website=Soccer Magazine}}</ref>\n</p><p>Under newly arrived head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Leonardo_Ara%C3%BAjo\" title=\"Leonardo Araújo\">Leonardo</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2010 |title=Leonardo in for Benitez at Inter |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/9320450.stm |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> Stanković continued his role in midfield. Stanković scored his first goal under the new coach at home versus Bologna in mid-January,<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2011 |title=Inter-Bologna: da Stankovic a Eto'o è 4-1 |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2011/01/15/inter-bologna-da-stankovic-a-etoo-e-4-1.html |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204201221/https://www.inter.it/it/news/2011/01/15/inter-bologna-da-stankovic-a-etoo-e-4-1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> and then continued with the same form away at Udinese, scoring the opening goal in a match that Inter lost 3–1.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farinola |first=Antonio |date=23 January 2011 |title=Primo stop per Leo. L'Udinese fa festa |url=https://www.repubblica.it/sport/calcio/serie-a/inter/2011/01/23/news/udinese_inter-11553046/ |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=la Repubblica |language=it}}</ref> In <a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2010–11 Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia quarter-final</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/SSC_Napoli\" title=\"SSC Napoli\">Napoli</a> on 26 January, Stanković injured his thigh muscle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Ahi, Inter: è stiramento per Stankovic. Ko anche Cordoba |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/2011/01/27/stankovic_inter_stiramento |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=Sky Sport |language=it}}</ref> He returned for a Serie A match at <a href=\"/wiki/UC_Sampdoria\" title=\"UC Sampdoria\">Sampdoria</a> on 27 February, as Inter won 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2011 |title=Sampdoria 0-2 Inter: Sneijder and Eto'o |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/2011/02/27/sampdoria-0-2-inter-sneijder-and-etoo.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204201224/https://www.inter.it/en/news/2011/02/27/sampdoria-0-2-inter-sneijder-and-etoo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Inter made good recovery chasing the league-leaders Milan, getting within two points of them ahead of Milan derby,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2011 |title=Inter close the gap on leaders AC Milan |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/football/03/20/football.italy.inter.napoli/index.html |access-date=11 July 2021 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> but lost disastrously 0–3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Milan–Inter 3–0 |url=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Milan-Inter/25449 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405165438/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Milan-Inter/25449 |archive-date=5 April 2011 |access-date=5 April 2011 |website=Lega Serie A |language=it-IT}}</ref>\n</p><p>Stanković scored a spectacular volley from the halfway line against <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Schalke_04\" title=\"FC Schalke 04\">Schalke 04</a> in the Champions League quarter-final first leg on 5 April 2011, as goalkeeper <a href=\"/wiki/Manuel_Neuer\" title=\"Manuel Neuer\">Manuel Neuer</a> ran out of the box to make a daring header clearance that made it up to the halfway line, leaving an open goal as a target for Stanković's firm first-time volley. Inter, however, would lose that match 2–5 at home.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Boylan |first=James |date=5 April 2011 |title=Inter Milan 2-5 Schalke |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/9445389.stm |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2017 |title=The 100 greatest Champions League moments |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2017/06/01/100-greatest-champions-league-moments/29-dejan-stankovic-volley-inter-2-schalke-5-201011-quarter-final/ |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=The Telegraph |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 19 April, in the <a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2010–11 Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia</a> semi-final first leg, Stanković scored the winning goal with another spectacular long-range effort, hitting a sweet outside foot volley past the despairing dive of the goalkeeper.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Subhankar |date=19 April 2011 |title=Roma 0-1 Inter: Dejan Stankovic gives Leonardo's men first leg Coppa Italia semi-final advantage |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1036/coppa-italia/2011/04/19/2449170/roma-0-1-inter-dejan-stankovic-gives-leonardos-men-first-leg |access-date=3 May 2021 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> Stanković played the full 90 in the <a href=\"/wiki/2011_Coppa_Italia_Final\" title=\"2011 Coppa Italia Final\">2011 Coppa Italia Final</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter 3 - Palermo 1 |url=http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Inter-Palermo/33701 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704131301/http://www.legaseriea.it/it/serie-a-tim/match-report/-/match-report/Inter-Palermo/33701 |archive-date=4 July 2011 |access-date=4 July 2011 |website=Lega Serie A |language=it}}</ref> winning his last trophy with Inter.<ref name=\"archivio\" />\n</p>", "<h4>Retirement</h4>\n<p>Stanković played two additional seasons at Inter without reaching the same heights.<ref name=\"pedulla\" /> On 6 July 2013, he announced his goodbye to Inter fans via a letter published on the club's official website.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2013 |title=Dejan Stankovic ai tifosi nerazzurri |url=https://www.inter.it/it/news/2013/07/6/dejan-stankovic-ai-tifosi-nerazzurri.html |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site |language=it |archive-date=4 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211204201229/https://www.inter.it/it/news/2013/07/6/dejan-stankovic-ai-tifosi-nerazzurri.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He made a total of 326 appearances with Inter, scoring 42 goals.<ref name=\"archivio\">{{Cite web |title=Dejan Stankovic |url=http://www.inter.it/en/archivio_giocatore/G0764 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site}}</ref> In 2019, he was inducted into <a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan_Hall_of_Fame\" title=\"Inter Milan Hall of Fame\">Inter Milan Hall of Fame</a>.<ref name=\"2ndedition\">{{Cite web |date=11 May 2019 |title=Toldo, Facchetti, Stankovic and Meazza join the Inter Hall of Fame |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/67625/toldo-facchetti-stankovic-and-meazza-join-the-inter-hall-of-fame |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511103954/https://www.inter.it/en/news/67625/toldo-facchetti-stankovic-and-meazza-join-the-inter-hall-of-fame |archive-date=11 May 2019 |access-date=13 July 2021 |website=Inter Official Site}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>International career</h2>\n<p>Stanković made his international debut for the <a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_national_football_team\" title=\"Serbia national football team\">FR Yugoslavia team</a> against <a href=\"/wiki/South_Korea_national_football_team\" title=\"South Korea national football team\">South Korea</a> on 22 April 1998, scoring two goals in a 6–1 victory.<ref name=\"Euro 2000 profile\">{{cite news|title=BBC Sport Euro 2000 profiles: Dejan Stankovic |work=BBC Sport |date=14 May 2000 |access-date=1 May 2010 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/euro2000/teams/yugoslavia/squad/746811.stm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/euro2000/teams/yugoslavia/squad/746811.stm |archive-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He represented the FR Yugoslavia national team at the <a href=\"/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup\" title=\"1998 FIFA World Cup\">1998 World Cup</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000\" title=\"UEFA Euro 2000\">Euro 2000</a>,<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" /> soon establishing himself as an important player.<ref name=\":0\" />\n</p><p>The Yugoslav team was renamed Serbia and Montenegro by the time <a href=\"/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification\" title=\"2006 FIFA World Cup qualification\">2006 World Cup qualifying</a> started.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2003 |title=Balkan fans cheer dead country |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2753117.stm |access-date=16 July 2021 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Stanković played all games but last one, scoring two goals.<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=FIFA WC 2006 Prel. Comp. European Zone: Serbia and Montenegro – Bosnia-Herzegovina1:0 |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/preliminaries/preliminary=8071/matches/match=36672/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080222203621/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/preliminaries/preliminary=8071/matches/match=36672/report.html |archive-date=22 February 2008 |access-date=22 February 2008 |website=FIFA.com}}</ref> At the <a href=\"/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup\" title=\"2006 FIFA World Cup\">2006 FIFA World Cup</a>, he was given the number 10 shirt and <a href=\"/wiki/Savo_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87\" title=\"Savo Milošević\">Savo Milošević</a> captained the new Serbia and Montenegro team in their first World Cup,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Serbia - Squad World Cup 2006 Germany |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/teams/serbien-team/wm-2006-in-deutschland/2/ |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=Worldfootball.net |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2006 |title=Milosevic hails Argentina display |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/teams/serbia_and_montenegro/5044148.stm |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> but they failed to progress to the knock-out rounds after losing all their group matches to the <a href=\"/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team\" title=\"Ivory Coast national football team\">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Argentina_national_football_team\" title=\"Argentina national football team\">Argentina</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Netherlands_national_football_team\" title=\"Netherlands national football team\">Netherlands</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaid |first=Hamdan |date=7 February 2007 |title=World Cup 2006 - Match Details |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tables/2006full.html |access-date=24 July 2021 |website=RSSSF.com}}</ref> After Milošević retired, the midfielder took over as <a href=\"/wiki/Captain_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Captain (association football)\">captain</a> of the re-formed <a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_national_football_team\" title=\"Serbia national football team\">Serbia national team</a>, following the breakup of Serbia and Montenegro.\n</p><p>He was silver medalist at the <a href=\"/wiki/Cyprus_International_Football_Tournament\" title=\"Cyprus International Football Tournament\">2009 Cyprus International Football Tournament</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saaid |first=Hamdan |date=6 March 2009 |title=Cyprus International Tournament 2009 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/cypr-intltourn09.html |access-date=2 August 2021 |website=RSSSF.com}}</ref> In the <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%28UEFA%29\" title=\"2010 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)\">2010 World Cup qualifying</a>, Stanković started in and captained all but two of Serbia's matches.<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" /> They qualified for their first World Cup as an independent nation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watts |first=Nicole |date=10 June 2010 |title=Serbia to make World Cup debut as independent nation |url=https://torontoobserver.ca/2010/06/10/serbia-to-make-world-cup-debut-as-independent-nation/ |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=The Toronto Observer |language=en-CA}}</ref>\n</p><p>In June 2010, he was selected in Serbia's squad for the <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup\" title=\"2010 FIFA World Cup\">2010 FIFA World Cup</a>,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.espn.com/espn/wire?id=5238038 | title=Serbia cuts goalkeeper Brkic to make 23 | work=espn.com | date=1 June 2010 | access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref> where he played every minute in <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup_Group_D\" title=\"2010 FIFA World Cup Group D\">group stage</a>. He was instrumental in their shock 1–0 win over favorites <a href=\"/wiki/Germany_national_football_team\" title=\"Germany national football team\">Germany</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moody |first=Barry |date=18 June 2010 |title=Germany shocked by Serbia, U.S. escapes |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-49439920100618 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Cup Player Ratings: Germany 0-1 Serbia |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1863/world-cup-2010/2010/06/18/1982089/world-cup-player-ratings-germany-0-1-serbia |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> but they were not able to progress to the next round due to narrow losses against <a href=\"/wiki/Ghana_national_football_team\" title=\"Ghana national football team\">Ghana</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team\" title=\"Australia men's national soccer team\">Australia</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Steinberg |first=Jacob |date=13 June 2010 |title=World Cup 2010: Serbia v Ghana – as it happened! |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/13/world-cup-2010-serbia-ghana-live |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Matthew |date=23 June 2010 |title=Australia 2-1 Serbia. World Cup 2010 match report |url=http://www.theguardian.com/football/2010/jun/23/australia-serbia-world-cup-match-report |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>After captaining the team in a 1–0 loss in the final game of the <a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_qualifying\" title=\"UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying\">UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying phase</a> against <a href=\"/wiki/Slovenia_national_football_team\" title=\"Slovenia national football team\">Slovenia</a>,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Slovenia VS. Serbia 1–0 |url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=4265 |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=EU football.info}}</ref> Stanković announced his retirement from international football after 13 years since his debut against South Korea in 1998.<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2011 |title=Stankovic si ritira dalla nazionale. D'ora in poi solo Inter |url=https://sport.sky.it/calcio/2011/10/12/dejan_stankovic_ritiro_nazionale_serbia |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=Sky Sport |language=it |archive-date=24 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124145619/https://sport.sky.it/calcio/2011/10/12/dejan_stankovic_ritiro_nazionale_serbia |url-status=dead }}</ref> He played a testimonial match two years later, becoming the most capped player in the history of Serbia (103), playing one more match than <a href=\"/wiki/Savo_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87\" title=\"Savo Milošević\">Savo Milošević</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bosković |first=Aleksandar |date=12 October 2013 |title=L'ultimo applauso a Stanković |url=https://it.uefa.com/european-qualifiers/news/0257-0def39f02f3c-56a2e07ea91a-1000--l-ultimo-applauso-a-stankovic/ |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=UEFA.com |language=it}}</ref> The match was played against Japan, in which he played until the tenth minute, making room for <a href=\"/wiki/Ivan_Radovanovi%C4%87\" title=\"Ivan Radovanović\">Ivan Radovanović</a>.<ref name=\"lastgame\">{{Cite web |title=Slovenia VS. Japan 2–0 |url=https://eu-football.info/_match.php?id=563 |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=EU football.info}}</ref><ref name=\"farewell\">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2013 |title=Serbia's Stankovic bids farewell with Japan win |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/soccer-serbia-stankovic-idINDEE99B02Z20131012 |access-date=10 August 2021 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> He received a standing ovation as he said his final goodbye to football.<ref name=\"farewell\" /> Serbia went on to win the match 2–0.<ref name=\"lastgame\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Style of play</h2>\n<p>A talented player,<ref name=\"Euro 2000 profile\" /> A former <a href=\"/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Defender (association football)\">defender</a>,<ref name=\"star man\">{{cite news |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/2276012/lazio-star-man-dejan-stankovic |title=Lazio – Star Man – Dejan Stanković|work=Sky Sports |access-date=17 June 2024 }}</ref> Stanković usually played as an <a href=\"/wiki/Attacking_midfielder\" title=\"Attacking midfielder\">attacking midfielder</a>;<ref name=\"Euro 2000 profile\" /> however, he was a versatile and well-rounded player who was capable of operating in many different positions,<ref name=\"Euro 2000 profile\" /><ref name=\"star man\" /> and made a name for himself as a player who could also play out wide on the <a href=\"/wiki/Midfielder%23Winger\" title=\"Midfielder#Winger\">wings</a> or track back in a <a href=\"/wiki/Defensive_midfielder\" title=\"Defensive midfielder\">defensive midfield</a> role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2011 |title=Tutto su… Dejan Stanković |url=https://www.passioneinter.com/inter-news/tutto-su-dejan-stankovic/ |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=Passione Inter |language=it-IT}}</ref> He was also capable of playing in the <a href=\"/wiki/Midfielder%23Central_midfielder\" title=\"Midfielder#Central midfielder\">centre</a> of the pitch in a <a href=\"/wiki/Midfielder%23Box-to-box_midfielder\" title=\"Midfielder#Box-to-box midfielder\">box-to-box role</a>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1341315-top-10-aging-players-who-could-be-worth-a-punt-in-the-january-transfer-window |title=Top 10 Aging Players Who Could Be Worth a Punt in the January Transfer Window |publisher=Bleacher Report |last1=Jiang |first1=Allan |date=20 September 2012 |access-date=17 June 2024 }}</ref><ref name=\"Inter's Team of the Decade\">{{cite web |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/6520056-inter-s-team-of-the-decade-2010-2019 |title=Inter's Team of the Decade: 2010-2019 |publisher=90min.com |date=17 December 2019 |access-date=17 June 2024 }}</ref> A tenacious and hard-working player, \"Deki\", as he is nicknamed,<ref name=\"recordpoint\">{{Cite web |date=21 May 2021 |title=Dejan Stankovic esagerato: 108 punti con la Stella Rossa in campionato, è record assoluto di punti |url=https://www.eurosport.it/calcio/dejan-stankovic-esagerato-108-punti-con-la-stella-rossa-in-campionato-e-record-assoluto-di-punti_sto8329014/story.shtml |access-date=16 August 2021 |website=Eurosport |language=it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deki Stanković hit na internetu, evo i zbog čega! |url=https://www.alo.rs/sport/fudbal/deki-stankovic-hit-na-internetu-evo-i-zbog-cega-foto/350976/vest |access-date=16 August 2021 |website=[[Alo!]] |language=sr}}</ref> was best known for his efficient, accurate passing, versatility and creativity, as well as his ability to score goals, in particular from long distance, courtesy of his striking ability with his right foot;<ref name=\"Euro 2000 profile\" /><ref name=\"Inter's Team of the Decade\" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2006/jun/05/worldcup2006.sport105 |title=2006 World Cup – Serbia & Montenegro |date=5 June 2006 |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120803071509/http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2006/jun/05/worldcup2006.sport105 |archive-date=3 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Dejan Stankovic |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/17401/6152830/dejan-stankovic |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402204248/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/17401/6152830/dejan-stankovic |archive-date=2 April 2019 |access-date=2 April 2019 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref name=\"Yugoslavia Team Details\">{{Cite news |last=Ley |first=John |date=9 June 2000 |title=Yugoslavia Team Details |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/4746480/Yugoslavia-Team-Details.html |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mari |first=Daniele |date=28 September 2015 |title=Stankovic: \"Triplete nasce a Kiev, Mou spaccò tutto. Deluso da Rafa. Io e l'Inter…\" |url=https://www.fcinter1908.it/copertina/stankovic-triplete-nasce-a-kiev-mou-spacco-tutto-deluso-da-rafa-io-e-l-inter/ |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=FC Inter 1908 |language=it}}</ref> he was also effective in the air,<ref name=\"Euro 2000 profile\" /><ref name=\"Yugoslavia Team Details\" /> and was capable making late runs into the box.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurosport.com/football/dejan-stankovic_sto887053/story.shtml |title=Dejan Stankovic |publisher=www.eurosport.com |date=23 May 2006 |access-date=17 June 2024 }}</ref> He was also known for his pace, skill, and influence on the pitch,<ref name=\"Euro 2000 profile\" /><ref>{{cite web |date=8 October 2004 |title=Bosnia, Serbia set for charged qualifier |url=http://www.espnfc.com/story/312661/bosnia-serbia-set-for-charged-qualifier |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216000052/http://www.espnfc.com/story/312661/bosnia-serbia-set-for-charged-qualifier |archive-date=16 February 2016 |access-date=10 February 2016 |website=ESPN FC}}</ref> as well as his composure.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-soccer-world-serbia-penpix/penpix-of-serbia-squad-idUSTRE64I4GN20100519/ |title=Penpix of Serbia squad |work=Reuters |date=19 May 2010 |access-date=17 June 2024 }}</ref> In his prime, he was considered to be one of the best players in European football.<ref name=\"star man\" /> Despite his ability, however, he was occasionally criticised in the media for being inconsistent.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/dejan-stankovic-serbia-s-engine-1.944723 |title=Dejan Stankovic: Serbia’s Engine |work=CBC Sports |last1=Scianitti |first1=Matthew |date=18 May 2010 |access-date=17 June 2024 }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Managerial career</h2>\n<h3>Red Star Belgrade</h3>\n<p>On 21 December 2019, Stanković was appointed as the manager of <a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"Serbian SuperLiga\">Serbian SuperLiga</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade\">Red Star Belgrade</a> on a two-and-a-half-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2019 |title=Dejan Stanković is the one! |url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/vest/9421/Dejan-Stankovic-je-novi-trener-Crvene-zvezde |access-date=18 August 2021 |publisher=[[Red Star Belgrade]] |language=en}}</ref> The club won the 2019–20 <a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"Serbian SuperLiga\">Serbian SuperLiga</a>, Stankovic's first trophy as a manager, 14 points clear of <a href=\"/wiki/Eternal_derby_%28Serbia%29\" title=\"Eternal derby (Serbia)\">city rivals</a> <a href=\"/wiki/FK_Partizan\" title=\"FK Partizan\">Partizan</a>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/vest/10009/crvena-zvezda-sampion|title=Champions!|publisher=[[Red Star Belgrade]]|date=29 May 2020|access-date=13 June 2021|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Liga 2019/2020 - 30. Round |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/schedule/srb-super-liga-2019-2020-spieltag/30/ |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=WorldFootball.net |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 2020–21, Red Star Belgrade went unbeaten through the whole league season, winning 35 of 38 fixtures, while scoring a record-breaking 114 goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/sr/vest/11485/ovo-su-zvezdini-sampioni|title=Ovo su Zvezdini šampioni|publisher=[[Red Star Belgrade]]|date=19 May 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|language=Serbian}}</ref> On 25 May, the club also won the <a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_Cup\" title=\"Serbian Cup\">Serbian Cup</a> through a 4–3 win on penalties (0–0 after full time) against Partizan in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/vest/11528/crvena-zvezda-je-osvojila-kup-srbije|title=Crvena zvezda beat Partizan to win the Kup!|publisher=[[Red Star Belgrade]]|date=19 May 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|language=English}}</ref> Together with <a href=\"/wiki/TSG_1899_Hoffenheim\" title=\"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim\">Hoffenheim</a>, they advanced through the group stage of the <a href=\"/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Europa_League\" title=\"2020–21 UEFA Europa League\">2020–21 UEFA Europa League</a>, eliminating <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Slovan_Liberec\" title=\"FC Slovan Liberec\">Slovan Liberec</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/K.A.A._Gent\" title=\"K.A.A. Gent\">Gent</a> in the process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europa League 2020/21|url=https://footballdatabase.com/league-scores-tables/uefa-europa-league-2020-21 |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=FootballDatabase |language=en}}</ref> The club was knocked out in the round of 32 by Italian club <a href=\"/wiki/AC_Milan\" title=\"AC Milan\">Milan</a> on away goals after the tie ended 3–3 on aggregate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/vest/11094/milan-crvena-zvezda-1-1-1-1|title=Milan squeeze past brave Zvezda|publisher=[[Red Star Belgrade]]|date=25 February 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|language=English}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 26 August 2022, Stanković resigned as Red Star manager after being eliminated by <a href=\"/wiki/Maccabi_Haifa_F.C.\" title=\"Maccabi Haifa F.C.\">Maccabi Haifa</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_UEFA_Champions_League\" title=\"2022–23 UEFA Champions League\">2022–23 UEFA Champions League</a> qualification playoff round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/news/_n5019675_/stankovic-quits-as-red-star-belgrade-manager/|title=Stankovic quits as Red Star Belgrade manager|publisher=Worldfootball.net|date=26 August 2022|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>\n</p><h3>Sampdoria</h3>\n<p>On 6 October 2022, Stanković signed a contract until the end of the season with struggling <a href=\"/wiki/Serie_A\" title=\"Serie A\">Serie A</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/UC_Sampdoria\" title=\"UC Sampdoria\">Sampdoria</a>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sampdoria.it/news/club/2022/10/06/benvenuto-mister-stankovic-e-lallenatore-della-sampdoria/ |publisher=UC Sampdoria |language=it |title=Benvenuto mister: Stankovic è l'allenatore della Sampdoria |accessdate=6 October 2022 |date=6 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heyes |first=Apollo |date=6 October 2022 |title=Official: Sampdoria appoint new head coach Stankovic |url=https://football-italia.net/official-sampdoria-appoint-new-head-coach-stankovic/ |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=Football Italia}}</ref> He left Sampdoria by the end of season, after failing to save the team from relegation in a situation aggravated by financial struggles.\n</p><h3>Ferencváros</h3>\n<p>On 4 September 2023, he was appointed as the coach of <a href=\"/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">Nemzeti Bajnokság I</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC\" title=\"Ferencvárosi TC\">Ferencvárosi TC</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB I: Dejan Sztankovics a Ferencváros új vezetőedzője – hivatalos - |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_i/nb-i-dejan-sztankovics-a-ferencvaros-uj-vezetoedzoje-hivatalos-2976825 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Máté Csabát Dejan Sztankovics váltja az FTC kispadján |url=https://www.fradi.hu/labdarugas/elso-csapat/hirek/mate-csabat-dejan-sztankovics-valtja-az-ftc-kispadjan |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=www.fradi.hu |language=hu}}</ref> On 14 December 2023, Ferencváros drew with <a href=\"/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina\" title=\"ACF Fiorentina\">ACF Fiorentina</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/Groupama_Arena\" title=\"Groupama Arena\">Groupama Arena</a> on the last match day of the <a href=\"/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League_group_stage\" title=\"2023–24 UEFA Europa Conference League group stage\">2023–24 UEFA Europa Conference League group stage</a>. Ferencváros finished in the second place and qualified for the knockout stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |title=Ferencváros-Fiorentina {{!}} UEFA Europa Conference League 2023/24 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaconferenceleague/match/2039373--ferencvaros-vs-fiorentina/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=UEFA.com |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>In an interview with <a href=\"/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport\" title=\"La Gazzetta dello Sport\">La Gazzetta dello Sport</a>, it was a big achievement to draw twice with <a href=\"/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina\" title=\"ACF Fiorentina\">ACF Fiorentina</a> and being the coach of Ferencváros teaches him to handle stress as a football manager.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=FTC: \"Amikor eljön az idő, készen akarok állni\" – Sztankovics az ol |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_i/ftc-amikor-eljon-az-ido-keszen-akarok-allni-sztankovics-az-olaszorszagi-visszateresrol-2994425 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 15 May 2024, Ferencváros were defeated by Paks 2–0 in the <a href=\"/wiki/2024_Magyar_Kupa_final\" title=\"2024 Magyar Kupa final\">2024 Magyar Kupa Final</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Ar%C3%A9na\" title=\"Puskás Aréna\">Puskás Aréna</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=PAKSI |date=2024-05-15 |title=KUPAGYŐZTESEK LETTÜNK! |url=https://paksifc.hu/news/view/11427/mol-magyar-kupa/kupadonto-paks-frad-hamarosan |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=paksifc.hu |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Defeat in the MOL Hungarian Cup final |url=https://www.fradi.hu/en/football/men-s/news/defeat-in-the-mol-hungarian-cup-final |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.fradi.hu |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 16 May 2024, he resigned from his position.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Dejan Sztankovics távozik a Ferencvárostól – sajtóhír |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-i/2024/05/dejan-sztankovics-tavozik-a-ferencvarostol-sajtohir |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Elhagyja a Fradit Dejan Stanković, a Szpartak Moszkva edzője lesz |url=https://telex.hu/belfold/2024/05/16/ferencvaros-dejan-stankovic-tavozas-kubatov-gabor-magyar-kupa |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=telex |language=hu}}</ref>\n</p><h3>Spartak Moscow</h3>\n<p>On 16 May 2024, <a href=\"/wiki/Russian_Premier_League\" title=\"Russian Premier League\">Russian Premier League</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow\" title=\"FC Spartak Moscow\">Spartak Moscow</a> announced they signed a two-year contract with Stanković, beginning in the 2024–25 season, he would not be coaching the remaining 2023–24 games.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=FC Spartak Moscow|url=https://spartak.com/media/news/cbde8f85-4f45-4e23-bbd1-bd522c8c61ed|title=Деян Станкович — главный тренер \"Спартака\" с нового сезона!|trans-title=Dejan Stanković is the Spartak manager, beginning in the new season!|date=16 May 2024|language=ru}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Red Star Belgrade</h3>\n<p>On 21 December 2019, Stanković was appointed as the manager of <a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"Serbian SuperLiga\">Serbian SuperLiga</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade\">Red Star Belgrade</a> on a two-and-a-half-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2019 |title=Dejan Stanković is the one! |url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/vest/9421/Dejan-Stankovic-je-novi-trener-Crvene-zvezde |access-date=18 August 2021 |publisher=[[Red Star Belgrade]] |language=en}}</ref> The club won the 2019–20 <a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"Serbian SuperLiga\">Serbian SuperLiga</a>, Stankovic's first trophy as a manager, 14 points clear of <a href=\"/wiki/Eternal_derby_%28Serbia%29\" title=\"Eternal derby (Serbia)\">city rivals</a> <a href=\"/wiki/FK_Partizan\" title=\"FK Partizan\">Partizan</a>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/vest/10009/crvena-zvezda-sampion|title=Champions!|publisher=[[Red Star Belgrade]]|date=29 May 2020|access-date=13 June 2021|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Super Liga 2019/2020 - 30. Round |url=https://www.worldfootball.net/schedule/srb-super-liga-2019-2020-spieltag/30/ |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=WorldFootball.net |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 2020–21, Red Star Belgrade went unbeaten through the whole league season, winning 35 of 38 fixtures, while scoring a record-breaking 114 goals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/sr/vest/11485/ovo-su-zvezdini-sampioni|title=Ovo su Zvezdini šampioni|publisher=[[Red Star Belgrade]]|date=19 May 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|language=Serbian}}</ref> On 25 May, the club also won the <a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_Cup\" title=\"Serbian Cup\">Serbian Cup</a> through a 4–3 win on penalties (0–0 after full time) against Partizan in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/vest/11528/crvena-zvezda-je-osvojila-kup-srbije|title=Crvena zvezda beat Partizan to win the Kup!|publisher=[[Red Star Belgrade]]|date=19 May 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|language=English}}</ref> Together with <a href=\"/wiki/TSG_1899_Hoffenheim\" title=\"TSG 1899 Hoffenheim\">Hoffenheim</a>, they advanced through the group stage of the <a href=\"/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_UEFA_Europa_League\" title=\"2020–21 UEFA Europa League\">2020–21 UEFA Europa League</a>, eliminating <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Slovan_Liberec\" title=\"FC Slovan Liberec\">Slovan Liberec</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/K.A.A._Gent\" title=\"K.A.A. Gent\">Gent</a> in the process.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Europa League 2020/21|url=https://footballdatabase.com/league-scores-tables/uefa-europa-league-2020-21 |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=FootballDatabase |language=en}}</ref> The club was knocked out in the round of 32 by Italian club <a href=\"/wiki/AC_Milan\" title=\"AC Milan\">Milan</a> on away goals after the tie ended 3–3 on aggregate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/en/vest/11094/milan-crvena-zvezda-1-1-1-1|title=Milan squeeze past brave Zvezda|publisher=[[Red Star Belgrade]]|date=25 February 2021|access-date=13 June 2021|language=English}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 26 August 2022, Stanković resigned as Red Star manager after being eliminated by <a href=\"/wiki/Maccabi_Haifa_F.C.\" title=\"Maccabi Haifa F.C.\">Maccabi Haifa</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_UEFA_Champions_League\" title=\"2022–23 UEFA Champions League\">2022–23 UEFA Champions League</a> qualification playoff round.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfootball.net/news/_n5019675_/stankovic-quits-as-red-star-belgrade-manager/|title=Stankovic quits as Red Star Belgrade manager|publisher=Worldfootball.net|date=26 August 2022|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Sampdoria</h3>\n<p>On 6 October 2022, Stanković signed a contract until the end of the season with struggling <a href=\"/wiki/Serie_A\" title=\"Serie A\">Serie A</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/UC_Sampdoria\" title=\"UC Sampdoria\">Sampdoria</a>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sampdoria.it/news/club/2022/10/06/benvenuto-mister-stankovic-e-lallenatore-della-sampdoria/ |publisher=UC Sampdoria |language=it |title=Benvenuto mister: Stankovic è l'allenatore della Sampdoria |accessdate=6 October 2022 |date=6 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Heyes |first=Apollo |date=6 October 2022 |title=Official: Sampdoria appoint new head coach Stankovic |url=https://football-italia.net/official-sampdoria-appoint-new-head-coach-stankovic/ |access-date=6 October 2022 |website=Football Italia}}</ref> He left Sampdoria by the end of season, after failing to save the team from relegation in a situation aggravated by financial struggles.\n</p>", "<h3>Ferencváros</h3>\n<p>On 4 September 2023, he was appointed as the coach of <a href=\"/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">Nemzeti Bajnokság I</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC\" title=\"Ferencvárosi TC\">Ferencvárosi TC</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=NB I: Dejan Sztankovics a Ferencváros új vezetőedzője – hivatalos - |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_i/nb-i-dejan-sztankovics-a-ferencvaros-uj-vezetoedzoje-hivatalos-2976825 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Máté Csabát Dejan Sztankovics váltja az FTC kispadján |url=https://www.fradi.hu/labdarugas/elso-csapat/hirek/mate-csabat-dejan-sztankovics-valtja-az-ftc-kispadjan |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=www.fradi.hu |language=hu}}</ref> On 14 December 2023, Ferencváros drew with <a href=\"/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina\" title=\"ACF Fiorentina\">ACF Fiorentina</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/Groupama_Arena\" title=\"Groupama Arena\">Groupama Arena</a> on the last match day of the <a href=\"/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_UEFA_Europa_Conference_League_group_stage\" title=\"2023–24 UEFA Europa Conference League group stage\">2023–24 UEFA Europa Conference League group stage</a>. Ferencváros finished in the second place and qualified for the knockout stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=UEFA.com |title=Ferencváros-Fiorentina {{!}} UEFA Europa Conference League 2023/24 |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaconferenceleague/match/2039373--ferencvaros-vs-fiorentina/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=UEFA.com |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>In an interview with <a href=\"/wiki/La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport\" title=\"La Gazzetta dello Sport\">La Gazzetta dello Sport</a>, it was a big achievement to draw twice with <a href=\"/wiki/ACF_Fiorentina\" title=\"ACF Fiorentina\">ACF Fiorentina</a> and being the coach of Ferencváros teaches him to handle stress as a football manager.<ref>{{Cite web |last=nemzetisport.hu |date=2023 |title=FTC: \"Amikor eljön az idő, készen akarok állni\" – Sztankovics az ol |url=http://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo_nb_i/ftc-amikor-eljon-az-ido-keszen-akarok-allni-sztankovics-az-olaszorszagi-visszateresrol-2994425 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=www.nemzetisport.hu |language=hu}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 15 May 2024, Ferencváros were defeated by Paks 2–0 in the <a href=\"/wiki/2024_Magyar_Kupa_final\" title=\"2024 Magyar Kupa final\">2024 Magyar Kupa Final</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/Pusk%C3%A1s_Ar%C3%A9na\" title=\"Puskás Aréna\">Puskás Aréna</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=PAKSI |date=2024-05-15 |title=KUPAGYŐZTESEK LETTÜNK! |url=https://paksifc.hu/news/view/11427/mol-magyar-kupa/kupadonto-paks-frad-hamarosan |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=paksifc.hu |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Defeat in the MOL Hungarian Cup final |url=https://www.fradi.hu/en/football/men-s/news/defeat-in-the-mol-hungarian-cup-final |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=www.fradi.hu |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 16 May 2024, he resigned from his position.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Dejan Sztankovics távozik a Ferencvárostól – sajtóhír |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/labdarugo-nb-i/2024/05/dejan-sztankovics-tavozik-a-ferencvarostol-sajtohir |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Elhagyja a Fradit Dejan Stanković, a Szpartak Moszkva edzője lesz |url=https://telex.hu/belfold/2024/05/16/ferencvaros-dejan-stankovic-tavozas-kubatov-gabor-magyar-kupa |access-date=2024-05-17 |website=telex |language=hu}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Spartak Moscow</h3>\n<p>On 16 May 2024, <a href=\"/wiki/Russian_Premier_League\" title=\"Russian Premier League\">Russian Premier League</a> club <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow\" title=\"FC Spartak Moscow\">Spartak Moscow</a> announced they signed a two-year contract with Stanković, beginning in the 2024–25 season, he would not be coaching the remaining 2023–24 games.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=FC Spartak Moscow|url=https://spartak.com/media/news/cbde8f85-4f45-4e23-bbd1-bd522c8c61ed|title=Деян Станкович — главный тренер \"Спартака\" с нового сезона!|trans-title=Dejan Stanković is the Spartak manager, beginning in the new season!|date=16 May 2024|language=ru}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Personal life</h2>\n<p>Stanković was born in Belgrade, present day Serbia, to Borislav and Dragica and has a brother Siniša.<ref name=\"stankovic_family1\">{{Cite magazine |last=Jokić |first=Nadežda |date=24 February 2014 |title=Dejan i Ana Stanković: Naša porodična idila u Milanu |trans-title=Dejan and Ana Stankovic: Our family idyll is in Milan |url=http://www.hellomagazin.rs/top-story/dejan-i-ana-stankovic-nasa-porodicna-idila-u-milanu/ |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]] |language=sr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302042528/http://www.hellomagazin.rs/top-story/dejan-i-ana-stankovic-nasa-porodicna-idila-u-milanu/ |archive-date=2 March 2014 |access-date=11 March 2014 }}</ref><ref name=\"stankovic_family2\">{{Cite web |last=Jokić |first=Nadežda |date=24 February 2014 |title=Dejan i Ana Stanković: Deca nas stalno podsećaju na ono najlepše u braku! |trans-title=Dejan and Ana Stankovic: Our kids always reminds us on the best things in our marriage! |url=http://www.svet.rs/najnovije-vesti/dejan-i-ana-stankovic-deca-nas-stalno-podsecaju-na-ono-najlepse-u-braku |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312012602/http://www.svet.rs/najnovije-vesti/dejan-i-ana-stankovic-deca-nas-stalno-podsecaju-na-ono-najlepse-u-braku |archive-date=12 March 2014 |access-date=12 March 2014 |website=Svet.rs |language=sr}}</ref> He is married to Ana Ačimovič, whom he met at the age of 19, and who is a sister of former professional footballer <a href=\"/wiki/Milenko_A%C4%8Dimovi%C4%8D\" title=\"Milenko Ačimovič\">Milenko Ačimovič</a>, Stanković's former teammate at Red Star.<ref name=\"stankovic_family1\" /><ref name=\"stankovic_family2\" /> The pair has three sons; Stefan (b. 2000), <a href=\"/wiki/Filip_Stankovi%C4%87_%28footballer%2C_born_2002%29\" title=\"Filip Stanković (footballer, born 2002)\">Filip</a> (b. 2002) and <a href=\"/wiki/Aleksandar_Stankovi%C4%87_%28footballer%2C_born_2005%29\" title=\"Aleksandar Stanković (footballer, born 2005)\">Aleksandar</a> (b. 2005), and the family resides in <a href=\"/wiki/Milan\" title=\"Milan\">Milan</a>.<ref name=\"stankovic_family1\" /><ref name=\"stankovic_family2\" /> All of his three sons were members of <a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan\" title=\"Inter Milan\">Inter Milan</a> football academy.<ref name=\"stankovic_family1\" /><ref name=\"stankovic_family2\" />\n</p><p>Stanković and his family spend much of their free time in the Slovenian capital <a href=\"/wiki/Ljubljana\" title=\"Ljubljana\">Ljubljana</a>, the birthplace of his wife and residence of his brother-in-law Milenko.<ref name=\"stankovic_family1\" /><ref name=\"stankovic_family2\" /> As of February 2014, Stanković played amateur football for veteran's club KMN Olimpija Ljubljana, where he played alongside his brother in law and a number of former professional footballers (e.g. <a href=\"/wiki/Sebastjan_Cimiroti%C4%8D\" title=\"Sebastjan Cimirotič\">Sebastjan Cimirotič</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ermin_Rakovi%C4%8D\" title=\"Ermin Rakovič\">Ermin Rakovič</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Igor_Lazi%C4%8D\" title=\"Igor Lazič\">Igor Lazič</a>).<ref name=\"stankovic_kmn\">{{Cite news |last=Dotto |first=Dario |date=20 February 2014 |title=Zvezdnik na slovenskih igriščih: Dejan Stanković soigralec Ačimovića, Rakovića in Cimerotića |language=sl |trans-title=A star on Slovenian pitches: Dejan Stankovic teammate of Acimovic, Rakovic and Cimerotic |work=[[Siol]] |url=http://www.siol.net/sportal/nogomet/2014/02/dejan_stankovic_soigralec_acimovica_rakovica_in_cimerotica.aspx |url-status=dead |access-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201194141/http://www.siol.net/sportal/nogomet/2014/02/dejan_stankovic_soigralec_acimovica_rakovica_in_cimerotica.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2008 }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Career statistics</h2>\n<h3>Club</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref name=\"reprezentacija\">{{Cite web |title=Dejan Stanković |url=http://www.reprezentacija.rs/stankovic-dejan/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=reprezentacija.rs |date=20 March 2020 |language=bs}}</ref>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<throwspan=\"2\">Club\n</th>\n<throwspan=\"2\">Season\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"3\">League\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Cup\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA\" title=\"UEFA\">Europe</a>\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Other{{efn|Includes [[Supercoppa Italiana]], [[UEFA Super Cup]], and [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th>Division</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"5\"><a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade\">Red Star Belgrade</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Red_Star_Belgrade_season\" title=\"1994–95 Red Star Belgrade season\">1994–95</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/First_League_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro\" title=\"First League of Serbia and Montenegro\">First League of<br />FR Yugoslavia</a>\n</td>\n<td>7</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"1995–96 First League of FR Yugoslavia\">1995–96</a>\n</td>\n<td>First League of<br />FR Yugoslavia\n</td>\n<td>24</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>30</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"1996–97 First League of FR Yugoslavia\">1996–97</a>\n</td>\n<td>First League of<br />FR Yugoslavia\n</td>\n<td>26</td><td>10</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>37</td><td>13\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"1997–98 First League of FR Yugoslavia\">1997–98</a>\n</td>\n<td>First League of<br />FR Yugoslavia\n</td>\n<td>28</td><td>15</td><td>7</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>39</td><td>21\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>85</th><th>29</th><th>17</th><th>5</th><th>11</th><th>5</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>113</th><th>39\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"7\"><a href=\"/wiki/SS_Lazio\" title=\"SS Lazio\">Lazio</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"1998–99 SS Lazio season\">1998–99</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Serie_A\" title=\"Serie A\">Serie A</a>\n</td>\n<td>29</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>42</td><td>9\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"1999–2000 SS Lazio season\">1999–2000</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>16</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>11</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>32</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"2000–01 SS Lazio season\">2000–01</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>21</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>33</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"2001–02 SS Lazio season\">2001–02</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>27</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>36</td><td>8\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"2002–03 SS Lazio season\">2002–03</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>29</td><td>6</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>38</td><td>6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"2003–04 SS Lazio season\">2003–04</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>15</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>27</td><td>4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>137</th><th>22</th><th>21</th><th>4</th><th>47</th><th>7</th><th>3</th><th>0</th><th>208</th><th>33\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"11\"><a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan\" title=\"Inter Milan\">Inter Milan</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2003–04 Inter Milan season\">2003–04</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>14</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>16</td><td>4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2004–05 Inter Milan season\">2004–05</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>31</td><td>3</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>47</td><td>6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2005–06 Inter Milan season\">2005–06</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>23</td><td>2</td><td>7</td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>38</td><td>6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2006–07 Inter Milan season\">2006–07</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>34</td><td>6</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>45</td><td>6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2007–08 Inter Milan season\">2007–08</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>21</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>31</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2008–09 Inter Milan season\">2008–09</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>31</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>38</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2009–10 Inter Milan season\">2009–10</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>29</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>12</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>43</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2010–11 Inter Milan season\">2010–11</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>26</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>7</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>40</td><td>9\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2011–12 Inter Milan season\">2011–12</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>19</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>25</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2012–13 Inter Milan season\">2012–13</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>231</th><th>29</th><th>26</th><th>3</th><th>60</th><th>9</th><th>9</th><th>1</th><th>326</th><th>42\n</th></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"3\">Career total\n</th>\n<th>453</th><th>80</th><th>64</th><th>12</th><th>118</th><th>21</th><th>12</th><th>1</th><th>647</th><th>114\n</th></tr></table>\n<p>{{notelist}}\n</p><h3>International</h3>\n<p>{{updated|match played 13 October 2013}}<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</p><table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Appearances and goals by national team and year\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>National team</th><th>Year</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_national_football_team\" title=\"Serbia and Montenegro national football team\">FR Yugoslavia</a><br />/ <a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_national_football_team\" title=\"Serbia national football team\">Serbia</a><ref name=\"National\">{{Cite web |title=Stanković, Dejan |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/5866/Dejan_Stankovic.html |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref>\n</td>\n<td>1998</td><td>10</td><td>3\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1999</td><td>7</td><td>3\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2000</td><td>8</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2001</td><td>6</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2002</td><td>8</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2003</td><td>4</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2004</td><td>6</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2005</td><td>7</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2006</td><td>11</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2007</td><td>5</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2008</td><td>6</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2009</td><td>7</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2010</td><td>10</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2011</td><td>7</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2012</td><td>0</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2013</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total</th><th>103</th><th>15\n</th></tr></table>\n<dl><dd><i>Scores and results list FR Yugoslavia/Serbia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Stanković goal.</i>\n</dd></dl><table class=\"wikitable sortable\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ List of international goals scored by Dejan Stanković\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<thscope=\"col\">No.\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Date\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Venue\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Opponent\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Score\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Result\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Competition\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\">{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}\n</th></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"8\">{{fb|FRY}} goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">22 April 1998\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Stadium\" title=\"Red Star Stadium\">Stadion Crvena Zvezda</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Belgrade\" title=\"Belgrade\">Belgrade</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"FR Yugoslavia\">FR Yugoslavia</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">{{fb|Korea Republic}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–1\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">3–1\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Friendly_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Friendly (association football)\">Friendly</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"8\" style=\"text-align:center\"><ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3\n</td>\n<td>2 September 1998\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/%C4%8Cair_Stadium\" title=\"Čair Stadium\">Čair Stadium</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ni%C5%A1\" title=\"Niš\">Niš</a>, FR Yugoslavia\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Switzerland}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–0\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–1\n</td>\n<td>Friendly\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">4\n</td>\n<td>1 September 1999\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Lansdowne_Road\" title=\"Lansdowne Road\">Lansdowne Road</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Dublin\" title=\"Dublin\">Dublin</a>, Republic of Ireland\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Republic of Ireland}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–1\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–2\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000_qualifying_Group_8\" title=\"UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Group 8\">UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">5\n</td>\n<td>8 September 1999\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski_Arena\" title=\"Toše Proeski Arena\">Philip II Arena</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Skopje\" title=\"Skopje\">Skopje</a>, Macedonia\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|North Macedonia|name=Macedonia}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–0\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">4–2\n</td>\n<td>UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">6\n</td>\n<td>9 October 1999\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stadion_Maksimir\" title=\"Stadion Maksimir\">Stadion Maksimir</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Zagreb\" title=\"Zagreb\">Zagreb</a>, Croatia\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Croatia}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–1\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–2\n</td>\n<td>UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">7\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">6 June 2001\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Svangaskar%C3%B0\" title=\"Svangaskarð\">Svangaskarð</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Toftir\" title=\"Toftir\">Toftir</a>, Faroe Islands\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">{{fb|Faroe Islands}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–0\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">6–0\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_UEFA_Group_1\" title=\"2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 1\">2002 FIFA World Cup qualification</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">8\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"8\">{{fb|SCG}} goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">9\n</td>\n<td>16 November 2003\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Kazimierz_G%C3%B3rski_Stadium\" title=\"Kazimierz Górski Stadium\">Kazimierz Górski Stadium</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/P%C5%82ock\" title=\"Płock\">Płock</a>, Poland\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Poland}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–2\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–4\n</td>\n<td>Friendly\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"4\" style=\"text-align:center\"><ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">10\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">13 October 2004\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">Stadion Crvena Zvezda, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">{{fb|San Marino|1862}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–0\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">5–0\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_UEFA_Group_7\" title=\"2006 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 7\">2006 FIFA World Cup qualification</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">11\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">12\n</td>\n<td>27 May 2006\n</td>\n<td>Stadion Crvena Zvezda, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Uruguay}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–0\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–1\n</td>\n<td>Friendly\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"8\">{{fb|SRB|2004}} goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">13\n</td>\n<td>11 October 2006\n</td>\n<td>Stadion Crvena Zvezda, Belgrade, Serbia\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Armenia}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–0\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–0\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008_qualifying_Group_A\" title=\"UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group A\">UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\" style=\"text-align:center\"><ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">14\n</td>\n<td>5 June 2010\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Partizan_Stadium\" title=\"Partizan Stadium\">Stadion Partizana</a>, Belgrade, Serbia\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Cameroon}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–2\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">4–3\n</td>\n<td>Friendly\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">15\n</td>\n<td>3 September 2010\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/T%C3%B3rsv%C3%B8llur\" title=\"Tórsvøllur\">Tórsvøllur</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn\" title=\"Tórshavn\">Tórshavn</a>, Faroe Islands\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Faroe Islands}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–0\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–0\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_qualifying_Group_C\" title=\"UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group C\">UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying</a>\n</td></tr></table>", "<h3>Club</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref name=\"reprezentacija\">{{Cite web |title=Dejan Stanković |url=http://www.reprezentacija.rs/stankovic-dejan/ |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=reprezentacija.rs |date=20 March 2020 |language=bs}}</ref>\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<throwspan=\"2\">Club\n</th>\n<throwspan=\"2\">Season\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"3\">League\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Cup\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA\" title=\"UEFA\">Europe</a>\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Other{{efn|Includes [[Supercoppa Italiana]], [[UEFA Super Cup]], and [[FIFA Club World Cup]]}}\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th>Division</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"5\"><a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade\">Red Star Belgrade</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_Red_Star_Belgrade_season\" title=\"1994–95 Red Star Belgrade season\">1994–95</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/First_League_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro\" title=\"First League of Serbia and Montenegro\">First League of<br />FR Yugoslavia</a>\n</td>\n<td>7</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"1995–96 First League of FR Yugoslavia\">1995–96</a>\n</td>\n<td>First League of<br />FR Yugoslavia\n</td>\n<td>24</td><td>4</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>30</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"1996–97 First League of FR Yugoslavia\">1996–97</a>\n</td>\n<td>First League of<br />FR Yugoslavia\n</td>\n<td>26</td><td>10</td><td>6</td><td>1</td><td>5</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>37</td><td>13\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1997%E2%80%9398_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"1997–98 First League of FR Yugoslavia\">1997–98</a>\n</td>\n<td>First League of<br />FR Yugoslavia\n</td>\n<td>28</td><td>15</td><td>7</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>39</td><td>21\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>85</th><th>29</th><th>17</th><th>5</th><th>11</th><th>5</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>113</th><th>39\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"7\"><a href=\"/wiki/SS_Lazio\" title=\"SS Lazio\">Lazio</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"1998–99 SS Lazio season\">1998–99</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Serie_A\" title=\"Serie A\">Serie A</a>\n</td>\n<td>29</td><td>4</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>42</td><td>9\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"1999–2000 SS Lazio season\">1999–2000</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>16</td><td>3</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>11</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>32</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"2000–01 SS Lazio season\">2000–01</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>21</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>9</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>33</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"2001–02 SS Lazio season\">2001–02</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>27</td><td>7</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>36</td><td>8\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"2002–03 SS Lazio season\">2002–03</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>29</td><td>6</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>38</td><td>6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_SS_Lazio_season\" title=\"2003–04 SS Lazio season\">2003–04</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>15</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>27</td><td>4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>137</th><th>22</th><th>21</th><th>4</th><th>47</th><th>7</th><th>3</th><th>0</th><th>208</th><th>33\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"11\"><a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan\" title=\"Inter Milan\">Inter Milan</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2003–04 Inter Milan season\">2003–04</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>14</td><td>4</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>16</td><td>4\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2004–05 Inter Milan season\">2004–05</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>31</td><td>3</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>10</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>47</td><td>6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2005–06 Inter Milan season\">2005–06</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>23</td><td>2</td><td>7</td><td>2</td><td>8</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>38</td><td>6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2006–07 Inter Milan season\">2006–07</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>34</td><td>6</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>7</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>45</td><td>6\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2007–08 Inter Milan season\">2007–08</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>21</td><td>1</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>6</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>31</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2008–09 Inter Milan season\">2008–09</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>31</td><td>5</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>38</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2009–10 Inter Milan season\">2009–10</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>29</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>12</td><td>2</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>43</td><td>5\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2010–11 Inter Milan season\">2010–11</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>26</td><td>5</td><td>3</td><td>1</td><td>7</td><td>2</td><td>4</td><td>1</td><td>40</td><td>9\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2011–12 Inter Milan season\">2011–12</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>19</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>25</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Inter_Milan_season\" title=\"2012–13 Inter Milan season\">2012–13</a>\n</td>\n<td>Serie A\n</td>\n<td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th>\n<th>231</th><th>29</th><th>26</th><th>3</th><th>60</th><th>9</th><th>9</th><th>1</th><th>326</th><th>42\n</th></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"3\">Career total\n</th>\n<th>453</th><th>80</th><th>64</th><th>12</th><th>118</th><th>21</th><th>12</th><th>1</th><th>647</th><th>114\n</th></tr></table>\n<p>{{notelist}}\n</p>", "<h3>International</h3>\n<p>{{updated|match played 13 October 2013}}<ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</p><table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Appearances and goals by national team and year\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th>National team</th><th>Year</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"16\" style=\"vertical-align:center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_national_football_team\" title=\"Serbia and Montenegro national football team\">FR Yugoslavia</a><br />/ <a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_national_football_team\" title=\"Serbia national football team\">Serbia</a><ref name=\"National\">{{Cite web |title=Stanković, Dejan |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/5866/Dejan_Stankovic.html |access-date=15 July 2021 |website=National Football Teams}}</ref>\n</td>\n<td>1998</td><td>10</td><td>3\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1999</td><td>7</td><td>3\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2000</td><td>8</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2001</td><td>6</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2002</td><td>8</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2003</td><td>4</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2004</td><td>6</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2005</td><td>7</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2006</td><td>11</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2007</td><td>5</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2008</td><td>6</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2009</td><td>7</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2010</td><td>10</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2011</td><td>7</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2012</td><td>0</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2013</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total</th><th>103</th><th>15\n</th></tr></table>\n<dl><dd><i>Scores and results list FR Yugoslavia/Serbia's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Stanković goal.</i>\n</dd></dl><table class=\"wikitable sortable\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ List of international goals scored by Dejan Stanković\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<thscope=\"col\">No.\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Date\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Venue\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Opponent\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Score\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Result\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\">Competition\n</th>\n<thscope=\"col\" class=\"unsortable\">{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}\n</th></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"8\">{{fb|FRY}} goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">22 April 1998\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Stadium\" title=\"Red Star Stadium\">Stadion Crvena Zvezda</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Belgrade\" title=\"Belgrade\">Belgrade</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"FR Yugoslavia\">FR Yugoslavia</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">{{fb|Korea Republic}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–1\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">3–1\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Friendly_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Friendly (association football)\">Friendly</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"8\" style=\"text-align:center\"><ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3\n</td>\n<td>2 September 1998\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/%C4%8Cair_Stadium\" title=\"Čair Stadium\">Čair Stadium</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ni%C5%A1\" title=\"Niš\">Niš</a>, FR Yugoslavia\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Switzerland}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–0\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–1\n</td>\n<td>Friendly\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">4\n</td>\n<td>1 September 1999\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Lansdowne_Road\" title=\"Lansdowne Road\">Lansdowne Road</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Dublin\" title=\"Dublin\">Dublin</a>, Republic of Ireland\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Republic of Ireland}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–1\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–2\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2000_qualifying_Group_8\" title=\"UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying Group 8\">UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">5\n</td>\n<td>8 September 1999\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski_Arena\" title=\"Toše Proeski Arena\">Philip II Arena</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Skopje\" title=\"Skopje\">Skopje</a>, Macedonia\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|North Macedonia|name=Macedonia}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–0\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">4–2\n</td>\n<td>UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">6\n</td>\n<td>9 October 1999\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Stadion_Maksimir\" title=\"Stadion Maksimir\">Stadion Maksimir</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Zagreb\" title=\"Zagreb\">Zagreb</a>, Croatia\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Croatia}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–1\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–2\n</td>\n<td>UEFA Euro 2000 qualifying\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">7\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">6 June 2001\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/Svangaskar%C3%B0\" title=\"Svangaskarð\">Svangaskarð</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Toftir\" title=\"Toftir\">Toftir</a>, Faroe Islands\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">{{fb|Faroe Islands}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–0\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">6–0\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_UEFA_Group_1\" title=\"2002 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 1\">2002 FIFA World Cup qualification</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">8\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"8\">{{fb|SCG}} goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">9\n</td>\n<td>16 November 2003\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Kazimierz_G%C3%B3rski_Stadium\" title=\"Kazimierz Górski Stadium\">Kazimierz Górski Stadium</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/P%C5%82ock\" title=\"Płock\">Płock</a>, Poland\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Poland}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–2\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–4\n</td>\n<td>Friendly\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"4\" style=\"text-align:center\"><ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">10\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">13 October 2004\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">Stadion Crvena Zvezda, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">{{fb|San Marino|1862}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–0\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\" style=\"text-align:center\">5–0\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup_qualification_%E2%80%93_UEFA_Group_7\" title=\"2006 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group 7\">2006 FIFA World Cup qualification</a>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">11\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">12\n</td>\n<td>27 May 2006\n</td>\n<td>Stadion Crvena Zvezda, Belgrade, Serbia and Montenegro\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Uruguay}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–0\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–1\n</td>\n<td>Friendly\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"8\">{{fb|SRB|2004}} goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">13\n</td>\n<td>11 October 2006\n</td>\n<td>Stadion Crvena Zvezda, Belgrade, Serbia\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Armenia}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">1–0\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–0\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2008_qualifying_Group_A\" title=\"UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying Group A\">UEFA Euro 2008 qualifying</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\" style=\"text-align:center\"><ref name=\"reprezentacija\" />\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">14\n</td>\n<td>5 June 2010\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Partizan_Stadium\" title=\"Partizan Stadium\">Stadion Partizana</a>, Belgrade, Serbia\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Cameroon}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–2\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">4–3\n</td>\n<td>Friendly\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"center\">15\n</td>\n<td>3 September 2010\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/T%C3%B3rsv%C3%B8llur\" title=\"Tórsvøllur\">Tórsvøllur</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn\" title=\"Tórshavn\">Tórshavn</a>, Faroe Islands\n</td>\n<td>{{fb|Faroe Islands}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">2–0\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">3–0\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012_qualifying_Group_C\" title=\"UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group C\">UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying</a>\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>Managerial statistics</h2>\n<p>{{updated|match played 19 October 2024}} <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2022 |title=Мистерових 100 победа |url=http://www.crvenazvezdafk.com/scc/vest/13488/Misterovih-100-pobeda |access-date=17 July 2022 |website=crvenazvezdafk.com |language=Serbian}}</ref>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align: center\">\t\n<tr>\n<td>+ Managerial record by team and tenure\t\t\t\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">Team\n</th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">Nat\n</th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">From\n</th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">To\n</th>\n<th colspan=\"8\">Record\t\t\t\t\n</th>\n<th rowspan=\"2\">Ref.\n</th></tr><tr>\t\n<th>{{Tooltip|G|Games managed}}\n</th>\n<th>{{Tooltip|W|Games won}}\n</th>\n<th>{{Tooltip|D|Games drawn}}\n</th>\n<th>{{Tooltip|L|Games lost}}\n</th>\n<th>{{Tooltip|GF|Goals for}}\n</th>\n<th>{{Tooltip|GA|Goals against}}\n</th>\n<th>{{Tooltip|GD|Goal difference}}\n</th>\n<th>{{Tooltip|Win %|Winning percentage}}\t\t\t\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"left\"> <a href=\"/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade\">Red Star Belgrade</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Flagicon|SRB}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"left\">21 December 2019\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"left\">26 August 2022\n{{WDL|134|108|17|9|for=334|against=79|diff=yes}}\n</td>\n<td><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dejan STANKOVIC |url=https://www.footballdatabase.eu/en/player/details/1290-dejan-stankovic |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=Footballdatabase.eu}}</ref>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"left\"> <a href=\"/wiki/UC_Sampdoria\" title=\"UC Sampdoria\">Sampdoria</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Flagicon|ITA}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"left\">6 October 2022\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"left\">6 June 2023\n{{WDL|32|4|8|20|for=22|against=58|diff=yes}}\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"left\"> <a href=\"/wiki/Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC\" title=\"Ferencvárosi TC\">Ferencváros</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Flagicon|Hungary}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"left\">5 September 2023\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"left\">30 June 2024\n{{WDL|50|33|10|7|for=108|against=37|diff=yes}}\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"left\"> <a href=\"/wiki/FC_Spartak_Moscow\" title=\"FC Spartak Moscow\">Spartak Moscow</a>\n</td>\n<td>{{Flagicon|Russia}}\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"left\">1 July 2024\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"left\">present\n{{WDL|17|9|4|4|for=30|against=16|diff=yes}}\n</td>\n<td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"4\">Total\n{{WDLtot|233|154|39|40|for=494|against=190|diff=yes}}\n</th>\n<th>\n</th></tr></table>\n</p>", "<h2>Honours</h2>\n<h3>Player</h3>\n<p><b>Red Star Belgrade</b> \n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/First_League_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro\" title=\"First League of Serbia and Montenegro\">Yugoslav First League</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"1994–95 First League of FR Yugoslavia\">1994–95</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_Cup\" title=\"Serbia and Montenegro Cup\">Yugoslav Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_FR_Yugoslavia_Cup\" title=\"1994–95 FR Yugoslavia Cup\">1994–95</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_FR_Yugoslavia_Cup\" title=\"1995–96 FR Yugoslavia Cup\">1995–96</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_FR_Yugoslavia_Cup\" title=\"1996–97 FR Yugoslavia Cup\">1996–97</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Lazio</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Serie_A\" title=\"Serie A\">Serie A</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Serie_A\" title=\"1999–2000 Serie A\">1999–2000</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Coppa_Italia\" title=\"Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"1999–2000 Coppa Italia\">1999–2000</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"Supercoppa Italiana\">Supercoppa Italiana</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1998_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"1998 Supercoppa Italiana\">1998</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2000_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2000 Supercoppa Italiana\">2000</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup\" title=\"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\">Cup Winners' Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup\" title=\"1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\">1998–99</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup\" title=\"UEFA Super Cup\">UEFA Super Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1999_UEFA_Super_Cup\" title=\"1999 UEFA Super Cup\">1999</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Inter Milan</b>\n<ul><li>Serie A: <a href=\"/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Serie_A\" title=\"2005–06 Serie A\">2005–06</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Serie_A\" title=\"2006–07 Serie A\">2006–07</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Serie_A\" title=\"2007–08 Serie A\">2007–08</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Serie_A\" title=\"2008–09 Serie A\">2008–09</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Serie_A\" title=\"2009–10 Serie A\">2009–10</a>\n</li><li>Coppa Italia: <a href=\"/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2004–05 Coppa Italia\">2004–05</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2005–06 Coppa Italia\">2005–06</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2009–10 Coppa Italia\">2009–10</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2010–11 Coppa Italia\">2010–11</a>\n</li><li>Supercoppa Italiana: <a href=\"/wiki/2005_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2005 Supercoppa Italiana\">2005</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2006_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2006 Supercoppa Italiana\">2006</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2008_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2008 Supercoppa Italiana\">2008</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2010_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2010 Supercoppa Italiana\">2010</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League\" title=\"UEFA Champions League\">UEFA Champions League</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League\" title=\"2009–10 UEFA Champions League\">2009–10</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup\" title=\"FIFA Club World Cup\">FIFA Club World Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_Club_World_Cup\" title=\"2010 FIFA Club World Cup\">2010</a>\n</li></ul></p><h3>Individual</h3>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/European_Sports_Magazines%23ESM_Team_of_the_Season\" title=\"European Sports Magazines#ESM Team of the Season\">ESM Team of the Season</a>: 2006–07<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=14 March 2007 |title=ESM XI |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/esm-xi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207144925/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/esm-xi.html |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=29 November 2015 |website=RSSSF }}</ref>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_Footballer_of_the_Year\" title=\"Serbian Footballer of the Year\">Serbian Player of the Year</a>: 2006,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2006 |title=FSS: Stanković igrač godine |language=sr |work=B92 |url=http://www.b92.net/sport/fudbal/vesti.php?yyyy=2006&mm=12&dd=15&nav_id=223643 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref> 2010<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2010 |title=Rajevcu i Stankoviću 'Zlatna lopta' |language=sr |work=B92 |url=http://www.b92.net/sport/fudbal/vesti.php?yyyy=2010&mm=12&dd=28&nav_id=482408 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Nachrichtendienst\" title=\"Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst\">ADN Eastern European Footballer of the Season</a>: 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ukrfootball.ua/news/albert-dzhayich-blohin-stoyichkov-levandovski-shcho-spilnogo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200112/http://ukrfootball.ua/news/albert-dzhayich-blohin-stoyichkov-levandovski-shcho-spilnogo |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-04 |website=WebArchive |title=Eastern European Footballer of the season|access-date=5 July 2024 }}</ref>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan_Hall_of_Fame\" title=\"Inter Milan Hall of Fame\">Inter Milan Hall of Fame</a>: 2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/67625/toldo-facchetti-stankovic-and-meazza-join-the-inter-hall-of-fame |title=Toldo, Facchetti, Stankovic and Meazza join the Inter Hall of Fame |website=Inter.it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511103954/https://www.inter.it/en/news/67625/toldo-facchetti-stankovic-and-meazza-join-the-inter-hall-of-fame|archive-date=11 May 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2019|date=11 May 2019}}</ref>\n</li></ul><h3>Manager</h3>\n<p><b>Red Star Belgrade</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"Serbian SuperLiga\">Serbian SuperLiga</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"2019–20 Serbian SuperLiga\">2019–20</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"2020–21 Serbian SuperLiga\">2020–21</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"2021–22 Serbian SuperLiga\">2021–22</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_Cup\" title=\"Serbian Cup\">Serbian Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Serbian_Cup\" title=\"2020–21 Serbian Cup\">2020–21</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serbian_Cup\" title=\"2021–22 Serbian Cup\">2021–22</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Ferencváros</b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">Nemzeti Bajnokság I</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"2023–24 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">2023–24</a>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h3>Player</h3>\n<p><b>Red Star Belgrade</b> \n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/First_League_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro\" title=\"First League of Serbia and Montenegro\">Yugoslav First League</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_First_League_of_FR_Yugoslavia\" title=\"1994–95 First League of FR Yugoslavia\">1994–95</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_Cup\" title=\"Serbia and Montenegro Cup\">Yugoslav Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1994%E2%80%9395_FR_Yugoslavia_Cup\" title=\"1994–95 FR Yugoslavia Cup\">1994–95</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_FR_Yugoslavia_Cup\" title=\"1995–96 FR Yugoslavia Cup\">1995–96</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_FR_Yugoslavia_Cup\" title=\"1996–97 FR Yugoslavia Cup\">1996–97</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Lazio</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Serie_A\" title=\"Serie A\">Serie A</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Serie_A\" title=\"1999–2000 Serie A\">1999–2000</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Coppa_Italia\" title=\"Coppa Italia\">Coppa Italia</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1999%E2%80%932000_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"1999–2000 Coppa Italia\">1999–2000</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"Supercoppa Italiana\">Supercoppa Italiana</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1998_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"1998 Supercoppa Italiana\">1998</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2000_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2000 Supercoppa Italiana\">2000</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup\" title=\"UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\">Cup Winners' Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup\" title=\"1998–99 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup\">1998–99</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Super_Cup\" title=\"UEFA Super Cup\">UEFA Super Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1999_UEFA_Super_Cup\" title=\"1999 UEFA Super Cup\">1999</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Inter Milan</b>\n<ul><li>Serie A: <a href=\"/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Serie_A\" title=\"2005–06 Serie A\">2005–06</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Serie_A\" title=\"2006–07 Serie A\">2006–07</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Serie_A\" title=\"2007–08 Serie A\">2007–08</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Serie_A\" title=\"2008–09 Serie A\">2008–09</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Serie_A\" title=\"2009–10 Serie A\">2009–10</a>\n</li><li>Coppa Italia: <a href=\"/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2004–05 Coppa Italia\">2004–05</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2005–06 Coppa Italia\">2005–06</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2009–10 Coppa Italia\">2009–10</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Coppa_Italia\" title=\"2010–11 Coppa Italia\">2010–11</a>\n</li><li>Supercoppa Italiana: <a href=\"/wiki/2005_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2005 Supercoppa Italiana\">2005</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2006_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2006 Supercoppa Italiana\">2006</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2008_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2008 Supercoppa Italiana\">2008</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2010_Supercoppa_Italiana\" title=\"2010 Supercoppa Italiana\">2010</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League\" title=\"UEFA Champions League\">UEFA Champions League</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League\" title=\"2009–10 UEFA Champions League\">2009–10</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/FIFA_Club_World_Cup\" title=\"FIFA Club World Cup\">FIFA Club World Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2010_FIFA_Club_World_Cup\" title=\"2010 FIFA Club World Cup\">2010</a>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h3>Individual</h3>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/European_Sports_Magazines%23ESM_Team_of_the_Season\" title=\"European Sports Magazines#ESM Team of the Season\">ESM Team of the Season</a>: 2006–07<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=14 March 2007 |title=ESM XI |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/esm-xi.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207144925/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/esm-xi.html |archive-date=7 February 2016 |access-date=29 November 2015 |website=RSSSF }}</ref>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_Footballer_of_the_Year\" title=\"Serbian Footballer of the Year\">Serbian Player of the Year</a>: 2006,<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2006 |title=FSS: Stanković igrač godine |language=sr |work=B92 |url=http://www.b92.net/sport/fudbal/vesti.php?yyyy=2006&mm=12&dd=15&nav_id=223643 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref> 2010<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2010 |title=Rajevcu i Stankoviću 'Zlatna lopta' |language=sr |work=B92 |url=http://www.b92.net/sport/fudbal/vesti.php?yyyy=2010&mm=12&dd=28&nav_id=482408 |access-date=18 August 2021}}</ref>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Allgemeiner_Deutscher_Nachrichtendienst\" title=\"Allgemeiner Deutscher Nachrichtendienst\">ADN Eastern European Footballer of the Season</a>: 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ukrfootball.ua/news/albert-dzhayich-blohin-stoyichkov-levandovski-shcho-spilnogo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200112/http://ukrfootball.ua/news/albert-dzhayich-blohin-stoyichkov-levandovski-shcho-spilnogo |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-04 |website=WebArchive |title=Eastern European Footballer of the season|access-date=5 July 2024 }}</ref>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Inter_Milan_Hall_of_Fame\" title=\"Inter Milan Hall of Fame\">Inter Milan Hall of Fame</a>: 2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.inter.it/en/news/67625/toldo-facchetti-stankovic-and-meazza-join-the-inter-hall-of-fame |title=Toldo, Facchetti, Stankovic and Meazza join the Inter Hall of Fame |website=Inter.it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511103954/https://www.inter.it/en/news/67625/toldo-facchetti-stankovic-and-meazza-join-the-inter-hall-of-fame|archive-date=11 May 2019 |url-status=live |access-date=11 May 2019|date=11 May 2019}}</ref>\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Manager</h3>\n<p><b>Red Star Belgrade</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"Serbian SuperLiga\">Serbian SuperLiga</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"2019–20 Serbian SuperLiga\">2019–20</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"2020–21 Serbian SuperLiga\">2020–21</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serbian_SuperLiga\" title=\"2021–22 Serbian SuperLiga\">2021–22</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Serbian_Cup\" title=\"Serbian Cup\">Serbian Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Serbian_Cup\" title=\"2020–21 Serbian Cup\">2020–21</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Serbian_Cup\" title=\"2021–22 Serbian Cup\">2021–22</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Ferencváros</b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">Nemzeti Bajnokság I</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I\" title=\"2023–24 Nemzeti Bajnokság I\">2023–24</a>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Notes</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist|group=note}}\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_men%27s_footballers_with_100_or_more_international_caps\" title=\"List of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps\">List of footballers with 100 or more caps</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<p>{{commons category}}\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.reprezentacija.rs/stankovic-dejan/\">Dejan Stanković</a> at Reprezentacija.rs\n</li><li><a href=\"https://www.inter.it/en/archivio_giocatore/G0764\">Dejan Stanković</a> at Inter.it\n</li><li><a href=\"https://archive.today/20070527010625/http://leblogfoot.eurosport.fr/football/personnews_prs146.shtml\">Dejan Stanković</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/Eurosport\" title=\"Eurosport\">Eurosport.com</a>\n</li><li>{{BDFutbol | 96051 | Dejan Stanković}}\n</li><li> {{Soccerbase | 16441 | Dejan Stanković }}\n</li><li> {{NFT player | 5866| name = Dejan Stanković }}\n</li><li>{{soccerway coach|dejan-stankovic/763/}}\n</li></ul></p><p>{{s-start}}\n{{S-sports}}\n{{succession box|before=[[Savo Milošević]]|after=[[Nikola Žigić]]|title=[[Serbia national football team|Serbia]] captain\n|years=2006–2011}}\n{{s-end}}\n</p><p>{{FC Spartak Moscow squad}}\n{{Russian Premier League managers}}\n{{Navboxes\n|title= International tournaments\n|list1=\n{{Yugoslavia squad 1998 FIFA World Cup}}\n{{Yugoslavia squad UEFA Euro 2000}}\n{{Serbia and Montenegro squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}\n{{Serbia squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}}\n}}\n{{Navboxes\n| title = Awards\n| bg = gold\n| fg = navy\n| list =\n{{Serbian Footballer of the Year}}\n{{Inter Milan Hall of Fame}}\n}}\n{{Navboxes\n| title = Managerial positions\n| list1 = \n{{Red Star Belgrade managers}}\n{{UC Sampdoria managers}}\n{{Ferencvárosi TC managers}}\n{{FC Spartak Moscow managers}}\n}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Stankovic, Dejan}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1978_births\" title=\"1978 births\">Category:1978 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Yugoslav_men%27s_footballers\" title=\"Yugoslav men's footballers\">Category:Yugoslav men's footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbian_men%27s_footballers\" title=\"Serbian men's footballers\">Category:Serbian men's footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Yugoslavia_men%27s_international_footballers\" title=\"Yugoslavia men's international footballers\">Category:Yugoslavia men's international footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbia_and_Montenegro_men%27s_international_footballers\" title=\"Serbia and Montenegro men's international footballers\">Category:Serbia and Montenegro men's international footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbia_men%27s_international_footballers\" title=\"Serbia men's international footballers\">Category:Serbia men's international footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_midfielders\" title=\"Men's association football midfielders\">Category:Men's association football midfielders</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Red_Star_Belgrade_footballers\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade footballers\">Category:Red Star Belgrade footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:SS_Lazio_players\" title=\"SS Lazio players\">Category:SS Lazio players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Inter_Milan_players\" title=\"Inter Milan players\">Category:Inter Milan players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serie_A_players\" title=\"Serie A players\">Category:Serie A players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1998_FIFA_World_Cup_players\" title=\"1998 FIFA World Cup players\">Category:1998 FIFA World Cup players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:UEFA_Euro_2000_players\" title=\"UEFA Euro 2000 players\">Category:UEFA Euro 2000 players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2006_FIFA_World_Cup_players\" title=\"2006 FIFA World Cup players\">Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2010_FIFA_World_Cup_players\" title=\"2010 FIFA World Cup players\">Category:2010 FIFA World Cup players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:FIFA_Men%27s_Century_Club\" title=\"FIFA Men's Century Club\">Category:FIFA Men's Century Club</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbia_and_Montenegro_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Italy\" title=\"Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Italy\">Category:Serbia and Montenegro expatriate sportspeople in Italy</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_footballers_in_Italy\" title=\"Expatriate men's footballers in Italy\">Category:Expatriate men's footballers in Italy</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbia_and_Montenegro_expatriate_men%27s_footballers\" title=\"Serbia and Montenegro expatriate men's footballers\">Category:Serbia and Montenegro expatriate men's footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbia_and_Montenegro_men%27s_footballers\" title=\"Serbia and Montenegro men's footballers\">Category:Serbia and Montenegro men's footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Belgrade\" title=\"Footballers from Belgrade\">Category:Footballers from Belgrade</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:UEFA_Champions_League_winning_players\" title=\"UEFA Champions League winning players\">Category:UEFA Champions League winning players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbian_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Hungary\" title=\"Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary\">Category:Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_football_managers_in_Hungary\" title=\"Expatriate football managers in Hungary\">Category:Expatriate football managers in Hungary</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbian_football_managers\" title=\"Serbian football managers\">Category:Serbian football managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbian_SuperLiga_managers\" title=\"Serbian SuperLiga managers\">Category:Serbian SuperLiga managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serie_A_managers\" title=\"Serie A managers\">Category:Serie A managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Nemzeti_Bajnoks%C3%A1g_I_managers\" title=\"Nemzeti Bajnokság I managers\">Category:Nemzeti Bajnokság I managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Red_Star_Belgrade_managers\" title=\"Red Star Belgrade managers\">Category:Red Star Belgrade managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:UC_Sampdoria_managers\" title=\"UC Sampdoria managers\">Category:UC Sampdoria managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Ferencv%C3%A1rosi_TC_managers\" title=\"Ferencvárosi TC managers\">Category:Ferencvárosi TC managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:FC_Spartak_Moscow_managers\" title=\"FC Spartak Moscow managers\">Category:FC Spartak Moscow managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbian_expatriate_football_managers\" title=\"Serbian expatriate football managers\">Category:Serbian expatriate football managers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_football_managers_in_Russia\" title=\"Expatriate football managers in Russia\">Category:Expatriate football managers in Russia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serbian_expatriate_sportspeople_in_Russia\" title=\"Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Russia\">Category:Serbian expatriate sportspeople in Russia</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Classification", "Description", "Uses", "Secondary metabolites", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Species of fungus}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}\n<ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>{{Speciesbox\n| image = Blue Stilton Penicillium.jpg\n| image_caption = [[Blue Stilton]] cheese, showing the blue-green mold veins produced by ''Penicillium roqueforti''\n| genus = Penicillium\n| species = roqueforti\n| authority = [[Charles Thom|Thom]] (1906)\n| synonyms_ref = <ref name=\"urlFungorum synonymy: Penicillium roqueforti\"/>\n| synonyms =\n*''Penicillium roqueforti'' var. ''weidemannii'' <small>[[Richard Westling|Westling]] (1911)<ref name=\"Westling 1911\"/></small>\n*''Penicillium weidemannii'' <small>(Westling) [[Philibert Melchior Joseph Ehi Biourge|Biourge]] (1923)<ref name=\"Biourge 1923\"/></small>\n*''Penicillium gorgonzolae'' <small>Weid. (1923)</small>\n*''Penicillium roqueforti'' var. ''viride'' <small>Datt.-Rubbo (1938)<ref name=\"Dattilo-Rubbo 1938\"/></small>\n*''Penicillium roqueforti'' var. ''punctatum'' <small>S.Abe (1956)</small>\n*''Penicillium conservandi'' <small>Novobr. (1974)</small>\n}}\n</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></p><p><i><b>Penicillium roqueforti</b></i> is a common <a href=\"/wiki/Saprotrophic\" title=\"Saprotrophic\">saprotrophic</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Fungus\" title=\"Fungus\">fungus</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Genus\" title=\"Genus\">genus</a> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Penicillium\" title=\"Penicillium\">Penicillium</a></i>. Widespread in nature, it can be isolated from soil, decaying organic matter, and plants.\n</p><p>The major industrial use of this fungus is the production of <a href=\"/wiki/Blue_cheese\" title=\"Blue cheese\">blue cheeses</a>, flavouring agents, antifungals, <a href=\"/wiki/Polysaccharide\" title=\"Polysaccharide\">polysaccharides</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Protease\" title=\"Protease\">proteases</a>, and other <a href=\"/wiki/Enzyme\" title=\"Enzyme\">enzymes</a>. The fungus has been a constituent of <a href=\"/wiki/Roquefort_%28cheese%29\" title=\"Roquefort (cheese)\">Roquefort</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Stilton_%28cheese%29\" title=\"Stilton (cheese)\">Stilton</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Danish_blue\" title=\"Danish blue\">Danish blue</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cabrales_cheese\" title=\"Cabrales cheese\">Cabrales</a>, and other blue cheeses. Other blue cheeses, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Gorgonzola\" title=\"Gorgonzola\">Gorgonzola</a>, are made with <i><a href=\"/wiki/Penicillium_glaucum\" title=\"Penicillium glaucum\">Penicillium glaucum</a></i>.\n</p>", "<h2>Classification</h2>\n<p>First <a href=\"/wiki/Species_description\" title=\"Species description\">described</a> by American mycologist <a href=\"/wiki/Charles_Thom\" title=\"Charles Thom\">Charles Thom</a> in 1906,<ref name=\"Thom 1906\" /> <i>P.&nbsp;roqueforti</i> was initially a heterogeneous species of blue-green, sporulating fungi. They were grouped into different species based on <a href=\"/wiki/Phenotype\" title=\"Phenotype\">phenotypic</a> differences, but later combined into one species by <a href=\"/wiki/Kenneth_B._Raper\" title=\"Kenneth B. Raper\">Kenneth B. Raper</a> and Thom (1949). The <i>P.&nbsp;roqueforti</i> group got a reclassification in 1996 due to <a href=\"/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics\" title=\"Molecular phylogenetics\">molecular</a> analysis of <a href=\"/wiki/Ribosomal_DNA\" title=\"Ribosomal DNA\">ribosomal DNA</a> sequences. Formerly divided into two varieties―cheese-making (<i>P.&nbsp;roqueforti</i> var. <i>roqueforti</i>) and <a href=\"/wiki/Patulin\" title=\"Patulin\">patulin</a>-making (<i>P.&nbsp;roqueforti</i> var. <i>carneum</i>)―<i>P.&nbsp;roqueforti</i> was reclassified into three species: <i>P.&nbsp;roqueforti</i>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Penicillium_carneum\" title=\"Penicillium carneum\">P.&nbsp;carneum</a></i>, and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Penicillium_paneum\" title=\"Penicillium paneum\">P.&nbsp;paneum</a></i>.<ref name=\"pmid8868429\">{{cite journal |vauthors=Boysen M, Skouboe P, Frisvad J, Rossen L |title=Reclassification of the ''Penicillium roqueforti'' group into three species on the basis of molecular genetic and biochemical profiles |journal=Microbiology |volume=142 |issue=3 |pages=541–9 |year=1996 |pmid=8868429 |doi=10.1099/13500872-142-3-541|doi-access=free }}</ref> The complete <a href=\"/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing\" title=\"Whole genome sequencing\">genome sequence</a> of <i>P.&nbsp;roqueforti</i> was published in 2014.<ref name=\"Cheeseman 2014\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Description</h2>\n<p>As this fungus does not form visible fruiting bodies, descriptions are based on macromorphological characteristics of fungal colonies growing on various standard agar media, and on microscopic characteristics. When grown on <a href=\"/wiki/Czapek_medium\" title=\"Czapek medium\">Czapek yeast autolysate agar</a> or yeast-extract sucrose (YES) agar, <i>P. roqueforti</i> colonies are typically 40&nbsp;mm in diameter, olive brown to dull green (dark green to black on the reverse side of the agar plate), with a velutinous texture. Grown on malt extract agar, colonies are 50&nbsp;mm in diameter, dull green in color (beige to greyish green on the reverse side), with arachnoid (with many spider-web-like fibers) colony margins.<ref name=\"pmid18554890\">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'brien M, Egan D, O'kiely P, Forristal PD, Doohan FM, Fuller HT |title=Morphological and molecular characterisation of ''Penicillium roqueforti'' and ''P. paneum'' isolated from baled grass silage |journal=Mycol. Res. |volume=112 |issue=Pt 8 |pages=921–32 |date=August 2008 |pmid=18554890 |doi=10.1016/j.mycres.2008.01.023 }}</ref> Another characteristic morphological feature of this species is its production of asexual spores in <a href=\"/wiki/Phialide\" title=\"Phialide\">phialides</a> with a distinctive brush-shaped configuration.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Raper KB, Alexander DF, Coghill RD |title=Penicillin: II. Natural Variation and Penicillin Production in Penicillium notatum and Allied Species |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=48 |issue=6 |pages=639–59 |date=December 1944 |pmid=16560880 |pmc=374019 |doi= 10.1128/JB.48.6.639-659.1944}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Raper KB |year=1957 |title=Nomenclature in ''Aspergillus'' and ''Penicillium'' |journal=Mycologia |volume=49 |pages=644–662 |doi=10.2307/3755984 |issue=5 |jstor=3755984}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Samson RA, Gams W |title=The taxonomic situation in the hyphomycete genera Penicillium, Aspergillus and Fusarium |journal=Antonie van Leeuwenhoek |volume=50 |issue=5–6 |pages=815–24 |year=1984 |pmid=6397143 |doi= 10.1007/BF02386244|s2cid=7084024 }}</ref>\n</p><p>Evidence for a sexual stage in <i>P.&nbsp;roqueforti</i> has been found, based in part on the presence of functional mating-type genes and most of the important genes known to be involved in <a href=\"/wiki/Meiosis\" title=\"Meiosis\">meiosis</a>.<ref name=\"pmid23185400\">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ropars J, Dupont J, Fontanillas E, Rodríguez de la Vega RC, Malagnac F, Coton M, Giraud T, López-Villavicencio M |title=Sex in cheese: evidence for sexuality in the fungus ''Penicillium roqueforti'' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=e49665 |year=2012 |pmid=23185400 |pmc=3504111 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0049665 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...749665R |doi-access=free }}</ref> In 2014, researchers reported inducing the growth of sexual structures in <i>P.&nbsp;roqueforti</i>, including <a href=\"/wiki/Ascogonia\" title=\"Ascogonia\">ascogonia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cleistothecia\" title=\"Cleistothecia\">cleistothecia</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Ascospore\" title=\"Ascospore\">ascospores</a>. Genetic analysis and comparison of many different strains isolated from various environments around the world indicate that it is a <a href=\"/wiki/Genetic_diversity\" title=\"Genetic diversity\">genetically diverse</a> species.<ref name=\"Ropars 2014\" />\n</p><p><i>P. roqueforti</i> can tolerate cold temperatures, low oxygen levels, and both alkali and weaker acid preservatives which allows the fungi to thrive and be found in dairy environments, such as cheese. On the other hand, it also spoils refrigerated foods and meats, breads, and silage. \n</p>", "<h2>Uses</h2>\n<p>The chief industrial use of this species is the production of blue cheeses, such as its namesake <a href=\"/wiki/Roquefort\" title=\"Roquefort\">Roquefort</a>,<ref name=\"pmid21770\">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kinsella JE, Hwang DH |title=Enzymes of ''Penicillium roqueforti'' involved in the biosynthesis of cheese flavour |journal=Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr|volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=191–228 |date=November 1976 |pmid=21770 |doi= 10.1080/10408397609527222}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Bleu_de_Bresse\" title=\"Bleu de Bresse\">Bleu de Bresse</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Bleu_du_Vercors-Sassenage\" title=\"Bleu du Vercors-Sassenage\">Bleu du Vercors-Sassenage</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Brebiblu\" title=\"Brebiblu\">Brebiblu</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cabrales_cheese\" title=\"Cabrales cheese\">Cabrales</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cambozola\" title=\"Cambozola\">Cambozola</a> (Blue Brie), <a href=\"/wiki/Cashel_Blue\" title=\"Cashel Blue\">Cashel Blue</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Danish_blue\" title=\"Danish blue\">Danish blue</a>, Swedish <a href=\"/wiki/%C3%84delost\" title=\"Ädelost\">Ädelost</a>, Polish <a href=\"/wiki/Rokpol\" title=\"Rokpol\">Rokpol</a> made from cow's milk, <a href=\"/wiki/Fourme_d%27Ambert\" title=\"Fourme d'Ambert\">Fourme d'Ambert</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Fourme_de_Montbrison\" title=\"Fourme de Montbrison\">Fourme de Montbrison</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Lanark_Blue\" title=\"Lanark Blue\">Lanark Blue</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Shropshire_Blue\" title=\"Shropshire Blue\">Shropshire Blue</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Stilton_cheese\" title=\"Stilton cheese\">Stilton</a>, and some varieties of <a href=\"/wiki/Bleu_d%27Auvergne\" title=\"Bleu d'Auvergne\">Bleu d'Auvergne</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Gorgonzola_cheese\" title=\"Gorgonzola cheese\">Gorgonzola</a>. (Other blue cheeses, including <a href=\"/wiki/Bleu_de_Gex\" title=\"Bleu de Gex\">Bleu de Gex</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Rochebaron\" title=\"Rochebaron\">Rochebaron</a>, use <i><a href=\"/wiki/Penicillium_glaucum\" title=\"Penicillium glaucum\">Penicillium glaucum</a></i>.)\n</p><p>When placed into cream and aerated, <i>P. roqueforti</i> produces concentrated blue cheese flavoring, a type of <a href=\"/wiki/Enzyme-modified_cheese\" title=\"Enzyme-modified cheese\">enzyme-modified cheese</a>.<ref name=\"Erbay\">{{cite book |chapter=Enzyme Modified Cheese|author1=Zafer Erbay |author2=Pelin Salum |author3=Kieran N. Kilcawley |title=Agents of Change: Enzymes in Milk and Dairy Products |series=Food Engineering Series |date=2021 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-55482-8|isbn=978-3-030-55481-1 |s2cid=231671267 }}</ref> A similar flavoring can be produced using other sources of fatty acids such as coconut oil.<ref>{{cite thesis |type=MSc |last1=Raines |first1=Jason |title=Factors Affecting the Production of Concentrated Blue Cheese Flavorings |date=1 August 2012 |url=https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_theses/1436 |publisher=Clemson University}}</ref>\n</p><p>Strains of the microorganism are also used to produce compounds that can be employed as <a href=\"/wiki/Antibiotic\" title=\"Antibiotic\">antibiotics</a>, flavours, and fragrances,<ref>(Sharpell, 1985)</ref> uses not regulated under the U.S. <a href=\"/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act\" title=\"Toxic Substances Control Act\">Toxic Substances Control Act</a>. Its texture is <a href=\"/wiki/Chitin\" title=\"Chitin\">chitinous</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Secondary metabolites</h2>\n<p>Considerable evidence indicates that most strains are capable of producing harmful secondary metabolites (<a href=\"/wiki/Alkaloid\" title=\"Alkaloid\">alkaloids</a> and other <a href=\"/wiki/Mycotoxin\" title=\"Mycotoxin\">mycotoxins</a>) under certain growth conditions.<ref name=\"pmid9131595\">{{cite journal |title=Toxin-producin species of ''Penicillium'' and the development of mycotoxins in must and homemade wine |journal=Nat. Toxins |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=86–9 |year=1997 |pmid=9131595 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)(1997)5:2<86::AID-NT6>3.0.CO;2-7 |last1=Möller |first1=T. |last2=Akerstrand |first2=K. |last3=Massoud |first3=T. }}</ref><ref name=\"pmid11271775\">{{cite journal |vauthors=Finoli C, Vecchio A, Galli A, Dragoni I |title=Roquefortine C occurrence in blue cheese |journal=[[Journal of Food Protection]] |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=246–51 |date=February 2001 |pmid=11271775 |doi=10.4315/0362-028x-64.2.246 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=\"pmid15035369\">{{cite journal |vauthors=Erdogan A, Sert S |title=Mycotoxin-forming ability of two ''Penicillium roqueforti'' strains in blue moldy tulum cheese ripened at various temperatures |journal=[[Journal of Food Protection]] |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=533–5 |date=March 2004 |pmid=15035369 |doi=10.4315/0362-028X-67.3.533 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=\"pmid17117820\">{{cite journal |vauthors=O'Brien M, Nielsen KF, O'Kiely P, Forristal PD, Fuller HT, Frisvad JC |title=Mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites produced in vitro by ''Penicillium paneum'' Frisvad and ''Penicillium roqueforti'' Thom isolated from baled grass silage in Ireland |journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]] |volume=54 |issue=24 |pages=9268–76 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17117820 |doi=10.1021/jf0621018 |s2cid=8916694 |url=https://backend.orbit.dtu.dk/ws/files/2986500/kristian.pdf }}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Aristolochene\" title=\"Aristolochene\">Aristolochene</a> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Sesquiterpenoid\" title=\"Sesquiterpenoid\">sesquiterpenoid</a> compound produced by <i>P. roqueforti</i>, and is likely a precursor to the toxin known as PR toxin, made in large amounts by the fungus.<ref name=\"pmid8440737\">{{cite journal |vauthors=Proctor RH, Hohn TM |title=Aristolochene synthase. Isolation, characterization, and bacterial expression of a sesquiterpenoid biosynthetic gene (Ari1) from ''Penicillium roqueforti'' |journal=[[Journal of Biological Chemistry]] |volume=268 |issue=6 |pages=4543–8 |date=February 1993 |doi=10.1016/S0021-9258(18)53644-9 |pmid=8440737 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8440737 |access-date=3 December 2008 |doi-access=free |archive-date=25 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925004530/http://www.jbc.org/content/268/6/4543.long |url-status=live }}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/PR-toxin\" title=\"PR-toxin\">PR-toxin</a> has been implicated in incidents of <a href=\"/wiki/Mycotoxicosis\" title=\"Mycotoxicosis\">mycotoxicoses</a> resulting from eating contaminated grains.<ref name=\"pmid15035369\" /><ref name=\"pmid7080052\">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chen FC, Chen CF, Wei RD |title=Acute toxicity of PR toxin, a mycotoxin from ''Penicillium roqueforti'' |journal=Toxicon |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=433–41 |year=1982 |pmid=7080052 |doi= 10.1016/0041-0101(82)90006-X |bibcode=1982Txcn...20..433C }}</ref> However, PR toxin is not stable in cheese and breaks down to the less toxic PR <a href=\"/wiki/Imine\" title=\"Imine\">imine</a>.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Siemens, Zawitowski J |year=1993 |title=Occurrence of PR imine, a metabolite of ''Penicillium roqueforti'', in blue cheese |journal=[[Journal of Food Protection]] |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=317–319 |doi=10.4315/0362-028X-56.4.317 |pmid=31091623 |doi-access=free }}</ref>\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Secondary_metabolite\" title=\"Secondary metabolite\">Secondary metabolites</a> of <i>P. roqueforti</i>, named <a href=\"/wiki/Andrastin\" title=\"Andrastin\">andrastins</a> A–D, are found in blue cheese. The andrastins inhibit proteins involved in the efflux of <a href=\"/wiki/Anticancer_drugs\" title=\"Anticancer drugs\">anticancer drugs</a> from multidrug-resistant <a href=\"/wiki/Cancer_cell\" title=\"Cancer cell\">cancer cells</a>.<ref name=\"pmid15826038\">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nielsen KF, Dalsgaard PW, Smedsgaard J, Larsen TO |title=Andrastins A-D, ''Penicillium roqueforti'' Metabolites consistently produced in blue-mold-ripened cheese |journal=[[Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry]] |volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=2908–13 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15826038 |doi=10.1021/jf047983u }}</ref>\n</p><p><i>P. roqueforti</i> also produces the <a href=\"/wiki/Neurotoxin\" title=\"Neurotoxin\">neurotoxin</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Roquefortine_C\" title=\"Roquefortine C\">roquefortine C</a>.<ref>{{cite journal |author=SCBT |title=Roquefortine - A potent neurotoxin produced most notably by ''Penicillium'' species |url=http://www.scbt.com/datasheet-202323-roquefortine-c.html |journal= |access-date=17 May 2013 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316004947/http://www.scbt.com/datasheet-202323-roquefortine-c.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] |title=''Penicillium roqueforti'' Final Risk Assessment |url=http://www.epa.gov/oppt/biotech/pubs/fra/fra008.htm |date=29 April 2015 |journal= |access-date=17 May 2013 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924124025/http://www.epa.gov/oppt/biotech/pubs/fra/fra008.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>\nHowever, the levels of roquefortine C in cheese made from it is usually too low to produce toxic effects. \nThe organism can also be used for the production of <a href=\"/wiki/Protease\" title=\"Protease\">proteases</a> and specialty chemicals, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Methyl\" title=\"Methyl\">methyl</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Ketone\" title=\"Ketone\">ketones</a>, including <a href=\"/wiki/2-heptanone\" title=\"2-heptanone\">2-heptanone</a>.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Larroche C, Arpah M, Gros JB |year=1989 |title=Methyl-ketone production by Ca-alginate/Eudragit RL entrapped spores of ''Penicillium roqueforti'' |journal=[[Enzyme and Microbial Technology]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=106–112 |doi=10.1016/0141-0229(89)90068-9}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Amaurodon_caeruleocaseus\" title=\"Amaurodon caeruleocaseus\">Amaurodon caeruleocaseus</a></i>, a fungus named after blue cheese\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Penicillium_species\" title=\"List of Penicillium species\">List of <i>Penicillium</i> species</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=\n\n<ref name=\"Biourge 1923\">{{cite journal |author=Biourge P. |title=Les moissisures du groupe ''Penicillium'' Link |journal=La Cellule |year=1923 |volume=33 |pages=7–331 (see pp.&nbsp;203–4) |language=fr}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"Cheeseman 2014\">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cheeseman K, Ropars J, Renault P, etal |title=Multiple recent horizontal transfers of a large genomic region in cheese making fungi |journal=Nature Communications |year=2014 |volume=5 |page=2876 |pmid=24407037 |pmc=3896755 |doi=10.1038/ncomms3876|bibcode=2014NatCo...5.2876C }}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"Dattilo-Rubbo 1938\">{{cite journal |author=Dattilo-Rubbo S. |title=The taxonomy of fungi of blue-veined cheese |journal=Transactions of the British Mycological Society |year=1938 |volume=22 |issue=1–2 |pages=174–81 |doi=10.1016/s0007-1536(38)80015-2}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"Ropars 2014\">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ropars J, López-Villavicencio M, Dupont J, Snirc A, Gillot G, Coton M, Jany JL, Coton E, Giraud T |title=Induction of sexual reproduction and genetic diversity in the cheese fungus ''Penicillium roqueforti ''|journal=Evolutionary Applications |year=2014 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=433–41 |doi=10.1111/eva.12140|pmid=24822078|pmc=4001442 |bibcode=2014EvApp...7..433R }} {{open access}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"Thom 1906\">{{cite journal |author=Thom C. |title=Fungi in cheese ripening; Camembert and Roquefort |journal=U.S.D.A. Bureau of Animal Industry Bulletin |year=1909 |volume=82 |pages=1–39 (see p.&nbsp;36)}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"urlFungorum synonymy: Penicillium roqueforti\">{{cite web |title=GSD Species Synonymy: ''Penicillium roqueforti'' Thom |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=213525 |publisher=Species Fungorum. CAB International |access-date=27 May 2015 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310102808/http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=213525 |url-status=live }}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"Westling 1911\">{{cite journal |author=Westling R. |title=Über die grünen Spezies der Gattung ''Penicillium'' |journal=Arkiv før Botanik |year=1911 |issue=1 |page=71 |language=de}}</ref>\n\n}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<dl><dd><i>This article is based on text originally from <a href=\"http://www.epa.gov/oppt/biotech/pubs/pdf/fra008.pdf\">a report</a> of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency\" title=\"United States Environmental Protection Agency\">United States Environmental Protection Agency</a>.</i>\n</dd></dl><p>{{Taxonbar|from=Q133247}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Penicillium\" title=\"Penicillium\">roqueforti</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Molds_used_in_food_production\" title=\"Molds used in food production\">Category:Molds used in food production</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fungi_described_in_1906\" title=\"Fungi described in 1906\">Category:Fungi described in 1906</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Charles_Thom\" title=\"Taxa named by Charles Thom\">Category:Taxa named by Charles Thom</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fungi_in_cultivation\" title=\"Fungi in cultivation\">Category:Fungi in cultivation</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Fungus_species\" title=\"Fungus species\">Category:Fungus species</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 9784415 ], "name": [ "Tom.Reding" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Description", "Taxonomy and naming", "Distribution and habitat", "List of species", "Gallery", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Genus of orchids}}\n<ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>{{Automatic taxobox\n| name = Christmas orchids\n| image = Calanthe sylvatica Calanthe masuka OrchidsBln0906b.JPG\n| image_caption = ''[[Calanthe sylvatica]]'' in the [[Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum|Botanical Gardens Berlin - Orchid Exhibition]]\n| display_parents = 2\n| taxon = Calanthe\n| authority = [[R.Br.]]<ref name=\"POWO\">{{cite web |title=''Calanthe'' |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325898-2#synonyms |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>\n| diversity = About 300 species\n| diversity_link = Calanthe#List of species\n| synonyms_ref = <ref name=\"POWO\" />\n| synonyms = {{collapsible list|\n* ''Alismorchis'' <small>[[Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars|Thouars]]</small>\n* ''Alismorkis'' <small>Thouars</small>\n* ''Amblyglottis'' <small>[[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]]</small>\n* ''Aulostylis'' <small>[[Rudolf Schlechter|Schltr.]]</small>\n* ''Calanthidium'' <small>[[Ernst Hugo Heinrich Pfitzer|Pfitzer]]</small>\n* ''Centrosia'' <small>[[A.Rich.]]</small>\n* ''Centrosis'' <small>[[Olof Peter Swartz|Sw.]] ex Thouars</small>\n* ''Cephalantheropsis'' <small>[[André Guillaumin|Guillaumin]]</small>\n* ''Cyanorkis'' <small>Thouars</small>\n* ''Gastorkis'' <small>Thouars</small>\n* ''Gastrorchis'' <small>[[Schltr.]]</small>\n* ''Ghiesbreghtia'' <small>A.Rich. & [[Henri Guillaume Galeotti|Galeotti]]</small>\n* ''Hecabe'' <small>[[Raf.]]</small>\n* ''Limatodis'' <small>Blume</small>\n* ''Pachyne'' <small>[[Salisb.]]</small>\n* ''Paracalanthe'' <small>[[Yûshun Kudô|Kudô]]</small>\n* ''Paraphaius'' <small>[[Jun Wen Zhai|J.W.Zhai]] & [[Fu Wu Xing|F.W.Xing]]</small>\n* ''Pesomeria'' <small>[[Lindl.]]</small>\n* ''Phaius'' <small>[[Lour.]]</small>\n* ''Phajus'' <small>[[Hassk.]]</small>\n* ''Preptanthe'' <small>[[Rchb.f.]]</small>\n* ''Styloglossum'' <small>[[Jacob Gijsbert Samuel van Breda|Breda]]</small>\n* ''Tankervillia'' <small>[[Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link|Link]]</small>\n* ''Zeduba'' <small>[[William Hamilton (botanist)|Ham.]] ex [[Meisn.]]</small>\n* ''Zoduba'' <small>[[Buch.-Ham.]] ex [[D.Don]]</small>\n}}\n}}\n</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></p><p><i><b>Calanthe</b></i>, commonly known as <b>Christmas orchids</b>,<ref name=\"Jones\">{{cite book|last1=Jones|first1=David L.|title=A complete guide to native orchids of Australia including the island territories|date=2006|publisher=New Holland|location=Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.|isbn=1877069124|page =353}}</ref> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Genus\" title=\"Genus\">genus</a> of about 220 species of <a href=\"/wiki/Orchid\" title=\"Orchid\">orchids</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Family_%28biology%29\" title=\"Family (biology)\">family</a> Orchidaceae. They are <a href=\"/wiki/Evergreen\" title=\"Evergreen\">evergreen</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Deciduous\" title=\"Deciduous\">deciduous</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Terrestrial_plant\" title=\"Terrestrial plant\">terrestrial</a> plants with thick roots, small oval <a href=\"/wiki/Pseudobulb\" title=\"Pseudobulb\">pseudobulbs</a>, large corrugated leaves and upright, sometimes arching flowering stems. The <a href=\"/wiki/Sepal\" title=\"Sepal\">sepals</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Petal\" title=\"Petal\">petals</a> are narrow and a similar size to each other and the <a href=\"/wiki/Labellum_%28botany%29\" title=\"Labellum (botany)\">labellum</a> usually has spreading lobes.\n</p>", "<h2>Description</h2>\n<p>Orchids in the genus <i>Calanthe</i> are terrestrial with small, crowded pseudobulbs with thick roots and a few corrugated or wrinkled leaves with the base tapering to a <a href=\"/wiki/Petiole_%28botany%29\" title=\"Petiole (botany)\">petiole</a>-like stalk. Some species are evergreen while others are deciduous. The flowers are delicate but showy, white, pink, yellow or orange and crowded near the end of an erect, sometimes arching flowering stem. The sepals and petals are relatively narrow, similar in size and spread widely. The labellum has three or four spreading lobes and in most species there is a spur at the base. Unlike similar orchids, the labellum of <i>Calanthe</i> orchids is fused to the <a href=\"/wiki/Column_%28botany%29\" title=\"Column (botany)\">column</a>.<ref name=\"Jones\" /><ref name=\"La Croix\">{{cite book |last1=La Croix |first1=Isobyl F. |title=The new encyclopedia of orchids : 1500 species in cultivation |date=2008 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=9780881928761 |page=78}}</ref><ref name=\"Sasaki\">{{cite book |last=Sasaki |first=Sanmi |translator=Shaun McCabe |translator2=Iwasaki Satoko |title=Chado the Way of Tea: A Japanese Tea Master's Almanac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cEzCY5cB3icC&pg=PA195 |year=2005 |publisher=Tuttle |isbn=978-0-8048-3716-3 |pages=195–196}}</ref><ref name=\"Soon\">{{cite book |last1=Soon |first1=Teoh Eng |title=Orchids of Asia |date=2005 |publisher=Times Editions- Marshall Cavendish |isbn=9812610154 |page=146 |edition=3rdition}}</ref><ref name=\"ATROK\">{{cite web |author1=D.L.Jones |author2=T.Hopley |author3=S.M.Duffy |author1-link=David L. Jones (botanist) |year=2010 |access-date=27 May 2021 |url=http://www.canbr.gov.au/cpbr/cd-keys/RFKOrchids/key/rfkorchids/Media/Html/genera/Calanthe.htm |title=Calanthe |website=[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Orchids]] |publisher=Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), [[Australian Government]]}}</ref><ref name=\"China\">{{cite web |last1=Chen |first1=Xinqi |last2=Cribb |first2=Phillip J. |last3=Gale |first3=Stephan W. |title=''Calanthe'' |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=105024 |publisher=Flora of China |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Taxonomy and naming</h2>\n<p>The genus <i>Calanthe</i> was first formally described in 1821 by <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Brown_%28botanist%2C_born_1773%29\" title=\"Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)\">Robert Brown</a> and his manuscript was published in <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Botanical_Register\" title=\"The Botanical Register\">The Botanical Register</a></i>.<ref name=\"WCSP\">{{WCSP | 30038 | ''Calanthe'' }}</ref><ref name=\"Ridgways\">{{cite book |last1=Ridgway |first1=James |title=The Botanical Register (Volume 7) |date=1821 |publisher=Ridgways |location=London |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/9043#page/186/mode/1up |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref> The name <i>Calanthe</i> is derived from the <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Greek\" title=\"Ancient Greek\">Ancient Greek</a> words <i>kallos</i> meaning \"beauty\"<ref name=\"RWB\">{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Roland Wilbur|title=The Composition of Scientific Words|date=1956|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref>{{rp|131}} and <i>anthos</i> meaning \"flower\".<ref name=\"RWB\" />{{rp|94}}\n</p>", "<h2>Distribution and habitat</h2>\n<p><i>Calanthe</i> species are found in all <a href=\"/wiki/Tropics\" title=\"Tropics\">tropical</a> areas, but mostly concentrated in <a href=\"/wiki/Southeast_Asia\" title=\"Southeast Asia\">Southeast Asia</a>. Some species also range into <a href=\"/wiki/Subtropical\" title=\"Subtropical\">subtropical</a> lands such as <a href=\"/wiki/China\" title=\"China\">China</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/India\" title=\"India\">India</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Madagascar\" title=\"Madagascar\">Madagascar</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Australia\" title=\"Australia\">Australia</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Mexico\" title=\"Mexico\">Mexico</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Central_America\" title=\"Central America\">Central America</a>, the <a href=\"/wiki/West_Indies\" title=\"West Indies\">West Indies</a> and various islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans.<ref name=\"WCSP\" />\n</p>", "<h2>List of species</h2>\n<p>The following is a list of species of <i>Calanthe</i> recognised by the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online\" title=\"Plants of the World Online\">Plants of the World Online</a></i> as at August 2018:<ref name=\"POWOlist\">{{cite web |title=''Calanthe'' |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/results?f=accepted_names&page.size=480&q=Calanthe |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>\n{{div col|colwidth=24em}}\n<ul><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_abbreviata\" title=\"Calanthe abbreviata\">Calanthe abbreviata</a></i> <small>(Blume) Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_aceras\" title=\"Calanthe aceras\">Calanthe aceras</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_africana\" title=\"Calanthe africana\">Calanthe africana</a></i> <small>M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_alba\" title=\"Calanthe alba\">Calanthe alba</a></i> <small>W.Suarez &amp; Cootes</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_albolutea\" title=\"Calanthe albolutea\">Calanthe albolutea</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_alismifolia\" title=\"Calanthe alismifolia\">Calanthe alismifolia</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_alleizettei\" title=\"Calanthe alleizettei\">Calanthe alleizettei</a></i> <small>Gagnep.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_alpina\" title=\"Calanthe alpina\">Calanthe alpina</a></i> <small>Hook.f. ex Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_alta\" title=\"Calanthe alta\">Calanthe alta</a></i> <small>Rchb.f.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_amboinensis\" title=\"Calanthe amboinensis\">Calanthe amboinensis</a></i> <small>(Blume) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_angustifolia\" title=\"Calanthe angustifolia\">Calanthe angustifolia</a></i> <small>(Blume) Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_aquamarina\" title=\"Calanthe aquamarina\">Calanthe aquamarina</a></i> <small>Schuit. &amp; de Vogel</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_arcuata\" title=\"Calanthe arcuata\">Calanthe arcuata</a></i> <small>Rolfe</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_arfakana\" title=\"Calanthe arfakana\">Calanthe arfakana</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_argenteostriata\" title=\"Calanthe argenteostriata\">Calanthe argenteostriata</a></i> <small>C.Z.Tang &amp; S.J.Cheng</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_arisanensis\" title=\"Calanthe arisanensis\">Calanthe arisanensis</a></i> <small>Hayata</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_aristulifera\" title=\"Calanthe aristulifera\">Calanthe aristulifera</a></i> <small>Rchb.f.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_aruank\" title=\"Calanthe aruank\">Calanthe aruank</a></i> <small>P.Royen</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_aurantiaca\" title=\"Calanthe aurantiaca\">Calanthe aurantiaca</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_aureiflora\" title=\"Calanthe aureiflora\">Calanthe aureiflora</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_averyanoviana\" title=\"Calanthe averyanoviana\">Calanthe averyanoviana</a></i> <small>M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_baconii\" title=\"Calanthe baconii\">Calanthe baconii</a></i> <small>(J.J.Sm. &amp; Shim) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_balansae\" title=\"Calanthe balansae\">Calanthe balansae</a></i> <small>Finet</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_baliensis\" title=\"Calanthe baliensis\">Calanthe baliensis</a></i> <small>J.J.Wood &amp; J.B.Comber</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_beamanii\" title=\"Calanthe beamanii\">Calanthe beamanii</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_beleensis\" title=\"Calanthe beleensis\">Calanthe beleensis</a></i> <small>Ormerod &amp; P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_bicalcarata\" title=\"Calanthe bicalcarata\">Calanthe bicalcarata</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_biloba\" title=\"Calanthe biloba\">Calanthe biloba</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_bingtaoi\" title=\"Calanthe bingtaoi\">Calanthe bingtaoi</a></i> <small>J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen &amp; Z.J.Liu</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_bivalvis\" title=\"Calanthe bivalvis\">Calanthe bivalvis</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb &amp; Ormerod</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_borneensis\" title=\"Calanthe borneensis\">Calanthe borneensis</a></i> <small>(J.J.Sm.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_brassii\" title=\"Calanthe brassii\">Calanthe brassii</a></i> <small>Ormerod</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_brevicornu\" title=\"Calanthe brevicornu\">Calanthe brevicornu</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_burkei\" title=\"Calanthe burkei\">Calanthe burkei</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_calanthoides\" title=\"Calanthe calanthoides\">Calanthe calanthoides</a></i> <small>(A.Rich. &amp; Galeotti) Hamer &amp; Garay in F.Hamer</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_callosa\" title=\"Calanthe callosa\">Calanthe callosa</a></i> <small>(Blume) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_camptoceras\" title=\"Calanthe camptoceras\">Calanthe camptoceras</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_cardioglossa\" title=\"Calanthe cardioglossa\">Calanthe cardioglossa</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_carrii\" title=\"Calanthe carrii\">Calanthe carrii</a></i> <small>Govaerts</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_caulescens\" title=\"Calanthe caulescens\">Calanthe caulescens</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_caulodes\" title=\"Calanthe caulodes\">Calanthe caulodes</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ceciliae\" title=\"Calanthe ceciliae\">Calanthe ceciliae</a></i> <small>Rchb.f.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_celebica\" title=\"Calanthe celebica\">Calanthe celebica</a></i> <small>Rolfe</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_chevalieri\" title=\"Calanthe chevalieri\">Calanthe chevalieri</a></i> <small>Gagnep.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_chloroleuca\" title=\"Calanthe chloroleuca\">Calanthe chloroleuca</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_chrysoglossoides\" title=\"Calanthe chrysoglossoides\">Calanthe chrysoglossoides</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_clavata\" title=\"Calanthe clavata\">Calanthe clavata</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_clavicalcar\" title=\"Calanthe clavicalcar\">Calanthe clavicalcar</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_claytonii\" title=\"Calanthe claytonii\">Calanthe claytonii</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_coiloglossa\" title=\"Calanthe coiloglossa\">Calanthe coiloglossa</a></i> <small>Schltr. in K.M.Schumann &amp; C.A.G.Lauterbach</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_columnaris\" title=\"Calanthe columnaris\">Calanthe columnaris</a></i> <small>(C.Z.Tang &amp; S.J.Cheng) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_conspicua\" title=\"Calanthe conspicua\">Calanthe conspicua</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_coodei\" title=\"Calanthe coodei\">Calanthe coodei</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_cooperi\" title=\"Calanthe cooperi\">Calanthe cooperi</a></i> <small>(Rolfe) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_cootesii\" title=\"Calanthe cootesii\">Calanthe cootesii</a></i> <small>Naive</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_corymboides\" title=\"Calanthe corymboides\">Calanthe corymboides</a></i> <small>(Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_cremeoviridis\" title=\"Calanthe cremeoviridis\">Calanthe cremeoviridis</a></i> <small>J.J.Wood</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_crenulata\" title=\"Calanthe crenulata\">Calanthe crenulata</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_crispifolia\" title=\"Calanthe crispifolia\">Calanthe crispifolia</a></i> <small>Ormerod</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_cruciata\" title=\"Calanthe cruciata\">Calanthe cruciata</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_crumenata\" title=\"Calanthe crumenata\">Calanthe crumenata</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_crystallina\" title=\"Calanthe crystallina\">Calanthe crystallina</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_curvatoascendens\" title=\"Calanthe curvatoascendens\">Calanthe curvatoascendens</a></i> <small>Gilli</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_daenikeri\" title=\"Calanthe daenikeri\">Calanthe daenikeri</a></i> <small>(Kraenzl.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_davaensis\" title=\"Calanthe davaensis\">Calanthe davaensis</a></i> <small>Ames</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_davidii\" title=\"Calanthe davidii\">Calanthe davidii</a></i> <small>Franch.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_daymanensis\" title=\"Calanthe daymanensis\">Calanthe daymanensis</a></i> <small>Ormerod &amp; P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_decora\" title=\"Calanthe decora\">Calanthe decora</a></i> <small>M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_delavayi\" title=\"Calanthe delavayi\">Calanthe delavayi</a></i> <small>Finet</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_densiflora\" title=\"Calanthe densiflora\">Calanthe densiflora</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_devogelii\" title=\"Calanthe devogelii\">Calanthe devogelii</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb &amp; D.A.Clayton</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_discolor\" title=\"Calanthe discolor\">Calanthe discolor</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_dolichopoda\" title=\"Calanthe dolichopoda\">Calanthe dolichopoda</a></i> <small>Fukuy</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_dulongensis\" title=\"Calanthe dulongensis\">Calanthe dulongensis</a></i> <small>H.Li, R.Li &amp; Z.L.Dao</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_duyana\" title=\"Calanthe duyana\">Calanthe duyana</a></i> <small>Aver.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ecalcarata\" title=\"Calanthe ecalcarata\">Calanthe ecalcarata</a></i> <small>(J.J.Sm.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ecallosa\" title=\"Calanthe ecallosa\">Calanthe ecallosa</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ecarinata\" title=\"Calanthe ecarinata\">Calanthe ecarinata</a></i> <small>Rolfe ex Hemsl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_emeishanica\" title=\"Calanthe emeishanica\">Calanthe emeishanica</a></i> <small>K.Y.Lang &amp; Z.H.Tsi</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_engleriana\" title=\"Calanthe engleriana\">Calanthe engleriana</a></i> <small>Kraenzl. in K.M.Schumann &amp; C.A.G.Lauterbach</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_epiphytica\" title=\"Calanthe epiphytica\">Calanthe epiphytica</a></i> <small>Carr</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_fargesii\" title=\"Calanthe fargesii\">Calanthe fargesii</a></i> <small>Finet</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ferruginea\" title=\"Calanthe ferruginea\">Calanthe ferruginea</a></i> <small>M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_finisterrae\" title=\"Calanthe finisterrae\">Calanthe finisterrae</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_fissa\" title=\"Calanthe fissa\">Calanthe fissa</a></i> <small>L.O.Williams</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_flava\" title=\"Calanthe flava\">Calanthe flava</a></i> <small>(Blume) C.Morren</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_floresana\" title=\"Calanthe floresana\">Calanthe floresana</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_forbesii\" title=\"Calanthe forbesii\">Calanthe forbesii</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_formosana\" title=\"Calanthe formosana\">Calanthe formosana</a></i> <small>Rolfe</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_fragrans\" title=\"Calanthe fragrans\">Calanthe fragrans</a></i> <small>P.Royen</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_francoisii\" title=\"Calanthe francoisii\">Calanthe francoisii</a></i> <small>(Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_fugongensis\" title=\"Calanthe fugongensis\">Calanthe fugongensis</a></i> <small>X.H.Jin &amp; S.C.Chen</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_geelvinkensis\" title=\"Calanthe geelvinkensis\">Calanthe geelvinkensis</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_gibbsiae\" title=\"Calanthe gibbsiae\">Calanthe gibbsiae</a></i> <small>Rolfe</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_goodenoughiana\" title=\"Calanthe goodenoughiana\">Calanthe goodenoughiana</a></i> <small>Ormerod &amp; P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_graciliflora\" title=\"Calanthe graciliflora\">Calanthe graciliflora</a></i> <small>Hayata</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_graciliscapa\" title=\"Calanthe graciliscapa\">Calanthe graciliscapa</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_grandiflora\" title=\"Calanthe grandiflora\">Calanthe grandiflora</a></i> <small>Nadeaud</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_grata\" title=\"Calanthe grata\">Calanthe grata</a></i> <small>(Blume) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_griffithii\" title=\"Calanthe griffithii\">Calanthe griffithii</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_gustavii\" title=\"Calanthe gustavii\">Calanthe gustavii</a></i> <small>M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_habbemensis\" title=\"Calanthe habbemensis\">Calanthe habbemensis</a></i> <small>Ormerod &amp; P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_hainanensis\" title=\"Calanthe hainanensis\">Calanthe hainanensis</a></i> <small>(C.Z.Tang &amp; S.J.Cheng) M.W.Chase &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_halconensis\" title=\"Calanthe halconensis\">Calanthe halconensis</a></i> <small>Ames</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_hancockii\" title=\"Calanthe hancockii\">Calanthe hancockii</a></i> <small>Rolfe</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_hattorii\" title=\"Calanthe hattorii\">Calanthe hattorii</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_hekouensis\" title=\"Calanthe hekouensis\">Calanthe hekouensis</a></i> <small>(Tsukaya, M.Najak. &amp; S.K.Wu) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_henryi\" title=\"Calanthe henryi\">Calanthe henryi</a></i> <small>Rolfe</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_herbacea\" title=\"Calanthe herbacea\">Calanthe herbacea</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_himalaicum\" title=\"Calanthe himalaicum\">Calanthe himalaicum</a></i> <small>Raskoti</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_hirsuta\" title=\"Calanthe hirsuta\">Calanthe hirsuta</a></i> <small>Seidenf.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_hololeuca\" title=\"Calanthe hololeuca\">Calanthe hololeuca</a></i> <small>Rchb.f. in B.Seemann</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_hoshii\" title=\"Calanthe hoshii\">Calanthe hoshii</a></i> <small>S.Kobay.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_humblotii\" title=\"Calanthe humblotii\">Calanthe humblotii</a></i> <small>(Rchb.f.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_hyacinthina\" title=\"Calanthe hyacinthina\">Calanthe hyacinthina</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_imthurnii\" title=\"Calanthe imthurnii\">Calanthe imthurnii</a></i> <small>Kores</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_indigofera\" title=\"Calanthe indigofera\">Calanthe indigofera</a></i> <small>(Hassk.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_indochinensis\" title=\"Calanthe indochinensis\">Calanthe indochinensis</a></i> <small>(Seidenf. &amp; Ormerod) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_inflata\" title=\"Calanthe inflata\">Calanthe inflata</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_insularis\" title=\"Calanthe insularis\">Calanthe insularis</a></i> <small>S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh &amp; C.W.Park</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_izu-insularis\" title=\"Calanthe izu-insularis\">Calanthe izu-insularis</a></i> <small>(Satomi) Ohwi &amp; Satomi in J.Ohwi</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_johorensis\" title=\"Calanthe johorensis\">Calanthe johorensis</a></i> <small>Holttum</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_judithiae\" title=\"Calanthe judithiae\">Calanthe judithiae</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_jusnerii\" title=\"Calanthe jusnerii\">Calanthe jusnerii</a></i> <small>Boxall ex Náves in F.M.Blanco</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_kaniensis\" title=\"Calanthe kaniensis\">Calanthe kaniensis</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_kemulensis\" title=\"Calanthe kemulensis\">Calanthe kemulensis</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_kermodei\" title=\"Calanthe kermodei\">Calanthe kermodei</a></i> <small>Ormerod &amp; Kurzweil</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_keshabii\" title=\"Calanthe keshabii\">Calanthe keshabii</a></i> <small>Lucksom</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_kinabaluensis\" title=\"Calanthe kinabaluensis\">Calanthe kinabaluensis</a></i> <small>Rolfe</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_kooshunensis\" title=\"Calanthe kooshunensis\">Calanthe kooshunensis</a></i> <small>Fukuy.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_labiata\" title=\"Calanthe labiata\">Calanthe labiata</a></i> <small>(J.J.Sm.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_labrosa\" title=\"Calanthe labrosa\">Calanthe labrosa</a></i> <small>(Rchb.f.) Rchb.f.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_lacerata\" title=\"Calanthe lacerata\">Calanthe lacerata</a></i> <small>Ames</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_laciniata\" title=\"Calanthe laciniata\">Calanthe laciniata</a></i> <small>(Ormerod) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_lambii\" title=\"Calanthe lambii\">Calanthe lambii</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_lamellosa\" title=\"Calanthe lamellosa\">Calanthe lamellosa</a></i> <small>Rolfe</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_lancilabris\" title=\"Calanthe lancilabris\">Calanthe lancilabris</a></i> <small>Ormerod &amp; P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_landyae\" title=\"Calanthe landyae\">Calanthe landyae</a></i> <small>(P.J.Cribb &amp; J.V.Stone) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_lechangensis\" title=\"Calanthe lechangensis\">Calanthe lechangensis</a></i> <small>Z.H.Tsi &amp; Tang</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_leonidii\" title=\"Calanthe leonidii\">Calanthe leonidii</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb &amp; D.A.Clayton</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_leucosceptrum\" title=\"Calanthe leucosceptrum\">Calanthe leucosceptrum</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_leuseri\" title=\"Calanthe leuseri\">Calanthe leuseri</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ligo\" title=\"Calanthe ligo\">Calanthe ligo</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_limprichtii\" title=\"Calanthe limprichtii\">Calanthe limprichtii</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_longgangensis\" title=\"Calanthe longgangensis\">Calanthe longgangensis</a></i> <small>Y.S.Huang &amp; Yan Liu</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_longibracteata\" title=\"Calanthe longibracteata\">Calanthe longibracteata</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_longicornu\" title=\"Calanthe longicornu\">Calanthe longicornu</a></i> <small>(Guillaumin) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_longifolia\" title=\"Calanthe longifolia\">Calanthe longifolia</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_longipes\" title=\"Calanthe longipes\">Calanthe longipes</a></i> <small>Hook.f.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_lutea\" title=\"Calanthe lutea\">Calanthe lutea</a></i> <small>(Ursch &amp; Toill.-Gen. ex Bosser) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_lyonii\" title=\"Calanthe lyonii\">Calanthe lyonii</a></i> <small>(Ames) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_lyroglossa\" title=\"Calanthe lyroglossa\">Calanthe lyroglossa</a></i> <small>Rchb.f.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_madagascariensis\" title=\"Calanthe madagascariensis\">Calanthe madagascariensis</a></i> <small>Rolfe ex Hook.f.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_mannii\" title=\"Calanthe mannii\">Calanthe mannii</a></i> <small>Hook.f.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_maquilingensis\" title=\"Calanthe maquilingensis\">Calanthe maquilingensis</a></i> <small>Ames</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_masuca\" title=\"Calanthe masuca\">Calanthe masuca</a></i> <small>(D.Don) Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_maxii\" title=\"Calanthe maxii\">Calanthe maxii</a></i> <small>P.O'Byrne</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_mcgregorii\" title=\"Calanthe mcgregorii\">Calanthe mcgregorii</a></i> <small>Ames</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_metoensis\" title=\"Calanthe metoensis\">Calanthe metoensis</a></i> <small>Z.H.Tsi &amp; K.Y.Lang</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_micrantha\" title=\"Calanthe micrantha\">Calanthe micrantha</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_microglossa\" title=\"Calanthe microglossa\">Calanthe microglossa</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_millikenii\" title=\"Calanthe millikenii\">Calanthe millikenii</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_millotae\" title=\"Calanthe millotae\">Calanthe millotae</a></i> <small>Ursch &amp; Genoud ex Bosser</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_mindorensis\" title=\"Calanthe mindorensis\">Calanthe mindorensis</a></i> <small>Ames, Philipp. J. Sci.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_mishmensis\" title=\"Calanthe mishmensis\">Calanthe mishmensis</a></i> <small>(Lindl. &amp; Paxton) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_moluccensis\" title=\"Calanthe moluccensis\">Calanthe moluccensis</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_monophylla\" title=\"Calanthe monophylla\">Calanthe monophylla</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_montana\" title=\"Calanthe montana\">Calanthe montana</a></i> <small>(Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_morotaiensis\" title=\"Calanthe morotaiensis\">Calanthe morotaiensis</a></i> <small>(Ormerod &amp; Juswara) Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_musa-amanii\" title=\"Calanthe musa-amanii\">Calanthe musa-amanii</a></i> <small>J.J.Wood</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_nana\" title=\"Calanthe nana\">Calanthe nana</a></i> <small>(Hook.f.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_nankunensis\" title=\"Calanthe nankunensis\">Calanthe nankunensis</a></i> <small>Z.H.Tsi</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_nguyenthinhii\" title=\"Calanthe nguyenthinhii\">Calanthe nguyenthinhii</a></i> <small>Aver.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_nicolae\" title=\"Calanthe nicolae\">Calanthe nicolae</a></i> <small>P.O'Byrne</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_nipponica\" title=\"Calanthe nipponica\">Calanthe nipponica</a></i> <small>Makino</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_nivalis\" title=\"Calanthe nivalis\">Calanthe nivalis</a></i> <small>Boxall ex Náves in F.M.Blanco</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_obcordata\" title=\"Calanthe obcordata\">Calanthe obcordata</a></i> <small>(Lindl.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_obreniformis\" title=\"Calanthe obreniformis\">Calanthe obreniformis</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_odora\" title=\"Calanthe odora\">Calanthe odora</a></i> <small>Griff.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_okinawensis\" title=\"Calanthe okinawensis\">Calanthe okinawensis</a></i> <small>Hayata</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_oreadum\" title=\"Calanthe oreadum\">Calanthe oreadum</a></i> <small>Rendle</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_otuhanica\" title=\"Calanthe otuhanica\">Calanthe otuhanica</a></i> <small>C.L.Chan &amp; T.J.Barkman</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ovalifolia\" title=\"Calanthe ovalifolia\">Calanthe ovalifolia</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ovata\" title=\"Calanthe ovata\">Calanthe ovata</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_parvilabris\" title=\"Calanthe parvilabris\">Calanthe parvilabris</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_pauciflora\" title=\"Calanthe pauciflora\">Calanthe pauciflora</a></i> <small>(Blume) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_pauciverrucosa\" title=\"Calanthe pauciverrucosa\">Calanthe pauciverrucosa</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_pavairiensis\" title=\"Calanthe pavairiensis\">Calanthe pavairiensis</a></i> <small>Ormerod</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_perrottetii\" title=\"Calanthe perrottetii\">Calanthe perrottetii</a></i> <small>A.Rich.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_petelotiana\" title=\"Calanthe petelotiana\">Calanthe petelotiana</a></i> <small>Gagnep.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_peyrotii\" title=\"Calanthe peyrotii\">Calanthe peyrotii</a></i> <small>(Bosser) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_philippinensis\" title=\"Calanthe philippinensis\">Calanthe philippinensis</a></i> <small>(N.E.Br.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_plantaginea\" title=\"Calanthe plantaginea\">Calanthe plantaginea</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_poiformis\" title=\"Calanthe poiformis\">Calanthe poiformis</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb &amp; Ormerod</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_polyantha\" title=\"Calanthe polyantha\">Calanthe polyantha</a></i> <small>Gilli</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_puberula\" title=\"Calanthe puberula\">Calanthe puberula</a></i> <small> Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_pulchella\" title=\"Calanthe pulchella\">Calanthe pulchella</a></i> <small>(Kraenzl.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_pulchra\" title=\"Calanthe pulchra\">Calanthe pulchra</a></i> <small>(Blume) Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_pullei\" title=\"Calanthe pullei\">Calanthe pullei</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_punctata\" title=\"Calanthe punctata\">Calanthe punctata</a></i> <small>Kurzweil</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_reflexilabris\" title=\"Calanthe reflexilabris\">Calanthe reflexilabris</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_reflexipetals\" title=\"Calanthe reflexipetals\">Calanthe reflexipetals</a></i> <small>(J.J.Wood &amp; Shim) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_rhodochila\" title=\"Calanthe rhodochila\">Calanthe rhodochila</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_rigida\" title=\"Calanthe rigida\">Calanthe rigida</a></i> <small>Carr</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_robertsii\" title=\"Calanthe robertsii\">Calanthe robertsii</a></i> <small>(F.Muell.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_rosea\" title=\"Calanthe rosea\">Calanthe rosea</a></i> <small>(Lindl.) Benth.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_rubens\" title=\"Calanthe rubens\">Calanthe rubens</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_rubra\" title=\"Calanthe rubra\">Calanthe rubra</a></i> <small>S.H.Oh, H.J.Suh &amp; C.W.Park</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ruthiae\" title=\"Calanthe ruthiae\">Calanthe ruthiae</a></i> <small>(P.T.Ong &amp; P.O'Byrne) Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ruttenii\" title=\"Calanthe ruttenii\">Calanthe ruttenii</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_saccata\" title=\"Calanthe saccata\">Calanthe saccata</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_sacculata\" title=\"Calanthe sacculata\">Calanthe sacculata</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_salaccensis\" title=\"Calanthe salaccensis\">Calanthe salaccensis</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_sandsii\" title=\"Calanthe sandsii\">Calanthe sandsii</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_scaposa\" title=\"Calanthe scaposa\">Calanthe scaposa</a></i> <small>Z.H.Tsi &amp; K.Y.Lang</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_secunda\" title=\"Calanthe secunda\">Calanthe secunda</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_seranica\" title=\"Calanthe seranica\">Calanthe seranica</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_siargaoensis\" title=\"Calanthe siargaoensis\">Calanthe siargaoensis</a></i> <small>M.Leon, Naive &amp; Cootes</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_sieboldopsis\" title=\"Calanthe sieboldopsis\">Calanthe sieboldopsis</a></i> <small>B.Y.Yang &amp; Bo Li</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_simplex\" title=\"Calanthe simplex\">Calanthe simplex</a></i> <small>Seidenf.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_simulans\" title=\"Calanthe simulans\">Calanthe simulans</a></i> <small>(Rolfe) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_sinica\" title=\"Calanthe sinica\">Calanthe sinica</a></i> <small>Z.H.Tsi</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_solomonensis\" title=\"Calanthe solomonensis\">Calanthe solomonensis</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb &amp; D.A.Clayton</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_spathoglottoides\" title=\"Calanthe spathoglottoides\">Calanthe spathoglottoides</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_speciosa\" title=\"Calanthe speciosa\">Calanthe speciosa</a></i> <small>(Blume) Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_steinhardtiana\" title=\"Calanthe steinhardtiana\">Calanthe steinhardtiana</a></i> <small>(Senghas) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_stella\" title=\"Calanthe stella\">Calanthe stella</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_stenocentron\" title=\"Calanthe stenocentron\">Calanthe stenocentron</a></i> <small>(Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_striata\" title=\"Calanthe striata\">Calanthe striata</a></i> <small>R.Br. ex Spreng.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_subtriloba\" title=\"Calanthe subtriloba\">Calanthe subtriloba</a></i> <small>(Ames &amp; C.Schweinf.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_succedanea\" title=\"Calanthe succedanea\">Calanthe succedanea</a></i> <small>Gagnep.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_sylvatica\" title=\"Calanthe sylvatica\">Calanthe sylvatica</a></i> <small>(Thouars) Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_taenioides\" title=\"Calanthe taenioides\">Calanthe taenioides</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_tahitensis\" title=\"Calanthe tahitensis\">Calanthe tahitensis</a></i> <small>Nadeaud</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_taibaishanensis\" title=\"Calanthe taibaishanensis\">Calanthe taibaishanensis</a></i> <small>M.Guo, J.W.Zhai &amp; L.J.Chen</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_takeoi\" title=\"Calanthe takeoi\">Calanthe takeoi</a></i> <small>Hayata</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_takeuchii\" title=\"Calanthe takeuchii\">Calanthe takeuchii</a></i> <small>Ormerod &amp; P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_tankervilleae\" title=\"Calanthe tankervilleae\">Calanthe tankervilleae</a></i> <small>(Banks) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_tenuis\" title=\"Calanthe tenuis\">Calanthe tenuis</a></i> <small>Ames &amp; C.Schweinf.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_testacea\" title=\"Calanthe testacea\">Calanthe testacea</a></i> <small>M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_tetragona\" title=\"Calanthe tetragona\">Calanthe tetragona</a></i> <small>(Thoars) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_tonkinensis\" title=\"Calanthe tonkinensis\">Calanthe tonkinensis</a></i> <small>(Aver.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_torricellensis\" title=\"Calanthe torricellensis\">Calanthe torricellensis</a></i> <small>Schltr. in K.M.Schumann &amp; C.A.G.Lauterbach</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_transiens\" title=\"Calanthe transiens\">Calanthe transiens</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_tricarinata\" title=\"Calanthe tricarinata\">Calanthe tricarinata</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_trichoneura\" title=\"Calanthe trichoneura\">Calanthe trichoneura</a></i> <small>(Schltr.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_trifida\" title=\"Calanthe trifida\">Calanthe trifida</a></i> <small>Tang &amp; F.T.Wang</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_triplicata\" title=\"Calanthe triplicata\">Calanthe triplicata</a></i> <small>(Willemet) Ames</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_trulliformis\" title=\"Calanthe trulliformis\">Calanthe trulliformis</a></i> <small>King &amp; Pantl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_truncata\" title=\"Calanthe truncata\">Calanthe truncata</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_truncicola\" title=\"Calanthe truncicola\">Calanthe truncicola</a></i> <small>Schltr.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_tsiana\" title=\"Calanthe tsiana\">Calanthe tsiana</a></i> <small>Y.Q.Chen, J.W.Zhai &amp; S.R.Lan</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_tsoongiana\" title=\"Calanthe tsoongiana\">Calanthe tsoongiana</a></i> <small>Tang &amp; F.T.Wang</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_tuberculosa\" title=\"Calanthe tuberculosa\">Calanthe tuberculosa</a></i> <small>(Thoars) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_uncata\" title=\"Calanthe uncata\">Calanthe uncata</a></i> <small>Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_undulata\" title=\"Calanthe undulata\">Calanthe undulata</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_unifolia\" title=\"Calanthe unifolia\">Calanthe unifolia</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_velutina\" title=\"Calanthe velutina\">Calanthe velutina</a></i> <small>Ridl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_ventilabrum\" title=\"Calanthe ventilabrum\">Calanthe ventilabrum</a></i> <small>Rchb.f. in B.Seemann</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_versteegii\" title=\"Calanthe versteegii\">Calanthe versteegii</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_vestita\" title=\"Calanthe vestita\">Calanthe vestita</a></i> <small>Wall. ex Lindl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_villosa\" title=\"Calanthe villosa\">Calanthe villosa</a></i> <small>J.J.Sm.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_villosagastris\" title=\"Calanthe villosagastris\">Calanthe villosagastris</a></i> <small>(Thoars) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_wallichii\" title=\"Calanthe wallichii\">Calanthe wallichii</a></i> <small>(Lindl.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_wenshanensis\" title=\"Calanthe wenshanensis\">Calanthe wenshanensis</a></i> <small>J.W.Zhai, L.J.Chen &amp; Z.J.Liu</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_whistleri\" title=\"Calanthe whistleri\">Calanthe whistleri</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb &amp; D.A.Clayton</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_whiteana\" title=\"Calanthe whiteana\">Calanthe whiteana</a></i> <small>King &amp; Pantl.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_womersleyi\" title=\"Calanthe womersleyi\">Calanthe womersleyi</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb &amp; Ormerod</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_woodfordii\" title=\"Calanthe woodfordii\">Calanthe woodfordii</a></i> <small>(Hook.) M.W.Chase, Christenh. &amp; Schuit.</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_woodii\" title=\"Calanthe woodii\">Calanthe woodii</a></i> <small>P.J.Cribb</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_wuxiensis\" title=\"Calanthe wuxiensis\">Calanthe wuxiensis</a></i> <small>H.P.Deng &amp; F.Q.Yu</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_yaoshanensis\" title=\"Calanthe yaoshanensis\">Calanthe yaoshanensis</a></i> <small>Z.X.Ren &amp; H.Wang</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_yueana\" title=\"Calanthe yueana\">Calanthe yueana</a></i> <small>Tang &amp; F.T.Wang</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_yuksomnensis\" title=\"Calanthe yuksomnensis\">Calanthe yuksomnensis</a></i> <small>Lucksom</small>\n</li><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Calanthe_zollingeri\" title=\"Calanthe zollingeri\">Calanthe zollingeri</a></i> <small>Rchb.f.</small>\n{{div col end}}\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Gallery</h2>\n<p><gallery>\nCalanthe triplicata - Flickr 003 - cropped.jpg|[[Calanthe triplicata]], the Calanthe [[type species]], from Florida International University\nR. Warner &amp; B.S. Williams - The Orchid Album - volume 08 - plate 354 (1889).jpg|[[Botanical illustration]] of [[Calanthe masuca]], from The Orchid Album vol. 8\nCalanthe discolor.JPG|[[Calanthe discolor]] from Shiga prefecture, Japan\nCalanthe brevicornu - Sertum - Lindley pl. 9 (1838).jpg|Botanical illustration of [[Calanthe brevicornu]] from [[John Lindley]]'s Sertum Orchidaceum\nCalanthe argenteostriata 02.jpg|Flowers of ''[[Calanthe argenteostriata]]''\nCalanthe izu-insularis 'Mikura Otome' (Mikura Is.) (Satomi) Ohwi &amp; Satomi, J.Ohwi, Fl. Jap., ed. rev.- 1437 (1965) (34031847852).jpg|Flowers of ''[[Calanthe izu-insularis]]''\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Commons}}\n</p><p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Taxonbar|from=Q133768}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Calanthe\" title=\"Calanthe\"> </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Collabieae_genera\" title=\"Collabieae genera\">Category:Collabieae genera</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Robert_Brown_%28botanist%2C_born_1773%29\" title=\"Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)\">Category:Taxa named by Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 47570649 ], "name": [ "Iprobablyshouldn'tbehere" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|German drink brand}}\n{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=March 2023}}\n{{Advert|date=June 2017}}}}\n</p><p>{{Infobox beverage\n|name = Premium-Cola\n|bgcolor =\n|image = \n|type = \n|abv = \n|proof = \n|manufacturer = Interessengruppe Premium\n|distributor = \n|origin = \n|introduced = \n|discontinued = \n|colour = \n|flavour = \n|variants = \n|related = [[Afri-Cola]]\n|website = [http://www.premium-cola.de official homepage]\n}}\n</p><p><b>Premium-Cola</b> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Soft_drink\" title=\"Soft drink\">soft drink</a> brand founded on November 23, 2001, in <a href=\"/wiki/Hamburg\" title=\"Hamburg\">Hamburg</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Germany\" title=\"Germany\">Germany</a>, by a collective of fans of the German brand <a href=\"/wiki/Afri-Cola\" title=\"Afri-Cola\">Afri-Cola</a>, at the time reduced in <a href=\"/wiki/Caffeine\" title=\"Caffeine\">caffeine</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=PREMIUM COLA |url=https://wedreambusiness.org/PREMIUM-COLA.html |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=We Dream Business |language=en}}</ref>\n</p><p>The collective (which named itself \"Interessengruppe Premium\") started by running a protest campaign for more than two years against recipe changes in Afri-Cola.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}\n</p><p>The brand, founded in 1931, was bought by Mineralbrunnen Überkingen-Teinach AG in 1999, who would then change the recipe. The new <a href=\"/wiki/Afri-Cola\" title=\"Afri-Cola\">Afri-cola</a> contained a reduced amount of caffeine (the original <a href=\"/wiki/Afri-Cola\" title=\"Afri-Cola\">Afri-cola</a> contained 250&nbsp;mg/L) and its original taste was subdued, in order to appeal to a wider variety of customers.\n</p><p>The protests of the \"Interessengruppe Premium\" began to produce the original recipe cola on their own and named it Premium-Cola.\n</p><p>To avoid legal issues with the Mineralbrunnen AG, one ingredient was changed, <a href=\"/wiki/Malic_acid\" title=\"Malic acid\">malic acid</a>, which was replaced with <a href=\"/wiki/Phosphoric_acid\" title=\"Phosphoric acid\">phosphoric acid</a>.\n</p>", "<h2> See also </h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Semco\" title=\"Semco\">Semco</a>, a Brazilian company that is operated by similar structures\n</li></ul>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://finding-marbles.com/2016/03/24/inspiring-organisation-premium-cola/\">FINDING MARBLES; Inspiring Organization: Premium Cola</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.psfk.com/2007/11/uwe-lubbermann-talks-to-psfk-about-premium-cola.html\">PSFK; About Premium Cola</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.deliciousdays.com/archives/2005/12/03/premium-cola-for-premium-shops/\">delicious days; Premium-Cola for Premium Shops/</a>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.premium-cola.de\">official Homepage</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.psfk.com/2007/11/uwe-lubbermann-talks-to-psfk-about-premium-cola.html\">Interview with founder</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.freitag.de/alltag/1023-die-gute-cola\">Portrait in Der Freitag (German)</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Colas}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Cola_brands\" title=\"Cola brands\">Category:Cola brands</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:German_drinks\" title=\"German drinks\">Category:German drinks</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2001_establishments_in_Germany\" title=\"2001 establishments in Germany\">Category:2001 establishments in Germany</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 278097 ], "name": [ "JarrahTree" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Tin Duck Awards", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Science fiction convention in Perth, Western Australia}}\n</p><p><b>SwanCon</b> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Science_fiction_convention\" title=\"Science fiction convention\">science fiction convention</a> held in <a href=\"/wiki/Perth\" title=\"Perth\">Perth</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Western_Australia\" title=\"Western Australia\">Western Australia</a>. It is Australia's longest-running science fiction convention,<ref>\"<a href=\"http://www.weekendnotes.com.au/swancon/\">Swancon 2013\"</a> (2013) <i>Weekend Notes</i>. Retrieved 23 April 2013.</ref> and probably the longest-running in the southern hemisphere. \n</p><p>It was founded in 1975 by <a href=\"/wiki/Grant_Stone\" title=\"Grant Stone\">Grant Stone</a>, with the first convention held in 1976,<ref name=\"Lay2013\" /> and has been run annually since. It is generally run by different committees of volunteers each year, and committees bid for the right to run the convention two years in advance.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Australian National Science Fiction Convention (1986 : Perth, W.A.) | author2=Strong, Caroline | author3=Stone, Grant | title=Swancon XI : the 1986 Australian National Science Fiction Convention, Miss Maud's Functon Centre, Perth, Easter, 1986 | publication-date=1986 | publisher=The Convention? | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/12849529 | accessdate=18 May 2018 }} </ref>\n</p><p>In recent years it has been run as a project of the Western Australian Science Fiction Foundation (WASFF),<ref name=\"GuardianExpress2011\" /><ref>{{Citation | title=Swancon 2001:Souvenir book | year=2001 | publication-date=2001 | publisher=Western Australian Science Fiction Foundation | isbn=978-0-646-41104-0 }}</ref> with that year's committee reporting to the WASFF board. The convention is frequently run at Easter, but has been run at other times, though typically in the first half of the year, and is generally held in a hotel. It generally attracts 250–300 attendees. It will normally have guests attending including at least one international author, and international guests have included <a href=\"/wiki/Robert_Silverberg\" title=\"Robert Silverberg\">Robert Silverberg</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Bob_Shaw\" title=\"Bob Shaw\">Bob Shaw</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Anne_McAffrey\" title=\"Anne McAffrey\">Anne McAffrey</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Terry_Pratchett\" title=\"Terry Pratchett\">Terry Pratchett</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Neil_Gaiman\" title=\"Neil Gaiman\">Neil Gaiman</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Brandon_Sanderson\" title=\"Brandon Sanderson\">Brandon Sanderson</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Charles_Stross\" title=\"Charles Stross\">Charles Stross</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/David_Zindell\" title=\"David Zindell\">David Zindell</a>. Australian guests have included <a href=\"/wiki/John_Birmingham\" title=\"John Birmingham\">John Birmingham</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Marianne_de_Pierres\" title=\"Marianne de Pierres\">Marianne de Pierres</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Kim_Wilkins\" title=\"Kim Wilkins\">Kim Wilkins</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Kate_Forsyth\" title=\"Kate Forsyth\">Kate Forsyth</a>.<ref name=\"Lay2013\">Lay, Duncan. (31 March 2013) \"Read Them or Weep\". <i>The Sunday Times</i>, Perth, Australia. p68.</ref><ref>\"Thrilled to be included\" (4 April 2002). <i>The Courier Mail</i>, Brisbane, Australia. p17.</ref><ref>\"<a href=\"http://www.eventfinder.com.au/2012/swancon-2012-doom-con/perth\">Swancon 2012: Doom-Con</a>\" (2012). <i>eventfinder.com.au</i>. Retrieved 23 April 2013.</ref>\n</p><p>SwanCon first hosted the <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_National_Science_Fiction_Convention\" title=\"Australian National Science Fiction Convention\">Australian National Science Fiction Convention</a> in 1980, and has done so relatively regularly since.<ref>{{Citation | author1=Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Radio National | title=Literary predictions | publication-date=2009-04-08 | publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation | url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/179518014 | accessdate=18 May 2018 }}</ref>\nIn 2011, SwanCon hosted the 50th <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_National_Science_Fiction_Convention\" title=\"Australian National Science Fiction Convention\">Australian National Science Fiction Convention</a>, including guests <a href=\"/wiki/Ellen_Datlow\" title=\"Ellen Datlow\">Ellen Datlow</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Justina_Robson\" title=\"Justina Robson\">Justina Robson</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Sean_Williams_%28author%29\" title=\"Sean Williams (author)\">Sean Williams</a>.<ref name=\"GuardianExpress2011\">\"Fans of science fiction and fantasy are set to descend upon the Hyatt Hotel in Perth this week for the 50th anniversary of a national convention\" (19 April 2011). <i>Guardian Express</i>, Perth, Australia. p3.</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Tin Duck Awards</h2>\n<p>The Tin Duck Awards are the Western Australian science fiction achievement awards. They are given out annually at SwanCon and voted on by members of the convention.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wiki.sf.org.au/Tin_Duck_Award|title = Tin Duck Award - Australian sf information}}</ref>\n</p><p>They were first presented in 1980 at SwanCon 5. The Tin Duck design, after which the Awards were named, was by Rob McGough.<ref>Strong, Caroline. 'SwanCon 7 Program Book' , p. 10. <a href=\"http://history.sf.org.au/?p=931\">Transcription by Anna Hepworth, Australian SF History 2012</a> Retrieved April 30, 2013</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist|30em}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://www.Swancon.com.au\">Swancon Homepage</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://wiki.sf.org.au/Swancon_History\">Swancon history page</a> on the <a href=\"http://wiki.sf.org.au/Main_Page\">Australian sf information site</a>.\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Recurring_events_established_in_1975\" title=\"Recurring events established in 1975\">Category:Recurring events established in 1975</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Science_fiction_conventions_in_Australia\" title=\"Science fiction conventions in Australia\">Category:Science fiction conventions in Australia</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 42342156 ], "name": [ "DigitalIceAge" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "See also", "Notes" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{oneref|date=February 2010}}\nA <b>planetary scanner</b> (also called an <b>orbital scanner</b>) is a type of <a href=\"/wiki/Image_scanner\" title=\"Image scanner\">image scanner</a> for making scans of rare <a href=\"/wiki/Book\" title=\"Book\">books</a> and other easily damaged documents. In essence, such a scanner is a mounted camera taking <a href=\"/wiki/Photograph\" title=\"Photograph\">photos</a> of a well-lit environment. Originally, such scanners were expensive and could only be found in <a href=\"/wiki/Archive\" title=\"Archive\">archives</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Museum\" title=\"Museum\">museums</a>, but with the availability of cheap, high-<a href=\"/wiki/Display_resolution\" title=\"Display resolution\">resolution</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_camera\" title=\"Digital camera\">digital cameras</a>, DIY planetary scanners have become affordable, and for instance are being used by volunteer scan providers for <a href=\"/wiki/Project_Gutenberg\" title=\"Project Gutenberg\">Project Gutenberg</a>.\n</p><p>Flatbed scanners often come in contact with at least part of the object to be scanned. They also require books to be fully opened most of the time (there are some exceptions where the scanning surface ends at the edge of the flatbed scanner, so that a book can be opened partially). Both practices can damage rare books; For example, opening a book 180 degrees can be damaging to its spine. These scanners are also implemented to scan other fragile documents such as old maps. However, planetary scanners that allow the book to open to a full 180 degrees have special features that protect the book binding from being damaged. Many of those scanners are equipped with self-balancing book cradles, gaps for the binding to be placed in, and pressure-sensitive glass controls. It is argued{{by whom|date=June 2013}} that by opening the book to a full 180 degrees and using scan glass, the scanner is able to capture further into the binding than those using a V cradle.<ref> National Mine Map Repository <a href=\"http://mmr.osmre.gov/MMR_Equip.aspx\">\"State-of-the-Art Equipment at the National Mine Map Repository\"</a></ref>\n</p><p>Planetary scanners tend to touch fewer parts of a book, and provide an option of only opening a book partially.\n</p>", "<h2> See also </h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Document_camera\" title=\"Document camera\">Document camera</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>Notes</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Compu-hardware-stub}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Image_scanners\" title=\"Image scanners\">Category:Image scanners</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 1544984 ], "name": [ "Dawnseeker2000" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Background", "Critical reception", "Commercial reception", "Singles", "Track listing", "Charts", "Weekly charts", "Year-end charts", "Certifications and sales", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}\n<ul><li><ul><li>{{Infobox album\n| name = Saints & Sinners\n| type = Studio\n| artist = [[All Saints (group)|All Saints]]\n| cover = All Saints - Saints & Sinners1.jpg\n| alt =\n| released = 16 October 2000\n| recorded = [[Air Studios]], [[Conway Studios]], Eastcote Studios, Guerilla Beach Studio, Home Recordings, [[Larrabee Sound Studios|Larrabee West]], [[Metropolis Studios|Metropolis]], [[Olympic Studios|Olympic]], Pierce Rooms, Rotation One Studios, [[Sarm West Studios|Sarm West]], Whitfield Street Studios\n| studio =\n| genre = *[[Pop music|Pop]]\n*[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]<!-- Both pop and R&B are mentioned below. Any other additions must be sourced -->\n*[[alt-pop]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.com.au/uk-girl-band-all-saints-open-up-about-their-huge-bust-ups-over-the-years|title=EXCLUSIVE: UK girl band 'All Saints' open up about their huge bust-ups over the years|publisher=Who Australia|accessdate=10 April 2023}}</ref>\n| length = 52:53\n| label = [[London Recordings|London]]\n| producer = {{hlist|[[William Orbit]]|[[K-Gee|Karl \"K-Gee\" Gordon]]|Jonny Douglas|[[Cameron McVey]]|[[Paul Simm]]|[[Stuart Zender]]}}\n| prev_title = [[The Remix Album (All Saints album)|The Remix Album]]\n| prev_year = 1998\n| next_title = [[All Hits]]\n| next_year = 2001\n| misc = {{Singles\n | name = All Saints\n | type = studio\n | single1 = [[Pure Shores]]\n | single1date = 14 February 2000\n | single2 = [[Black Coffee (All Saints song)|Black Coffee]]\n | single2date = 2 October 2000\n | single3 = [[All Hooked Up]]\n | single3date = 27 January 2001\n}}\n}}\n</li></ul></li></ul></p><p><i><b>Saints &amp; Sinners</b></i> is the second studio album by English girl group <a href=\"/wiki/All_Saints_%28group%29\" title=\"All Saints (group)\">All Saints</a>. It was released three years after their debut album, <i><a href=\"/wiki/All_Saints_%28All_Saints_album%29\" title=\"All Saints (All Saints album)\">All Saints</a></i>. The album reached number one in the UK, their only album to do so. Three tracks on the album were produced by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Orbit\" title=\"William Orbit\">William Orbit</a>, best known for his work with <a href=\"/wiki/Madonna\" title=\"Madonna\">Madonna</a> on her <i><a href=\"/wiki/Ray_of_Light\" title=\"Ray of Light\">Ray of Light</a></i> album. The album received mixed reviews from music critics, praising the singles and the new direction of music, while some felt it was too similar to the <a href=\"/wiki/Spice_Girls\" title=\"Spice Girls\">Spice Girls</a> and Madonna's album <i><a href=\"/wiki/Ray_of_Light\" title=\"Ray of Light\">Ray of Light</a></i>.\n</p><p>Three singles were released from the album: \"<a href=\"/wiki/Pure_Shores\" title=\"Pure Shores\">Pure Shores</a>\", \"<a href=\"/wiki/Black_Coffee_%28All_Saints_song%29\" title=\"Black Coffee (All Saints song)\">Black Coffee</a>\" and \"<a href=\"/wiki/All_Hooked_Up\" title=\"All Hooked Up\">All Hooked Up</a>\". Promo copies of the track \"Surrender\" began circulating in early January 2001, indicating it would have been the fourth proper single from the album had the group not disbanded soon after the album's release. The first single from the album, the Orbit-produced \"Pure Shores\", preceded the album by several months, having been previously released on the soundtrack for the 2000 film <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Beach_%28film%29\" title=\"The Beach (film)\">The Beach</a></i>. It topped the <a href=\"/wiki/UK_singles_chart\" title=\"UK singles chart\">UK singles chart</a> and was certified double platinum. Second single \"Black Coffee\" also got to number one in the UK, whilst final single \"All Hooked Up\" peaked at number seven.\n</p><p>The majority of the songs were written by <a href=\"/wiki/Shaznay_Lewis\" title=\"Shaznay Lewis\">Shaznay Lewis</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Karl_Gordon\" title=\"Karl Gordon\">Karl Gordon</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Melanie_Blatt\" title=\"Melanie Blatt\">Melanie Blatt</a> wrote two tracks on the album, \"I Feel You\" and \"Ha Ha\", the former track being written in dedication to her daughter, while <a href=\"/wiki/Natalie_Appleton\" title=\"Natalie Appleton\">Natalie Appleton</a> co-wrote the track \"Dreams\" with <a href=\"/wiki/Samantha_Fox\" title=\"Samantha Fox\">Samantha Fox</a>. Fox said she is credited on the song as \"Karen Wilkin\".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/showperson.asp?name=Karen+Wilkin|title = Samantha Fox – hitparade.ch}}</ref> Commercially, <i>Saints &amp; Sinners</i> wasn't as successful as its preceding album.\n</p>", "<h2>Background</h2>\n<p>In 1999, three of the group's members – <a href=\"/wiki/Nicole_Appleton\" title=\"Nicole Appleton\">Nicole Appleton</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Natalie_Appleton\" title=\"Natalie Appleton\">Natalie Appleton</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Melanie_Blatt\" title=\"Melanie Blatt\">Melanie Blatt</a> – were approached by <a href=\"/wiki/Dave_Stewart_%28Eurythmics%29\" title=\"Dave Stewart (Eurythmics)\">Dave Stewart</a> to appear on the film <i><a href=\"/wiki/Honest_%28film%29\" title=\"Honest (film)\">Honest</a></i>, playing the main characters. At the same time, remaining member <a href=\"/wiki/Shaznay_Lewis\" title=\"Shaznay Lewis\">Shaznay Lewis</a> went to the United States to work with William Orbit, noted for his work with American singer and songwriter <a href=\"/wiki/Madonna\" title=\"Madonna\">Madonna</a>, on the songs and backing tracks for All Saints' second album, provisionally titled <i>I Need the Mic</i>.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kutner|first=Jon|title=1000 UK Number One Hits|publisher=[[Omnibus Press]]|year=2005|isbn=1844492834}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dotmusic.com/artists/allsaints/news/december1999/news12371.asp|title=All Saints to return with Orbit's aid|date=8 December 1999|publisher=[[Dotmusic]]|accessdate=31 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000615104339/http://www.dotmusic.com/artists/allsaints/news/december1999/news12371.asp|archive-date=15 June 2000}}</ref> In December 1999, reports confirmed that All Saints completed recording for the album, and set its release date for March or April 2000. \"The album is finished and we are now mastering it. It has great tracks on it. We were even working on the mixing desks. We wanted to get involved with every aspect of the album right down to the final version\", said Shaznay Lewis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dotmusic.com/artists/AllSaints/news/November1999/news12134.asp|title=New All Saints album finished|date=17 November 1999|publisher=Dotmusic|accessdate=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000611075643/http://dotmusic.com/artists/AllSaints/news/November1999/news12134.asp|archive-date=11 June 2000}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Critical reception </h2>\n<p>{{Album ratings\n| rev1 = [[AllMusic]]\n| rev1score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref name=\"AllMusic\"/>\n| rev2 = ''[[Dotmusic]]''\n| rev2score = 2/5<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dotmusic.com/artists/AllSaints/reviews/October2000/reviews15861.asp |title=All Saints – 'Saints & Sinners' (London)|last=Batey|first=Angus|website=[[Dotmusic]]|date=16 October 2000|access-date=17 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001213070000/http://www.dotmusic.com/artists/AllSaints/reviews/October2000/reviews15861.asp|archive-date=13 December 2000|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n| rev3 = ''[[The Guardian]]''\n| rev3score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/friday_review/story/0,3605,381186,00.html|title=Pop CD of the week: All Saints|last=Sullivan|first=Caroline|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=13 October 2000|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref>\n| rev4 = ''[[Mixmag]]''\n| rev4score = 3/5<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Lynskey|first=Dorian|title=Albums: Tunes: Unbelievers: The 'All Saints' follow-up, and only Orbit can lift the girls|magazine=[[Mixmag]]|volume=2|issue=114|date=1 November 2000|page=197|issn=0957-6622}}</ref>\n| rev5 = ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]''\n| rev5score = {{Rating|2|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine|title=All Saints: Saints & Sinners (London 8573 85295 2)|last=Gennoe|first=Dan|magazine=[[Q (magazine)|Q]]|date=November 2000|url=https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/all-saints-isaints--sinnersi-london-8573-85295-2|access-date=27 July 2021|via=[[Rock's Backpages]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref>\n| rev6 = ''[[Uncut (magazine)|Uncut]]''\n| rev6score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Roberts|first=Chris|title=Albums: All Saints|magazine=Uncut|issue=43|date=1 December 2000|page=89|issn=1368-0722}}</ref>\n}} \n<i>Saints &amp; Sinners</i> received mixed reviews from music critics. <i><a href=\"/wiki/NME\" title=\"NME\">NME</a></i> stated: \"It's better than the new Spice Girls record. But really, that's not good enough.\" They criticised the group's lack of new musical direction, saying \"[...] But since the release of their first album and their meteoric rise to tabloid infamy, they seem to be on a mission to tear down that credibility, brick by brick.\" Although praising the singles, they concluded that \"For a British pop album, 'Saints And Sinners' is simply passable.\"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/album/reviews-nme-3118|title=Saints And Sinners|website=[[NME]]|date=7 October 2000|accessdate=2 February 2019}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Entertainment.ie\" title=\"Entertainment.ie\">Entertainment.ie</a> however were more positive, giving it four stars out of five. They felt that \"<i>Saints and Sinners</i> is a confident set of vibrant R'n'B songs driven by swirling dance rhythms and some luscious harmonies.\" They further judged: \"At heart the Saints are superlative singers and the unique chemistry conjured up by their four individual voices makes this one of the best pop albums of the year.\"<ref><a href=\"http://entertainment.ie/album-review/All-Saints-Saints-and-Sinners/110154.htm\">Music Review | All Saints – Saints and Sinners</a>. entertainment.ie (19 October 2000).</ref>\n</p><p>Despite <a href=\"/wiki/AllMusic\" title=\"AllMusic\">AllMusic</a> not reviewing the album, they awarded it three stars out of five.<ref name=\"AllMusic\"><a href=\"http://www.allmusic.com/album/saints-sinners-mw0000524340\">Saints &amp; Sinners – All Saints | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards</a>. AllMusic (20 March 2000).</ref> They highlighted \"Pure Shores\", \"Black Coffee\" and \"Dreams\" as the album's standout tracks.<ref><a href=\"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/all-saints-mn0000000534/songs\">All Saints | Songs</a>. AllMusic.</ref> Nigel Packer from <a href=\"/wiki/BBC_Music\" title=\"BBC Music\">BBC Music</a> gave <i>Saints &amp; Sinners</i> a positive review, but remarked: \"It's a sign of just what <i>Saints and Sinners</i> might have been with Orbit at the helm throughout. Instead we're left with one strong EP trapped inside a pretty run-of-the-mill album.\"<ref><a href=\"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/971043.stm\">NEW MUSIC RELEASES | CD Review: All Saints</a>. BBC News (15 October 2000).</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Commercial reception</h2>\n<p>Commercially, <i>Saints &amp; Sinners</i> was not as successful as the group's self-titled debut album. While debuting at number eight on the <a href=\"/wiki/Official_New_Zealand_Music_Chart\" title=\"Official New Zealand Music Chart\">New Zealand Albums Chart</a>, it stayed in the chart for just five weeks. The album debuted at twenty-six on the <a href=\"/wiki/ARIA_Charts\" title=\"ARIA Charts\">Australian Albums Chart</a>, and rose to peak at twenty. Although the album charted in the top fifty for three weeks, it was later certified <a href=\"/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification\" title=\"Music recording sales certification\">Gold</a> by <a href=\"/wiki/Australian_Recording_Industry_Association\" title=\"Australian Recording Industry Association\">ARIA</a>. In Norway and Sweden, the album reached the top 20 (fifteen and nineteen, respectively) but lasted for less than a month in the charts (at four and three weeks, respectively).\n</p><p>The album was not so successful in Austria, where it debuted at twelve for two consecutive weeks and spent five weeks in the chart. It was more moderate in Switzerland, where it debuted at seven on the <a href=\"/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade\" title=\"Swiss Hitparade\">Swiss Albums Chart</a> and charted for ten weeks. The album peaked at fourteen in Germany and endured for eleven weeks in the chart.<ref><a href=\"http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=All+Saints&amp;titel=Saints+%26+Sinners&amp;cat=a\">All Saints – Saints &amp; Sinners</a> suitable for most charts.</ref> The album was more successful in their native United Kingdom, where it peaked at number one for a sole week. It clocked up a total of twenty-three weeks in the chart.<ref><a href=\"https://www.officialcharts.com/search/albums/Saints+&amp;+Sinners\">officialcharts.com</a></ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Singles</h2>\n<p>The album's first single was \"<a href=\"/wiki/Pure_Shores\" title=\"Pure Shores\">Pure Shores</a>\". It was released as the lead single from the album by <a href=\"/wiki/London_Records\" title=\"London Records\">London Records</a> in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and United Kingdom on 12 September 1999, until a physical worldwide release occurred on 11 February 2000. The song was also used as the first single for the 2000 film <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Beach_%28film%29\" title=\"The Beach (film)\">The Beach</a></i> and its soundtrack. Composed as a \"futuristic dream-pop\" song, \"Pure Shores\" received very positive reviews from music critics, many praising the group's vocals, musical composition, and lyrical content. Commercially, the song was a huge success, peaking high on the charts in many countries including Ireland, New Zealand, Italy, United Kingdom, Australia, Finland, France, and Switzerland. The song was released in Canada, but only charted at thirty-five, and was their last single to chart in North America. The music video is set on the beach and features clips from the movie <i>The Beach.</i>\n</p><p>The album's second single was \"<a href=\"/wiki/Black_Coffee_%28All_Saints_song%29\" title=\"Black Coffee (All Saints song)\">Black Coffee</a>\". It was released by London Records worldwide on 2 October 2000. Composed as a <a href=\"/wiki/Dance-pop\" title=\"Dance-pop\">dance-pop</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Trip_hop\" title=\"Trip hop\">trip hop</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Electronica\" title=\"Electronica\">electronica</a> song, \"Black Coffee\" received positive reviews from music critics, many again praising the musical composition and the group's vocals. While not managing to reach the heights of lead single \"Pure Shores\", \"Black Coffee\" still reached number one in the United Kingdom, also charting in Australia, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, and Switzerland. The music video is set in a luxury apartment and on the rooftop of the apartment during the night.\n</p><p>The album's third and final single was \"<a href=\"/wiki/All_Hooked_Up\" title=\"All Hooked Up\">All Hooked Up</a>\". It was released by London Records worldwide on 27 January 2001. It was the group's last single prior to their temporary split. The song did not match the success of the album's previous singles, reaching no.7 in the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, and Switzerland. The video for \"All Hooked Up\" is set in a hotel room.\n</p>", "<h2>Track listing</h2>\n<p>{{Track listing\n| extra_column = Producer(s)\n| title1 = [[Pure Shores]]\n| writer1 = [[Shaznay Lewis]], [[Susannah Melvoin]], [[William Orbit]]\n| extra1 = William Orbit\n| length1 = 4:28\n| title2 = [[All Hooked Up]]\n| writer2 = Lewis, [[K-Gee|Karl Gordon]]\n| extra2 = Karl <small>(K-Gee)</small> Gordon\n| length2 = 3:48\n| title3 = Dreams\n| writer3 = [[Natalie Appleton]], [[Cris Bonacci]], [[Samantha Fox|Karen Wilkin]], Orbit\n| extra3 = [[Cameron McVey]] and [[Paul Simm]] with <br />Orbit <small>(additional production)</small>\n| length3 = 4:24\n| title4 = Distance\n| writer4 = Lewis, Gordon, Kyle McCray\n| extra4 = Gordon\n| length4 = 4:25\n| title5 = [[Black Coffee (All Saints song)|Black Coffee]]\n| writer5 = [[Kirsty Bertarelli|Kirsty Elizabeth]], Tom Nichols, Alex Von Soos\n| extra5 = Orbit\n| length5 = 4:45\n| title6 = Whoopin' Over You\n| writer6 = Lewis, Jonny Douglas\n| extra6 = Jonny Douglas\n| length6 = 4:04\n| title7 = I Feel You\n| writer7 = [[Melanie Blatt]], Russell Nash, Femi Williams, [[Stuart Zender]]\n| extra7 = Stuart Zender and Femi Fem\n| length7 = 5:35\n| title8 = Surrender\n| writer8 = Lewis, Orbit\n| extra8 = Orbit\n| length8 = 5:10\n| title9 = Ha Ha\n| writer9 = Blatt, Douglas\n| extra9 = Douglas\n| length9 = 4:08\n| title10 = Love Is Love\n| writer10 = Lewis, Douglas\n| extra10 = Douglas\n| length10 = 4:06\n| title11 = Ready, Willing and Able\n| writer11 = Lewis, Gordon\n| extra11 = Gordon\n| length11 = 3:36\n| title12 = Saints & Sinners\n| writer12 = Lewis, Gordon, Michelle Escoffery\n| extra12 = Gordon\n| length12 = 4:15\n}}\n{{Track listing\n| headline = UK edition bonus tracks\n| extra_column = Producer(s)\n| title13 = I Don't Wanna Be Alone\n| writer13 = Lewis, Gordon, [[Wayne Hector]], [[Ali Tennant|Alistair Tennant]]\n| extra13 = Karl <small>(K-Gee)</small> Gordon\n| length13 = 4:15\n| title14 = One More Tequila\n| writer14 = Lewis, Gordon\n| extra14 = Gordon\n| length14 = 3:42\n}}\n{{Track listing\n| headline = Australian edition bonus tracks<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/All-Saints-Saints-Sinners/release/4624287|title=All Saints – Saints & Sinners (CD, Album) at Discogs|publisher=[[Discogs]]|accessdate=29 January 2016}}</ref>\n| extra_column = Producer(s)\n| title13 = Pure Shores\n| note13 = 2 Da Beach U Don't Stop Remix\n| writer13 = Lewis, Orbit\n| extra13 = Orbit, Gordon {{small|(additional and remix production)}}\n| length13 = 5:00\n| title14 = Black Coffee\n| note14 = [[The Neptunes]] Remix\n| writer14 = Elizabeth, Nichols, Von Soos\n| extra14 = Orbit, The Neptunes {{small|(remix production)}}\n| length14 = 4:45\n}}\n</p>", "<h2> Charts </h2>\n<p>{{col-begin}}\n{{col-2}}\n</p><h3> Weekly charts </h3>\n<tableclass=\"wikitable sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th> Chart (2000)\n</th>\n<th> Peak<br />position\n</th></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Australia|20|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n<td>Australian Dance Albums (<a href=\"/wiki/ARIA_Charts\" title=\"ARIA Charts\">ARIA</a>)<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020221-0000/www.aria.com.au/issue568.PDF|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080222222432/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020221-0000/www.aria.com.au/issue568.PDF|url-status=dead|date=15 January 2001|archive-date=23 February 2008|title=ARIA Dance – Week Commencing 15th January 2001|journal=[[The ARIA Report]]|page=15|via=[[National Library of Australia]]|issue=568|access-date=17 April 2023}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">9\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Austria|12|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Flanders|27|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=28 April 2017}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Wallonia|39|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=28 April 2017}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Netherlands|16|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums\" title=\"European Top 100 Albums\">European Albums</a> (<i><a href=\"/wiki/Music_%26_Media\" title=\"Music & Media\">Music &amp; Media</a></i>)<ref name=\"Billboard: Hits of the World (Page 57)\">{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BAEAAAAMBAJ&q=all+saints+sinners+billboard&pg=PA57|title=Billboard: Hits of the World (Page 57)|magazine=Billboard|date=2000-11-18|accessdate=2018-08-03}}</ref>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center;\">4\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Finland|19|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|France|36|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Germany4|14|id=3459|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"left\">Greek Albums (<a href=\"/wiki/IFPI\" title=\"IFPI\">IFPI</a>)<ref name=\"Billboard: Hits of the World\">{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BAEAAAAMBAJ&q=all+saints+sinners+billboard&pg=PA57|title=Billboard: Hits of the World (Page 57)|magazine=Billboard|date=2000-11-18|accessdate=2013-09-11}}</ref>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center;\">8\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Hungary|21|year=200|week=44|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Ireland2|2|artist=All Saints|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Italy|22|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=28 April 2017}}\n</tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"left\">Japanese Albums (<a href=\"/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart\" title=\"Oricon Albums Chart\">Oricon</a>)<ref name=\"Jachart\">{{cite book|title=Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970-2005|publisher=Oricon Entertainment|location=[[Roppongi]], [[Tokyo]]|year=2006|isbn=4-87131-077-9}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">65\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|New Zealand|8|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Norway|15|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Scotland|1|date=20001022|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Sweden|10|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Switzerland|7|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|UK2|1|date=20001022|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr></table>\n<p>{{col-2}}\n</p><h3> Year-end charts </h3>\n<tableclass=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th> Chart (2000)\n</th>\n<th> Position\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/2000|title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2000|website=hitparade.ch|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">99\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>UK Albums (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/20000109/37502/|title=End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2000|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">29\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th> Chart (2001)\n</th>\n<th> Position\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>UK Albums (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2001.pdf|title=The Official UK Albums Chart 2001|work=[[UKChartsPlus]]|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">153\n</td></tr></table>\n<p>{{col-end}}\n</p>", "<h3> Weekly charts </h3>\n<tableclass=\"wikitable sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th> Chart (2000)\n</th>\n<th> Peak<br />position\n</th></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Australia|20|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n<td>Australian Dance Albums (<a href=\"/wiki/ARIA_Charts\" title=\"ARIA Charts\">ARIA</a>)<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020221-0000/www.aria.com.au/issue568.PDF|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20080222222432/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20020221-0000/www.aria.com.au/issue568.PDF|url-status=dead|date=15 January 2001|archive-date=23 February 2008|title=ARIA Dance – Week Commencing 15th January 2001|journal=[[The ARIA Report]]|page=15|via=[[National Library of Australia]]|issue=568|access-date=17 April 2023}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">9\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Austria|12|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Flanders|27|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=28 April 2017}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Wallonia|39|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=28 April 2017}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Netherlands|16|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/European_Top_100_Albums\" title=\"European Top 100 Albums\">European Albums</a> (<i><a href=\"/wiki/Music_%26_Media\" title=\"Music & Media\">Music &amp; Media</a></i>)<ref name=\"Billboard: Hits of the World (Page 57)\">{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BAEAAAAMBAJ&q=all+saints+sinners+billboard&pg=PA57|title=Billboard: Hits of the World (Page 57)|magazine=Billboard|date=2000-11-18|accessdate=2018-08-03}}</ref>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center;\">4\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Finland|19|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|France|36|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Germany4|14|id=3459|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"left\">Greek Albums (<a href=\"/wiki/IFPI\" title=\"IFPI\">IFPI</a>)<ref name=\"Billboard: Hits of the World\">{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BAEAAAAMBAJ&q=all+saints+sinners+billboard&pg=PA57|title=Billboard: Hits of the World (Page 57)|magazine=Billboard|date=2000-11-18|accessdate=2013-09-11}}</ref>\n</td>\n<td style=\"text-align:center;\">8\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Hungary|21|year=200|week=44|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Ireland2|2|artist=All Saints|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Italy|22|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=28 April 2017}}\n</tr><tr>\n<tdalign=\"left\">Japanese Albums (<a href=\"/wiki/Oricon_Albums_Chart\" title=\"Oricon Albums Chart\">Oricon</a>)<ref name=\"Jachart\">{{cite book|title=Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970-2005|publisher=Oricon Entertainment|location=[[Roppongi]], [[Tokyo]]|year=2006|isbn=4-87131-077-9}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">65\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|New Zealand|8|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Norway|15|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Scotland|1|date=20001022|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Sweden|10|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Switzerland|7|artist=All Saints|album=Saints & Sinners|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|UK2|1|date=20001022|accessdate=30 December 2020}}\n</tr></table>\n<p>{{col-2}}\n</p>", "<h3> Year-end charts </h3>\n<tableclass=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th> Chart (2000)\n</th>\n<th> Position\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/2000|title=Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2000|website=hitparade.ch|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">99\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>UK Albums (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/20000109/37502/|title=End of Year Album Chart Top 100 – 2000|publisher=Official Charts Company|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">29\n</td></tr><tr>\n<th> Chart (2001)\n</th>\n<th> Position\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>UK Albums (OCC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/ChartsPlusYE2001.pdf|title=The Official UK Albums Chart 2001|work=[[UKChartsPlus]]|accessdate=30 December 2020}}</ref>\n</td>\n<tdalign=\"center\">153\n</td></tr></table>\n<p>{{col-end}}\n</p>", "<h2> Certifications and sales </h2>\n<p>{{Certification Table Top}}\n{{Certification Table Entry|region=Australia|type=album|title=Saints & Sinners|artist=All Saints|award=Gold|certyear=2001|relyear=2000}}\n{{Certification Table Entry|region=Denmark|type=album|title=Saints & Sinners|artist=All Saints|award=Gold|certyear=2001|relyear=1997|certref=<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.musik.org/publikationer/guldplatin.htm |title=Guld og Platin 2001 |date=2001 |work=[[IFPI Denmark]] |access-date=11 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021005180226/http://www.musik.org/publikationer/guldplatin.htm |archive-date=5 October 2002 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}\n{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|title=Saints & Sinners|artist=All Saints|type=album|award=Platinum|number=2|certyear=1997|relyear=1997|id=5674-981-2|salesamount=610,000|salesref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/galleries/albums-turning-20-years-old-in-2020/?28167|title= Albums turning 20 years old in 2020|last=Copsey|first=Rob|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |accessdate=9 January 2020}}</ref>}}\n{{Certification Table Summary}}\n{{Certification Table Entry|region=Europe|title=Saints & Sinners|artist=All Saints|award=Platinum|certyear=2000}}\n{{Certification Table Bottom}}\n</p>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20061108051655/http://www.allsaintsofficial.com/\">Official site</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{All Saints}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Saints and Sinners (All Saints Album)}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2000_albums\" title=\"2000 albums\">Category:2000 albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:All_Saints_%28group%29_albums\" title=\"All Saints (group) albums\">Category:All Saints (group) albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_Cameron_McVey\" title=\"Albums produced by Cameron McVey\">Category:Albums produced by Cameron McVey</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Albums_produced_by_William_Orbit\" title=\"Albums produced by William Orbit\">Category:Albums produced by William Orbit</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 7903804 ], "name": [ "Citation bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Location, discovery, and layout", "Excavation and contents", "Recent investigation", "Decoration", "Recut cartouches", "Image gallery", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|Ancient Egyptian tomb of Pharaoh Siptah}}\n{{Infobox Egyptian tomb\n| name = KV47\n| owner = [[Siptah]]\n| image = Sarcophage SiptahKV47.JPG\n| image_alt =\n| caption = The sarcophagus of Siptah in the burial chamber\n| coordinates = {{coord|25|44|20.6|N|32|35|59.9|E|type:landmark_region:EG|display=inline,title}}\n| map_alt =\n| location = [[List of burials in the Valley of the Kings#East Valley|East Valley of the Kings]]\n| date = 18 December 1905\n| excavated = [[Edward R. Ayrton]] (1905–1907)<br />[[Harry Burton (Egyptologist)|Harry Burton]] (1912–1913)<br />[[Howard Carter]] (1922)<br />MISR Project: Mission Siptah-Ramses X (1999–present)\n| decoration =Litany of Re; Amduat; Book of the Dead; Maat\n| layout =\n| prev = KV46\n| next = KV48\n}}\n<b>Tomb KV47</b>, located in the <a href=\"/wiki/Valley_of_the_Kings\" title=\"Valley of the Kings\">Valley of the Kings</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Egypt\" title=\"Egypt\">Egypt</a>, was used for the burial of <a href=\"/wiki/Pharaoh\" title=\"Pharaoh\">Pharaoh</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Siptah\" title=\"Siptah\">Siptah</a> of the <a href=\"/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt\" title=\"Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt\">Nineteenth Dynasty</a>. It was discovered on December 18, 1905 by <a href=\"/wiki/Edward_R._Ayrton\" title=\"Edward R. Ayrton\">Edward R. Ayrton</a>, excavating on behalf of <a href=\"/wiki/Theodore_M._Davis\" title=\"Theodore M. Davis\">Theodore M. Davis</a>; Siptah's mummy had been found earlier, cached in <a href=\"/wiki/KV35\" title=\"KV35\">KV35</a>.<ref name=\"Davis 2\">{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Theodore M. |last2=Maspero |first2=Gaston |last3=Ayrton |first3=Edward |last4=Daressy |first4=George |last5=Jones |first5=E. Harold |title=The Tomb of Siptah; The Monkey Tomb and the Gold Tomb |date=1908 |publisher=Archibald Constable and Co., Ltd. |location=London |page=2 |url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/sites/dl-pa.home.nyu.edu.awdl/files/tombofsiphtahmon04davi/tombofsiphtahmon04davi.pdf |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref> It was the last of the Nineteenth and <a href=\"/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt\" title=\"Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt\">Twentieth Dynasty</a> kings tombs to be uncovered in the Valley.<ref name=\"Romer 1981 siptah\">{{cite book |last1=Romer |first1=John |title=Valley of the Kings |date=1981 |publisher=Book Club Associates |location=London |pages=207}}</ref> Ayrton stopped his excavation in 1907 due to safety fears, and <a href=\"/wiki/Harry_Burton_%28Egyptologist%29\" title=\"Harry Burton (Egyptologist)\">Harry Burton</a> returned in 1912 to dig further. The cutting of a side passage was halted after the workmen cut into Side Chamber Ja of the tomb of <a href=\"/wiki/Tiaa\" title=\"Tiaa\">Tia'a</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/KV32\" title=\"KV32\">KV32</a>). The tomb was unfinished at the time of its use.<ref name=\"Burton Winlock\">{{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Henry |last2=Winlock |first2=Herbert E.. |title=The Late Theodore M. Davis's Excavation at Thebes in 1912–13. I. The Excavation of the Rear Corridors and Sepulchral Chamber of the Tomb of King Siphtah |journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |date=1916 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=13–18 |doi=10.2307/3253774 |jstor=3253774 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3253774 |access-date=25 February 2021 |issn=0026-1521}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Location, discovery, and layout</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Plan_siptah_burton_winlock.jpg\" title=\"Plan siptah burton winlock.jpg\">thumb|upright|Plan of the tomb, from Burton's excavations</a>\nKV47 is located in a bay at the southern end of the Valley of the Kings, close to the contemporary tombs of <a href=\"/wiki/Seti_II\" title=\"Seti II\">Seti II</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/KV15\" title=\"KV15\">KV15</a>), <a href=\"/wiki/Bay_%28chancellor%29\" title=\"Bay (chancellor)\">Bay</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/KV13\" title=\"KV13\">KV13</a>), and <a href=\"/wiki/Twosret\" title=\"Twosret\">Twosret</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/KV14\" title=\"KV14\">KV14</a>). Unlike these tombs, which are cut into the cliff face, this tomb was cut into a tongue of rock running north to south that separates the bay from the main valley.<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\">{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Theodore M. |last2=Maspero |first2=Gaston |last3=Ayrton |first3=Edward |last4=Daressy |first4=George |last5=Jones |first5=E. Harold |title=The Tomb of Siptah; The Monkey Tomb and the Gold Tomb |date=1908 |publisher=Archibald Constable and Co., Ltd. |location=London |pages=11–15 |url=http://dlib.nyu.edu/awdl/sites/dl-pa.home.nyu.edu.awdl/files/tombofsiphtahmon04davi/tombofsiphtahmon04davi.pdf |access-date=2 December 2020}}</ref>\n</p><p>In November 1905 Davis secured Ayrton as his excavator, looking to continue his systematic clearance of the Valley.<ref name=\"Davis 2\" /> The investigation began by systematically running trenches towards the rock face at regular intervals,<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" /> encountering the top of a flight of steps on 18 December 1905.<ref name=\"Davis 2\" /> The entrance had been buried at a depth of {{convert|6–12|ft|m}} in chippings and debris from the construction of the surrounding tombs. After a day of excavation the top of the lintel was revealed, bearing the cartouches of Siptah, who had, until that point, been thought to share the tomb of Twosret.<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" />\n</p><p>The tomb layout consists of a ramp flanked by stairs leading down to a large <a href=\"/wiki/Stucco\" title=\"Stucco\">stucco</a>-covered doorway. The jambs bear the king's names and titles while the lintel depicts Isis and Nephthys adoring the sun in the form of Khnum-Kheper-Re. The entrance was once sealed by large wooden doors, as evidenced by the sockets cut into the floor and ceiling. The tomb then progresses through three hallways, which are alternately descending and flat; small niches are cut on either side at the far end of the third corridor. Next is a square chamber with a level floor, followed by a pillared hall with four columns; only one unstable column remains. A descending staircase cut into the middle of the floor leads to two further corridors.<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" /> A vestibule and antechamber adjoin the Sepulchral Hall or burial chamber, which measures {{convert|9.30|x|13.50|m|ft}}. Four columns arranged across the width of the chamber once supported the flat section of the roof; the rest of the chamber has a vaulted ceiling.<ref name=\"Burton Winlock\">{{cite journal |last1=Burton |first1=Henry |last2=Winlock |first2=Herbert E.. |title=The Late Theodore M. Davis's Excavation at Thebes in 1912–13. I. The Excavation of the Rear Corridors and Sepulchral Chamber of the Tomb of King Siphtah |journal=The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin |date=1916 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=13–18 |doi=10.2307/3253774 |jstor=3253774 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3253774 |access-date=25 February 2021 |issn=0026-1521}}</ref>\n</p><p>Ayrton considered the layout of the tomb to be similar to that of KV14,<ref name=\"Ayrton PSBA\">{{cite journal |last1=Ayrton |first1=Edward N. |title=Discovery of the Tomb of Si-Ptah in the Biban El Moluk, Thebes |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology |date=1906 |volume=XXVIII |page=96 |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedings28soci/page/96/mode/2up |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref> and in the general style of the period of its construction.<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" /> However, there are several unusual features: Two descending corridors, instead of the conventional corridor and stairway, lead from the pillared hall; the unfinished burial chamber lacks satellite storage chambers, perhaps due to the unstable nature of the rock.<ref name=\"Complete Valley 155-156\">{{cite book |last1=Reeves |first1=Nicholas |last2=Wilkinson |first2=Richard H. |title=The Complete Valley of the Kings: Tombs and Treasures of Egypt's Greatest Pharaohs |date=1996 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-28403-2 |pages=155–156 |edition=2010 paperback}}</ref> Most unique is the passage commencement on the left side of the final corridor which was abandoned after it broke through into <a href=\"/wiki/KV32\" title=\"KV32\">KV32</a>, on the opposite side of the hill.<ref name=\"Complete Valley 155-156\" /><ref name=\"Burton Winlock\" /> It was intended to be the start of the original burial chamber,<ref name=\"TMP KV47\">{{cite web |title=Siptah: Theban Mapping Project |url=https://thebanmappingproject.com/tombs/kv-47-siptah |website=thebanmappingproject.com |publisher=American Research Centre in Egypt |access-date=4 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> or perhaps to provide the storage rooms.<ref name=\"Complete Valley 155-156\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Excavation and contents</h2>\n<p>In the course of his investigation, Ayrton noted two distinct layers within the fill in the entrance and upper corridors: a lower level that reached the lintel and filled most of the corridors, and an upper level of flood-washed debris. An entrance had been dug into the lower layer and secured at the entrance by a wall of stacked limestone chips, indicating entry by later robbers or priests.<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" />\n</p><p>He cleared as far as the chamber at the end of the sunken corridors which he found to be \"most unsafe to work in\" due to most of the ceiling having collapsed. Furthermore, water-deposited debris, consolidated into a hard mass, complicated any further excavation. Knowing that Siptah's mummy was among those found cached in <a href=\"/wiki/KV35\" title=\"KV35\">KV35</a>, and that the tomb was likely thoroughly looted in antiquity with any surviving objects presumed to be crushed under the weight of the collapsed ceiling as evidenced by what he identified as a single fragment of an <a href=\"/wiki/Alabaster\" title=\"Alabaster\">alabaster</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Sarcophagus\" title=\"Sarcophagus\">sarcophagus</a>, Ayrton decided to abandon the excavation.<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" />\n</p><p>Henry Burton completed the excavation on behalf of Theodore Davis in 1912–13 \"as no further collapse had occurred since Ayrton had abandoned it.\"<ref name=\"Burton Winlock\" /> Ayrton had cleared the entrance corridors, tunnelling through the debris in the following chamber, pillared hall and corridors to reach the antechamber, which he partially cleared. Burton began by fully clearing the vestibule and adjoining lower corridor which proved difficult as the flood-washed debris and mud had set hard over time. The antechamber was cleared by 23 February 1912, and work began on the next corridor where the \"rubbish was so tightly packed and tough that it was scarcely possible to distinguish it from the living rock.\"<ref name=\"Burton Winlock\" />\n</p><p>Work resumed on 16 December and on 2 January 1913 the Sepulchral Hall was reached. The flat front part of the ceiling had collapsed, along with the four columns that once supported it. The ceiling remained unstable, and a stone support pillar was built to support the most dangerous-looking section. This chamber was also choked with debris {{convert|2.5|m|ft}} deep at its shallowest. Upon finding it still contained the pink <a href=\"/wiki/Granite\" title=\"Granite\">granite</a> sarcophagus of the king, the temporary pillar was removed, and the most dangerous parts of the ceiling pulled down to stabilize the roof. The <a href=\"/wiki/Cartouche\" title=\"Cartouche\">cartouche</a>-shaped sarcophagus, measuring {{convert|10.25|x|5.25|ft|m}}, was found in good condition with the lid lying face down beside it. The lid features the <a href=\"/wiki/Osiris\" title=\"Osiris\">Osiride</a> figure of the king flanked by <a href=\"/wiki/Isis\" title=\"Isis\">Isis</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Nephthys\" title=\"Nephthys\">Nephthys</a>; the box is decorated with funerary texts,<ref name=\"Burton Winlock\" /> and an alternating band of <i>kheker</i>-frieze and seated jackals, with underworld deities below.<ref name=\"Complete Valley 155-156\" /> Isis and Nephthys are also present at the head and foot ends. The contents of the huge box proved only to be a handful of bones from a later, <a href=\"/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt\" title=\"Third Intermediate Period of Egypt\">Third Intermediate Period</a> burial.<ref name=\"Burton Winlock\" />\n</p><p>The finds from the layers of debris included pottery of a Nineteenth or Twentieth Dynasty date, <a href=\"/wiki/Ostracon\" title=\"Ostracon\">ostraka</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ushabti\" title=\"Ushabti\">ushabti</a> of Siptah and <a href=\"/wiki/Seti_I\" title=\"Seti I\">Seti I</a>, a piece of wood naming 'The Royal Mother Thiy', and pieces of an alabaster ushabti for a woman.<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" /> These pieces for Thiy (Tiaa) are now thought to be strays washed in from the adjacent KV32.<ref name=\"Dodson Hilton 181\">{{cite book |last1=Dodson |first1=Aidan |last2=Hilton |first2=Dylan |title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt |date=2004 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-28857-3 |page=181 |edition=2010 paperback}}</ref> Their presence, together with the fragments of duplicate funerary furniture, had led to the assumption that Siptah had been interred together with his mother Tiaa. However, his mother is possibly a certain Sutailja;<ref name=\"Schneider\">{{cite journal |last1=Schneider |first1=Thomas |title=Siptah und Beja. Neubeurteilung einer historischen Konstellation |journal=Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde |date=2003 |volume=130 |pages=134–146 |doi=10.1524/zaes.2003.130.1.134 |s2cid=192842131 |url=https://www.academia.edu/6374960 |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=de}}</ref> though Dodson and Hilton see her instead as a wife of Ramesses II and the mother of his son Ramesses-Siptah.<ref name=\"Dodson Hilton 169\">{{cite book |last1=Dodson |first1=Aidan |last2=Hilton |first2=Dylan |title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt |date=2004 |publisher=Thames & Hudson |location=London |isbn=978-0-500-28857-3 |page=169 |edition=2010 paperback}}</ref>\n</p><p>Burton first recovered the upper and lower halves of an alabaster ushabti with an ink inscription of Siptah's prenomen across two lower corridors; in the burial chamber many more whole and broken alabaster ushabti were found. Ten of these were given by Davis to the <a href=\"/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art\" title=\"Metropolitan Museum of Art\">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. Also recovered from the burial chamber were many limestone jar lids decorated with a design of lotuses, along with numerous fragments of alabaster, presumably from the canopic box and other funerary furniture.<ref name=\"Burton Winlock\" /> Among these fragments have been identified parts of two canopic chests, an alabaster sarcophagus, and two anthropoid coffins; unexpectedly some pieces bear the name of <a href=\"/wiki/Merenptah\" title=\"Merenptah\">Merenptah</a>.<ref name=\"Complete Valley 155-156\" />\n</p><p>Howard Carter excavated in the entranceway of the tomb in 1922.<ref name=\"TMP KV47\" />\n</p><h3>Recent investigation</h3>\n<p>The tomb was re-examined in 2001/2002 and 2004/2005 as part of the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Basel\" title=\"University of Basel\">University of Basel</a>'s MISR Project. Walls were cleaned and consolidated, revealing traces of decoration in the antechamber. The 2001/2002 season excavations outside the tomb entrance uncovered a Nineteenth Dynasty workmen's camp. Excavations east of the entrance in the 2004/2005 season uncovered pottery, fragments of a sarcophagus of unknown origin, as well as more fragments of Siptah and Tiaa's burial equipment. The modern wooden floor was removed from the burial chamber to permit a full clearance of the remaining debris; small fragments missing from Siptah's sarcophagus were located in the course of this work.<ref name=\"MISR basel\">{{cite web |title=Siptah KV 47 |url=https://aegyptologie.philhist.unibas.ch/de/forschung/forschungsprojekte/misr-mission-siptah-ramses-x/siptah-kv-47/ |website=University of Basel MISR: Mission Siptah-Ramesses X |access-date=3 March 2021 |language=de-CH}}</ref><ref name=\"Jenni MISR\">{{cite web |last1=Jenni |first1=Hanna |title=MISR: Mission Siptah – Ramses X: Three royal tombs and a cluster of workers' huts in the Valley of the Kings |url=https://www.archaeologie-online.de/artikel/2001/thema-aegypten/misr-mission-siptah-ramses-x/ |website=Archäologie Online |date=March 2001 |access-date=3 March 2021 |language=de}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Recent investigation</h3>\n<p>The tomb was re-examined in 2001/2002 and 2004/2005 as part of the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Basel\" title=\"University of Basel\">University of Basel</a>'s MISR Project. Walls were cleaned and consolidated, revealing traces of decoration in the antechamber. The 2001/2002 season excavations outside the tomb entrance uncovered a Nineteenth Dynasty workmen's camp. Excavations east of the entrance in the 2004/2005 season uncovered pottery, fragments of a sarcophagus of unknown origin, as well as more fragments of Siptah and Tiaa's burial equipment. The modern wooden floor was removed from the burial chamber to permit a full clearance of the remaining debris; small fragments missing from Siptah's sarcophagus were located in the course of this work.<ref name=\"MISR basel\">{{cite web |title=Siptah KV 47 |url=https://aegyptologie.philhist.unibas.ch/de/forschung/forschungsprojekte/misr-mission-siptah-ramses-x/siptah-kv-47/ |website=University of Basel MISR: Mission Siptah-Ramesses X |access-date=3 March 2021 |language=de-CH}}</ref><ref name=\"Jenni MISR\">{{cite web |last1=Jenni |first1=Hanna |title=MISR: Mission Siptah – Ramses X: Three royal tombs and a cluster of workers' huts in the Valley of the Kings |url=https://www.archaeologie-online.de/artikel/2001/thema-aegypten/misr-mission-siptah-ramses-x/ |website=Archäologie Online |date=March 2001 |access-date=3 March 2021 |language=de}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Decoration</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Wall_paintings_in_Siptah%27s_tomb%2C_Valley_of_Kings.jpg\" title=\"Wall paintings in Siptah's tomb, Valley of Kings.jpg\">thumb|left|Siptah receiving life, power, and strength from Ra-Horakhty</a>\nThe outer corridors are plastered and decorated to a high standard. Immediately inside the entrance, <a href=\"/wiki/Maat\" title=\"Maat\">Maat</a> is depicted on either side seated on a basket supported by the plants of <a href=\"/wiki/Upper_Egypt\" title=\"Upper Egypt\">Upper</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Lower_Egypt\" title=\"Lower Egypt\">Lower Egypt</a>. Beyond, on the left side, the king receives life, power, and strength from Ra-Horakhty. Scenes from the <a href=\"/wiki/Litany_of_Re\" title=\"Litany of Re\">Litany of Re</a> dominate the first passage, with further chapters in the second; chapters from the <a href=\"/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead\" title=\"Book of the Dead\">Book of the Dead</a> also feature in the first and second corridors. Scenes from the <a href=\"/wiki/Amduat\" title=\"Amduat\">Amduat</a> once decorated the third corridor, though decoration here is mostly lost, with little trace of plaster remaining.<ref name=\"Complete Valley 155-156\" /><ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" /> The ceiling of the first corridor features vultures with outstretched wings;<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" /> \"unbesmirched by soot and smoke they remain one of the finest examples of such ceilings in the Valley.\"<ref name=\"Romer 1981 siptah\" /> The second corridor has a ceiling painted with yellow stars on a blue background and a central band of inscription, taken from the Litany of Re.<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" /> Traces of decoration depicting chapters of the Amudat also remain in the antechamber.<ref name=\"Jenni MISR\" />\n</p><h3>Recut cartouches</h3>\n<p>Throughout the tomb, the cartouches of Siptah were cut out then recarved; these changes are overlaid by the lower level of debris.<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" /> Spalinger suggested that this occurred in the Nineteenth Dynasty, with the erasures by Twosret and the restorations by Bay.<ref name=\"Reeves votk decline\">{{cite book |last1=Reeves |first1=C. N. |title=Valley of the Kings: Decline of a royal necropolis |date=1990 |publisher=Kegan Paul International |location=London |isbn=0-7103-0368-8 |pages=106–107}}</ref> However, it is now known that Bay was executed in the fifth year of Siptah's reign.<ref name=\"Grandet Bay\">{{cite journal |last1=Grandet |first1=Pierre |title=L'exécution du chancelier Bay. O. IFAO 1864 |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale |date=2000 |volume=100 |pages=339–345 |url=https://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/100/14/ |access-date=28 February 2021|language=fr}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Hartwig_Altenm%C3%BCller\" title=\"Hartwig Altenmüller\">Hartwig Altenmüller</a> sees the erasure and restoration as part of an updating of the tomb. In this scenario, Twosret usurped the sarcophagus for her own burial; the updating of the names throughout the tomb occurred when it was returned in the reign of <a href=\"/wiki/Setnakhte\" title=\"Setnakhte\">Setnakhte</a>.<ref name=\"Altenmuller 25-61\">{{cite journal |last1=Altenmüller |first1=Hartwig |title=Bemerkungen zu den Königsgräbern des Neuen Reiches |journal=Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur |date=1983 |volume=10 |pages=25–61 |jstor=44325726 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44325726 |issn=0340-2215|language=de}}</ref> However, Twosret's own granite sarcophagus, later usurped for Prince <a href=\"/wiki/Amenherkhepshef\" title=\"Amenherkhepshef\">Amenherkhepshef</a>, was located by Altenmüller in his excavation of KV13.<ref name=\"Altenmuller 1-18\">{{cite journal |last1=Altenmüller |first1=Hartwig |title=Dritter Vorbericht über die Arbeiten des Archäologischen Instituts der Universität Hamburg am Grab des Bay (KV 13) im Tal der Könige von Theben |journal=Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur |date=1994 |volume=21 |pages=1–18 |jstor=25152685 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152685 |issn=0340-2215|language=de}}</ref>\n</p><p>Possibly related to the altering of the cartouches is the find of an ostraca mentioning a gang of workmen:\n<blockquote>Year 7, 2 <a href=\"/wiki/Season_of_the_Inundation\" title=\"Season of the Inundation\">Akhet</a> [day] 1. Going up to complete the work in this place by the gang: (list of thirty-five workmen)<ref name=\"Reeves votk decline\" /></blockquote>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Jaroslav_%C4%8Cern%C3%BD_%28Egyptologist%29\" title=\"Jaroslav Černý (Egyptologist)\">Jaroslav Černý</a> dates the inscription to the late Twentieth through early <a href=\"/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt\" title=\"Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt\">Twenty-first</a> Dynasties.<ref name=\"Cerny 1930\">{{cite book |last1=Černý |first1=Jaroslav (1898–1970) |title=Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire N°25675–25832 Ostraca hiératiques Tome I, Fasc. 1 |date=1930 |publisher=Le Caire Imprimerie De L'Institute Français D'Archéologie Orientale |page=27 |url=https://archive.org/details/CernyOstracaI21930/page/n11/mode/2up |access-date=3 March 2021|language=fr}}</ref> Reeves suggests that, given the ostraca's association with the earlier entrance dug into the lower fill layer, it refers to the dismantling of the burial and removal of the king's body for reburial elsewhere.<ref name=\"Reeves votk decline\" />\n</p><p>The cartouches on sarcophagus have also been recut, though as elsewhere, this does not necessarily mean the item was co-opted for the king's burial.<ref name=\"Complete Valley 155-156\" />\n</p>", "<h3>Recut cartouches</h3>\n<p>Throughout the tomb, the cartouches of Siptah were cut out then recarved; these changes are overlaid by the lower level of debris.<ref name=\"Ayrton 11-15\" /> Spalinger suggested that this occurred in the Nineteenth Dynasty, with the erasures by Twosret and the restorations by Bay.<ref name=\"Reeves votk decline\">{{cite book |last1=Reeves |first1=C. N. |title=Valley of the Kings: Decline of a royal necropolis |date=1990 |publisher=Kegan Paul International |location=London |isbn=0-7103-0368-8 |pages=106–107}}</ref> However, it is now known that Bay was executed in the fifth year of Siptah's reign.<ref name=\"Grandet Bay\">{{cite journal |last1=Grandet |first1=Pierre |title=L'exécution du chancelier Bay. O. IFAO 1864 |journal=Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale |date=2000 |volume=100 |pages=339–345 |url=https://www.ifao.egnet.net/bifao/100/14/ |access-date=28 February 2021|language=fr}}</ref> <a href=\"/wiki/Hartwig_Altenm%C3%BCller\" title=\"Hartwig Altenmüller\">Hartwig Altenmüller</a> sees the erasure and restoration as part of an updating of the tomb. In this scenario, Twosret usurped the sarcophagus for her own burial; the updating of the names throughout the tomb occurred when it was returned in the reign of <a href=\"/wiki/Setnakhte\" title=\"Setnakhte\">Setnakhte</a>.<ref name=\"Altenmuller 25-61\">{{cite journal |last1=Altenmüller |first1=Hartwig |title=Bemerkungen zu den Königsgräbern des Neuen Reiches |journal=Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur |date=1983 |volume=10 |pages=25–61 |jstor=44325726 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44325726 |issn=0340-2215|language=de}}</ref> However, Twosret's own granite sarcophagus, later usurped for Prince <a href=\"/wiki/Amenherkhepshef\" title=\"Amenherkhepshef\">Amenherkhepshef</a>, was located by Altenmüller in his excavation of KV13.<ref name=\"Altenmuller 1-18\">{{cite journal |last1=Altenmüller |first1=Hartwig |title=Dritter Vorbericht über die Arbeiten des Archäologischen Instituts der Universität Hamburg am Grab des Bay (KV 13) im Tal der Könige von Theben |journal=Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur |date=1994 |volume=21 |pages=1–18 |jstor=25152685 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25152685 |issn=0340-2215|language=de}}</ref>\n</p><p>Possibly related to the altering of the cartouches is the find of an ostraca mentioning a gang of workmen:\n<blockquote>Year 7, 2 <a href=\"/wiki/Season_of_the_Inundation\" title=\"Season of the Inundation\">Akhet</a> [day] 1. Going up to complete the work in this place by the gang: (list of thirty-five workmen)<ref name=\"Reeves votk decline\" /></blockquote>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Jaroslav_%C4%8Cern%C3%BD_%28Egyptologist%29\" title=\"Jaroslav Černý (Egyptologist)\">Jaroslav Černý</a> dates the inscription to the late Twentieth through early <a href=\"/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt\" title=\"Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt\">Twenty-first</a> Dynasties.<ref name=\"Cerny 1930\">{{cite book |last1=Černý |first1=Jaroslav (1898–1970) |title=Catalogue Général des Antiquités Égyptiennes du Musée du Caire N°25675–25832 Ostraca hiératiques Tome I, Fasc. 1 |date=1930 |publisher=Le Caire Imprimerie De L'Institute Français D'Archéologie Orientale |page=27 |url=https://archive.org/details/CernyOstracaI21930/page/n11/mode/2up |access-date=3 March 2021|language=fr}}</ref> Reeves suggests that, given the ostraca's association with the earlier entrance dug into the lower fill layer, it refers to the dismantling of the burial and removal of the king's body for reburial elsewhere.<ref name=\"Reeves votk decline\" />\n</p><p>The cartouches on sarcophagus have also been recut, though as elsewhere, this does not necessarily mean the item was co-opted for the king's burial.<ref name=\"Complete Valley 155-156\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Image gallery</h2>\n<p><gallery>\nImage:Siptah-ShabtisFromKV54_MetropolitanMuseum.png|Several ushabti of Siptah, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.\nFile:Shabti of Siptah MET 14.6.180 front.jpg|An ushabti of Siptah, now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<p>{{commons category}}\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://thebanmappingproject.com/tombs/kv-47-siptah\">KV47 on the Theban Mapping Project</a>\n</li></ul></p><p>{{Valley of the Kings}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Kv47}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1905_archaeological_discoveries\" title=\"1905 archaeological discoveries\">Category:1905 archaeological discoveries</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_completed_in_the_12th_century_BC\" title=\"Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century BC\">Category:Buildings and structures completed in the 12th century BC</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Valley_of_the_Kings\" title=\"Valley of the Kings\">Category:Valley of the Kings</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 1189543 ], "name": [ "Simeon" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Club career", "Melbourne Victory", "Wellington Phoenix", "Adelaide United", "Perth Glory", "Altona Magic", "International career", "Career statistics", "Honours", "Club", "International", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Australian soccer player (born 1985)}}\n{{EngvarB|date=July 2013}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}\n{{Infobox football biography\n| name = Vince Lia\n| image = Vince Lia.jpg\n| image_size = 210\n| caption = Lia playing for [[Wellington Phoenix FC|Wellington Phoenix]] in 2009\n| fullname = Vince Lia\n| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|3|18|df=y}}\n| birth_place = [[Shepparton]], Victoria, Australia\n| height = {{height|m=1.79}}\n| position = [[Midfielder (football)|Central midfielder]] / [[Midfielder (football)|Defensive midfielder]]\n| currentclub = [[Altona Magic SC|Altona Magic]]\n| clubnumber =\n| youthyears1 = \n| youthclubs1 = Tatura\n| youthyears2 = \n| youthclubs2 = [[South Melbourne FC|South Melbourne]]\n| years1 = 2001–2004\n| clubs1 = [[South Melbourne FC|South Melbourne]]\n| caps1 = 51\n| goals1 = 0\n| years2 = 2005\n| clubs2 = [[Fawkner-Whittlesea Blues]]\n| caps2 = 3\n| goals2 = 0\n| years3 = 2005–2007\n| clubs3 = [[Melbourne Victory FC|Melbourne Victory]]\n| caps3 = 24\n| goals3 = 0\n| years4 = 2007–2017\n| clubs4 = [[Wellington Phoenix FC|Wellington Phoenix]]\n| caps4 = 197\n| goals4 = 4\n| years5 = 2017–2020\n| clubs5 = [[Adelaide United FC|Adelaide United]]\n| caps5 = 34\n| goals5 = 3\n| years6 = 2020\n| clubs6 = [[Perth Glory FC|Perth Glory]]\n| caps6 = 4\n| goals6 = 0\n| years7 = 2021–2022\n| clubs7 = [[Altona Magic SC|Altona Magic]]\n| caps7 = 38\n| goals7 = 3\n| years8 = 2023–\n| clubs8 = [[Essendon Royals SC|Essendon Royals]]\n| caps8 = 9\n| goals8 = 0\n| nationalyears1 = 2002–2003\n| nationalteam1 = [[Australia national under-17 football team|Australia U-17]]\n| nationalcaps1 = 12\n| nationalgoals1 = 1\n| nationalyears2 = 2002–2005\n| nationalteam2 = [[Australia national under-20 football team|Australia U-20]]\n| nationalcaps2 = 21\n| nationalgoals2 = 5\n| nationalyears3 = 2006–2007\n| nationalteam3 = [[Australia men's national under-23 soccer team|Australia U-23]]\n| nationalcaps3 = 4\n| nationalgoals3 = 0\n| pcupdate = 11:05, 15 May 2023 (UTC)\n| ntupdate = 6 January 2012\n| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[association football|football]]}}\n{{MedalCountry|{{fb|AUS}}}}\n{{MedalCompetition|[[OFC U-20 Championship]]}}\n{{Medal|W|[[2005 OFC U-20 Championship|2005]]|}}\n}}\n</p><p><b>Vince Lia</b> (born 18 March 1985) is an Australian professional <a href=\"/wiki/Association_football\" title=\"Association football\">football (soccer)</a> player who plays for <a href=\"/wiki/Essendon_Royals_SC\" title=\"Essendon Royals SC\">Essendon Royals</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria_3\" title=\"National Premier Leagues Victoria 3\">National Premier Leagues Victoria 3</a>.\n</p><p>Born in <a href=\"/wiki/Shepparton\" title=\"Shepparton\">Shepparton</a>, Lia played youth football in Victoria before making his senior debut with <a href=\"/wiki/South_Melbourne_FC\" title=\"South Melbourne FC\">South Melbourne</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Soccer_League\" title=\"National Soccer League\">National Soccer League</a>. He spent one season with <a href=\"/wiki/Fawkner-Whittlesea_Blues\" title=\"Fawkner-Whittlesea Blues\">Fawkner-Whittlesea Blues</a> in 2005 before joining <a href=\"/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC\" title=\"Melbourne Victory FC\">Melbourne Victory</a> in 2005 to play in the newly formed <a href=\"/wiki/A-League\" title=\"A-League\">A-League</a>. Lia next spent a decade at <a href=\"/wiki/Wellington_Phoenix_FC\" title=\"Wellington Phoenix FC\">Wellington Phoenix</a>, making over 200 appearances for the club in all competitions. He returned to Australia in 2017, signing with <a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC\" title=\"Adelaide United FC\">Adelaide United</a>. He had a brief spell at <a href=\"/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC\" title=\"Perth Glory FC\">Perth Glory</a> in 2020.\n</p><p>Lia represented Australia numerous times at youth level, including at the <a href=\"/wiki/2003_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup\" title=\"2003 FIFA U-20 World Cup\">2003 FIFA U-20 World Cup</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/2005_FIFA_U-20_World_Cup\" title=\"2005 FIFA U-20 World Cup\">2005 FIFA U-20 World Cup</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Club career</h2>\n<h3>Melbourne Victory</h3>\n<p>Lia spent the early stages of his professional career in the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Soccer_League\" title=\"National Soccer League\">NSL</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/South_Melbourne_FC\" title=\"South Melbourne FC\">South Melbourne</a>. He then moved on to <a href=\"/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC\" title=\"Melbourne Victory FC\">Melbourne Victory</a> where he spent two years as a fringe player, albeit winning a championship.\n</p><h3>Wellington Phoenix</h3>\n<p>Lia moved to the <a href=\"/wiki/Wellington_Phoenix_FC\" title=\"Wellington Phoenix FC\">Wellington Phoenix</a> in 2007. Lia scored his first ever A-League goal in a 1–1 draw against his former club, <a href=\"/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC\" title=\"Melbourne Victory FC\">Melbourne Victory</a>, in the 58th minute on 24 November 2007.<ref><a href=\"http://www.a-league.com.au/Scoreboard_HAL/0000780074/scoreboard.html\"> MELBOURNE V WELLINGTON – 24 NOVEMBER 2007</a> {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120718071614/http://www.a-league.com.au/Scoreboard_HAL/0000780074/scoreboard.html |date=18 July 2012 }}</ref>\nLia missed the entire <a href=\"/wiki/A-League_2008-09\" title=\"A-League 2008-09\">2008–09 A-League Season</a> due to a knee injury suffered in pre-season, requiring a full reconstruction. On 20 October 2009, Lia extended his contract with the Wellington Phoenix until the end of 2012.<ref>{{cite news| title=Vince Lia extends contract with Phoenix| url=http://www.wellingtonphoenix.com/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=30116| publisher=WellingtonPhoenix.com| access-date=29 October 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301072922/http://www.wellingtonphoenix.com/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=30116| archive-date=1 March 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</p><h3>Adelaide United</h3>\n<p>After a successful trial, Lia was given a one-year deal with Adelaide United for the 2017–18 season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/vince-lia-signs-with-adelaide-united-470050|title=Vince Lia signs with Adelaide United|newspaper=[[FourFourTwo]]|date=3 August 2017}}</ref> He made his A-League debut for the club on 13 October 2017 in a 2–1 win over <a href=\"/wiki/Brisbane_Roar_FC\" title=\"Brisbane Roar FC\">Brisbane Roar</a>.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/football/adelaide-united-complete-thrilling-stoppagetime-comeback-to-rock-brisbane-roar/news-story/0dd76b7b466c81b0957dda71f889f83d|title=Adelaide United complete thrilling stoppage-time comeback to rock Brisbane Roar|publisher=[[News.com.au]]|author=Migliaccio, Val|date=14 October 2017|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref> A week later, Lia scored both goals for Adelaide in a 2–2 draw against Melbourne Victory, his former club.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-20/a-league-scorecentre/9070200?section=sport|title=Adelaide United held to a 2–2 draw by winless Melbourne Victory at Adelaide Oval|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|location=Australia|date=20 October 2017|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>\n</p><h3>Perth Glory</h3>\n<p>Following a number of injuries to <a href=\"/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC\" title=\"Perth Glory FC\">Perth Glory</a>'s defence, the club signed Lia for the remainder of the <a href=\"/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_A-League\" title=\"2019–20 A-League\">2019–20 A-League</a> season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chadwick|first=Justin|date=21 January 2020|title=GLORY SIGN VINCE LIA AS DJULBIC PUT ON ICE|url=https://www.ftbl.com.au/news/glory-sign-vince-lia-as-djulbic-put-on-ice-536802|access-date=9 December 2020|website=FTBL}}</ref> Lia was released by <a href=\"/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC\" title=\"Perth Glory FC\">Perth Glory</a> at the end of the <a href=\"/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_A-League\" title=\"2019–20 A-League\">2019–20 A-League</a>.<ref name=\"Glory\">{{cite news|url=https://www.perthglory.com.au/news/squad-latest|first=Gareth|last=Morgan|date=1 September 2020|access-date=1 September 2020|website=[[Perth Glory FC]]|title=Squad Latest}}</ref>\n</p><h3>Altona Magic</h3>\n<p>In February 2021, Lia joined <a href=\"/wiki/Altona_Magic_SC\" title=\"Altona Magic SC\">Altona Magic</a>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altonamagic.com.au/vince-lia/|title=Vince Lia|publisher=[[Altona Magic SC|Altona Magic]]|date=2 February 2021}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Melbourne Victory</h3>\n<p>Lia spent the early stages of his professional career in the <a href=\"/wiki/National_Soccer_League\" title=\"National Soccer League\">NSL</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/South_Melbourne_FC\" title=\"South Melbourne FC\">South Melbourne</a>. He then moved on to <a href=\"/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC\" title=\"Melbourne Victory FC\">Melbourne Victory</a> where he spent two years as a fringe player, albeit winning a championship.\n</p>", "<h3>Wellington Phoenix</h3>\n<p>Lia moved to the <a href=\"/wiki/Wellington_Phoenix_FC\" title=\"Wellington Phoenix FC\">Wellington Phoenix</a> in 2007. Lia scored his first ever A-League goal in a 1–1 draw against his former club, <a href=\"/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC\" title=\"Melbourne Victory FC\">Melbourne Victory</a>, in the 58th minute on 24 November 2007.<ref><a href=\"http://www.a-league.com.au/Scoreboard_HAL/0000780074/scoreboard.html\"> MELBOURNE V WELLINGTON – 24 NOVEMBER 2007</a> {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120718071614/http://www.a-league.com.au/Scoreboard_HAL/0000780074/scoreboard.html |date=18 July 2012 }}</ref>\nLia missed the entire <a href=\"/wiki/A-League_2008-09\" title=\"A-League 2008-09\">2008–09 A-League Season</a> due to a knee injury suffered in pre-season, requiring a full reconstruction. On 20 October 2009, Lia extended his contract with the Wellington Phoenix until the end of 2012.<ref>{{cite news| title=Vince Lia extends contract with Phoenix| url=http://www.wellingtonphoenix.com/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=30116| publisher=WellingtonPhoenix.com| access-date=29 October 2009| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301072922/http://www.wellingtonphoenix.com/default.aspx?s=newsdisplay&id=30116| archive-date=1 March 2011| url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Adelaide United</h3>\n<p>After a successful trial, Lia was given a one-year deal with Adelaide United for the 2017–18 season.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.fourfourtwo.com.au/news/vince-lia-signs-with-adelaide-united-470050|title=Vince Lia signs with Adelaide United|newspaper=[[FourFourTwo]]|date=3 August 2017}}</ref> He made his A-League debut for the club on 13 October 2017 in a 2–1 win over <a href=\"/wiki/Brisbane_Roar_FC\" title=\"Brisbane Roar FC\">Brisbane Roar</a>.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/football/adelaide-united-complete-thrilling-stoppagetime-comeback-to-rock-brisbane-roar/news-story/0dd76b7b466c81b0957dda71f889f83d|title=Adelaide United complete thrilling stoppage-time comeback to rock Brisbane Roar|publisher=[[News.com.au]]|author=Migliaccio, Val|date=14 October 2017|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref> A week later, Lia scored both goals for Adelaide in a 2–2 draw against Melbourne Victory, his former club.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-10-20/a-league-scorecentre/9070200?section=sport|title=Adelaide United held to a 2–2 draw by winless Melbourne Victory at Adelaide Oval|publisher=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]|location=Australia|date=20 October 2017|access-date=21 October 2017}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Perth Glory</h3>\n<p>Following a number of injuries to <a href=\"/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC\" title=\"Perth Glory FC\">Perth Glory</a>'s defence, the club signed Lia for the remainder of the <a href=\"/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_A-League\" title=\"2019–20 A-League\">2019–20 A-League</a> season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chadwick|first=Justin|date=21 January 2020|title=GLORY SIGN VINCE LIA AS DJULBIC PUT ON ICE|url=https://www.ftbl.com.au/news/glory-sign-vince-lia-as-djulbic-put-on-ice-536802|access-date=9 December 2020|website=FTBL}}</ref> Lia was released by <a href=\"/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC\" title=\"Perth Glory FC\">Perth Glory</a> at the end of the <a href=\"/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_A-League\" title=\"2019–20 A-League\">2019–20 A-League</a>.<ref name=\"Glory\">{{cite news|url=https://www.perthglory.com.au/news/squad-latest|first=Gareth|last=Morgan|date=1 September 2020|access-date=1 September 2020|website=[[Perth Glory FC]]|title=Squad Latest}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Altona Magic</h3>\n<p>In February 2021, Lia joined <a href=\"/wiki/Altona_Magic_SC\" title=\"Altona Magic SC\">Altona Magic</a>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altonamagic.com.au/vince-lia/|title=Vince Lia|publisher=[[Altona Magic SC|Altona Magic]]|date=2 February 2021}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>International career</h2>\n<p>Lia captained the Australian U-20's at the 2005 <a href=\"/wiki/FIFA_World_Youth_Championship\" title=\"FIFA World Youth Championship\">FIFA World Youth Championship</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Career statistics</h2>\n<p>{{updated|15 May 2023}}\n</p><table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\n<tr>\n<td>+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition\n</td></tr>\n<tr>\n<throwspan=\"2\">Club\n</th>\n<throwspan=\"2\">Season\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"3\">League\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Cup\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Continental\n</th>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total\n</th></tr><tr>\n<th>Division</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals</th><th>Apps</th><th>Goals\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"4\" valign=\"center\"><a href=\"/wiki/South_Melbourne_FC\" title=\"South Melbourne FC\">South Melbourne</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_National_Soccer_League\" title=\"2001–02 National Soccer League\">2001–02</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/National_Soccer_League\" title=\"National Soccer League\">National Soccer League</a>\n</td>\n<td>13</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>13</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2002%E2%80%9303_National_Soccer_League\" title=\"2002–03 National Soccer League\">2002–03</a>\n</td>\n<td>21</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>21</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_National_Soccer_League\" title=\"2003–04 National Soccer League\">2003–04</a>\n</td>\n<td>17</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">South Melbourne total</th><th>51</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>51</th><th>0\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Fawkner-Whittlesea_Blues\" title=\"Fawkner-Whittlesea Blues\">Fawkner-Whittlesea Blues</a>\n</td>\n<td>2005\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria\" title=\"National Premier Leagues Victoria\">Victorian Premier League</a>\n</td>\n<td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC\" title=\"Melbourne Victory FC\">Melbourne Victory</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Melbourne_Victory_FC_season\" title=\"2005–06 Melbourne Victory FC season\">2005–06</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/A-League\" title=\"A-League\">A-League</a>\n</td>\n<td>17</td><td>0</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>19</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_Melbourne_Victory_FC_season\" title=\"2006–07 Melbourne Victory FC season\">2006–07</a>\n</td>\n<td>7</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>11</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Melbourne Victory total</th><th>24</th><th>0</th><th>6</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>30</th><th>0\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"11\"><a href=\"/wiki/Wellington_Phoenix_FC\" title=\"Wellington Phoenix FC\">Wellington Phoenix</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_Wellington_Phoenix_FC_season\" title=\"2007–08 Wellington Phoenix FC season\">2007–08</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"10\"><a href=\"/wiki/A-League\" title=\"A-League\">A-League</a>\n</td>\n<td>13</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>14</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Wellington_Phoenix_FC_season\" title=\"2008–09 Wellington Phoenix FC season\">2008–09</a>\n</td>\n<td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>1</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Wellington_Phoenix_FC_season\" title=\"2009–10 Wellington Phoenix FC season\">2009–10</a>\n</td>\n<td>26</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>26</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Wellington_Phoenix_FC_season\" title=\"2010–11 Wellington Phoenix FC season\">2010–11</a>\n</td>\n<td>24</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>24</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Wellington_Phoenix_FC_season\" title=\"2011–12 Wellington Phoenix FC season\">2011–12</a>\n</td>\n<td>21</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>21</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Wellington_Phoenix_FC_season\" title=\"2012–13 Wellington Phoenix FC season\">2012–13</a>\n</td>\n<td>23</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>23</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Wellington_Phoenix_FC_season\" title=\"2013–14 Wellington Phoenix FC season\">2013–14</a>\n</td>\n<td>27</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>27</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Wellington_Phoenix_FC_season\" title=\"2014–15 Wellington Phoenix FC season\">2014–15</a>\n</td>\n<td>21</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>21</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Wellington_Phoenix_FC_season\" title=\"2015–16 Wellington Phoenix FC season\">2015–16</a>\n</td>\n<td>16</td><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>18</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Wellington_Phoenix_FC_season\" title=\"2016–17 Wellington Phoenix FC season\">2016–17</a>\n</td>\n<td>26</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>27</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Wellington total</th><th>197</th><th>4</th><th>5</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>202</th><th>4\n</th></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"4\" valign=\"center\"><a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC\" title=\"Adelaide United FC\">Adelaide United</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Adelaide_United_FC_season\" title=\"2017–18 Adelaide United FC season\">2017–18</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/A-League\" title=\"A-League\">A-League</a>\n</td>\n<td>9</td><td>2</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>11</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_A-League\" title=\"2018–19 A-League\">2018–19</a>\n</td>\n<td>23</td><td>1</td><td>4</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>27</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Adelaide_United_FC_season\" title=\"2019–20 Adelaide United FC season\">2019–20</a>\n</td>\n<td>2</td><td>0</td><td>3</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>5</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Adelaide total</th><th>34</th><th>3</th><th>9</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>43</th><th>3\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC\" title=\"Perth Glory FC\">Perth Glory</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Perth_Glory_FC_season\" title=\"2019–20 Perth Glory FC season\">2019–20</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/A-League\" title=\"A-League\">A-League</a>\n</td>\n<td>4</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>4</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n</tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\"><a href=\"/wiki/Altona_Magic_SC\" title=\"Altona Magic SC\">Altona Magic</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2021_National_Premier_Leagues\" title=\"2021 National Premier Leagues\">2021</a>\n</td>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\"><a href=\"/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria\" title=\"National Premier Leagues Victoria\">National Premier Leagues Victoria</a>\n</td>\n<td>17</td><td>2</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>17</td><td>2\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2022_National_Premier_Leagues\" title=\"2022 National Premier Leagues\">2022</a>\n</td>\n<td>21</td><td>1</td><td>1</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>22</td><td>1\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"2\">Total</th><th>18</th><th>3</th><th>1</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>39</th><th>3\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Essendon_Royals_SC\" title=\"Essendon Royals SC\">Essendon Royals</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/2023_Football_Victoria_season\" title=\"2023 Football Victoria season\">2023</a>\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria_3\" title=\"National Premier Leagues Victoria 3\">National Premier Leagues Victoria 3</a>\n</td>\n<td>9</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>9</td><td>0\n</td></tr><tr>\n<thcolspan=\"3\">Career total</th><th>353</th><th>10</th><th>17</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>0</th><th>370</th><th>10\n</th></tr></table>", "<h2>Honours</h2>\n<h3>Club</h3>\n<dl><dt><a href=\"/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC\" title=\"Melbourne Victory FC\">Melbourne Victory</a>\n</dt></dl><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/A-League\" title=\"A-League\">A-League</a> Championship: <a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_A-League\" title=\"2006–07 A-League\">2006–07</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/A-League\" title=\"A-League\">A-League</a> Premiership: <a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_A-League\" title=\"2006–07 A-League\">2006–07</a>\n</li></ul><dl><dt><a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC\" title=\"Adelaide United FC\">Adelaide United</a>\n</dt></dl><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/FFA_Cup\" title=\"FFA Cup\">FFA Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2018_FFA_Cup\" title=\"2018 FFA Cup\">2018</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2019_FFA_Cup\" title=\"2019 FFA Cup\">2019</a>\n</li></ul><h3>International</h3>\n<dl><dt><a href=\"/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team\" title=\"Australia men's national soccer team\">Australia</a>\n</dt></dl><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/OFC_U-20_Championship\" title=\"OFC U-20 Championship\">OFC U-20 Championship</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2002_OFC_U-20_Championship\" title=\"2002 OFC U-20 Championship\">2002</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2005_OFC_U-20_Championship\" title=\"2005 OFC U-20 Championship\">2005</a><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=2-2989-0-0-0&sID=29150&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=106005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010143119/http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=2-2989-0-0-0&sID=29150&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=106005|website=[[Oceania Football Confederation]]|date=31 January 2005|archive-date=10 October 2012|title=Australia win OFC U20 Qualifiers}}</ref>\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Club</h3>\n<dl><dt><a href=\"/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC\" title=\"Melbourne Victory FC\">Melbourne Victory</a>\n</dt></dl><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/A-League\" title=\"A-League\">A-League</a> Championship: <a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_A-League\" title=\"2006–07 A-League\">2006–07</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/A-League\" title=\"A-League\">A-League</a> Premiership: <a href=\"/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_A-League\" title=\"2006–07 A-League\">2006–07</a>\n</li></ul><dl><dt><a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC\" title=\"Adelaide United FC\">Adelaide United</a>\n</dt></dl><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/FFA_Cup\" title=\"FFA Cup\">FFA Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2018_FFA_Cup\" title=\"2018 FFA Cup\">2018</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2019_FFA_Cup\" title=\"2019 FFA Cup\">2019</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h3>International</h3>\n<dl><dt><a href=\"/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team\" title=\"Australia men's national soccer team\">Australia</a>\n</dt></dl><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/OFC_U-20_Championship\" title=\"OFC U-20 Championship\">OFC U-20 Championship</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/2002_OFC_U-20_Championship\" title=\"2002 OFC U-20 Championship\">2002</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/2005_OFC_U-20_Championship\" title=\"2005 OFC U-20 Championship\">2005</a><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=2-2989-0-0-0&sID=29150&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=106005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010143119/http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=2-2989-0-0-0&sID=29150&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=106005|website=[[Oceania Football Confederation]]|date=31 January 2005|archive-date=10 October 2012|title=Australia win OFC U20 Qualifiers}}</ref>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Players/LAW.html#VinceLia\">Aussie Footballers</a> Lawrie to Lia\n</li><li> {{soccerway|vince-lia/17638}}\n</li></ul><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Lia, Vince}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1985_births\" title=\"1985 births\">Category:1985 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_Shepparton\" title=\"Sportspeople from Shepparton\">Category:Sportspeople from Shepparton</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Australian_people_of_Italian_descent\" title=\"Australian people of Italian descent\">Category:Australian people of Italian descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_of_Italian_descent\" title=\"Sportspeople of Italian descent\">Category:Sportspeople of Italian descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Australian_men%27s_soccer_players\" title=\"Australian men's soccer players\">Category:Australian men's soccer players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Expatriate_men%27s_association_footballers_in_New_Zealand\" title=\"Expatriate men's association footballers in New Zealand\">Category:Expatriate men's association footballers in New Zealand</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:A-League_Men_players\" title=\"A-League Men players\">Category:A-League Men players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:National_Soccer_League_%28Australia%29_players\" title=\"National Soccer League (Australia) players\">Category:National Soccer League (Australia) players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Melbourne_Victory_FC_players\" title=\"Melbourne Victory FC players\">Category:Melbourne Victory FC players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:South_Melbourne_FC_players\" title=\"South Melbourne FC players\">Category:South Melbourne FC players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wellington_Phoenix_FC_players\" title=\"Wellington Phoenix FC players\">Category:Wellington Phoenix FC players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Adelaide_United_FC_players\" title=\"Adelaide United FC players\">Category:Adelaide United FC players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Perth_Glory_FC_players\" title=\"Perth Glory FC players\">Category:Perth Glory FC players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Altona_Magic_SC_players\" title=\"Altona Magic SC players\">Category:Altona Magic SC players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Australian_people_of_Chinese_descent\" title=\"Australian people of Chinese descent\">Category:Australian people of Chinese descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_of_Chinese_descent\" title=\"Sportspeople of Chinese descent\">Category:Sportspeople of Chinese descent</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_midfielders\" title=\"Men's association football midfielders\">Category:Men's association football midfielders</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Soccer_players_from_Victoria_%28state%29\" title=\"Soccer players from Victoria (state)\">Category:Soccer players from Victoria (state)</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 25511559 ], "name": [ "IvanScrooge98" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Expand French|topic=geo|date=December 2008|Trois-Villes}}\n{{Infobox French commune\n|name = Trois-Villes\n|native name = Iruri\n|commune status = [[Communes of France|Commune]]\n|image = Troisvilles (Pyr-Atl, Fr) mairie.JPG\n|caption = The town hall of Trois-Villes\n|arrondissement = Oloron-Sainte-Marie\n|canton = Montagne Basque\n|INSEE = 64537\n|postal code = 64470\n|mayor = Jean Etchemendy<ref>{{cite web|title=Répertoire national des élus: les maires|url=https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503|website=data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises|date=2 December 2020|language=fr}}</ref>\n|term = 2020&ndash;2026\n|intercommunality = [[Communauté d'agglomération du Pays Basque|CA Pays Basque]]\n|coordinates = {{coord|43.1342|-0.8756|format=dms|display=inline,title}}\n|elevation m = 300\n|elevation min m = 195\n|elevation max m = 793\n|area km2 = 6.39\n|population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}}\n|population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}\n|population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}\n}}\n</p><p><b>Trois-Villes</b> ({{IPA|fr|tʁwɑ vil|lang}}; literally \"Three Cities\"; {{Lang-eu|Iruri}})<ref name=\"AES\"><a href=\"https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/en/iruri/ar-73440/\">IRURI</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Au%C3%B1amendi_Encyclopedia\" title=\"Auñamendi Encyclopedia\">Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia</a> {{in lang|es}}</ref> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Communes_of_France\" title=\"Communes of France\">commune</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Departments_of_France\" title=\"Departments of France\">department</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques\" title=\"Pyrénées-Atlantiques\">Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Nouvelle-Aquitaine\" title=\"Nouvelle-Aquitaine\">Nouvelle-Aquitaine Region</a> of south-western <a href=\"/wiki/France\" title=\"France\">France</a>.\n</p><p>The French military officer <a href=\"/wiki/Comte_de_Troisville\" title=\"Comte de Troisville\">Comte de Troisville</a> was a major landowner in this village.\n</p><p>It is located in the <a href=\"/wiki/Provinces_of_France\" title=\"Provinces of France\">former province</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Soule\" title=\"Soule\">Soule</a>.<ref name=\"AES\" />\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Communes_of_the_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques_department\" title=\"Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department\">Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p>{{commons category}}\n</p><p>{{Zuberoa}}\n{{Pyrénées-Atlantiques communes}}\n</p><p>{{authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Troisvilles}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Communes_of_Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques\" title=\"Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques\">Category:Communes of Pyrénées-Atlantiques</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Pyr%C3%A9n%C3%A9es-Atlantiques_communes_articles_needing_translation_from_French_Wikipedia\" title=\"Pyrénées-Atlantiques communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia\">Category:Pyrénées-Atlantiques communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia</a></p><p><br />\n{{PyrénéesAtlantiques-geo-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 11555324 ], "name": [ "GoingBatty" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Production", "Track listing", "Personnel", "Charts", "Weekly charts", "Year-end charts", "Certifications", "Release history", "Notes", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}\n{{Infobox album\n| name = Inhuman Rampage\n| type = Album\n| artist = [[DragonForce]]\n| cover = Df-inhuman-cover250.jpg\n| alt = \n| released = {{start date|2005|12|28|df=y}}\n| recorded = February–September 2005\n| studio = Thin Ice Studios ([[Surrey]])<br />LamerLuser Studios (London)\n| genre = [[Power metal]]\n| length = 55:50\n| label = {{hlist|[[Noise Records|Noise]]|[[Sanctuary Records Group|Sanctuary]]|[[Roadrunner Records|Roadrunner]]}}\n| producer = {{hlist|[[Sam Totman]]|[[Herman Li]]|[[Vadim Pruzhanov]]}}\n| prev_title = [[Sonic Firestorm]]\n| prev_year = 2004\n| next_title = [[Ultra Beatdown]]\n| next_year = 2008\n| misc = {{Singles\n | name = Inhuman Rampage\n | type = studio\n | single1 = [[Through the Fire and Flames]]\n | single1date = 3 August 2006\n | single2 = [[Operation Ground and Pound]]\n | single2date = 6 January 2007\n | single3 = [[Revolution Deathsquad]]\n | single3date = 2007\n}}\n}}\n{{Music ratings\n|rev1 = [[AllMusic]]\n|rev1score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r810957|pure_url=yes}}|title=Inhuman Rampage – DragonForce|publisher=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>\n|rev2 = [[Blabbermouth.net]]\n|rev2score = {{Rating|7.5|10}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/cdreviews/inhuman-rampage/|title=Inhuman Rampage - DRAGONFORCE|date=17 July 2006|work=Blabbermouth.net|access-date=8 June 2018}}</ref>\n|rev3 = ''[[Kerrang!]]''\n|rev3score = {{Rating|4|5}}{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}\n|rev4 = Sputnikmusic\n|rev4score = 4.0/5<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/5442/DragonForce-Inhuman-Rampage/|title=DragonForce – Inhuman Rampage (staff review)|publisher=Sputnikmusic}}</ref>\n}}\n</p><p><i><b>Inhuman Rampage</b></i> is the third studio album by British <a href=\"/wiki/Power_metal\" title=\"Power metal\">power metal</a> band <a href=\"/wiki/DragonForce\" title=\"DragonForce\">DragonForce</a>, released first on 28 December 2005<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dragonforce.com/release/inhuman-rampage/ |title=Inhuman Rampage |website=DragonForce |date=20 February 2019 |access-date=9 January 2021}}</ref> in Japan, and 9 January 2006 elsewhere, through <a href=\"/wiki/JVCKenwood_Victor_Entertainment\" title=\"JVCKenwood Victor Entertainment\">Victor Entertainment</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Roadrunner_Records\" title=\"Roadrunner Records\">Roadrunner Records</a>, respectively. Its first single, \"<a href=\"/wiki/Through_the_Fire_and_Flames\" title=\"Through the Fire and Flames\">Through the Fire and Flames</a>\", has received rock radio and <a href=\"/wiki/Fuse_%28TV_channel%29\" title=\"Fuse (TV channel)\">Fuse TV</a> airplay, and has appeared as a playable track on the video games <i><a href=\"/wiki/Guitar_Hero_III:Legends_of_Rock\" title=\"Legends of Rock\">Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock</a></i>, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Rock_Band_3\" title=\"Rock Band 3\">Rock Band 3</a></i>, and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Rocksmith_2014%23Rocksmith_2014_Edition_%E2%80%94_Remastered\" title=\"Rocksmith 2014#Rocksmith 2014 Edition — Remastered\">Rocksmith 2014 Edition – Remastered</a></i>. It is the band's first album to feature <a href=\"/wiki/Screaming_%28music%29\" title=\"Screaming (music)\">harsh vocals</a>, which were recorded by <a href=\"/wiki/Demoniac\" title=\"Demoniac\">Demoniac</a> vocalist <a href=\"/wiki/Lindsay_Dawson_%28musician%29\" title=\"Lindsay Dawson (musician)\">Lindsay Dawson</a>; the album is also the last to feature bassist <a href=\"/wiki/Adrian_Lambert\" title=\"Adrian Lambert\">Adrian Lambert</a>, who left the band in 2005 and was replaced by <a href=\"/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Leclercq\" title=\"Frédéric Leclercq\">Frédéric Leclercq</a> before the album's release.\n</p><p>In the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">United States</a>, <i>Inhuman Rampage</i> reached No. 1 on the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Top_Heatseekers\" title=\"Top Heatseekers\">Billboard</a></i> <a href=\"/wiki/Top_Heatseekers\" title=\"Top Heatseekers\">Heatseekers chart</a> and No. 103 on the <a href=\"/wiki/Billboard_200\" title=\"Billboard 200\"><i>Billboard</i> 200</a> chart. The album was certified <a href=\"/wiki/Music_recording_sales_certification\" title=\"Music recording sales certification\">Silver</a> by the <a href=\"/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry\" title=\"British Phonographic Industry\">British Phonographic Industry</a> for selling over 60,000 copies in the <a href=\"/wiki/United_Kingdom\" title=\"United Kingdom\">United Kingdom</a><ref name=\"BPI\">{{cite web|title=The BPI – Certified awards database |url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32891 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202005420/http://www.bpi.co.uk/platinum/platinumright.asp?rq=search_plat&r_id=32891 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2008 |publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]] |access-date=19 June 2008 }}</ref> and has been certified Gold in the United States. <i><a href=\"/wiki/Metal_Hammer\" title=\"Metal Hammer\">Metal Hammer</a></i> included the album in their 2016 list of ten essential power metal albums<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-10-essential-power-metal-albums|title=The 10 essential power metal albums|last=Lawson|first=Dom|date=19 October 2016|website=[[Metal Hammer]]|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Loudwire\" title=\"Loudwire\">Loudwire</a></i> ranked it as the 24th best power metal album of all time.<ref name=\"Ltop25pm\">{{cite web |last1=Divita |first1=Joe |title=Top 25 Power Metal Albums of All Time |url=https://loudwire.com/top-power-metal-albums-all-time/ |website=[[Loudwire]] |publisher=[[Townsquare Media]] |access-date=3 March 2021 |date=5 July 2017}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Production</h2>\n<p>Recording for the album took place at Thin Ice Studios in <a href=\"/wiki/Surrey\" title=\"Surrey\">Surrey</a> and LamerLuser Studios in London between February and September 2005. During the recording of \"Through the Fire and Flames\", guitarist <a href=\"/wiki/Herman_Li\" title=\"Herman Li\">Herman Li</a> snapped one of his guitar strings.<ref name=\"stringbreak\">{{cite video |people=Herman Li |title=DragonForce! |url=http://www.blender.com/Dragonforce!/video/599.aspx |format=Flash |publisher=Blender.com Online Video Channel |access-date=1 January 2008 |time=2:45–3:02 |quote=''...at the end of the song we actually break the string. I broke the string and in the album we left it there'' |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119053252/http://www.blender.com/Dragonforce%21/video/599.aspx |archive-date=19 January 2008 }}</ref> Despite this, the band decided to keep this recording and left it on the final album version.<ref name=\"stringbreak\" /> It was then mixed at Thin Ice Studios by <a href=\"/wiki/Karl_Groom\" title=\"Karl Groom\">Karl Groom</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sam_Totman\" title=\"Sam Totman\">Sam Totman</a>, Li and Vadim Pruzhanov and engineered by Karl Groom and Li. The mastering was performed by Eberhard Köhler at Powerplay Mastering in <a href=\"/wiki/Berlin\" title=\"Berlin\">Berlin</a>, Germany. A music transcription book was released for the album on 15 September 2008 by <a href=\"/wiki/Hal_Leonard_Publishing_Corporation\" title=\"Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation\">Hal Leonard Publishing Corporation</a> ({{ISBN|9781423433484}}).\n</p>", "<h2>Track listing</h2>\n<p>\"The Flame of Youth\" contains a sample of <a href=\"/wiki/Ryu_%28Street_Fighter%29\" title=\"Ryu (Street Fighter)\">Ryu</a>'s theme from <i><a href=\"/wiki/Street_Fighter\" title=\"Street Fighter\">Street Fighter</a></i>. The special edition physical copy of the album contained a bonus DVD with the music videos for \"Through the Fire and Flames\" and \"Operation Ground and Pound\", a compilation of tour footage entitled \"DragonForce Backstage Rockumentary\", and on 2007 re-release, a video of the band's performance of the song \"My Spirit Will Go On\", from their previous album <i><a href=\"/wiki/Sonic_Firestorm\" title=\"Sonic Firestorm\">Sonic Firestorm</a></i>, at the <a href=\"/wiki/Metal_Hammer_Golden_Gods_Awards\" title=\"Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards\">Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards</a> in 2006.\n</p><p>{{Track listing\n| title1 = [[Through the Fire and Flames]]\n| lyrics1 = {{hlist|[[Sam Totman]]|[[ZP Theart]]}}\n| music1 = Totman\n| length1 = 7:21\n| title2 = [[Revolution Deathsquad]]\n| lyrics2 = Totman\n| music2 = Totman\n| length2 = 7:51\n| title3 = Storming the Burning Fields\n| lyrics3 = Vadim Pruzhanov\n| music3 = Pruzhanov\n| length3 = 5:18\n| title4 = [[Operation Ground and Pound]]\n| lyrics4 = {{hlist|Totman|Theart}}\n| music4 = Totman\n| length4 = 7:43\n| title5 = Body Breakdown\n| lyrics5 = {{hlist|Pruzhanov|[[Herman Li]]|Totman}}\n| music5 = Pruzhanov\n| length5 = 6:57\n| title6 = Cry for Eternity\n| lyrics6 = Totman\n| music6 = Totman\n| length6 = 8:11\n| title7 = The Flame of Youth\n| lyrics7 = Li\n| music7 = Li\n| length7 = 6:40\n| title8 = Trail of Broken Hearts\n| lyrics8 = {{hlist|Pruzhanov|Totman|Theart}}\n| music8 = {{hlist|Pruzhanov|Totman}}\n| length8 = 5:54\n| total_length = 55:48\n}}\n</p><p>{{Track listing\n| headline = 2007 special edition/Japanese bonus track\n| title9 = Lost Souls in Endless Time\n| lyrics9 = Pruzhanov\n| music9 = Pruzhanov\n| length9 = 6:22\n| total_length = 62:10\n}}\n</p>", "<h2>Personnel</h2>\n<p><b>DragonForce</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/ZP_Theart\" title=\"ZP Theart\">ZP Theart</a> – lead vocals\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Herman_Li\" title=\"Herman Li\">Herman Li</a> – guitars, backing vocals\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Sam_Totman\" title=\"Sam Totman\">Sam Totman</a> – guitars, backing vocals\n</li><li>Vadim Pruzhanov – keyboards, piano, backing vocals\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Dave_Mackintosh\" title=\"Dave Mackintosh\">Dave Mackintosh</a> – drums, backing vocals\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Guest musicians</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Adrian_Lambert\" title=\"Adrian Lambert\">Adrian Lambert</a> – bass{{efn|Lambert left DragonForce after the recording sessions. He is credited separately from the other members and is absent from band photos in the album's liner notes.}}\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Clive_Nolan\" title=\"Clive Nolan\">Clive Nolan</a> – backing vocals\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Lindsay_Dawson_%28musician%29\" title=\"Lindsay Dawson (musician)\">Lindsay Dawson</a> – <a href=\"/wiki/Screaming_%28music%29\" title=\"Screaming (music)\">unclean vocals</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Production</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Karl_Groom\" title=\"Karl Groom\">Karl Groom</a> – mixing, engineering\n</li><li>Eberhard Köhler – mastering\n</li><li>Chie Kimoto, Daniel Bérard – artwork\n</li><li>Marisa Jacobi – graphic design\n</li><li>Axel Jusseit – studio photography\n</li><li>Julie Brown, Johan Eriksson – live photography\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Charts</h2>\n<p>{{col-begin}}\n{{col-2}}\n</p><h3>Weekly charts</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Chart (2006–2008)\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Peak<br />position\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">Japanese Albums (<a href=\"/wiki/Oricon\" title=\"Oricon\">Oricon</a>)<ref name=\"JPN\">{{cite book|title=Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005|publisher=[[Oricon|Oricon Entertainment]]|location=Roppongi, Tokyo|year=2006|isbn=4-87131-077-9|language=ja}}</ref>\n</th>\n<td align=\"center\"> 32\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Scotland|54|date=20060115|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Sweden|54|artist=DragonForce|album=Inhuman Rampage|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|UK2|70|date=20060115|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|UKRock|2|date=20060115|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Billboard200|103|artist=DragonForce|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|BillboardIndependent|5|artist=DragonForce|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|BillboardHardRock|18|artist=DragonForce|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr></table>\n<p>{{col-2}}\n</p><h3>Year-end charts</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Chart (2006)\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Position\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"> US Top Independent Albums (<i><a href=\"/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29\" title=\"Billboard (magazine)\">Billboard</a></i>)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=450&cfgn=Year-end+Albums&cfn=Top+Independent+Albums&ci=3080721&cdi=9138873&cid=12%2F31%2F2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206015027/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=450&cfgn=Year-end+Albums&cfn=Top+Independent+Albums&ci=3080721&cdi=9138873&cid=12%2F31%2F2006 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2008 |title=Top Independent Albums – Inhuman Rampage |access-date=20 June 2008 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>\n</th>\n<td> 38\n</td></tr></table>\n<p>{{col-end}}\n</p>", "<h3>Weekly charts</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Chart (2006–2008)\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Peak<br />position\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<thscope=\"row\">Japanese Albums (<a href=\"/wiki/Oricon\" title=\"Oricon\">Oricon</a>)<ref name=\"JPN\">{{cite book|title=Oricon Album Chart Book: Complete Edition 1970–2005|publisher=[[Oricon|Oricon Entertainment]]|location=Roppongi, Tokyo|year=2006|isbn=4-87131-077-9|language=ja}}</ref>\n</th>\n<td align=\"center\"> 32\n</td></tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Scotland|54|date=20060115|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Sweden|54|artist=DragonForce|album=Inhuman Rampage|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|UK2|70|date=20060115|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|UKRock|2|date=20060115|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|Billboard200|103|artist=DragonForce|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|BillboardIndependent|5|artist=DragonForce|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr><tr>\n{{album chart|BillboardHardRock|18|artist=DragonForce|rowheader=true|accessdate=May 31, 2024}}\n</tr></table>\n<p>{{col-2}}\n</p>", "<h3>Year-end charts</h3>\n<table class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center\">\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Chart (2006)\n</th>\n<th scope=\"col\"> Position\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"> US Top Independent Albums (<i><a href=\"/wiki/Billboard_%28magazine%29\" title=\"Billboard (magazine)\">Billboard</a></i>)<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=450&cfgn=Year-end+Albums&cfn=Top+Independent+Albums&ci=3080721&cdi=9138873&cid=12%2F31%2F2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206015027/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/esearch/chart_display.jsp?cfi=450&cfgn=Year-end+Albums&cfn=Top+Independent+Albums&ci=3080721&cdi=9138873&cid=12%2F31%2F2006 |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 December 2008 |title=Top Independent Albums – Inhuman Rampage |access-date=20 June 2008 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref>\n</th>\n<td> 38\n</td></tr></table>\n<p>{{col-end}}\n</p>", "<h2>Certifications</h2>\n<p>{{certification Table Top}}\n{{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|type=album|award=Gold|artist=DragonForce|title= Inhuman Rampage|relyear=2006|certyear=2011|id=3334-1128-2}}\n{{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|type=album|award=Gold|artist=Dragonforce|title= Inhuman Rampage|relyear=2006|certyear=2017}}\n{{Certification Table Bottom | nosales=true|streaming=true}}\n</p>", "<h2>Release history</h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"margin:0em 1em 1em 0pt\">\n<tr>\n<th>Region\n</th>\n<th>Date\n</th>\n<th>Format\n</th>\n<th>Label\n</th>\n<th>Catalogue #\n</th>\n<th>Notes\n</th>\n<thclass=\"unsortable\">\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Various\n</td>\n<td>9 January 2006\n</td>\n<td>Enhanced CD\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Roadrunner_Records\" title=\"Roadrunner Records\">Roadrunner</a>\n</td>\n<td>RR 8070–2\n</td>\n<td>\n</td>\n<td><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/release/880918 |title=Dragonforce – Inhuman Rampage (#RR 8070-2) |date=9 January 2006 |access-date=29 July 2008 |publisher=[[Discogs]]}}</ref>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>Japan\n</td>\n<td>28 December 2005\n</td>\n<td>Enhanced CD\n</td>\n<td><a href=\"/wiki/Victor_Entertainment\" title=\"Victor Entertainment\">Victor</a>\n</td>\n<td>VICP-63220\n</td>\n<td>With bonus track\n</td>\n<td><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jvcmusic.co.jp/-/Discography/A018077/VICP-63220.html |title=ドラゴンフォース｜インヒューマン・ランペイジ |access-date=21 December 2011 |publisher=[[JVC]]}}</ref>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>Argentina\n</td>\n<td>Early 2007\n</td>\n<td>Enhanced CD\n</td>\n<td>Icarus\n</td>\n<td>Icarus 205\n</td>\n<td>\n</td>\n<td><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/release/1285553 |title=Dragonforce – Inhuman Rampage (#Icarus 205) |access-date=29 July 2008|publisher=[[Discogs]]}}</ref>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>Various\n</td>\n<td>13 February 2007\n</td>\n<td>CD and DVD\n</td>\n<td>Roadrunner\n</td>\n<td>1686-180042\n</td>\n<td>With bonus track\n</td>\n<td><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.discogs.com/release/1180536 |title=Dragonforce – Inhuman Rampage (#1686-180042) |date=13 February 2007 |access-date=29 July 2008 |publisher=[[Discogs]]}}</ref>\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>Notes</h2>\n<p>{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.dragonforce.com/df/albums/inhuman-rampage\"><i>Inhuman Rampage</i></a> on the official DragonForce website.\n</li></ul><p>{{DragonForce}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:DragonForce_albums\" title=\"DragonForce albums\">Category:DragonForce albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2005_albums\" title=\"2005 albums\">Category:2005 albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2006_albums\" title=\"2006 albums\">Category:2006 albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Roadrunner_Records_albums\" title=\"Roadrunner Records albums\">Category:Roadrunner Records albums</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Noise_Records_albums\" title=\"Noise Records albums\">Category:Noise Records albums</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 19895351 ], "name": [ "Mdann52 bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Translator", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Multiple issues|\n{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}\n{{One source|date=May 2024}}\n}}\n{{Infobox radio station\n| name = WNRI\n| logo = WNRI 1380 logo.gif\n| city = [[Woonsocket, Rhode Island]]\n| country = US\n| area = Northern Rhode Island, Southern Massachusetts\n| branding = ''1380 AM & 99.9 FM WNRI''\n| airdate = {{start date and age|1954|11|28}}\n| frequency = 1380 [[kilohertz|kHz]]\n| translator = See {{section link||Translator}}\n| format = [[News/talk]]\n| power = {{ubl|2,500 [[watt]]s (day)|18 watts (night)}}\n| class = D\n| licensing_authority = [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]]\n| facility_id = 1734\n| coordinates = {{coord|42|0|58.35|N|71|29|28.22|W|region:US-RI_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}\n| callsign_meaning = Northern Rhode Island\n| former_callsigns =\n| owner = Bouchard Broadcasting, Inc.\n| licensee =\n| sister_stations =\n| webcast = {{listenlive|1=http://mgmt.firststreaming.com/listen/player.php?callsign=WNRI_AM}}\n| website = {{url|www.wnri.com}}\n| affiliations = {{ubl|[[Genesis Communications Network]]|[[Radio America (United States)|Radio America]]|[[Salem Radio Network]]|[[USA Radio Network]]}}\n}}\n</p><p><b>WNRI</b> (1380 <a href=\"/wiki/AM_broadcasting\" title=\"AM broadcasting\">AM</a>, \"1380 AM &amp; 99.9 FM WNRI\") is a <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_station\" title=\"Radio station\">radio station</a> located in <a href=\"/wiki/Woonsocket%2C_Rhode_Island\" title=\"Woonsocket, Rhode Island\">Woonsocket, Rhode Island</a>. The station has a <a href=\"/wiki/News/talk\" title=\"News/talk\">news/talk</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Radio_format\" title=\"Radio format\">radio format</a> and has been owned by Bouchard Broadcasting Inc. since 2004.\n</p>", "<h2>Translator</h2>\n<p>{{RadioTranslators\n| callsign = WNRI\n| width =\n\n| call1 = W260DC\n| freq1 = 99.9\n| fid1 = 26352\n| watts1 = 250\n| haat1 = 170\n| class1 = D\n| city1 = Woonsocket, Rhode Island\n| coord1 = {{coord|41|59|50.3|N|71|27|18.2|W|region:US-RI_type:landmark|name=W260DC}}\n| notes1 =\n}}\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> {{Official website|www.wnri.com}}\n{{AM station data|1734|WNRI}}\n</li><li> {{FCC letter|letterid=65893|callsign=WNRI|hcards=yes}}\n</li><li> {{FCC-LMS-Facility|26352|W260DC}}\n</li><li> {{FXL|W260DC}}\n</li></ul><p>{{Providence Radio}}\n{{News/Talk Radio Stations in Rhode Island}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_in_Rhode_Island\" title=\"Radio stations in Rhode Island\">NRI</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:News_and_talk_radio_stations_in_the_United_States\" title=\"News and talk radio stations in the United States\">Category:News and talk radio stations in the United States</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_established_in_1954\" title=\"Radio stations established in 1954\">Category:Radio stations established in 1954</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1954_establishments_in_Rhode_Island\" title=\"1954 establishments in Rhode Island\">Category:1954 establishments in Rhode Island</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Woonsocket%2C_Rhode_Island\" title=\"Woonsocket, Rhode Island\">Category:Woonsocket, Rhode Island</a></p><p><br />\n{{RhodeIsland-radio-station-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 230475 ], "name": [ "Naraht" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Career", "USA Basketball", "Head coaching record", "Career statistics", "College", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|American college basketball coach and former player}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox college coach\n| name = Amanda Butler\n| image = File:Amanda Butler.jpg\n| alt = \n| caption = Butler in 2018\n| current_title = [[Assistant Coach]]\n| current_team = [[Louisville Cardinals women's basketball|Louisville]]\n| current_conference = [[Atlantic Coast Conference|ACC]]\n| current_record = \n| contract = \n| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|3|6|mf=y}}\n| birth_place = [[Mt. Juliet, Tennessee]]\n| death_date = \n| death_place = \n| alma_mater = \n| player_years1 = 1990–1994\n| player_team1 = [[Florida Gators women's basketball|Florida]]\n| player_positions = [[Guard (basketball)|Guard]]\n| coach_years1 = 1994–1997\n| coach_team1 = [[Florida Gators women's basketball|Florida]] (Asst.)\n| coach_years2 = 1997–2001\n| coach_team2 = Austin Peay (Asst.)\n| coach_years3 = 2001–2003\n| coach_team3 = [[North Carolina-Charlotte 49ers women's basketball|Charlotte]] (Asst.)\n| coach_years4 = 2003–2005\n| coach_team4 = Charlotte (Assoc. HC)\n| coach_years5 = 2005–2007\n| coach_team5 = Charlotte\n| coach_years6 = 2007–2017\n| coach_team6 = Florida\n| coach_years7 = 2018–2024\n| coach_team7 = [[Clemson Tigers women's basketball|Clemson]]\n| coach_years8 = 2024–present\n| coach_team8 = [[Louisville Cardinals women's basketball|Louisville]] (Asst.)\n| overall_record = {{Winning percentage|record=y|311|264}}\n| bowl_record = \n| tournament_record = \n| championships = [[Atlantic 10 Conference|Atlantic 10]] regular season (2006)\n| awards = Atlantic 10 Coach of the Year (2006) <br> [[Atlantic Coast Conference|ACC]] Coach of the Year (2019)\n| coaching_records = \n| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport | Women's basketball}}\n{{MedalSport | Assistant Coach for {{USA}} }}\n{{MedalCompetition | [[FIBA Under-19 World Championship]]}}\n{{MedalGold | [[USA Women's U18 and U19 teams|2009 Bangkok]] | Team Competition}}\n}}\n</p><p><b>Amanda Kay Butler</b> (born March 6, 1972)<ref name=\"NCAA Coaches\" /> is an American <a href=\"/wiki/College_basketball\" title=\"College basketball\">college basketball</a> coach and former player. In 2018, Butler was hired as the head coach of the <a href=\"/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Clemson Tigers women's basketball\">Clemson Tigers women's basketball</a> team. Prior to that, she was the head coach for the <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball\">Florida Gators women's basketball</a> team and the <a href=\"/wiki/Charlotte_49ers_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Charlotte 49ers women's basketball\">Charlotte 49ers women's basketball</a> team.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/18838776/florida-gators-fire-women-hoops-coach-amanda-butler|title=Florida fires women's hoops coach Butler|work=ESPN.com|access-date=2017-03-07}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Career</h2>\n<p>Amanda Butler was born in <a href=\"/wiki/Mt._Juliet%2C_Tennessee\" title=\"Mt. Juliet, Tennessee\">Mt. Juliet, Tennessee</a>, in 1972. She attended Mt. Juliet High School, graduating in 1990.<ref name=\"ufprofile\">GatorZone.com, Women's Basketball, Coaching &amp; Support Staff, <a href=\"http://web.gatorzone.com/basketball/women/staff/butler\"> Amanda Butler</a> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902021958/http://web.gatorzone.com/basketball/women/staff/butler |date=2011-09-02 }}. Retrieved June 7, 2011.</ref> She was recruited to play for the University of Florida by the Gators' head coach, <a href=\"/wiki/Carol_Ross\" title=\"Carol Ross\">Carol Ross</a>, and started at <a href=\"/wiki/Guard_%28basketball%29\" title=\"Guard (basketball)\">guard</a> for four years. After finishing her playing career in 1994, she transitioned into coaching. Her first coaching job was as an assistant coach at Florida, where she continued her education with a Master of Science degree in Exercise and Sport Science, in 1997. After leaving her job with Florida in 1997, she coached at <a href=\"/wiki/Austin_Peay_State_University\" title=\"Austin Peay State University\">Austin Peay</a> from 1997 to 2001, and served as the associate head coach for former Charlotte head coach <a href=\"/wiki/Katie_Meier\" title=\"Katie Meier\">Katie Meier</a> from 2001 to 2005.\n</p><p>Butler became the sixth head coach of the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Charlotte\" title=\"University of North Carolina at Charlotte\">Charlotte 49ers</a> women's basketball program on April 19, 2005. She was named Atlantic 10 Conference Coach of the Year after twenty wins and a share of the regular season championship in her first year as coach.<ref name=\"COY\" />\n</p><p>After <a href=\"/wiki/Carolyn_Peck\" title=\"Carolyn Peck\">Carolyn Peck</a> was released as the Gators head coach following the 2006–07 season, Butler returned to her <a href=\"/wiki/Alma_mater\" title=\"Alma mater\">alma mater</a> as the new head coach of the Gators women's basketball program on April 13, 2007. She was fired on March 6, 2017, her 45th birthday.\n</p><p>Butler then was hired on as head coach at <a href=\"/wiki/Clemson_Tigers_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Clemson Tigers women's basketball\">Clemson</a>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=28500&ATCLID=211708089|title=Clemson To Change Leadership of Women's Basketball|website=clemsontigers.com|publisher=Clemson University|date=March 27, 2018|accessdate=March 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328010007/http://www.clemsontigers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=28500&ATCLID=211708089|archive-date=March 28, 2018|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> Butler led an incredible turnaround in her first year at Clemson. In their previous season, the Tigers finished 11–19 and 1–15 in ACC play. Butler led the team to a 9–7 ACC record and was voted the ACC Coach of the Year in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theacc.com/news/2019/3/6/womens-basketball-louisvilles-durr-repeats-as-acc-womens-player-of-the-year.aspx|title=Louisville's Durr Repeats as ACC Women's Player of the Year|website=theacc.com|publisher=Atlantic Coast Conference|date=March 6, 2019|accessdate=March 6, 2019}}</ref> The Tigers turnaround during Butler's first season marked the largest turnaround under a first-year head coach in ACC history. The turn around did not extend into the 2019–20 season as Clemson finished 8–23 overall and 3–15 in conference play. In the following years, Butler was unable to replicate her success from the first season as the Tigers never finished higher than tenth in the conference. Her second best season came in 2022–23 as the Tigers finished 19–16 overall, 7–11 in ACC play, and made it to the Super 16 of the WNIT. After the 2023–24 season, where the Tigers finished 12–19 overall and 5–13 in the ACC, Butler was fired as head coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/amanda-butler-clemson-women-basketball-151357829.html|title=Amanda Butler out as Clemson women’s basketball coach|website=sports.yahoo.com|publisher=[[Yahoo Sports]]|first=Steve|last=Holley|date=March 12, 2024|access-date=March 12, 2024}}</ref>\n</p><p>On June 25, 2024, Butler was hired as an assistant coach to join <a href=\"/wiki/Jeff_Walz\" title=\"Jeff Walz\">Jeff Walz</a>'s staff at <a href=\"/wiki/Louisville_Cardinals_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Louisville Cardinals women's basketball\">Louisville</a>.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Women’s Basketball Welcomes Former Clemson Head Coach Amanda Butler to Coaching Staff |url=https://gocards.com/news/2024/6/25/womens-basketball-womens-basketball-welcomes-former-clemson-head-coach-amanda-butler-to-coaching-staff |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=University of Louisville Athletics |language=en}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>USA Basketball</h2>\n<p>In 2009, Butler served as an assistant coach to the <a href=\"/wiki/USA_Women%27s_U18_and_U19_teams\" title=\"USA Women's U18 and U19 teams\">U19 team</a>, and competed in the <a href=\"/wiki/FIBA_Under-19_World_Championship_for_Women\" title=\"FIBA Under-19 World Championship for Women\">FIBA Women's U19 World Championship</a>. The USA lost the opening round game against Spain 90–86, but then went on to win their next eight games. In the quarterfinals, the USA team faced France, which held an eight-point lead late in the second half, but the USA team took back the lead and won by eleven to advance to the semifinals. After beating Canada in the semifinals, they had a rematch against Spain, for the championship. This time the USA jumped out to an early lead, with a score of 33–16 at the end of the first quarter. The USA went on to win 87–71 to win the gold medal.<ref name=\"U19 2009\" />\n</p>", "<h2> Head coaching record </h2>\n<p>{{CBB Yearly Record Start\n|type = coach\n|conference =\n|postseason =\n|poll = no\n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead|\n|name = [[Charlotte 49ers women's basketball|Charlotte 49ers]]\n|startyear = 2005\n|conference = [[Atlantic 10 Conference]]\n|endyear = 2007\n|}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = conference\n | season = 2005–06\n | name = Charlotte\n | overall = 21–9\n | conference = 13–3\n | confstanding = T–1st\n | postseason = WNIT Second round\n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = 2006–07\n | name = Charlotte\n | overall = 19–13\n | conference = 9–5\n | confstanding = T–4th\n | postseason = [[2007 Women's National Invitation Tournament|WNIT Second round]] \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal\n | name = Charlotte\n | overall = 40–22 ({{Winning percentage|40|22}})\n | confrecord = 22–8 ({{Winning percentage|22|8}})\n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead\n|name = [[Florida Gators women's basketball|Florida Gators]]\n|startyear = 2007\n|conference = [[Southeastern Conference]]\n|endyear = 2017\n|}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = 2007–08\n | name = Florida\n | overall = 19–14\n | conference = 6–8\n | confstanding = T–7th\n | postseason = [[2008 Women's National Invitation Tournament|WNIT Third round]] \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = 2008–09\n | name = Florida\n | overall = 24–8\n | conference = 9–5\n | confstanding = T–4th\n | postseason = [[2009 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament|NCAA second round]] \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2009–10 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2009–10]]\n | name = [[2009–10 Florida Gators women's basketball team|Florida]]\n | overall = 15–17\n | conference = 7–9\n | confstanding = T–7th\n | postseason = [[2010 Women's National Invitation Tournament|WNIT Second round]] \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2010–11 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2010–11]]\n | name = Florida\n | overall = 20–15\n | conference = 7–9\n | confstanding = 8th\n | postseason = [[2011 Women's National Invitation Tournament|WNIT Third round]] \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2011–12 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2011–12]]\n | name = Florida\n | overall = 20–13\n | conference = 8–8\n | confstanding = 8th\n | postseason = [[2012 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament|NCAA second round]] \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2012–13 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2012–13]]\n | name = [[2012–13 Florida Gators women's basketball team|Florida]]\n | overall = 22–15\n | conference = 6–10\n | confstanding = T–8th\n | postseason = [[2013 Women's National Invitation Tournament|WNIT Semifinals]] \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2013–14 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2013–14]]\n | name = [[2013–14 Florida Gators women's basketball team|Florida]]\n | overall = 20–13\n | conference = 8–8\n | confstanding = 5th\n | postseason = [[2014 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament|NCAA second round]] \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2014–15 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2014–15]]\n | name = [[2014–15 Florida Gators women's basketball team|Florida]]\n | overall = 13–17\n | conference = 5–11\n | confstanding = T–11th\n | postseason = \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2015–16 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2015–16]]\n | name = [[2015–16 Florida Gators women's basketball team|Florida]]\n | overall = 22–9\n | conference = 10–6\n | confstanding = T–4th\n | postseason = [[2016 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament|NCAA first round]]\n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2016–17]]\n | name = [[2016–17 Florida Gators women's basketball team|Florida]]\n | overall = 15–16\n | conference = 5–11\n | confstanding = T–11th\n | postseason = \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal\n | name = Florida\n | overall = 190–136 ({{Winning percentage|190|137}})\n | confrecord = 71–85 ({{Winning percentage|71|85}})\n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Subhead\n|name =[[Clemson Tigers women's basketball|Clemson Tigers]]\n|startyear = 2018\n|conference = [[Atlantic Coast Conference]]\n|endyear = 2024\n|}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2018–19 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2018–19]]\n | name = [[2018–19 Clemson Tigers women's basketball team|Clemson]]\n | overall = 20–13\n | conference = 9–7\n | confstanding = 7th\n | postseason = [[2019 NCAA Division I women's basketball tournament|NCAA second round]]\n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2019–20 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2019–20]]\n | name = [[2019–20 Clemson Tigers women's basketball team|Clemson]]\n | overall = 8–23\n | conference = 3–15\n | confstanding = 14th\n | postseason = \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2020–21 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2020–21]]\n | name = [[2020–21 Clemson Tigers women's basketball team|Clemson]]\n | overall = 12–14\n | conference = 5–12 \n | confstanding = 11th\n | postseason = [[2021 Women's National Invitation Tournament|WNIT Second round]]\n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2021–22 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2021–22]]\n | name = [[2021–22 Clemson Tigers women's basketball team|Clemson]]\n | overall = 10–21\n | conference = 3–15\n | confstanding = 13th\n | postseason = \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2022–23 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2022–23]]\n | name = [[2022–23 Clemson Tigers women's basketball team|Clemson]]\n | overall = 19–16\n | conference = 7–11\n | confstanding = 10th\n | postseason = [[2023 Women's National Invitation Tournament|WNIT Super 16]]\n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Entry\n | championship = \n | season = [[2023–24 NCAA Division I women's basketball season|2023–24]]\n | name = [[2023–24 Clemson Tigers women's basketball team|Clemson]]\n | overall = 12–19\n | conference = 5–13\n | confstanding = T–12th\n | postseason = \n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record Subtotal\n | name= Clemson\n | overall= {{Winning percentage|record=y|81|106}}\n | confrecord= {{Winning percentage|record=y|32|73}}\n}}\n{{CBB Yearly Record End\n|overall= {{Winning percentage|record=y|311|264}}\n}}\n</p>", "<h2>Career statistics</h2>\n<p>{{WNBA player statistics legend}}\n</p><h3> College </h3>\n<p>{{WNBA player statistics start}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | 1990–91\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball\">Florida</a>\n|28||-||-||<b>41.2</b>||<b>31.8</b>||56.4||1.8||<b>5.5</b>||<b>1.4</b>||0.0||-||\t\t\t3.5\t\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | 1991–92\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball\">Florida</a>\n|28||-||-||30.4||25.6||64.3||<b>2.6</b>||3.7||1.0||<b>0.1</b>||-||\t\t\t4.3\t\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | 1992–93\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball\">Florida</a>\n|<b>29</b>||-||-||31.0||25.0||64.7||2.0||2.2||0.9||<b>0.1</b>||-||\t\t\t5.0\t\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | 1993–94\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball\">Florida</a>\n|<b>29</b>||-||-||33.7||28.9||<b>67.4</b>||<b>2.6</b>||2.8||1.2||<b>0.1</b>||-||\t\t\t<b>9.5</b>\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=2 | <b>Career</b>\n|114||-||-||33.3||27.7||64.3||2.2||3.5||1.1||0.1||-||\t\t\t5.6\t\n|- class=\"sortbottom\"\n|style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"14\"|Statistics retrieved from <a href=\"/wiki/Sports-Reference\" title=\"Sports-Reference\">Sports-Reference</a>.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/Amanda-Butler-1.html|title=Amanda Butler College Stats|publisher=[[Sports-Reference]]|accessdate=July 7, 2024}}</ref>\n{{s-end}}\n</p>", "<h3> College </h3>\n<p>{{WNBA player statistics start}}\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | 1990–91\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball\">Florida</a>\n|28||-||-||<b>41.2</b>||<b>31.8</b>||56.4||1.8||<b>5.5</b>||<b>1.4</b>||0.0||-||\t\t\t3.5\t\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | 1991–92\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball\">Florida</a>\n|28||-||-||30.4||25.6||64.3||<b>2.6</b>||3.7||1.0||<b>0.1</b>||-||\t\t\t4.3\t\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | 1992–93\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball\">Florida</a>\n|<b>29</b>||-||-||31.0||25.0||64.7||2.0||2.2||0.9||<b>0.1</b>||-||\t\t\t5.0\t\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | 1993–94\n| style=\"text-align:left;\" | <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball\">Florida</a>\n|<b>29</b>||-||-||33.7||28.9||<b>67.4</b>||<b>2.6</b>||2.8||1.2||<b>0.1</b>||-||\t\t\t<b>9.5</b>\n|-\n| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=2 | <b>Career</b>\n|114||-||-||33.3||27.7||64.3||2.2||3.5||1.1||0.1||-||\t\t\t5.6\t\n|- class=\"sortbottom\"\n|style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"14\"|Statistics retrieved from <a href=\"/wiki/Sports-Reference\" title=\"Sports-Reference\">Sports-Reference</a>.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/Amanda-Butler-1.html|title=Amanda Butler College Stats|publisher=[[Sports-Reference]]|accessdate=July 7, 2024}}</ref>\n{{s-end}}\n</p>", "<h2> See also </h2>\n<p>{{Portal|Biography}}\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Florida_Gators\" title=\"Florida Gators\">Florida Gators</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_Florida\" title=\"History of the University of Florida\">History of the University of Florida</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_University_of_Florida_alumni\" title=\"List of University of Florida alumni\">List of University of Florida alumni</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Florida_Athletic_Association\" title=\"University of Florida Athletic Association\">University Athletic Association</a>\n{{clear}}\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist|refs=\n\n<ref name=\"NCAA Coaches\">{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=Women's Basketball Coaches Career|date=|url=http://web1.ncaa.org/stats/StatsSrv/careersearch|website=NCAA|accessdate=30 Sep 2015}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"COY\">{{cite web|last=|first=|date=April 13, 2007|title=Amanda Butler Resigns As Women's Basketball Coach|url=http://www.charlotte49ers.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=23200&ATCLID=204855596|work=UNC Charlotte|publisher=|accessdate=May 14, 2013}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"U19 2009\">{{cite web|title=SEVENTH FIBA WOMEN'S U19 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP -- 2009 |url=http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/u19/wu19_2009.html |publisher=USA Basketball |accessdate=May 15, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524130102/http://www.usabasketball.com/womens/u19/wu19_2009.html |archivedate=May 24, 2013 }}</ref>\n\n}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://floridagators.com/sports/womens-basketball\">Gators women's basketball</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Charlotte 49ers women's basketball coach navbox}}\n{{Florida Gators women's basketball coach navbox}}\n{{Clemson Tigers women's basketball coach navbox}}{{Atlantic 10 Conference Women's Basketball Coach of the Year navbox}}{{Atlantic Coast Conference women's basketball Coach of the Year navbox}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Butler, Amanda}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1972_births\" title=\"1972 births\">Category:1972 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:American_women%27s_basketball_coaches\" title=\"American women's basketball coaches\">Category:American women's basketball coaches</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:American_women%27s_basketball_players\" title=\"American women's basketball players\">Category:American women's basketball players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Basketball_coaches_from_Tennessee\" title=\"Basketball coaches from Tennessee\">Category:Basketball coaches from Tennessee</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Basketball_players_from_Tennessee\" title=\"Basketball players from Tennessee\">Category:Basketball players from Tennessee</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Charlotte_49ers_women%27s_basketball_coaches\" title=\"Charlotte 49ers women's basketball coaches\">Category:Charlotte 49ers women's basketball coaches</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Clemson_Tigers_women%27s_basketball_coaches\" title=\"Clemson Tigers women's basketball coaches\">Category:Clemson Tigers women's basketball coaches</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball_coaches\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball coaches\">Category:Florida Gators women's basketball coaches</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Florida_Gators_women%27s_basketball_players\" title=\"Florida Gators women's basketball players\">Category:Florida Gators women's basketball players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_from_Mount_Juliet%2C_Tennessee\" title=\"People from Mount Juliet, Tennessee\">Category:People from Mount Juliet, Tennessee</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sportspeople_from_the_Nashville_metropolitan_area\" title=\"Sportspeople from the Nashville metropolitan area\">Category:Sportspeople from the Nashville metropolitan area</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Point_guards\" title=\"Point guards\">Category:Point guards</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Austin_Peay_Governors_women%27s_basketball_coaches\" title=\"Austin Peay Governors women's basketball coaches\">Category:Austin Peay Governors women's basketball coaches</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Louisville_Cardinals_women%27s_basketball_coaches\" title=\"Louisville Cardinals women's basketball coaches\">Category:Louisville Cardinals women's basketball coaches</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 13033360 ], "name": [ "Iketsi" ] }

{ "title": [ "MacTheRipper", "Legal issues", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p><b>MacTheRipper</b> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Mac_OS_X\" title=\"Mac OS X\">Mac OS X</a> application that enables users to create a playable copy of the contents of a <a href=\"/wiki/Video_DVD\" title=\"Video DVD\">Video DVD</a> by defeating the <a href=\"/wiki/Content_Scramble_System\" title=\"Content Scramble System\">Content Scramble System</a>. During this process it may optionally modify or disable the <a href=\"/wiki/DVD_region_code\" title=\"DVD region code\">DVD region code</a> or the <a href=\"/wiki/User_operation_prohibition\" title=\"User operation prohibition\">User operation prohibition</a> features of the copied data. The previous lack of an OS X equivalent to the PC software <a href=\"/wiki/DVDShrink\" title=\"DVDShrink\">DVDShrink</a> gave this standalone <a href=\"/wiki/DVD_ripper\" title=\"DVD ripper\">DVD ripper</a> widespread popularity among <a href=\"/wiki/Macintosh\" title=\"Macintosh\">Macintosh</a> users.\n</p><p>The current public release is version 2.6.6. The latest version, v4.2.7, is available at the MTR-4 forum, which is accessible only after a registration with, and an approval from, an administrator.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ripdifferent.com/mtr/|title = MTR • Index page}}</ref> Even documentation such as pricing (it's no longer free) and the FAQ are locked off.\n</p>", "<h2> Legal issues </h2>\n<p>Previous releases of MacTheRipper violated the <a href=\"/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License\" title=\"GNU General Public License\">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL) of the libdvdread and <a href=\"/wiki/Libdvdcss\" title=\"Libdvdcss\">libdvdcss</a> software libraries, on which MacTheRipper is built.<ref><a href=\"http://mailman.videolan.org/pipermail/libdvdcss-devel/2006-July/000454.html\">libdvdcss-devel mailing list</a> A user notes the use of libdvdcss in a closed-source project.</ref><ref><a href=\"http://nanocr.eu/2008/03/15/rogue-developers/\">Jon Lech Johansen's Blog</a> <a href=\"/wiki/DeCSS\" title=\"DeCSS\">DeCSS</a> author notes GPL code used in MacTheRipper, MacTheRipper author responds</ref> However, with MacTheRipper 4 and newer the libdvdread and libdvdcss libraries are distributed separately and must be installed separately for MacTheRipper to work.\n</p><p>The creation and distribution of MacTheRipper may violate the <a href=\"/wiki/Anti-circumvention\" title=\"Anti-circumvention\">anti-circumvention</a> laws which the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">U.S.</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/European_Union\" title=\"European Union\">EU</a> have adopted as part of the <a href=\"/wiki/WIPO_Copyright_Treaty\" title=\"WIPO Copyright Treaty\">WIPO Copyright Treaty</a>. In a case against the maker of a program similar to MacTheRipper, the court found that \"the downstream uses of the software [...], whether legal or illegal, are not relevant to determining whether [the manufacturer] itself is violating the statute.\"<ref><a href=\"http://w2.eff.org/IP/DMCA/MGM_v_321Studios/20040219_Order.pdf\">321 Studios v. MGM Order</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026181210/http://w2.eff.org/IP/DMCA/MGM_v_321Studios/20040219_Order.pdf |date=2008-10-26 }} Court Decision in case against <a href=\"/wiki/321_Studios\" title=\"321 Studios\">321 Studios</a>, the makers of PC software similar to MacTheRipper</ref> In that case and others that followed it, the court found <a href=\"/wiki/321_Studios\" title=\"321 Studios\">the software manufacturer</a> in violation of the <a href=\"/wiki/DMCA\" title=\"DMCA\">DMCA</a>.<ref><a href=\"https://www.wired.com/entertainment/music/news/2004/08/64453\">321 Studios Shuts Its Doors</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Wired_News\" title=\"Wired News\">Wired News</a> article about the entertainment industry lawsuits that forced <a href=\"/wiki/321_Studios\" title=\"321 Studios\">321 Studios</a> to shut down</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/DVD_ripping\" title=\"DVD ripping\">DVD ripping</a>: an article about extracting the content of DVD, CD, and Blu-ray discs\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/HandBrake\" title=\"HandBrake\">HandBrake</a>: a free <a href=\"/wiki/Open-source_license\" title=\"Open-source license\">open-source</a> transcoder application for converting DVD content into other formats\n</li></ul>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2> External links </h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.mtrforums.com/\">Official MacTheRipper Support Forums</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.macupdate.com/info.php/id/14414/mactheripper/\">MacTheRipper on MacUpdate</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"https://mactheripper.en.softonic.com/mac\">Download MacTheRipper 2.6.6</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060902085826/http://comm.unc.edu/mmlabs/helpfold/macripper\">What is MacTheRipper?</a>\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:DVD_rippers\" title=\"DVD rippers\">Category:DVD rippers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Freeware\" title=\"Freeware\">Category:Freeware</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:MacOS-only_proprietary_software\" title=\"MacOS-only proprietary software\">Category:MacOS-only proprietary software</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 19895351 ], "name": [ "Mdann52 bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Previous logo", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Radio station in Mount Pleasant, Michigan}}{{No footnotes|date=December 2021}}{{Infobox radio station\n| name = WMHW-FM\n| logo =\n| city = [[Mount Pleasant, Michigan]]\n| area = [http://www.radio-locator.com/cgi-bin/pat?call=WMHW&service=FM&status=L&hours=U Central Michigan/Tri-Cities, Michigan]\n| branding = ''The Mountain 91.5''\n| frequency = 91.5 [[MHz]] {{HD Radio}}\n| subchannels = {{ubl|HD1: Analog simulcast|HD2: [[Rhythmic contemporary]] \"The Beat\"}}\n| translator = 101.1 W266BU (Mount Pleasant, relays HD2)\n| airdate = [[1971 in radio|1971]]\n| format = [[Adult album alternative]]\n| erp = 9,100 [[watt]]s\n| haat = 164 meters\n| class = C3\n| facility_id = 9910\n| callsign_meaning = '''W'''ilbur '''M'''oore '''H'''all '''W'''ireless\n| licensing_authority = [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]]\n| affiliations = [[Michigan Radio Network]] (News and Sports Updates)\n| owner = [[Central Michigan University]]\n| webcast = [http://www.wmhw.cmich.edu/wmhw/listen-915.pls Listen Live]<br>[http://www.wmhw.cmich.edu/wmhw/listen-101.pls Listen Live (HD2)]\n| website = [http://www.wmhw.org/ wmhw.org] \n}}\n<b>WMHW-FM</b>, \"The Mountain 91.5,\" is the student-operated <a href=\"/wiki/College_radio\" title=\"College radio\">college radio</a> station for <a href=\"/wiki/Central_Michigan_University\" title=\"Central Michigan University\">Central Michigan University</a>, located in <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Pleasant%2C_Michigan\" title=\"Mount Pleasant, Michigan\">Mount Pleasant, Michigan</a>. The <a href=\"/wiki/Call_letters\" title=\"Call letters\">call letters</a> stand for \"Wilbur Moore Hall Wireless\", a reference to the station's studios being located in Wilbur Moore Hall on the CMU campus. The station is under the auspices of CMU's College of Communication and Fine Arts, and is operated by students from the School of Broadcast and Cinematic Arts.\n</p><p>The station changed from Modern Rock Radio 91.5 to Moore Rock Radio 91.5 on October 1, 2012. The biggest change is the inclusion of more mainstream rock music to their song selection.\n</p><p>WMHW is the flagship station for CMU Women's Basketball, and Mt. Pleasant High School Football. WMHW Sports also covers select CMU Softball and CMU Baseball games and CMU Volleyball home games.\n</p><p>In 2006, the <a href=\"/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission\" title=\"Federal Communications Commission\">Federal Communications Commission</a> granted WMHW a power increase, slated to increase the station's signal from 340 watts to 13,000 watts. In addition, a new 450-foot transmitter tower was constructed, replacing the old 118-foot tower. The upgrade took place on September 28, 2007 at 11 am when CMU President Michael Rao gave the order to flip the switch to go to 13,000 watts.\n</p><p>WMHW now reaches Frankenmuth to the east, Big Rapids to the west, Cadillac to the north, St. Johns to the south and all points in between.\n</p><p>As of 2008, the radio station began broadcasting an <a href=\"/wiki/In-band_on-channel\" title=\"In-band on-channel\">HD Radio</a> signal; HD1 is the same format as the original station, while HD2 was originally a blend of metal, hip-hop, and indie but has since switched to an <a href=\"/wiki/Adult_Alternative\" title=\"Adult Alternative\">Adult Alternative</a> format known as \"The Mountain.\" WMHW's HD2 signal is simulcast on translator <b>W266BU</b> 101.1&nbsp;MHz in Mount Pleasant. As of April 26, 2010, both 91.5 and 101.1 are being run by Operations Manager Chad Roberts.\n</p><p>On February 15, 2016 WMHW changed their format to adult alternative as \"The Mountain\", which moved from the HD2 channel. At the same time, the HD2 channel switched to a rhythmic contemporary format, branded as \"The Beat\n\".\n</p>", "<h2>Previous logo</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Image:WMHW-FM.jpg\" title=\"WMHW-FM.jpg\">Image:WMHW-FM.jpg</a>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.michiguide.com/dials/rad-m/wmhw.html\">Michiguide.com - WMHW-FM History</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.bca.cmich.edu/WMHW/wmhwnews.htm#power\">WMHW - \"More Power For WMHW\" (November 13, 2006)</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.themorningsun.com/articles/2010/07/18/news/doc4c437632f0ed8906751368.txt\">http://www.themorningsun.com/articles/2010/07/18/news/doc4c437632f0ed8906751368.txt</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"https://radioinsight.com/blog/headlines/96732/central-michigan-university-shakes-up-two-stations/\">Central Michigan University Shakes Up Two Stations</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li>{{FM station data|9910|WMHW-FM}}\n</li><li>{{FCC-LMS-Facility|94015|W266BU}}\n</li><li>{{FXL|W266BU}}\n</li></ul><p>{{coord|43.5759|N|84.7747|W|type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC|display=title}}\n{{Central Michigan University}}\n{{Central Michigan Radio}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_in_Michigan\" title=\"Radio stations in Michigan\">MHW-FM</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:College_radio_stations_in_Michigan\" title=\"College radio stations in Michigan\">MHW-FM</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Adult_album_alternative_radio_stations_in_the_United_States\" title=\"Adult album alternative radio stations in the United States\">Category:Adult album alternative radio stations in the United States</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Central_Michigan_University\" title=\"Central Michigan University\">Category:Central Michigan University</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Softball_mass_media\" title=\"Softball mass media\">Category:Softball mass media</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Radio_stations_established_in_1971\" title=\"Radio stations established in 1971\">Category:Radio stations established in 1971</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 5641591 ], "name": [ "Shinkolobwe" ] }

{ "title": [ "Structure and nomenclature", "Phenol derivatives", "Hopkins Cole reaction", "Hair-strengthening cosmetics", "Environmental chemistry", "Safety", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Acetic acid bearing an aldehyde group}}\n{{chembox\n|Watchedfields = changed\n|verifiedrevid = 443847685\n|Name = Glyoxylic acid\n|ImageFile_Ref = {{chemboximage|correct|??}}\n|ImageFile = Glyoxylic acid.png\n|ImageSize = 150px\n|ImageAlt = Skeletal formula of glyoxylic acid\n|ImageFile1 = Glyoxylic acid 3D spacefill.png\n|ImageSize1 = 160px\n|ImageAlt1 = Space-filling model of glyoxylic acid\n|PIN = Oxoacetic acid<ref name=\"iupac2013\">{{cite book | title = Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book) | publisher = [[Royal Society of Chemistry|The Royal Society of Chemistry]] | date = 2014 | location = Cambridge | page = 748 | doi = 10.1039/9781849733069-FP001 | isbn = 978-0-85404-182-4| chapter = Front Matter }}</ref>\n|SystematicName = Oxoethanoic acid\n|OtherNames = Glyoxylic acid<ref name=\"iupac2013\" /><br />2-Oxoacetic acid<br />Formylformic acid\n|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers\n|CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}\n|CASNo = 298-12-4\n|PubChem = 760\n|Beilstein = 741891\n|ChEBI_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}\n|ChEBI = 16891\n|ChEMBL_Ref = {{ebicite|correct|EBI}}\n|ChEMBL = 1162545\n|ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}\n|ChemSpiderID = 740\n|DrugBank_Ref = {{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}\n|DrugBank = DB04343\n|EINECS = 206-058-5\n|Gmelin = 25752\n|KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}\n|KEGG = C00048\n|UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}\n|UNII = JQ39C92HH6\n|InChI = 1/C2H2O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h1H,(H,4,5)\n|InChIKey = HHLFWLYXYJOTON-UHFFFAOYAU\n|StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}\n|StdInChI = 1S/C2H2O3/c3-1-2(4)5/h1H,(H,4,5)\n|StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}\n|StdInChIKey = HHLFWLYXYJOTON-UHFFFAOYSA-N\n|SMILES = C(=O)C(=O)O\n}}\n|Section2={{Chembox Properties\n|C=2 | H=2 | O=3\n|MeltingPtC = 80\n|MeltingPt_ref = &lt;ref name=Merck&gt;<i><a href=\"/wiki/Merck_Index\" title=\"Merck Index\">Merck Index</a>, 11th Edition, <b>4394</b>&lt;/ref&gt;\n|BoilingPtC = 111\n|Density = 1.384 g/mL\n|pKa = 3.18,<ref>Dissociation Constants Of Organic Acids and Bases (600 compounds), <a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://zirchrom.com/organic.htm\">http://zirchrom.com/organic.htm</a>.</ref> 3.32 <ref>pKa Data Compiled by R. Williams, {{cite web |url=http://research.chem.psu.edu/brpgroup/pKa_compilation.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-06-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602043012/http://research.chem.psu.edu/brpgroup/pKa_compilation.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-02 }}.</ref>\n}}\n|Section3={{Chembox Related\n|OtherAnions = [[glyoxylate]]\n|OtherFunction_label = [[carboxylic acid]]s\n|OtherFunction = [[formic acid]]<br />[[acetic acid]]<br />[[glycolic acid]]<br />[[oxalic acid]]<br />[[propionic acid]]<br />[[pyruvic acid]]\n|OtherCompounds = [[acetaldehyde]]<br />[[glyoxal]]<br />[[glycolaldehyde]]\n}}\n}}\n</i></p><b>Glyoxylic acid</b> or <b>oxoacetic acid</b> is an <a href=\"/wiki/Organic_compound\" title=\"Organic compound\">organic compound</a>. Together with <a href=\"/wiki/Acetic_acid\" title=\"Acetic acid\">acetic acid</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Glycolic_acid\" title=\"Glycolic acid\">glycolic acid</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Oxalic_acid\" title=\"Oxalic acid\">oxalic acid</a>, glyoxylic acid is one of the C₂ <a href=\"/wiki/Carboxylic_acid\" title=\"Carboxylic acid\">carboxylic acids</a>. It is a colourless solid that occurs naturally and is useful industrially.\n<h2>Structure and nomenclature</h2>\nThe structure of glyoxylic acid is shown as having an <a href=\"/wiki/Aldehyde\" title=\"Aldehyde\">aldehyde</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Functional_group\" title=\"Functional group\">functional group</a>. The aldehyde is only a minor component of the form most prevalent in some situations. Instead, glyoxalic acid often exists as a hydrate or a cyclic <a href=\"/wiki/Dimer_%28chemistry%29\" title=\"Dimer (chemistry)\">dimer</a>. For example, in the presence of water, the <a href=\"/wiki/Carbonyl\" title=\"Carbonyl\">carbonyl</a> rapidly converts to a <a href=\"/wiki/Geminal_diol\" title=\"Geminal diol\">geminal diol</a> (described as the \"monohydrate\"). The <a href=\"/wiki/Equilibrium_constant\" title=\"Equilibrium constant\">equilibrium constant</a> (<p>K<i>) is 300 for the formation of <b>dihydroxyacetic acid</b> at room temperature:<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Sørensen |first1= P. E. |last2= Bruhn |first2= K. |last3= Lindeløv |first3= F. |title= Kinetics and equilibria for the reversible hydration of the aldehyde group in glyoxylic acid. |journal= Acta Chem. Scand. |year= 1974 |volume= 28 |pages= 162–168 |doi= 10.3891/acta.chem.scand.28a-0162 |doi-access= free }}</ref> Dihydroxyacetic acid has been characterized by <a href=\"/wiki/X-ray_crystallography\" title=\"X-ray crystallography\">X-ray crystallography</a>.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1107/S1600536807025792 |title=Quinoxaline–dihydroxyacetic acid (1/1) |year=2007 |last1=Czapik |first1=Agnieszka |last2=Gdaniec |first2=Maria |journal=Acta Crystallographica Section E: Structure Reports Online |volume=63 |issue=7 |pages=o3081 }}</ref>\n</i></p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Glyoxylic_acid_hydration.png\" title=\"Glyoxylic acid hydration.png\">300px</a>\nIn aqueous solution, this monohydrate exists in equilibrium with a hemi<a href=\"/wiki/Acylal\" title=\"Acylal\">acylal</a> dimer form:<ref name=\"Ull\">Georges Mattioda and Yani Christidis “Glyoxylic Acid” Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a12_495}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Glyoxylic_acid_hydrate_dimerization.png\" title=\"Glyoxylic acid hydrate dimerization.png\">300px</a>\nIn isolation, the aldehyde structure has as a major <a href=\"/wiki/Conformational_isomerism\" title=\"Conformational isomerism\">conformer</a> a cyclic <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrogen-bond\" title=\"Hydrogen-bond\">hydrogen-bonded</a> structure with the aldehyde carbonyl in close proximity to the <a href=\"/wiki/Carboxyl\" title=\"Carboxyl\">carboxyl</a> hydrogen:<ref>{{cite journal |journal= Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy |volume= 104 |issue= 1 |year= 1984 |pages= 25–39 |title= Vibrational spectra of glyoxylic acid monomers |first1= Richard L. |last1= Redington |first2= Chin-Kang Jim |last2= Liang |doi= 10.1016/0022-2852(84)90242-X |bibcode= 1984JMoSp.104...25R }}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Glyoxylic_acid_H-bonded.png\" title=\"Glyoxylic acid H-bonded.png\">100px</a>\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Henry%27s_law\" title=\"Henry's law\">Henry's law</a> constant of glyoxylic acid is K_H = 1.09 × 10⁴ × exp[(40.0 × 10³/R) × (1/T − 1/298)].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ip|first=H. S. Simon|author2=Huang, X. H. Hilda |author3=Yu, Jian Zhen |title=Effective Henry's law constants of glyoxal, glyoxylic acid, and glycolic acid|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=36|issue=1|pages=L01802|doi=10.1029/2008GL036212|bibcode=2009GeoRL..36.1802I|year=2009|s2cid=129747490 |url=http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-6115/1/HLCpaper2ndrevision.pdf}}</ref>\n<h2>Preparations</h2>\n{{Anchor|Glyoxylate}}\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Conjugate_base\" title=\"Conjugate base\">conjugate base</a> of glyoxylic acid is known as <b>glyoxylate</b> and is the form that the compound exists in solution at neutral pH. Glyoxylate is the byproduct of the <a href=\"/wiki/Amidation\" title=\"Amidation\">amidation</a> process in biosynthesis of several amidated <a href=\"/wiki/Peptide\" title=\"Peptide\">peptides</a>.\nFor the historical record, glyoxylic acid was prepared from oxalic acid <a href=\"/wiki/Electrosynthesis\" title=\"Electrosynthesis\">electrosynthetically</a>:<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Tafel, Julius |author2=Friedrichs, Gustav|title=Elektrolytische Reduction von Carbonsäuren und Carbonsäureestern in schwefelsaurer Lösung|journal=Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft|year=1904|volume=37|issue=3|pages=3187–3191|doi=10.1002/cber.190403703116|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1426114}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Julius|title=Practical Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed.|year=1920|publisher=Macmillan and Co. Limited|location=London|pages=102–104|url=http://www.sciencemadness.org/library/books/practical_organic_chemistry.pdf}}</ref> in organic synthesis, <a href=\"/wiki/Lead_dioxide\" title=\"Lead dioxide\">lead dioxide</a> cathodes were applied for preparing glyoxylic acid from <a href=\"/wiki/Oxalic_acid\" title=\"Oxalic acid\">oxalic acid</a> in a sulfuric acid electrolyte.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArsfQZig_9AC&pg=PA573|page=574|title=Materials Handbook: A Concise Desktop Reference|author=François Cardarelli|publisher=Springer|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84628-668-1}}</ref>\n<a href=\"/wiki/image:GlyoxalicAcidElectrosyn.png\" title=\"GlyoxalicAcidElectrosyn.png\">380px</a>\nHot <a href=\"/wiki/Nitric_acid\" title=\"Nitric acid\">nitric acid</a> can <a href=\"/wiki/Organic_oxidation\" title=\"Organic oxidation\">oxidize</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Glyoxal\" title=\"Glyoxal\">glyoxal</a> to glyoxylic; however this reaction is highly exothermic and prone to thermal runaway. In addition, oxalic acid is the main side product.\nAlso, <a href=\"/wiki/Ozonolysis\" title=\"Ozonolysis\">ozonolysis</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Maleic_acid\" title=\"Maleic acid\">maleic acid</a> is effective.<ref name=\"Ull\" />\n<h2> Biological role </h2>\nGlyoxylate is an intermediate of the <a href=\"/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle\" title=\"Glyoxylate cycle\">glyoxylate cycle</a>, which enables <a href=\"/wiki/Organism\" title=\"Organism\">organisms</a>, such as bacteria,<ref name=\"Holms\">{{cite journal|year=1987|title=Control of flux through the citric acid cycle and the glyoxylate bypass in Escherichia coli|journal=Biochem Soc Symp.|volume=54|pages=17–31|pmid=3332993|author=Holms WH}}</ref> fungi, and plants <ref name=\"Escher and Widmer F\">{{cite journal|year=1997|title=Lipid mobilization and gluconeogenesis in plants: do glyoxylate cycle enzyme activities constitute a real cycle? A hypothesis|journal=Biol. Chem.|volume=378|issue=8|pages=803–813|pmid=9377475|vauthors=Escher CL, Widmer F}}</ref> to convert <a href=\"/wiki/Fatty_acid\" title=\"Fatty acid\">fatty acids</a> into <a href=\"/wiki/Carbohydrate\" title=\"Carbohydrate\">carbohydrates</a>. The glyoxylate cycle is also important for induction of plant defense mechanisms in response to fungi.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.06.008| pmid = 23850601| issn = 1087-1845| volume = 58–59| pages = 33–41| last1 = Dubey| first1 = Mukesh K.| last2 = Broberg| first2 = Anders| last3 = Sooriyaarachchi| first3 = Sanjeewani| last4 = Ubhayasekera| first4 = Wimal| last5 = Jensen| first5 = Dan Funck| last6 = Karlsson| first6 = Magnus| title = The glyoxylate cycle is involved in pleotropic phenotypes, antagonism and induction of plant defence responses in the fungal biocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride| journal = Fungal Genetics and Biology|date=September 2013}}</ref> The glyoxylate cycle is initiated through the activity of isocitrate lyase, which converts isocitrate into glyoxylate and succinate. Research is being done to co-opt the pathway for a variety of uses such as the biosynthesis of succinate.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.ymben.2013.07.004| pmid = 23876414| issn = 1096-7176| volume = 20| pages = 9–19| last1 = Zhu| first1 = Li-Wen| last2 = Li| first2 = Xiao-Hong| last3 = Zhang| first3 = Lei| last4 = Li| first4 = Hong-Mei| last5 = Liu| first5 = Jian-Hua| last6 = Yuan| first6 = Zhan-Peng| last7 = Chen| first7 = Tao| last8 = Tang| first8 = Ya-Jie| title = Activation of glyoxylate pathway without the activation of its related gene in succinate-producing engineered Escherichia coli| journal = Metabolic Engineering|date=November 2013}}</ref>\n<h3> In humans </h3>\nGlyoxylate is produced via two pathways: through the oxidation of glycolate in peroxisomes or through the catabolism of hydroxyproline in mitochondria.<ref name=\":0\">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s00109-012-0930-z| pmid = 22729392| issn = 0946-2716| volume = 90| issue = 12| pages = 1497–1504| last1 = Belostotsky| first1 = Ruth| last2 = Pitt| first2 = James Jonathon| last3 = Frishberg| first3 = Yaacov| title = Primary hyperoxaluria type III—a model for studying perturbations in glyoxylate metabolism| journal = Journal of Molecular Medicine| date = 2012-12-01| hdl = 11343/220107| s2cid = 11549218| hdl-access = free}}</ref> In the peroxisomes, glyoxylate is converted into glycine by AGT1 or into oxalate by glycolate oxidase. In the mitochondria, glyoxylate is converted into glycine by AGT2 or into glycolate by glyoxylate reductase. A small amount of glyoxylate is converted into oxalate by cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase.<ref name=\":1\">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.07.036| pmid = 21093948| issn = 0168-8278| volume = 54| issue = 3| pages = 513–520| last1 = Schnedler| first1 = Nina| last2 = Burckhardt| first2 = Gerhard| last3 = Burckhardt| first3 = Birgitta C.| title = Glyoxylate is a substrate of the sulfate-oxalate exchanger, sat-1, and increases its expression in HepG2 cells| journal = Journal of Hepatology|date=March 2011}}</ref> \n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Glyoxylate_metabolism_in_hepatocytes.jpg\" title=\"Glyoxylate metabolism in hepatocytes.jpg\">center|thumb|600x600px|Oxalate and glyoxylate metabolism in hepatocytes.\nAGT1 and 2, alanine:glyoxylate aminotransferase 1 and 2; GO, glycolate oxidase; GR, glyoxylate reductase; HKGA, 4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate lyase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase\n</a>\n<h3> In plants </h3>\nIn addition to being an intermediate in the <a href=\"/wiki/Glyoxylate_cycle\" title=\"Glyoxylate cycle\">glyoxylate cycle</a>, glyoxylate is also an important intermediate in the <a href=\"/wiki/Photorespiration\" title=\"Photorespiration\">photorespiration</a> pathway. Photorespiration is a result of the side reaction of RuBisCO with O₂ instead of CO₂. While at first considered a waste of energy and resources, photorespiration has been shown to be an important method of regenerating carbon and CO₂, removing toxic phosphoglycolate, and initiating defense mechanisms.<ref>{{Cite web| title = photorespiration| access-date = 2017-03-09| url = http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/photodark/photorespiration.htm| archive-date = 2006-12-11| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061211100043/http://www2.mcdaniel.edu/Biology/botf99/photodark/photorespiration.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref name=\":2\">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1199/tab.0130| issn = 1543-8120| volume = 8| last1 = Peterhansel| first1 = Christoph| last2 = Horst| first2 = Ina| last3 = Niessen| first3 = Markus| last4 = Blume| first4 = Christian| last5 = Kebeish| first5 = Rashad| last6 = Kürkcüoglu| first6 = Sophia| last7 = Kreuzaler| first7 = Fritz| title = Photorespiration| journal = The Arabidopsis Book| date = 2010-03-23| pmid = 22303256| pmc = 3244903| page=e0130}}</ref> In photorespiration, glyoxylate is converted from glycolate through the activity of glycolate oxidase in the peroxisome. It is then converted into glycine through parallel actions by SGAT and GGAT, which is then transported into the mitochondria.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.11.009| pmid = 25528301| issn = 1011-1344| volume = 142| pages = 110–117| last1 = Zhang| first1 = Zhisheng| last2 = Mao| first2 = Xingxue| last3 = Ou| first3 = Juanying| last4 = Ye| first4 = Nenghui| last5 = Zhang| first5 = Jianhua| last6 = Peng| first6 = Xinxiang| title = Distinct photorespiratory reactions are preferentially catalyzed by glutamate:glyoxylate and serine:glyoxylate aminotransferases in rice| journal = Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology|date=January 2015}}</ref><ref name=\":2\" /> It has also been reported that the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex may play a role in glycolate and glyoxylate metabolism.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.07.009| pmid = 23916564| issn = 0031-9422| volume = 95| pages = 168–176| last1 = Blume| first1 = Christian| last2 = Behrens| first2 = Christof| last3 = Eubel| first3 = Holger| last4 = Braun| first4 = Hans-Peter| last5 = Peterhansel| first5 = Christoph| title = A possible role for the chloroplast pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in plant glycolate and glyoxylate metabolism| journal = Phytochemistry|date=November 2013| bibcode = 2013PChem..95..168B}}</ref> \n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Photorespiration_in_arabidopsis.jpg\" title=\"Photorespiration in arabidopsis.jpg\">center|thumb|600x600px|Basic overview of photorespiration in Arabidopsis.\nGGAT, glyoxylate:glutamate aminotransferase; GLYK, glycerate kinase; GO, glycolate oxidase; HPR, hydroxypyruvate reductase; PGLP, phosphoglycolate phosphatase; Rubisco, RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase; SGAT, serine:glyoxylate aminotransferase; SHM, serine hydroxymethyltransferase \n</a>\n<h2> Disease relevance </h2>\n{{primary sources|date=March 2017}}\n<h3> Diabetes </h3>\nGlyoxylate is thought to be a potential early marker for <a href=\"/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2\" title=\"Diabetes mellitus type 2\">Type II diabetes</a>.<ref name=\":3\" /> One of the key conditions of diabetes pathology is the production of <a href=\"/wiki/Advanced_glycation_end-product\" title=\"Advanced glycation end-product\">advanced glycation end-products</a> (AGEs) caused by the <a href=\"/wiki/Hyperglycemia\" title=\"Hyperglycemia\">hyperglycemia</a>.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.3389/fendo.2012.00170| issn = 1664-2392| volume = 3| pages = 170| last1 = Nguyen| first1 = Dung V.| last2 = Shaw| first2 = Lynn C.| last3 = Grant| first3 = Maria B.| title = Inflammation in the pathogenesis of microvascular complications in diabetes| journal = Frontiers in Endocrinology| date = 2012-12-21| pmid = 23267348| pmc = 3527746| doi-access = free}}</ref> AGEs can lead to further complications of diabetes, such as tissue damage and cardiovascular disease.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1007/s00592-012-0412-3| issn = 0940-5429| volume = 50| issue = 2| pages = 101–110| last1 = Piarulli| first1 = Francesco| last2 = Sartore| first2 = Giovanni| last3 = Lapolla| first3 = Annunziata| title = Glyco-oxidation and cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes: a clinical update| journal = Acta Diabetologica|date=April 2013| pmid = 22763581| pmc = 3634985}}</ref> They are generally formed from reactive aldehydes, such as those present on reducing sugars and <a href=\"/wiki/Alpha-oxoaldehyde\" title=\"Alpha-oxoaldehyde\">alpha-oxoaldehydes</a>. In a study, glyoxylate levels were found to be significantly increased in patients who were later diagnosed with Type II diabetes.<ref name=\":3\">{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1155/2014/685204| issn = 2314-6745| volume = 2014| last1 = Nikiforova| first1 = Victoria J.| last2 = Giesbertz| first2 = Pieter| last3 = Wiemer| first3 = Jan| last4 = Bethan| first4 = Bianca| last5 = Looser| first5 = Ralf| last6 = Liebenberg| first6 = Volker| last7 = Ruiz Noppinger| first7 = Patricia| last8 = Daniel| first8 = Hannelore| last9 = Rein| first9 = Dietrich| title = Glyoxylate, a New Marker Metabolite of Type 2 Diabetes| journal = Journal of Diabetes Research| date = 2014| pmid = 25525609| pmc = 4265698| pages=685204| doi-access = free}}</ref> The elevated levels were found sometimes up to three years before the diagnosis, demonstrating the potential role for glyoxylate to be an early predictive marker.\n<h3> Nephrolithiasis </h3>\nGlyoxylate is involved in the development of <a href=\"/wiki/Hyperoxaluria\" title=\"Hyperoxaluria\">hyperoxaluria</a>, a key cause of <a href=\"/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease\" title=\"Kidney stone disease\">nephrolithiasis</a> (commonly known as <a href=\"/wiki/Kidney_stone_disease\" title=\"Kidney stone disease\">kidney stones</a>). Glyoxylate is both a substrate and inductor of sulfate anion transporter-1 (sat-1), a <a href=\"/wiki/Gene\" title=\"Gene\">gene</a> responsible for <a href=\"/wiki/Oxalate\" title=\"Oxalate\">oxalate</a> transportation, allowing it to increase sat-1 <a href=\"/wiki/Messenger_RNA\" title=\"Messenger RNA\">mRNA</a> expression and as a result oxalate efflux from the cell. The increased oxalate release allows the buildup of <a href=\"/wiki/Calcium_oxalate\" title=\"Calcium oxalate\">calcium oxalate</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Urine\" title=\"Urine\">urine</a>, and thus the eventual formation of kidney stones.<ref name=\":1\" />\nThe disruption of glyoxylate <a href=\"/wiki/Metabolism\" title=\"Metabolism\">metabolism</a> provides an additional mechanism of hyperoxaluria development. Loss of function mutations in the <a href=\"/wiki/HOGA1\" title=\"HOGA1\">HOGA1</a> gene leads to a loss of the <a href=\"/wiki/4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate_aldolase\" title=\"4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase\">4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase</a>, an <a href=\"/wiki/Enzyme\" title=\"Enzyme\">enzyme</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Hydroxyproline\" title=\"Hydroxyproline\">hydroxyproline</a> to glyoxylate pathway. The glyoxylate resulting from this pathway is normally stored away to prevent <a href=\"/wiki/Redox\" title=\"Redox\">oxidation</a> to oxalate in the <a href=\"/wiki/Cytosol\" title=\"Cytosol\">cytosol</a>. The disrupted pathway, however, causes a buildup of <a href=\"/wiki/4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate_aldolase\" title=\"4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase\">4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate</a> which can also be transported to the cytosol and converted into glyoxylate through a different <a href=\"/wiki/Aldolase\" title=\"Aldolase\">aldolase</a>. These glyoxylate molecules can be oxidized into oxalate increasing its concentration and causing hyperoxaluria.<ref name=\":0\" />\n<h2> Reactions and uses </h2>\nGlyoxylic acid is about ten times stronger an acid than <a href=\"/wiki/Acetic_acid\" title=\"Acetic acid\">acetic acid</a>, with an <a href=\"/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant\" title=\"Acid dissociation constant\">acid dissociation constant</a> of 4.7&nbsp;×&nbsp;10⁻⁴ (p<dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>K''_a = 3.32):\n</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd><dd>OCHCO₂H {{eqm}} {{chem|OCHCO|2|−}} + H⁺\n</dd></dl><p>With concentrated base, glyoxylic acid <a href=\"/wiki/Disproportionation\" title=\"Disproportionation\">disproportionates</a> via a <a href=\"/wiki/Cannizzaro_reaction\" title=\"Cannizzaro reaction\">Cannizzaro reaction</a>, forming <a href=\"/wiki/Hydroxyacetic_acid\" title=\"Hydroxyacetic acid\">hydroxyacetic acid</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Oxalic_acid\" title=\"Oxalic acid\">oxalic acid</a>:{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}\n<dl><dd>2 OCHCO₂H + H₂O → HOCH₂CO₂H + HO₂CCO₂H\n</dd></dl></p><p>Glyoxylic acid gives heterocycles upon <a href=\"/wiki/Condensation_reaction\" title=\"Condensation reaction\">condensation</a> with <a href=\"/wiki/Urea\" title=\"Urea\">urea</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/1%2C2-diaminobenzene\" title=\"1,2-diaminobenzene\">1,2-diaminobenzene</a>.\n</p>", "<h3>Phenol derivatives</h3>\n<p>In general, glyoxylic acid undergoes an <a href=\"/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic_substitution\" title=\"Electrophilic aromatic substitution\">electrophilic aromatic substitution</a> reaction with <a href=\"/wiki/Phenols\" title=\"Phenols\">phenols</a>, a versatile step in the synthesis of several other compounds.\n</p><p>The immediate product with <a href=\"/wiki/Phenol\" title=\"Phenol\">phenol</a> itself is <a href=\"/wiki/4-Hydroxymandelic_acid\" title=\"4-Hydroxymandelic acid\">4-hydroxymandelic acid</a>. This species reacts with ammonia to give hydroxyphenylglycine, a precursor to the drug <a href=\"/wiki/Amoxicillin\" title=\"Amoxicillin\">amoxicillin</a>. Reduction of the 4-hydroxymandelic acid gives <a href=\"/wiki/4-hydroxyphenylacetic_acid\" title=\"4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid\">4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid</a>, a precursor to the drug <a href=\"/wiki/Atenolol\" title=\"Atenolol\">atenolol</a>.\n</p><p>The sequence of reactions, in which glyoxylic acid reacts with <a href=\"/wiki/Guaiacol\" title=\"Guaiacol\">guaiacol</a> the phenolic component followed by oxidation and <a href=\"/wiki/Decarboxylation\" title=\"Decarboxylation\">decarboxylation</a>, provides a route to <a href=\"/wiki/Vanillin\" title=\"Vanillin\">vanillin</a> as a net <a href=\"/wiki/Formylation\" title=\"Formylation\">formylation</a> process.<ref name=\"Ull\" /><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Fatiadi, Alexander |author2=Schaffer, Robert|title=An Improved Procedure for Synthesis of <small>DL</small>-4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic Acid (<small>DL</small>-\"Vanillyl\"-mandelic Acid, VMA)|journal=Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards Section A|year=1974|volume=78A|issue=3|pages=411–412|doi=10.6028/jres.078A.024|pmid=32189791|pmc=6742820 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Kamlet, Jonas |author2=Mathieson, Olin|title=Manufacture of vanillin and its homologues U.S. Patent 2,640,083|year=1953|publisher=U.S. Patent Office|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?url=patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/pdfs/US2640083.pdf|author1-link=Jonas Kamlet}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Hopkins Cole reaction</h3>\n<p>Glyoxylic acid is a component of the <a href=\"/wiki/Hopkins%E2%80%93Cole_reaction\" title=\"Hopkins–Cole reaction\">Hopkins–Cole reaction</a>, used to check for the presence of <a href=\"/wiki/Tryptophan\" title=\"Tryptophan\">tryptophan</a> in proteins.<ref>{{cite book|author=R.A. Joshi|title=Question Bank of Biochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Acf9BkEqJWYC&pg=PA64|year=2006|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-1736-4|page=64}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Hair-strengthening cosmetics</h3>\n<p>Glyoxylic acid enters the composition of cosmetic creams used for “Brazilian” hair-straightening treatment. Glyoxylic acid is used in cosmetic products in replacement of <a href=\"/wiki/Formaldehyde\" title=\"Formaldehyde\">formaldehyde</a> to avoid <a href=\"/wiki/Skin_irritation\" title=\"Skin irritation\">skin irritation</a> by this latter. Since the wider use of these products several persons developed acute <a href=\"/wiki/Kidney_disease\" title=\"Kidney disease\">kidney disease</a> induced by the <a href=\"/wiki/Crystallisation\" title=\"Crystallisation\">crystallisation</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Calcium_oxalate\" title=\"Calcium oxalate\">calcium oxalate</a> in their <a href=\"/wiki/Kidney\" title=\"Kidney\">kidneys</a>.<ref name=\"HairStraightening2022\" /> Toxicity studies on mice have further demonstrated that the transcutaneous absorption of glyoxylic acid after topical application causes the <a href=\"/wiki/Excretion\" title=\"Excretion\">excretion</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Oxalate\" title=\"Oxalate\">oxalate</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/Urine\" title=\"Urine\">urine</a> at a much higher level than <a href=\"/wiki/Glycolic_acid\" title=\"Glycolic acid\">glycolic acid</a>.<ref name=\"Robert2024\" />\n</p>", "<h3>Environmental chemistry</h3>\n<p>Glyoxylic acid is one of several ketone- and aldehyde-containing carboxylic acids that together are abundant in <a href=\"/wiki/Secondary_organic_aerosol\" title=\"Secondary organic aerosol\">secondary organic aerosols</a>. In the presence of water and sunlight, glyoxylic acid can undergo <a href=\"/wiki/Photochemical\" title=\"Photochemical\">photochemical</a> oxidation. Several different reaction pathways can ensue, leading to various other carboxylic acid and aldehyde products.<ref>{{cite journal | title= Aqueous Photochemistry of Glyoxylic Acid |first1= Alexis J. |last1= Eugene |first2= Sha-Sha |last2= Xia |first3= Marcelo I. |last3= Guzman |journal= J. Phys. Chem. A |year= 2016 |volume= 120 |issue= 21 |pages= 3817–3826 |doi= 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b00225 |pmid= 27192089 |bibcode= 2016JPCA..120.3817E |doi-access= free }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Safety</h2>\n<p>For a long time, the compound was not considered to be highly <a href=\"/wiki/Toxicity\" title=\"Toxicity\">toxic</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Animal_model\" title=\"Animal model\">animal models</a> ({{LD50}} of 2500&nbsp;mg/kg for <a href=\"/wiki/Rat\" title=\"Rat\">rats</a>). However, recent observations of acute <a href=\"/wiki/Kidney_disease\" title=\"Kidney disease\">kidney injury</a> following exposure to <a href=\"/wiki/Hair_straightening\" title=\"Hair straightening\">hair-straightening</a> products indicate that it is toxic.<ref name=\"HairStraightening2022\">{{cite journal | last1=Abu-Amer | first1=Nabil | last2=Silberstein | first2=Natalie | last3=Kunin | first3=Margarita | last4=Mini | first4=Sharon | last5=Beckerman | first5=Pazit | date=2022-07-11 | title=Acute kidney injury following exposure to formaldehyde-free hair-straightening products | journal=Case Reports in Nephrology and Dialysis | publisher=S. Karger AG | volume=12 | issue=2 | issn=2296-9705 | doi=10.1159/000525567 | doi-access=free | pages=112–116}}</ref> After <a href=\"/wiki/Dermis\" title=\"Dermis\">transcutaneous</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Absorption_%28skin%29\" title=\"Absorption (skin)\">absorption</a>, glyoxylic acid contained in air-strengthening creams causes <a href=\"/wiki/Calcium_oxalate\" title=\"Calcium oxalate\">calcium oxalate</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Nephropathy\" title=\"Nephropathy\">nephropathy</a>. In contrast to <a href=\"/wiki/Glycolic_acid\" title=\"Glycolic acid\">glycolic acid</a>, glyoxylic acid can dramatically increase urine <a href=\"/wiki/Oxalate\" title=\"Oxalate\">oxalate</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Excretion\" title=\"Excretion\">excretion</a>.<ref name=\"Robert2024\">{{Cite journal |last1=Robert |first1=Thomas |last2=Tang |first2=Ellie |last3=Kervadec |first3=Jennifer |last4=Desmons |first4=Aurore |last5=Hautem |first5=Jean-Yves |last6=Zaworski |first6=Jeremy |last7=Daudon |first7=Michel |last8=Letavernier |first8=Emmanuel |year=2024-08-26 |title=Hair-straightening cosmetics containing glyoxylic acid induce crystalline nephropathy |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0085253824006197 |journal=Kidney International |doi=10.1016/j.kint.2024.07.032 |issn=0085-2538}}</ref> As the <a href=\"/wiki/Topical_application\" title=\"Topical application\">topical application</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Cosmetics\" title=\"Cosmetics\">cosmetics</a> based on glyoxylic acid can cause acute kidney injury, their use should be banned.\n</p>", "<h2> See also </h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Semialdehyde\" title=\"Semialdehyde\">Semialdehyde</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p><references />\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Conjugated_aldehydes\" title=\"Conjugated aldehydes\">Category:Conjugated aldehydes</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Aldehydic_acids\" title=\"Aldehydic acids\">Category:Aldehydic acids</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "130.180.18.14" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Economy and tourism", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}\n{{Infobox settlement\n| name = Stutterheim\n| settlement_type = [[Town]] \n| image_skyline = Bethel Mission Church, Stutterheim.jpg\n| image_caption = Bethel Mission Church, Stutterheim\n| pushpin_map = South Africa Eastern Cape#South Africa#Africa\n| coordinates = {{coord|32|34|S|27|25|E|region:ZA|display=inline,title}}\n| subdivision_type = [[Country]]\n| subdivision_name = [[South Africa]]\n| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of South Africa|Province]]\n| subdivision_name1 = [[Eastern Cape]]\n| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of South Africa|District]]\n| subdivision_name2 = [[Amathole District Municipality|Amathole]]\n| subdivision_type3 = [[Municipalities of South Africa|Municipality]]\n| subdivision_name3 = [[Amahlathi Local Municipality|Amahlathi]]\n| subdivision_type4 = Main Place\n| established_title = Established\n| leader_title = Councillor\n| area_footnotes = <ref name=\"census2011\">{{cite web |url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/place/273045 |title = Main Place Stutterheim |work=Census 2011}}</ref>\n| area_total_km2 = 121.42\n| population_footnotes = <ref name=\"census2011\" />\n| population_total = 24673\n| population_as_of = 2011\n| population_density_km2 = auto\n<!-- demographics (section 1) -->\n| demographics_type1 = Racial makeup (2011)\n| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=\"census2011\" />\n| demographics1_title1 = [[Bantu peoples of South Africa|Black African]]\n| demographics1_info1 = 90.7%\n| demographics1_title2 = [[Coloureds|Coloured]]\n| demographics1_info2 = 4.4%\n| demographics1_title3 = [[Indian South African|Indian]]/[[Asian South African|Asian]]\n| demographics1_info3 = 0.2%\n| demographics1_title4 = [[White South African|White]]\n| demographics1_info4 = 4.5%\n| demographics1_title5 = Other\n| demographics1_info5 = 0.3%\n<!-- demographics (section 2) -->\n| demographics_type2 = [[First language]]s (2011)\n| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name=\"census2011\" />\n| demographics2_title1 = [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]]\n| demographics2_info1 = 87.4%\n| demographics2_title2 = [[Afrikaans]]\n| demographics2_info2 = 5.8%\n| demographics2_title3 = [[South African English|English]]\n| demographics2_info3 = 5.0%\n| demographics2_title4 = \n| demographics2_info4 = \n| demographics2_title5 = Other\n| demographics2_info5 = 1.8%\n<!-- blank fields (section 2) -->\n<!-- Other information -->\n| timezone1 = [[South African Standard Time|SAST]]\n| utc_offset1 = +2\n| postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in South Africa|Postal code]] (street)\n| postal_code = 4930\n| postal2_code_type = [[Post-office box|PO box]]\n| postal2_code = 4930\n| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in South Africa|Area code]]\n| area_code = 043\n}}\n<b>Stutterheim</b> is a town with a population of 46,730 in <a href=\"/wiki/South_Africa\" title=\"South Africa\">South Africa</a>, situated in the Border region of the <a href=\"/wiki/Eastern_Cape\" title=\"Eastern Cape\">Eastern Cape</a> province. It is named after <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_von_Stutterheim\" title=\"Richard von Stutterheim\">Richard von Stutterheim</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p>The area's earliest human population were <a href=\"/wiki/San_people\" title=\"San people\">Bushmen</a>. <a href=\"/wiki/Khoikhoi\" title=\"Khoikhoi\">Khoikhoi</a> groups roamed the area with their cattle before <a href=\"/wiki/Xhosa_people\" title=\"Xhosa people\">Xhosa</a> groups moved in during the mid-17th century CE. Missionaries arrived in the area in the 1830s from the <a href=\"/wiki/Berlin_Missionary_Society\" title=\"Berlin Missionary Society\">Berlin Missionary Society</a>, followed by German settlers from the 1850s, and further waves of English colonists later on.\n</p><p>The town was originally named for Baron <a href=\"/wiki/Richard_Carl_Gustav_Ludwig_Wilhelm_Julius_von_Stutterheim\" title=\"Richard Carl Gustav Ludwig Wilhelm Julius von Stutterheim\">Richard Carl Gustav Ludwig Wilhelm Julius von Stutterheim</a>, who became a major-general in the British Army as the head of the <a href=\"/wiki/British_German_Legion\" title=\"British German Legion\">British German Legion</a> and spent eight months in South Africa before returning to Germany. It was later renamed Dohne after the first missionary in the area, <a href=\"/wiki/Jacob_Ludwig_D%C3%B6hne\" title=\"Jacob Ludwig Döhne\">Jacob Ludwig Döhne</a>, but in 1857 it was reverted to its previous name, with the name Döhne referring only to a <a href=\"/wiki/D%C3%B6hne\" title=\"Döhne\">small station nearby</a>.<ref name=\"baron\" />\nThe <a href=\"/wiki/Cape_Colony\" title=\"Cape Colony\">Cape Colony</a> received a degree of independence in 1872 when <a href=\"/wiki/Responsible_Government\" title=\"Responsible Government\">Responsible Government</a> was declared and, in 1877, the government of Prime Minister <a href=\"/wiki/John_Molteno\" title=\"John Molteno\">John Molteno</a> began construction of the railway line connecting Stutterheim to <a href=\"/wiki/East_London%2C_Eastern_Cape\" title=\"East London, Eastern Cape\">East London</a> on the coast. This was officially opened in August 1878, and led to significant growth and economic development in and around the town.<ref>Burman, Jose (1984), <i>Early Railways at the Cape</i>. Cape Town: Human &amp; Rousseau, p.84. {{ISBN|0-7981-1760-5}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 20 May 1879 Stutterheim was proclaimed a municipality. Today Stutterheim is part of a much larger municipality named <a href=\"/wiki/Amahlathi_Local_Municipality\" title=\"Amahlathi Local Municipality\">Amahlathi Local Municipality</a>.<ref><a rel=\"nofollow\" class=\"external free\" href=\"http://www.escaperoute.co.za/history-and-heritage/early-history-of-stutterheim{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}\">http://www.escaperoute.co.za/history-and-heritage/early-history-of-stutterheim{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</a></ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Economy and tourism</h2>\n<p>Due to its fair annual rainfall, Stutterheim is a flourishing forestry centre which includes large pine, gum and wattle plantations that are established on the slopes of the Kologha Mountains. This scenic town is situated about 70&nbsp;km from <a href=\"/wiki/East_London%2C_South_Africa\" title=\"East London, South Africa\">East London</a> on the <a href=\"/wiki/N6_road_%28South_Africa%29\" title=\"N6 road (South Africa)\">N6 highway</a> to the north. It is the home of many picturesque hiking trails, as well as mountain streams. Nearby Gubu Dam is well-stocked with trout. A number of cattle and sheep stud farms are also to be found in Stutterheim. Wool, beef, dairy and poultry are other central products which the area yields.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist|refs=<ref name=\"baron\">{{cite journal|url=http://samilitaryhistory.org/vol034jf.html|journal=Military History Journal|volume= 3|issue= 4|date=December 1975|title=Baron Richard von Stutterheim|publisher=The South African Military History Society|accessdate=2011-03-18}}</ref>}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20081210081045/http://www.amahlathi.co.za/stutterheim/\">Municipality Website</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Amatole District Municipality}}\n</p><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Amahlathi_Local_Municipality\" title=\"Populated places in the Amahlathi Local Municipality\">Category:Populated places in the Amahlathi Local Municipality</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:German_settlements_in_South_Africa\" title=\"German settlements in South Africa\">Category:German settlements in South Africa</a></p><p><br />\n{{EasternCape-geo-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 1862966 ], "name": [ "DJ Cane" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Physical geography", "Watersheds and rivers", "High peaks", "Sub-ranges", "Protected lands and parks", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Mountain range in British Columbia, Canada}}\n{{About|Cariboo Mountains in British Columbia, Canada||Caribou Mountains (disambiguation){{!}}Caribou Mountains}}\n{{Infobox mountain\n| name=Cariboo Mountains\n| country=Canada\n| region_type= Province\n| region=British Columbia\n| parent=Columbia Mountains\n| geology= | period= | orogeny=\n| area_km2=7700|length_km=245|length_orientation=SE-NW|width_km=90|width_orientation=SW-NE\n| highest=Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier\n| elevation_m=3516\n|coordinates = {{coord|52|48|05|N|119|43|54|W|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline}}\n|range_coordinates = {{coord|52|55|N|120|15|W|type:mountain|format=dms|display=inline,title}}\n| map_image=BC-relief_Cariboomtns.png\n| map_caption=Location map of the Cariboo Mountains\n| photo=Cariboo Peaks.JPG\n| photo_caption=Peaks in the Premier Range\n}}\nThe <b>Cariboo Mountains</b> are the northernmost subrange of the <a href=\"/wiki/Columbia_Mountains\" title=\"Columbia Mountains\">Columbia Mountains</a>,<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Marsh |first=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wR_-aSFyvuYC&dq=Cariboo+Mountains&pg=PA401 |title=Cariboo Mountains |encyclopedia=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=1999 |publisher=[[McClelland & Stewart]] |isbn=978-0-7710-2099-5 |language=en |page=401}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Cariboo Mountains |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cariboo-Mountains |access-date=2022-09-11 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> which run down into the <a href=\"/wiki/Spokane\" title=\"Spokane\">Spokane</a> area of the <a href=\"/wiki/United_States\" title=\"United States\">United States</a> and include the <a href=\"/wiki/Selkirk_Mountains\" title=\"Selkirk Mountains\">Selkirks</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Monashee_Mountains\" title=\"Monashee Mountains\">Monashees</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Purcell_Mountains\" title=\"Purcell Mountains\">Purcells</a>. The Cariboo Mountains are entirely within the province of <a href=\"/wiki/British_Columbia\" title=\"British Columbia\">British Columbia</a>, Canada. The range is {{convert|7,700|km2}} in area and about 245&nbsp;km in length (southeast–northwest) and about 90&nbsp;km at its widest (southwest–northeast).\n</p>", "<h2>Physical geography</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Image:Braithwaite_Icefield.jpg\" title=\"Braithwaite Icefield.jpg\">thumb|250px|left|Braithwaite Icefield, largest in the Cariboo Mountains</a>\nEast of the range is the <a href=\"/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Trench\" title=\"Rocky Mountain Trench\">Rocky Mountain Trench</a>, in this region largely the path of the upper <a href=\"/wiki/Fraser_River\" title=\"Fraser River\">Fraser River</a> (including the section known as the Grand Canyon of the Fraser which is not to be confused with the better-known <a href=\"/wiki/Fraser_Canyon\" title=\"Fraser Canyon\">Fraser Canyon</a> nearer <a href=\"/wiki/Vancouver\" title=\"Vancouver\">Vancouver</a>). To the west the range verges with the <a href=\"/wiki/Cariboo_Plateau\" title=\"Cariboo Plateau\">Cariboo Plateau</a> through an intermediary \"foothill\" area known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Quesnel_Highland\" title=\"Quesnel Highland\">Quesnel Highland</a>. Northwestwards the range drops to the Willow River area of the <a href=\"/wiki/Nechako_Plateau\" title=\"Nechako Plateau\">Nechako Plateau</a>, which lies around <a href=\"/wiki/Prince_George%2C_British_Columbia\" title=\"Prince George, British Columbia\">Prince George</a>. South of the range, northeast of <a href=\"/wiki/Clearwater%2C_British_Columbia\" title=\"Clearwater, British Columbia\">Clearwater</a> a plateau-like mountainous area between the range and the <a href=\"/wiki/North_Thompson_River\" title=\"North Thompson River\">North Thompson River</a> is part of the <a href=\"/wiki/Shuswap_Highland\" title=\"Shuswap Highland\">Shuswap Highland</a>, which crosses the North Thompson and continues into the <a href=\"/wiki/Shuswap_Lake\" title=\"Shuswap Lake\">Shuswap Lake</a> area.\n</p><p>N.B. Some classification systems assign the Cariboo Mountains to the Cariboo Plateau, which also includes the small <a href=\"/wiki/Marble_Range\" title=\"Marble Range\">Marble</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Clear_Range\" title=\"Clear Range\">Clear Ranges</a> but it is so large and so mountainous a range, with peaks that rival the highest in the Selkirks, that it does not warrant the \"plateau\" designation.\n</p><p>The Cariboo Mountains subranges include the Palmer Range and the Mowdish Range.\n</p><h3>Watersheds and rivers</h3>\n<p>Unlike the other three major subranges of the Columbia Mountains, the Cariboo Mountains have almost no contact with the Columbia River or its tributaries, but are entirely bounded by the Fraser and its tributary, the North Thompson River (there is a small exception in the <a href=\"/wiki/Canoe_River_%28British_Columbia%29\" title=\"Canoe River (British Columbia)\">Canoe River</a>, which runs into the Rocky Mountain Trench from the eastern end of the range. The Canoe River is on the north side of <a href=\"/wiki/Albreda_Pass\" title=\"Albreda Pass\">Albreda Pass</a>, which is the divide between the North Thompson and the Rocky Mountain Trench.\n</p><h3>High peaks</h3>\n<p>The highest summits in the range are in a group known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Premier_Range\" title=\"Premier Range\">Premier Range</a> whose peaks carry the names of eleven <a href=\"/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada\" title=\"Prime Minister of Canada\">Canadian Prime Ministers</a>, one <a href=\"/wiki/British_Prime_Minister\" title=\"British Prime Minister\">British Prime Minister</a>, and one <a href=\"/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia\" title=\"Premier of British Columbia\">Premier of British Columbia</a>. The highest peak is <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier\" title=\"Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier\">Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier</a> at <span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">3,516&nbsp;m&nbsp;(11,535&nbsp;ft)</span>. The most recently added name to the group is that of <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau\" title=\"Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau\">Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Skiing_azure_pass.JPG\" title=\"Skiing azure pass.JPG\">thumb|Backcountry skiing in the Cariboo Mountains</a>\n{{See also|Premier Range}}\n</p><p>The highest peak in the Cariboo Mountains outside the Premiers Range is <a href=\"/wiki/Quanstrom_Mountain\" title=\"Quanstrom Mountain\">Quanstrom Mountain</a> <span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">3,038&nbsp;m&nbsp;(9,967&nbsp;ft)</span>, which is the northernmost peak in the range over 3,000 m.\n</p>", "<h3>Watersheds and rivers</h3>\n<p>Unlike the other three major subranges of the Columbia Mountains, the Cariboo Mountains have almost no contact with the Columbia River or its tributaries, but are entirely bounded by the Fraser and its tributary, the North Thompson River (there is a small exception in the <a href=\"/wiki/Canoe_River_%28British_Columbia%29\" title=\"Canoe River (British Columbia)\">Canoe River</a>, which runs into the Rocky Mountain Trench from the eastern end of the range. The Canoe River is on the north side of <a href=\"/wiki/Albreda_Pass\" title=\"Albreda Pass\">Albreda Pass</a>, which is the divide between the North Thompson and the Rocky Mountain Trench.\n</p>", "<h3>High peaks</h3>\n<p>The highest summits in the range are in a group known as the <a href=\"/wiki/Premier_Range\" title=\"Premier Range\">Premier Range</a> whose peaks carry the names of eleven <a href=\"/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada\" title=\"Prime Minister of Canada\">Canadian Prime Ministers</a>, one <a href=\"/wiki/British_Prime_Minister\" title=\"British Prime Minister\">British Prime Minister</a>, and one <a href=\"/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia\" title=\"Premier of British Columbia\">Premier of British Columbia</a>. The highest peak is <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Sir_Wilfrid_Laurier\" title=\"Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier\">Mount Sir Wilfrid Laurier</a> at <span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">3,516&nbsp;m&nbsp;(11,535&nbsp;ft)</span>. The most recently added name to the group is that of <a href=\"/wiki/Mount_Pierre_Elliott_Trudeau\" title=\"Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau\">Mount Pierre Elliott Trudeau</a>.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Skiing_azure_pass.JPG\" title=\"Skiing azure pass.JPG\">thumb|Backcountry skiing in the Cariboo Mountains</a>\n{{See also|Premier Range}}\n</p><p>The highest peak in the Cariboo Mountains outside the Premiers Range is <a href=\"/wiki/Quanstrom_Mountain\" title=\"Quanstrom Mountain\">Quanstrom Mountain</a> <span style=\"white-space:nowrap\">3,038&nbsp;m&nbsp;(9,967&nbsp;ft)</span>, which is the northernmost peak in the range over 3,000 m.\n</p>", "<h2>Sub-ranges</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mowdish_Range\" title=\"Mowdish Range\">Mowdish Range</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Premier_Range\" title=\"Premier Range\">Premier Range</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Wavy_Range\" title=\"Wavy Range\">Wavy Range</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>Protected lands and parks</h2>\n<p>Much of the Cariboo Mountains lie in <a href=\"/wiki/Wells_Gray_Provincial_Park\" title=\"Wells Gray Provincial Park\">Wells Gray Provincial Park</a>, created in 1939 and currently the 4th largest in British Columbia. Another section is in <a href=\"/wiki/Bowron_Lake_Provincial_Park\" title=\"Bowron Lake Provincial Park\">Bowron Lake Provincial Park</a>, a popular canoeing circuit east of the preserved <a href=\"/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush\" title=\"Cariboo Gold Rush\">gold rush</a> town of <a href=\"/wiki/Barkerville%2C_British_Columbia\" title=\"Barkerville, British Columbia\">Barkerville</a>. Another park in the range is <a href=\"/wiki/Cariboo_Mountains_Provincial_Park\" title=\"Cariboo Mountains Provincial Park\">Cariboo Mountains Provincial Park</a>, between Wells Gray and Bowron Lake.\n</p>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Commons and category}}\n{{Interior Ranges of British Columbia}}\n{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Cariboo_Mountains\" title=\"Cariboo Mountains\"> </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Landforms_of_the_Cariboo\" title=\"Landforms of the Cariboo\">Category:Landforms of the Cariboo</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Thompson_Country\" title=\"Thompson Country\">Category:Thompson Country</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Robson_Valley\" title=\"Robson Valley\">Category:Robson Valley</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_British_Columbia\" title=\"Mountain ranges of British Columbia\">Category:Mountain ranges of British Columbia</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 27015025 ], "name": [ "InternetArchiveBot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Work", "On the schizoid personality", "Introversion", "Withdrawnness", "Narcissism", "Self-sufficiency", "Loss of affect", "Loneliness", "Depersonalization", "Regression", "Published works", "References", "Further reading", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|British psychoanalyst and Congregationalist minister (1901–1975)}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}\n{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}\n{{psychoanalysis}}\n<b>Henry James Samuel Guntrip</b> (29 May 1901 – 1975) was a British psychoanalyst known for his major contributions to <a href=\"/wiki/Object_relations_theory\" title=\"Object relations theory\">object relations theory</a> or school of Freudian thought.<ref>{{cite ODNB |title=Guntrip, Henry James Samuel [Harry] (1901–1975), psychotherapist and Congregational minister|year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/51075 |isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-51075 |access-date=18 August 2018 }}</ref><ref name=\"Malcolm\">{{cite book|last1=Malcolm|first1=Janet|title=Psychoanalysis|date=1981|publisher=Random House|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/psychoanalysisim00jane/page/5 5]|isbn=0394520386|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/psychoanalysisim00jane/page/5}}</ref> He was a Fellow of the <a href=\"/wiki/British_Psychological_Society\" title=\"British Psychological Society\">British Psychological Society</a> and a psychotherapist and lecturer at the Department of Psychiatry, <a href=\"/wiki/Leeds_University\" title=\"Leeds University\">Leeds University</a>, and also a Congregationalist minister. He was described by Dr <a href=\"/wiki/J._D._Sutherland\" title=\"J. D. Sutherland\">Jock Sutherland</a> as \"one of the psychoanalytic immortals\".\n</p>", "<h2>Work</h2>\n<p>Guntrip's <i>Personality Structure and Human Interaction</i> organised, critiqued and synthesised the theories of major psychoanalysts, including <a href=\"/wiki/Melanie_Klein\" title=\"Melanie Klein\">Melanie Klein</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Ronald_Fairbairn\" title=\"Ronald Fairbairn\">Ronald Fairbairn</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Donald_Winnicott\" title=\"Donald Winnicott\">D. W. Winnicott</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Balint\" title=\"Michael Balint\">Michael Balint</a>. Although he accepted many of Freud's theories, he also advanced his own ideas and criticised Freud as being too based on biology in general, and instincts in particular, and therefore being, in Guntrip's belief, dehumanising. He also drew heavily on the object relational approach of Fairbairn and Winnicott. He argued that the regressed ego, which is perhaps his greatest contribution to psychoanalysis, exerts a powerful effect on life.<ref name=\"Ehrlich\">{{cite journal|last1=Ehrlich|first1=R|title=Guntrip's concept of the regressed ego|journal= The Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry|year=2009|volume=37|issue=4|pages=605–625|doi=10.1521/jaap.2009.37.4.605|pmid=20001196}}</ref> He viewed the <a href=\"/wiki/Schizoid\" title=\"Schizoid\">schizoid</a> sense of emptiness as reflecting the withdrawal of energy from the real world into a world of internal object relations.\n</p><p>His personal symptoms led him to be psychoanalysed by both W.R.D. Fairbairn and D.W. Winnicott. Although helpful, the therapy did not cure his problem.<ref name=\"Padel\">{{cite journal|year=1996|title=The case of Harry Guntrip|journal=International Journal of Psychoanalysis|volume=4|pages=755–61|last1=Padel|first1=J|pmid=8876333}}</ref><ref name=\"Markillie\">{{cite journal|year=1996|title=Some personal recollections and impressions of Harry Guntrip|journal=International Journal of Psychoanalysis|volume=4|pages=763–71|last1=Markillie|first1=R}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> On the schizoid personality </h2>\n<p>Guntrip worked extensively with <a href=\"/wiki/Schizoid\" title=\"Schizoid\">schizoid</a> patients who were detached, withdrawn, and unable to form meaningful human relations. He came to regard the self as the fundamental psychological concept, <a href=\"/wiki/Psychoanalysis\" title=\"Psychoanalysis\">psychoanalysis</a> as the study of its growth, and <a href=\"/wiki/Psychoanalytic_therapy\" title=\"Psychoanalytic therapy\">psychoanalytic therapy</a> as a means of providing a personal relationship in which the alienated, withdrawn self is given an opportunity for healthy growth and development, and finally putting it in touch with other persons and objects.\n</p><p>He delineated the following nine characteristics of the schizoid personality: <a href=\"/wiki/Extroversion_and_introversion\" title=\"Extroversion and introversion\">introversion</a>, withdrawnness, <a href=\"/wiki/Narcissism\" title=\"Narcissism\">narcissism</a>, self-sufficiency, a sense of superiority, loss of <a href=\"/wiki/Affect_%28psychology%29\" title=\"Affect (psychology)\">affect</a>, loneliness, <a href=\"/wiki/Depersonalization\" title=\"Depersonalization\">depersonalisation</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Regression_%28psychology%29\" title=\"Regression (psychology)\">regression</a>.<ref name=\"Klein6\">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PytkjA3HNqQC|title=Disorders of the Self – New Therapeutic Horizons, The Masterson Approach|first=James F.|first2=Ralph|publisher=Brunner / Mazel|year=1995|isbn=9780876307861|location=New York|author=Masterson|last2=Klein|author-link=James F. Masterson}}</ref>{{rp|pp. 13–23}} These are described in more detail below.\n</p><h3> Introversion </h3>\n<p>Guntrip described the schizoid's inner world thus: \"By the very meaning of the term, the schizoid is described as cut off from the world of outer reality in an emotional sense. All this <a href=\"/wiki/Libido\" title=\"Libido\">libidinal</a> desire and striving is directed inward toward internal objects and he lives an intense inner life often revealed in an astonishing wealth and richness of <a href=\"/wiki/Fantasy_%28psychology%29\" title=\"Fantasy (psychology)\">fantasy</a> and imaginative life whenever that becomes accessible to observation. Though mostly his varied fantasy life is carried on in secret, hidden away.\"<ref name=\":44\">{{Cite book|title=Schizoid Phenomena, Object-Relations, and The Self|url=https://archive.org/details/schizoidphenomen00gunt|url-access=registration|last=Guntrip|first=Harry|publisher=International Universities Press|year=1969|isbn=9781855750326|location=New York}}</ref> The schizoid person is so cut off from outer reality as to experience it as dangerous. It is a natural human response to turn away from sources of danger and toward sources of safety. The schizoid individual, therefore, is primarily concerned with avoiding danger and ensuring safety.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p><h3> Withdrawnness </h3>\n<p>Withdrawnness means detachment from the outer world, the other side of introversion. Only a small portion of schizoid individuals present with a clear and obvious timidity, reluctance, or avoidance of the external world and interpersonal relationships. Many fundamentally schizoid people <a href=\"/wiki/Human_behavior\" title=\"Human behavior\">present</a> with an engaging, interactive <a href=\"/wiki/Personality_type\" title=\"Personality type\">personality style</a>.\n</p><p>Such a person can appear to be available, interested, engaged and involved in interacting with others, but he or she may in reality be emotionally withdrawn and sequestered in a safe place in an internal world. Withdrawnness is a characteristic feature of schizoid <a href=\"/wiki/Psychopathology\" title=\"Psychopathology\">pathology</a>, but it is sometimes overt and sometimes covert. Overt withdrawnness matches the usual description of the schizoid personality, but withdrawnness is just as often a covert, hidden, internal state of the patient.\n</p><p>The patient's observable behaviour may not accurately reflect the internal state of their mind. One should not mistake introversion for indifference, and one should not miss identifying the schizoid patient due to misinterpretation of the patient's defensive, compensatory, engaging interaction with external reality.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p><h3> Narcissism </h3>\n<p>Guntrip defines <a href=\"/wiki/Narcissism\" title=\"Narcissism\">narcissism</a> as \"a characteristic that arises out of the predominantly interior life the schizoid lives. His love objects are all inside him and moreover he is greatly identified with them so that his libidinal attachments appear to be in himself. The question, however, is whether the intense inner life of the schizoid is due to a desire for hungry incorporation of external objects or due to withdrawal from the outer to a presumed safer inner world.\"<ref name=\":44\" /> The need for <a href=\"/wiki/Attachment_%28psychology%29\" title=\"Attachment (psychology)\">attachment</a> as a primary motivational force is as strong in the schizoid person as in any other human being. Because the schizoid's love objects are internal, they find safety without connecting and attaching to objects in the real world (see <a href=\"/wiki/Narcissistic_defences\" title=\"Narcissistic defences\">Narcissistic defences</a>).<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p><h3> Self-sufficiency </h3>\n<p>Guntrip observed that a sense of superiority accompanies self-sufficiency. \"One has no need of other people, they can be dispensed with... There often goes with it a feeling of being different from other people.\"<ref name=\":44\" /> The sense of superiority of the schizoid has nothing to do with the grandiose self of the narcissistic disorder. It does not find expression in the schizoid through the need to devalue or annihilate others who are perceived as offending, criticising, shaming, or humiliating. This type of superiority was described by a young schizoid man:\n<dl><dd> \"If I am superior to others, if I am above others, then I do not need others. When I say that I am above others, it does not mean that I feel better than them, it means that I am at a distance from them, a safe distance.\"\nIt is a feeling of security rather than of superiority.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</dd></dl></p><h3> Loss of affect </h3>\n<p>{{Further|Affect (psychology)}}\nGuntrip saw loss of affect as inevitable,<ref name=\":44\" /> as the tremendous investment made in the self interferes with the desire and ability to be empathic and sensitive toward another person's experience. These things often seem secondary to securing one's own defensive, safe position. The subjective experience is one of loss of affect.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p><p>Some patients experience loss of affect to such a degree that the insensitivity becomes manifest in the extreme as <a href=\"/wiki/Cynicism_%28contemporary%29\" title=\"Cynicism (contemporary)\">cynicism</a>, callousness, or even cruelty. The patient appears to have no awareness of how his or her comments or actions affect and hurt other people. This loss of affect is more frequently manifest within the patient as genuine confusion, a sense of something missing in his or her emotional life.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p><h3> Loneliness </h3>\n<p>Guntrip observed that the preceding characteristics result in loneliness: \"Loneliness is an inescapable result of schizoid introversion and abolition of external <a href=\"/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship\" title=\"Interpersonal relationship\">relationships</a>. It reveals itself in the intense longing for friendship and love which repeatedly break through. Loneliness in the midst of a crowd is the experience of the schizoid cut off from affective rapport.\"<ref name=\":44\" /> This is a central experience of the schizoid that is often lost to the observer. Contrary to the familiar caricature of the schizoid as uncaring and cold, the vast majority of schizoid persons who become patients express at some point in their treatment their longing for friendship and love. This is not the schizoid patient as described in the DSMs. Such longing, however, may not break through except in the schizoid's fantasy life, to which the therapist may not be allowed access for quite a long period in treatment.\n</p><p>There is a very narrow range of classic DSM-defined schizoids for whom the hope of establishing relationships is so minimal as to be almost extinct. The longing for closeness and attachment is almost unidentifiable to such a person. These individuals will not voluntarily become patients, as the schizoid individual who becomes a patient does so often because of the twin motivations of loneliness and longing. This type of patient believes that some kind of connection and attachment is possible and is well suited to <a href=\"/wiki/Psychotherapy\" title=\"Psychotherapy\">psychotherapy</a>. The psychotherapist, however, may approach the schizoid patient with a sense of therapeutic pessimism, if not <a href=\"/wiki/Nihilism\" title=\"Nihilism\">nihilism</a>, and may misread the patient by believing that the patient's wariness is indifference and that caution is coldness.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p><h3> Depersonalization </h3>\n<p>Guntrip describes <a href=\"/wiki/Depersonalization\" title=\"Depersonalization\">depersonalization</a> as a loss of a sense of <a href=\"/wiki/Personal_identity\" title=\"Personal identity\">identity</a> and individuality. Depersonalization is a dissociative defence, often described by the schizoid patient as \"tuning out\", \"turning off\", or as the experience of a separation between the observing and the participating <a href=\"/wiki/Id%2C_ego_and_super-ego\" title=\"Id, ego and super-ego\">ego</a>. It is experienced most profoundly when anxieties seem overwhelming and is a more extreme form of loss of affect: whereas the loss of affect is a more chronic state in schizoid personality disorder, depersonalisation is an acute defence against more immediate experiences of overwhelming anxiety or danger.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p><h3> Regression </h3>\n<p>{{Further|Regression (psychology)}}Guntrip defined regression as \"Representing the fact that the schizoid person at bottom feels overwhelmed by their external world and is in flight from it both inwards and as it were backwards to the safety of the metaphorical womb.\"<ref name=\":44\" /> Such a process of regression encompasses two different mechanisms: inward and backwards. Regression inward speaks to the magnitude of the reliance on primitive forms of fantasy and self-containment, often of an <a href=\"/wiki/Autoeroticism\" title=\"Autoeroticism\">autoerotic</a> or even <a href=\"/wiki/Asexuality\" title=\"Asexuality\">objectless</a> nature. Regression backwards to the safety of the womb is a unique schizoid phenomenon and represents the most intense form of schizoid defensive withdrawal in an effort to find safety and to avoid destruction by external reality, which has been conflated with the challenging parental models faced by the subject following exit from the womb upon physical birth. The fantasy of regression to the womb is the fantasy of regression to a place of ultimate safety.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p>", "<h3> Introversion </h3>\n<p>Guntrip described the schizoid's inner world thus: \"By the very meaning of the term, the schizoid is described as cut off from the world of outer reality in an emotional sense. All this <a href=\"/wiki/Libido\" title=\"Libido\">libidinal</a> desire and striving is directed inward toward internal objects and he lives an intense inner life often revealed in an astonishing wealth and richness of <a href=\"/wiki/Fantasy_%28psychology%29\" title=\"Fantasy (psychology)\">fantasy</a> and imaginative life whenever that becomes accessible to observation. Though mostly his varied fantasy life is carried on in secret, hidden away.\"<ref name=\":44\">{{Cite book|title=Schizoid Phenomena, Object-Relations, and The Self|url=https://archive.org/details/schizoidphenomen00gunt|url-access=registration|last=Guntrip|first=Harry|publisher=International Universities Press|year=1969|isbn=9781855750326|location=New York}}</ref> The schizoid person is so cut off from outer reality as to experience it as dangerous. It is a natural human response to turn away from sources of danger and toward sources of safety. The schizoid individual, therefore, is primarily concerned with avoiding danger and ensuring safety.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p>", "<h3> Withdrawnness </h3>\n<p>Withdrawnness means detachment from the outer world, the other side of introversion. Only a small portion of schizoid individuals present with a clear and obvious timidity, reluctance, or avoidance of the external world and interpersonal relationships. Many fundamentally schizoid people <a href=\"/wiki/Human_behavior\" title=\"Human behavior\">present</a> with an engaging, interactive <a href=\"/wiki/Personality_type\" title=\"Personality type\">personality style</a>.\n</p><p>Such a person can appear to be available, interested, engaged and involved in interacting with others, but he or she may in reality be emotionally withdrawn and sequestered in a safe place in an internal world. Withdrawnness is a characteristic feature of schizoid <a href=\"/wiki/Psychopathology\" title=\"Psychopathology\">pathology</a>, but it is sometimes overt and sometimes covert. Overt withdrawnness matches the usual description of the schizoid personality, but withdrawnness is just as often a covert, hidden, internal state of the patient.\n</p><p>The patient's observable behaviour may not accurately reflect the internal state of their mind. One should not mistake introversion for indifference, and one should not miss identifying the schizoid patient due to misinterpretation of the patient's defensive, compensatory, engaging interaction with external reality.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p>", "<h3> Narcissism </h3>\n<p>Guntrip defines <a href=\"/wiki/Narcissism\" title=\"Narcissism\">narcissism</a> as \"a characteristic that arises out of the predominantly interior life the schizoid lives. His love objects are all inside him and moreover he is greatly identified with them so that his libidinal attachments appear to be in himself. The question, however, is whether the intense inner life of the schizoid is due to a desire for hungry incorporation of external objects or due to withdrawal from the outer to a presumed safer inner world.\"<ref name=\":44\" /> The need for <a href=\"/wiki/Attachment_%28psychology%29\" title=\"Attachment (psychology)\">attachment</a> as a primary motivational force is as strong in the schizoid person as in any other human being. Because the schizoid's love objects are internal, they find safety without connecting and attaching to objects in the real world (see <a href=\"/wiki/Narcissistic_defences\" title=\"Narcissistic defences\">Narcissistic defences</a>).<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p>", "<h3> Self-sufficiency </h3>\n<p>Guntrip observed that a sense of superiority accompanies self-sufficiency. \"One has no need of other people, they can be dispensed with... There often goes with it a feeling of being different from other people.\"<ref name=\":44\" /> The sense of superiority of the schizoid has nothing to do with the grandiose self of the narcissistic disorder. It does not find expression in the schizoid through the need to devalue or annihilate others who are perceived as offending, criticising, shaming, or humiliating. This type of superiority was described by a young schizoid man:\n<dl><dd> \"If I am superior to others, if I am above others, then I do not need others. When I say that I am above others, it does not mean that I feel better than them, it means that I am at a distance from them, a safe distance.\"\nIt is a feeling of security rather than of superiority.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</dd></dl></p>", "<h3> Loss of affect </h3>\n<p>{{Further|Affect (psychology)}}\nGuntrip saw loss of affect as inevitable,<ref name=\":44\" /> as the tremendous investment made in the self interferes with the desire and ability to be empathic and sensitive toward another person's experience. These things often seem secondary to securing one's own defensive, safe position. The subjective experience is one of loss of affect.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p><p>Some patients experience loss of affect to such a degree that the insensitivity becomes manifest in the extreme as <a href=\"/wiki/Cynicism_%28contemporary%29\" title=\"Cynicism (contemporary)\">cynicism</a>, callousness, or even cruelty. The patient appears to have no awareness of how his or her comments or actions affect and hurt other people. This loss of affect is more frequently manifest within the patient as genuine confusion, a sense of something missing in his or her emotional life.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p>", "<h3> Loneliness </h3>\n<p>Guntrip observed that the preceding characteristics result in loneliness: \"Loneliness is an inescapable result of schizoid introversion and abolition of external <a href=\"/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship\" title=\"Interpersonal relationship\">relationships</a>. It reveals itself in the intense longing for friendship and love which repeatedly break through. Loneliness in the midst of a crowd is the experience of the schizoid cut off from affective rapport.\"<ref name=\":44\" /> This is a central experience of the schizoid that is often lost to the observer. Contrary to the familiar caricature of the schizoid as uncaring and cold, the vast majority of schizoid persons who become patients express at some point in their treatment their longing for friendship and love. This is not the schizoid patient as described in the DSMs. Such longing, however, may not break through except in the schizoid's fantasy life, to which the therapist may not be allowed access for quite a long period in treatment.\n</p><p>There is a very narrow range of classic DSM-defined schizoids for whom the hope of establishing relationships is so minimal as to be almost extinct. The longing for closeness and attachment is almost unidentifiable to such a person. These individuals will not voluntarily become patients, as the schizoid individual who becomes a patient does so often because of the twin motivations of loneliness and longing. This type of patient believes that some kind of connection and attachment is possible and is well suited to <a href=\"/wiki/Psychotherapy\" title=\"Psychotherapy\">psychotherapy</a>. The psychotherapist, however, may approach the schizoid patient with a sense of therapeutic pessimism, if not <a href=\"/wiki/Nihilism\" title=\"Nihilism\">nihilism</a>, and may misread the patient by believing that the patient's wariness is indifference and that caution is coldness.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p>", "<h3> Depersonalization </h3>\n<p>Guntrip describes <a href=\"/wiki/Depersonalization\" title=\"Depersonalization\">depersonalization</a> as a loss of a sense of <a href=\"/wiki/Personal_identity\" title=\"Personal identity\">identity</a> and individuality. Depersonalization is a dissociative defence, often described by the schizoid patient as \"tuning out\", \"turning off\", or as the experience of a separation between the observing and the participating <a href=\"/wiki/Id%2C_ego_and_super-ego\" title=\"Id, ego and super-ego\">ego</a>. It is experienced most profoundly when anxieties seem overwhelming and is a more extreme form of loss of affect: whereas the loss of affect is a more chronic state in schizoid personality disorder, depersonalisation is an acute defence against more immediate experiences of overwhelming anxiety or danger.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p>", "<h3> Regression </h3>\n<p>{{Further|Regression (psychology)}}Guntrip defined regression as \"Representing the fact that the schizoid person at bottom feels overwhelmed by their external world and is in flight from it both inwards and as it were backwards to the safety of the metaphorical womb.\"<ref name=\":44\" /> Such a process of regression encompasses two different mechanisms: inward and backwards. Regression inward speaks to the magnitude of the reliance on primitive forms of fantasy and self-containment, often of an <a href=\"/wiki/Autoeroticism\" title=\"Autoeroticism\">autoerotic</a> or even <a href=\"/wiki/Asexuality\" title=\"Asexuality\">objectless</a> nature. Regression backwards to the safety of the womb is a unique schizoid phenomenon and represents the most intense form of schizoid defensive withdrawal in an effort to find safety and to avoid destruction by external reality, which has been conflated with the challenging parental models faced by the subject following exit from the womb upon physical birth. The fantasy of regression to the womb is the fantasy of regression to a place of ultimate safety.<ref name=\"Klein6\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Published works</h2>\n<ul><li> <i>Schizoid Phenomena, Object-Relations, and the Self</i> (1968). Karnac Books. {{ISBN|1-85575-032-5}} \n</li><li> <i>Psychoanalytic Theory, Therapy, and the Self: A Basic Guide to the Human Personality in Freud, Erikson, Klein, Sullivan, Fairbairn, Hartmann, Jacobson, and Winnicott</i> (1971). Karnac Books. {{ISBN|0-946439-15-X}} \n</li><li> <i>Personality Structure and Human Interaction</i> (1961). Karnac Books. {{ISBN|1-85575-118-6}} \n</li><li> <i>Psychology for Ministers and Social Workers</i> (1949)\n</li><li> <i>You and Your Nerves</i>\n</li><li> <i>Mental Pain and the Cure of Souls</i>\n</li><li> <i>Middle Age</i> (with <a href=\"/wiki/Leslie_James_Tizard\" title=\"Leslie James Tizard\">L. J. Tizard</a>)\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>Further reading</h2>\n<ul><li> Hazell, J (1986). <i>H. J. S. Guntrip: A Psychoanalytical Biography</i>, <a href=\"/wiki/Free_Association_Books\" title=\"Free Association Books\">Free Association Books</a>, {{ISBN|1-85343-333-0}}.\n</li></ul>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=91346753\">Psychoanalytic Theory, Therapy, and the Self</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728074159/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=91346753 |date=28 July 2012 }} – online text\n</li><li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20041228015723/http://www.sihr.org.uk/guntrip.html\">The Guntrip Trust at The Scottish Institute of Human Relations</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://www.kansasmemory.org/item/223264\">Harry Guntrip papers from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Guntrip, Harry}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_psychotherapists\" title=\"English psychotherapists\">Category:English psychotherapists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1901_births\" title=\"1901 births\">Category:1901 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1975_deaths\" title=\"1975 deaths\">Category:1975 deaths</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Alleyn%27s_School\" title=\"People educated at Alleyn's School\">Category:People educated at Alleyn's School</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Analysands_of_D._W._Winnicott\" title=\"Analysands of D. W. Winnicott\">Category:Analysands of D. W. Winnicott</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Health_professionals_from_London\" title=\"Health professionals from London\">Category:Health professionals from London</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_psychologists\" title=\"20th-century British psychologists\">Category:20th-century British psychologists</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 18872885 ], "name": [ "WikiCleanerBot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Plot", "Voice cast", "Soundtrack", "Business", "Successor", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|2005 Indian animated feature film}}\n{{Use Indian English|date=December 2013}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2013}}\n{{Infobox film\n| name = Hanuman\n| image = Hanumanfilm.jpg\n| caption = \n| director = V. G. Samant\n| producer = Silvertoons <br> [[Percept Picture Company]]<br>Sahara One Motion Pictures\n| writer = Milind Ukey <br> Sulekha Bajpai <br> Shantanu Ganesh Rode\n| narrator = \n| starring = \n| music = Tapas Relia\n| cinematography = \n| editing = Huzefa Lokhandwala\n| studio = Silvertoons <br>\nPercept Picture Company\n| distributor = [[Sahara One Motion Pictures]]\n| released = {{Film date|2005|10|21|df=y}}\n| runtime = 139 minutes (Original version)<br />89 minutes (Alternate version)\n| country = India\n| budget = {{INR|3.25 crore}}<ref name=\":2\">{{Cite web |title=Hanuman (2005) Budget and Box office collection |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1647 |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>\n| gross = {{INR|7.68 crore}}<ref name=\":2\" />\n| language = [[Hindi]]\n}}\n<i><b>Hanuman</b></i> is a 2005 Indian <a href=\"/wiki/Animation\" title=\"Animation\">animated</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Feature_film\" title=\"Feature film\">feature film</a> directed by V. G. Samant and produced by Shailendra Singh at <a href=\"/wiki/Percept_Picture_Company\" title=\"Percept Picture Company\">Percept Picture Company</a><ref name=\":0\">{{Cite news |last=Sinha |first=Ashish |date=2007-12-11 |title=Battling Ravan in Manhattan |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/battling-ravan-in-manhattan-107121101066_1.html |access-date=2022-12-02}}</ref> and Silvertoons. The animated film dramatizes the life of its title character, <a href=\"/wiki/Hanuman\" title=\"Hanuman\">Hanuman</a>, a Hindu deity. The animation was created by Silvertoons. It is India's first full-length, fully animated feature film to be released theatrically<ref>{{Cite news |last=Deka |first=Kaushik |title=Can Hanuman lift animation industry? |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/can-hanuman-lift-animation-industry/articleshow/1277719.cms |access-date=2022-12-03}}</ref> (there were several earlier ones made by <a href=\"/wiki/Pentamedia_Graphics\" title=\"Pentamedia Graphics\">Pentamedia Graphics</a>). The film popularised animation and kickstarted the growth of India's animation industry.<ref name=\":1\">{{Cite web |title=Percept's 'Hanuman' to popularise animation. - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-others-news/percepts-hanuman-to-popularise-animation.-17990.html |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Indian Advertising Media & Marketing News – exchange4media }}</ref>\n</p><p>The Telugu version was shown by Sharath Marar under the banner of Hyderabad Innovatives.\n</p>", "<h2>Plot</h2>\n<p>This animated movie depicts Hanuman's life from birth. The narrator is actor <a href=\"/wiki/Mukesh_Khanna\" title=\"Mukesh Khanna\">Mukesh Khanna</a>. The movie relays how Hanuman was born to Anjani (a female <a href=\"/wiki/Apsara\" title=\"Apsara\">Apsara</a>) and Kesari with the blessings of Vayu-Dev, the Wind God. Hanuman, who is the 11th Rudra incarnation of <a href=\"/wiki/Shiva\" title=\"Shiva\">Shiva</a>, was blessed with supreme intelligence, strength, and divine powers. As a baby, Hanuman was quite naughty and used his powers to pester the saints living in the nearby forest. Once when he was hungry, he leapt to catch the sun thinking it was a fruit.\n</p><p>On the insistence of <a href=\"/wiki/Vayu\" title=\"Vayu\">Vayu</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Indra\" title=\"Indra\">Indra</a> and the other gods came together to bless Hanuman with immortal life. Hanuman's blessings include: no fear or harm from the Brahmastra; no harm could befall him from weapons, fire, or water. He could overcome death, and he could transform his body to take the smallest form or attain the biggest form of life. Blessed with divine powers, Hanuman grew up to be powerful. He helped Lord Ram and Laxman in their search for <a href=\"/wiki/Sita\" title=\"Sita\">Sita</a>. Hanuman burned the golden city of Lanka and with his superpowers, helped Lord Ram and Laxman defeat <a href=\"/wiki/Ravana\" title=\"Ravana\">Ravana</a> and secure the release of Sita. Seeing his devotion and love towards him, Lord Ram blessed Hanuman with the boon of immortality.\n</p>", "<h2>Voice cast</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mukesh_Khanna\" title=\"Mukesh Khanna\">Mukesh Khanna</a> as <a href=\"/wiki/Hanuman\" title=\"Hanuman\">Hanuman</a>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Chiranjeevi\" title=\"Chiranjeevi\">Chiranjeevi</a> in Telugu version \n</li></ul></li><li>Viraj Adhav as <a href=\"/wiki/Rama\" title=\"Rama\">Ram</a>\n</li><li>Sumit Pathak as <a href=\"/wiki/Lakshmana\" title=\"Lakshmana\">Lakshman</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mona_Shetty\" title=\"Mona Shetty\">Mona Shetty</a> as <a href=\"/wiki/Sita\" title=\"Sita\">Sita</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Manoj_Pandey_%28actor%29\" title=\"Manoj Pandey (actor)\">Manoj Pandey</a> as <a href=\"/wiki/Indrajit\" title=\"Indrajit\">Meghnath</a> / <a href=\"/wiki/Kesari_%28Ramayana%29\" title=\"Kesari (Ramayana)\">Vanararaj Kesari</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Rajesh_Jolly\" title=\"Rajesh Jolly\">Rajesh Jolly</a> as <a href=\"/wiki/Ravana\" title=\"Ravana\">Raavan</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Amar_Babaria\" title=\"Amar Babaria\">Amar Babaria</a> as <a href=\"/wiki/Angada\" title=\"Angada\">Angad</a>\n</li><li>Sanjeev Jaiswal as <a href=\"/wiki/Vali_%28Ramayana%29\" title=\"Vali (Ramayana)\">Bali</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Shahnawaz_Pradhan\" title=\"Shahnawaz Pradhan\">Shahnawaz Pradhan</a> as <a href=\"/wiki/Sugreev\" title=\"Sugreev\">Sugreev</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Manish_Wadhwa\" title=\"Manish Wadhwa\">Manish Wadhwa</a> as <a href=\"/wiki/Indra\" title=\"Indra\">Indra Deva</a> / A street performer (Lord Shiva in disguise)\n</li><li>Anup Shukla as <a href=\"/wiki/Vayu\" title=\"Vayu\">Pavana Deva</a>\n</li><li>Tirthankar Mitra as <a href=\"/wiki/Hanuman\" title=\"Hanuman\">Maruti</a>\n</li><li>Kumar Pravesh as <a href=\"/wiki/Dasharath\" title=\"Dasharath\">Dasharath</a>\n</li><li>Shailendra Pandey as Lord <a href=\"/wiki/Surya\" title=\"Surya\">Surya</a>\n</li><li>Chand Dhar as Lord <a href=\"/wiki/Brahma\" title=\"Brahma\">Brahma</a>\n</li><li>Saurabh Agarwal as Lord <a href=\"/wiki/Kuber\" title=\"Kuber\">Kuber</a>\n</li><li>Sandeep Karnik as Akshay Kumara / Lord <a href=\"/wiki/Varuna\" title=\"Varuna\">Varuna</a>\n</li><li>Sanket Jaiswal as <a href=\"/wiki/Narada\" title=\"Narada\">Narada</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Sushmita_Mukherjee\" title=\"Sushmita Mukherjee\">Sushmita Mukherjee</a> as a demoness who tests Hanuman's courage (It is probably <a href=\"/wiki/Surasa\" title=\"Surasa\">Surasa</a>)\n</li></ul>", "<h2> Soundtrack </h2>\n<p>Soundtrack was composed by Tapas Relia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hanuman Songs: Hanuman MP3 Songs by Vijay Prakash Online Free on Gaana.com |url=https://gaana.com/album/hanuman-hindi |website=gaana.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hanuman (2005) - Tapas Relia |url=https://mio.to/album/Hanuman+%282005%29 |website=MusicIndiaOnline |access-date=8 September 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728062423/http://mio.to/album/Hanuman+(2005) |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n<ul><li>Akadam Bakadam Dekho Yeh Tikadam - Shravan\n</li><li>Hanumaan Chalisa - <a href=\"/wiki/Vijay_Prakash\" title=\"Vijay Prakash\">Vijay Prakash</a>, Rashmi, Nandini Srikar\n</li><li>Jai Hanuman Gyan Gun Sagar - <a href=\"/wiki/Shankar_Mahadevan\" title=\"Shankar Mahadevan\">Shankar Mahadevan</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Kailash_Kher\" title=\"Kailash Kher\">Kailash Kher</a>\n</li><li>Jai Bajrangbali - Palash Sen, Kinshuk Sen\t\n</li><li>Bridge Across The Ocean - Vijay Prakash\n</li><li>Destroying The Ashok Vatika - Vijay Prakash\n</li><li>Kumbhkaran - Vijay Prakash\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2> Business </h2>\n<p>Percept entertained in to a merchandising deal with <a href=\"/wiki/Kishore_Biyani\" title=\"Kishore Biyani\">Kishore Biyani</a>'s <a href=\"/wiki/Future_Group\" title=\"Future Group\">Future Group</a>, valued at ₹3.7 crore,<ref name=\":0\" /> with merchandise being sold exclusively, pan-India, at Big Bazaar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=B. O. C. |date=2007-12-17 |title=Percept rolls Hanuman Returns' merchandise |url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/percept-rolls-hanuman-returns-merchandise/21265 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Business Of Cinema }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Successor</h2>\n<p>A companion film, <i>Hanuman Returns</i> (later retitled <i><a href=\"/wiki/Return_of_Hanuman\" title=\"Return of Hanuman\">Return of Hanuman</a></i>), was released on 28 December 2007. The sequel project was helmed by director <a href=\"/wiki/Anurag_Kashyap\" title=\"Anurag Kashyap\">Anurag Kashyap</a> and produced by Shailendra Singh and Percept Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-return-of-hanuman/255269/|title = Movie Review: Return of Hanuman - Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/return-of-hanuman/critic-review/return-of-hanuman-movie-review/|title=Return of Hanuman Review 3/5 &#124; Return of Hanuman Movie Review &#124; Return of Hanuman 2007 Public Review &#124; Film Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>\n</p><p>A third film called, Return of Ravan, was announced by Shailendra Singh in 2013, but has yet to be completed.<ref name=\":0\" />\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_indian_animated_feature_films\" title=\"List of indian animated feature films\">List of indian animated feature films</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li>{{IMDb title|0488836|Hanuman}}\n</li><li>{{Amg movie|337937|Hanuman}}\n</li><li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20060113224146/http://uk.movies.yahoo.com/h/Hanuman/index-1137517.html\">Info at Yahoo Movies UK</a>\n{{India Animation Industry}}\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:2005_films\" title=\"2005 films\">Category:2005 films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2005_animated_films\" title=\"2005 animated films\">Category:2005 animated films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Indian_animated_films\" title=\"Indian animated films\">Category:Indian animated films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2000s_Hindi-language_films\" title=\"2000s Hindi-language films\">Category:2000s Hindi-language films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Indian_children%27s_films\" title=\"Indian children's films\">Category:Indian children's films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hindu_mythological_films\" title=\"Hindu mythological films\">Category:Hindu mythological films</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Animated_films_based_on_the_Ramayana\" title=\"Animated films based on the Ramayana\">Category:Animated films based on the Ramayana</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Films_scored_by_Tapas_Relia\" title=\"Films scored by Tapas Relia\">Category:Films scored by Tapas Relia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hanuman_in_popular_culture\" title=\"Hanuman in popular culture\">Category:Hanuman in popular culture</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 32316857 ], "name": [ "SSSB" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Transport", "Reserves", "Facilities", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use Australian English|date=August 2019}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}\n{{Infobox Australian place | type = suburb\n| name = Ascot Park\n| city = Adelaide\n| state = sa\n| image = \n| caption = \n| lga = City of Marion\n| postcode = 5043\n| est = \n| pop = <!--leave blank to draw the latest automatically from Wikidata-->\n| area = \n| stategov = [[Electoral district of Badcoe|Badcoe]]\n| stategov2 = [[Electoral district of Elder|Elder]]\n| fedgov = [[Division of Boothby|Boothby]]\n| near-nw = [[Plympton Park, South Australia|Plympton Park]]\n| near-n = [[South Plympton, South Australia|South Plympton]]\n| near-ne = [[Edwardstown, South Australia|Edwardstown]]\n| near-w = [[Park Holme, South Australia|Park Holme]]\n| near-e = [[Edwardstown, South Australia|Edwardstown]]\n| near-sw = [[Marion, South Australia|Marion]]\n| near-s = [[Mitchell Park, South Australia|Mitchell Park]]\n| near-se = [[Clovelly Park, South Australia|Clovelly Park]]\n| dist1 = \n| location1= \n| coordinates = {{coord|34.988|S|138.559|E|display=inline,title}}\n|alternative_location_map=Australia Greater Adelaide\n}}\n<b>Ascot Park</b> is a suburb in the south-western part of <a href=\"/wiki/Adelaide\" title=\"Adelaide\">Adelaide</a> in the <a href=\"/wiki/City_of_Marion\" title=\"City of Marion\">City of Marion</a>. It was named after <a href=\"/wiki/Ascot_Racecourse\" title=\"Ascot Racecourse\">Ascot Racecourse</a> in England.<ref name=\"placenames\">{{cite web |url=http://www.placenames.sa.gov.au/pno/pnores.phtml?recno=SA0003379 |title=Ascot Park, South Australia |publisher=[[Government of South Australia]] [[Department for Transport, Energy and Infrastructure]] |work=Placenames Online |accessdate=14 September 2007}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>\n</p><p>Ascot Park is bordered in the west by <a href=\"/wiki/Marion_Road\" title=\"Marion Road\">Marion Road</a>, to the north by Wood Street, in the east by Robert Street and West Street and to the south by the southernmost of <a href=\"/wiki/Daws_Road%2C_Adelaide\" title=\"Daws Road, Adelaide\">Daws Road</a> and the <a href=\"/wiki/Seaford_railway_line\" title=\"Seaford railway line\">Seaford railway line</a>. It is adjacent to <a href=\"/wiki/Park_Holme%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Park Holme, South Australia\">Park Holme</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Edwardstown%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Edwardstown, South Australia\">Edwardstown</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/South_Plympton%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"South Plympton, South Australia\">South Plympton</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Mitchell_Park%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Mitchell Park, South Australia\">Mitchell Park</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Transport</h2>\n<p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Seaford_railway_line\" title=\"Seaford railway line\">Seaford railway line</a> stops at <a href=\"/wiki/Ascot_Park_railway_station\" title=\"Ascot Park railway station\">Ascot Park railway station</a> and both the Seaford and Tonsley train line stops at <a href=\"/wiki/Woodlands_Park_railway_station\" title=\"Woodlands Park railway station\">Woodlands Park railway station</a>, and the bus route M44 runs from <a href=\"/wiki/Golden_Grove%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Golden Grove, South Australia\">Golden Grove</a> in the north-eastern suburbs through the city centre, through Ascot Park and its adjoining suburbs to <a href=\"/wiki/Westfield_Marion\" title=\"Westfield Marion\">Westfield Marion</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Reserves</h2>\n<p>There are three reserves in Ascot Park. <i>First Avenue Reserve</i> is located in the middle of First Avenue which contains a playground facility, a barbecue and an open, grassed area. Another reserve is between Sixth Avenue and Allison Street. This area contains a playground, a shelter with a table and a grassed area. This reserve is also fenced off so is suitable for dogs to be unleashed. A third reserve is located at the corner of Charles Street and Albert Street, on the eastern side of the <a href=\"/wiki/Flinders_railway_line\" title=\"Flinders railway line\">Flinders railway line</a>.<ref>{{cite book|title=2003 Adelaide Street Directory, 41st Edition |publisher=UBD (A Division of Universal Press Pty Ltd) |year=2003 |isbn=0-7319-1441-4}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Facilities</h2>\n<p>There are no schools located in the suburb but the school named for it, Ascot Park Primary School, is located on the western side of <a href=\"/wiki/Marion_Road\" title=\"Marion Road\">Marion Road</a> in the neighbouring suburb of <a href=\"/wiki/Park_Holme%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Park Holme, South Australia\">Park Holme</a>. Similarly, the nearest kindergarten is the Ascot Park Kindergarten, also located on the western side of <a href=\"/wiki/Marion_Road\" title=\"Marion Road\">Marion Road</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Park_Holme%2C_South_Australia\" title=\"Park Holme, South Australia\">Park Holme</a>.\n</p><p>The suburb contains two churches, on Fifth Avenue and on Wolseley Terrace; and the Ascot Park Scout Group is located on Sixth Avenue.\n</p><p>Ascot Park also contains a minor shopping centre that consists of a supermarket, chemist and two take-away shops on the eastern side <a href=\"/wiki/Marion_Road\" title=\"Marion Road\">Marion Road</a>.\n</p><p>Ascot Park Post Office opened on 1 June 1918 but was renamed <i>Park Holme North</i> in 1966 before closing in 1985.<ref name=\"Post Office\">{{Cite web | last = Premier Postal History | title = Post Office List | publisher = Premier Postal Auctions | url = https://www.premierpostal.com/cgi-bin/wsProd.sh/Viewpocdwrapper.p?SortBy=SA&country= | accessdate = 26 May 2011}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_Adelaide_suburbs\" title=\"List of Adelaide suburbs\">List of Adelaide suburbs</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Ascot_Park\" title=\"Electoral district of Ascot Park\">Electoral district of Ascot Park</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p><p>{{City of Marion suburbs}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Suburbs_of_Adelaide\" title=\"Suburbs of Adelaide\">Category:Suburbs of Adelaide</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 196446 ], "name": [ "BD2412" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Closed railway station in Wood Green, London}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}\n{{Use British English|date=February 2017}}\n{{Infobox London station\n| name=Palace Gates\n| image_name=Palace Gates and Wood Green stations, 1920.png\n| caption=Palace Gates station on a 1920 map\n| owner=[[Great Eastern Railway]]\n| locale=[[Wood Green]]\n| platforms=2\n| years1 = {{start date|1878}}\n| events1 = Opened\n| years2 = 1963\n| events2 = closed for passengers\n| years15 = {{end date|1964}}\n| events15 = Closed for freight\n| replace=none\n| coordinates = {{coord|51.5995|-0.1191|type:railwaystation_region:GB-HRY|display=inline,title}}\n}}\n<b>Palace Gates railway station</b> was on the <a href=\"/wiki/Palace_Gates_Line\" title=\"Palace Gates Line\">Palace Gates Line</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Wood_Green\" title=\"Wood Green\">Wood Green</a>, north <a href=\"/wiki/London\" title=\"London\">London</a>, on the corner of Bridge Road and Dorset Road.\n</p><p>It was opened on 7 October 1878 by the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway\" title=\"Great Eastern Railway\">Great Eastern Railway</a> (GER) as terminus of the line that bore its name. The line had terminated at the previous station, <a href=\"/wiki/Noel_Park_and_Wood_Green_railway_station\" title=\"Noel Park and Wood Green railway station\">Noel Park and Wood Green</a>, since opening on 1 January 1878.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Extract_of_1900_Map_showing_Palace_Gates_Line.png\" title=\"Extract of 1900 Map showing Palace Gates Line.png\">left|thumb|Route of Palace Gates Line highlighted on a 1900 map</a>\nThe station was opened to provide a means by which the GER could transport passengers to the nearby <a href=\"/wiki/Alexandra_Palace\" title=\"Alexandra Palace\">Alexandra Palace</a>. It was thus in competition with the nearby Wood Green (Alexandra Park) station - now <a href=\"/wiki/Alexandra_Palace_railway_station\" title=\"Alexandra Palace railway station\">Alexandra Palace station</a> - on the <a href=\"/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_%28Great_Britain%29\" title=\"Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)\">Great Northern Railway</a>. A connection to <a href=\"/wiki/Bowes_Park_railway_station\" title=\"Bowes Park railway station\">Bowes Park</a> on the GNR Hertford Loop Line, which runs just north of the site of the station, was made in 1929 but it was used only for occasional freight trains.\n</p><p>Competing as it did with other nearby railway lines and the <a href=\"/wiki/London_Underground\" title=\"London Underground\">Underground's</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Piccadilly_line\" title=\"Piccadilly line\">Piccadilly line</a>, by the 1960s the Palace Gates line was unprofitable and the line closed to passengers on 7 January 1963<ref>{{cite book|last=Quick|first=M. E.|title=Railway passenger stations in England, Scotland and Wales – a chronology|year=2002|publisher=Railway and Canal Historical Society|location=Richmond|page=331|oclc=931112387}}</ref><ref>{{Butt-Stations}}</ref> and to freight on 5 October 1964.<ref name=\"PCWGStationInfo\">{{cite web|url=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/p/palace_gates|title=Disused Stations: Palace Gates (Wood Green) Station|work=Disused Stations|access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref> Following closure the station was demolished and housing built on most of the site. A short section of the station site at its north end is occupied by Network Rail sidings alongside which are traces of the platform ends. The remains of part of the embankment forming the southern approach to the station can still be seen, including the abutments for the bridge taking the line over Park Avenue.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"http://www.subbrit.org.uk/sb-sites/stations/p/palace_gates/index.shtml\">http://www.subbrit.org.uk</a> - Disused stations; Palace Gates (Wood Green) Station\n</li><li> <a href=\"http://www.abandonedstations.org.uk/Palace_Gates_line.html\">London's Abandoned Stations - Palace Gates</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Disused Rail Start}}\n{{Rail line|next=[[Noel Park and Wood Green railway station|Noel Park]]<br /><small>Line and station closed</small> |route=[[Great Eastern Railway]]<br /><small>[[Palace Gates Line]]</small> |col={{GER colour}} }}\n{{s-end}}\n</p><p>{{Disused railway stations of London}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Disused_railway_stations_in_the_London_Borough_of_Haringey\" title=\"Disused railway stations in the London Borough of Haringey\">Category:Disused railway stations in the London Borough of Haringey</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Former_Great_Eastern_Railway_stations\" title=\"Former Great Eastern Railway stations\">Category:Former Great Eastern Railway stations</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Great_Britain_opened_in_1878\" title=\"Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1878\">Category:Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1878</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Railway_stations_in_Great_Britain_closed_in_1963\" title=\"Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963\">Category:Railway stations in Great Britain closed in 1963</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Alexandra_Palace\" title=\"Alexandra Palace\">Category:Alexandra Palace</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wood_Green\" title=\"Wood Green\">Category:Wood Green</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 46051904 ], "name": [ "Annh07" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Methods", "Preparation of cloth for printing", "Preparation of colours", "Thickening agents", "Printing paste preparation", "Methods of printing", "Gallery", "Block printing", "Perrotine printing", "Roller, cylinder, or machine printing", "Stencil printing", "Screen-printing", "Digital textile printing", "Flexo textile printing", "Other methods of printing", "Calico printing", "Woollen printing", "Silk printing", "Artificial fibre printing", "See also", "References", "Notes", "Bibliography", "Further reading" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 3, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Method for applying patterns to cloth using printing techniques}}\n{{Update-EB|date=October 2020}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Auto_Printing_Machine.JPG\" title=\"Auto Printing Machine.JPG\">thumb|Auto Printing Machine in a <a href=\"/wiki/RMG_factory\" title=\"RMG factory\">RMG factory</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Bangladesh\" title=\"Bangladesh\">Bangladesh</a>.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Jaipur_03-2016_10_textile_printing.jpg\" title=\"Jaipur 03-2016 10 textile printing.jpg\">thumb|330px|Woodblock printing in <a href=\"/wiki/Jaipur\" title=\"Jaipur\">Jaipur</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Rajasthan\" title=\"Rajasthan\">Rajasthan</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/India\" title=\"India\">India</a>.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Woodblock_Printing_Craft_of_Bagh%2C_Madhya_Pradesh%2C_India.jpg\" title=\"Woodblock Printing Craft of Bagh, Madhya Pradesh, India.jpg\">thumb|Woodblock printing in <a href=\"/wiki/Bagh%2C_Dhar\" title=\"Bagh, Dhar\">Bagh</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh\" title=\"Madhya Pradesh\">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/India\" title=\"India\">India</a>.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Morris_Evenlode_textile_drawing.jpg\" title=\"Morris Evenlode textile drawing.jpg\">right|thumb|Design for a hand woodblock printed textile, showing the complexity of the blocks used to make <a href=\"/wiki/Pattern_repeat\" title=\"Pattern repeat\">repeating patterns</a>. <i>Evenlode</i> by <a href=\"/wiki/William_Morris\" title=\"William Morris\">William Morris</a>, 1883.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Morris_Evenlode_printed_textile.jpg\" title=\"Morris Evenlode printed textile.jpg\">right|thumb|<i>Evenlode</i> block-printed fabric.</a>\n<b>Textile printing</b> is the process of applying <a href=\"/wiki/Color_of_clothing\" title=\"Color of clothing\">color</a> to <a href=\"/wiki/Textile\" title=\"Textile\">fabric</a> in definite <a href=\"/wiki/Pattern\" title=\"Pattern\">patterns</a> or designs. In properly <a href=\"/wiki/Printing\" title=\"Printing\">printed</a> fabrics the colour is bonded with the <a href=\"/wiki/Fiber\" title=\"Fiber\">fibre</a>, so as to resist <a href=\"/wiki/Washing\" title=\"Washing\">washing</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Friction\" title=\"Friction\">friction</a>. Textile printing is related to <a href=\"/wiki/Dyeing\" title=\"Dyeing\">dyeing</a> but in dyeing properly the whole fabric is uniformly covered with one colour, whereas in printing one or more colours are applied to it in certain parts only, and in sharply defined patterns.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=695}}\n</p><p>In printing, <a href=\"/wiki/Wood\" title=\"Wood\">wooden</a> blocks, <a href=\"/wiki/Stencil\" title=\"Stencil\">stencils</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Engraving\" title=\"Engraving\">engraved</a> plates, rollers, or <a href=\"/wiki/Silkscreen\" title=\"Silkscreen\">silkscreens</a> can be used to place colours on the fabric. Colourants used in printing contain <a href=\"/wiki/Dyes\" title=\"Dyes\">dyes</a> thickened to prevent the colour from spreading by <a href=\"/wiki/Capillary_attraction\" title=\"Capillary attraction\">capillary attraction</a> beyond the limits of a pattern or design.\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Woodblock_printing\" title=\"Woodblock printing\">Woodblock printing</a> is a technique for <a href=\"/wiki/Printing\" title=\"Printing\">printing</a> text, images or patterns used widely throughout <a href=\"/wiki/East_Asia\" title=\"East Asia\">East Asia</a> and probably originating in <a href=\"/wiki/China\" title=\"China\">China</a> in antiquity as a method of printing on <a href=\"/wiki/Textile\" title=\"Textile\">textiles</a> and later <a href=\"/wiki/Paper\" title=\"Paper\">paper</a>. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from <a href=\"/wiki/China\" title=\"China\">China</a> date to before 220 CE/AD.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}\n</p><p>Textile printing was known in Europe, via the Islamic world, from about the 12th century, and was widely used. However, the European dyes tended to liquify, which restricted the use of printed patterns. Fairly large and ambitious designs were printed for decorative purposes such as wall-hangings and <a href=\"/wiki/Lectern\" title=\"Lectern\">lectern</a>-cloths, where this was less of a problem as they did not need washing. When paper became common, the technology was rapidly used on that for <a href=\"/wiki/Woodcut\" title=\"Woodcut\">woodcut</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Old_master_print\" title=\"Old master print\">prints</a>.<ref name=\"Hind\"><i>An Introduction to a History of Woodcut</i>, Arthur M. Hind, p, Houghton Mifflin Co. 1935 (in USA), reprinted Dover Publications, 1963 {{ISBN|0-486-20952-0}}</ref> Superior cloth was also imported from Islamic countries, but this was much more expensive.\n</p><p>Woodblock printing has a rich history and has evolved over time. In Japan, it became a highly respected art form called ukiyo-e, creating famous works like Hokusai's \"The Great Wave Off Kanagawa\" (circa 1830-1832) [1]. In Europe, it influenced other printing techniques like engraving and etching.\nToday, artists and craftspeople still use and innovate woodblock printing, keeping this ancient technique alive.\n</p><p>The <a href=\"/wiki/Incas\" title=\"Incas\">Incas</a> of Peru, Chile and the <a href=\"/wiki/Aztecs\" title=\"Aztecs\">Aztecs</a> of Mexico also practiced textile printing previous to the Spanish Invasion in 1519.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=694}}\n</p><p>During the later half of the 17th century the French brought directly by sea, from their colonies on the east coast of India, samples of Indian blue and white resist prints, and along with them, particulars of the processes by which they had been produced, which produced washable fabrics.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=694}}\n</p><p>As early as the 1630s, the <a href=\"/wiki/East_India_Company\" title=\"East India Company\">East India Company</a> was bringing in printed and plain cotton for the English market. By the 1660s British printers and dyers were making their own printed cotton to sell at home, printing single colours on plain backgrounds; less colourful than the imported prints, but more to the taste of the British. Designs were also sent to India for their craftspeople to copy for export back to England. There were many dyehouses in England in the latter half of the 17th century, <a href=\"/wiki/Lancaster%2C_Lancashire\" title=\"Lancaster, Lancashire\">Lancaster</a> being one area and on the <a href=\"/wiki/River_Lea\" title=\"River Lea\">River Lea</a> near London another. Plain cloth was put through a prolonged bleaching process which prepared the material to receive and hold applied colour; this process vastly improved the colour durability of English <a href=\"/wiki/Calico_%28textile%29\" title=\"Calico (textile)\">calicoes</a> and required a great deal of water from nearby rivers. One <a href=\"/wiki/Dyehouse\" title=\"Dyehouse\">dyehouse</a> was started by <a href=\"/wiki/John_Meakins\" title=\"John Meakins\">John Meakins</a>, a London <a href=\"/wiki/Quaker\" title=\"Quaker\">Quaker</a> who lived in <a href=\"/wiki/Cripplegate\" title=\"Cripplegate\">Cripplegate</a>. When he died, he passed his dyehouse to his son-in-law Benjamin Ollive, Citizen and Dyer, who moved the dye-works to Bromley Hall where it remained in the family until 1823, known as <a href=\"/wiki/Benjamin_Ollive_and_Company\" title=\"Benjamin Ollive and Company\">Benjamin Ollive and Company</a>, Ollive &amp; Talwin, Joseph Talwin &amp; Company and later Talwin &amp; Foster. Samples of their fabrics and designs can be found in the <a href=\"/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum\" title=\"Victoria and Albert Museum\">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> in London and the <a href=\"/wiki/Smithsonian_Copper-Hewett\" title=\"Smithsonian Copper-Hewett\">Smithsonian Copper-Hewett</a> in New York.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}\n</p><p>On the continent of Europe the commercial importance of calico printing seems to have been almost immediately recognized, and in consequence it spread and developed there much more rapidly than in England, where it was neglected for nearly ninety years after its introduction. During the last two decades of the 17th century and the earlier ones of the 18th new dye works were started in France, Germany, Switzerland and Austria. It was only in 1738 that calico printing was first, practiced in Scotland, and not until twenty-six years later that <a href=\"/wiki/Messrs_Clayton_of_Bamber_Bridge\" title=\"Messrs Clayton of Bamber Bridge\">Messrs Clayton of Bamber Bridge</a>, near <a href=\"/wiki/Preston%2C_Lancashire\" title=\"Preston, Lancashire\">Preston</a>, established in 1764 the first print-works in Lancashire, and thus laid the foundation of the industry.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=694}}\n</p><p>From an artistic point of view most of the pioneer work in calico printing was done by the French. From the early days of the industry down to the latter half of the 20th century, the productions of the French printers in <a href=\"/wiki/Jouy-en-Josas\" title=\"Jouy-en-Josas\">Jouy</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Beauvais\" title=\"Beauvais\">Beauvais</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Rouen\" title=\"Rouen\">Rouen</a>, and in Alsace-Lorraine, were looked upon as representing all that was best in artistic calico printing.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|pp=694–695}}\n</p>", "<h2>Methods</h2>\n<p>Traditional textile printing techniques may be broadly categorized into four styles:\n</p><ul><li> Direct printing, in which colourants containing dyes, thickeners, and the <a href=\"/wiki/Mordant\" title=\"Mordant\">mordants</a> or substances necessary for <a href=\"/wiki/Fixative_%28drawing%29\" title=\"Fixative (drawing)\">fixing</a> the colour on the cloth are printed in the desired pattern.\n</li><li> The printing of a mordant in the desired pattern prior to dyeing cloth; the colour adheres only where the mordant was printed.\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Resist_dyeing\" title=\"Resist dyeing\">Resist dyeing</a>, in which a <a href=\"/wiki/Wax\" title=\"Wax\">wax</a> or other substance is printed onto fabric which is subsequently dyed. The waxed areas do not accept the dye, leaving uncoloured patterns against a coloured ground.\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Discharge_printing\" title=\"Discharge printing\">Discharge printing</a>, in which a <a href=\"/wiki/Bleach\" title=\"Bleach\">bleaching</a> agent is printed onto previously dyed fabrics to remove some or all of the colour.\n</li></ul><p>Resist and discharge techniques were particularly fashionable in the 19th century, as were combination techniques in which <a href=\"/wiki/Indigo_dye\" title=\"Indigo dye\">indigo</a> resist was used to create blue backgrounds prior to block-printing of other colours.{{sfn|Tozer|Levitt|1983}} Modern industrial printing mainly uses direct printing techniques.\n</p><p>The printing process does involve several stages in order to prepare the fabric and printing paste, and to fix the impression permanently on the fabric:\n<ul><li> pre-treatment of fabric, \n</li><li> preparation of colours, \n</li><li> preparation of printing paste, \n</li><li> impression of paste on fabric using printing methods, \n</li><li> drying of fabric, \n</li><li> fixing the printing with steam or hot air (for pigments), \n</li><li> after process treatments.\n</li></ul></p><h3>Preparation of cloth for printing</h3>\n<p>Cloth is prepared by washing and bleaching. For a coloured ground it is then dyed. The cloth has always to be brushed, to free it from loose nap, flocks and dust that it picks up whilst stored. Frequently, too, it has to be sheared by being passed over rapidly revolving knives arranged spirally round an axle, which rapidly and effectually cuts off all filaments and knots, leaving the cloth perfectly smooth and clean and in a condition fit to receive impressions of the most delicate engraving. Some fabrics require very careful stretching and straightening on a <a href=\"/wiki/Stenter\" title=\"Stenter\">stenter</a> before they are wound around hollow wooden or iron centers into rolls of convenient size for mounting on the printing machines.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><h3>Preparation of colours</h3>\n<p>{{further|Dye}}\nThe art of making colours for textile printing demands both chemical knowledge and extensive technical experience, for their ingredients must not only be in proper proportion to each other, but also specially chosen and compounded for the particular style of work in hand. A colour must comply to conditions such as shade, quality and fastness; where more colours are associated in the same design each must be capable of withstanding the various operations necessary for the development and fixation of the others. All printing pastes whether containing colouring matter or not are known technically as colours.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><p>Colours vary considerably in composition. Most of them contain all the elements necessary for direct production and fixation. Some, however, contain the colouring matter alone and require various after-treatments; and others again are simply thickened mordants. A mordant is a metallic salt or other substance that combines with the dye to form an insoluble colour, either directly by steaming, or indirectly by <a href=\"/wiki/Dye\" title=\"Dye\">dyeing</a>. All printing colours require thickening to enable them to be transferred from colour-box to cloth without running or spreading beyond the limits of the pattern.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><h4>Thickening agents</h4>\n<p>The printing thickeners used depend on the printing technique, the fabric and the particular dyestuff . Typical thickening agents are starch derivatives, flour, <a href=\"/wiki/Gum_arabic\" title=\"Gum arabic\">gum arabic</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Guar_gum\" title=\"Guar gum\">guar gum</a> derivatives, <a href=\"/wiki/Tamarind\" title=\"Tamarind\">tamarind</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sodium_alginate\" title=\"Sodium alginate\">sodium alginate</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sodium_polyacrylate\" title=\"Sodium polyacrylate\">sodium polyacrylate</a>, gum Senegal and gum tragacanth, British gum or <a href=\"/wiki/Dextrin\" title=\"Dextrin\">dextrin</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Albumen\" title=\"Albumen\">albumen</a>.\n</p><p>Hot-water-soluble thickening agents such as native starch are made into pastes by boiling in double or jacketed pans. Most thickening agents used today are cold-soluble and require only extensive stirring.\n</p><dl><dt>Starch paste\nStarch paste is made from <a href=\"/wiki/Wheat_starch\" title=\"Wheat starch\">wheat starch</a>, cold water, and <a href=\"/wiki/Olive_oil\" title=\"Olive oil\">olive oil</a>, then thickened by boiling. Non-modified <a href=\"/wiki/Starch\" title=\"Starch\">starch</a> is applicable to all but strongly alkaline or strongly acid colours. With the former it thickens up to a stiff unworkable jelly. In the case of the latter, while mineral acids or acid salts convert it into dextrin, thus diminishing its <a href=\"/wiki/Viscosity\" title=\"Viscosity\">viscosity</a> or thickening power, organic acids do not have that effect.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}} Today, <a href=\"/wiki/Modified_starch\" title=\"Modified starch\">modified carboxymethylated cold soluble starches</a> are mainly used. These have a stable viscosity and are easy to rinse out of the fabric and give reproducible \"short\" paste <a href=\"/wiki/Rheology\" title=\"Rheology\">rheology</a>.\n</dt></dl><p>Flour paste is made in a similar way to starch paste; it is sometimes used to thicken aluminum and iron mordants.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}} Starch paste resists of rice flour have been used for several centuries in Japan.\n</p><dl><dt>Gums\n<a href=\"/wiki/Gum_arabic\" title=\"Gum arabic\">Gum arabic</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Gum_Senegal\" title=\"Gum Senegal\">gum Senegal</a> are both traditional thickenings, but expense prevents them from being used for any but pale, delicate tints. They are especially useful thickenings for the light ground colours of soft muslins and 9 penetrate as well into the fibre of the cloth or as deeply as pure starch or flour and is unsuitable for very dark, strong colours.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</dt></dl><p><a href=\"/wiki/Gum_tragacanth\" title=\"Gum tragacanth\">Gum tragacanth</a>, or Dragon, which may be mixed in any proportion with starch or flour, is equally useful for pigment colours and mordant colours. When added to a starch paste it increases its penetrative power and adds to its softness without diminishing its thickness, making it easier to wash out of the fabric. It produces much more even colours than does starch paste alone. Used by itself it is suitable for printing all kinds of dark grounds on goods that are required to retain their soft \"clothy\" feel.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><p>Starch always leaves the printed cloth somewhat harsh in feeling (unless modified carboxymethylated starches are used), but very dark colours can be obtained. Gum Senegal, gum arabic or modified guar gum thickening yield clearer and more even tints than does starch, suitable for lighter colours but less suited for very dark colours. (The gums apparently prevent the colours from combining fully with the fibers.) A printing stock solution is mostly a combination of modified starch and gum stock solutions.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><dl><dt>Albumen\n<a href=\"/wiki/Albumen\" title=\"Albumen\">Albumen</a> is both a thickening and a fixing agent for insoluble pigments. Chrome yellow, the ochres, vermilion and ultramarine are such pigments. Albumen is always dissolved in the cold, a process that takes several days when large quantities are required. Egg albumen is expensive and only used for the lightest shades. Blood albumen solution is used in cases when very dark colours are required to be absolutely fast to washing. After printing, albumen thickened colours are exposed to hot steam, which coagulates the albumen and effectually fixes the colours.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=699}}\n</dt></dl><h3>Printing paste preparation</h3>\n<p>Combinations of cold water-soluble carboxymethylated starch, guar gum and tamarind derivatives are most commonly used today in disperse screen printing on polyester. Alginates are used for cotton printing with <a href=\"/wiki/Reactive_dye\" title=\"Reactive dye\">reactive dyes</a>, sodium polyacrylates for <a href=\"/wiki/Pigment\" title=\"Pigment\">pigment</a> printing, and in the case of <a href=\"/wiki/Vat_dye\" title=\"Vat dye\">vat dyes</a> on cotton only carboxymethylated starch is used.\n</p><p>Formerly, colours were always prepared for printing by boiling the thickening agent, the colouring matter and solvents, together, then cooling and adding various fixing agents. At the present time, however, concentrated solutions of the colouring matters and other adjuncts are often simply added to the cold thickenings, of which large quantities are kept in stock.\nColours are reduced in shade by simply adding more stock (printing) paste. For example, a dark blue containing 4 oz. of methylene blue per gallon may readily be made into a pale shade by adding to it thirty times its bulk of starch paste or gum, as the case may be. The procedure is similar for other colours.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=699}}\n</p><p>Before printing it is essential to strain or sieve all colours in order to free them from lumps, fine sand, and other impurities, which would inevitably damage the highly polished surface of the engraved rollers and result in bad printing. Every scratch on the surface of a roller prints a fine line on the cloth, and too much care, therefore, cannot be taken to remove, as far as possible, all grit and other hard particles from every colour.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=699}}\n</p><p>Straining is usually done by squeezing the colour through filter cloths like artisanal fine cotton, silk or industrial woven nylon. Fine sieves can also be employed for colours that are used hot or are very strongly alkaline or acid.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=699}}\n</p>", "<h3>Preparation of cloth for printing</h3>\n<p>Cloth is prepared by washing and bleaching. For a coloured ground it is then dyed. The cloth has always to be brushed, to free it from loose nap, flocks and dust that it picks up whilst stored. Frequently, too, it has to be sheared by being passed over rapidly revolving knives arranged spirally round an axle, which rapidly and effectually cuts off all filaments and knots, leaving the cloth perfectly smooth and clean and in a condition fit to receive impressions of the most delicate engraving. Some fabrics require very careful stretching and straightening on a <a href=\"/wiki/Stenter\" title=\"Stenter\">stenter</a> before they are wound around hollow wooden or iron centers into rolls of convenient size for mounting on the printing machines.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p>", "<h3>Preparation of colours</h3>\n<p>{{further|Dye}}\nThe art of making colours for textile printing demands both chemical knowledge and extensive technical experience, for their ingredients must not only be in proper proportion to each other, but also specially chosen and compounded for the particular style of work in hand. A colour must comply to conditions such as shade, quality and fastness; where more colours are associated in the same design each must be capable of withstanding the various operations necessary for the development and fixation of the others. All printing pastes whether containing colouring matter or not are known technically as colours.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><p>Colours vary considerably in composition. Most of them contain all the elements necessary for direct production and fixation. Some, however, contain the colouring matter alone and require various after-treatments; and others again are simply thickened mordants. A mordant is a metallic salt or other substance that combines with the dye to form an insoluble colour, either directly by steaming, or indirectly by <a href=\"/wiki/Dye\" title=\"Dye\">dyeing</a>. All printing colours require thickening to enable them to be transferred from colour-box to cloth without running or spreading beyond the limits of the pattern.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><h4>Thickening agents</h4>\n<p>The printing thickeners used depend on the printing technique, the fabric and the particular dyestuff . Typical thickening agents are starch derivatives, flour, <a href=\"/wiki/Gum_arabic\" title=\"Gum arabic\">gum arabic</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Guar_gum\" title=\"Guar gum\">guar gum</a> derivatives, <a href=\"/wiki/Tamarind\" title=\"Tamarind\">tamarind</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sodium_alginate\" title=\"Sodium alginate\">sodium alginate</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sodium_polyacrylate\" title=\"Sodium polyacrylate\">sodium polyacrylate</a>, gum Senegal and gum tragacanth, British gum or <a href=\"/wiki/Dextrin\" title=\"Dextrin\">dextrin</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Albumen\" title=\"Albumen\">albumen</a>.\n</p><p>Hot-water-soluble thickening agents such as native starch are made into pastes by boiling in double or jacketed pans. Most thickening agents used today are cold-soluble and require only extensive stirring.\n</p><dl><dt>Starch paste\nStarch paste is made from <a href=\"/wiki/Wheat_starch\" title=\"Wheat starch\">wheat starch</a>, cold water, and <a href=\"/wiki/Olive_oil\" title=\"Olive oil\">olive oil</a>, then thickened by boiling. Non-modified <a href=\"/wiki/Starch\" title=\"Starch\">starch</a> is applicable to all but strongly alkaline or strongly acid colours. With the former it thickens up to a stiff unworkable jelly. In the case of the latter, while mineral acids or acid salts convert it into dextrin, thus diminishing its <a href=\"/wiki/Viscosity\" title=\"Viscosity\">viscosity</a> or thickening power, organic acids do not have that effect.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}} Today, <a href=\"/wiki/Modified_starch\" title=\"Modified starch\">modified carboxymethylated cold soluble starches</a> are mainly used. These have a stable viscosity and are easy to rinse out of the fabric and give reproducible \"short\" paste <a href=\"/wiki/Rheology\" title=\"Rheology\">rheology</a>.\n</dt></dl><p>Flour paste is made in a similar way to starch paste; it is sometimes used to thicken aluminum and iron mordants.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}} Starch paste resists of rice flour have been used for several centuries in Japan.\n</p><dl><dt>Gums\n<a href=\"/wiki/Gum_arabic\" title=\"Gum arabic\">Gum arabic</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Gum_Senegal\" title=\"Gum Senegal\">gum Senegal</a> are both traditional thickenings, but expense prevents them from being used for any but pale, delicate tints. They are especially useful thickenings for the light ground colours of soft muslins and 9 penetrate as well into the fibre of the cloth or as deeply as pure starch or flour and is unsuitable for very dark, strong colours.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</dt></dl><p><a href=\"/wiki/Gum_tragacanth\" title=\"Gum tragacanth\">Gum tragacanth</a>, or Dragon, which may be mixed in any proportion with starch or flour, is equally useful for pigment colours and mordant colours. When added to a starch paste it increases its penetrative power and adds to its softness without diminishing its thickness, making it easier to wash out of the fabric. It produces much more even colours than does starch paste alone. Used by itself it is suitable for printing all kinds of dark grounds on goods that are required to retain their soft \"clothy\" feel.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><p>Starch always leaves the printed cloth somewhat harsh in feeling (unless modified carboxymethylated starches are used), but very dark colours can be obtained. Gum Senegal, gum arabic or modified guar gum thickening yield clearer and more even tints than does starch, suitable for lighter colours but less suited for very dark colours. (The gums apparently prevent the colours from combining fully with the fibers.) A printing stock solution is mostly a combination of modified starch and gum stock solutions.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><dl><dt>Albumen\n<a href=\"/wiki/Albumen\" title=\"Albumen\">Albumen</a> is both a thickening and a fixing agent for insoluble pigments. Chrome yellow, the ochres, vermilion and ultramarine are such pigments. Albumen is always dissolved in the cold, a process that takes several days when large quantities are required. Egg albumen is expensive and only used for the lightest shades. Blood albumen solution is used in cases when very dark colours are required to be absolutely fast to washing. After printing, albumen thickened colours are exposed to hot steam, which coagulates the albumen and effectually fixes the colours.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=699}}\n</dt></dl>", "<h4>Thickening agents</h4>\n<p>The printing thickeners used depend on the printing technique, the fabric and the particular dyestuff . Typical thickening agents are starch derivatives, flour, <a href=\"/wiki/Gum_arabic\" title=\"Gum arabic\">gum arabic</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Guar_gum\" title=\"Guar gum\">guar gum</a> derivatives, <a href=\"/wiki/Tamarind\" title=\"Tamarind\">tamarind</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sodium_alginate\" title=\"Sodium alginate\">sodium alginate</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Sodium_polyacrylate\" title=\"Sodium polyacrylate\">sodium polyacrylate</a>, gum Senegal and gum tragacanth, British gum or <a href=\"/wiki/Dextrin\" title=\"Dextrin\">dextrin</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Albumen\" title=\"Albumen\">albumen</a>.\n</p><p>Hot-water-soluble thickening agents such as native starch are made into pastes by boiling in double or jacketed pans. Most thickening agents used today are cold-soluble and require only extensive stirring.\n</p><dl><dt>Starch paste\nStarch paste is made from <a href=\"/wiki/Wheat_starch\" title=\"Wheat starch\">wheat starch</a>, cold water, and <a href=\"/wiki/Olive_oil\" title=\"Olive oil\">olive oil</a>, then thickened by boiling. Non-modified <a href=\"/wiki/Starch\" title=\"Starch\">starch</a> is applicable to all but strongly alkaline or strongly acid colours. With the former it thickens up to a stiff unworkable jelly. In the case of the latter, while mineral acids or acid salts convert it into dextrin, thus diminishing its <a href=\"/wiki/Viscosity\" title=\"Viscosity\">viscosity</a> or thickening power, organic acids do not have that effect.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}} Today, <a href=\"/wiki/Modified_starch\" title=\"Modified starch\">modified carboxymethylated cold soluble starches</a> are mainly used. These have a stable viscosity and are easy to rinse out of the fabric and give reproducible \"short\" paste <a href=\"/wiki/Rheology\" title=\"Rheology\">rheology</a>.\n</dt></dl><p>Flour paste is made in a similar way to starch paste; it is sometimes used to thicken aluminum and iron mordants.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}} Starch paste resists of rice flour have been used for several centuries in Japan.\n</p><dl><dt>Gums\n<a href=\"/wiki/Gum_arabic\" title=\"Gum arabic\">Gum arabic</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Gum_Senegal\" title=\"Gum Senegal\">gum Senegal</a> are both traditional thickenings, but expense prevents them from being used for any but pale, delicate tints. They are especially useful thickenings for the light ground colours of soft muslins and 9 penetrate as well into the fibre of the cloth or as deeply as pure starch or flour and is unsuitable for very dark, strong colours.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</dt></dl><p><a href=\"/wiki/Gum_tragacanth\" title=\"Gum tragacanth\">Gum tragacanth</a>, or Dragon, which may be mixed in any proportion with starch or flour, is equally useful for pigment colours and mordant colours. When added to a starch paste it increases its penetrative power and adds to its softness without diminishing its thickness, making it easier to wash out of the fabric. It produces much more even colours than does starch paste alone. Used by itself it is suitable for printing all kinds of dark grounds on goods that are required to retain their soft \"clothy\" feel.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><p>Starch always leaves the printed cloth somewhat harsh in feeling (unless modified carboxymethylated starches are used), but very dark colours can be obtained. Gum Senegal, gum arabic or modified guar gum thickening yield clearer and more even tints than does starch, suitable for lighter colours but less suited for very dark colours. (The gums apparently prevent the colours from combining fully with the fibers.) A printing stock solution is mostly a combination of modified starch and gum stock solutions.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><dl><dt>Albumen\n<a href=\"/wiki/Albumen\" title=\"Albumen\">Albumen</a> is both a thickening and a fixing agent for insoluble pigments. Chrome yellow, the ochres, vermilion and ultramarine are such pigments. Albumen is always dissolved in the cold, a process that takes several days when large quantities are required. Egg albumen is expensive and only used for the lightest shades. Blood albumen solution is used in cases when very dark colours are required to be absolutely fast to washing. After printing, albumen thickened colours are exposed to hot steam, which coagulates the albumen and effectually fixes the colours.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=699}}\n</dt></dl>", "<h3>Printing paste preparation</h3>\n<p>Combinations of cold water-soluble carboxymethylated starch, guar gum and tamarind derivatives are most commonly used today in disperse screen printing on polyester. Alginates are used for cotton printing with <a href=\"/wiki/Reactive_dye\" title=\"Reactive dye\">reactive dyes</a>, sodium polyacrylates for <a href=\"/wiki/Pigment\" title=\"Pigment\">pigment</a> printing, and in the case of <a href=\"/wiki/Vat_dye\" title=\"Vat dye\">vat dyes</a> on cotton only carboxymethylated starch is used.\n</p><p>Formerly, colours were always prepared for printing by boiling the thickening agent, the colouring matter and solvents, together, then cooling and adding various fixing agents. At the present time, however, concentrated solutions of the colouring matters and other adjuncts are often simply added to the cold thickenings, of which large quantities are kept in stock.\nColours are reduced in shade by simply adding more stock (printing) paste. For example, a dark blue containing 4 oz. of methylene blue per gallon may readily be made into a pale shade by adding to it thirty times its bulk of starch paste or gum, as the case may be. The procedure is similar for other colours.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=699}}\n</p><p>Before printing it is essential to strain or sieve all colours in order to free them from lumps, fine sand, and other impurities, which would inevitably damage the highly polished surface of the engraved rollers and result in bad printing. Every scratch on the surface of a roller prints a fine line on the cloth, and too much care, therefore, cannot be taken to remove, as far as possible, all grit and other hard particles from every colour.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=699}}\n</p><p>Straining is usually done by squeezing the colour through filter cloths like artisanal fine cotton, silk or industrial woven nylon. Fine sieves can also be employed for colours that are used hot or are very strongly alkaline or acid.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=699}}\n</p>", "<h2>Methods of printing</h2>\n<p>There are eight distinct methods presently used to impress coloured patterns on cloth:\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/%23Hand_block_printing\" title=\"#Hand block printing\">Hand block printing</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Perrotine_printing\" title=\"Perrotine printing\">Perrotine printing</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/%23Engraved_copperplate_printing\" title=\"#Engraved copperplate printing\">Engraved copperplate printing</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/%23Roller%2C_cylinder%2C_or_machine_printing\" title=\"#Roller, cylinder, or machine printing\">Roller, cylinder, or machine printing</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/%23Stencil_printing\" title=\"#Stencil printing\">Stencil printing</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/%23Screen-printing\" title=\"#Screen-printing\">Screen printing</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/%23Digital_textile_printing\" title=\"#Digital textile printing\">Digital textile printing</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/%23Flexo_textile_printing\" title=\"#Flexo textile printing\">Flexo textile printing</a>\n</li><li>Discharge Printing\n</li><li>Heat transfer printing \n</li><li>Screen printing\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Gallery</h2>\n<p><gallery>\nOctopus printing machine in a RMG factory of Bangladesh.JPG|Digital textile printing by Octopus printing machine in a RMG factory of Bangladesh\nPrinting Negative.JPG|Printing Negative of T-shirt\nTraditional_Bagh_hand_block_print_master_craftsman-artisan-artist_Mohammed_Bilal_Khatri,_Madhya_Pradesh,_India.jpg|Bagh Print Traditional hand block print craft in Village [[Bagh, Dhar|Bagh]] [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]\n</gallery></p>\n<h3>Block printing</h3>\n<p>{{Main|Woodblock printing on textiles}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Woman_doing_Block_Printing_at_Halasur_village%2C_Karnataka.jpg\" title=\"Woman doing Block Printing at Halasur village, Karnataka.jpg\">thumb|170px|Woman doing block printing at Halasur village, <a href=\"/wiki/Karnataka\" title=\"Karnataka\">Karnataka</a>, India.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Image:Printed_Tissue_Stamp.jpg\" title=\"Printed Tissue Stamp.jpg\">thumb|Wood handstamp for the textile printing of traditional <a href=\"/wiki/Paisley_%28design%29\" title=\"Paisley (design)\">paisley</a> designs, <a href=\"/wiki/Isfahan\" title=\"Isfahan\">Isfahan</a>, Iran</a>\nThis process is the earliest, simplest and slowest of all printing methods. A design is drawn on, or transferred to, prepared wooden blocks. A separate block is required for each distinct colour in the design. A block cutter carves out the wood around the heavier masses first, leaving the finer and more delicate work until the last so as to avoid any risk of injuring it when the coarser parts are cut. When finished, the block has the appearance of a flat relief carving, with the design standing out. Fine details, difficult to cut in wood, are built up in strips of brass or copper, which is bent to shape and driven edgewise into the flat surface of the block. This method is known as coppering.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=695}}\n</p><p>The printer applies colour to the block and presses it firmly and steadily on the cloth, striking it smartly on the back with a wooden mallet. The second impression is made in the same way, the printer taking care to see that it registers exactly with the first. Pins at each corner of the block join up exactly, so that the pattern can continue without a break. Each succeeding impression is made in precisely the same manner until the length of cloth is fully printed. The cloth is then wound over drying rollers. If the pattern contains several colours the cloth is first printed throughout with one colour, dried, and then printed with the next.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=695}}\n</p><p>Block printing by hand is a slow process. It is, however, capable of yielding highly artistic results, some of which are unobtainable by any other method.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=696}} <a href=\"/wiki/William_Morris\" title=\"William Morris\">William Morris</a> used this technique in some of his fabrics.\n</p><h3>Perrotine printing</h3>\n<p>{{further|Perrotine printing}}\nThe perrotine is a block-printing machine invented by Perrot of Rouen in 1834{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=696}} and is now only of historical interest.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Perrotine-nyomoduc.jpg\" title=\"Perrotine-nyomoduc.jpg\">thumb|A Perrotine printing block</a>\n</p><h3>Roller, cylinder, or machine printing</h3>\n<p>{{Main|Roller printing on textiles}}\nThis process was patented by <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Bell_%28printer%29\" title=\"Thomas Bell (printer)\">Thomas Bell</a> in 1785, fifteen years after his use of an engraved plate to print textiles. Bell's patent was for a machine to print six colours at once, but, probably owing to its incomplete development, it was not immediately successful. One colour could be printed with satisfactorily; the difficulty was to keep the six rollers in register with each other. This defect was overcome by Adam Parkinson of Manchester in 1785. That year, Bells machine with Parkinson's improvement was successfully employed by Messrs <a href=\"/wiki/Livesey%2C_Hargreaves_and_Company\" title=\"Livesey, Hargreaves and Company\">Livesey, Hargreaves and Company</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Bamber_Bridge\" title=\"Bamber Bridge\">Bamber Bridge</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Preston%2C_Lancashire\" title=\"Preston, Lancashire\">Preston</a>, for the printing of calico in from two to six colours at a single operation.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=696}}\n</p><p>Roller printing was highly productive, 10,000 to 12,000 yards being commonly printed in one day of ten hours by a single-colour machine. It is capable of reproducing every style of design, ranging from the fine delicate lines of copperplate engraving to the small repeats and limited colours of the perrotine to the broadest effects of block printing with repeats from 1 in to 80 inches. It is precise, so each portion of an elaborate multicolour pattern can be fitted into its proper place without faulty joints at the points of repetition.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=697}}\n</p><h3>Stencil printing</h3>\n<p>The art of stenciling on textile fabrics has been practiced from time immemorial by the Japanese, and found increasing employment in Europe for certain classes of decorative work on woven goods during the late 19th century.\nA pattern is cut from a sheet of stout paper or thin metal with a sharp-pointed knife, the uncut portions representing the part that will be left uncoloured. The sheet is laid on the fabric and colour is brushed through its interstices.\nThe peculiarity of stenciled patterns is that they have to be held together by ties. For instance, a complete circle cannot be cut without its centre dropping out, so its outline has to be interrupted at convenient points by ties or uncut portions. This limitation influences the design.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=697}}\n</p><p>For single-colour work a stenciling machine was patented in 1894 by S. H. Sharp. It consists of an endless stencil plate of thin sheet steel that passes continuously over a revolving cast iron cylinder. The cloth to be ornamented passes between the two and the colour is forced onto it through the holes in the stencil by mechanical means.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=697}}\n</p><h3>Screen-printing</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Screen_printing\" title=\"Screen printing\">Screen printing</a> is by far the most common technology today. Two types exist: rotary screen printing and flat (bed) screen printing. A blade (squeegee) squeezes the printing paste through openings in the screen onto the fabric.\n</p><h3>Digital textile printing</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Digital_textile_printing\" title=\"Digital textile printing\">Digital textile printing</a> is often referred to as <a href=\"/wiki/Direct-to-garment_printing\" title=\"Direct-to-garment printing\">direct-to-garment printing</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Direct-to-garment_printing\" title=\"Direct-to-garment printing\">DTG printing</a>), or digital garment printing. It is a process of printing on textiles and garments using specialized or modified <a href=\"/wiki/Inkjet_technology\" title=\"Inkjet technology\">inkjet technology</a>. Inkjet printing on fabric is also possible with an inkjet printer by using fabric sheets with a removable paper backing. Today, major inkjet technology manufacturers can offer specialized products designed for direct printing on textiles, not only for sampling but also for bulk production. Since the early 1990s, inkjet technology and specially developed water-based ink (known as dye-sublimation or disperse direct ink) have made it possible to print directly onto polyester fabric. This is mainly related to visual communication in retail and brand promotion (flags, banners and other point of sales applications). Printing onto nylon and silk can be done by using an acid ink. Reactive ink is used for cellulose based fibers such as cotton and linen. Inkjet technology in digital textile printing allows for single pieces, mid-run production and even long-run alternatives to screen printed fabric.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}\n</p><p>A similar printing method: Direct-To-Film printing (DTF printing) can also make the digital textile printing. The difference from DTG printing is that DTF printing first prints on a special transfer film while DTG printing prints on the substrate. One of the advantage of DTF printing is that it is more cost effective.\n</p><h3>Flexo textile printing</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Flexo_textile_printing\" title=\"Flexo textile printing\">Flexo textile printing</a> on textile fabric was successful in China in the last 4 years{{when||2019|12|30|date=December 2019}}. Central Impression Flexo, Rubber Sleeves as the printing plate in round engraved by laser (Direct Laser Engraving), Anilox in Sleeve technologies are applicated in the area. Not only the solid, but also 6 to 8 colours in fine register, higher resolution ratio and higher productivity which are the outstanding advantages extraordinary different from the traditional screen textile printing.\nAerospace Huayang, Hell system, SPGPrints and Felix Böttcher contributed their technologies and efforts.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}\n</p><h3>Other methods of printing</h3>\n<p>Although most work is executed throughout by one or another of the seven distinct processes mentioned above, combinations are frequently employed. Sometimes a pattern is printed partly by machine and partly by block, and sometimes a cylindrical block is used along with engraved copper-rollers in an ordinary printing machine. The block in this latter case is in all respects, except for shape, identical with a flat wood or coppered block, but, instead of being dipped in colour, it receives its supply from an endless blanket, one part of which works in contact with colour-furnishing rollers and the other part with the cylindrical block. This block is known as a surface or <a href=\"/wiki/Peg_roller\" title=\"Peg roller\">peg roller</a>. Many attempts have been made to print multicolour patterns with surface rollers alone, but hitherto with little success, owing to their irregularity in action and to the difficulty of preventing them from warping. These defects are not present in the printing of <a href=\"/wiki/Linoleum\" title=\"Linoleum\">linoleum</a> in which opaque oil colours are used, colours that neither sink into the body of the hard linoleum nor tend to warp the roller.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=697}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Lithographic_printing\" title=\"Lithographic printing\">Lithographic printing</a> has been applied to textile fabrics with qualified success. Its irregularity and the difficulty of registering repeats have restricted its use to the production of decorative panels, equal or smaller in size to the plate or stone.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=697}}\n</p>", "<h3>Block printing</h3>\n<p>{{Main|Woodblock printing on textiles}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/File:Woman_doing_Block_Printing_at_Halasur_village%2C_Karnataka.jpg\" title=\"Woman doing Block Printing at Halasur village, Karnataka.jpg\">thumb|170px|Woman doing block printing at Halasur village, <a href=\"/wiki/Karnataka\" title=\"Karnataka\">Karnataka</a>, India.</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Image:Printed_Tissue_Stamp.jpg\" title=\"Printed Tissue Stamp.jpg\">thumb|Wood handstamp for the textile printing of traditional <a href=\"/wiki/Paisley_%28design%29\" title=\"Paisley (design)\">paisley</a> designs, <a href=\"/wiki/Isfahan\" title=\"Isfahan\">Isfahan</a>, Iran</a>\nThis process is the earliest, simplest and slowest of all printing methods. A design is drawn on, or transferred to, prepared wooden blocks. A separate block is required for each distinct colour in the design. A block cutter carves out the wood around the heavier masses first, leaving the finer and more delicate work until the last so as to avoid any risk of injuring it when the coarser parts are cut. When finished, the block has the appearance of a flat relief carving, with the design standing out. Fine details, difficult to cut in wood, are built up in strips of brass or copper, which is bent to shape and driven edgewise into the flat surface of the block. This method is known as coppering.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=695}}\n</p><p>The printer applies colour to the block and presses it firmly and steadily on the cloth, striking it smartly on the back with a wooden mallet. The second impression is made in the same way, the printer taking care to see that it registers exactly with the first. Pins at each corner of the block join up exactly, so that the pattern can continue without a break. Each succeeding impression is made in precisely the same manner until the length of cloth is fully printed. The cloth is then wound over drying rollers. If the pattern contains several colours the cloth is first printed throughout with one colour, dried, and then printed with the next.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=695}}\n</p><p>Block printing by hand is a slow process. It is, however, capable of yielding highly artistic results, some of which are unobtainable by any other method.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=696}} <a href=\"/wiki/William_Morris\" title=\"William Morris\">William Morris</a> used this technique in some of his fabrics.\n</p>", "<h3>Perrotine printing</h3>\n<p>{{further|Perrotine printing}}\nThe perrotine is a block-printing machine invented by Perrot of Rouen in 1834{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=696}} and is now only of historical interest.\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Perrotine-nyomoduc.jpg\" title=\"Perrotine-nyomoduc.jpg\">thumb|A Perrotine printing block</a>\n</p>", "<h3>Roller, cylinder, or machine printing</h3>\n<p>{{Main|Roller printing on textiles}}\nThis process was patented by <a href=\"/wiki/Thomas_Bell_%28printer%29\" title=\"Thomas Bell (printer)\">Thomas Bell</a> in 1785, fifteen years after his use of an engraved plate to print textiles. Bell's patent was for a machine to print six colours at once, but, probably owing to its incomplete development, it was not immediately successful. One colour could be printed with satisfactorily; the difficulty was to keep the six rollers in register with each other. This defect was overcome by Adam Parkinson of Manchester in 1785. That year, Bells machine with Parkinson's improvement was successfully employed by Messrs <a href=\"/wiki/Livesey%2C_Hargreaves_and_Company\" title=\"Livesey, Hargreaves and Company\">Livesey, Hargreaves and Company</a> of <a href=\"/wiki/Bamber_Bridge\" title=\"Bamber Bridge\">Bamber Bridge</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Preston%2C_Lancashire\" title=\"Preston, Lancashire\">Preston</a>, for the printing of calico in from two to six colours at a single operation.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=696}}\n</p><p>Roller printing was highly productive, 10,000 to 12,000 yards being commonly printed in one day of ten hours by a single-colour machine. It is capable of reproducing every style of design, ranging from the fine delicate lines of copperplate engraving to the small repeats and limited colours of the perrotine to the broadest effects of block printing with repeats from 1 in to 80 inches. It is precise, so each portion of an elaborate multicolour pattern can be fitted into its proper place without faulty joints at the points of repetition.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=697}}\n</p>", "<h3>Stencil printing</h3>\n<p>The art of stenciling on textile fabrics has been practiced from time immemorial by the Japanese, and found increasing employment in Europe for certain classes of decorative work on woven goods during the late 19th century.\nA pattern is cut from a sheet of stout paper or thin metal with a sharp-pointed knife, the uncut portions representing the part that will be left uncoloured. The sheet is laid on the fabric and colour is brushed through its interstices.\nThe peculiarity of stenciled patterns is that they have to be held together by ties. For instance, a complete circle cannot be cut without its centre dropping out, so its outline has to be interrupted at convenient points by ties or uncut portions. This limitation influences the design.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=697}}\n</p><p>For single-colour work a stenciling machine was patented in 1894 by S. H. Sharp. It consists of an endless stencil plate of thin sheet steel that passes continuously over a revolving cast iron cylinder. The cloth to be ornamented passes between the two and the colour is forced onto it through the holes in the stencil by mechanical means.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=697}}\n</p>", "<h3>Screen-printing</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Screen_printing\" title=\"Screen printing\">Screen printing</a> is by far the most common technology today. Two types exist: rotary screen printing and flat (bed) screen printing. A blade (squeegee) squeezes the printing paste through openings in the screen onto the fabric.\n</p>", "<h3>Digital textile printing</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Digital_textile_printing\" title=\"Digital textile printing\">Digital textile printing</a> is often referred to as <a href=\"/wiki/Direct-to-garment_printing\" title=\"Direct-to-garment printing\">direct-to-garment printing</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Direct-to-garment_printing\" title=\"Direct-to-garment printing\">DTG printing</a>), or digital garment printing. It is a process of printing on textiles and garments using specialized or modified <a href=\"/wiki/Inkjet_technology\" title=\"Inkjet technology\">inkjet technology</a>. Inkjet printing on fabric is also possible with an inkjet printer by using fabric sheets with a removable paper backing. Today, major inkjet technology manufacturers can offer specialized products designed for direct printing on textiles, not only for sampling but also for bulk production. Since the early 1990s, inkjet technology and specially developed water-based ink (known as dye-sublimation or disperse direct ink) have made it possible to print directly onto polyester fabric. This is mainly related to visual communication in retail and brand promotion (flags, banners and other point of sales applications). Printing onto nylon and silk can be done by using an acid ink. Reactive ink is used for cellulose based fibers such as cotton and linen. Inkjet technology in digital textile printing allows for single pieces, mid-run production and even long-run alternatives to screen printed fabric.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}\n</p><p>A similar printing method: Direct-To-Film printing (DTF printing) can also make the digital textile printing. The difference from DTG printing is that DTF printing first prints on a special transfer film while DTG printing prints on the substrate. One of the advantage of DTF printing is that it is more cost effective.\n</p>", "<h3>Flexo textile printing</h3>\n<p><a href=\"/wiki/Flexo_textile_printing\" title=\"Flexo textile printing\">Flexo textile printing</a> on textile fabric was successful in China in the last 4 years{{when||2019|12|30|date=December 2019}}. Central Impression Flexo, Rubber Sleeves as the printing plate in round engraved by laser (Direct Laser Engraving), Anilox in Sleeve technologies are applicated in the area. Not only the solid, but also 6 to 8 colours in fine register, higher resolution ratio and higher productivity which are the outstanding advantages extraordinary different from the traditional screen textile printing.\nAerospace Huayang, Hell system, SPGPrints and Felix Böttcher contributed their technologies and efforts.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}\n</p>", "<h3>Other methods of printing</h3>\n<p>Although most work is executed throughout by one or another of the seven distinct processes mentioned above, combinations are frequently employed. Sometimes a pattern is printed partly by machine and partly by block, and sometimes a cylindrical block is used along with engraved copper-rollers in an ordinary printing machine. The block in this latter case is in all respects, except for shape, identical with a flat wood or coppered block, but, instead of being dipped in colour, it receives its supply from an endless blanket, one part of which works in contact with colour-furnishing rollers and the other part with the cylindrical block. This block is known as a surface or <a href=\"/wiki/Peg_roller\" title=\"Peg roller\">peg roller</a>. Many attempts have been made to print multicolour patterns with surface rollers alone, but hitherto with little success, owing to their irregularity in action and to the difficulty of preventing them from warping. These defects are not present in the printing of <a href=\"/wiki/Linoleum\" title=\"Linoleum\">linoleum</a> in which opaque oil colours are used, colours that neither sink into the body of the hard linoleum nor tend to warp the roller.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=697}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Lithographic_printing\" title=\"Lithographic printing\">Lithographic printing</a> has been applied to textile fabrics with qualified success. Its irregularity and the difficulty of registering repeats have restricted its use to the production of decorative panels, equal or smaller in size to the plate or stone.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=697}}\n</p>", "<h2>Calico printing</h2>\n<p>Goods intended for <a href=\"/wiki/Calico_printing\" title=\"Calico printing\">calico printing</a> are well-bleached; otherwise stains and other serious defects are certain to arise during subsequent operations.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><p>The chemical preparations used for special styles will be mentioned in their proper places; but a general prepare, employed for most colours that are developed and fixed by steaming only, consists in passing the bleached calico through a weak solution of sulphated or <a href=\"/wiki/Turkey_red_oil\" title=\"Turkey red oil\">turkey red oil</a> containing 2.5 to 5 percent <a href=\"/wiki/Fatty_acid\" title=\"Fatty acid\">fatty acid</a>. Some colours are printed on pure bleached cloth, but all patterns containing <a href=\"/wiki/Alizarin\" title=\"Alizarin\">alizarin</a> red, rose and salmon shades are considerably brightened by the presence of oil, and indeed very few, if any, colours are detrimentally affected by it.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p><p>The cloth is always brushed to free it from loose nap, flocks and dust that it picks up whilst stored. Frequently, too, it has to be sheared by being passed over rapidly revolving knives arranged spirally round an axle, which rapidly and effectually cuts off all filaments and knots, leaving the cloth perfectly smooth and clean. It is then <a href=\"/wiki/Stenter\" title=\"Stenter\">stentered</a>, wound onto a beam, and mounting on the printing machines.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=698}}\n</p>", "<h2>Woollen printing</h2>\n<p>{{cleanup-section|reason=the language in this section is apparently taken directly from the 1911 ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' article, and is therefore quite antiquated.|date=October 2023}}\nThe printing of <a href=\"/wiki/Wool\" title=\"Wool\">wool</a> differs little from the printing of cotton in general. Most of the colours employed in the one industry are used in the other, and the operations of steaming, washing and soaping are almost identical.\nUnlike cotton, however, wool requires special preparation, after bleaching, if the full tinctorial value of the colours is to be obtained.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=707}}\n</p><p>Two quite different methods of preparation are used, namely (1) the <a href=\"/wiki/Halogenation%23Chlorination\" title=\"Halogenation#Chlorination\">chlorination</a> of the wool; and (2) the precipitation of <a href=\"/wiki/Tin%28IV%29_oxide\" title=\"Tin(IV) oxide\">stannic acid</a> on the fibre. In the first method the woollen fabric is first passed through a solution of bleaching powder, then well squeezed and passed, without washing, into dilute <a href=\"/wiki/Sulfuric_acid\" title=\"Sulfuric acid\">sulphuric</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid\" title=\"Hydrochloric acid\">hydrochloric acid</a>, squeezed again and well washed in water, after which it is dried. Great care and experience are demanded in this operation to prevent the wool from becoming hard and yellow. In the second method the cloth is padded in <a href=\"/wiki/Sodium_stannate\" title=\"Sodium stannate\">sodium stannate</a>, well squeezed, passed into dilute sulphuric acid, well washed and dried. For certain styles of work it is necessary to combine both preparations.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=707}}\n</p><p>Although alizarin, <a href=\"/wiki/Mordant\" title=\"Mordant\">mordant</a> colours and dyewood extracts can be used on wool, the vast majority of patterns printed on wool are executed by means of acid dye-stuffs and basic colours, for both of which this fibre possesses a natural affinity. In most cases therefore these colours are simply dissolved in a little acetic and citric acids, thickened with gum and printed without any further addition. The addition of <a href=\"/wiki/Tannic_acid\" title=\"Tannic acid\">tannic acid</a>, however, can be made to, and considerably increases the fastness of, the basic dyes. Mordant colours like <a href=\"/wiki/Logwood\" title=\"Logwood\">logwood</a> black are applied in the usual way. The printing of wool is carried out exactly as for cotton, but if the best results are to be obtained, the engraving of the rollers must be deep, the blanket on the machine as solt as possible, and the drying of the printed cloth very gentle. After printing, the goods are steamed in moist steam or wrapped between moistened \"greys\" and steamed in a \"cottage\" steamer. If too little moisture is given, the colours lack both strength and brilliancy; if too much they run. The correct degree of dampness can only he determined by experience of the work, combined with a special knowledge of the particular apparatus employed.\n</p><p>After steaming, the printed goods are washed in plenty of water, then dried up and. finished with a little <a href=\"/wiki/Glycerol\" title=\"Glycerol\">glycerol</a> or some waxy preparation.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=707}}\n</p><p>Discharges may be very easily obtained on wool dyed in acid dye-stuffs, by means of stannous chloride and basic colours for the coloured effect, and hydrosulphite for the white.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=707}}\n</p>", "<h2>Silk printing</h2>\n<p>The colours and methods employed are the same as for wool, except that in the case of silk no preparation of the material is required before printing, and ordinary <a href=\"/wiki/Dry_steaming\" title=\"Dry steaming\">dry steaming</a> is preferable to <a href=\"/wiki/Damp_steaming\" title=\"Damp steaming\">damp steaming</a>.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=707}}\n</p><p>Both <a href=\"/wiki/Acid_dye\" title=\"Acid dye\">acid</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Basic_dye\" title=\"Basic dye\">basic dyes</a> play an important role in silk printing, which for the most part is confined to the production of articles for fashion goods, handkerchiefs, and scarves, all articles for which bright colours are in demand. <a href=\"/wiki/Alizarine\" title=\"Alizarine\">Alizarine</a> and other mordant colours are mainly used for any goods that have to resist repeated washings or prolonged exposure to light. In this case the silk frequently must be prepared in <a href=\"/wiki/Alizarine_oil\" title=\"Alizarine oil\">alizarine oil</a>, after which it is treated in all respects like cotton, namely steamed, washed and soaped, the colours used being the same.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=707}}\n</p><p>Silk is especially adapted to discharge and reserve effects. Most of the acid dyes can be discharged in the same way as when they are dyed on wool. Reserved effects are produced by printing mechanical resists, such as waxes and fats, on the cloth and then dyeing it in <a href=\"/wiki/Cold_dye-liquor\" title=\"Cold dye-liquor\">cold dye-liquor</a>. The great affinity of the silk fibre for basic and acid dyestuffs enables it to extract colouring matter from cold solutions and permanently combine with it to form an <a href=\"/wiki/Insoluble_lake\" title=\"Insoluble lake\">insoluble lake</a>. After dyeing, the reserve prints are washed, first in cold water to remove any colour not fixed onto the fibre, and then in hot water or <a href=\"/wiki/Benzene\" title=\"Benzene\">benzene</a> to dissolve out the resisting bodies.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=707}}\n</p><p>After steaming, silk goods are normally only washed in hot water, but those printed entirely in <a href=\"/wiki/Mordant_Dye\" title=\"Mordant Dye\">mordant dyes</a> will stand <a href=\"/wiki/Soaping\" title=\"Soaping\">soaping</a>, and indeed require it to brighten the colours and soften the material.{{sfn|Knecht|Cole|1911|p=707}}\n</p><p>Some silk dyes do not require <a href=\"/wiki/Heat_setting\" title=\"Heat setting\">heat setting</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Steaming\" title=\"Steaming\">steaming</a>. They strike instantly, allowing the designer to dye colour upon colour. These dyes are intended mostly for silk scarf dyeing. They also dye <a href=\"/wiki/Bamboo\" title=\"Bamboo\">bamboo</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Rayon\" title=\"Rayon\">rayon</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Linen\" title=\"Linen\">linen</a>, and some other natural fabrics like <a href=\"/wiki/Hemp\" title=\"Hemp\">hemp</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Wool\" title=\"Wool\">wool</a> to a lesser extent, but do not set on <a href=\"/wiki/Cotton\" title=\"Cotton\">cotton</a>.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}\n</p>", "<h2>Artificial fibre printing</h2>\n<p>{{Empty section|date=October 2014}}\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Batik\" title=\"Batik\">Batik</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Digital_textile_printing\" title=\"Digital textile printing\">Digital textile printing</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Screen_printing\" title=\"Screen printing\">Screen printing</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Transfer-print\" title=\"Transfer-print\">Transfer-print</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Woodblock_printing\" title=\"Woodblock printing\">Woodblock printing</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Dunging\" title=\"Dunging\">Dunging</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<h3>Notes</h3>\n<p>{{reflist|2}}\n</p><h3>Bibliography</h3>\n<p>{{refbegin}}\n<ul><li> {{EB1911 |wstitle=Textile-printing |volume=26 |pages=694–708 |first1=Edmund |last1=Knecht |first2=Alan Summerly |last2=Cole}} The article has a detailed description of the history and contemporaneous technologies of textile printing.\n</li><li> {{Citation|last=Collier|first= Ann M.|title=A Handbook of Textiles |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1970 |pages=258|isbn=0-08-018057-4|id=0 08 018056 6 }}\n</li><li> {{Citation|last=Kadolph|first=Sara J.|title=Textiles|publisher=Pearson/Prentice-Hall|year=2007|edition=10th|isbn=978-0-13-118769-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado}}\n</li><li> {{cite book|last1=Tozer|first1=Jane|last2=Levitt|first2=Sarah|title=Fabric of Society: A Century of People and Their Clothes 1770-1870|publisher=Laura Ashley Press|location=Carno|year=1983|isbn=0-9508913-0-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/fabricofsocietyc00toze}}\n{{refend}}\n</li></ul></p>", "<h3>Notes</h3>\n<p>{{reflist|2}}\n</p>", "<h3>Bibliography</h3>\n<p>{{refbegin}}\n<ul><li> {{EB1911 |wstitle=Textile-printing |volume=26 |pages=694–708 |first1=Edmund |last1=Knecht |first2=Alan Summerly |last2=Cole}} The article has a detailed description of the history and contemporaneous technologies of textile printing.\n</li><li> {{Citation|last=Collier|first= Ann M.|title=A Handbook of Textiles |publisher=Pergamon Press |year=1970 |pages=258|isbn=0-08-018057-4|id=0 08 018056 6 }}\n</li><li> {{Citation|last=Kadolph|first=Sara J.|title=Textiles|publisher=Pearson/Prentice-Hall|year=2007|edition=10th|isbn=978-0-13-118769-6|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/textiles0010kado}}\n</li><li> {{cite book|last1=Tozer|first1=Jane|last2=Levitt|first2=Sarah|title=Fabric of Society: A Century of People and Their Clothes 1770-1870|publisher=Laura Ashley Press|location=Carno|year=1983|isbn=0-9508913-0-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/fabricofsocietyc00toze}}\n{{refend}}\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>Further reading</h2>\n<ul><li>Floud, Peter (1960) <i>English Printed Textiles</i>. London: H. M. S. O. for Victoria &amp; Albert Museum\n</li><li>Montgomery, Florence (1970) <i>Printed Textiles: English and American Cottons and Linens 1700-1800</i>. Winterthur, Del.<a href=\"/wiki/Winterthur_Museum%2C_Garden_and_Library\" title=\"Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library\">Henry Francis DuPont Winterthur Museum</a>\n</li><li>Turnbull, John G., ed. (1951) <i>A History of the Calico Printing Industry of Great Britain</i>. Altrincham: John Sherratt\n</li></ul><p>{{Textile arts}}\n{{Fabric}}\n{{Writing}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Textile Printing}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Textile_printing\" title=\"Textile printing\"> </a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Printed_fabrics\" title=\"Printed fabrics\"> </a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 173030 ], "name": [ "Apokrif" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life and education", "Personal life", "Filmography", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|American actor (born 1969)}}\n{{more footnotes needed | date = April 2008}}\n<ul><li><ul><li><ul><li>{{Infobox person\n| name = Judson Mills\n| image =\n| imagesize = 240x320px\n| caption = Judson Mills in 2009\n| birthname = \n| birth_date = <!-- Valid citation required for date of birth for BLP. (WP:BLPPRIVACY) -->\n| birth_place = \n| occupation = Actor\n| years_active = 1991–present\n| spouse = {{plainlist|\n* {{marriage|Christiaan Torrez|1990|1993|reason=divorced}}\n* {{marriage|Julie Mills|1997|2002|reason=divorced}}\n* {{marriage|Morgan Rae Mills|2005}}\n}}\n| children = 3\n}}\n</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></p><p><b>Judson Mills</b> is an American actor. He is known for his performances as Texas Ranger Francis Gage in the American action drama television series<i> <a href=\"/wiki/Walker%2C_Texas_Ranger\" title=\"Walker, Texas Ranger\">Walker, Texas Ranger</a></i> (1999–2001). Judson Mills joined the TV series in the second episode of Season 7 \"Countdown\" (together with <a href=\"/wiki/Nia_Peeples\" title=\"Nia Peeples\">Nia Peeples</a> as his female partner Sydney Cooke). From 1991 to 1993, Mills performed as Alexander \"Hutch\" Hutchinson on <i><a href=\"/wiki/As_the_World_Turns\" title=\"As the World Turns\">As the World Turns</a></i>. He also appeared on <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_X-Files\" title=\"The X-Files\">The X-Files</a></i> and Disney{{'}}s <i>Mighty Joe Young</i> as a supporting actor. Mills also appeared on episodes of <i>Saving Grace</i> as Ham's brother.\n</p>", "<h2>Early life and education</h2>\n<p>Mills grew up in <a href=\"/wiki/Northern_Virginia\" title=\"Northern Virginia\">Northern Virginia</a>. The house that he lived in was built by <a href=\"/wiki/George_Washington\" title=\"George Washington\">George Washington</a>. The house is considered a national landmark. {{Citation needed|date=April 2008}}\n</p><p>Although Mills did not originally plan to become an actor, he later started involving himself in the theater. During his high school years he attended <a href=\"/wiki/New_Hampshire\" title=\"New Hampshire\">New Hampshire</a>'s private independent <a href=\"/wiki/High_Mowing_School\" title=\"High Mowing School\">High Mowing School</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Personal life</h2>\n<p>Mills has been married three times. First he was married to actress Christiaan Torrez on May 10, 1990. The couple was divorced in 1993. In 1997, he was married to Julie Mills, who gave birth to their son, Dalton Mills. Judson and Julie Mills were divorced five years later in 2002. On June 13, 2005, Judson Mills was married to Morgan Rae Mills, who then gave birth to their two sons Jagger Mills and Cash Mills. Mills's hobbies include hunting, fishing, football and Taekwondo.\n</p>", "<h2>Filmography</h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size:90%\">\n<tr style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<th colspan=\"4\" style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\"> Film\n</th></tr><tr style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<th style=\"background:#ccc;\"> Year\n</th>\n<th style=\"background:#ccc;\"> Film\n</th>\n<th style=\"background:#ccc;\"> Role\n</th>\n<th style=\"background:#ccc;\"> Notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>1994</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Sorority_Girl\" title=\"Confessions of a Sorority Girl\">Confessions of a Sorority Girl</a></i></td><td>Joe </td><td>TV movie\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1995</td><td><i>A Family Divided</i></td><td>Carter </td><td>TV movie\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1996</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Joyride_%281996_film%29\" title=\"Joyride (1996 film)\">Joyride</a></i></td><td>Redneck Joey </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\">1997</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/American_Perfekt\" title=\"American Perfekt\">American Perfekt</a></i></td><td>Junior </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>T.N.T.</i></td><td>Maria</td><td>unknown character\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Surface to Air</i></td><td>Kuckler </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"6\">1998</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Gods_and_Monsters_%28film%29\" title=\"Gods and Monsters (film)\">Gods and Monsters</a></i></td><td>Young man at Pool </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Major_League:Back_to_the_Minors\" title=\"Back to the Minors\">Major League: Back to the Minors</a></i></td><td>Hog Ellis </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Babylon_5:Thirdspace\" title=\"Thirdspace\">Babylon 5: Thirdspace</a></i></td><td>Delta Seven </td><td>TV movie\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Bury_Me_in_Kern_County\" title=\"Bury Me in Kern County\">Bury Me in Kern County</a></i></td><td>Dean </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i> <a href=\"/wiki/Zack_and_Reba\" title=\"Zack and Reba\">Zack and Reba</a></i></td><td>Wessy </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Mighty_Joe_Young_%281998_film%29\" title=\"Mighty Joe Young (1998 film)\">Mighty Joe Young</a></i></td><td>Impatient Driver </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1999</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Chill_Factor_%28film%29\" title=\"Chill Factor (film)\">Chill Factor</a></i></td><td>Dennis </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2001</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/See_Jane_Run_%28film%29\" title=\"See Jane Run (film)\">See Jane Run</a></i></td><td>unknown character </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2002</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_President%27s_Man:A_Line_in_the_Sand\" title=\"A Line in the Sand\">The President's Man: A Line in the Sand</a></i> </td><td>Deke Slater </td><td>TV movie\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2003</td><td><i>Dismembered</i> </td><td>Chick Evans </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2005</td><td><i>Walker, Texas Ranger: Trial by Fire</i> </td><td>Francis Gage </td><td>TV movie\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2006</td><td><i>Jesus, Mary and Joey</i></td><td>Taylor Gordan</td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">2010</td><td><i>Stacy's Mom</i></td><td>Richard </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Bird Dog</i> </td><td>Billy Banks </td><td>TV movie\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2011</td><td><i>Carnal Innocence</i> </td><td>Billy T Bonny </td><td>TV movie\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2012</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Rosewood_Lane\" title=\"Rosewood Lane\">Rosewood Lane</a></i></td><td>Darren Summers </td><td>post-production\n</td></tr><tr style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<th colspan=\"4\" style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\"> Television\n</th></tr><tr style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<th style=\"background:#ccc;\"> Year\n</th>\n<th style=\"background:#ccc;\"> Title\n</th>\n<th style=\"background:#ccc;\"> Role\n</th>\n<th style=\"background:#ccc;\"> Notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>1991–1993</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/As_the_World_Turns\" title=\"As the World Turns\">As the World Turns</a></i></td><td>Alexander 'Hutch' Hutchinson </td><td>125 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">1994</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Law_%26_Order\" title=\"Law & Order\">Law &amp; Order</a></i></td><td>Stephen Shaw </td><td>episode, \"Breeder\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Murder%2C_She_Wrote\" title=\"Murder, She Wrote\">Murder, She Wrote</a></i> </td><td>Stu Yates/Toby Grant </td><td>1994–1996, 2 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">1995</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Silk_Stalkings\" title=\"Silk Stalkings\">Silk Stalkings</a></i></td><td>Todd Barnett </td><td>episode, \"Partners (Part 1)\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/High_Tide_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"High Tide (TV series)\">High Tide</a></i> </td><td>Lenny Gibner </td><td>episode, \"Natural Born Surfers\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">1996</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Sliders_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Sliders (TV series)\">Sliders</a></i></td><td>Davy </td><td>episode, \"Desert Storm\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Renegade_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Renegade (TV series)\">Renegade</a></i></td><td>Travis Taylor </td><td>2 episodes, 1996–1997\n</td></tr><tr1997=\"\"walker=\"\"texas=\"\"ranger=\"\".=\"\"days=\"\"past=\"\">\n<tdrowspan=\"3\">1997</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Pacific_Blue_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Pacific Blue (TV series)\">Pacific Blue</a></i></td><td>Willie Hicks </td><td>episode, \"Bad Company\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Soldier_of_Fortune%2C_Inc.\" title=\"Soldier of Fortune, Inc.\">Soldier of Fortune, Inc.</a></i></td><td>Staff Sgt. Eugene Hackin </td><td>2 episodes, 1997-1999\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/JAG_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"JAG (TV series)\">JAG</a></i></td><td>Lieutenant Tim 'Spock' Vanderway </td><td>2 episodes, 1997–2002\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\">1998</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/NYPD_Blue\" title=\"NYPD Blue\">NYPD Blue</a></i></td><td>John </td><td>episode, \"Prostrate Before the Law\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Promised_Land_%281996_TV_series%29\" title=\"Promised Land (1996 TV series)\">Promised Land</a></i></td><td>Kip </td><td>1 episode\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Beverly_Hills%2C_90210\" title=\"Beverly Hills, 90210\">Beverly Hills, 90210</a></i></td><td>Security Guard </td><td>episode, \"Confession\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">1999-2001</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Walker%2C_Texas_Ranger\" title=\"Walker, Texas Ranger\">Walker, Texas Ranger</a></i></td><td>Francis Gage </td><td>46 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Search Party</i></td><td>Celebrity Contestant </td><td>3 episodes, 1999-2000\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2000</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_X-Files\" title=\"The X-Files\">The X-Files</a></i></td><td>Deputy <a href=\"/wiki/Keith_Wetzel\" title=\"Keith Wetzel\">Keith Wetzel</a> </td><td>episode, \"<a href=\"/wiki/X-Cops_%28The_X-Files%29\" title=\"X-Cops (The X-Files)\">X-Cops</a>\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2002</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Crossing_Jordan\" title=\"Crossing Jordan\">Crossing Jordan</a></i></td><td>Private Scott Weber </td><td>episode, \"With Honor\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2003</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Guardian_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"The Guardian (TV series)\">The Guardian</a></i></td><td>Pete Akins </td><td>episode, \"Let's Spend the Night Together\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2005</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/CSI:Miami\" title=\"Miami\">CSI: Miami</a></i></td><td>Ty Radcliffe </td><td>episode, \"Nothing to Lose\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">2008</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Saving_Grace_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Saving Grace (TV series)\">Saving Grace</a></i></td><td>Ralph 'Rafe' Dewey </td><td>2 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Bones_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Bones (TV series)\">Bones</a></i> </td><td>Nick Devito </td><td>episode, \"The Passenger in the Oven\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2011–present</td><td><i>The Icarus II Project</i></td><td>Daniels </td><td>Currently airing\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> 2012</td><td> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Lab_Rats_%28American_TV_series%29\" title=\"Lab Rats (American TV series)\">Lab Rats</a></i> </td><td> Beach Sheriff</td><td>episode, \"Dude, Where's My Lab?\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> 2016</td><td> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Notorious_%282016_TV_series%29\" title=\"Notorious (2016 TV series)\">Notorious</a></i> </td><td> Trinity </td><td> Episode: \"Friends and Other Strangers\"\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> {{IMDb name|id=0005235|name=Judson Mills}}\n</li></ul><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Mills, Judson}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:American_male_television_actors\" title=\"American male television actors\">Category:American male television actors</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:American_male_film_actors\" title=\"American male film actors\">Category:American male film actors</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Waldorf_school_alumni\" title=\"Waldorf school alumni\">Category:Waldorf school alumni</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_missing_%28living_people%29\" title=\"Year of birth missing (living people)\">Category:Year of birth missing (living people)</a></p><p><br />\n{{US-tv-actor-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 27823944 ], "name": [ "GreenC bot" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Shield", "Atmosphere", "Venues", "Notable people who have played in the Royal Thomian Cricket Match", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Other uses|Battle of the Blues (disambiguation){{!}}Battle of the Blues}}\n{{short description|Annual School Cricket Match Series}}\n{{Infobox cricket tournament main\n| name = Battle of the Blues\n| country = [[Sri Lanka]]\n| cricket format = [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[One-Day cricket|One-Day]]\n| first = 1879\n| last = [[2024 Big Matches|2024]]\n| next = [[2025 Big Matches|2025]]\n| participants = [[Royal College, Colombo]] <br> [[S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]]\n| champions = [[Royal College, Colombo]] \n| most successful = [[Royal College, Colombo]] (36 titles)\n[[S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia]] (36 titles)\n| most runs = \n| most wickets = \n| current = [[2023 Big Matches|144th Battle of the Blues]]\n| website =\n}}\n</p><p>The <b>Battle of the Blues</b> (Also known as <b>Royal–Thomian Cricket Encounter</b>) is an annual <a href=\"/wiki/Big_Match\" title=\"Big Match\">Big Match</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Sri_Lanka\" title=\"Sri Lanka\">Sri Lanka</a> played between <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_College%2C_Colombo\" title=\"Royal College, Colombo\">Royal College, Colombo</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/S._Thomas%27_College%2C_Mount_Lavinia\" title=\"S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia\">S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia</a> since 1879. It is known as <i>The Battle of the Blues</i> due to the colours of the two school's flags i.e. <i>blue</i>, gold and <i>blue</i> of Royal College and <i>blue</i>, black and <i>blue</i> of S. Thomas' College.\n</p>", "<h2> History </h2>\n<p>The original match was played between the <a href=\"/wiki/Royal_College%2C_Colombo\" title=\"Royal College, Colombo\">Colombo Academy</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/S._Thomas%27_College%2C_Mutwal\" title=\"S. Thomas' College, Mutwal\">S. Thomas' College, Mutwal</a> in 1879, with schoolmasters and schoolboys participating. Mr. Ashley Walker captained the Colombo Academy while Rev. S. J. Meyrick, a member of the staff played for <a href=\"/wiki/S._Thomas%27_College%2C_Mutwal\" title=\"S. Thomas' College, Mutwal\">S. Thomas' College, Mutwal</a>. This encounter is not considered the first match as Masters played for both sides.<ref><a href=\"http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&amp;page=article-details&amp;code_title=56783\">We will learn of books and men and learn to play the game</a></ref><ref><a href=\"http://www.sundaytimes.lk/040222/funday/4.html\">Unique stamp for a unique event</a></ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.royalthomian.info/articles_pages/STC-04/The%20Royal%20Thomian%20-%20125%20years.html |title=Battle of the Blues |access-date=2013-05-28 |archive-date=2014-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010118/http://www.royalthomian.info/articles_pages/STC-04/The%20Royal%20Thomian%20-%20125%20years.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thesundayleader.lk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/28-29-Review-Page2.pdf |title=S. Thomas' College |access-date=2013-05-28 |archive-date=2014-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426234458/http://www.thesundayleader.lk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/28-29-Review-Page2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref><a href=\"http://www.island.lk/2003/05/12//sports04.html\">Oldest Thomian Cricketer late Punchi Banda (Artie) Lankatilleke - JP</a></ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.royalthomian.info/articles_pages/STC-02/CEL%20Kalla%20de%20Silva1.html |title=A Tribute to C.E.L. (\"Kalla\") De Silva on his 100th Birth Anniversary |access-date=2013-05-28 |archive-date=2014-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235214/http://www.royalthomian.info/articles_pages/STC-02/CEL%20Kalla%20de%20Silva1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n</p><p>In 1880, only the students took part and this first official encounter between the Colombo Academy and <a href=\"/wiki/S._Thomas%27_College%2C_Mutwal\" title=\"S. Thomas' College, Mutwal\">S. Thomas' College, Mutwal</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Modara\" title=\"Modara\">Modara</a> was played at Galle Face Grounds, which is today the site of the <a href=\"/wiki/Taj_Samudra\" title=\"Taj Samudra\">Taj Samudra</a> Hotel. The match commenced at 4.00 p.m. each day. The Beira Lake stretched up to the present railway line close to San Sebastian Hill and the two teams rowed across in boats to the Galle Face Grounds. The Academy made 110 in the first inning; and St. Thomas' 59. In the second innings the Academy made 35 and St. Thomas' 24.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.lk/sports/The-Royal-Thomian-spectacle--Potted-history-of-the-series/23-674079|title=The Royal-Thomian spectacle: Potted history of the series {{!}} Daily FT|website=www.ft.lk|language=English|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref> J. W. de Silva was the Academy captain and F. W. McDonnell the Thomian captain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalcollege.lk/pages/life-at-royal/sports/cricket/|title=Cricket {{!}} Royal College|last=Colombo|first=Royal College|date=25 December 2012|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-17}}</ref> In this first encounter Colombo Academy won by 62 runs.<ref><a href=\"http://www.dailynews.lk/2011/06/11/spo26.asp\">Ranjan Madugalle, A fine Cricketing Ambassador</a></ref><ref><a href=\"https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2004/02/01/spo08.html\">So, Royal really lost 1885 match to S. Thomas'</a> </ref><ref><a href=\"http://www.stcmloba.org/the-college-history/\">The College History</a></ref><ref><a href=\"http://www.stcmloba.org/the-oba-history/The\">OBA History</a></ref><ref><a href=\"http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090308/Sports/sp206.html\">The Royal – Thmian - 130 Years on</a></ref>\n</p><p>At present, the match is played between Royal College, Colombo which is a public non-denominational school accommodating approximately 8,500 students and S. Thomas' College, Mt Lavinia which is a private Anglican school that has about 2500 boys on roll and a branch network of three constituent colleges with a total of over 5,500 students. It was the first schoolboy cricket match in Sri Lanka to be played over three days.\n</p><p>The Royal-Thomian is the second-longest uninterrupted Cricket series in the entire world, preceded only by the Cricket Intercol played between <a href=\"/wiki/Prince_Alfred_College\" title=\"Prince Alfred College\">Prince Alfred College, Adelaide</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College%2C_Adelaide\" title=\"St Peter's College, Adelaide\">St. Peter's College, Adelaide</a>, whose first match was played in 1878.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thornton |first=Katharine |title=The messages of its walls and fields : a history of St Peter's College, 1847 to 2009 |publisher=Wakefield Press |year=2010 |isbn=9781862549227 |pages=63}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Shield </h2>\n<p>This match is played for the prestigious <i>D. S. Senanayake</i> Memorial Shield. Incidentally, <a href=\"/wiki/Rt._Hon.\" title=\"Rt. Hon.\">Rt. Hon.</a> <a href=\"/wiki/D._S._Senanayake\" title=\"D. S. Senanayake\">D. S. Senanayake</a>, who became the first <a href=\"/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Ceylon\" title=\"Prime Minister of Ceylon\">Prime Minister</a> of Independent Ceylon, donned the Thomian cap in 1901 and 1902. This shield was first presented in 1928. If a match is drawn then the school already holding the shield retains it. Royal College is the current holder of the shield after winning the 144th Battle of the Blues in 2023.\n</p>", "<h2> Atmosphere </h2>\n<p>The \"Battle of the Blues\" is filled with pageantry, with decorated tents, flags and baila singing and dancing groups present all around the city and the ground itself during the match days and in the days leading up to it. The match is held on a Thursday, Friday and Saturday. By tradition, the schools are closed on match days to allow students to attend the <a href=\"/wiki/Big_Match\" title=\"Big Match\">Big Match</a>. Souvenirs published by both the schools are sold on all three days, the duty of distribution entrusted to the souvenir committees. On the day before the match, the students of each school take a walk around the city in a \"cycle parade\" with bands and decorations and other colourful items showing support for their team. Overloaded cars with supporters singing and careering along the Colombo streets is a familiar sight during match days.\n</p><p>The match is looked forward to by both the young and old, male and female, and even those who have no connection with either school turn up and enjoy the celebrations. It is more of an occasion for the old boys and present students of both schools coming together for three days of revelry. It is quite normal to see elderly alumni from either school coming to the \"<a href=\"/wiki/Big_Match\" title=\"Big Match\">Big Match</a>\" to relive old times and meet old friends. Some expatriates choose this time of year to return to Sri Lanka in order to relive their old school days.<gallery mode=\"packed\" widths=\"400\">\nFile:The RC flag at the Royal-Thomian.jpg|alt=|A Royal flag at the 128th Royal-Thomian\nFile:Thomian flag.jpg|alt=|A Thomian flag at the 129th Royal-Thomian\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2>Venues</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Galle_Face_Green\" title=\"Galle Face Green\">Galle Face Grounds</a> (Home of <a href=\"/wiki/Colombo_Cricket_Club\" title=\"Colombo Cricket Club\">Colombo Cricket Club</a>) - 1880, 1882 to 1891, 1893, 1894, 1897, 1899, 1912\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Gordon_Gardens\" title=\"Gordon Gardens\">Gordon Gardens</a> - 1881\n</li><li> Nomads Cricket Club (NCC) Grounds, <a href=\"/wiki/Viharamahadevi_Park\" title=\"Viharamahadevi Park\">Victoria Park</a> - 1892\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Colombo_Cricket_Club_Ground\" title=\"Colombo Cricket Club Ground\">CCC Grounds, Maitland Crescent</a> - 1895 to 1896, 1898, 1900 to 1911\n</li><li> Campbell Park - 1913 to 1915, 1917\n</li><li> NCC Grounds, Maitland Crescent - 1916, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1939, 1941\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Singhalese_Sports_Club_Cricket_Ground\" title=\"Singhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground\">Sinhalese Sports Club</a> (SSC) Grounds, Victoria Park (current NCC grounds) - 1918 to 1934, 1938, 1940, 1942, 1944, 1946, 1948\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Paikiasothy_Saravanamuttu_Stadium\" title=\"Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu Stadium\">Colombo Oval</a> - 1943, 1945, 1947, 1949 to 1974, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1983, 1984, 1986 to 1988, 1991, 1992, 1993\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Sinhalese_Sports_Club_Ground\" title=\"Sinhalese Sports Club Ground\">SSC Grounds</a>, Maitland Place - 1975, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1985, 1989, 1990, 1994 to Present\n</li></ul>", "<h2>Notable people who have played in the Royal Thomian Cricket Match</h2>\n<p>Source:<ref name=\"royalthomian\"><a href=\"http://www.royalthomian.info/HTML/More%20info.html\">The Royal Thomian Derby</a> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616114524/http://www.royalthomian.info/HTML/More%20info.html |date=June 16, 2008 }}</ref>\n{{col-begin}}\n</p><p>{{col-3}}\n<dl><dt>Royalists \n</dt></dl><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Junius_Jayawardene\" title=\"Junius Jayawardene\">J.R. Jayawardene</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Sir\" title=\"Sir\">Sir</a> <a href=\"/wiki/John_Lionel_Kotalawela\" title=\"John Lionel Kotalawela\">John Lionel Kotalawela</a> \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Sir\" title=\"Sir\">Sir</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Forester_Augustus_Obeysekera\" title=\"Forester Augustus Obeysekera\">Forester Obeysekera</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/N.S._Joseph\" title=\"N.S. Joseph\">N.S. Joseph</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/R._L._de_Krester\" title=\"R. L. de Krester\">R. L. de Krester</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/B._R._Heyn\" title=\"B. R. Heyn\">B. R. Heyn</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/B._W._Bawa\" title=\"B. W. Bawa\">B. W. Bawa</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/P._B._Bulankulame\" title=\"P. B. Bulankulame\">P. B. Bulankulame</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Eran_Wickramaratne\" title=\"Eran Wickramaratne\">Eran Wickramaratne</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Ranjan_Madugalle\" title=\"Ranjan Madugalle\">Ranjan Madugalle</a> \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Gamini_Goonesena\" title=\"Gamini Goonesena\">Gamini Goonesena</a> \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Churchill_Gunasekara\" title=\"Churchill Gunasekara\">Churchill Gunasekara</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/F._C._de_Saram\" title=\"F. C. de Saram\">Fredrick C. de Saram</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Satyendra_Coomaraswamy\" title=\"Satyendra Coomaraswamy\">Satyendra Coomaraswamy</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Donald_Rutnam\" title=\"Donald Rutnam\">Donald Rutnam</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Basil_Gunasekara\" title=\"Basil Gunasekara\">Basil Gunasekara</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Muhammad_Ajward_Macan_Markar\" title=\"Muhammad Ajward Macan Markar\">Muhammad Ajward Macan Markar</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Asantha_De_Mel\" title=\"Asantha De Mel\">Asantha De Mel</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Sudath_Pasqual\" title=\"Sudath Pasqual\">Sudath Pasqual</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Jayantha_Amerasinghe\" title=\"Jayantha Amerasinghe\">Jayantha Amerasinghe</a> \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Rohan_Jayasekera_%28cricketer%29\" title=\"Rohan Jayasekera (cricketer)\">Rohan Jayasekera</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Roshan_Jurangpathy\" title=\"Roshan Jurangpathy\">Roshan Jurangpathy</a> \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Jehan_Mubarak\" title=\"Jehan Mubarak\">Jehan Mubarak</a> \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Pradeep_Jayaprakashdaran\" title=\"Pradeep Jayaprakashdaran\">Pradeep Jayaprakashdaran</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kithruwan_Vithanage\" title=\"Kithruwan Vithanage\">Kithruwan Vithanage</a> \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Kushal_Janith_Perera\" title=\"Kushal Janith Perera\">Kushal Janith Perera</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Bhanuka_Rajapaksa\" title=\"Bhanuka Rajapaksa\">Bhanuka Rajapaksa</a> \n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Lasith_Embuldeniya\" title=\"Lasith Embuldeniya\">Lasith Embuldeniya</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Chamika_Karunaratne\" title=\"Chamika Karunaratne\">Chamika Karunaratne</a> \n</li></ul></p><p>{{col-3}}\n<dl><dt>Thomians\n</dt></dl><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/D._S._Senanayake\" title=\"D. S. Senanayake\">D. S. Senanayake</a> \n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Dudley_Senanayake\" title=\"Dudley Senanayake\">Dudley Senanayake</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Vernon_Prins\" title=\"Vernon Prins\">Vernon Prins</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Tissera\" title=\"Michael Tissera\">Michael Tissera</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Anura_Tennekoon\" title=\"Anura Tennekoon\">Anura Tennekoon</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Buddy_Reid\" title=\"Buddy Reid\">Buddy Reid</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mano_Ponniah\" title=\"Mano Ponniah\">Mano Ponniah</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Bradman_Weerakoon\" title=\"Bradman Weerakoon\">Bradman Weerakoon</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Duleep_Mendis\" title=\"Duleep Mendis\">Duleep Mendis</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Guy_de_Alwis\" title=\"Guy de Alwis\">Guy de Alwis</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Aruna_Gunawardene\" title=\"Aruna Gunawardene\">Aruna Gunawardene</a> \n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Saliya_Ahangama\" title=\"Saliya Ahangama\">Saliya Ahangama</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Kaushik_Amalean\" title=\"Kaushik Amalean\">Kaushik Amalean</a> \n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Kapila_Wijegunawardene\" title=\"Kapila Wijegunawardene\">Kapila Wijegunawardene</a> \n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Johanne_Samarasekera\" title=\"Johanne Samarasekera\">Johanne Samarasekera</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Nisal_Fernando\" title=\"Nisal Fernando\">Nisal Fernando</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Jeewan_Mendis\" title=\"Jeewan Mendis\">Jeewan Mendis</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Kaushal_Silva\" title=\"Kaushal Silva\">Kaushal Silva</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Stanley_Tambiah\" title=\"Stanley Tambiah\">Stanley Tambiah</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/S._Saravanamuttu\" title=\"S. Saravanamuttu\">S. Saravanamuttu</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Paikiasothy_Saravanamuttu\" title=\"Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu\">P. Saravanamuttu</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Manicasothy_Saravanamuttu\" title=\"Manicasothy Saravanamuttu\">M. Saravanamuttu</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Mevan_Pieris\" title=\"Mevan Pieris\">Mevan Pieris</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Ranil_Abeynaike\" title=\"Ranil Abeynaike\">Ranil Abeynaike</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Shantha_Kottegoda\" title=\"Shantha Kottegoda\">Shantha Kottegoda</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Michael_Jayasekera\" title=\"Michael Jayasekera\">Michael Jayasekera</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Alexander_Francis_Molamure_Jr\" title=\"Alexander Francis Molamure Jr\">A. F. Molamure</a>\n</li></ul></p><p>{{col-end}}\n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Big_Match\" title=\"Big Match\">Big Match</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Royal-Thomian_rivalry\" title=\"Royal-Thomian rivalry\">Royal-Thomian rivalry</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Royal_Thomian_Regatta\" title=\"Royal Thomian Regatta\">Royal Thomian Regatta</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.royalthomian.info\">Official Royal Thomian Website</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://thepapare.com/index.php?/cricket/battle-of-the-blues/\">Multimedia coverage</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"http://cityhits.blogspot.com\">Open Forum</a> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708031229/http://www.cityhits.blogspot.com/ |date=2011-07-08 }}\n</li><li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20090316203202/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/03/13/fea16.asp\">The Royal–Thomian – 130 years on: The Battle of the Blues Steeped in tradition</a>\n</li><li> {{URL|https://www.thepapare.com/march-madness/|Big Matches}} at <i>ThePapare.com</i>\n</li></ul><p>{{Big Matches}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Big_Matches\" title=\"Big Matches\">Category:Big Matches</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Royal_College%2C_Colombo\" title=\"Royal College, Colombo\">Category:Royal College, Colombo</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:S._Thomas%27_College%2C_Mount_Lavinia\" title=\"S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia\">Category:S. Thomas' College, Mount Lavinia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_cricket_in_the_19th_century\" title=\"Sri Lankan cricket in the 19th century\">Category:Sri Lankan cricket in the 19th century</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_cricket_in_the_20th_century\" title=\"Sri Lankan cricket in the 20th century\">Category:Sri Lankan cricket in the 20th century</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_cricket_in_the_21st_century\" title=\"Sri Lankan cricket in the 21st century\">Category:Sri Lankan cricket in the 21st century</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Student_sport_in_Sri_Lanka\" title=\"Student sport in Sri Lanka\">Category:Student sport in Sri Lanka</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_domestic_cricket_competitions\" title=\"Sri Lankan domestic cricket competitions\">Category:Sri Lankan domestic cricket competitions</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Schools_cricket_matches\" title=\"Schools cricket matches\">Category:Schools cricket matches</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 7611264 ], "name": [ "AnomieBOT" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Hill in Northumberland, England}}\n{{refimprove|date=February 2024}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}\n{{Use British English|date=February 2024}}\n{{Infobox mountain\n| name = Housedon Hill\n| photo = Housedon_hill.jpg\n| photo_caption = Housedon Hill from the northeast\n| elevation_m = 268\n| elevation_ref = <ref name=dbih>{{cite web |title=Housedon Hill |url=https://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=S&rf=2318 |website=Hill Bagging |publisher=Database of British and Irish Hills |access-date=5 February 2024}}</ref>\n| prominence_m = 184\n| parent_peak = [[The Cheviot]]\n| listing = [[Marilyn (hill)|Marilyn]]\n| location = [[Cheviot Hills]], [[England]]\n| range = \n| coordinates = \n| grid_ref_UK = NT902327\n| topo = [[Ordnance Survey|OS]] ''Landrangers'' 74, 75\n| type = \n| age = \n| first_ascent = \n| easiest_route = \n}}\n</p><p><b>Housedon Hill</b> is a hill on the northwestern edge of the <a href=\"/wiki/Cheviot_Hills\" title=\"Cheviot Hills\">Cheviot Hills</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Northumberland\" title=\"Northumberland\">Northumberland</a>, England. It is the northernmost <a href=\"/wiki/Marilyn_%28hill%29\" title=\"Marilyn (hill)\">Marilyn</a> in England, the summit lying only about 4 miles (7&nbsp;km) from the <a href=\"/wiki/Scotland\" title=\"Scotland\">Scottish</a> border, which runs to the north and west.\n</p><p>It has an elevation of {{cvt|268|m}} and a <a href=\"/wiki/Topographic_prominence\" title=\"Topographic prominence\">prominence</a> of {{cvt|184|m}} and is a Marilyn and a <a href=\"/wiki/Clem_%28hill%29\" title=\"Clem (hill)\">Clem</a>.<ref name=\"dbih\" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Barnard |first1=John |last2=Jackson |first2=Graham |title=Survey of Housedon Hill |url=https://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/surveys/Survey%20of%20Housedon%20Hill%20(final).doc |publisher=DBIH |access-date=5 February 2024 |date=23 October 2011}}</ref>\n</p><p>The hill lies just outside the boundary of the <a href=\"/wiki/Northumberland_National_Park\" title=\"Northumberland National Park\">Northumberland National Park</a>. Previously there was no legal right of access to the hill. This has now changed, as the western side of the hill up to the summit is designated 'access land' under the terms of the <a href=\"/wiki/Countryside_and_Rights_of_Way_Act_2000\" title=\"Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000\">Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000</a>. The simplest route of ascent starts from Housedonhaugh on the southwest flank of the hill, utilising the new access rights. The northwestern side of the Housedon Hill is cloaked in <a href=\"/wiki/Forestry\" title=\"Forestry\">forestry</a> plantations.\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p><p>{{coord|55.58784|N|2.15704|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(NT902327)|display=title}}\n</p><p>{{Marilyns N Eng}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Cheviot_Hills\" title=\"Cheviot Hills\">Category:Cheviot Hills</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Marilyns_of_England\" title=\"Marilyns of England\">Category:Marilyns of England</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Hills_of_Northumberland\" title=\"Hills of Northumberland\">Category:Hills of Northumberland</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Volcanism_of_England\" title=\"Volcanism of England\">Category:Volcanism of England</a></p><p><br />\n{{Northumberland-geo-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 20483999 ], "name": [ "Monkbot" ] }

{ "title": [ "\"Vo sadu li, v ogorode\"", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2 ], "content": [ "<p><b>\"Vo sadu li, v ogorode\"</b> ({{langx|ru|Во саду ли, в огороде}}; <a href=\"/wiki/English_language\" title=\"English language\">English translation</a>: <i>In the grove or in the garden</i>) is a <a href=\"/wiki/Russian_folk_song\" title=\"Russian folk song\">Russian folk song</a>. It is likely one of a number of songs formerly used to encourage crops in Spring. Various verses are written to parsley, corn, potatoes, and sunflowers, which are personified. It is, because of its simplicity, usually the first <a href=\"/wiki/Melody\" title=\"Melody\">melody</a> learned by <a href=\"/wiki/Balalaika\" title=\"Balalaika\">balalaika</a> students, but balalaika/mixed folk instrument ensembles embellish it considerably. Played as an instrumental, it usually accompanies a solo male dancer.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/John_Field_%28composer%29\" title=\"John Field (composer)\">John Field</a> composed a piece titled <i>Fantaisie sur un air favorit...avec accompagnement de l'orchestr</i> based upon this song. According to the Library of Congress Citations entry for this, it was published as a <a href=\"/wiki/Piano_solo\" title=\"Piano solo\">piano solo</a> by Wenzel, Moscow, ca. 1823. {{ref|field}}\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<ul><li> {{note|field}} <a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930165016/http://www.mala.bc.ca/~mcneil/cit/citlcfieldj1.htm\">John Field (1782-1837) : Library of Congress Citations</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Russian_folk_songs\" title=\"Russian folk songs\">Category:Russian folk songs</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Year_of_song_unknown\" title=\"Year of song unknown\">Category:Year of song unknown</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Songwriter_unknown\" title=\"Songwriter unknown\">Category:Songwriter unknown</a></p><p><br />\n{{world-music-song-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 27199084 ], "name": [ "Entranced98" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Notes", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Archaeological site in Hubei, China}}\n{{Infobox ancient site\n |name = Panlongcheng\n |native_name = 盘龙城\n |alternate_name = \n |image = File:Lijiazui Site at Panlong City National Archaeological Park.jpg\n |alt = \n |caption = \n |map =\n |map_caption = \n |map_type = China Hubei#China\n |relief=1\n |map_alt = \n |map_size = \n |location = [[Huangpi]], [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], China\n |region = [[Shang dynasty]]\n |coordinates = {{coord|30.6966|114.2600|display=inline}}\n |type = \n |part_of = \n |length = \n |width = \n |area ={{convert|75000|m2|km2 mi2}} \n |height = \n |builder = \n |material = \n |built =\n |abandoned =\n |epochs =[[Bronze Age]] \n |cultures = [[Erligang culture|Erligang]]\n |dependency_of = \n |occupants = \n |event = \n |excavations = \n |archaeologists = \n |condition = \n |ownership = \n |management = \n |public_access = \n |website = \n |notes = \n}}\n<b>Panlongcheng</b> ({{zh|s=盘龙城|t=盤龍城|p=Pánlóngchéng}}) or <b>Panlong City</b> is an archaeological site associated with the <a href=\"/wiki/Erligang_culture\" title=\"Erligang culture\">Erligang culture</a> ({{Circa|1500–1300 BCE}})<ref name=\":0\">{{Cite journal|last1=Liu|first1=Ruiliang|last2=Pollard|first2=A. Mark|last3=Rawson|first3=Jessica|last4=Tang|first4=Xiaojia|last5=Bray|first5=Peter|last6=Zhang|first6=Changping|date=2019-12-01|title=Panlongcheng, Zhengzhou and the Movement of Metal in Early Bronze Age China|journal=Journal of World Prehistory|language=en|volume=32|issue=4|pages=393–428|doi=10.1007/s10963-019-09137-w|issn=1573-7802|doi-access=free}}</ref> during the <a href=\"/wiki/Shang_dynasty\" title=\"Shang dynasty\">Shang dynasty</a> period ({{Circa|1600–1046 BCE}}). The site is located just north of the <a href=\"/wiki/Yangtze_river\" title=\"Yangtze river\">Yangtze river</a>, on the bank of the Panlong lake, and is surrounded by the <a href=\"/wiki/Fu_River_%28Jiangxi%29\" title=\"Fu River (Jiangxi)\">Fushui river</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Huangpi\" title=\"Huangpi\">Huangpi</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Wuhan\" title=\"Wuhan\">Wuhan</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Hubei\" title=\"Hubei\">Hubei</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/China\" title=\"China\">China</a>.<ref name=\":0\" /> Panlongcheng is the largest excavated Erligang site ({{Convert|1|km2|mi2|abbr=out|disp=or}} at its greatest), showing the southernmost reach of the Erligang culture at its peak. It was discovered in 1954, and excavated in 1974 and 1976.\n</p><p>The site at Panlongcheng was sparsely inhabited during the <a href=\"/wiki/Erlitou_culture\" title=\"Erlitou culture\">Erlitou period</a> ({{Circa|1900–1500 BCE}}), consisting mainly of several small settlements and occupying an area of around {{Convert|200000|m2|km2 ft2|abbr=}}. During the early Erligang period, the site suddenly grew rapidly, reaching an area of around {{Convert|1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. The central town was {{Convert|75000|m2|km2 ft2|abbr=}} surrounded by a <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hangtu\" title=\"Hangtu\">hangtu</a></i>, or rammed earth, wall. Inside the walls two palaces occupying {{Convert|2|ha|m2|abbr=}} were discovered.<ref name=\":0\" /> Panlongcheng may have been an Erligang outpost used to control regional resources, such as <a href=\"/wiki/Copper_mine\" title=\"Copper mine\">copper mines</a>.<ref name=\":0\" />\n</p><p>The construction and bronze casting techniques at Panlongcheng are identical with the techniques employed at Erligang and <a href=\"/wiki/Zhengzhou\" title=\"Zhengzhou\">Zhengzhou</a>; however, the pottery style is different. The style of Erligang elite burials is almost an exact replica of the burials at Zhengzhou; however, later layers show that the Erligang style disappeared during the later stages of the Erligang culture. The site declined until it was abandoned altogether at the end of the Erligang culture. Panlongcheng's decline may have been affected in part by the growth of the site at <a href=\"/wiki/Wucheng_culture\" title=\"Wucheng culture\">Wucheng</a>.\n</p><p>In Hubei Province, other sites such as <a href=\"/wiki/Jingnansi\" title=\"Jingnansi\">Jingnansi</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Baimiaozhu\" title=\"Baimiaozhu\">Baimiaozhu</a> also feature Erlitou or Late Erlitou–Early Erligang type of ceramics.<ref>Roderick Campbell (2014), <a href=\"https://www.academia.edu/8133928\"><i>Archaeology of the Chinese Bronze Age: From Erlitou to Anyang.</i></a> Cotsen Institute of Archaeology {{ISBN|978-1-931745-98-7}}</ref>\n</p><p>Panlongcheng was succeeded by regional and localized cultures such as the <a href=\"/wiki/Feijiahe_culture\" title=\"Feijiahe culture\">Feijiahe culture</a>.{{sfn|Flad|Chen|2013|pp=129–130}}\n</p>", "<h2>Notes</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<ul><li> <i>The Cambridge History of Ancient China : From the Origins of Civilization to 221 BC</i>, Edited by Michael Loewe and Edward L. Shaughnessy. {{ISBN|0-521-47030-7}}\n</li><li> Liu, Li and Xingcan Chen, <i>State Formation in Early China</i>, {{ISBN|0-7156-3224-8}}\n</li><li> {{cite book |last1= Flad |first1= Rowan K. |last2= Chen |first2= Pochan |title=Ancient Central China: Centers and Peripheries along the Yangzi River |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JXYgAwAAQBAJ |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-89900-0}}\n</li></ul><p>{{Prehistoric cultures of China}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Wuhan\" title=\"Wuhan\">Category:Wuhan</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:National_archaeological_parks_of_China\" title=\"National archaeological parks of China\">Category:National archaeological parks of China</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Chinese_architectural_history\" title=\"Chinese architectural history\">Category:Chinese architectural history</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Former_populated_places_in_China\" title=\"Former populated places in China\">Category:Former populated places in China</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Major_National_Historical_and_Cultural_Sites_in_Hubei\" title=\"Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hubei\">Category:Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Hubei</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Shang_dynasty\" title=\"Shang dynasty\">Category:Shang dynasty</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:16th-century_BC_establishments_in_China\" title=\"16th-century BC establishments in China\">Category:16th-century BC establishments in China</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 5286041 ], "name": [ "Place Clichy" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life", "Career", "Music career", "Television career", "Sexual misconduct accusations", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Argentine musician, journalist, and television presenter}}\n{{more footnotes|date=January 2013}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2014}}\n</p><p>{{Infobox musical artist\n|name = Roberto Pettinato\n|image = Roberto pettinato 22 12 2005.jpg\n|caption = Pettinato in December 2005\n|image_size =\n|background = non_vocal_instrumentalist\n|birth_name = Roberto Pettinato Anderson\n|alias =\n|birth_date = {{Birth date|1955|12|15|mf=yes}}\n|birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]\n|death_date =\n|death_place =\n|instrument =\n|genre =\n|occupation =\n|years_active = \n|associated_acts =\n|Associated_artists =\n|website =\n}}\n</p><p><b>Roberto Pettinato</b> (born December 15, 1955, in <a href=\"/wiki/Buenos_Aires\" title=\"Buenos Aires\">Buenos Aires</a>) is an <a href=\"/wiki/Argentina\" title=\"Argentina\">Argentine</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Musician\" title=\"Musician\">musician</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Journalist\" title=\"Journalist\">journalist</a>, and <a href=\"/wiki/Television_presenter\" title=\"Television presenter\">television presenter</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Early life</h2>\n<p>Pettinato's father, Roberto Sr., was a high-ranking corrections officer in the administration of <a href=\"/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n\" title=\"Juan Perón\">Juan Perón</a>. When a coup deposed Perón in 1955, he and his family took refuge in the embassy of <a href=\"/wiki/Ecuador\" title=\"Ecuador\">Ecuador</a>, where Roberto Jr. was born. After obtaining a <a href=\"/wiki/Safe_conduct\" title=\"Safe conduct\">safe conduct</a> and leaving for Ecuador, the family lived in <a href=\"/wiki/Peru\" title=\"Peru\">Peru</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Chile\" title=\"Chile\">Chile</a> until allowed to return to Argentina in 1966.\n</p>", "<h2>Career</h2>\n<h3>Music career</h3>\n<p>The younger Pettinato became involved in the <a href=\"/wiki/Argentine_rock\" title=\"Argentine rock\">Argentine rock</a> scene of the late 1970s mostly as a journalist with the <i>El Expreso Imaginario</i> monthly magazine, which he directed from 1980 until its demise in 1982. In parallel, he was the on-and-off saxophonist for the 1980s band <a href=\"/wiki/Sumo_%28band%29\" title=\"Sumo (band)\">Sumo</a>, led by Anglo-Italian <a href=\"/wiki/Luca_Prodan\" title=\"Luca Prodan\">Luca Prodan</a>.\n</p><p>He has released a <a href=\"/wiki/Free_jazz\" title=\"Free jazz\">free jazz</a> album named <i>Free Jazz Musica Anticomercial</i>, as Robert Pettinato &amp; Now Free Jazz.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/roberto_pettinato_and_now_free_jazz/musica_anticomercial/ |title=Música anticomercial |website=rateyourmusic.com |accessdate=26 June 2022}}</ref>\n</p><h3>Television career</h3>\n<p>After Prodan's death and the band's dissolution, he started working in <a href=\"/wiki/Television\" title=\"Television\">television</a> together with <a href=\"/wiki/Gerardo_Sofovich\" title=\"Gerardo Sofovich\">Gerardo Sofovich</a>, co-hosting <i>La noche del Domingo</i> in the early 1990s. Later on, he gained popularity by hosting <i>Duro de acostar</i> on <a href=\"/wiki/Telefe\" title=\"Telefe\">Telefe</a>, a midnight talk show modeled after <a href=\"/wiki/David_Letterman\" title=\"David Letterman\">David Letterman</a>'s. In the mid-1990s, he attained cult status by co-hosting post-midnight sports and showbiz show <i>Orsai</i> (a deformation of the <a href=\"/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29\" title=\"Football (soccer)\">football</a> term <a href=\"/wiki/Offside_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Offside (association football)\">off-side</a>) with Gonzalo Bonadeo on one of Argentina's many sports cable channels.\n</p><p>As an actor, he took part in <i>Primicias</i>, a television series produced by <a href=\"/wiki/Pol-Ka\" title=\"Pol-Ka\">Pol-Ka</a> and broadcast by <a href=\"/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29\" title=\"Canal 13 (Argentina)\">Canal 13</a>.\n</p><p>He also hosted TV programs <i>Mira quien canta</i>, <i>Todos al diván</i>, <i>Petti en vivo</i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Canal_9_%28Argentina%29\" title=\"Canal 9 (Argentina)\">Canal 9</a>), <i>Un aplauso para el asador</i> (Canal 13), and the ironic <i>Indomables</i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Canal_2_%28Argentina%29\" title=\"Canal 2 (Argentina)\">América TV</a>) and Duro de Domar.\nIn March, of 2009 he began <a href=\"/wiki/Un_Mundo_Perfecto\" title=\"Un Mundo Perfecto\">Un Mundo Perfecto</a>, a <a href=\"/wiki/Late-night_talk_show\" title=\"Late-night talk show\">late-night talk show</a> on (<a href=\"/wiki/Canal_2_%28Argentina%29\" title=\"Canal 2 (Argentina)\">América TV</a>).\n</p><p>Following the unexpected ending of <i>Indomables</i> due to a conflict between the production company PPT and América TV, the production renamed and moved the program to Canal 13, where Pettinato (as of October 2006) hosts <i>Duro de Domar</i>.\n</p><p>He has hosted since 2004 an FM radio morning show called <i>El Show de la Noticia</i>.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ciudad.com.ar/espectaculos/111333/roberto-pettinato-futuro-radial-cierro-10-anos-100-dos-digitos-ni-tele-me-fue-as |title=Roberto Pettinato y su futuro radial: \"Cierro 10 años en La 100 con dos dígitos, ni en la tele me fue así de bien\" |date=24 October 2013 |first=Fernando |last=Gatti |publisher=ciudad |language=Spanish |accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> He was absent from the program for over one week after a fire in his son's (Felipe Pettinato) apartment where Melchor Rodrigo, a neurologist, had died.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roberto Pettinato volvió a su programa de radio tras el incendio en el departamento de su hijo Felipe |trans-title=Roberto Pettinato returned to his radio program after the fire in his son Felipe's apartment |url= https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/2022/05/23/roberto-pettinato-volvio-a-su-programa-de-radio-tras-el-incendio-en-el-departamento-de-su-hijo-felipe/ |website=infobae.com |language=es |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Music career</h3>\n<p>The younger Pettinato became involved in the <a href=\"/wiki/Argentine_rock\" title=\"Argentine rock\">Argentine rock</a> scene of the late 1970s mostly as a journalist with the <i>El Expreso Imaginario</i> monthly magazine, which he directed from 1980 until its demise in 1982. In parallel, he was the on-and-off saxophonist for the 1980s band <a href=\"/wiki/Sumo_%28band%29\" title=\"Sumo (band)\">Sumo</a>, led by Anglo-Italian <a href=\"/wiki/Luca_Prodan\" title=\"Luca Prodan\">Luca Prodan</a>.\n</p><p>He has released a <a href=\"/wiki/Free_jazz\" title=\"Free jazz\">free jazz</a> album named <i>Free Jazz Musica Anticomercial</i>, as Robert Pettinato &amp; Now Free Jazz.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/roberto_pettinato_and_now_free_jazz/musica_anticomercial/ |title=Música anticomercial |website=rateyourmusic.com |accessdate=26 June 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3>Television career</h3>\n<p>After Prodan's death and the band's dissolution, he started working in <a href=\"/wiki/Television\" title=\"Television\">television</a> together with <a href=\"/wiki/Gerardo_Sofovich\" title=\"Gerardo Sofovich\">Gerardo Sofovich</a>, co-hosting <i>La noche del Domingo</i> in the early 1990s. Later on, he gained popularity by hosting <i>Duro de acostar</i> on <a href=\"/wiki/Telefe\" title=\"Telefe\">Telefe</a>, a midnight talk show modeled after <a href=\"/wiki/David_Letterman\" title=\"David Letterman\">David Letterman</a>'s. In the mid-1990s, he attained cult status by co-hosting post-midnight sports and showbiz show <i>Orsai</i> (a deformation of the <a href=\"/wiki/Football_%28soccer%29\" title=\"Football (soccer)\">football</a> term <a href=\"/wiki/Offside_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Offside (association football)\">off-side</a>) with Gonzalo Bonadeo on one of Argentina's many sports cable channels.\n</p><p>As an actor, he took part in <i>Primicias</i>, a television series produced by <a href=\"/wiki/Pol-Ka\" title=\"Pol-Ka\">Pol-Ka</a> and broadcast by <a href=\"/wiki/Canal_13_%28Argentina%29\" title=\"Canal 13 (Argentina)\">Canal 13</a>.\n</p><p>He also hosted TV programs <i>Mira quien canta</i>, <i>Todos al diván</i>, <i>Petti en vivo</i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Canal_9_%28Argentina%29\" title=\"Canal 9 (Argentina)\">Canal 9</a>), <i>Un aplauso para el asador</i> (Canal 13), and the ironic <i>Indomables</i> (<a href=\"/wiki/Canal_2_%28Argentina%29\" title=\"Canal 2 (Argentina)\">América TV</a>) and Duro de Domar.\nIn March, of 2009 he began <a href=\"/wiki/Un_Mundo_Perfecto\" title=\"Un Mundo Perfecto\">Un Mundo Perfecto</a>, a <a href=\"/wiki/Late-night_talk_show\" title=\"Late-night talk show\">late-night talk show</a> on (<a href=\"/wiki/Canal_2_%28Argentina%29\" title=\"Canal 2 (Argentina)\">América TV</a>).\n</p><p>Following the unexpected ending of <i>Indomables</i> due to a conflict between the production company PPT and América TV, the production renamed and moved the program to Canal 13, where Pettinato (as of October 2006) hosts <i>Duro de Domar</i>.\n</p><p>He has hosted since 2004 an FM radio morning show called <i>El Show de la Noticia</i>.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ciudad.com.ar/espectaculos/111333/roberto-pettinato-futuro-radial-cierro-10-anos-100-dos-digitos-ni-tele-me-fue-as |title=Roberto Pettinato y su futuro radial: \"Cierro 10 años en La 100 con dos dígitos, ni en la tele me fue así de bien\" |date=24 October 2013 |first=Fernando |last=Gatti |publisher=ciudad |language=Spanish |accessdate=7 October 2014}}</ref> He was absent from the program for over one week after a fire in his son's (Felipe Pettinato) apartment where Melchor Rodrigo, a neurologist, had died.<ref>{{cite web |title=Roberto Pettinato volvió a su programa de radio tras el incendio en el departamento de su hijo Felipe |trans-title=Roberto Pettinato returned to his radio program after the fire in his son Felipe's apartment |url= https://www.infobae.com/teleshow/2022/05/23/roberto-pettinato-volvio-a-su-programa-de-radio-tras-el-incendio-en-el-departamento-de-su-hijo-felipe/ |website=infobae.com |language=es |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Sexual misconduct accusations</h2>\n<p>In February 2018, several women who worked with him, including Karina Mazzoco, <a href=\"/wiki/Mariela_In%C3%A9s_Anchipi\" title=\"Mariela Inés Anchipi\">Mariela Anchipi</a>, Josefina Pouso, Virginia Godoy, Ursula Vargues, and Emilia Claudeville, accused him of sexual harassment and abuse.<ref name=\"Clarin\">{{cite web|url= https://www.clarin.com/espectaculos/fama/nueva-denuncia-roberto-pettinato-acoso_0_SJrSDwcIG.html |title=Nueva denuncia contra Roberto Pettinato |trans-title=New accusation against Roberto Pettinato |newspaper=[[Clarín (Argentine newspaper)|Clarín]] |language=es |date=8 February 2018 |access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref> They stated that he would \"suck\" their necks without their permission until he made them cry, and humiliate them in front of other people with whom they worked.<ref name=\"Clarin\" /> For example, Josefina Pouso stated, \"all those who have worked with him, the majority who have worked with him, have told something similar, worse or perhaps a little lighter, but it was still harassment or abuse.\"<ref>{{cite web |title=La terrible denuncia de Josefina Pouso a Roberto Pettinato: \"Me callaron\" |trans-title=Josefina Pouso's terrible complaint to Roberto Pettinato: \"They shut me up\" |url= https://www.eldestapeweb.com/atr/television/la-terrible-denuncia-de-josefina-pouso-a-roberto-pettinato-me-callaron--20226268400 |website=eldestapeweb.com |access-date=26 June 2022 |language=es |date=26 June 2022}}</ref> The accusers have witnesses who backed up their claims, but can not make a formal complaint before the law due to Argentine laws regarding prescription for the amount of time spent.<ref name=\"Clarin\" />\n</p><p>Pettinato has refused to talk to the media, such as the television program <i><a href=\"/wiki/Intrusos_en_el_espect%C3%A1culo\" title=\"Intrusos en el espectáculo\">Intrusos</a></i>, about the accusations.<ref name=\"Clarin\" /> In the aftermath of the accusations, Pettinato left Argentina for <a href=\"/wiki/Paraguay\" title=\"Paraguay\">Paraguay</a>, alleging that he was going to start a television show in the country, but reports from both countries summarized that Pettinato left Argentina to become a \"media exile\" due to the accusations.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.telebajocero.com/pettinato-escapo-paraguay-exiliado-y-atrincherado-despues-las-denuncias-pero-le-va-peor-que-aca-n3338|title=Pettinato escapó a Paraguay, exiliado y atrincherado después de las denuncias, pero le va peor que acá |trans-title=Pettinato escaped to Paraguay, exiled and entrenched after the accusations, but he fares worse there than here |work=Tele Bajo Cero |language=es|date=8 March 2018|access-date=8 March 2018}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> {{Cinenacional name|id=roberto-petinatto|old_id=16373|name=Roberto Petinatto}}\n</li></ul><p>{{Authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Pettinato, Roberto}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1955_births\" title=\"1955 births\">Category:1955 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Mass_media_people_from_Buenos_Aires\" title=\"Mass media people from Buenos Aires\">Category:Mass media people from Buenos Aires</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Argentine_male_television_actors\" title=\"Argentine male television actors\">Category:Argentine male television actors</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Argentine_television_journalists\" title=\"Argentine television journalists\">Category:Argentine television journalists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Argentine_male_journalists\" title=\"Argentine male journalists\">Category:Argentine male journalists</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Argentine_jazz_musicians\" title=\"Argentine jazz musicians\">Category:Argentine jazz musicians</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Argentine_television_talk_show_hosts\" title=\"Argentine television talk show hosts\">Category:Argentine television talk show hosts</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 37991216 ], "name": [ "1ctinus" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Plot", "Characters", "Reception", "See also", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|1981 novel by John Knowles}}\n{{infobox book | <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books -->\n| name = Peace Breaks Out\n| orig title =\n| translator =\n| image = Johnknowles PeaceBreaksOut.jpg\n| caption = Cover to a recent paperback edition\n| author = [[John Knowles]]\n| cover_artist = \n| country = United States\n| language = English\n| series = \n| genre = Novel\n| publisher = [[Bantam Books]]\n| release_date = March 1981\n| media_type = Print (hardback & paperback)\n| pages = 178 pp (paperback edition)\n| isbn = 0-03-056908-7 |isbn_note= (hardback edition) & {{ISBN|0-553-27574-7}} (paperback edition)\n| dewey= 813/.54 19\n| congress= PS3561.N68 P4\n| oclc= 6555306\n| preceded_by = [[A Separate Peace]]\n| followed_by = \n}}\n</p><p><i><b>Peace Breaks Out</b></i> (1981) is a novel by American author <a href=\"/wiki/John_Knowles\" title=\"John Knowles\">John Knowles</a>,<ref name=\"time\" /> better known for <i><a href=\"/wiki/A_Separate_Peace\" title=\"A Separate Peace\">A Separate Peace</a></i> (1959). Both books share the setting of the <a href=\"/wiki/The_Devon_School\" title=\"The Devon School\">Devon preparatory school</a>.<ref name=\"atlantic\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Plot</h2>\n<p>The book follows the story of Pete Hallam as he returns to the school and becomes a history teacher as well as a coach. It is a story of the aftermath of <a href=\"/wiki/World_War_II\" title=\"World War II\">World War II</a> and the loss of innocence of young men.\n</p><p>It starts by Pete Hallam returning, war-torn and emotionally scarred, to the school from which he graduated. He is now a teacher at Devon School and detects a subtle but deep hate between two members of the class in the first session alone.\n</p>", "<h2>Characters</h2>\n<ul><li>Pete Hallam – the school teacher and main character. He is an alumnus of Devon. \n</li><li>Wexford – a troublemaker who stops at nothing to go through with his vengeful plans.\n</li><li>Eric Hochschwender – rival of Wexford, he often provokes and annoys him.\n</li><li>Rob Willis – Hochschwender's roommate.\n</li><li>Nick Blackburn – A lively, popular boy. \n</li><li>Tug Blackburn – Nick's brother.\n</li><li>Cotty Donaldson – Tug's roommate.\n</li><li>Joan Hallam – Pete's ex-wife.\n</li></ul>", "<h2>Reception</h2>\n<p>Paul Merkoski wrote in <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Press_of_Atlantic_City\" title=\"The Press of Atlantic City\">The Press of Atlantic City</a></i> that the novel is \"written with elegant simplicity\", and that Knowles is still a \"master of tight writing, and his characters are still drawn with light brush strokes that permeate a carefully structured plot\". But, Merkoski goes on to say that this novel is \"less riveting and generally less effective\", than the prequel <i>A Separate Peace</i>. His final thoughts are the book will \"delight and entertain young readers\", but that it \"does not speak to adult readers\".<ref name=\"atlantic\" />\n</p><p>In his review for the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Greensboro_News_and_Record\" title=\"Greensboro News and Record\">Greensboro News and Record</a></i>, William Moore writes that the novel \"has a good quick-paced plot, leading to a shocking ending\", and that it has \"adequate if unbrilliant characterization and a rather obvious, simplistic philosophy of human nature\". He says that readers who are interested in \"schooling\", will find this sequel \"good reading\".<ref name=\"greensboro\" />\n</p><p>Robert Merritt's review in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Richmond_Times-Dispatch\" title=\"Richmond Times-Dispatch\">Richmond Times-Dispatch</a></i> was critical of the book, saying; it has \"absolutely no subtlety\", and that the \"characterizations are set up with signposts: each character clearly labeled as good, bad or misunderstood\". He complained that the \"plot is so much an obvious attempt to follow the outline of the earlier success as to be embarrassing, and the resulting predictability is simply too much\". He opines that Knowles \"speaks with a big voice, but he seems to have forgotten the basics of a good story\".<ref name=\"richmond\" />\n</p><p>Diane Cole said in <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Baltimore_Sun\" title=\"The Baltimore Sun\">The Baltimore Sun</a></i> that she thought while the novel \"does not achieve its predecessor's heights, it is pleasing, disturbing and very good indeed\". In her view, she says Knowles has still \"built a sturdy structure\", and she ranks it \"just below\" <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye\" title=\"The Catcher in the Rye\">The Catcher in the Rye</a></i> and <i><a href=\"/wiki/A_Good_School\" title=\"A Good School\">A Good School</a></i>.<ref name=\"baltimore\" /> \n</p><p><i><a href=\"/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette\" title=\"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette\">Pittsburgh Post-Gazettes</a></i> Marilyn Uricchio didn't like the book at all, she stated that it is a \"sparsely-written novel\" and it \"lacks the freshness of <i>A Separate Peace</i>, so much so that at times it becomes repetitive, almost stale\". She argues that Knowles uses descriptors \"of the day, the sky, the air with maddening regularity as transitional devices, and their detailed abundance turns them into lyrical weather reports\". She also complained that the \"dialogue appears too tame for young men of any generation; his characters don't even know to use obscenities\". She finishes her review by saying the \"result is often hollow and contrived\".<ref name=\"pittsburgh\" /> \n</p>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<p>{{Portal|Novels}}\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Coming_of_age\" title=\"Coming of age\">Coming of age</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/List_of_coming-of-age_stories\" title=\"List of coming-of-age stories\">List of coming-of-age stories</a>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist|refs=\n<ref name=\"time\">{{cite magazine |title=Peace Breaks Out |magazine=[[Time Magazine]] |date=April 6, 1951 |volume=117 |issue=14 |page=80 |quote=Peace Breaks Out is not so much a sequel as a spin-off.}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"atlantic\">{{cite news |last1=Merkoski |first1=Paul |title=Knowle's Sequel Fails To Surpass 1st Novel |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/press-of-atlantic-city-john-knowles/140324217/ |work=The Press of Atlantic City |date=April 12, 1981 |department=Books |location=Atlantic City, New Jersey |page=C4}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"greensboro\">{{cite news |last1=Moore |first1=William |title=Knowles Looks At Student's Hearts |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/news-and-record-knowles-looks/140325264/ |work=[[News & Record]] |date=May 15, 1983 |location=Greensboro, North Carolina |page=C5 |department=Books}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"richmond\">{{cite news |last1=Merritt |first1=Robert |title=Knowle's Sequel Lacking |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/richmond-times-dispatch-knowles-sequel/140326270/ |work=Richmond Times-Dispatch |date=May 24, 1981 |location=[[Richmond, Virginia]] |page=G5 |department=Books}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"baltimore\">{{cite news |last1=Cole |first1=Diane |title=Knowles Returns To His Prep School |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-knowles-returns/140327273/ |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=April 12, 1981 |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland]] |page=D5 |department=Books}}</ref>\n\n<ref name=\"pittsburgh\">{{cite news |last1=Uricchio |first1=Marilyn |title=New Knowles Novel Lack Previous Freshness |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-new-knowles/140328762/ |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |date=April 23, 1981 |location=[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]] |page=22 |department=Books}}</ref>\n}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li><i><a href=\"https://archive.org/details/peacebreaksout00know/page/n1/mode/2up\">Peace Breaks Out</a></i> at the <a href=\"/wiki/Internet_Archive\" title=\"Internet Archive\">Internet Archive</a> {{registration required|nolink=y}}\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:1981_American_novels\" title=\"1981 American novels\">Category:1981 American novels</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Novels_set_in_New_Hampshire\" title=\"Novels set in New Hampshire\">Category:Novels set in New Hampshire</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Novels_set_in_boarding_schools\" title=\"Novels set in boarding schools\">Category:Novels set in boarding schools</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 11739815 ], "name": [ "Clusternote" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Products", "Hand wired series", "Manufactured Offshore", "Peacemaker series(Now Discontinued)", "FA DSP series (Now Discontinued)", "Notable Users", "See also", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Infobox company\n| name = Hayden Amplification \n| logo =\n| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]\n| genre =\n| foundation ={{Start date and age|2000}}\n| founder = \n| location_city = [[Northampton]]\n| location_country = [[United Kingdom]]\n| location =\n| locations =\n| area_served = [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]]\n| key_people = \n| industry = [[Amplifier|Amplification]]\n| products = Amplifiers\n| services =\n| market cap =\n| revenue =\n| operating_income =\n| net_income =\n| assets =\n| equity =\n| owner = \n| num_employees =\n| parent = \n| divisions =\n| subsid = \n| homepage = [http://haydenamps.com Site]\n| footnotes =\n| intl =\n}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/File:Hangfoglal%C3%A1s_2008-Ashdown_%C3%A9s_Hayden_er%C5%91s%C3%ADt%C5%91k.jpg\" title=\"Hangfoglalás 2008-Ashdown és Hayden erősítők.jpg\">thumb|260px|Hayden amplifiers (right) and <br />Ashdown amplifiers (left)</a>\n</p><p><b>Hayden</b> is a British company which designs hand-wired <a href=\"/wiki/Electric_guitar\" title=\"Electric guitar\">electric guitar</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Amplifiers\" title=\"Amplifiers\">amplifiers</a>. It is a sister company to <a href=\"/wiki/Ashdown_Engineering\" title=\"Ashdown Engineering\">Ashdown Engineering</a>, which makes high-quality, hand-wired, <a href=\"/wiki/Vacuum-tube\" title=\"Vacuum-tube\">vacuum-tube</a> (or <i>valve</i> in Britain) amplifiers in England.\n</p><p>At the end of 2007 it was announced that Dave Green, Matamp's chief engineer, would be joining Hayden full-time as 'Valve Amp Guru'. The new designed by Dave Green range has been launched and comprises the products as listed below, a range of valve pedals is expected early 2011.\n</p>", "<h2>Products</h2>\n<h3>Hand wired series</h3>\n<ul><li>Peacemaker 100 Head (4x EL34) made in UK\n</li><li>Classic Lead 80 Head and Combo (4 x ecc83, 4x EL34)\n</li><li>Cotton Club 7/15 combo ( 3 x ecc83, 2 x EL84)\n</li><li>Cotton Club 15/30 ( 3x ecc83 4xEL84)\n</li><li>Petite 2 combo ( 1 x ecc83, 1x6V6)\n</li><li>Petite 5 (2xecc83 1x6V6 +1 x EL84 switchable)\n</li><li>Speakeasy 50 Head and Combo 5 x ecc83 2xEL34 + 2x6L6 switchable)\n</li><li>Mofo 30 Head ( 3x ecc83 4 x EL84)\n</li><li>Mofo 55 head and combo (4 x ecc83 2 x 6550)\n</li><li>Mofo 100 head (4 x ecc83, 2x6L6+2 x EL34 )\n</li></ul><h3>Manufactured Offshore</h3>\n<ul><li>Mofo 30 as above but more affordable ( 3x ecc83 4xEL84)\n</li><li>Mofo 15 (3xECC83 2xEL84)\n</li><li>Mofo 40 classic (mofo in a traditional wood cabinet)\n</li><li>HGTA 20 head and combo ( high gain all tube amplifier) (3 x ecc 83, 2 x EL84)\n</li><li>HGTA 40 head and combo ( as above) (3 x ecc 83 2 x EL34)\n</li></ul><h3>Peacemaker series(Now Discontinued)</h3>\n<ul><li>Peacemaker 40 and 60 watt combos\n</li><li>Peacemaker 60 watt head\n</li><li>Fallen angel 180 watt Head\n</li></ul><h3>FA DSP series (Now Discontinued)</h3>\n<ul><li>FA 100 and 50 watt DSP Combos\n</li><li>FA DSP 100 watt head\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Hand wired series</h3>\n<ul><li>Peacemaker 100 Head (4x EL34) made in UK\n</li><li>Classic Lead 80 Head and Combo (4 x ecc83, 4x EL34)\n</li><li>Cotton Club 7/15 combo ( 3 x ecc83, 2 x EL84)\n</li><li>Cotton Club 15/30 ( 3x ecc83 4xEL84)\n</li><li>Petite 2 combo ( 1 x ecc83, 1x6V6)\n</li><li>Petite 5 (2xecc83 1x6V6 +1 x EL84 switchable)\n</li><li>Speakeasy 50 Head and Combo 5 x ecc83 2xEL34 + 2x6L6 switchable)\n</li><li>Mofo 30 Head ( 3x ecc83 4 x EL84)\n</li><li>Mofo 55 head and combo (4 x ecc83 2 x 6550)\n</li><li>Mofo 100 head (4 x ecc83, 2x6L6+2 x EL34 )\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Manufactured Offshore</h3>\n<ul><li>Mofo 30 as above but more affordable ( 3x ecc83 4xEL84)\n</li><li>Mofo 15 (3xECC83 2xEL84)\n</li><li>Mofo 40 classic (mofo in a traditional wood cabinet)\n</li><li>HGTA 20 head and combo ( high gain all tube amplifier) (3 x ecc 83, 2 x EL84)\n</li><li>HGTA 40 head and combo ( as above) (3 x ecc 83 2 x EL34)\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Peacemaker series(Now Discontinued)</h3>\n<ul><li>Peacemaker 40 and 60 watt combos\n</li><li>Peacemaker 60 watt head\n</li><li>Fallen angel 180 watt Head\n</li></ul>", "<h3>FA DSP series (Now Discontinued)</h3>\n<ul><li>FA 100 and 50 watt DSP Combos\n</li><li>FA DSP 100 watt head\n</li></ul>", "<h2>Notable Users</h2>\n<p>Artists who use Hayden Guitar Amplifiers;\n</p><ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/Carl_Barat\" title=\"Carl Barat\">Carl Barat</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Dirty_Pretty_Things_%28band%29\" title=\"Dirty Pretty Things (band)\">Dirty Pretty Things</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Chris_Urbanowicz\" title=\"Chris Urbanowicz\">Chris Urbanowicz</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Editors_%28band%29\" title=\"Editors (band)\">Editors</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Keith_Murray_%28singer%29\" title=\"Keith Murray (singer)\">Keith Murray</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/We_Are_Scientists\" title=\"We Are Scientists\">We Are Scientists</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Kevin_Roentgen\" title=\"Kevin Roentgen\">Kevin Roentgen</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Orson_%28band%29\" title=\"Orson (band)\">Orson</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Henry_Dartnall\" title=\"Henry Dartnall\">Henry Dartnall</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/The_Young_Knives\" title=\"The Young Knives\">The Young Knives</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Rick_McNamara\" title=\"Rick McNamara\">Rick McNamara</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Embrace_%28English_band%29\" title=\"Embrace (English band)\">Embrace</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Marcus_%22Fox%22_Barker\" title=\"Marcus \"Fox\" Barker\">Marcus \"Fox\" Barker</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Disappointments\" title=\"Disappointments\">Disappointments</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Simon_Neil\" title=\"Simon Neil\">Simon Neil</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Biffy_Clyro\" title=\"Biffy Clyro\">Biffy Clyro</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Marmaduke_Duke\" title=\"Marmaduke Duke\">Marmaduke Duke</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Jesse_Hughes_%28musician%29\" title=\"Jesse Hughes (musician)\">Jesse Hughes</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Dave_Catching\" title=\"Dave Catching\">Dave Catching</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Eagles_Of_Death_Metal\" title=\"Eagles Of Death Metal\">Eagles Of Death Metal</a>\n</li><li><a href=\"/wiki/Jamie_Wallace\" title=\"Jamie Wallace\">Jamie Wallace</a> - <a href=\"/wiki/Velouria\" title=\"Velouria\">Velouria</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>See also</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Ashdown_Engineering\" title=\"Ashdown Engineering\">Ashdown Engineering</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li> {{Official website|www.haydenamps.com}}\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Guitar_amplifier_manufacturers\" title=\"Guitar amplifier manufacturers\">Category:Guitar amplifier manufacturers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Audio_equipment_manufacturers_of_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Audio equipment manufacturers of the United Kingdom\">Category:Audio equipment manufacturers of the United Kingdom</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Northampton\" title=\"Companies based in Northampton\">Category:Companies based in Northampton</a></p><p><br />\n{{Musical-instrument-company-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 69412 ], "name": [ "Joyous!" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Black Sea Studios (2001–2008)", "Crytek Black Sea (2008–2017)", "Creative Assembly Sofia (2017–present)", "Games developed", "Cancelled", "See also", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Bulgarian video game developer}}\n{{Use British English|date=September 2019}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}\n{{Infobox company\n| name = Sega Black Sea EOOD\n| trade_name = Creative Assembly Sofia\n| logo = Creative Assembly Sofia.png\n| former_name = {{Unbulleted list|Black Sea Studios|(2001–2008)|Crytek Black Sea|(2008–2017)}}\n| type = [[Subsidiary]]\n| industry = [[Video game industry|Video games]]\n| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2001|05|07}}\n| founder = Vesselin Handjiev\n| hq_location_city = [[Sofia]]\n| hq_location_country = Bulgaria\n| key_people = Georgi Dinchev ([[studio head]])\n| products = {{Unbulleted list|''[[Knights of Honor (video game)|Knights of Honor]]''|''[[WorldShift]]''|''[[Total War (video game series)|Total War]]'' series}}\n| num_employees = 60\n| num_employees_year = 2017\n| parent = {{Unbulleted list|[[Crytek]]|(2008–2017)|[[Creative Assembly]]|(2017–present)}}\n}}\n</p><p><b>Creative Assembly Sofia</b> (formerly <b>Black Sea Studios</b> and <b>Crytek Black Sea</b>) is a Bulgarian <a href=\"/wiki/Video_game_developer\" title=\"Video game developer\">video game developer</a> based in <a href=\"/wiki/Sofia\" title=\"Sofia\">Sofia</a>. It was founded in May 2001 by Vesselin Handjiev. In July 2008, the company was acquired by <a href=\"/wiki/Crytek\" title=\"Crytek\">Crytek</a>, which then sold it to <a href=\"/wiki/Creative_Assembly\" title=\"Creative Assembly\">Creative Assembly</a> (a studio of <a href=\"/wiki/Sega\" title=\"Sega\">Sega</a>) in March 2017.\n</p>", "<h2> History </h2>\n<h3> Black Sea Studios (2001–2008) </h3>\n<p>Black Sea Studios was founded by Vesselin Handjiev, the lead designer of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Tzar:The_Burden_of_the_Crown\" title=\"The Burden of the Crown\">Tzar: The Burden of the Crown</a></i>, on 7 May 2001 in <a href=\"/wiki/Sofia\" title=\"Sofia\">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blackseastudios.com/ |title=What's New in Black Sea Studios |date=7 May 2001 |website=Black Sea Studios |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010506132840/http://blackseastudios.com/ |archive-date=6 May 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=\"GameSpot: Founding\">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/black-sea-studios-founded/1100-2716273/ |title=Black Sea Studios founded |first=Trey |last=Walker |date=7 May 2001 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> At the time, the company began developing three separate games: two <a href=\"/wiki/Real-time_strategy_game\" title=\"Real-time strategy game\">real-time strategy games</a> and one arcade-style <a href=\"/wiki/Action_game\" title=\"Action game\">action game</a>.<ref name=\"GameSpot: Founding\" /> The company became known for its 2004 title <i><a href=\"/wiki/Knights_of_Honor_%28video_game%29\" title=\"Knights of Honor (video game)\">Knights of Honor</a></i>, a historical <a href=\"/wiki/Real-time_strategy\" title=\"Real-time strategy\">real-time strategy</a> game released for <a href=\"/wiki/Microsoft_Windows\" title=\"Microsoft Windows\">Microsoft Windows</a>, and for the 2008 science fiction real-time strategy title <i><a href=\"/wiki/WorldShift\" title=\"WorldShift\">WorldShift</a></i>.<ref name=\"GIbiz: Crytek\">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/crytek-acquires-black-sea-studios |title=Crytek acquires Black Sea Studios |first=James |last=Lee |date=22 July 2008 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/closed-crytek-studio-reborn-as-black-sea-games/ |title=Former Crytek Sofia leads launch a new studio called Black Sea Games [Updated] |first=Andy |last=Chalk |date=29 December 2016 |website=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 2016, some of the former developers from Black Sea Studios founded Black Sea Games, which in 2022 released <i>Knights of Honor II: Sovereign</i>, a sequel to <i><a href=\"/wiki/Knights_of_Honor_%28video_game%29\" title=\"Knights of Honor (video game)\">Knights of Honor</a></i>.<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Sea Games® Ltd – The modern game studio, devoted to the good old hardcore PC gaming |url=https://blackseagames.com/ |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>\n</p><h3> Crytek Black Sea (2008–2017) </h3>\n<p>In July 2008, German developer and publisher <a href=\"/wiki/Crytek\" title=\"Crytek\">Crytek</a> announced their acquisition of the studio, and renamed it Crytek Black Sea. At the time, Black Sea Studios was based in <a href=\"/wiki/Sofia%2C_Bulgaria\" title=\"Sofia, Bulgaria\">Sofia, Bulgaria</a>, with Vesselin Handijev was managing director.<ref name=\"GIbiz: Crytek\" /> In May 2014, Crytek announced the development of their own <a href=\"/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena\" title=\"Multiplayer online battle arena\">multiplayer online battle arena</a> game using the <a href=\"/wiki/CryEngine\" title=\"CryEngine\">CryEngine</a>, titled <i><a href=\"/wiki/Arena_of_Fate\" title=\"Arena of Fate\">Arena of Fate</a></i> and under development at the Sofia studio. The game was shown at <a href=\"/wiki/E3_2014\" title=\"E3 2014\">E3 2014</a>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/05/22/crytek-announces-arena-of-fate-for-pc-and-consoles |title=Crytek Announces Arena of Fate For PC and Consoles |first=Luke |last=Karmali |date=22 May 2014 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> In November 2016, founder Handjiev, together with Michael Peykov, formed a new video game company, Black Sea Games.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-12-24-crytek-sofia-developers-re-form-black-sea-games |title=Crytek Sofia developers re-form Black Sea Games |first=Christopher |last=Dring |date=24 December 2016 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]}}</ref>\n</p><p>In December 2016, Crytek announced that it would shut down five of its international studios, due to financial troubles, of which Crytek Black Sea was put up for sale.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/crytek-shuts-down-five-studios-amid-financial-diff/1100-6446417/ |title=Crytek Shuts Down Five Studios Amid Financial Difficulties |first=Oscar |last=Dayus |date=20 December 2016 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/12/20/crytek-closes-five-studios-after-failing-to-pay-workers/ |title=Crytek closes five studios after reportedly failing to pay workers |first=Brendan |last=Caldwell |date=20 December 2016 |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]]}}</ref> \n</p><h3> Creative Assembly Sofia (2017–present) </h3>\n<p>In March 2017, it was announced that the studio was acquired by British developer <a href=\"/wiki/Creative_Assembly\" title=\"Creative Assembly\">Creative Assembly</a> (itself owned by <a href=\"/wiki/Sega\" title=\"Sega\">Sega</a>), and was renamed Creative Assembly Sofia.<ref name=\"PC Gamer: CA\">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/creative-assembly-acquires-arena-of-fate-developer-crytek-black-sea/ |title=Creative Assembly acquires Arena of Fate developer Crytek Black Sea |first=Joe |last=Donnelly |date=7 March 2017 |website=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/3/7/14844758/crytek-black-sea-studio-now-creative-assembly-sofia-total-war-sega |title=Crytek sells off Black Sea studio to Sega, Total War creators |first=Michael |last=McWhertor |date=7 March 2017 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref> At the time, Crytek Black Sea had 60 employees.<ref name=\"PC Gamer: CA\" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/03/07/crytek-sells-black-sea-studio-in-bulgaria-to-sega-and-the-creative-assembly/ |title=Crytek sells Black Sea studio in Bulgaria to Sega and The Creative Assembly |first=Dean |last=Takahashi |date=7 March 2017 |website=[[VentureBeat]]}}</ref> Under Creative Assembly, Creative Assembly Sofia developed <a href=\"/wiki/Downloadable_content\" title=\"Downloadable content\">downloadable content</a> for <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_War:Rome_II\" title=\"Rome II\">Total War: Rome II</a></i>, including <i>Empire Divided</i><ref>{{cite web |url=https://offnews.bg/tehnologii/creative-assembly-sofia-se-vkliuchva-v-game-dev-summit-monthly-s-preds-669333.html |title=Creative Assembly Sofia се включва в Game Dev Summit Monthly с представянето на играта Total War |language=bg |trans-title=Creative Assembly Sofia joins Game Dev Summit Monthly with the launch of Total War |date=14 November 2017 |website=OffNews}}</ref> and <i>Rise of the Republic</i>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/08/09/total-war-rome-2-expansion-2-released/ |title=Total War: Rome 2 gets prettied up, expanded and sprouts some family trees today |first=Dominic |last=Tarason |date=9 August 2018 |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]]}}</ref> It also developed a new game in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_War_Saga\" title=\"Total War Saga\">Total War Saga</a></i> series, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_War_Saga:Troy\" title=\"Troy\">Total War Saga: Troy</a></i>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/a-total-war-saga-troy-takes-the-series-into-the-age-of-gods-and-monsters/ |title=A Total War Saga: Troy sets sail for a 2020 launch |first=Fraser |last=Brown |date=20 September 2019 |website=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 23 May 2023, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_War:Pharaoh\" title=\"Pharaoh\">Total War: Pharaoh</a></i>, focused on the <a href=\"/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt\" title=\"New Kingdom of Egypt\">New Kingdom</a> period of <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Egypt\" title=\"Ancient Egypt\">Ancient Egypt</a>, was announced, with Creative Assembly Sofia's Todor Nikolov as Game Director. The game is slated for release in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ryan |last=Dinsdale |date=2023-05-23 |title=Total War: Pharaoh Announced, Arrives October This Year |url=https://nordic.ign.com/news/67352/total-war-pharaoh-announced-arrives-october-this-year |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=IGN Nordic |language=en-se}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Total War: Pharaoh Announced |url=https://www.creative-assembly.com/blog/total-war-pharaoh-announced |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3> Black Sea Studios (2001–2008) </h3>\n<p>Black Sea Studios was founded by Vesselin Handjiev, the lead designer of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Tzar:The_Burden_of_the_Crown\" title=\"The Burden of the Crown\">Tzar: The Burden of the Crown</a></i>, on 7 May 2001 in <a href=\"/wiki/Sofia\" title=\"Sofia\">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blackseastudios.com/ |title=What's New in Black Sea Studios |date=7 May 2001 |website=Black Sea Studios |access-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010506132840/http://blackseastudios.com/ |archive-date=6 May 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=\"GameSpot: Founding\">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/black-sea-studios-founded/1100-2716273/ |title=Black Sea Studios founded |first=Trey |last=Walker |date=7 May 2001 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref> At the time, the company began developing three separate games: two <a href=\"/wiki/Real-time_strategy_game\" title=\"Real-time strategy game\">real-time strategy games</a> and one arcade-style <a href=\"/wiki/Action_game\" title=\"Action game\">action game</a>.<ref name=\"GameSpot: Founding\" /> The company became known for its 2004 title <i><a href=\"/wiki/Knights_of_Honor_%28video_game%29\" title=\"Knights of Honor (video game)\">Knights of Honor</a></i>, a historical <a href=\"/wiki/Real-time_strategy\" title=\"Real-time strategy\">real-time strategy</a> game released for <a href=\"/wiki/Microsoft_Windows\" title=\"Microsoft Windows\">Microsoft Windows</a>, and for the 2008 science fiction real-time strategy title <i><a href=\"/wiki/WorldShift\" title=\"WorldShift\">WorldShift</a></i>.<ref name=\"GIbiz: Crytek\">{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/crytek-acquires-black-sea-studios |title=Crytek acquires Black Sea Studios |first=James |last=Lee |date=22 July 2008 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/closed-crytek-studio-reborn-as-black-sea-games/ |title=Former Crytek Sofia leads launch a new studio called Black Sea Games [Updated] |first=Andy |last=Chalk |date=29 December 2016 |website=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 2016, some of the former developers from Black Sea Studios founded Black Sea Games, which in 2022 released <i>Knights of Honor II: Sovereign</i>, a sequel to <i><a href=\"/wiki/Knights_of_Honor_%28video_game%29\" title=\"Knights of Honor (video game)\">Knights of Honor</a></i>.<ref>{{cite web |title=Black Sea Games® Ltd – The modern game studio, devoted to the good old hardcore PC gaming |url=https://blackseagames.com/ |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h3> Crytek Black Sea (2008–2017) </h3>\n<p>In July 2008, German developer and publisher <a href=\"/wiki/Crytek\" title=\"Crytek\">Crytek</a> announced their acquisition of the studio, and renamed it Crytek Black Sea. At the time, Black Sea Studios was based in <a href=\"/wiki/Sofia%2C_Bulgaria\" title=\"Sofia, Bulgaria\">Sofia, Bulgaria</a>, with Vesselin Handijev was managing director.<ref name=\"GIbiz: Crytek\" /> In May 2014, Crytek announced the development of their own <a href=\"/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena\" title=\"Multiplayer online battle arena\">multiplayer online battle arena</a> game using the <a href=\"/wiki/CryEngine\" title=\"CryEngine\">CryEngine</a>, titled <i><a href=\"/wiki/Arena_of_Fate\" title=\"Arena of Fate\">Arena of Fate</a></i> and under development at the Sofia studio. The game was shown at <a href=\"/wiki/E3_2014\" title=\"E3 2014\">E3 2014</a>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2014/05/22/crytek-announces-arena-of-fate-for-pc-and-consoles |title=Crytek Announces Arena of Fate For PC and Consoles |first=Luke |last=Karmali |date=22 May 2014 |website=[[IGN]]}}</ref> In November 2016, founder Handjiev, together with Michael Peykov, formed a new video game company, Black Sea Games.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-12-24-crytek-sofia-developers-re-form-black-sea-games |title=Crytek Sofia developers re-form Black Sea Games |first=Christopher |last=Dring |date=24 December 2016 |website=[[GamesIndustry.biz]]}}</ref>\n</p><p>In December 2016, Crytek announced that it would shut down five of its international studios, due to financial troubles, of which Crytek Black Sea was put up for sale.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/crytek-shuts-down-five-studios-amid-financial-diff/1100-6446417/ |title=Crytek Shuts Down Five Studios Amid Financial Difficulties |first=Oscar |last=Dayus |date=20 December 2016 |website=[[GameSpot]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2016/12/20/crytek-closes-five-studios-after-failing-to-pay-workers/ |title=Crytek closes five studios after reportedly failing to pay workers |first=Brendan |last=Caldwell |date=20 December 2016 |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]]}}</ref> \n</p>", "<h3> Creative Assembly Sofia (2017–present) </h3>\n<p>In March 2017, it was announced that the studio was acquired by British developer <a href=\"/wiki/Creative_Assembly\" title=\"Creative Assembly\">Creative Assembly</a> (itself owned by <a href=\"/wiki/Sega\" title=\"Sega\">Sega</a>), and was renamed Creative Assembly Sofia.<ref name=\"PC Gamer: CA\">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/creative-assembly-acquires-arena-of-fate-developer-crytek-black-sea/ |title=Creative Assembly acquires Arena of Fate developer Crytek Black Sea |first=Joe |last=Donnelly |date=7 March 2017 |website=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/3/7/14844758/crytek-black-sea-studio-now-creative-assembly-sofia-total-war-sega |title=Crytek sells off Black Sea studio to Sega, Total War creators |first=Michael |last=McWhertor |date=7 March 2017 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref> At the time, Crytek Black Sea had 60 employees.<ref name=\"PC Gamer: CA\" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/03/07/crytek-sells-black-sea-studio-in-bulgaria-to-sega-and-the-creative-assembly/ |title=Crytek sells Black Sea studio in Bulgaria to Sega and The Creative Assembly |first=Dean |last=Takahashi |date=7 March 2017 |website=[[VentureBeat]]}}</ref> Under Creative Assembly, Creative Assembly Sofia developed <a href=\"/wiki/Downloadable_content\" title=\"Downloadable content\">downloadable content</a> for <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_War:Rome_II\" title=\"Rome II\">Total War: Rome II</a></i>, including <i>Empire Divided</i><ref>{{cite web |url=https://offnews.bg/tehnologii/creative-assembly-sofia-se-vkliuchva-v-game-dev-summit-monthly-s-preds-669333.html |title=Creative Assembly Sofia се включва в Game Dev Summit Monthly с представянето на играта Total War |language=bg |trans-title=Creative Assembly Sofia joins Game Dev Summit Monthly with the launch of Total War |date=14 November 2017 |website=OffNews}}</ref> and <i>Rise of the Republic</i>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2018/08/09/total-war-rome-2-expansion-2-released/ |title=Total War: Rome 2 gets prettied up, expanded and sprouts some family trees today |first=Dominic |last=Tarason |date=9 August 2018 |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]]}}</ref> It also developed a new game in the <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_War_Saga\" title=\"Total War Saga\">Total War Saga</a></i> series, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_War_Saga:Troy\" title=\"Troy\">Total War Saga: Troy</a></i>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/a-total-war-saga-troy-takes-the-series-into-the-age-of-gods-and-monsters/ |title=A Total War Saga: Troy sets sail for a 2020 launch |first=Fraser |last=Brown |date=20 September 2019 |website=[[PC Gamer]]}}</ref>\n</p><p>On 23 May 2023, <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_War:Pharaoh\" title=\"Pharaoh\">Total War: Pharaoh</a></i>, focused on the <a href=\"/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt\" title=\"New Kingdom of Egypt\">New Kingdom</a> period of <a href=\"/wiki/Ancient_Egypt\" title=\"Ancient Egypt\">Ancient Egypt</a>, was announced, with Creative Assembly Sofia's Todor Nikolov as Game Director. The game is slated for release in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Ryan |last=Dinsdale |date=2023-05-23 |title=Total War: Pharaoh Announced, Arrives October This Year |url=https://nordic.ign.com/news/67352/total-war-pharaoh-announced-arrives-october-this-year |access-date=2023-05-23 |website=IGN Nordic |language=en-se}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Total War: Pharaoh Announced |url=https://www.creative-assembly.com/blog/total-war-pharaoh-announced |date=23 May 2022 |access-date=24 May 2022}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> Games developed </h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable sortable\">\n<tr>\n<th> Year\n</th>\n<th> Title\n</th>\n<th> Platform(s)\n</th>\n<th> Developed as\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td> 2004\n</td>\n<td> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Knights_of_Honor_%28video_game%29\" title=\"Knights of Honor (video game)\">Knights of Honor</a></i>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"6\"> <a href=\"/wiki/Microsoft_Windows\" title=\"Microsoft Windows\">Microsoft Windows</a>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\"> Black Sea Studios\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> 2008\n</td>\n<td> <i><a href=\"/wiki/WorldShift\" title=\"WorldShift\">WorldShift</a></i>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> 2017\n</td>\n<td> <i>Total War: Rome II – Empire Divided</i>\n</td>\n<td rowspan=\"4\"> Creative Assembly Sofia\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> 2018\n</td>\n<td> <i>Total War: Rome II – Rise of the Republic</i>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> 2020\n</td>\n<td> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_War_Saga:Troy\" title=\"Troy\">Total War Saga: Troy</a></i>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td> 2023\n</td>\n<td> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Total_War:Pharaoh\" title=\"Pharaoh\">Total War: Pharaoh</a></i>\n</td></tr></table>\n<h3> Cancelled </h3>\n<ul><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Arena_of_Fate\" title=\"Arena of Fate\">Arena of Fate</a></i>\n</li></ul>", "<h3> Cancelled </h3>\n<ul><li> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Arena_of_Fate\" title=\"Arena of Fate\">Arena of Fate</a></i>\n</li></ul>", "<h2> See also </h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Haemimont_Games\" title=\"Haemimont Games\">Haemimont Games</a>, another Bulgarian game developer with a focus on strategy games\n</li></ul>", "<h2> References </h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p>{{Sega}}\n{{The Creative Assembly}}\n{{Sega Sammy Holdings}}\n{{Crytek}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Bulgarian_companies_established_in_2001\" title=\"Bulgarian companies established in 2001\">Category:Bulgarian companies established in 2001</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2008_mergers_and_acquisitions\" title=\"2008 mergers and acquisitions\">Category:2008 mergers and acquisitions</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2017_mergers_and_acquisitions\" title=\"2017 mergers and acquisitions\">Category:2017 mergers and acquisitions</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Sofia\" title=\"Companies based in Sofia\">Category:Companies based in Sofia</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Crytek\" title=\"Crytek\">Category:Crytek</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sega_divisions_and_subsidiaries\" title=\"Sega divisions and subsidiaries\">Category:Sega divisions and subsidiaries</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Video_game_companies_established_in_2001\" title=\"Video game companies established in 2001\">Category:Video game companies established in 2001</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Video_game_companies_of_Bulgaria\" title=\"Video game companies of Bulgaria\">Category:Video game companies of Bulgaria</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Video_game_development_companies\" title=\"Video game development companies\">Category:Video game development companies</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 19502098 ], "name": [ "Rkieferbaum" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Informal description of DLIES", "Formal description of ECIES", "Required information", "Encryption", "Decryption", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Multiple issues|\n{{Citation style|date=October 2017}}\n{{No footnotes|date=October 2017}}\n}}\n</p><p><b>Integrated Encryption Scheme</b> (<b>IES</b>) is a <a href=\"/wiki/Hybrid_encryption\" title=\"Hybrid encryption\">hybrid encryption</a> scheme which provides <a href=\"/wiki/Semantic_security\" title=\"Semantic security\">semantic security</a> against an <a href=\"/wiki/Adversary_%28cryptography%29\" title=\"Adversary (cryptography)\">adversary</a> who is able to use <a href=\"/wiki/Chosen-plaintext_attack\" title=\"Chosen-plaintext attack\">chosen-plaintext</a> or <a href=\"/wiki/Chosen-ciphertext_attack\" title=\"Chosen-ciphertext attack\">chosen-ciphertext</a> attacks. The security of the scheme is based on the computational <a href=\"/wiki/Diffie%E2%80%93Hellman_problem\" title=\"Diffie–Hellman problem\">Diffie–Hellman problem</a>.<br />\nTwo variants of IES are specified: <a href=\"/wiki/Discrete_logarithm\" title=\"Discrete logarithm\">Discrete Logarithm</a> Integrated Encryption Scheme (DLIES) and <a href=\"/wiki/Elliptic_curve\" title=\"Elliptic curve\">Elliptic Curve</a> Integrated Encryption Scheme (ECIES), which is also known as the Elliptic Curve Augmented Encryption Scheme or simply the Elliptic Curve Encryption Scheme. These two variants are identical up to the change of an underlying group{{clarify|date=August 2021}}.\n</p>", "<h2>Informal description of DLIES</h2>\n<p>As a <i>brief and informal</i> description and overview of how IES works, a Discrete Logarithm Integrated Encryption Scheme (DLIES) is used, focusing on illuminating the reader's understanding, rather than precise technical details.\n</p><ol><li> <a href=\"/wiki/Alice_and_Bob\" title=\"Alice and Bob\">Alice</a> learns <a href=\"/wiki/Alice_and_Bob\" title=\"Alice and Bob\">Bob's</a> public key <math>g^x</math> through a public key infrastructure or some other distribution method.<br />Bob knows his own private key <math>x</math>.\n</li><li> Alice generates a fresh, ephemeral value <math>y</math>, and its associated public value <math>g^y</math>.\n</li><li> Alice then computes a symmetric key <math>k</math> using this information and a <a href=\"/wiki/Key_derivation_function\" title=\"Key derivation function\">key derivation function</a> (KDF) as follows: <math>k = \\textrm{KDF}(g^{xy})</math>\n</li><li> Alice computes her ciphertext <math>c</math> from her actual message <math>m</math> (by symmetric encryption of <math>m</math>) encrypted with the key <math>k</math> (using an <a href=\"/wiki/Authenticated_encryption\" title=\"Authenticated encryption\">authenticated encryption scheme</a>) as follows: <math>c = E(k; m)</math>\n</li><li> Alice transmits (in a single message) both the public ephemeral <math>g^y</math> and the ciphertext <math>c</math>.\n</li><li> Bob, knowing <math>x</math> and <math>g^y</math>, can now compute <math>k = \\textrm{KDF}(g^{xy})</math> and decrypt <math>m</math> from <math>c</math>.\n</li></ol><p>Note that the scheme does not provide Bob with any assurance as to who really sent the message: This scheme does nothing to stop anyone from pretending to be Alice.\n</p>", "<h2>Formal description of ECIES</h2>\n<h3>Required information</h3>\n<p>To send an encrypted message to Bob using ECIES, Alice needs the following information:\n<ul><li> The cryptography suite to be used, including a <a href=\"/wiki/Key_derivation_function\" title=\"Key derivation function\">key derivation function</a> (e.g., <i>ANSI-X9.63-KDF with SHA-1 option</i>), a <a href=\"/wiki/Message_authentication_code\" title=\"Message authentication code\">message authentication code</a> (e.g., <i>HMAC-SHA-1-160 with 160-bit keys</i> or <i>HMAC-SHA-1-80 with 80-bit keys</i>) and a <a href=\"/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm\" title=\"Symmetric-key algorithm\">symmetric encryption scheme</a> (e.g., <i><a href=\"/wiki/TDEA\" title=\"TDEA\">TDEA</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Cipher_block_chaining\" title=\"Cipher block chaining\">CBC</a> mode</i> or <i>XOR encryption scheme</i>) — noted <math>E</math>.\n</li><li> The elliptic curve domain parameters: <math>(p,a,b,G,n,h)</math> for a curve over a prime field or <math>(m,f(x),a,b,G,n,h)</math> for a curve over a binary field.\n</li><li> Bob's public key <math>K_B</math>, which Bob generates it as follows: <math>K_B = k_B G</math>, where <math>k_B \\in [1, n-1]</math> is the private key he chooses at random.\n</li><li> Some optional shared information: <math>S_1</math> and <math>S_2</math>\n</li><li> <math>O</math> which denotes the <a href=\"/wiki/Elliptic_curve%23The_group_law\" title=\"Elliptic curve#The group law\">point at infinity</a>.\n</li></ul></p><h3>Encryption</h3>\n<p>To encrypt a message <math>m</math> Alice does the following:\n<ol><li> generates a random number <math>r \\in [1, n-1]</math> and calculates <math>R = r G</math>\n</li><li> derives a shared secret: <math>S = P_x</math>, where <math>P = (P_x, P_y) = r K_B</math> (and <math>P \\ne O</math>)\n</li><li> uses a <a href=\"/wiki/Key_derivation_function\" title=\"Key derivation function\">KDF</a> to derive symmetric encryption keys and <a href=\"/wiki/Message_authentication_code\" title=\"Message authentication code\">MAC</a> keys: <math>k_E \\| k_M = \\textrm{KDF}(S\\|S_1)</math>\n</li><li> encrypts the message: <math>c = E(k_E; m)</math>\n</li><li> computes the tag of encrypted message and <math>S_2</math>: <math>d = \\textrm{MAC}(k_M; c \\| S_2)</math>\n</li><li> outputs <math>R \\| c \\| d</math>\n</li></ol></p><h3>Decryption</h3>\n<p>To decrypt the ciphertext <math>R \\| c \\| d</math> Bob does the following:\n<ol><li> derives the shared secret: <math>S = P_x</math>, where <math>P = (P_x, P_y) = k_B R</math> (it is the same as the one Alice derived because <math>P = k_B R = k_B r G = r k_B G = r K_B</math>), or outputs <i>failed</i> if <math>P=O</math>\n</li><li> derives keys the same way as Alice did: <math>k_E \\| k_M = \\textrm{KDF}(S\\|S_1)</math>\n</li><li> uses <a href=\"/wiki/Message_authentication_code\" title=\"Message authentication code\">MAC</a> to check the tag and outputs <i>failed</i> if <math>d \\ne \\textrm{MAC}(k_M; c \\| S_2)</math>\n</li><li> uses symmetric encryption scheme to decrypt the message <math>m = E^{-1}(k_E; c)</math>\n</li></ol></p>", "<h3>Required information</h3>\n<p>To send an encrypted message to Bob using ECIES, Alice needs the following information:\n<ul><li> The cryptography suite to be used, including a <a href=\"/wiki/Key_derivation_function\" title=\"Key derivation function\">key derivation function</a> (e.g., <i>ANSI-X9.63-KDF with SHA-1 option</i>), a <a href=\"/wiki/Message_authentication_code\" title=\"Message authentication code\">message authentication code</a> (e.g., <i>HMAC-SHA-1-160 with 160-bit keys</i> or <i>HMAC-SHA-1-80 with 80-bit keys</i>) and a <a href=\"/wiki/Symmetric-key_algorithm\" title=\"Symmetric-key algorithm\">symmetric encryption scheme</a> (e.g., <i><a href=\"/wiki/TDEA\" title=\"TDEA\">TDEA</a> in <a href=\"/wiki/Cipher_block_chaining\" title=\"Cipher block chaining\">CBC</a> mode</i> or <i>XOR encryption scheme</i>) — noted <math>E</math>.\n</li><li> The elliptic curve domain parameters: <math>(p,a,b,G,n,h)</math> for a curve over a prime field or <math>(m,f(x),a,b,G,n,h)</math> for a curve over a binary field.\n</li><li> Bob's public key <math>K_B</math>, which Bob generates it as follows: <math>K_B = k_B G</math>, where <math>k_B \\in [1, n-1]</math> is the private key he chooses at random.\n</li><li> Some optional shared information: <math>S_1</math> and <math>S_2</math>\n</li><li> <math>O</math> which denotes the <a href=\"/wiki/Elliptic_curve%23The_group_law\" title=\"Elliptic curve#The group law\">point at infinity</a>.\n</li></ul></p>", "<h3>Encryption</h3>\n<p>To encrypt a message <math>m</math> Alice does the following:\n<ol><li> generates a random number <math>r \\in [1, n-1]</math> and calculates <math>R = r G</math>\n</li><li> derives a shared secret: <math>S = P_x</math>, where <math>P = (P_x, P_y) = r K_B</math> (and <math>P \\ne O</math>)\n</li><li> uses a <a href=\"/wiki/Key_derivation_function\" title=\"Key derivation function\">KDF</a> to derive symmetric encryption keys and <a href=\"/wiki/Message_authentication_code\" title=\"Message authentication code\">MAC</a> keys: <math>k_E \\| k_M = \\textrm{KDF}(S\\|S_1)</math>\n</li><li> encrypts the message: <math>c = E(k_E; m)</math>\n</li><li> computes the tag of encrypted message and <math>S_2</math>: <math>d = \\textrm{MAC}(k_M; c \\| S_2)</math>\n</li><li> outputs <math>R \\| c \\| d</math>\n</li></ol></p>", "<h3>Decryption</h3>\n<p>To decrypt the ciphertext <math>R \\| c \\| d</math> Bob does the following:\n<ol><li> derives the shared secret: <math>S = P_x</math>, where <math>P = (P_x, P_y) = k_B R</math> (it is the same as the one Alice derived because <math>P = k_B R = k_B r G = r k_B G = r K_B</math>), or outputs <i>failed</i> if <math>P=O</math>\n</li><li> derives keys the same way as Alice did: <math>k_E \\| k_M = \\textrm{KDF}(S\\|S_1)</math>\n</li><li> uses <a href=\"/wiki/Message_authentication_code\" title=\"Message authentication code\">MAC</a> to check the tag and outputs <i>failed</i> if <math>d \\ne \\textrm{MAC}(k_M; c \\| S_2)</math>\n</li><li> uses symmetric encryption scheme to decrypt the message <math>m = E^{-1}(k_E; c)</math>\n</li></ol></p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/SECG\" title=\"SECG\">SECG</a>, <a href=\"http://www.secg.org/sec1-v2.pdf\">Standards for efficient cryptography, SEC 1: Elliptic Curve Cryptography</a>, Version 2.0, May 21, 2009.\n</li><li> Gayoso Martínez, Hernández Encinas, Sánchez Ávila: <i><a href=\"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255970113_A_Survey_of_the_Elliptic_Curve_Integrated_Encryption_Scheme\">A Survey of the Elliptic Curve Integrated Encryption Scheme</a></i>, Journal of Computer Science and Engineering, 2, 2 (2010), 7–13.\n</li><li> Ladar Levison: <a href=\"http://article.gmane.org/gmane.comp.encryption.openssl.devel/17997/\">Code for using ECIES to protect data (ECC + AES + SHA)</a>, openssl-devel mailing list, August 6, 2010.\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/IEEE_P1363%23Traditional_public-key_cryptography_%28IEEE_Std_1363-2000_and_1363a-2004%29\" title=\"IEEE P1363#Traditional public-key cryptography (IEEE Std 1363-2000 and 1363a-2004)\">IEEE 1363a</a> (non-public standard) specifies DLIES and ECIES\n</li><li> ANSI X9.63 (non-public standard)\n</li><li> ISO/IEC 18033-2 (non-public standard)\n</li><li> Victor Shoup, <a href=\"http://www.shoup.net/papers/iso-2_1.pdf\">A proposal for an ISO standard for public key encryption</a>, Version 2.1, December 20, 2001.\n</li><li> Abdalla, Michel and Bellare, Mihir and Rogaway, Phillip: <a href=\"http://web.cs.ucdavis.edu/~rogaway/papers/dhies.pdf\">DHIES: An Encryption Scheme Based on the Diffie–Hellman Problem</a>, IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, 1999.\n</li></ul><p>{{Cryptography navbox|public-key}}\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Cryptographic_protocols\" title=\"Cryptographic protocols\">Category:Cryptographic protocols</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 753665 ], "name": [ "Ser Amantio di Nicolao" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Early life", "Criminal convictions", "Death", "In popular culture", "Documentary", "See all", "References" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 3, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|American serial killer (1946-2019)}}\n{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2020}}\n{{Infobox serial killer\n| name = Phillip Carl Jablonski\n| image = Phillip Jablonski mug shot.jpg\n| caption = \n| birthname = \n| alias = \n| birth_date = {{Birth date|1946|1|3}}\n| birth_place = [[Joshua Tree, California|Joshua Tree]], [[California]], U.S.\n| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|12|27|1946|1|3}}\n| death_place = [[San Quentin State Prison]], [[San Quentin, California|San Quentin]], [[California]], U.S.\n| cause = \n| victims = 5\n| country = United States\n| states = [[California]], [[Utah]]\n| beginyear = 1978\n| endyear = 1991\n| apprehended = April 28, 1991\n| sentence = [[Capital punishment|Death]]\n| children = 2\n| spouse = Alice McGowan (divorced)\n| imprisoned = [[San Quentin State Prison]]\n| conviction = [[Murder (United States law)|First degree murder]] with [[Special circumstances (criminal law)|special circumstances]]\n}}\n</p><p><b>Phillip Carl Jablonski</b> (January 3, 1946<ref name=\"Parker\">{{cite book |first=C. J. |last=Parker |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmfxBQAAQBAJ&q=Phillip+Carl+Jablonski+January+3%2C+1946&pg=PA101|chapter=Want a pen pal? Phillip Carl Jablonski |page=101 |title=Serial Killer Groupies |publisher=RJ Parker |year=2015 |isbn=9781502540904 }}</ref> – December 27, 2019)<ref name=\"SF\">{{cite news |first=Don |last=Thompson |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/crime/article/Serial-killer-Phillip-Jablonski-dies-on-14940308.php |title=Serial killer Phillip Jablonski dies on California death row |agency=AP |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle |date=December 30, 2019 |access-date=December 31, 2019 |archive-date=December 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231024528/https://www.sfgate.com/news/crime/article/Serial-killer-Phillip-Jablonski-dies-on-14940308.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> was an American <a href=\"/wiki/Serial_killer\" title=\"Serial killer\">serial killer</a> and rapist convicted of killing five women in <a href=\"/wiki/California\" title=\"California\">California</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Utah\" title=\"Utah\">Utah</a> between 1978 and 1991.\n</p>", "<h2> Early life </h2>\n<p>Jablonski's alcoholic father beat and sexually abused his wife and children.<ref name=\"Parker\" />\n</p><p>Jablonski met his first wife, Alice McGowan, in high school. He enlisted in the Army in 1966 and was sent overseas to fight in the <a href=\"/wiki/Vietnam_War\" title=\"Vietnam War\">Vietnam War</a>. They married in 1968 when he returned to the United States. While living in <a href=\"/wiki/Texas\" title=\"Texas\">Texas</a>, Jablonski became sexually violent. During sex he put a pillow over McGowan's face and attempted to <a href=\"/wiki/Asphyxia\" title=\"Asphyxia\">suffocate</a> her. On several occasions, he <a href=\"/wiki/Strangling\" title=\"Strangling\">strangled</a> her until she was unconscious.<ref name=\"s041630\">{{cite court |litigants = People v. Jablonski |vol = |reporter = |opinion = S041630 |pinpoint = |court = California Supreme Court |date = January 23, 2006 |url= https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-supreme-court/1185867.html}}</ref>{{rp|17}}\n</p><p>After McGowan left him, Jablonski became involved with Jane Sanders, who he met in November 1968. He raped Sanders on their first date, which she did not report. She became pregnant and they moved to California in July 1969, after Jablonski left the military. On one occasion, while having sex, Sanders wanted to stop. Jablonski pulled out a gun and threatened to shoot her if she did not continue. He hit her with the butt of the gun and she passed out. When she regained consciousness, he was raping her. She left him in 1972.<ref name=\"s041630\" />{{rp|17–18}}\n</p>", "<h2> Criminal convictions </h2>\n<p>In late 1972, Jablonski raped a female acquaintance at knifepoint in her home, while her infant child was in the room. The woman escaped and ran to a neighbor's house, who called the police. Jablonski was arrested and convicted for the rape.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caselaw.findlaw.com/ca-supreme-court/1185867.html|title=FindLaw's Supreme Court of California case and opinions.|website=Findlaw|access-date=February 13, 2018}}</ref>\n</p><p>In February 1977, Jablonski met Linda Kimball. By August they were living together in <a href=\"/wiki/Palm_Springs%2C_California\" title=\"Palm Springs, California\">Palm Springs</a>. Kimball gave birth to their daughter in December 1977.\n</p><p>On the evening of July 6, 1978, Kimball's mother Isobel Pahls, who lived nearby, was awakened by Jablonski. He told her he had come to rape her but did not go through with it because when he looked at her face \"all he could see was Linda's face.\" Pahls managed to escape to a neighbor's house and did not report the incident to police. A few days after the incident, Kimball left Jablonski and she and their daughter moved in with Pahls.\n</p><p>On the morning of July 16, 1978, Kimball returned to the apartment she had shared with Jablonski to pick up belongings for their baby.<ref name=\"s041630\" /> That afternoon she was found dead inside the apartment. She had been beaten, stabbed, and strangled. Jablonski was arrested 11 days later.\n</p><p>He served 12 years in prison for Kimball's murder; he was released on <a href=\"/wiki/Parole\" title=\"Parole\">parole</a> for good behavior in 1990, although in 1985 he had attempted to strangle his mother using a shoelace.<ref name=\"SF\" />\n</p><p>Carol Spadoni met and married Jablonski in 1982, after answering a newspaper ad placed while Jablonski was serving time in prison. On April 23, 1991, Spadoni, 46, and her mother, Eva Petersen, 72, were murdered at their home in <a href=\"/wiki/Burlingame%2C_California\" title=\"Burlingame, California\">Burlingame</a>. Spadoni was shot, suffocated with duct tape, then stabbed, while Petersen was shot <a href=\"/wiki/Necrophilia\" title=\"Necrophilia\">and then</a> sexually assaulted.<ref name=\"s041630\" /><ref name=\"CrimeFeed\">{{cite web |author1=Mike McPadden |title=Married In Prison: 8 Serial Killers Who Got Married Behind Bars |url=http://crimefeed.com/2018/02/serial-killers-married-in-prison/ |website=CrimeFeed |publisher=Discovery Communications, LLC. |access-date=September 23, 2018 |date=February 14, 2018 |quote=8. PHILLIP CARL JABLONSKI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923085609/http://crimefeed.com/2018/02/serial-killers-married-in-prison/ |archive-date=September 23, 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>\n</p><p>Jablonski was charged with the April 22, 1991, death of Fathyma Vann, 38, in <a href=\"/wiki/Indio%2C_California\" title=\"Indio, California\">Indio, California</a>. Vann was a fellow student at the local community college that Jablonski attended to satisfy conditions of his <a href=\"/wiki/Parole\" title=\"Parole\">parole</a>. Vann, a recently <a href=\"/wiki/Widow\" title=\"Widow\">widowed</a> mother of two teenage girls, was found shot in the head and <a href=\"/wiki/Rape\" title=\"Rape\">sexually assaulted</a>, lying naked in a shallow ditch in the Indio desert with the words \"I Love <a href=\"/wiki/Jesus\" title=\"Jesus\">Jesus</a>\" carved in her back. Her body had been subjected to other mutilations including removal of her eyes and ears.<ref name=\"s041630\" />\n</p><p>On April 25, 1991, he stopped at a rest stop in <a href=\"/wiki/Uinta_County%2C_Wyoming\" title=\"Uinta County, Wyoming\">Uinta County, Wyoming</a> and brandished a gun at Yvette Shelby. She was able to escape when he dropped the gun. She drove to the next truck stop and called police. Police questioned him about the incident but claimed that the gun had accidentally fallen out of his car as he was getting out. The officer who questioned him accepted his explanation and let him go.<ref>{{Cite web |title=People v. Jablonski - S041630 - Mon, 01/23/2006 {{!}} California Supreme Court Resources |url=https://scocal.stanford.edu/opinion/people-v-jablonski-33578 |access-date=2022-05-01 |website=scocal.stanford.edu}}</ref>\n</p><p>Jablonski was also charged with the robbery and subsequent murder of Margie Rogers, 58, in <a href=\"/wiki/Grand_County%2C_Utah\" title=\"Grand County, Utah\">Grand County, Utah</a>, on April 27, 1991; she and her husband owned a store on <a href=\"/wiki/Interstate_70\" title=\"Interstate 70\">Interstate 70</a>, where her body was found.<ref name=\"SF\" /> Rogers had been sexually assaulted and shot twice in the head.\n</p><p>He was apprehended on April 28, 1991, in <a href=\"/wiki/Kansas\" title=\"Kansas\">Kansas</a>. He was found guilty of the murders and <a href=\"/wiki/Death_penalty\" title=\"Death penalty\">sentenced to death</a>.<ref name=\"s041630\" />\n</p><p>In January 2006, the <a href=\"/wiki/California_Supreme_Court\" title=\"California Supreme Court\">California Supreme Court</a> upheld Jablonski's death sentence on <a href=\"/wiki/Appeal\" title=\"Appeal\">appeal</a>.<ref name=\"s041630\" />\n</p>", "<h2> Death </h2>\n<p>Jablonski died on December 27, 2019, of \"unknown causes\" at the age of 73 in <a href=\"/wiki/San_Quentin_State_Prison\" title=\"San Quentin State Prison\">San Quentin State Prison</a> in his cell.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcbayarea.com/news/california/serial-killer-phillip-jablonski-dies-on-california-death-row/2208490/ |title = Serial Killer Phillip Jablonski Dies on California Death Row – NBC Bay Area| date=December 31, 2019 }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2> In popular culture </h2>\n\n<h3> Documentary </h3>\n<ul><li><ul><li> Devil Among Us - Murder Diaries (Episode 5)<ref>{{Citation|title=Devil Among Us (TV Series 2020– ) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt12845004/episodes|access-date=2022-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='The Serial Killer Among Us: Phillip Jablonski': Release date, plot, cast, trailer and all you need to know about the ID documentary|url=https://meaww.com/the-serial-killer-among-us-phillip-jablonski-release-date-plot-cast-trailer-all-you-need-know-id|access-date=2022-02-25|website=meaww.com|language=en}}</ref>\n</li></ul></li></ul>", "<h3> Documentary </h3>\n<ul><li> Devil Among Us - Murder Diaries (Episode 5)<ref>{{Citation|title=Devil Among Us (TV Series 2020– ) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt12845004/episodes|access-date=2022-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='The Serial Killer Among Us: Phillip Jablonski': Release date, plot, cast, trailer and all you need to know about the ID documentary|url=https://meaww.com/the-serial-killer-among-us-phillip-jablonski-release-date-plot-cast-trailer-all-you-need-know-id|access-date=2022-02-25|website=meaww.com|language=en}}</ref>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>See all</h2>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/List_of_serial_killers_in_the_United_States\" title=\"List of serial killers in the United States\">List of serial killers in the United States</a>\n</li></ul>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Jablonski, Phillip Carl}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1946_births\" title=\"1946 births\">Category:1946 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:2019_deaths\" title=\"2019 deaths\">Category:2019 deaths</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_criminals\" title=\"20th-century American criminals\">Category:20th-century American criminals</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:American_male_criminals\" title=\"American male criminals\">Category:American male criminals</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:American_people_convicted_of_murder\" title=\"American people convicted of murder\">Category:American people convicted of murder</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:American_people_convicted_of_rape\" title=\"American people convicted of rape\">Category:American people convicted of rape</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:American_people_who_died_in_prison_custody\" title=\"American people who died in prison custody\">Category:American people who died in prison custody</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:American_prisoners_sentenced_to_death\" title=\"American prisoners sentenced to death\">Category:American prisoners sentenced to death</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Criminals_from_Los_Angeles\" title=\"Criminals from Los Angeles\">Category:Criminals from Los Angeles</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serial_killers_from_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area\" title=\"Serial killers from the San Francisco Bay Area\">Category:Serial killers from the San Francisco Bay Area</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Military_personnel_from_California\" title=\"Military personnel from California\">Category:Military personnel from California</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Necrophiles\" title=\"Necrophiles\">Category:Necrophiles</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_convicted_of_murder_by_California\" title=\"People convicted of murder by California\">Category:People convicted of murder by California</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_from_Joshua_Tree%2C_California\" title=\"People from Joshua Tree, California\">Category:People from Joshua Tree, California</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_paroled_from_life_sentence\" title=\"People paroled from life sentence\">Category:People paroled from life sentence</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Prisoners_sentenced_to_life_imprisonment_by_California\" title=\"Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California\">Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by California</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Prisoners_sentenced_to_death_by_California\" title=\"Prisoners sentenced to death by California\">Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by California</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Prisoners_who_died_in_California_detention\" title=\"Prisoners who died in California detention\">Category:Prisoners who died in California detention</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Inmates_of_San_Quentin_State_Prison\" title=\"Inmates of San Quentin State Prison\">Category:Inmates of San Quentin State Prison</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serial_killers_from_California\" title=\"Serial killers from California\">Category:Serial killers from California</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serial_killers_from_Utah\" title=\"Serial killers from Utah\">Category:Serial killers from Utah</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Serial_killers_who_died_in_prison_custody\" title=\"Serial killers who died in prison custody\">Category:Serial killers who died in prison custody</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Uxoricides\" title=\"Uxoricides\">Category:Uxoricides</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Violence_against_women_in_California\" title=\"Violence against women in California\">Category:Violence against women in California</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Violence_against_women_in_Utah\" title=\"Violence against women in Utah\">Category:Violence against women in Utah</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 1544984 ], "name": [ "Dawnseeker2000" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "History", "Lineups", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}\n{{Infobox music festival |\n | music_festival_name = ProgPower UK\n | image = \n | location = [[Cheltenham]], England<br>[[Bristol]], England\n | founders = \n | years_active= 2006–2008\n | dates = March\n | genre = [[Progressive metal]]<br />[[Power metal]]\n | website = [http://www.progpoweruk.com/ progpoweruk.com]\n}}\n</p><p><b>ProgPower UK</b> is a <a href=\"/wiki/Progressive_metal\" title=\"Progressive metal\">progressive</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Power_metal\" title=\"Power metal\">power metal</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Music_festival\" title=\"Music festival\">festival</a> held annually in the United Kingdom since 2006. Its latest edition, which would have taken place in the <a href=\"/wiki/Anson_Rooms\" title=\"Anson Rooms\">Anson Rooms</a> at the <a href=\"/wiki/University_of_Bristol\" title=\"University of Bristol\">University of Bristol</a> on 28 March &ndash; 29 March 2008, headlined by <a href=\"/wiki/Evergrey\" title=\"Evergrey\">Evergrey</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Vanden_Plas_%28band%29\" title=\"Vanden Plas (band)\">Vanden Plas</a>, was cancelled due to financial difficulties.<ref name=\"PP2008\">{{cite web|url=http://www.progpoweruk.com/|title=ProgPower UK 2008|accessdate=15 October 2007}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>History</h2>\n<p>ProgPower UK was a one-day event for its first two years (although a smaller pre-show party was held each year the day before the main festival) and is expanding to a two-day event in 2008. It began in 2006, and was held in <a href=\"/wiki/Cheltenham\" title=\"Cheltenham\">Cheltenham</a> at <a href=\"/wiki/The_Centaur\" title=\"The Centaur\">The Centaur</a>, a large modern venue on the grounds of <a href=\"/wiki/Cheltenham_Racecourse\" title=\"Cheltenham Racecourse\">Cheltenham Racecourse</a>. The festival returned to The Centaur in 2007 but for its third year will be moving to the Anson Rooms at the University of Bristol. The move coincides with the expansion of the festival from one to two days, with both days to be held at the same venue. The official website states that the 2008 ProgPower Festival has been cancelled due to financial difficulties.\n</p>", "<h2>Lineups</h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable\">\n<tr>\n<th> year\n</th>\n<th> location\n</th>\n<th> Friday\n</th>\n<th> Saturday\n</th></tr>\n<tr valign=\"top\">\n<th> 2008<ref name=\"PP2008\" />\n</th>\n<td> Cancelled, to be held in the<br />Anson Rooms at the University of <a href=\"/wiki/Bristol\" title=\"Bristol\">Bristol</a>, UK\n</td>\n<td> <i><b>28 March</b></i>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Vanden_Plas_%28band%29\" title=\"Vanden Plas (band)\">Vanden Plas</a> (Germany)\n<a href=\"/wiki/Circus_Maximus_%28Norwegian_band%29\" title=\"Circus Maximus (Norwegian band)\">Circus Maximus</a> (Norway)\n<a href=\"/wiki/Andromeda_%28Swedish_band%29\" title=\"Andromeda (Swedish band)\">Andromeda</a> (Sweden)\n<a href=\"/wiki/Thy_Majestie\" title=\"Thy Majestie\">Thy Majestie</a> (Italy)\n</td>\n<td> <i><b>29 March</b></i>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Evergrey\" title=\"Evergrey\">Evergrey</a> (Sweden)\n<a href=\"/wiki/Brainstorm_%28German_band%29\" title=\"Brainstorm (German band)\">Brainstorm</a> (Germany)\n<a href=\"/wiki/Thunderstone_%28band%29\" title=\"Thunderstone (band)\">Thunderstone</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Finland\" title=\"Finland\">Finland</a>)\n<a href=\"/wiki/Diablo_Swing_Orchestra\" title=\"Diablo Swing Orchestra\">Diablo Swing Orchestra</a> (Sweden)\n<a href=\"/wiki/Power_Quest\" title=\"Power Quest\">Power Quest</a> (UK)\n<a href=\"/wiki/Voyager_%28metal_band%29\" title=\"Voyager (metal band)\">Voyager</a> (Australia)\n<a href=\"/wiki/Serenity_%28band%29\" title=\"Serenity (band)\">Serenity</a> (Austria)\n</td></tr><tr valign=\"top\">\n<th> 2007<ref name=\"PP2007\">{{cite web|url=http://www.progpoweruk.com/2007/home_2007.html|title=ProgPower UK 2007|accessdate=1 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329065416/http://www.progpoweruk.com/2007/home_2007.html|archive-date=29 March 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</th>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/The_Centaur\" title=\"The Centaur\">The Centaur</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cheltenham\" title=\"Cheltenham\">Cheltenham</a> UK\n</td>\n<td> \n</td>\n<td> <i><b>31 March</b></i>\n <a href=\"/wiki/Jon_Oliva%27s_Pain\" title=\"Jon Oliva's Pain\">Jon Oliva's Pain</a> (United States)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Kamelot\" title=\"Kamelot\">Kamelot</a> (United States)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Leaves%27_Eyes\" title=\"Leaves' Eyes\">Leaves' Eyes</a> (Germany)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Communic\" title=\"Communic\">Communic</a> (Norway)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Haggard_%28band%29\" title=\"Haggard (band)\">Haggard</a> (Germany)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Dreamscape_%28band%29\" title=\"Dreamscape (band)\">Dreamscape</a> (Germany)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Cloudscape_%28band%29\" title=\"Cloudscape (band)\">Cloudscape</a> (Sweden)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Heed_%28band%29\" title=\"Heed (band)\">Heed</a> (Sweden)\n</td></tr><tr valign=\"top\">\n<th> 2006<ref name=\"PP2006\">{{cite web|url=http://www.progpoweruk.com/home.html|title=ProgPower UK 2006|accessdate=1 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623090051/http://www.progpoweruk.com/home.html|archive-date=23 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>\n</th>\n<td> <a href=\"/wiki/The_Centaur\" title=\"The Centaur\">The Centaur</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Cheltenham\" title=\"Cheltenham\">Cheltenham</a> UK\n</td>\n<td> \n</td>\n<td> <i><b>25 March</b></i>\n <a href=\"/wiki/Therion_%28band%29\" title=\"Therion (band)\">Therion</a> (Sweden)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Threshold_%28band%29\" title=\"Threshold (band)\">Threshold</a> (UK)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Pagan%27s_Mind\" title=\"Pagan's Mind\">Pagan's Mind</a> (Norway)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Freedom_Call\" title=\"Freedom Call\">Freedom Call</a> (Germany)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Orphaned_Land\" title=\"Orphaned Land\">Orphaned Land</a> (Israel)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Secret_Sphere\" title=\"Secret Sphere\">Secret Sphere</a> (Italy)\n <a href=\"/wiki/Firewind\" title=\"Firewind\">Firewind</a> (<a href=\"/wiki/Greece\" title=\"Greece\">Greece</a>)\n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li><a href=\"http://www.progpoweruk.com/\">Official website</a>\n</li></ul><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Heavy_metal_festivals_in_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Heavy metal festivals in the United Kingdom\">Category:Heavy metal festivals in the United Kingdom</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Music_festivals_established_in_2006\" title=\"Music festivals established in 2006\">Category:Music festivals established in 2006</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ null ], "name": [ "89.32.95.61" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Acting career", "Personal life", "Filmography", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|English actress (b. 1970)}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}\n{{Infobox person \n| name = Anna Wilson-Jones\n| image =\n| caption = \n| birth_name = Anna Louise Wilson Jones \n| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|10|8|df=yes}} \n| birth_place = [[Woking]], [[Surrey]], England\n| nationality = [[British people|British]]\n| occupation = Actress \n| years_active = 1993–present\n| spouse = [[Steve John Shepherd]]\n| children = 3\n| family = [[Nick Jones (entrepreneur)|Nick Jones]] (brother)\n}}\n<b>Anna Wilson-Jones</b> (born 8 October 1970) is an English actress. She is known for her roles as Juliet Miller in the television series <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hotel_Babylon_%28BBC_series%29\" title=\"Hotel Babylon (BBC series)\">Hotel Babylon</a></i> and main character Tim Bisley's ex-girlfriend Sarah in the series <i><a href=\"/wiki/Spaced\" title=\"Spaced\">Spaced</a></i>.\n</p>", "<h2>Acting career</h2>\n<p>In 1999, she appeared as Katie May in the six part mockumentary <i><a href=\"/wiki/Boyz_Unlimited\" title=\"Boyz Unlimited\">Boyz Unlimited</a></i>.\n</p><p>In 2000, she appeared as Sandra Harrison in the last episode of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Inspector_Morse_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Inspector Morse (TV series)\">Inspector Morse</a></i>,<ref name=\"tv\">{{cite web |url= https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/anna-wilson-jones/credits/3030435624/|title= Anna Wilson-Jones |work=tvguide.com |access-date= 9 November 2023}}</ref> <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Remorseful_Day_%28TV%29\" title=\"The Remorseful Day (TV)\">The Remorseful Day</a></i>.<ref name=\"tv\" />\n</p><p>From 2004 to 2005, she was in the <a href=\"/wiki/Sky_One\" title=\"Sky One\">Sky One</a> television series <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hex_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Hex (TV series)\">Hex</a></i>,<ref name=\"tv\" /> as Jo Watkins, and in 2006 the <a href=\"/wiki/Channel_4\" title=\"Channel 4\">Channel 4</a> adaptation of the novel <i><a href=\"/wiki/Sugar_Rush_%28British_TV_series%29\" title=\"Sugar Rush (British TV series)\">Sugar Rush</a></i>,<ref name=\"tv\" /> as Anna. She has also appeared in <i><a href=\"/wiki/As_If_%28British_TV_series%29\" title=\"As If (British TV series)\">As If</a></i>,<ref name=\"tv\" /> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Monarch_of_the_Glen_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Monarch of the Glen (TV series)\">Monarch of the Glen</a></i>,<ref name=\"tv\" /> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Wonderful_You_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Wonderful You (TV series)\">Wonderful You</a></i>,<ref name=\"tv\" /> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Waterloo_Road_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Waterloo Road (TV series)\">Waterloo Road</a></i>,<ref name=\"tv\" /> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Rosemary_%26_Thyme\" title=\"Rosemary & Thyme\">Rosemary &amp; Thyme</a></i> in 2003 in the episode The language of flowers and <i><a href=\"/wiki/Ashes_to_Ashes_%28British_TV_series%29\" title=\"Ashes to Ashes (British TV series)\">Ashes to Ashes</a></i>.<ref name=\"tv\" />\n</p><p>Wilson-Jones has also featured in <i><a href=\"/wiki/Midsomer_Murders\" title=\"Midsomer Murders\">Midsomer Murders</a></i> in 2013, the <a href=\"/wiki/ITV_Network\" title=\"ITV Network\">ITV</a> parapsychology drama <i><a href=\"/wiki/Afterlife_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Afterlife (TV series)\">afterlife</a></i> in which she plays Jude Bridge, the former wife of Robert Bridge (played by <a href=\"/wiki/Andrew_Lincoln\" title=\"Andrew Lincoln\">Andrew Lincoln</a>) and from June 2007 she appeared as Sally in an ITV drama serial <i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Time_of_Your_Life_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"The Time of Your Life (TV series)\">The Time of Your Life</a></i>.<ref name=\"tv\" />\n</p><p>In 2009 she joined the cast of <i><a href=\"/wiki/Hotel_Babylon_%28BBC_series%29\" title=\"Hotel Babylon (BBC series)\">Hotel Babylon</a></i> as Juliet Miller, hotel general manager.<ref><a href=\"http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2009/06_june/01/babylon4.shtml\">Hotel Babylon – Anna Wilson-Jones plays Juliet Miller</a>. Bbc.co.uk. 6 June 2009. Retrieved on 30 April 2012.</ref>\n</p><p>In late 2011, she appeared in \"<a href=\"/wiki/The_National_Anthem_%28Black_Mirror%29\" title=\"The National Anthem (Black Mirror)\">The National Anthem</a>\", the first episode of the <a href=\"/wiki/Anthology_series\" title=\"Anthology series\">anthology series</a> <i><a href=\"/wiki/Black_Mirror\" title=\"Black Mirror\">Black Mirror</a></i>.<ref><a href=\"http://www.channel4.com/programmes/black-mirror/episode-guide/series-1/episode-1\">Black Mirror Episode 1</a>. Channel4.com. Retrieved on 17 September 2016</ref> She also stars in \"The Night Watch\" based on the novel by Sarah Waters released in 2012 for the BBC. She plays the character of Julia Standing, a lesbian writer, who lives in London during the Second World War. Wilson-Jones has also featured in <i><a href=\"/wiki/Misfits_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Misfits (TV series)\">Misfits</a></i> as Laura,<ref name=\"tv\" /> in season 2. Also in 2011, she played Rosalind Rydell in two episodes of the first season of <i><a href=\"/wiki/DCI_Banks\" title=\"DCI Banks\">DCI Banks</a></i>,<ref name=\"tv\" /> \"Cold is the Grave: Part 1\" and \"Cold is the Grave: Part 2\".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2073866/?ref_=fn_al_tt_2 |title=DCI Banks Episode \"Cold in the Grave: Part 1\"|website=IMDb.com|accessdate=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2073867/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1|title=DCI Banks Episode \"Cold in the Grave: Part 2\"|website=IMDb.com|accessdate=17 September 2016}}</ref>\n</p><p>In 2016, Wilson-Jones joined the cast of the <a href=\"/wiki/ITV_%28TV_network%29\" title=\"ITV (TV network)\">ITV</a> drama <i><a href=\"/wiki/Victoria_%28British_TV_series%29\" title=\"Victoria (British TV series)\">Victoria</a></i>, playing the part of <a href=\"/wiki/Emma_Portman%2C_Viscountess_Portman\" title=\"Emma Portman, Viscountess Portman\">Emma Portman, Viscountess Portman</a>, one of <a href=\"/wiki/Victoria_of_the_United_Kingdom\" title=\"Victoria of the United Kingdom\">Queen Victoria's</a> ladies-in-waiting. She has been a regular in all three series to date.<ref>{{cite news |title=Victoria Cast Interview: Anna Wilson-Jones |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/specialfeatures/victoria-s3-anna-wilson-jones-interview/ |accessdate=16 June 2019 |work=Masterpiece}}</ref> She also served as the narrator for the novel <i>Victoria</i>, written by the television series' creator, <a href=\"/wiki/Daisy_Goodwin\" title=\"Daisy Goodwin\">Daisy Goodwin</a>.<ref><a href=\"http://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/122070/\">VICTORIA by Daisy Goodwin Read by Anna Wilson-Jones | Audiobook Review | AudioFile Magazine</a></ref>\n</p><p>On 9 January 2017, Jones appeared as Ellie Timpson in <i><a href=\"/wiki/Silent_Witness\" title=\"Silent Witness\">Silent Witness</a></i> in the episode \"Discovery\". On 10 February 2018, Jones appeared as Linda Ashworth in <i><a href=\"/wiki/Casualty_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Casualty (TV series)\">Casualty</a></i>.<ref name=\"tv\" />\n</p><p>She also played Davinia in Series 2 of the <a href=\"/wiki/Channel_4\" title=\"Channel 4\">Channel 4</a> series <i><a href=\"/wiki/PhoneShop\" title=\"PhoneShop\">PhoneShop</a></i>.<ref name=\"tv\" />\n</p>", "<h2>Personal life</h2>\n<p>She is married to actor <a href=\"/wiki/Steve_John_Shepherd\" title=\"Steve John Shepherd\">Steve John Shepherd</a>. Together they have three children: two daughters, Agatha and Cosima (born {{circa|2005}} and {{circa|lk=no|2007}}, respectively), and a son (born {{circa|lk=no|2012}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/it-took-a-long-time-to-get-michael-moon-out-of-my-system-eastenders-star-to-hit-the-stage-9232366.html |title=It took a long time to get Michael Moon out of my system: ''EastEnders'' star to hit the stage |work=[[London Evening Standard]] |date=2 April 2014 |accessdate=17 September 2016 }}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Filmography</h2>\n<table class=\"wikitable\" style=\"font-size: 90%;\">\n<tr>\n<th>Year</th><th>Film</th><th>Role</th><th>Other notes\n</th></tr>\n<tr>\n<td>1998 </td><td><i>Vigo: A Passion for Life</i> </td><td>Genya Lozinska </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2001 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Tomorrow_%282001_film%29\" title=\"Tomorrow (2001 film)\">Tomorrow</a></i> </td><td>Claire </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2002 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Mrs_Caldicot%27s_Cabbage_War\" title=\"Mrs Caldicot's Cabbage War\">Mrs Caldicot's Cabbage War</a></i> </td><td>Veronica </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\">2003 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Mother_%282003_film%29\" title=\"The Mother (2003 film)\">The Mother</a></i> </td><td>Helen </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>The Silent Treatment</i> </td><td>Sara </td><td>(Short) \n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Killing Time</i> </td><td>Woman </td><td>(Short) \n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2004 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Gladiatress\" title=\"Gladiatress\">Gladiatress</a></i> </td><td>Lofacta </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2009 </td><td><i>Another Thing</i> </td><td>Brunette woman </td><td>(Short) \n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\">2016 </td><td><i>Noro</i> </td><td>Meryl </td><td>(Short) \n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Billionaire_Ransom\" title=\"Billionaire Ransom\">Take Down</a></i> </td><td>Frances Herrick </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Away from Me</i> </td><td>Sarah </td><td>(Short) \n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2018 </td><td><i>Ghosted</i> </td><td>Sherry </td><td>(Short) \n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2019 </td><td><i>The Last Boy</i> </td><td>Jenna </td><td>\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2020 </td><td><i>The Christmas Ball</i> </td><td>Sarrah </td><td> TV Movie\n</td></tr><tr>\n</tr><tr>\n<th>Year</th><th>Television series</th><th>Role</th><th> Other notes\n</th></tr><tr>\n<td>1994 </td><td><i>The Bill</i> </td><td>Stephanie Kerry </td><td>TV series, 1 episode \n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>1998 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Berkeley_Square_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Berkeley Square (TV series)\">Berkeley Square</a></i> </td><td>Lady Wakeley </td><td>TV mini-series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<tdrowspan=\"3\"> 1999 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Spaced\" title=\"Spaced\">Spaced</a></i> </td><td>Sarah </td><td>TV series, 4 episodes \n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Wonderful_You_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Wonderful You (TV series)\">Wonderful You</a></i> </td><td>Gina, Henry's sister </td><td>TV mini-series, 7 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Boyz_Unlimited\" title=\"Boyz Unlimited\">Boyz Unlimited</a></i> </td><td>Katie May </td><td>TV series, 6 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2000 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Inspector_Morse_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Inspector Morse (TV series)\">Inspector Morse</a></i> </td><td>Sandra Harrison </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2000-2001 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Monarch_of_the_Glen_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Monarch of the Glen (TV series)\">Monarch of the Glen</a></i> </td><td>Justine Thatcher </td><td>TV series, 6 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<tdrowspan=\"3\">2001 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Randall_%26_Hopkirk_%28Deceased%29_%282000_TV_series%29\" title=\"Randall & Hopkirk (Deceased) (2000 TV series)\">Randall &amp; Hopkirk (Deceased)</a></i> </td><td>Freya </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i>Life as We Know It</i> </td><td>Olivia </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Big_Bad_World_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Big Bad World (TV series)\">Big Bad World</a></i> </td><td>Alice </td><td>TV series, 1 episode \n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2001-2002 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/As_If_%28British_TV_series%29\" title=\"As If (British TV series)\">As If</a></i> </td><td>Gabi </td><td>TV series, 1 episode \n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2002 </td><td><i>Covert</i> </td><td>Mother </td><td>(TV Short) \n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\">2003 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Jonathan_Creek\" title=\"Jonathan Creek\">Jonathan Creek</a></i> </td><td>Sergeant Heather Davey </td><td>TV series, 1 episode \n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Rosemary_%26_Thyme\" title=\"Rosemary & Thyme\">Rosemary &amp; Thyme</a></i> </td><td>Kate Pritchard </td><td>TV series, 1 episode \n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Vice_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"The Vice (TV series)\">The Vice</a></i> </td><td>Elizabeth </td><td>TV series, 1 episode \n</td></tr><tr> \n<tdrowspan=\"5\">2004 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Murder_in_Suburbia\" title=\"Murder in Suburbia\">Murder in Suburbia</a></i> </td><td>Grace Bailey </td><td>TV series, 1 episode \n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Red_Cap_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Red Cap (TV series)\">Red Cap</a></i> </td><td>Lt. Col. Julia MacKesy </td><td>TV series, 1 episode \n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Roman_Road_%28film%29\" title=\"Roman Road (film)\">Roman Road</a></i> </td><td>Jenny </td><td> (TV movie) \n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/NY-LON\" title=\"NY-LON\">NY-LON</a></i> </td><td>Tabitha </td><td>TV mini-series, 3 episodes \n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Brief_%282004_TV_series%29\" title=\"The Brief (2004 TV series)\">The Brief</a></i> </td><td>Glen Farmer </td><td>TV series, 1 episode \n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2004-2005 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Hex_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Hex (TV series)\">Hex</a></i> </td><td>Jo Watkins / Jo </td><td>TV series, 10 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2005 </td><td><i>The Stepfather</i> </td><td>Sasha Munro </td><td>(TV movie), billed as Anna Wilson Jones\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2005-2006 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Afterlife_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Afterlife (TV series)\">Afterlife</a></i> </td><td>Jude Bridge </td><td>TV series, 13 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2005-2013 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Midsomer_Murders\" title=\"Midsomer Murders\">Midsomer Murders</a></i> </td><td>Marianna Hartley (2005)/ Emma Harris (2013) </td><td>\"Bantling Boy\", \"Death and the Divas\"\n</td></tr><tr> \n<tdrowspan=\"2\">2006 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Sugar_Rush_%28British_TV_series%29\" title=\"Sugar Rush (British TV series)\">Sugar Rush</a></i> </td><td>Anna </td><td>TV series, 3 episodes, billed as Anna Wilson Jones\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Waterloo_Road_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Waterloo Road (TV series)\">Waterloo Road</a></i> </td><td>Heather Davenport </td><td>TV series, 3 episodes, billed as Anna Wilson Jones\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2007 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Time_of_Your_Life_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"The Time of Your Life (TV series)\">The Time of Your Life</a></i> </td><td>Sally </td><td>TV mini-series, 6 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2007-2010 </td><td><i>Brilliant!</i> </td><td>Sylvia </td><td>TV mini-series, 2 episodes \n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2008 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Ashes_to_Ashes_%28British_TV_series%29\" title=\"Ashes to Ashes (British TV series)\">Ashes to Ashes</a></i> </td><td>Joan Cale </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2009 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Hotel_Babylon_%28BBC_series%29\" title=\"Hotel Babylon (BBC series)\">Hotel Babylon</a></i> </td><td>Juliet Miller </td><td>TV series, 8 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<tdrowspan=\"2\">2010 </td><td><i>Come Rain Come Shine</i> </td><td>Christina Mitchell </td><td>(TV movie), billed as Anna Wilson Jones\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Misfits_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Misfits (TV series)\">Misfits</a></i> </td><td>Laura </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<tdrowspan=\"5\">2011 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Black_Mirror\" title=\"Black Mirror\">Black Mirror</a></i> </td><td>Jane Callow </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/PhoneShop\" title=\"PhoneShop\">PhoneShop</a></i> </td><td>Davinia </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/DCI_Banks\" title=\"DCI Banks\">DCI Banks</a></i> </td><td>Rosalind Rydell </td><td>TV series, 2 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Law_%26_Order:UK\" title=\"UK\">Law &amp; Order: UK</a></i> </td><td>Camilla Mallon </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/The_Night_Watch_%28Waters_novel%29%23TV-movie_adaptation\" title=\"The Night Watch (Waters novel)#TV-movie adaptation\">The Night Watch</a></i> </td><td>Julia Standing </td><td>(TV movie) \n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"3\">2012 </td><td><i>The Life and Adventures of Nick Nickleby</i> </td><td>Ms Knag </td><td>TV mini-series, 4 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Switch_%28British_TV_series%29\" title=\"Switch (British TV series)\">Switch</a></i> </td><td>Phoebe </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Lewis_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Lewis (TV series)\">Lewis</a></i> </td><td>Stanza Massey </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<tdrowspan=\"2\">2016 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Marley%27s_Ghosts\" title=\"Marley's Ghosts\">Marley's Ghosts</a></i> </td><td>Katie Paine </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/New_Blood_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"New Blood (TV series)\">New Blood</a></i> </td><td>Helen Matherson </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2016-2019 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Victoria_%28British_TV_series%29\" title=\"Victoria (British TV series)\">Victoria</a></i> </td><td><a href=\"/wiki/Emma_Portman%2C_Baroness_Portman\" title=\"Emma Portman, Baroness Portman\">Lady Emma Portman</a> </td><td>TV series, 19 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td>2017 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Silent_Witness\" title=\"Silent Witness\">Silent Witness</a></i> </td><td>Ellie Timpson </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<tdrowspan=\"3\">2018 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Succession_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Succession (TV series)\">Succession</a></i> </td><td>Charlotte </td><td>TV series, 2 episodes\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Shakespeare_%26_Hathaway:Private_Investigators\" title=\"Private Investigators\">Shakespeare &amp; Hathaway: Private Investigators</a></i> </td><td>Lady Tania Bede </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr> \n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Casualty_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Casualty (TV series)\">Casualty</a></i> </td><td>Linda Ashworth </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr>\n<tdrowspan=\"2\">2019 </td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Cleaning_Up_%28British_TV_series%29\" title=\"Cleaning Up (British TV series)\">Cleaning Up</a></i> </td><td>Janet </td><td>TV series, 1 episode\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>A Confession</i> </td><td>Jackie </td><td>TV series, 5 episodes in post-production\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td rowspan=\"3\">2020</td><td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Agatha_Raisin_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Agatha Raisin (TV series)\">Agatha Raisin</a></i></td><td>Tiggy Laggat-Brown</td><td>TV series, 2 episodes \"The Deadly Dance\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Vera_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Vera (TV series)\">Vera</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Orla Cossdale\n</td>\n<td>TV series, Episode: \"The Escape Turn\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td><i>Breeders</i>\n</td>\n<td>Mrs Hickson\n</td>\n<td>TV series, Episode: \"No Places\"\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2022\n</td>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Industry_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Industry (TV series)\">Industry</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Holly\n</td>\n<td>TV series, 1 episodes\n</td></tr><tr|-=\"\">\n<td>2024\n</td>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Criminal_Record_%28TV_series%29\" title=\"Criminal Record (TV series)\">Criminal Record</a></i>\n</td>\n<td>Hester Ash\n</td>\n<td>TV series, 2 episodes\n</td></tr><tr>\n<td>2024\n</td>\n<td><i><a href=\"/wiki/Bridgerton\" title=\"Bridgerton\">Bridgerton</a> </i>\n</td>\n<td>Lady Livingston\n</td>\n<td> Recurring role, 6 episodes \n</td></tr></table>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{Reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li>{{IMDb name|id=0934318}}\n</li></ul><p>{{authority control}}\n</p><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Wilson-Jones, Anna}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1970_births\" title=\"1970 births\">Category:1970 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_television_actresses\" title=\"English television actresses\">Category:English television actresses</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Sir_William_Perkins%27s_School\" title=\"People educated at Sir William Perkins's School\">Category:People educated at Sir William Perkins's School</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Actresses_from_Woking\" title=\"Actresses from Woking\">Category:Actresses from Woking</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:20th-century_English_actresses\" title=\"20th-century English actresses\">Category:20th-century English actresses</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:21st-century_English_actresses\" title=\"21st-century English actresses\">Category:21st-century English actresses</a></p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 20585603 ], "name": [ "Bot1058" ] }

{ "title": [ "7th Panzer Division" ], "level": [ 1 ], "content": [ "<p><b>7th Panzer Division</b> may refer to:\n</p><ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/7th_Panzer_Division_%28Wehrmacht%29\" title=\"7th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)\">7th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/7th_Panzer_Division_%28Bundeswehr%29\" title=\"7th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)\">7th Panzer Division (Bundeswehr)</a>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/7th_Panzer_Division_%28East_Germany%29\" title=\"7th Panzer Division (East Germany)\">7th Panzer Division (East Germany)</a>\n</li></ul><p>{{Mil-unit-dis}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 44968710 ], "name": [ "Shaws username" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Gallery", "References", "Sources", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 3, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{Short description|Palace in Rila, Bulgaria}}\n{{mi|{{Refimprove|date=June 2019}}{{more footnotes|date=June 2019}}}}\n{{coord|42|15|30|N|23|35|44|E|region:BG|display=title}}\n<b>Tsarska Bistritsa</b> (\"<a href=\"/wiki/Tsar\" title=\"Tsar\">Tsar</a>'s Bistritsa\"; {{lang-bg|Царска Бистрица}}) is a former royal palace in southwestern <a href=\"/wiki/Bulgaria\" title=\"Bulgaria\">Bulgaria</a>, high in the <a href=\"/wiki/Rila_Mountains\" title=\"Rila Mountains\">Rila Mountains</a>, just above the resort of <a href=\"/wiki/Borovets\" title=\"Borovets\">Borovets</a> and near the banks of the Bistritsa River. Built between 1898 and 1914, it served as the <a href=\"/wiki/Jagdschloss\" title=\"Jagdschloss\">hunting lodge</a> of Tsar <a href=\"/wiki/Ferdinand_of_Bulgaria\" title=\"Ferdinand of Bulgaria\">Ferdinand of Bulgaria</a> and his son <a href=\"/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria\" title=\"Boris III of Bulgaria\">Boris III</a>. \n</p><p>The hunting lodge was nationalized after 1945, when Bulgaria became a <a href=\"/wiki/Communist_state\" title=\"Communist state\">Communist state</a>. The democratic changes of 1989 led to the controversial return of the palace to <a href=\"/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha\" title=\"Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha\">Simeon II</a>, the last monarch of Bulgaria and afterwards a politician, in October 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standartnews.com/archive/2006/02/10/folio/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523002504/http://www.standartnews.com/archive/2006/02/10/folio/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2006|title=\"Бистрица\" дадена без документи - Standart / Стандарт - standartnews.com|date=23 May 2006}}</ref>\n</p><p>The architecture of Tsarska Bistritsa combines, in the spirit of <a href=\"/wiki/Romanticism\" title=\"Romanticism\">Romanticism</a>, elements of the authentic <a href=\"/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Revival\" title=\"Bulgarian National Revival\">Bulgarian National Revival</a> <a href=\"/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Bulgarian_Revival\" title=\"Architecture of the Bulgarian Revival\">style</a> with other European architectural styles and alpine architecture. A cabin from the <a href=\"/wiki/Transatlantic_crossing\" title=\"Transatlantic crossing\">transatlantic</a> ship <i>New America</i> is part of the interior. It was either a gift from the captain or won by Ferdinand during a <a href=\"/wiki/Poker\" title=\"Poker\">poker</a> game. The wooden ceilings and columns in the lodge are richly decorated in a Bulgarian style. Tsarska Bistritsa also has the royal family's collection of hunting trophies filled up for more than half a century.\n</p><p>The palace is powered by a <a href=\"/wiki/Siemens_AG\" title=\"Siemens AG\">Siemens AG</a> 170 <a href=\"/wiki/Kilowatt\" title=\"Kilowatt\">kW</a> (hydroelectric) generator built and installed in 1912. Other structures include a <a href=\"/wiki/Stable\" title=\"Stable\">stable</a>, a <a href=\"/wiki/Chapel\" title=\"Chapel\">chapel</a>, a <a href=\"/wiki/Garage_%28house%29\" title=\"Garage (house)\">garage</a>, a <a href=\"/wiki/Guardhouse\" title=\"Guardhouse\">sentry box</a> and fountains.\n</p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Sitniakovo\" title=\"Sitniakovo\">Sitniakovo</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Saragiol\" title=\"Saragiol\">Saragiol</a> are also located in the <a href=\"/wiki/Rila_Mountains\" title=\"Rila Mountains\">Rila Mountains</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Gallery</h2>\n<p><gallery>\nFile:Trophys.jpg|Royal hunting trophies\nFile:TsarskaBistritsaPowerStation.jpg|Power station exterior\nFile:SiemensGenerator.jpg|Power station interior\n</gallery>\n</p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p><references />\n</p><h3>Sources</h3>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101222024948/http://www.kingsimeon.bg/pages/show/id/183\">Official site of H.M. King Simeon II</a>\n</li><li> {{cite news |first=Antoaneta |last=Peteva |title=Kalina dreaming to live in Tsarska Bistritsa |url=http://www.standartnews.com/archive/2002/09/13/society/s3485_8.htm |publisher=Standart News |date=2002-09-13 |accessdate=2006-10-11 |language=Bulgarian |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.standartnews.com/archive/2002/09/13/society/s3485_8.htm |archivedate=2007-09-27 }}\n</li><li> {{cite news |first=Pavlina |last=Varbanova |title=In Tsarska Bistritsa |url=http://bglog.net/blog/pavlina?bid=8287 |publisher=BGLog.net |date=2006-09-29 | accessdate=2006-10-11 | language=Bulgarian }}\n</li></ul>", "<h3>Sources</h3>\n<ul><li><a href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20101222024948/http://www.kingsimeon.bg/pages/show/id/183\">Official site of H.M. King Simeon II</a>\n</li><li> {{cite news |first=Antoaneta |last=Peteva |title=Kalina dreaming to live in Tsarska Bistritsa |url=http://www.standartnews.com/archive/2002/09/13/society/s3485_8.htm |publisher=Standart News |date=2002-09-13 |accessdate=2006-10-11 |language=Bulgarian |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223905/http://www.standartnews.com/archive/2002/09/13/society/s3485_8.htm |archivedate=2007-09-27 }}\n</li><li> {{cite news |first=Pavlina |last=Varbanova |title=In Tsarska Bistritsa |url=http://bglog.net/blog/pavlina?bid=8287 |publisher=BGLog.net |date=2006-09-29 | accessdate=2006-10-11 | language=Bulgarian }}\n</li></ul>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<p>{{commons category|Tsarska Bistritsa}}\n<ul><li> <a href=\"http://www.pbase.com/ngruev/bistritsa\">Pictures of Tsarska Bistritsa</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><a href=\"/wiki/Category:Residential_buildings_completed_in_1914\" title=\"Residential buildings completed in 1914\">Category:Residential buildings completed in 1914</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Sofia_Province\" title=\"Buildings and structures in Sofia Province\">Category:Buildings and structures in Sofia Province</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Art_Nouveau_architecture_in_Bulgaria\" title=\"Art Nouveau architecture in Bulgaria\">Category:Art Nouveau architecture in Bulgaria</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Royal_residences_in_Bulgaria\" title=\"Royal residences in Bulgaria\">Category:Royal residences in Bulgaria</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Palaces_in_Bulgaria\" title=\"Palaces in Bulgaria\">Category:Palaces in Bulgaria</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Art_Nouveau_houses\" title=\"Art Nouveau houses\">Category:Art Nouveau houses</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Borovets\" title=\"Borovets\">Category:Borovets</a>\n</p><p>{{bulgaria-struct-stub}}</p>" ] }

{ "id": [ 7633470 ], "name": [ "Rcclh" ] }

{ "title": [ "Introduction", "Playing career", "Media career", "Personal life", "Honours", "References", "External links" ], "level": [ 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2 ], "content": [ "<p>{{short description|English footballer}}\n{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}\n{{Infobox football biography\n| name = Andy Hinchcliffe\n| image = \n| fullname = Andrew George Hinchcliffe\n| height = {{height|m=1.78}}\n| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|2|5|df=y}}\n| birth_place = [[Manchester]], England\n| position = [[Defender (association football)|Left-back]]\n| youthyears1= {{0|0000}}–1986\n| youthclubs1= [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]\n| years1 = 1986–1990 | years2 = 1990–1998 | years3 =1998–2002\n| clubs1 = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] | clubs2 = [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] | clubs3 = [[Sheffield Wednesday F.C.|Sheffield Wednesday]]\n| caps1 = 112 | goals1 = 8 | caps2 = 182 | goals2 = 7 | caps3 = 86 | goals3 = 7 | totalcaps = 380 | totalgoals = 22\n| nationalyears1 = 1986 | nationalteam1 = [[England national under-18 football team|England Youth]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 0\n| nationalyears2 = 1988 | nationalyears3 =1996–1998\n| nationalteam2 = [[England national under-21 football team|England U21]] | nationalteam3 =[[England national football team|England]]\n| nationalcaps2 = 1 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalcaps3 = 7 | nationalgoals3 = 0\n}}\n<b>Andrew George Hinchcliffe</b> (born 5 February 1969) is an English former professional <a href=\"/wiki/Association_football\" title=\"Association football\">footballer</a>, sports television pundit, and co-commentator for <a href=\"/wiki/Sky_Sports\" title=\"Sky Sports\">Sky Sports</a>.\n</p><p>As a player, he was a <a href=\"/wiki/Defender_%28association_football%29\" title=\"Defender (association football)\">left-back</a> from 1986 until 2002. He began his career with <a href=\"/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C.\" title=\"Manchester City F.C.\">Manchester City</a> in the old <a href=\"/wiki/Football_League_First_Division\" title=\"Football League First Division\">First Division</a> but later played in the <a href=\"/wiki/Premier_League\" title=\"Premier League\">Premier League</a> for both <a href=\"/wiki/Everton_F.C.\" title=\"Everton F.C.\">Everton</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C.\" title=\"Sheffield Wednesday F.C.\">Sheffield Wednesday</a>. He was part of the Everton side that lifted the <a href=\"/wiki/FA_Cup\" title=\"FA Cup\">FA Cup</a> in 1995. He was also capped seven times by <a href=\"/wiki/England_national_football_team\" title=\"England national football team\">England</a> between 1996 and 1998 having initially won a single cap for the <a href=\"/wiki/England_national_under-21_football_team\" title=\"England national under-21 football team\">England U21</a> team.\n</p><p>Since his retirement, he has worked largely in the media sector as a pundit and co-commentator usually on Sky Sports coverage of the Premier League and the <a href=\"/wiki/EFL_Championship\" title=\"EFL Championship\">Championship</a>.\n</p>", "<h2>Playing career</h2>\n<p>For much of his early life, Hinchcliffe played for Manchester City's academy, coming through with a number of other players who would go on to establish themselves for City's senior side. In 1986 he was part of the side that won the club's first-ever <a href=\"/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup\" title=\"FA Youth Cup\">FA Youth Cup</a> trophy, playing in a team that also featured <a href=\"/wiki/Ian_Brightwell\" title=\"Ian Brightwell\">Ian Brightwell</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Steve_Redmond\" title=\"Steve Redmond\">Steve Redmond</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/David_White_%28English_footballer%29\" title=\"David White (English footballer)\">David White</a>, <a href=\"/wiki/Paul_Lake\" title=\"Paul Lake\">Paul Lake</a> and <a href=\"/wiki/Paul_Moulden\" title=\"Paul Moulden\">Paul Moulden</a>,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/academy/academy-news/archive/2008/april/hinch-recalls-86-fayc-triumph |title=HINCH RECALLS '86 FAYC TRIUMPH |work=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]] |date=14 April 2008 |accessdate=30 April 2022 }}</ref> and which was managed by club legend <a href=\"/wiki/Tony_Book\" title=\"Tony Book\">Tony Book</a>.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/pictures-manchester-city-class-86-6300432 |title=In pictures: Manchester City class of 86 re-union |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=13 November 2013 |accessdate=30 April 2022 }}</ref>\n</p><p>Having started his career with City he established himself as the club's first-choice left-back. Whilst at City, Hinchcliffe was one of the scorers in the <a href=\"/wiki/Manchester_derby\" title=\"Manchester derby\">Manchester derby</a> on 23 September 1989 in a 5–1 victory over <a href=\"/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C.\" title=\"Manchester United F.C.\">Manchester United</a>.<ref>{{cite news \n| title = The last Maine Road derby: your views\n| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/manchester/sport/2002/11/08/manchester_derby.shtml\n| work = BBC Sport\n| date = 9 November 2002\n| access-date =5 October 2007\n}}</ref> Hinchcliffe won the 1995 <a href=\"/wiki/FA_Cup\" title=\"FA Cup\">FA Cup</a> while with Everton and enjoyed the best form of his career at the club, winning seven full England caps. His England debut came in a 3–0 away victory over <a href=\"/wiki/Moldova_national_football_team\" title=\"Moldova national football team\">Moldova</a> on 1 September 1996, in what was manager <a href=\"/wiki/Glenn_Hoddle\" title=\"Glenn Hoddle\">Glenn Hoddle</a>'s first game in charge.<ref>{{cite news \n| title = England Expects\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/1192973.stm\n| work = BBC Sport\n| date = 27 February 2001\n| access-date =5 October 2007\n}}</ref>\n</p><p>After injuring his cruciate ligament in December 1996, Hinchcliffe did not return until September 1997, with Everton then under new management after <a href=\"/wiki/Howard_Kendall\" title=\"Howard Kendall\">Howard Kendall</a> had replaced Joe Royle. Kendall was not known to be a big Hinchliffe fan, having sold him previously whilst Manchester City manager. He was subsequently sold by the Toffees to Sheffield Wednesday five months into Kendall's reign for £2.65m where he played for a further four years.\n</p><p>Hinchcliffe retired from playing football in March 2002 following surgery on his left knee.<ref>{{cite news \n| title = Hinchcliffe forced to quit\n| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/s/sheff_wed/1896444.stm\n| work = BBC Sport\n| date = 27 March 2002\n| access-date =5 October 2007\n}}</ref> He only made two appearances in his final season at the club (2001–02), one of which was in the League Cup semifinal first leg against Blackburn Rovers,<ref>{{cite news \n|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/premier-league/cole-helps-blackburn-to-seize-advantage-662646.html?cmp=ilc-n\n|title=Cole helps Blackburn to seize advantage\n|work=[[The Independent]] \n|date=8 January 2002 |access-date=18 April 2010\n| location=London\n| first=Tim\n| last=Rich}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> the other in the league against Crewe Alexandra.<ref>{{cite news \n|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/eng_div_1/1753058.stm\n|title=Sheff Wed 1–0 Crewe\n|publisher=[[BBC]] \n|date=12 January 2002 |access-date=18 April 2010}}</ref>\n</p>", "<h2>Media career</h2>\n<p>Hinchcliffe now works as a co-commentator on <a href=\"/wiki/Sky_Sports\" title=\"Sky Sports\">Sky Sports</a>. He does co-commentary for both Premier League and Championship games, as well as some Manchester City games in the <a href=\"/wiki/FA_Women%27s_Super_League\" title=\"FA Women's Super League\">Women's Super League</a>. He also sometimes appears on Sky Sports News in the morning with other football guests to talk about transfers and games that have gone on recently.\n</p>", "<h2>Personal life</h2>\n<p>Hinchcliffe was educated at Manchester's William Hulme's Grammar School for Boys, a rugby-playing school.\n</p>", "<h2>Honours</h2>\n<p><b>Manchester City</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup\" title=\"FA Youth Cup\">FA Youth Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/FA_Youth_Cup_Finals_of_the_1980s\" title=\"FA Youth Cup Finals of the 1980s\">1985–86</a><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mancity.com/news/academy/academy-news/archive/2008/april/hinch-recalls-86-fayc-triumph|title=HINCH RECALLS '86 FAYC TRIUMPH|date=14 April 2008|publisher=[[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]|website=mancity.com}}</ref>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Everton</b>\n<ul><li> <a href=\"/wiki/FA_Cup\" title=\"FA Cup\">FA Cup</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1995_FA_Cup_Final\" title=\"1995 FA Cup Final\">1994–95</a><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.planetfootball.com/in-depth/andy-hinchcliffe-on-evertons-set-piece-success-and-willie-donachies-key-role/|title=Andy Hinchcliffe on Everton's set-piece success and Willie Donachie's key role|date=1 July 2020|author=Baldi, Ryan|publisher=Planet Football|website=planetfootball.com}}</ref>\n</li><li> <a href=\"/wiki/FA_Community_Shield\" title=\"FA Community Shield\">FA Charity Shield</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1995_FA_Charity_Shield\" title=\"1995 FA Charity Shield\">1995</a>\n</li></ul></p><p><b>Individual</b>\n<ul><li><a href=\"/wiki/PFA_Team_of_the_Year\" title=\"PFA Team of the Year\">PFA Team of the Year</a>: <a href=\"/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Football_League%23Second_Division\" title=\"1987–88 Football League#Second Division\">1987–88 Second Division</a><ref>{{cite book |last=Lynch |title=The Official P.F.A. Footballers Heroes |page=147}}</ref>\n</li></ul></p>", "<h2>References</h2>\n<p>{{reflist}}\n</p>", "<h2>External links</h2>\n<ul><li>{{Soccerbase}}\n{{1987–88 Football League Second Division PFA Team of the Year}}\n</li></ul><p>{{DEFAULTSORT:Hinchcliffe, Andy}}\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_men%27s_footballers\" title=\"English men's footballers\">Category:English men's footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:England_men%27s_international_footballers\" title=\"England men's international footballers\">Category:England men's international footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:England_men%27s_under-21_international_footballers\" title=\"England men's under-21 international footballers\">Category:England men's under-21 international footballers</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Men%27s_association_football_defenders\" title=\"Men's association football defenders\">Category:Men's association football defenders</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Manchester_City_F.C._players\" title=\"Manchester City F.C. players\">Category:Manchester City F.C. players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Everton_F.C._players\" title=\"Everton F.C. players\">Category:Everton F.C. players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C._players\" title=\"Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players\">Category:Sheffield Wednesday F.C. players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Premier_League_players\" title=\"Premier League players\">Category:Premier League players</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Footballers_from_Manchester\" title=\"Footballers from Manchester\">Category:Footballers from Manchester</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:1969_births\" title=\"1969 births\">Category:1969 births</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:Living_people\" title=\"Living people\">Category:Living people</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_William_Hulme%27s_Grammar_School\" title=\"People educated at William Hulme's Grammar School\">Category:People educated at William Hulme's Grammar School</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_association_football_commentators\" title=\"English association football commentators\">Category:English association football commentators</a>\n<a href=\"/wiki/Category:English_Football_League_players\" title=\"English Football League players\">Category:English Football League players</a></p>" ] }