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17173670 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus%20Riley | Marcus Riley | Marcus Riley (born April 14, 1985) is a former American football linebacker. He was signed by the Green Bay Packers as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Fresno State.
Riley has also been a member of the St. Louis Rams and Chicago Bears.
Personal
Riley is a cousin of former NFL wide receiver Henry Ellard.
External links
Chicago Bears bio
Fresno State Bulldogs bio
1985 births
Living people
Players of American football from Sacramento, California
American football linebackers
Fresno State Bulldogs football players
Green Bay Packers players
St. Louis Rams players
Chicago Bears players
Las Vegas Locomotives players |
17173724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Garner | Jack Garner | Jack Garner (born Jack Edward Bumgarner; September 19, 1926 – September 13, 2011) was an American actor. He was the elder brother of James Garner.
Early life and career
Garner was born in Norman, Oklahoma, the son of Mildred Scott (née Meek) and Weldon Warren "Bill" Bumgarner. He was the second of three boys including actor James Garner (youngest) and Charles Bumgarner (oldest). The family operated a general store on Denver Corner in eastern Norman. The boys were sent to live with relatives after their mother died, while Garner's father remarried several times.
Garner was a star athlete at Norman High School, playing on the state championship basketball team in 1945. Jack Garner played as a minor league baseball pitcher for a team affiliated with the Pittsburgh Pirates for eleven years. He then worked for several golf courses in Florida after leaving the minor leagues.Years later, brother James Garner wrote about Garner's athletic abilities in his memoir, "At Norman High, he was a point guard on a championship basketball team and quarterbacked an all-state football team...But his best sport was baseball: Jack was a pitcher in the Pittsburgh Pirates organization for 11 years. He was a better athlete than I was and a lot more outgoing. I was always in his footsteps."
Garner became a longtime member of the Professional Golfers' Association, played competitively, and later became a golf pro at Oakmont Country Club in Glendale, California. His golf experience allowed him to coach at the country club and elsewhere. Garner taught Dan Aykroyd, his brother's co-star in the 1996 film My Fellow Americans, to properly swing a golf club for a scene in that movie.
Acting
Jack and James eventually moved to Los Angeles to reconnect with their father, who had relocated to southern California. Both changed their names to Garner after the move west. The third brother, Charles Bumgarner, who died in 1984 at the age of 60, remained in Norman and became a school administrator. Jack Garner entertained as the lead singer for the Coconut Grove nightclub, located in the now defunct Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles early in his career.
Garner began acting in television during the late 1960s. His roles included guest appearances on Love, American Style; The Bionic Woman; The Doris Day Show; Daniel Boone; The Green Hornet; Mannix; Medical Center and Murder, She Wrote. He appeared in The Rockford Files in more than twenty episodes of the show, usually in bit roles, though he assumed the recurring supporting role of the indecisive, fence-sitting Captain McEnroe in the show's final season. Garner later appeared in Bret Maverick portraying Jack the Bartender from 1981 to 1982. Garner reprised his Rockford Files role of McEnroe in a series of television movies based on the series from 1996 to 1999.
Garner's film roles included Wild Rovers in 1971, Maverick in 1994, My Fellow Americans in 1996 and Sunset in 1988.
Garner suffered a fall in September 2011, which resulted in a broken hip. Doctors determined that his heart was not strong enough to withstand surgery to repair the hip so Garner was transferred to a facility for long-term care. However, his condition suddenly worsened within one week. Garner died at a hospice in Rancho Mirage, California, near his home in Palm Desert, on September 13, 2011, six days shy of his 85th birthday. He was survived by his former wife, Betty Bumgarner; his daughter, Liz Bumgarner, and son-in-law, Don Dykstra (they have no children); and younger brother, James Garner. His memorial service was held at the Wiefels Mortuary in Palm Springs, California.
Selected filmography
References
External links
1926 births
2011 deaths
American male film actors
American male television actors
Minor league baseball players
Hornell Maples players
Bartlesville Oilers players
Leesburg Pirates players
Uniontown Coal Barons players
Albany Senators players
Waco Pirates players
Texarkana Bears players
Decatur Commodores players
Port Arthur Sea Hawks players
People from Norman, Oklahoma
People from Palm Desert, California
Accidental deaths from falls
Accidental deaths in California |
17173725 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremlin%20pool | Kremlin pool | The Kremlin pool (), also President's pool is a group of Russian journalists accredited to regularly cover the activities of the President of Russia and the top Russian government.
Yelena Tregubova in her book The tales of a Kremlin digger spoke about the behind-the-scenes activities of the Kremlin pool of Boris Yeltsin and the early years of Vladimir Putin, attracting an angry reaction from the Kremlin.
Notable journalists
(since 2001)
Boris Grishchenko (late 1970s - 2004)
Yelena Tregubova (1997-2001)
Margarita Simonyan (2002-2005)
Natalya Melikova (since 2002)
Dmitry Glukhovsky (mid 2000s)
See also
White House press corps
References
Russian journalism organizations |
17173732 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto%20%28disambiguation%29 | Shinto (disambiguation) | Shinto is the native religion of Japan and was once its state religion.
Shinto or Shintō may also refer to:
Shintō, Gunma, a village in Gunma Prefecture, Japan
Shinto (character) or Tenshinhan, a character in Dragon Ball media
A Javanese spelling of the Hindu goddess Sita.
See also
Shinto gods or kami
Shinto in Taiwan
Shinto music..
Shintō Musō-ryū
Shintō Musō-ryū Jo Kata |
17173779 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican%20region | Mesoamerican region | The Mesoamerican region (often abbreviated MAR) is a trans-national economic region in the Americas that is recognized by the OECD and other economic and developmental organizations, comprising the united economies of the seven countries in Central America – Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama; plus nine south–eastern states of Mexico – Campeche, Chiapas, Guerrero, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, and Yucatán.
Designated as an 'economic territory' by the OECD, the identification of the Mesoamerican region as a focus for common regional economic development has been observed since the adoption in 2001 by the signatory countries of the Puebla-Panama Plan (PPP), an initiative intended to foster regional integration and development across southeastern Mexico and the countries of Central America. The PPP also includes the country of Colombia; other than this, the territory and governments involved with the PPP are the same as those covered by OECD's Mesoamerican region.
Situated within the wider region of Middle America (on the tapering isthmus of southern North America), the geographical region defined by the MAR loosely correlates with that of Mesoamerica, the pre-Columbian culture area defined and identified by archaeologists, anthropologists, linguists and ethnohistorians. For several thousand years prior to the European colonization of the Americas beginning in the early 16th century, the diverse cultures and civilizations of Mesoamerica also shared in common a number of broad cultural, historical and linguistic traits. The modern-day indigenous populations who are the descendants of pre-Columbian cultures number roughly over 11 million people (approx. 17.2% of total regional population) spread across the MAR economic territory, and are largely among the most disadvantaged and marginalized groups in the region.
See also
Americas (terminology)
Notes
References
External links
Economic geography
Economy of North America
Economy of Central America
OECD |
17173785 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heath%20Ledger | Heath Ledger | Heath Andrew Ledger (4 April 1979 – 22 January 2008) was an Australian actor. After playing roles in several Australian television and film productions during the 1990s, he moved to the United States in 1998 to further develop his film career. His work consisted of 20 films in a variety of genres, including 10 Things I Hate About You (1999), The Patriot (2000), A Knight's Tale (2001), Monster's Ball (2001), Casanova (2005), Lords of Dogtown (2005), Brokeback Mountain (2005), Candy (2006), I'm Not There (2007), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus (2009), the latter two of which were posthumously released. He also produced and directed music videos and aspired to be a film director.
For his portrayal of Ennis Del Mar in Ang Lee's Brokeback Mountain, he received nominations for the BAFTA Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Actor, becoming the eighth-youngest nominee in the category at that time. In 2007 he played a fictional actor, Robbie Clark, one of six characters embodying aspects of Bob Dylan's life and persona in Todd Haynes' I'm Not There.
Ledger died in January 2008 as a result of an accidental overdose of medications. A few months before his death, he finished filming his role as the Joker in The Dark Knight; the performance brought him universal acclaim and popularity, and numerous posthumous awards including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, and the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor.
Early life and education
Ledger was born in Perth, Western Australia to Sally Ramshaw, a French teacher, and Kim Ledger, a racing car driver and mining engineer whose family established and owned the Ledger Engineering Foundry. The Sir Frank Ledger Charitable Trust is named after his great-grandfather. He had English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry. Ledger attended Mary's Mount Primary School in Gooseberry Hill, and later Guildford Grammar School, where he had his first acting experiences, starring in a school production as Peter Pan at age ten. His parents separated when he was ten and divorced when he was eleven. Ledger's older sister Kate, an actress and later a publicist, to whom he was very close, inspired his acting on stage; and his love of Gene Kelly inspired his successful choreography, leading to Guildford Grammar's 60-member team's "first all-boy victory" at the Rock Eisteddfod Challenge. Ledger's two half-sisters are Ashleigh Bell (b. 1990), his mother's daughter with her second husband Roger Bell; and Olivia Ledger (b. 1996), his father's daughter with his second wife Emma Brown.
Acting career
1990s
After sitting for early graduation exams at age 16 to get his diploma, Ledger left school to pursue an acting career. With Trevor DiCarlo, his best friend since the age of three, Ledger drove across Australia from Perth to Sydney, returning to Perth to take a small role in Clowning Around (1992), the first part of a two-part television series, and to work on the TV series Sweat (1996), in which he played a cyclist. From 1993 to 1997, Ledger also had parts in the Perth television series Ship to Shore (1993); Ledger also had parts in the short-lived Fox Broadcasting Company fantasy-drama Roar (1997); in Home and Away (1997), one of Australia's most successful television shows; and in the Australian film Blackrock (1997), his feature film debut. In 1999, he starred in the teen comedy 10 Things I Hate About You and in the acclaimed Australian crime film Two Hands, directed by Gregor Jordan.
2000s
In the early 2000s, he starred in supporting roles as Gabriel Martin, the eldest son of Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson), in The Patriot (2000), and as Sonny Grotowski, the son of Hank Grotowski (Billy Bob Thornton), in Monster's Ball (2001); as well as leading or title roles in A Knight's Tale (2001), The Four Feathers (2002), The Order (2003), Ned Kelly (2003), Casanova (2005), The Brothers Grimm (2005), and Lords of Dogtown (2005). In 2001, he won a ShoWest Award as "Male Star of Tomorrow".
Ledger received "Best Actor of 2005" awards from both the New York Film Critics Circle and the San Francisco Film Critics Circle for his performance in Brokeback Mountain, in which he plays Wyoming ranch hand Ennis Del Mar, who has a love affair with aspiring rodeo rider Jack Twist, played by Jake Gyllenhaal. He also received the nominations for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor — Motion Picture Drama, a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role, a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, and an Academy Award for Best Actor for this performance, making him, at age 26, the eight-youngest nominee in the category. In The New York Times review of the film, critic Stephen Holden writes: "Both Mr. Ledger and Mr. Gyllenhaal make this anguished love story physically palpable. Mr. Ledger magically and mysteriously disappears beneath the skin of his lean, sinewy character. It is a great screen performance, as good as the best of Marlon Brando and Sean Penn." In a review in Rolling Stone, Peter Travers states: "Ledger's magnificent performance is an acting miracle. He seems to tear it from his insides. Ledger doesn't just know how Ennis moves, speaks and listens; he knows how he breathes. To see him inhale the scent of a shirt hanging in Jack's closet is to take measure of the pain of love lost."
After Brokeback Mountain, Ledger costarred with fellow Australian Abbie Cornish in the 2006 Australian film Candy, an adaptation of the 1998 novel Candy: A Novel of Love and Addiction, as young heroin addicts in love attempting to break free of their addiction, whose mentor is played by Geoffrey Rush; for his performance as sometime poet Dan, Ledger was nominated for three "Best Actor" awards, including one of the Film Critics Circle of Australia Awards, which both Cornish and Rush won in their categories. Shortly after the release of Candy, Ledger was invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. As one of six actors embodying different aspects of the life of Bob Dylan in the 2007 film I'm Not There, directed by Todd Haynes, Ledger "won praise for his portrayal of 'Robbie [Clark],' a moody, counter-culture actor who represents the romanticist side of Dylan, but says accolades are never his motivation". Posthumously, on 23 February 2008, he shared the 2007 Independent Spirit Robert Altman Award with the rest of the film's ensemble cast, its director, and its casting director.
In his penultimate film role, Ledger played the Joker in Christopher Nolan's 2008 film The Dark Knight, which was released nearly six months after his death. While working on the film in London, Ledger told Sarah Lyall in their New York Times interview that he viewed The Dark Knights Joker as a "psychopathic, mass murdering, schizophrenic clown with zero empathy". For his performance in The Dark Knight, Ledger posthumously won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (becoming the fourth-youngest winner of the award) which his family accepted on his behalf, as well as numerous other posthumous awards, including the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor, which Nolan accepted for him. At the time of his death on 22 January 2008, Ledger had completed about half of the work for his final film role as Tony in Terry Gilliam's The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus. Gilliam chose to adapt the film after his death by having fellow actors (and friends of Ledger) Johnny Depp, Jude Law, and Colin Farrell play "fantasy transformations" of his character so that Ledger's final performance could be seen in theatres.
Directorial work
Ledger had aspirations to become a film director and had made some music videos with his production company The Masses, which director Todd Haynes praised highly in his tribute to Ledger upon accepting the ISP Robert Altman Award, which Ledger posthumously shared, on 23 February 2008. In 2006, Ledger directed music videos for the title track on Australian hip hop artist N'fa's CD debut solo album Cause An Effect and for the single "Seduction Is Evil (She's Hot)". Later that year, Ledger inaugurated a new record label, The Masses Music, with singer Ben Harper and also directed a music video for Harper's song "Morning Yearning".
At a news conference at the 2007 Venice Film Festival, Ledger spoke of his desire to make a documentary film about the British singer-songwriter Nick Drake, who died in 1974, at the age of 26, from an overdose of an antidepressant. Ledger created and acted in a music video set to Drake's recording of the singer's 1974 song about depression "Black Eyed Dog" — a title "inspired by Winston Churchill's descriptive term for depression" (black dog); it was shown publicly only twice, first at the Bumbershoot Festival, in Seattle, held from 1 to 3 September 2007; and secondly as part of "A Place To Be: A Celebration of Nick Drake", with its screening of Their Place: Reflections On Nick Drake, "a series of short filmed homages to Nick Drake" (including Ledger's), sponsored by American Cinematheque, at the Grauman's Egyptian Theatre, in Hollywood, on 5 October 2007. After Ledger's death, his music video for "Black Eyed Dog" was shown on the Internet and excerpted in news clips distributed via YouTube.
He was working with Scottish screenwriter and producer Allan Scott on an adaptation of the 1983 novel The Queen's Gambit by Walter Tevis, which would have been his first feature film as a director. He also intended to act in the film, with Canadian actor Elliot Page proposed in the lead role. Ledger's final directorial work, in which he shot two music videos before his death, premiered in 2009. The music videos, completed for Modest Mouse and Grace Woodroofe, include an animated feature for Modest Mouse's song "King Rat", and the Woodroofe video for her cover of David Bowie's "Quicksand". The "King Rat" video premiered on 4 August 2009.
Personal life
Ledger was an avid chess player, and had participated in tournaments when he was young. As an adult, he often played with other chess enthusiasts at Washington Square Park in Manhattan. He was a fan of West Coast Eagles, an Australian rules football team that competes in the Australian Football League (AFL) and is based in his hometown of Perth.
Ledger was an "obsessive" photographer who loved taking stills, then drawing over them with paint, markers or nail polish.
Relationships
Ledger had relationships with Lisa Zane, Christina Cauchi, Heather Graham, and Naomi Watts.
In 2004, he began a relationship with actress Michelle Williams after meeting her on the set of Brokeback Mountain. Their daughter, Matilda Rose, was born on 28 October 2005 in New York City. Matilda's godparents are Brokeback Mountain co-star Jake Gyllenhaal and Williams' Dawson's Creek co-star Busy Philipps. In January 2006, Ledger listed his residence in Bronte, New South Wales for sale and returned to the US, where he shared a house with Williams in Boerum Hill, Brooklyn from 2005 to 2007. In September 2007, Williams' father confirmed to The Daily Telegraph that Ledger and Williams had broken up.
After his breakup with Williams, the tabloid press and other public media linked Ledger romantically with supermodels Helena Christensen and Gemma Ward. In 2011, Ward stated that the pair had begun dating in November 2007 and that their families had spent that year's Christmas together in their hometown of Perth.
Press controversies
Ledger's relationship with the Australian press was sometimes turbulent, and it led to his abandonment of plans for his family to reside part-time in Sydney. In 2004, he strongly denied press reports alleging that "he spat at journalists on the Sydney set of the film Candy", or that one of his relatives had done so later, outside Ledger's Sydney home. On 13 January 2006, "Several members of the paparazzi retaliated ... squirting Ledger and Williams with water pistols on the red carpet at the Sydney premiere of Brokeback Mountain".
After his performance on stage at the 2005 Screen Actors Guild Awards, when he had giggled in presenting Brokeback Mountain as a nominee for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture, the Los Angeles Times referred to his presentation as an "apparent gay spoof". Ledger called the Times later and explained that his levity resulted from stage fright, saying that he had been told that he would be presenting the award only minutes earlier; he stated: "I am so sorry and I apologise for my nervousness. I would be absolutely horrified if my stage fright was misinterpreted as a lack of respect for the film, the topic and for the amazing filmmakers."
After learning that two cinemas in Utah refused to show Brokeback Mountain, Ledger said: "I don't think the movie is [controversial] but I think maybe the Mormons in Utah do. I think it's hilarious and very immature of a society". In the same interview with the Herald Sun newspaper, Ledger mistakenly claimed that lynchings had occurred in West Virginia as recently as the 1980s; state scholars disputed his statement, asserting that no documented lynchings had occurred in West Virginia since 1931.
Health problems and drug use
In an interview with Sarah Lyall, published in The New York Times on 4 November 2007, Ledger stated that he often could not sleep when taking on roles, and that the role of the Joker in The Dark Knight (2008) was causing his usual insomnia: "Last week I probably slept an average of two hours a night. ... I couldn't stop thinking. My body was exhausted, and my mind was still going." At that time, he told Lyall that he had taken two Ambien pills, after taking just one had not sufficed, and those left him in "a stupor, only to wake up an hour later, his mind still racing".
Prior to his return to New York City from his last film assignment in London, in January 2008, while he was apparently suffering from some kind of respiratory illness, he reportedly complained to his The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus co-star Christopher Plummer that he was continuing to have difficulty sleeping and taking pills to help with that problem: "Confirming earlier reports that Ledger hadn't been feeling well on set, Plummer said: 'we all caught colds because we were shooting outside on horrible, damp nights. But Heath's went on and I don't think he dealt with it immediately with the antibiotics.... I think what he did have was the walking pneumonia.' [...] On top of that, 'He was saying all the time, 'dammit, I can't sleep'... and he was taking all these pills to help him'".
Speaking to Interview magazine after Ledger's death, Michelle Williams confirmed reports that the actor had experienced trouble sleeping: "For as long as I'd known him, he had bouts with insomnia. He had too much energy. His mind was turning, turning, turning – always turning".
Ledger was "widely reported to have struggled with substance abuse". Following Ledger's death, Entertainment Tonight aired video footage from 2006 in which Ledger stated that he "used to smoke five joints a day for 20 years" and news outlets reported that his drug abuse had prompted Williams to request that he move out of their apartment in Brooklyn. Ledger's publicist asserted that reportage regarding Ledger's alleged drug use had been inaccurate.
Death
At around 3 p.m. Eastern Standard Time on 22 January 2008, Ledger was found unconscious in his bed by his housekeeper, Teresa Solomon, and his massage therapist, Diana Wolozin, in his loft at 421 Broome Street in the SoHo neighbourhood of Manhattan.
According to police, Wolozin, who had arrived early for a 3 p.m. appointment with Ledger, telephoned his friend Mary-Kate Olsen for help. Olsen, who was in Los Angeles at the time, directed her New York City private security guard to go to the scene. At 3:26 p.m., "less than 15 minutes after she first saw him in bed and only a few moments after the first call to Ms. Olsen", Wolozin dialed 911 "to say that Mr. Ledger was not breathing". At the urging of the 911 operator, Wolozin administered CPR, which was unsuccessful in reviving him.
Paramedics and emergency medical technicians arrived seven minutes later, at 3:33 p.m. ("at almost exactly the same moment as a private security guard summoned by Ms. Olsen") but were also unable to revive him. At 3:36 p.m., Ledger was pronounced dead, and his body was removed from the apartment. He was 28 years old.
Autopsy and toxicology report
On 6 February 2008, the Office of Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York released its conclusions. Those conclusions were based on an initial autopsy that occurred 23 January 2008, and a subsequent complete toxicological analysis. The report concluded that Ledger died "as the result of acute intoxication by the combined effects of oxycodone, hydrocodone, diazepam, temazepam, alprazolam and doxylamine". It added: "We have concluded that the manner of death is accident[al], resulting from the abuse of prescribed medications."
While the medications found in the toxicological analysis may be prescribed in the United States for insomnia, anxiety, pain or common cold symptoms (doxylamine), the vast majority of the country’s physicians would be extremely reluctant to prescribe multiple benzodiazepines (e.g. diazepam, alprazolam and temazepam) to a single patient, let alone to prescribe such medications to a patient already taking a mix of oxycodone and hydrocodone. Although the Associated Press and other outlets reported that police estimated Ledger's death occurred between 1 p.m. and 2:45 p.m. on 22 January 2008, the Medical Examiner's Office announced that it would not publicly disclose the official estimated time of death. The official announcement of the cause and manner of Ledger's death heightened concerns about the growing problems of prescription drug abuse or misuse and combined drug intoxication (CDI).
In 2017, Jason Payne-James, a forensic pathologist, asserted that Ledger might have survived if hydrocodone and oxycodone had been left out of the combination of drugs that the actor took just prior to his death. He furthermore stated that the mixture of drugs, combined with a possible chest infection, caused Ledger to stop breathing.
Federal investigation
Late in February 2008, a DEA investigation of medical professionals relating to Ledger's death exonerated two American physicians, who practice in Los Angeles and Houston, of any wrongdoing, determining that "the doctors in question had prescribed Ledger other medications – not the pills that killed him."
On 4 August 2008, Mary-Kate Olsen's attorney Michael Miller issued a statement denying that Olsen supplied Ledger with the drugs causing his death and asserting that she did not know their source. In his statement, Miller said specifically, "Despite tabloid speculation, Mary-Kate Olsen had nothing whatsoever to do with the drugs found in Heath Ledger's home or his body, and she does not know where he obtained them."
After a flurry of further media speculation, on 6 August 2008, the US Attorney's Office in Manhattan closed its investigation into Ledger's death without filing any charges and rendering moot its subpoena of Olsen. With the clearing of the two doctors and Olsen, and the closing of the investigation because the prosecutors in the Manhattan US Attorney's Office "don't believe there's a viable target," it is still not known how Ledger obtained the oxycodone and hydrocodone in the lethal drug combination that killed him.
Effect on fans
Eleven months after Ledger's death, on 23 December 2008, Jake Coyle, writing for the Associated Press, announced that "Heath Ledger's death was voted 2008's top entertainment story by US newspaper and broadcast editors surveyed by The Associated Press". He claimed that this was partially a result of the "shock and confusion" surrounding the circumstances of Ledger's death, as well as due to Ledger's "legacy [...] in a roundly acclaimed performance as the Joker in the year's biggest box office hit The Dark Knight.
Controversy over will
After Ledger's death, in response to some press reports about his will, filed in New York City on 28 February 2008, and his daughter's access to his financial legacy, his father, Kim Ledger, said that he considered the financial well-being of Heath's daughter Matilda Rose an "absolute priority," whilst also stating that her mother, Michelle Williams, was "an integral part of our family". He added, "They will be taken care of and that's how Heath would want it to be". Some of Ledger's relatives may be challenging the legal status of his will signed in 2003, prior to his involvement with Williams and the birth of their daughter and not updated to include them, which divides half of his estate between his parents and half among his siblings; they claim that there is a second, unsigned will, which leaves most of that estate to Matilda Rose. Williams' father, Larry Williams, has also joined the controversy about Ledger's will, as it was filed in New York City soon after his death.
On 31 March 2008, stimulating another controversy pertaining to Ledger's estate, Gemma Jones and Janet Fife-Yeomans published an "Exclusive" report, in The Daily Telegraph, citing Ledger's uncle Haydn Ledger and other family members, who "believe the late actor may have fathered a secret love child" when he was 17, and stating that "If it is confirmed that Ledger is the girl's biological father, it could split his multi-million dollar estate between ... Matilda Rose ... and his secret love child." A few days later, reports citing telephone interviews with Ledger's uncles Haydn and Mike Ledger and the family of the other little girl, published in OK! and Us Weekly, "denied" those "claims", with Ledger's uncles and the little girl's mother and stepfather describing them as unfounded "rumors" distorted and exaggerated by the media.
On 15 July 2008, Fife-Yeomans reported further, via Australian News Limited, that "While Ledger left everything to his parents and three sisters, it is understood they have legal advice that under Western Australia law, Matilda Rose is entitled to the lion's share" of his estate; its executors, Kim Ledger's former business colleague Robert John Collins and Geraldton accountant William Mark Dyson, "have applied for probate in the West Australian Supreme Court in Perth, advertising for 'creditors and other persons' having claims on the estate to lodge them by 11 August 2008 ... to ensure all debts are paid before the estate is distributed...." According to this report by Fife-Yeomans, earlier reports citing Ledger's uncles, and subsequent reports citing Ledger's father, which do not include his actual posthumous earnings, "his entire fortune, mostly held in Australian trusts, is likely to be worth up to $20 million."
On 27 September 2008, Ledger's father Kim stated that "the family has agreed to leave the US$16.3 million fortune to Matilda," adding: "There is no claim. Our family has gifted everything to Matilda." In October 2008, Forbes estimated Ledger's annual earnings from October 2007 through October 2008 — including his posthumous share of The Dark Knights gross income of "US$1 billion in box office revenue worldwide" — as "US$20 million".
Legacy
Memorial tributes and services
As the news of Ledger's death became public, throughout the night of 22 January 2008, and the following day, media crews, mourners, fans, and other onlookers began gathering outside his apartment building, with some leaving flowers or other memorial tributes.
The following day, at 10:50 am Australian time, Ledger's parents and sister appeared outside his mother's house in Applecross, a riverside suburb of Perth, and read a short statement to the media expressing their grief and desire for privacy. Within the next few days, memorial tributes were communicated by family members; the Prime Minister of Australia, Kevin Rudd; the Deputy Premier of Western Australia, Eric Ripper; Warner Bros. (distributor of The Dark Knight) and thousands of Ledger's fans around the world.
Several actors made statements expressing their sorrow at Ledger's death, including Daniel Day-Lewis, who dedicated his Screen Actors Guild Award to him, saying that he was inspired by Ledger's acting; Day-Lewis praised Ledger's performances in Monster's Ball and Brokeback Mountain, describing the latter as "unique, perfect". Verne Troyer, who was working with Ledger on The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus at the time of his death, had a heart shape, an exact duplicate of a symbol that Ledger scrawled on a piece of paper with his email address, tattooed on his hand in remembrance of Ledger because Ledger "had made such an impression on [him]". On 1 February, in her first public statement after Ledger's death, Michelle Williams expressed her heartbreak and described Ledger's spirit as surviving in their daughter.
After attending private memorial ceremonies in Los Angeles, Ledger's family members returned with his body to Perth. On 9 February, a memorial service attended by several hundred invited guests was held at Penrhos College, attracting considerable press attention; afterward Ledger's body was cremated at Fremantle Cemetery, followed by a private service attended by only 10 of his closest family members, with his ashes interred later in a family plot at Karrakatta Cemetery, next to two of his grandparents. Later that night, his family and friends gathered for a wake on Cottesloe Beach.
The Eskimo Joe song "Foreign Land" was written as a tribute to Ledger. The band were in New York at the time of his death.
In January 2011, the State Theatre Centre of Western Australia in Ledger's home town of Perth named a 575-seat theatre the Heath Ledger Theatre after him. For the opening of the theatre, Ledger's Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor was on display in the theatre's foyer along with his Joker costume.
Bon Iver's "Perth" was inspired by Heath Ledger. Justin Vernon, the lead singer and songwriter of the American indie folk band, revealed back in 2011 that he had begun working on the song in 2008 and was scheduled to meet with a music video director who was good friends with Ledger, Matt Amato. "The first thing I worked on, the riff and the beginning melodies, was the first song on the record, 'Perth,'" Vernon told Exclaim!. Amato was directing the band's "The Wolves (Act I & II)" music video the day that Ledger died. "It was no longer about just making a Bon Iver music video anymore," Vernon says. "This was now our chance to be there with Matt as he grieved. It was a three-day wake." Amato told Vernon stories about Ledger that eventually became the inspiration for "Perth," the opening track to the band's second studio album Bon Iver, Bon Iver (2011).
Method and style
Portraying a variety of roles, from romantic heroes to tragic characters, Ledger created a hodgepodge of characters that are deliberately unlike one another, stating: "I feel like I am wasting my time if I repeat myself". He also reflected on his inability to be happy with his work, "I feel the same thing about everything I do. The day I say, 'It's good' is the day I should start doing something else." Ledger liked to wait between jobs so that he would start creatively hungry on new projects. In his own words, acting was about harnessing "the infinite power of belief," thus using belief as a tool for creating.
Directors who have worked with the actor praised him for his creativity, seriousness, and intuition. "I've never felt as old as I did watching Heath explore his talents," The Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan has written, expressing amazement over the actor's working process, genuine curiosity and charisma. Marc Forster, who directed Ledger in Monster's Ball, complimented him as taking the job "very seriously", being disciplined, observant, understanding, and intuitive. In 2007, director Todd Haynes compared Ledger's presence to actor James Dean, casting Ledger as Robbie Clarke, a fictive personification of Bob Dylan in I'm Not There. Drawing on the similar characteristics between the actors, Haynes further highlighted Ledger's "precocious seriousness" and intuition. He also felt that Ledger had a rare maturity beyond his years." Ledger, however, disconnected himself and acting from perfectionism. "I'm always gonna pull myself apart and dissect [the work]. I mean, there's no such thing as perfection in what [actors] do. Pornos are more perfect than we are, because they're actually fucking."
"Some people find their shtick," Ledger reflected on the categorisation of style. "I never figured out who 'Heath Ledger' is on film: 'This is what you expect when you hire me, and it will be recognisable'... People always feel compelled to sum you up, to presume that they have you and can describe you. That's fine. But there are so many stories inside of me and a lot I want to achieve outside of one flat note."
Posthumous films and awards
Ledger's death affected the marketing campaign for Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight (2008) and also both the production and marketing of Terry Gilliam's film The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus, with both directors intending to celebrate and pay tribute to his work in these films. Although Gilliam temporarily suspended production on the latter film, he expressed determination to "salvage" it, perhaps using computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dedicated it to Ledger. In February 2008, as a "memorial tribute to the man many have called one of the best actors of his generation," Johnny Depp, Jude Law, and Colin Farrell signed on to take over Ledger's role, becoming multiple incarnations of his character, Tony, transformed in this "magical re-telling of the Faust story". The three actors donated their fees for the film to Ledger's and Williams's daughter.
Speaking of editing The Dark Knight, on which Ledger had completed his work in October 2007, Nolan recalled, "It was tremendously emotional, right when he passed, having to go back in and look at him every day. ... But the truth is, I feel very lucky to have something productive to do, to have a performance that he was very, very proud of, and that he had entrusted to me to finish." All of Ledger's scenes appear as he completed them in the filming; in editing the film, Nolan added no "digital effects" to alter Ledger's actual performance posthumously. Nolan dedicated the film in part to Ledger's memory, as well as to the memory of technician Conway Wickliffe, who was killed during a car accident while preparing one of the film's stunts.
Released in July 2008, The Dark Knight broke several box office records and received both popular and critical accolades, especially with regard to Ledger's performance as the Joker. Even film critic David Denby, who does not praise the film overall in his pre-release review in The New Yorker, evaluates Ledger's work highly, describing his performance as both "sinister and frightening" and Ledger as "mesmerising in every scene", concluding: "His performance is a heroic, unsettling final act: this young actor looked into the abyss." Attempting to dispel widespread speculations that Ledger's performance as the Joker had in any way led to his death (as Denby and others suggest), Ledger's co-star and friend Christian Bale, who played opposite him as Batman, has stressed that, as an actor, Ledger greatly enjoyed meeting the challenges of creating that role, an experience that Ledger himself described as "the most fun I've ever had, or probably ever will have, playing a character". Terry Gilliam also refuted the claims that playing the Joker made him crazy, calling it "absolute nonsense" and going on to say, "Heath was so solid. His feet were on the ground and he was the least neurotic person I've ever met."
Ledger received numerous awards for his Joker role in The Dark Knight. On 10 November 2008, he was nominated for two People's Choice Awards related to his work on the film, "Best Ensemble Cast" and "Best Onscreen Match-Up" (shared with Christian Bale), and Ledger won an award for "Match-Up" in the ceremony aired live on CBS in January 2009.
On 11 December 2008, it was announced that Ledger had been nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for his performance as the Joker in The Dark Knight; he subsequently won the award at the 66th Golden Globe Awards ceremony telecast on NBC on 11 January 2009, with Dark Knight director Christopher Nolan accepting on his behalf.
Film critics, co-stars Maggie Gyllenhaal and Michael Caine and many of Ledger's peers in the film community joined Bale in calling for and predicting a nomination for the 2008 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in recognition of Ledger's achievement in The Dark Knight. Ledger's subsequent nomination was announced on 22 January 2009, the anniversary of his death.
Ledger went on to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, becoming the second person to win a posthumous Academy Award for acting (after fellow Australian actor Peter Finch, who won for 1976's Network), as well as the first comic-book movie actor to win an Oscar for their acting. Ledger's family attended the ceremony on 22 February 2009, with his parents and sister accepting the award onstage on his behalf. Following talks with the Ledger family in Australia, the Academy determined that Ledger's daughter, Matilda Rose, would own the award. However, due to Matilda's age, she will not gain full ownership of the statuette until her eighteenth birthday in 2023. Her mother, Michelle Williams, will hold the statuette in trust for Matilda until that time.
On 4 April 2017, a trailer was released for the documentary I Am Heath Ledger, which was released on 3 May 2017. It features archival footage of Ledger and interviews.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music videos
Accolades
See also
List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees – Youngest nominees for Best Actor in a Leading Role
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories
List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees
List of posthumous Academy Award winners and nominees
Notes
References
Further reading
Adler, Shawn."Heath Ledger Said He Hoped to Evolve as an Actor and Person in 2005 Interview: Late Actor Was Intelligent, Self-Aware during 'Brokeback Mountain' Chat." MTV.com, 22 January 2008. Retrieved 18 March 2008. (Excerpts from transcript of interview with Heath Ledger conducted by John Norris in 2005.)
Arango, Tim. "Esquire Publishes a Diary That Isn't" . The New York Times, nytimes.com, 6 March 2008, Books. Retrieved 25 July 2008. (Rev. of Taddeo.)
"Death of a Star: Unsolved Mysteries" . Newsweek, 4 February 2008: 62, Newsmakers. Both Web and print versions. Retrieved 5 August 2008.
The Joker vs. The Real Heath: Entertainment Tonight Looks Back at the Career of Heath Ledger, etonline.com (CBS Studios Inc.), July 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008. ("ET takes a look back at Heath Ledger's career amid the hugely successful launch of 'The Dark Knight,' which features the late actor portraying the Joker"; includes photo album.)
McShane John. Heath Ledger: His Beautiful Life and Mysterious Death. London: John Blake, 2008. (10). (13). (Excerpt listed below.)
"Loves of Heath Ledger's Life" . The Courier-Mail, news.com.au, 20 April 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008. (Book excerpt.)
Nolan, Christopher. "Transition: Charisma as Natural as Gravity : Heath Ledger, 28, Actor". Newsweek, 4 February 2008: 9, Periscope. Both Web (updated 26 January 2008) and print versions. Retrieved 5 August 2008. (Eulogy.)
Norris, Chris. "(Untitled Heath Ledger Project) : In Which the Protagonist Dies Mysteriously, and the Audience Analyzes His Final Days for Clues to His Real Character". New York, nymag.com, 18 February 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
Park, Michael Y. "Christian Bale on 'Kindred Spirit' Heath Ledger" . Web. People, 25 June 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2008. (See Wolf below.)
Robb, Brian J. Heath Ledger: Hollywood's Dark Star. London: Plexus Publishing Ltd, 2008. (10). (13).
Scott, A. O. "An Appraisal: Prince of Intensity with a Lightness of Touch" . The New York Times, nytimes.com, 24 January 2008, Movies. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
Sessums, Kevin, with photographs by Bruce Weber. "We're Having a Heath Wave" . Vanity Fair, August 2000, vanityfair.com, August 2008. Web. (4 pages.) Accessed 21 April 2008. (Interview with Heath Ledger; illustrations in "Perth Album", by Bruce Weber.)
Taddeo, Lisa. "The Last Days of Heath Ledger" . Esquire (April 2008), esquire.com, 5 March 2008. (Updated 21 July 2008.) Accessed 25 July 2008. (Fictional account; cf. rev. by Arango.)
Travers, Peter."Sundance: Shock". The Travers Take: News and Reviews from Rolling Stone's Movie Critic, Rolling Stone (Blog), rollingstone.com, 22 January 2008. Includes hyperlinked feature: Video Review: A Look at Heath Ledger's Best Performances (video by Jennifer Hsu, with audio commentary provided by Travers), 1 February 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2008.
Wolf, Jeanne. "Christian Bale: 'Life Should Never Be Boring' ". Parade, 29 June 2008: 8–9. Both Web and print formats. Retrieved 3 August 2008. (See Park above.)
External links
1979 births
2008 deaths
20th-century Australian male actors
21st-century Australian male actors
Accidental deaths in New York (state)
Australian expatriate male actors in the United States
Australian male film actors
Australian male television actors
Australian music video directors
Australian people of English descent
Australian people of Irish descent
Australian people of Scottish descent
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actor BAFTA Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Burials at Karrakatta Cemetery
Drug-related deaths in New York City
Male actors from New York City
Male actors from Perth, Western Australia
Method actors
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People educated at Guildford Grammar School
People from Boerum Hill, Brooklyn
People from SoHo, Manhattan
Rock Eisteddfod Challenge participants |
17173792 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Book%20of%20Salt | The Book of Salt | The Book of Salt is a 2003 debut novel by Vietnamese-American author Monique Truong.
It presents a narrative through the eyes of Bình, a Vietnamese cook. His story centers in Paris in his life as the cook in the home of Gertrude Stein and Alice B. Toklas, and is supplemented by his memories of his childhood in French-colonial Vietnam. This book is structured as a stream of consciousness narrative, in which Bình's present circumstances are mixed with episodes from his past, showing bits and pieces of people and events from the Lost Generation in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s.
Characters
Bình
Bình is a gay Vietnamese cook who, at the present time in the novel, is living in Paris, working as the personal chef to Gertrude Stein and Alice Toklas. Bình struggles to find a love, acceptance, and a home in Paris after traumatizing experiences in his youth in French-colonized Vietnam; in particular, he wrestles with his father's criticism and rejection of his homosexual son. Bình seeks to dispel his feelings of exile and alienation through romantic relationships and through becoming a part of Gertrude Stein's household, where he is privy to Stein's and Toklas's personal lives.
Gertrude Stein
Truong creates a creative depiction of Gertrude Stein's private life during her time in Paris. She is depicted as a private, but exuberant woman who delights in her weekly private salons and the attention she receives from them. Gertrude Stein abstains from the routines of domestic life, preferring to focus on her writing or inspiration for it and leaving the management of 27 rue de Fleurus to her lover, Alice Toklas.
Alice B. Toklas
Alice B. Toklas is another historical figure whom Truong fictionalizes in her novel. She lives with Gertrude Stein as her companion publicly and her lover privately; Miss Toklas manages the home, including Bình's employment, allowing Gertrude Stein freedom from daily routine and allowing her more time to write. Miss Toklas also types Stein's handwritten work and compiles her writings. Although continually assured of Gertrude Stein's love for her, Miss Toklas suffers from feelings of jealousy and insecurity, especially during the salons when talented young artists fawn over Stein as their idol.
Bình's family
Bình's father, usually referred to as The Old Man, is, among other things, a Catholic pastor in a small Vietnamese town and an alcoholic. He is highly critical of Bình, eventually disowning his son upon the discovery of his homosexuality. "The Old Man" becomes Bình's interior voice of criticism in adulthood, even after the father's death.
Bình's mother is a highly maternal figure. She reluctantly entered her marriage to Bình's father with no fortune and no family, and she detests her husband. She is the only member of the family who understands and appreciates Bình, and she pays him special attention by teaching him to cook and telling him hopeful stories.
Minh, Bình's older brother, is the sous-chef in the Governor-General's house under Chef Blériot. Minh is an extremely hard worker, and he secures a position in the kitchen for Bình where he teaches him both cooking and French. Bình realizes, however, that despite Minh's hard work and skill, he can never become a head chef under French Colonialism in Vietnam.
Chef Blériot
Chef Blériot is the head chef at the Governor-General's house in Vietnam. He is a French chef who takes Bình, his kitchen boy, on as a translator in the Vietnamese produce market. The two develop a romantic relationship, the unprofessional and interracial nature of which results in Bình's dismissal from the kitchen.
The Man on the Bridge
Bình meets the Man on the Bridge years before he meets Gertrude Stein and Miss Toklas, in 1927. He is another Vietnamese man in Paris, who has been to many places and held various jobs in the past, including cook, kitchen boy, photograph retoucher, and letter writer on the Latouche Tréville. He is compared to the "scholar-prince" described in Bình's mother's stories. Bình later discovers a photograph of this man, named Nguyen Ai Quoc – the same name Ho Chi Minh used when he was in France. In reality, Ho Chi Minh was in Paris for a brief period in 1927, and he worked on a boat named the Latouche Tréville. Although these facts are never explicitly stated in the book, they suggest that the Man on the Bridge was Ho Chi Minh.
Sweet Sunday Man
The Sweet Sunday Man is an American mulatto iridologist living in Paris. His relationship with Bình begins with the employment of the chef and evolves into a romantic relationship. The two men are bonded by their status as exiles from their respective homelands. The Sweet Sunday Man is, however, primarily interested in Gertrude Stein and her work; he strives to gain entrance to her weekly salon and persuades Bình to steal one of Stein's manuscripts for him.
Themes and motifs
Photographs
Much of Binh's story revolves around photographs. The book opens with him examining two pictures taken when his Mesdames leave for America. For both photos, Binh explains precisely what he is doing in the background of each. Later in the novel, Binh admires a photo of Gertrude Stein donning a kimono. He finds this photo hidden away in the cabinet where Gertrude Stein keeps her writing journals. Photography also surfaces when Sweet Sunday Man promises to get his photograph taken with Binh, only if Binh promises to give Sweet Sunday Man a copy of Gertrude Stein's work. Finally, the most valuable photograph becomes the one of the man on the bridge. After all, Binh decides to save his money for this photo, so he can purchase it from the photographer at a later date. Through this photograph, Binh also realizes the significant impact the evening with the man on the bridge had on Binh's life. Because of this man, Binh finds a reason for staying in Paris. Thus, through photographs, Binh finds his identity by uncovering a purpose for his life. He uses the photographs to tell his life story, only after Gertrude Stein has told her version of Binh's life. Although Binh has not mastered the proper languages needed to counteract Gertrude Stein's story of himself through the written word, Binh regains control over his own story by telling his tales through photographs. As a result, he shows that stories are just like pictures. There are many hidden meanings in each story and photograph, and the story or photograph presented does not always convey the full picture.
Colonialism
Since the novel takes place at a time when Vietnam is still a part of French Indochina, the colonial presence is very strong throughout the book, affecting Binh's life both in Vietnam and as an immigrant in Paris. Binh's older brother Minh represents one extreme of the colonized person's response to the colonizer. Minh embraces French culture and, especially, the French language, believing it holds the ticket to social advancement. The Man on the Bridge, if he indeed is Ho Chi Minh, could be seen as the other extreme: resistance. Binh represents a position in between these two extremes, as he assimilates into the French colonial structure to, for example, find work, but retains a running critique in his mind of all that he sees, thus allowing for a sort of internal rebellion.
One offshoot of colonialism, as put forth by Edward Said, is Orientalism, a system of studying, subjugating, and "othering" the Orient in order to set it off against the West. One result of Orientalism is that the Orient is seen as a collective whole, and differences between the groups that constitute the Orient are minimized. For example, Binh describes how in Paris he is simply seen as French Indochinese, with no effort being taken to ascertain if he is from Vietnam, Laos, or Cambodia. Another issue is that Binh is constantly considered an exotic "other," worthy of study. This becomes apparent when Binh discovers a notebook written by Gertrude Stein (entitled the Book of Salt) about him. The powerlessness felt by the colonized person is demonstrated by the fact that Binh can recognize his name countless times among the many words in the notebook, but since it is written in English, he does not know what is written about him. On the other hand, because the novel itself is written through the eyes of Binh, we are presented with a sort of reverse Orientalism. Binh, the "Oriental" narrator, turns the West into an object of study and critiques what he sees as its strange cultural practices, such as the Steins' pampering of their dogs.
Salt
As the title of the book suggests, salt is an important recurring image throughout the novel. Binh describes how salt can mean different things depending on where it comes from: kitchen, sweat, tears, or the sea. The word salary comes from the word salt, so salt is another way of saying labor, worth, value. Binh, after all, "is constantly made aware of his place in the household hierarchy." The book uses salt and its many connotations to connect themes of love and redemption. Food also adds to the meaning of salt in this context. Truong herself states that "Food or the preparation of food, at its best, is a profound act of intimacy." Salt also implies homosexuality in terms of the Biblical connotation of salt, in particular to the turning of Lot's wife into a pillar of salt for looking back at her home, to the city of Sodom. This is an implication that God not only disapproves the activities of the Sodomites but also of nostalgia.
Diaspora
Since Binh was born and raised in Vietnam but currently resides in Paris, he can be described as a First Generation immigrant. He deals with many of the themes common amongst people in diaspora, including struggling to acquire a second language (in Binh's case, French), adapting to new social norms, and reaching out to other members from his same ethnic community (e.g. The Man on the Bridge). As a minority living in diaspora, Binh struggles to create an identity for himself which reconciles his new experiences and self-conception to his past.
Awards and honors
2003 Lambda Literary Award, nominee
2004 PEN/Robert W. Bingham Prize, co-winner
2004 ALA Stonewall Book Award, winner
2004 Young Lions Fiction Award, winner
References
Postcolonial novels
Novels by Monique Truong
Literature by Asian-American women
Novels set in Paris
Novels set in Vietnam
Stonewall Book Award-winning works
2003 American novels
2000s LGBT novels
American LGBT novels
Novels with gay themes
2003 LGBT-related literary works |
17173799 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambahikily | Ambahikily | Ambahikily is a municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Morombe, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of this municipality is 58,027 inhabitants.
It is situated on the National road 55 and in the Mangoky River delta.
Rivers
Ambahikily is situated at the Mangoky River.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 80% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 13% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are lima beans and cowpeas. Services provide employment for 2% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 5% of the population.
References
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17173800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antanimeva | Antanimeva | Antanimeva is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Morombe, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 24,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 50% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 47% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are cotton, maize and cassava. Services provide employment for 3% of the population.
Roads
The commune is crossed by the RN9 from Toliara (Tulear) to Mandabe.
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17173802 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antongo%20Vaovao | Antongo Vaovao | Antongo Vaovao is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Morombe, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 7,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 70% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 10% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is lima beans, while other important products are maize, sweet potatoes and cowpeas. Services provide employment for 5% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 15% of the population.
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17173803 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basibasy | Basibasy | Basibasy is a municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Morombe, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 12,000 in 2001 commune census.
To Basibasy belong also the fokontany (villages) of Basibasy, Ambariaho, Behibake, Antalivy, Bevondro, Ankilambahia, Aminaomby and Taimbalabo.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 55% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 43% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize and cassava. Services provide employment for 2% of the population.
See also
Basibasy mine
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17173808 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befandefa | Befandefa | Befandefa is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Morombe, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the municipality had been 11,812 inhabitants in 2018.
Primary and secondary schools are available in the direct presence of Befandefa. The majority 70% of the population works in fishing. 15% are farmers, while an additional 2% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is maize, while other important products are cassava and sweet potatoes. Industry and services provide employment for 1% and 12% of the population, respectively.
Befandefa has access to an electricity grid, fed by about 15 kWp of PV panels.
See also
Andavadoaka
References
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17173809 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Befandriana%20Sud | Befandriana Sud | Befandriana Sud or Befandriana Atsimo is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Morombe, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 19,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The town provides access to hospital services to its citizens. The majority 70% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 28% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is lima beans, while other important products are cassava, peas, rice and cowpeas. Services provide employment for 2% of the population.
Roads
The commune is crossed by the RN9 from Toliara (Tulear) to Mandabe.
See also
Befandriana Nord
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17173810 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanandava%20Station | Tanandava Station | Tanandava Station (Nosy Ambositra, also known as: Ankatsakatsa Sud) is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Morombe, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. It has a population of 18,235.
The municipality was renamed in 2015. The former name was Nosy Ambositra and the main town is Ankatsakatsa Sud.
It is situated at the Mangoky River.
Tanandava Station is served by a local airport. Only primary schooling is available. The majority (90%) of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 5% receive their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is lima beans, while other important products include cassava, sweet potatoes and rice. Services provide employment for 1% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 4% of the population.
References
Loi 2015
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17173811 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet%20walnuts | Wet walnuts | Wet walnuts or just walnut topping is a dessert topping made from walnuts and maple syrup. Sometimes simple syrup, corn syrup, sugar or brown rice syrup is used instead of (or in combination with) the maple syrup. Wet walnut topping is similar in some respects to pralines, except that the walnuts are always served in syrup, rather than as individual pieces. Some commercial preparations of premade wet walnuts exist.
Wet walnuts are most commonly served with ice cream and as a sundae topping. They are often available as an ice cream topping at ice cream parlors in the United States.
Wet walnuts (United Kingdom) also refers to fresh walnuts which have not been dried for keeping. They are also called green walnuts. Fresh (wet) walnuts have been stated to pair well with some hard cheeses such as pecorino and Parmesan. Some foods are prepared using wet walnuts as a primary ingredient, such as mhammara dip.
See also
List of dessert sauces
References
External links
Wet walnuts article from Everything2
Recipe from the Martha Stewart website
Wet walnuts. The Cottage Smallholder.
Recipe from Recipezaar
The Independent
Dessert sauces
Toppings |
17173848 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interminority%20racism%20in%20the%20United%20States | Interminority racism in the United States | In the United States, there has long been competition and racial prejudice between African Americans and Latino Americans. There have also been inter-racial tensions between African Americans and Asian Americans.
U.S. public policy
Current US policy advocates a multiculturalist discourse to acknowledge multiracial difference. Multiculturalist theorists such as Claire Jean Kim criticize this contemporary policy because it refuses to acknowledge the interminority inequalities and antagonisms generated by changing demographics.
African American–Latino relations
With the growth of the Latino Americans in the United States, there are areas of competition for housing, jobs and other resources with African Americans. Tensions in communities have also been reflected in racial tensions between these ethnic groups in prisons. In several significant riots in California prisons, for instance, Latino and black inmates targeted each other over racial issues. There have been reports of racially motivated attacks by gangs against African Americans who have moved into neighborhoods occupied mostly by Hispanic Americans, and vice versa.
African American–Jewish relations
Jewish Americans were the targets of 11.7 percent of hate crimes (835 out of 7,120) in that period, while Muslim Americans were the targets of 188 out of 7,120 hate crimes in that time.
Tensions between African Americans and Asian Americans
Despite African Americans and Asian Americans each having suffered from racial prejudice in the United States, some of their people have uneasy relations with the other ethnic group. Because of the centuries of abuses from historic slavery and its aftermath, discussions of racial tension in the United States have often focused on black-white relations. This has failed to include the perspective of Asian Americans in the racial discourse. Some Asian Americans feel stuck in limbo, as they have had differences and suffered discrimination from each of these other ethnic groups. At the same time, Asian Americans have been extolled as the “model minority”, because of their record of achievement and statistically high reported educational scores and incomes. But not all are equally successful. While these two groups have both faced historical and current racial discrimination from whites, the forms of discrimination have taken diverse forms. In addition, these two groups (which encompass numerous ancestral backgrounds) have also competed for jobs, education and resources over the decades, and have displayed tensions toward each other.
History
Under the United States’ Naturalization Act of 1790, only “free white person(s)” were eligible to be naturalized as American citizens with the full rights that accompany them. While the intention at the time was to avoid granting enslaved African Americans and free blacks the same privileges as European American colonists, future waves of immigrants and ethnicities from different areas, such as those from Asia and Africa, without full naturalization.
Before the 1870 Census, ethnic Asians and Asian Americans were classified as “white” in the official census. They began to be called “model minorities” because they established a societal reputation for "hard work". But in the West, which had such a high rate of Asian immigrants that there was white resistance to their presence, the majority passed laws and courts ruled against allowing them the same rights as European Americans. For instance, in the California court case, People v. Hall, "the court found that people of Asian descent could not testify under existing legal acts that prohibited testimony from people of African descent. According to the California Supreme Court in 1854, the court ruled“ [T]he words ‘Black person’...must be taken as contradistinguished from White, and necessarily excludes all races other than the Caucasian”. As the 19th century progressed, white resistance resulted in Acts of Congress such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and the Geary Act of 1892, which effectively barred further immigration of Asians until the 20th century.
While their numbers were few in the South, Chinese immigrants were recruited as laborers by planters in the early 20th century. They worked to get out of the fields, establishing small community groceries and similar businesses. They also worked to distinguish themselves from the restrictions of racial segregation that African Americans were forced to endure. In 1927 a Chinese family in Mississippi brought suit challenging its daughters' expulsion from a local school for white students. In the binary system of the time, the school system had classified the girls as non-white and therefore prohibited. The state Supreme Court upheld the local decision. It ruled that state law defined whites as specifically Caucasian and said that if the girls attended public school, they would have to go to one for "black" students, as all other ethnicities than white were classified (including Native Americans). Their parents knew that these schools were poorly funded and lower in quality than those provided to white students. In Lum v. Rice, the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously affirmed that decision, holding that it was not a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment for states to classify students by race and segregate them on that basis. the early 20th century Asian nationals, such as Japanese immigrants, were prohibited from owning land or businesses in some states. If their American-born children were old enough, property was put in their name.
The rate of Asian immigration and naturalization increased following the Immigration and Naturalization Law of 1952, which repealed previous limits to Asian immigration. This allowed for the de jure protection of Asian immigration into the United States. But it did not protect such immigrants and their descendants from the varieties of de facto prejudice, bullying, hate crimes, and segregation faced by ethnic minorities. Certain European American immigrants also faced such discrimination.
As Asian Americans established their niches in society, they faced discrimination from white Americans who treated them like they did African Americans at the time. With members of organizations like the Ku Klux Klan intimidating, assaulting, bullying, and attacking Asian Americans (particularly Chinese Americans), the arrival of the Civil Rights Movement and its successive laws helped codify the rights and protections of ethnic minorities. Despite facing similar attacks on their cultures and people, Asian Americans and African Americans found themselves divided and clashing within the 20th century.
Asian Americans' role as explained by the middleman theory
This tension and divide can be best explained not as an analysis of two ethnic groups, but as an analysis of the role ethnic minorities have played as a whole within American society. As more ethnic groups began entering the civil discourse in the United States, main media and social figures began painting these groups as subdivisions of the white-black divide. Western American society views Asian Americans’ successes as lumped together with European Americans. This is often used as a comparison to the economic struggles of African Americans, who feel that it negates their struggles. Comparatively, they are seen socially as part of the same minority culture as other ethnic groups compared to “white” culture. The divisions are even more pronounced through what has been identified as “middle man theory".
This idea has been used to describe the relationship that Asian Americans often play between European Americans and African Americans. It suggests that one group acts as a linking partner to other groups, where these groups are typically divided by class or race. In terms of the Asian American-African American relationship, Asian Americans have played the role of middlemen between African Americans and European Americans. Particularly among early generations of immigrants and their children, they established niches as shopkeepers and merchants.
Within this relationship, Asian Americans are seen to be profiting from both ethnic groups, which can fuel the stereotype of the “model minority” from European Americans, as well as a distrust from and of African Americans. From this viewpoint, Asian Americans from their societal privileges can be viewed as being the same as European Americans by African Americans in terms of having a larger median income as well as receiving on average lighter punishments from the American judicial system. Meanwhile, a significant percentage of Asian Americans share a view with European Americans that African Americans “aren't capable of getting ahead”, according to a study conducted by the National Conference of Christians and Jews. This sentiment flared especially during the era of racial tension in Los Angeles surrounding the Rodney King case.
Rodney King riots
Los Angeles leading up to 1992 had a large number of Korean Americans. As people migrated from Korea during and after the Korean War, many moved to settle in Los Angeles, but could not work in the same traditionally white collar jobs they held back home. Instead, many opened up businesses in areas where the rent was cheap in predominantly African American communities. Korean American and African American community leaders soon realized that tension existed predominantly due to differences in culture as well as a language barrier. This came to a head during the era of the riots as Korean grocer Soon Ja Du shot and killed a black teenage girl in her store, and received a remarkably milder sentence compared to other sentences given by judges at the time to African Americans in the judicial system.
Relations worsened during the Rodney King Riots, as riots and protests hit 2,200 Korean small businesses. African Americans felt cheated by the judicial system, as they had faced much more stringent punishments for charges involving an armed weapon, while Korean Americans felt targeted and attacked by the African American community for having their businesses destroyed. This led to Korean Americans being divided by those who felt abandoned and betrayed by the police and those who felt threatened by African Americans in their community.
Violent hate crimes and racist bullying
Various ethnic groups in the United States have perpetrated racist violence against Asian Americans. The 2019 Bureau of Justice Statistics figures indicated that 27.5 percent of those committing violence were Black; 24.1 percent were white; 21.4 percent were Hispanic or "other" and well under 15 percent were Asian.
Examples
1992 Los Angeles Riots
Crown Heights Riot
New York City draft riots
George Floyd protests
See also
African American–Jewish relations
Gangs in the United States are often a vehicle for inter-ethnic conflict
Native American–Jewish relations
Race and crime in the United States
Homophobia in ethnic minority communities
Racism in the United States
References
Works cited
Forman, Seth, Blacks in the Jewish Mind: A Crisis of Liberalism, 2000.
Webb, Clive, Fight Against Fear: Southern Jews and Black Civil Rights'', 2003.
African–Hispanic and Latino American relations
African-American–Asian-American relations
Minorities
Multiracial affairs in the United States
Persecution in the United States
Racism in the United States
Social history of the United States |
17173883 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Nunn%20%28American%20football%29 | Robert Nunn (American football) | Robert Nunn (born June 10, 1965) is an American football coach who is a quality control coach at the University of Cincinnati. He played linebacker at Oklahoma State.
Nunn joined the Green Bay Packers on February 8, 2005, as the defensive tackles coach, but was let go along with the majority of the defensive coaching staff after a disappointing 2008 season. Nunn was hired several weeks later by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers as one of two defensive line coaches.
On January 27, 2010, Robert Nunn was hired as the New York Giants defensive line coach. He was part of the staff that won Super Bowl XLVI over the New England Patriots.
Robert Nunn lived in Mahwah, New Jersey at the time of his Super Bowl Victory.
References
External links
New York Giants bio
1965 births
Living people
Oklahoma State Cowboys football players
Northeastern State RiverHawks football coaches
Tennessee Volunteers football coaches
Miami Dolphins coaches
Washington Redskins coaches
Green Bay Packers coaches
Tampa Bay Buccaneers coaches
New York Giants coaches
Cleveland Browns coaches
New York Jets coaches |
17173901 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampung%20Malaysia | Kampung Malaysia | Kampung Malaysia Raya () is a small village in southern Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Location
It is surrounded, clockwise, by Bandar Tun Razak, Bandar Tasik Selatan, Sri Petaling and Salak Selatan.
The village consists of Kampung Malaysia Tambahan and Kampung Malaysia Raya.
Transportation
It is connected to Bandar Tasik Selatan intergrated transportation terminal by a pedestrian bridge. The terminal consists of a railway station, LRT station, airport express station and a major bus hub.
Taman Naga Emas MRT station on the Putrajaya Line is located across the Besraya toll road.
Serving roads include the MRR 2 and Besraya toll road.
Villages in Kuala Lumpur |
17173914 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvain%20Cappell | Sylvain Cappell | Sylvain Edward Cappell (born 1946), a Belgian American mathematician and former student of William Browder at Princeton University, is a topologist who has spent most of his career at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences at NYU, where he is now the Silver Professor of Mathematics.
He was born in Brussels, Belgium and immigrated with his parents to New York City in 1950 and grew up largely in this city. In 1963, as a senior at the Bronx High School of Science, he won first place in the Westinghouse Science Talent Search for his work on "The Theory of Semi-cyclical Groups with Special Reference to Non-Aristotelian Logic." He then graduated from Columbia University in 1966, winning the Van Amringe Mathematical Prize. He is best known for his "codimension one splitting theorem", which is a standard tool in high-dimensional geometric topology, and a number of important results proven with his collaborator Julius Shaneson (now at the University of Pennsylvania). Their work includes many results in knot theory (and broad generalizations of that subject) and aspects of low-dimensional topology. They gave the first nontrivial examples of topological conjugacy of linear transformations, which led to a flowering of research on the topological study of spaces with singularities.
More recently, they combined their understanding of singularities, first to lattice point counting in polytopes, then to Euler-Maclaurin type summation formulae, and most recently to counting lattice points in the circle. This last problem is a classical one, initiated by Gauss, and the paper is still being vetted by experts.
In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. Cappell was elected and served as a vice president of the AMS for the term of February 2010 through January 2013.
In 2018 he was elected to be a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
References
External links
1946 births
Living people
Belgian emigrants to the United States
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
Topologists
Columbia College (New York) alumni
Princeton University alumni
Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences faculty
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
Scientists from Brussels
Sloan Research Fellows |
17173945 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz%20Sajdak | Tomasz Sajdak | Tomasz Piotr Sajdak (born 11 October 1984) is a Polish retired professional footballer who played as a striker and midfielder. He also holds German citizenship. He played in eleven countries. In Poland, Germany, Faroe Islands, Latvia, Finland, Cyprus, Bulgaria, Iran, Åland, Denmark and Luxembourg.
Career
Wisla Plock
Sajdak won the Polish Cup with Wisla Plock in the 2005–06 season.
HJK
Sajdak joined Veikkausliiga side HJK on 16 April 2008 on a Bosman transfer. He made his debut on 28 April 2008 against IFK Mariehamn and scored his first goal for the club. His first hat-trick for HJK came on 19 May 2008 against Tampere United in a 5–1 home victory. He won the Finnish Cup in 2008.
Slavia Sofia
On 1 September 2009, Sajdak signed a contract with Bulgarian side Slavia Sofia.
Honours
Wisla Plock
Polish Cup: 2005–06
HJK Helsinki
Finnish Cup: 2008
References
External links
Tomasz Sajdak profile - 90minut.pl
Living people
1984 births
People from Szczecinek
Footballers from West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football forwards
Polish men's footballers
Polish expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in Iran
SV Werder Bremen players
Hannover 96 II players
Kickers Emden players
Wisła Płock players
Radomiak Radom players
Gøtu Ítróttarfelag players
HK Liepājas Metalurgs players
Helsingin Jalkapalloklubi players
Alki Larnaca FC players
PFC Slavia Sofia players
Aluminium Hormozgan F.C. players
IFK Mariehamn players
Berliner FC Dynamo players
Ekstraklasa players
Veikkausliiga players
Cypriot First Division players
First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) players |
17173947 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desa%20Petaling | Desa Petaling | Desa Petaling is a township in southern Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in the electoral district of Bandar Tun Razak. This township is next to Bandar Tasik Selatan and is also adjacent to Kuchai Lama, Kampung Malaysia and Sri Petaling.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20161202151431/http://www.desapetaling.com/
Suburbs in Kuala Lumpur |
17173952 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equitable%20Building%20%28Des%20Moines%29 | Equitable Building (Des Moines) | The Equitable Building is a high-rise located in Des Moines, Iowa. It is named after the insurance company Equitable of Iowa, which originally owned the building, and is located along Locust Street in the downtown area of the city. The 19-story Equitable Building, at 604 Locust St. in Des Moines, was completed in 1924, and standing at 318 ft (97m), for 49 years was the tallest building in Iowa. It remained the tallest building in Iowa until the completion of Financial Center in 1973. The Equitable Building is now the eighth tallest building in Iowa.
The building consists of retail, office and residential spaces. Since early 2006 a developer has been working to convert much of the building to condominiums. In late 2007 the main retail tenant, Joseph's Jewelry, announced that they would be relocating from the Equitable Building after 83 years to Davis Brown Tower, located at 10th St and Walnut. The move was completed in 2008.
The Iowa Attorney General's lawsuit vs. Equitable L.P.:
The Iowa Attorney General's Office filed a lawsuit May 5, 2009 alleging numerous asbestos violations from 2005 to 2008. [Go to: .] The Attorney General's lawsuit alleged that Equitable L.P., while renovating the top 13 floors of the Equitable Building from 2005 to 2008, failed to inspect for asbestos, failed to provide notice to the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, failed to remove asbestos-containing material before renovation, failed to properly handle the asbestos-containing material disturbed during the renovation, and failed to properly dispose of the material. The first six floors were occupied during the renovation.
The lawsuit was filed after the Polk County Health Dept. forwarded an anonymous complaint about the renovation project to the DNR in the latter part of 2007, and the DNR investigated and documented numerous violations. The DNR issued an administrative order requiring Equitable L.P. to stop activities until all floors were thoroughly inspected and all asbestos-containing material was removed by a licensed asbestos-abatement contractor – but Equitable L.P. continued with renovation in violation of the order, the suit alleged. The DNR issued a second Notice of Violation to Equitable L.P. in February 2008 for failing to comply with the earlier DNR administrative order. The renovations were completed in 2008 with no additional violations reported.
On May 5, 2009, Polk County District Court Judge D.J. Stovall entered a “Consent Order, Judgment and Decree” that ordered Equitable L.P. to pay a $500,000 environmental civil penalty for conducting extensive renovations of the historic Equitable Building in downtown Des Moines without taking required precautions for the presence of asbestos-containing material. [Go to ] Judge Stovall also permanently prohibited any further violations.
“This is the largest civil penalty by far in Iowa for asbestos violations,” said Attorney General Tom Miller. “We alleged Equitable L.P. completely ignored asbestos-handling requirements during renovations from 2005 to 2007, until the Iowa DNR became involved.” Department of Natural Resources Director Richard Leopold said the amount of the civil penalty underscores the importance of properly handling and disposing of asbestos during renovation and demolition projects. “What’s important to remember is that asbestos poses potentially serious health implications and that we do not have a situation like this happen again,” Leopold said. “This enforcement action should serve as a warning that the regulations relating to asbestos removal and disposal will be vigorously enforced.”
In the Consent Order, Judgment and Decree entered May 5, 2009, Equitable L.P. admitted that it:
Failed to thoroughly inspect the Equitable Building for the presence of asbestos prior to starting renovation activities.
Failed to submit written notice of renovation activities to the DNR before beginning the renovation.
Conducted the building renovation without taking precautions for the potential presence of asbestos-containing material.
Asbestos – which often is present in older building materials – is regulated as a hazardous air pollutant. It can cause lung disease and cancer, especially if it is contained in dust when asbestos-containing material is crumbled, pulverized or reduced to powder. State and federal laws and regulations have stringent requirements for handling regulated asbestos-containing material during demolition or renovations.
The Criminal Case
A federal grand jury indicted Russell Coco, the supervisor of the Equitable Building renovation, and developer Bob Knapp, owner of the building, on 11 counts, accusing them of gutting several floors of the Equitable Building while large amounts of asbestos were present, then improperly disposing of the material.
Bob Knapp pleaded guilty to two charges in February 2011 for his role at the head of a conspiracy to ignore federal asbestos regulations during a three-year renovation project at the Equitable Building. Knapp was sentenced on June 22, 2011, to 41 months behind bars.
Knapp was paroled on March 25, 2014. On March 30, 2014, Knapp was found dead in a burned out car near Panora, Iowa, after stealing it from an acquaintance in Waukee whom he had been staying with. Federal authorities had reported Knapp to have escaped home confinement.
Russell Coco also pleaded guilty in February to charges of conspiracy to impede and impair Environmental Protection Agency asbestos removal procedures and violations of the work practice requirements of the Clean Air Act. Coco was sentenced on July 13, 2011, to three years of probation for his involvement in the illegal removal of asbestos from the building.
Ownership
Local developer Bob Knapp purchased the building for $5 million in 2005 using a loan from Vantus Bank. His aim was to convert some floors into upscale apartments. In March 2009 Great Southern Bank, having acquired the loan after the failure of Vantus Bank, foreclosed on the property. The Equitable Building was scheduled to be sold at a foreclosure auction on September 30, 2010.
The Equitable building was sold to Equitable Lofts LLC, on Feb. 15, 2012 and has been converted into upscale apartments.
See also
Des Moines, Iowa
List of tallest buildings in Iowa
References
Office buildings completed in 1924
Residential skyscrapers in Des Moines, Iowa
Apartment buildings in Des Moines, Iowa
National Register of Historic Places in Des Moines, Iowa
Office buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
1924 establishments in Iowa |
17173966 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike%20Tolbert | Mike Tolbert | William Michael Tolbert (born November 23, 1985) is an American former football fullback in the National Football League (NFL). He was signed by the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football for Coastal Carolina University. He has also been a member of the Carolina Panthers, where he was a three-time Pro Bowler and two-time first-team All-Pro. He signed with the Buffalo Bills in 2017 after being released by the Carolina Panthers.
Early years
Tolbert attended and played high school football at Douglas County High School.
College career
Tolbert had a four-year career at Coastal Carolina University under head coach David Bennett. As a freshman, he had 281 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown. As a sophomore, he had 202 rushing yards and four rushing touchdowns. As a junior, he had 439 rushing yards and seven rushing touchdowns. He was named a second-team FCS All-American after leading the Chanticleers in rushing with 748 yards on 111 carries and nine touchdowns. In four years, he had 303 touches without any fumbles. He followed in the footsteps of Quinton Teal, who was undrafted in 2007, but went to San Diego Chargers training camp as an undrafted free agent and made the roster becoming the first player in school history to appear in an NFL game. At Coastal Carolina, Tolbert also was teammates with quarterback Tyler Thigpen and wide receiver Jerome Simpson, who would both also go on to play in the NFL.
College statistics
Professional career
San Diego Chargers
Tolbert was signed as an undrafted free agent by the San Diego Chargers on April 28, 2008. On September 22, against the New York Jets, he had his first professional touchdown in the 48–29 victory. Tolbert played in 13 games in the 2008 season (starting 7 at fullback) and rushed for only 37 yards on 13 carries. In the 2009 season, he rushed for 148 yards with one touchdown, as well as catching 17 passes for 192 yards and three receiving touchdowns, of which one was a 66-yarder against the Cleveland Browns. In the 2010 season, he emerged as a co-starter along with Ryan Mathews. In Week 2, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had 82 rushing yards and two rushing touchdowns. On October 3, against the Arizona Cardinals, he had 100 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 41–10 victory. On November 22, against the Denver Broncos, he had 111 rushing yards and a rushing touchdown in the 35–14 victory. Overall, he finished the 2010 season with 182 carries for 735 yards and 11 touchdowns. He started the 2011 season with 35 rushing yards, a rushing touchdown, nine receptions, 58 receiving yards, and two receiving touchdowns in the 24–17 victory. Overall, he finished the 2011 season with 490 rushing yards, eight rushing touchdowns, 54 receptions, 433 receiving yards, and two receiving touchdowns.
Carolina Panthers
On March 19, 2012, Tolbert signed a four-year, $10 million ($4.2 million guaranteed) contract with the Carolina Panthers where he got the nickname, The Toldozer. In the regular season finale against the New Orleans Saints, he had three rushing touchdowns in the 44–38 victory. Overall, in the 2012 season, he finished with 183 rushing yards, seven rushing touchdowns, 27 receptions, and 268 receiving yards. Utilized as a fullback, Tolbert earned his first Pro Bowl appearance in 2013. Overall, he finished the season with 361 rushing yards, five rushing touchdowns, 27 receptions, 184 receiving yards, and two receiving touchdowns. He was also named to the 2013 All-Pro Team, another first of his career.
In the 2014 season, Tolbert finished with 37 carries for 78 rushing yards and 12 receptions for 93 receiving yards in eight games in the regular season. The Panthers made the playoffs and faced off against the Arizona Cardinals in the Wild Card Round. He finished the 27–16 victory with seven rushing yards and a one-yard touchdown reception. In the Divisional Round against the Seattle Seahawks, he had ten rushing yards and a 14-yard reception in the 31–17 loss.
Tolbert finished the 2015 regular season with 62 carries for 256 yards and one rushing touchdown to go along with 18 receptions for 154 yards and three touchdowns. For his efforts, he was named to the 2015 Pro Bowl as well as the AP All-Pro First-team. The Panthers finished the season with a 15-1 record, which set a new franchise record for wins. On February 7, 2016, Tolbert was part of the Panthers team that played in Super Bowl 50. In the game, the Panthers fell to the Denver Broncos by a score of 24–10. In the loss, Tolbert had five carries for 18 yards and one fumble.
On March 9, 2016, Tolbert signed a two-year deal with the Carolina Panthers worth $3.3 million with $700,000 guaranteed. He finished the 2016 season with 114 rushing yards to go along with 10 receptions for 72 yards and a receiving touchdown.
On February 21, 2017, Tolbert was released by the Panthers.
Buffalo Bills
On March 8, 2017, Tolbert signed with the Buffalo Bills.
Throughout training camp, he competed for the backup running back role against Jonathan Williams. Head coach Sean McDermott named him the backup to LeSean McCoy to start the regular season.
On September 10, in the season opening 21–12 victory over the New York Jets, Tolbert had a one-yard rushing touchdown in the fourth quarter for his first score with the Buffalo Bills. Overall, he finished the 2017 season with 247 rushing yards, one rushing touchdown, 14 receptions, and 78 receiving yards.
NFL career statistics
In popular culture
In the third season of the FXX comedy series The League, the character Andre goes on a rant about Mike Tolbert and what he calls "Touchdown Vultures," or players who enter the game in goal line situations and score touchdowns, "stealing" fantasy points from the player whom they replaced. This has led to Tolbert's nickname "The Vulture". Tolbert has worked as a correspondent for the Carolina Panthers since 2018
References
External links
Coastal Carolina Chanticleers bio
1985 births
Living people
Players of American football from Douglas County, Georgia
Players of American football from Carrollton, Georgia
American football fullbacks
Coastal Carolina Chanticleers football players
San Diego Chargers players
Carolina Panthers players
Buffalo Bills players
Unconferenced Pro Bowl players
National Conference Pro Bowl players |
17173969 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahwa%20Aser | Mahwa Aser | Mahwa 'Aser () is a slum community in San‘a’, the capital city of Yemen. Mahwa Aser is home to an estimated 17,000 people, these people live in informal housing without access to sanitation. The poor living conditions in the slum have a serious negative impact on the health of residents. There is no school in Mahwa Aser.
In July 2008, police were deployed in Mahwa Aser to undertake the eviction of residents who had recently moved to the area. There were violent clashes between police and residents. Approximately ten homes were demolished.
See also
ʽAsr
References
Shanty towns in Yemen
Sanaa
Slums in Asia
Villages in Sanaa Governorate |
17174025 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater%20Defence%20%28Turkish%20Armed%20Forces%29 | Underwater Defence (Turkish Armed Forces) | The Underwater Defence (), or SAS, is the one and only EOD (Explosive Ordnance Disposal) unit of the Turkish Navy, based in the Foça Naval Base near İzmir, on the Aegean coast of Turkey
The missions of the Su Altı Savunma (SAS) include coastal defence operations, such as clearing mines or unexploded torpedoes, and disabling enemy IEDs.
History
The first S.A.S. unit was established in 1964 in the city of Istanbul, The original name of the S.A.S. unit was Su Altı Müdafaa (S.A.M.) and is bound to the Kurtarma ve Sualtı Komutanlığı (K.S.K.), or Rescue and Underwater Command.
Mission
Their main tasks are:
Deactivation or disposal of explosive material, mines and/or unidentified ordnance under the water off the friendly ports and coasts.
Deactivation or disposal of explosive material, mines and/or unidentified ordnance under the water off the target coasts or ports. That includes clearing of the target beaches of mines, explosives, booby traps and tank traps, prior to the amphibious assault of the friendly forces.
Deactivation or disposal of explosives and mines that might be present on the course of the friendly troops and/or VIP military personnel.
Consultancy in defending the strategic facilities against stealth assaults by enemy commandos.
SAS units do not perform assault, counter-terrorism, recon or CQC missions. A real-time duty executed by the SAS has been the clearing of the Girne Beach, Cyprus, prior to the amphibious assault of the Turkish Armed Forces to the island in 1974.
Equipment
Handguns
SIG P226
Glock
Submachine Guns
H&K MP5A3
Assault Rifles
M4 carbine
MPT-55
Machine Guns
FN Minimi
M60 machine gun
M134
Sniper Rifles
Barrett M82A1
Barrett M95
MKEK JNG-90
Remington XM2010
CheyTac Intervention
McMillan TAC-50
Anti-Materiel Rifles
Barrett M82A1
MKEK JNG-90
Rockets & Explosives
RPG7
M72 LAW
M203
M79
References
External links
Promotional/Training video of unit
See also
Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces)
Underwater Search and Rescue Group Command (Turkey)
Turkish Naval Forces
Explosive ordnance disposal units and formations
Armed forces diving |
17174085 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolesnikov | Kolesnikov | Kolesnikov (; masculine) or Kolesnikova (; feminine) is a Russian surname which means "son of wheelwright". Notable persons with that name include:
Anastasiya Kolesnikova (born 1984), Russian gymnast
Andrei Kolesnikov (footballer) (born 1984), Russian soccer player
Andrei Kolesnikov (general), Russian major-general
Andrei Kolesnikov (ice hockey) (born 1989), Russian ice hockey player
Andrey Vladimirovich Kolesnikov (born 1965), Russian journalist and author
Borys Kolesnikov (born 1962), Ukrainian politician and entrepreneur
Dmitry Kolesnikov, Russian submarine captain
Evgeny Kolesnikov (born 1985), Russian basketball player
Irina Kolesnikova (born 1980), Russian ballet dancer
Irina Kolesnikova (curler) (born 1964), Russian curler and coach
[Leonid Kolesnikov] (1893-1968), Russian lilac breeder
Maria Kolesnikova (born 1982), Belarusian politician
Mikhail Kolesnikov (politician) (1939–2007), Russian general and defense minister
Mikhail Kolesnikov (footballer, born 1966), Soviet and Russian footballer
Nadezhda Ilyina (née Kolesnikova; 1949–2013), Soviet-Russian sprinter
Nadezhda Kolesnikova (1882-1964), leader of the revolutionary movement in Russia
Nikolai N. Kolesnikov (born 1959, Russian physicist
Nikolay Kolesnikov (weightlifter) (born 1952), Soviet weightlifter
Nikolay Kolesnikov (sprinter) (born 1953), Soviet sprinter
Oleg Kolesnikov (born 1968), Russian politician
Ruslan Kolesnikov (born 2000), Russian boxer
Sergey Kolesnikov (cyclist) (born 1989), Russian road cyclist
Sergei Kolesnikov (whistleblower) (born 1948), Russian businessman
Stepan Kolesnikoff (1879–1955), Russian painter
Tetiana Kolesnikova (born 1977), Ukrainian rower
Vladimir Kolesnikov (born 1948), Russian lawyer and politician
See also
14354 Kolesnikov, an asteroid named after Yevgeni Kolesnikov
Kolesnik
Russian-language surnames |
17174108 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei%20Kolesnikov | Andrei Kolesnikov | Andrei Kolesnikov or Andrey Kolesnikov may refer to:
Andrei Kolesnikov (footballer) (born 1984), Russian footballer
Andrei Kolesnikov (ice hockey) (born 1989), Russian professional ice hockey defenceman
Andrey Vladimirovich Kolesnikov (born 1966), Russian journalist
Andrei Kolesnikov (general) (1977–2022), Russian general |
17174126 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20Banks | Gary Banks | Gary Rashad Banks (born November 4, 1981) is the current Outside Receivers coach for the Troy Trojans and a former American football wide receiver who played for the San Diego Chargers of the National Football League. He was signed by the Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Troy.
Early years
Banks attended Southern Choctaw High School, leading the Indians to back-to-back state titles in 1998 and 1999 while playing quarterback.
Baseball career
After high school, he was selected in the fifth round of the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft by the Chicago Cubs and played right field for three years as part of the Cubs' minor league system. Banks never played beyond class A, playing two years for the rookie league Arizona League Cubs and two years for the class A Boise Hawks.
College career
After baseball, Banks went back to school and played college football at Troy University, switching positions from quarterback to wide receiver. While playing for the Trojans, Gary was used periodically in trick play situations and accumulated a career passing record with 8-of-9 passes completed for 110 yards and two touchdowns.
Professional career
Pre-draft
Banks was not invited to the NFL Combine. However, at Troy's Pro Day, Banks recorded an official 4.51 40-yard dash and 35½ inch vertical.
San Diego Chargers
Banks went undrafted in the 2008 NFL Draft, but was signed by the San Diego Chargers shortly after.
After numerous injuries to the Chargers wide receiver corps, Banks was signed to the active roster on October 30, 2010. In his first NFL debut, he made his first catch for 2 yards against the Tennessee Titans. Banks was released by the Chargers on November 15, 2010.
References
External links
San Diego Chargers bio
Troy Trojans bio
1981 births
Living people
Players of American football from Meridian, Mississippi
Arizona League Cubs players
American football wide receivers
Troy Trojans football players
San Diego Chargers players
American football quarterbacks |
17174145 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdavia | Südavia | Südavia (ICAO Code: VXY; IATA Code: FV; Callsign: Sudavia) was an airline based in Munich, Germany.
Company history
In 1984 a charter airline was founded in Munich under the name BN Rent-a-Plane. The name was changed to Südavia Fluggesellschaft in 1984 with scheduled services between Munich and Saarbrücken using Beech 90 aircraft. Further operations in 1984 included service to Verona, Italy. In 1986 services to Pisa were begun and the fleet expanded to include the larger Beech 200. At the end of 1987 the Dornier 228 was introduced and services to Strasbourg were begun.
In 1987 the Beech 1900 was introduced and since this was the first pressurized aircraft in the fleet, it was used for the Italian routes. In February 1988, Südavia began to work closely with DLT and that led to the introduction of the Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia acquired from DLT. The rapid expansion of Südavia brought about financial problems and some routes were taken over by DLT. It was during this time that DLT tried to take over Südavia but the deal failed and a group of investors was found that took over 44% of the company and with that capital the Brasilias were replaced by the Saab 340. But by April 1990 the mounting debt and financial troubles led to the revocation of the license and operations were suspended.
References
External links
Airtimes timetables
Sudavia fleet information
Sudavia advertising
Defunct airlines of Germany
Airlines established in 1984
Airlines disestablished in 1990
1990 disestablishments in West Germany |
17174150 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-1A | Pre-1A | Pre-1A is a grade in the Jewish day school structure of education, mainly in New York, that is the equivalent of Kindergarten in the United States.
Instruction
In Pre-1A, students learn to read and write Hebrew, as well as read and write English. Because it influences Jewish students' future successes in their educational careers, many students are required to retake Pre-1A if they fail it.
Early childhood education
Early childhood education in the United States
0
Jewish education in the United States |
17174244 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic%20Medical%20Center | Olympic Medical Center | Olympic Medical Center is a medical organization located in Port Angeles and Sequim, Washington which provides services to patients in Clallam and Jefferson counties. The principal operating location is Olympic Memorial Hospital in Port Angeles. This location consists of 126 in-patient hospital beds and many other hospital services and has one of two Level III trauma centers in the state.
Olympic Medical Center was established on November 1, 1951, with the founding of the hospital. The organization has grown into the largest employer on the Olympic Peninsula with over 1500 employees.
References
See also
List of hospitals in Washington (state)
External links
Olympic Medical Center main website
Hospital buildings completed in 1951
Hospitals in Washington (state)
Buildings and structures in Clallam County, Washington
Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Washington
Hospitals established in 1951
1951 establishments in Washington (state) |
17174248 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg-Nord | Hamburg-Nord | Hamburg-Nord (meaning Hamburg North) is one of the seven boroughs of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, in northern Germany. In 2020, according to the residents registration office, the population was 315,514 in an area of 57.5 km2.
Geography
Starting from the north and continuing on clockwise, Hamburg-Nord borders on the state of Schleswig-Holstein and the Hamburg boroughs of Wandsbek, Mitte, and Altona. The borough is divided into 13 localities, namely Alsterdorf, Barmbek-Nord, Barmbek-Süd, Dulsberg, Eppendorf, Fuhlsbüttel, Groß Borstel, Hoheluft-Ost, Hohenfelde, Langenhorn, Ohlsdorf, Uhlenhorst, and Winterhude. Hamburg-Nord has a total area of .
Demographics
As of 2007, there were 280,229 people residing in the borough. The population density was . 12% were children under the age of 18 and 17.8% were aged 65 or older.
In 2006, 31,617 criminal offences were committed in the borough (113 crimes per 1000 people).
Politics
Simultaneously with elections to the state parliament (Bürgerschaft), the borough council (Bezirksversammlung) of Hamburg-Nord is elected. It consists of 51 representatives.
The political leader of Hamburg-Nord is the borough manager (Bezirksamtsleiter). From 1949 to 2019, every borough manager (except for Kurt Braasch, who sat 1955 to 1973 for the German Party) has been a member of the SPD. Since 2019 the borough manager is Michael Werner-Boelz (The Greens).
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Parties
! %
! ±
! Seats
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Alliance 90/The Greens
| 35.7
| 14.6
| style="text-align:center;" | 19
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Social Democratic Party
| 20.8
| 13.1
| style="text-align:center;" | 11
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Christian Democratic Union
| 17.5
| 6.2
| style="text-align:center;" | 10
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | The Left
| 9.6
| 3.1
| style="text-align:center;" | 5
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Free Democratic Party
| 7.7
| 3.4
| style="text-align:center;" | 4
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Alternative for Germany
| 4.6
| 0.9
| style="text-align:center;" | 2
|-
| style="background-color:#b5152b" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Die PARTEI
| 2.4
| 2.4
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
|-
| style="background-color:" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Pirate Party
| 1.1
| 2.4
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
|-
| style="background-color:#eeeeee" |
| style="text-align:left;" | Others
| 0.6
| 0.2
| style="text-align:center;" | 0
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" | Total
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|
! style="text-align:center;" | 51
|}
At the federal level, Hamburg-Nord is split between the Hamburg-Mitte and Hamburg-Nord single-member constituencies for the German parliament.
Infrastructure and public services
The borough has 30 elementary schools and 26 secondary schools.
Healthcare systems
Several hospitals are located in the borough Hamburg-Nord, among others the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistr. 52, in the quarter Eppendorf, with 1,369 beds and 109 day-care places in 21 departments. The UKE is a general hospital and teaching hospital for the University of Hamburg and provides the capacity to dispatch emergency medical services. The hospital Asklepios Klinik Nord with its branches Heidberg and Ochsenzoll is located in the quarter Langenhorn. It is a general hospital and provides the capacity to dispatch emergency medical services. The part Ochsenzoll is also specialized for psychiatric problems. The hospital Asklepios Klinik Barmbek is also a general hospital. The Bethanien hospital, Martinistr. 41-49, is specialized for diabetical disease with 20 day-care places for geriatric cases.
There were 154 day-care centers for children and 733 physicians in private practice and 92 pharmacies.
Transportation
The borough is serviced by the rapid transit system of the underground railway and the city trains with several stations.
There are several exits of the Bundesautobahn 7 in Hamburg-Nord. According to the Department of Motor Vehicles (Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt), in the borough Hamburg-Mitte were 99,440 private cars registered (359 cars/1000 people). There were 1,733 traffic accidents total, including 1,420 traffic accidents with damage to persons.
The Hamburg Airport is located in the quarter Fuhlsbüttel. Hamburg International, a private airline, had its head office in the borough before closing down.
Sights
Notes
References
Statistical office Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein Statistisches Amt für Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein, official website
Hospitals in Hamburg 2006, Government Agency for Social Affairs, Family Affairs, Health and Environment of Hamburg website
External links
Nord |
17174249 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivesia%20jaegeri | Ivesia jaegeri | Ivesia jaegeri, is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the rose family known by the common name Jaeger's mousetail, or Jaeger's ivesia.
It is native to the Mojave Desert in southwestern Nevada, and it is also known from two occurrences nearby in California. It grows in cracks and crevices in the limestone cliffs and slopes of the desert mountains.
Description
Ivesia jaegeri is a perennial herb that grows in matted clumps of glandular foliage. The leaves and thin, naked stems hang from their purchase on steep cliffs. Each leaf is a strip of oval-shaped green leaflets.
The stems bear inflorescences of clustered flowers. Each flower has triangular sepals with tiny oval-shaped yellow petals between them. The center of the flower contains twenty stamens and a few pistils.
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery
jaegeri
Flora of Nevada
Flora of California
Natural history of the Mojave Desert
Flora without expected TNC conservation status |
17174264 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia%20Ramos | Lia Ramos | Lia Andrea Aquino Ramos-Moss is a Filipino model, beauty pageant titleholder, and entrepreneur. She represented the Philippines in the Miss Universe 2006 pageant held in Los Angeles, California. Lia was also voted as Miss Photogenic that same year. She is a political science graduate of the University of the Philippines.
She was previously a program officer for The Asia Foundation in Manila. Currently, Ramos is the CEO of Glamourbox, a Philippines-based beauty and cosmetics retailer.
References
External links
Binibining Pilipinas winners
Miss Universe 2006 contestants
Living people
1981 births
People from Davao City |
17174284 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consistori%20del%20Gay%20Saber | Consistori del Gay Saber | The (; "Consistory of the Gay Science") was a poetic academy founded at Toulouse in 1323 to revive and perpetuate the lyric poetry of the troubadours.
Also known as the Acadèmia dels Jòcs Florals or Académie des Jeux Floraux ("Academy of the Floral Games"), it is the most ancient literary institution of the Western world. It was founded in 1323 in Toulouse and later restored by Clémence Isaure as the with the goal of encouraging Occitan poetry. The best verses were given prizes at the floral games in the form of different flowers, made of gold or silver, such as violets, rose hips, marigolds, amaranths or lilies. The Consistori eventually became gallicised. It was renewed by Louis XIV in 1694 and still exists today. The has had such prestigious members as Ronsard, Marmontel, Chateaubriand, Voltaire, Alfred de Vigny, Victor Hugo and Frédéric Mistral.
Foundation
The Consistori was founded by seven literary men of the bourgeoisie, who composed a manifesto, in Old Occitan verse, pledging to award prizes to poetry in the troubadouresque style and emulating the language of classical period of the troubadours (roughly 1160–1220). The academy was originally called the ("Consistory of the Seven Troubadours") or ("Overjoyed Company of the seven troubadours of Toulouse"). In its efforts to promote an extinct literary koiné over the evolving dialects of the fourteenth century, the Consistori went a long way to preserving the troubadours' memory for posterity as well as bequeathing to later scholarship an encyclopaedic terminology for the analysis and historiography of Occitan lyric poetry. Chaytor believed that the Consistori "arose out of informal meetings of poets held in earlier years".
The Consistori was governed by a chancellor and seven judges or (maintainers). In 1390 John I of Aragon, one of the earliest Renaissance humanists to sit on a European throne, established the Consistori de Barcelona in imitation of the Toulousain academy.
Activities
The Consistori held an annual poetry contest at which one contestant, the "most excellent poet" (), would receive the (golden violet) for the poem or cançó judged the best. The other prizes, awarded for particular poetic forms, were similarly floral, leading later scholars to label the competitions the Jocs Florals. The best dança earned its creator a (a fine silver marigold), and the best sirventés, pastorèla or vergièra garnered a (a silver dog rose).
The first prize was awarded on 3 May 1324 to Arnaut Vidal de Castelnou d'Ari for a sirventes in praise of the Virgin Mary. The contests were held intermittently until 1484, when the last prize was awarded to Arnaut Bernart de Tarascon. From this period of 160 years survive the record of around a hundred prizes. During that century and a half, the Consistori saw participants from both south of the Pyrenees and north of Occitania, both men and women. In an unknown year, possibly 1385, an anonymous Catalan woman submitted a planh to the seven maintainers for judgement. The (lament) is that of a faithful woman for her lover, who has been absent several years.
It was in order to judge these contests that the Consistori first commissioned an Occitan grammar, including the laws of poetry, be written up. The first compiler was Guilhem Molinier, whose Leys d'amor was completed between 1328 and 1337. It went through two subsequent redactions. Several other grammatical treatises and glosses were produced by poets associated with the Consistori.
By 1471 the Consistori was losing its Occitan character. It awarded the golden violet to Peire de Janilhac : notwithstanding that he was French, because he composed in the language of Toulouse. In 1513 the Consistori was transformed into the : the College of French Rhetoric and Poetry. In 1554 the College awarded a silver eglantine rose to none other than Pierre de Ronsard, the greatest French poet of his generation, for his . During the Enlightenment, Fabre d'Églantine received his name from the dog rose the academy bestowed on him at the (floral games). In 1694 the Consistori was reborn as the , founded by Louis XIV. Later, Victor Hugo received a prize at the . It still exists today.
Character and legacy
The Consistori, in its nostalgic attempt to preserve what had gone out of style, is often credited with fostering a monotonous form of poetry devoid of vibrance and feeling. Partly, however, this can be blamed on the Inquisition and the fear of being labelled immoral or, worse, a heretic. Courtly love, with all its adulterous and extramarital connotations, was a rarer theme with troubadours associated with Toulouse than religious themes, especially Marian. Even on religious themes, however, their work lacks the "force" of the last troubadours of the thirteenth century, like Cerverí de Girona, who wrote much on such themes. The Toulousains lacked originality and for that reason their accomplishments have been undervalued by later generations. Their isolation and their classicism cut them off from the literary movements giving life to other vernaculars, such as the dolce stil novo and the Renaissance in Italian and the work of Ausiàs March in Catalan.
Martí de Riquer is highly critical of the escòla poetica de Tolosa, which he charges with a thematically severely limited, weighed down by a narrow conception of art and imposing strictures governing poetic form and content, negatively influencing Catalan poetry by exporting occitanisms (until Italian trends wafted over the western Mediterranean sea routes to rejuvenate it), and sustaining an outmoded literary language. He compares it to French neoclassicism and its "tyranny of the monotonous alexandrine".
It is the inspiration for Friedrich Nietzsche's The Gay Science, 1882. It is the namesake of the Italian folk group Gai Saber.
Associated troubadours
Arnaut Bernart de Tarascon, won the violet in 1484
Arnaut Vidal de Castelnou d'Ari, won the violet in 1324
Bernart de Panassac, founding member
Bernat de Palaol, lost a debate with Rovira in 1386
Bertran del Falgar, "crowned" winner in unknown year
Bertran de Payna, "crowned" winner in unknown year
Bertran de Sant Roscha, "crowned" winner thrice
Gaston III of Foix, won the "joia" unknown year
Germà de Gontaut, maintainer in 1355 and 1386
Guilhem Molinier, first chancellor, wrote up the rules (Leys)
Guillem Bossatz d'Aorlayachs, won the eglantine and was "crowned"
Guillem Vetzinas, "sealed" winner in unknown year
Jacme Rovira, won a debate with Palaol in 1386
Jaume de Tolosa, "crowned" winner unknown year
Johan Blanch, won the violet c. 1360
Joan de Castellnou, completed the final version of the Leys around 1355
Lorenç Mallol, submitted a figured verse for competition
Luys Ycart, participant in unknown year
Peire Duran de Limoux, won the violet in 1373
Peire de Ladils, collaborator with Raimon de Cornet
Peire de Monlasur, collaborator with Peire Duran
Raimon de Cornet, called (the most brilliant spirit) of the Consistori
Ramenat Montaut, won the "joia" unknown year
Ramon Galbarra, maintainer in 1355 and 1386
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
website
Une fiche sur la naissance des Jeux floraux le 3 mai 1324. Hérodote.net.
1323 establishments in Europe
1320s establishments in France
1513 disestablishments in France
French poetry
Organizations based in Toulouse |
17174290 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeta%20Saxo | Poeta Saxo | The anonymous Saxon poet known as Poeta Saxo, who composed the medieval Latin Annales de gestis Caroli magni imperatoris libri quinque ("Annals of the Deeds of Emperor Charlemagne in Five Books") was probably a monk of Saint Gall or possibly Corvey. His Annales is one of the earliest poetic treatments of annalistic material and one of the earliest historical works to concentrate on Saxony. It is considered characteristic of the dénouement of the Carolingian Renaissance.
The Saxon identity of the poet is implicit in only two places in the text of his poem, as when he refers to the Saxons as "our people" in lines 687–690. He probably began collecting oral tradition about Charlemagne, the conqueror of the Saxons, 883, but he soon graduated to annalistic texts, such as the Annales regni Francorum as compiled under Einhard, and biographic works, like Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni; he composed his poem between 888 and 891, during the reign of Arnulf of Carinthia, whom he addresses. The Poeta was steeped in classical poetry and schooled in rhetoric. The Annales gives evidence of his having access to now lost annals and he has been a source for historians, though most literary critics offer less praise, noting that the Poeta is a versifier who simply transformed prose annals into metric ones with little original contribution.
He "goes beyond received and conventional ideas", however, in portraying Charlemagne as superior to the Roman emperors, standing beside Constantine in Heaven, and famous as David (this idea came from Charlemagne's court nickname). In the final book, where the Poet depicts the nations on Judgement Day, he has each nation led by a different apostle: Peter leads the Jews and Paul leads the Gentiles, under whom Andrew leads the Greeks, John the Asians, Matthew the Ethiopians, Thomas the Indians, and Charlemagne the Saxons. The Poeta is among the saved Saxons who enter Christ's presence; it is for this reason that he overlooks the brutality of Charlemagne's conquest of his people, for with Charlemagne came Christian salvation.
Among the pieces of history for which only the Poeta is a source are the commendation of the Danish chieftain Halfdan to Charlemagne in 807 and the existence of vernacular Germanic poems and songs about Germanic heroes of the past. About the latter the Poeta writes: Est quoque iam notum: vulgaria carmina magnis / Laudibus eius avos et proavos celebrant, / Pippinos, Carolos, Hludowicos et Theodricos / Et Carlomannos Hlothariosque canunt ("As is well known, vernacular poems celebrate and praise / his grandfathers and great grandfathers; / of Pippin, Charles, Louis, and Theoderic / Carlomann and Lothar are their songs made"). The Poeta also refers to the people of Europe over whom the Romans did not hold sway yet who are subjects of Charlemagne.
The identification of the Poeta with Agius of Corvey was refuted by Karl Strecker and more recently by H. F. Stiene. Rita Lejeune and Timothy Reuter see the Annales as the predecessor of French epic poetry and romance. The Poeta was probably a source for Widukind of Corvey.
Of the five books of the 2,691-line Annales, the first four are in hexameters while the last is in elegiac distichs. The first critical edition of the Poeta's poem was G. H. Pertz, MGH SS, II (Hanover, 1829), which was replaced by an updated version by Paul von Winterfeld in the Poetarum Latinorum Medii Aevi Tomus IV, i (Berlin, 1909). Parts of books I and II appeared in Godman (1985) with English translation.
References
Coupland, Simon (1998). "From Poachers to Gamekeepers: Scandinavian Warlords and Carolingian Kings." Early Medieval Europe, 7:1 (March), pp. 85–114.
Stella, Francesco (1995). La poesia carolingia. Florence: Le Lettere, pp. 111–12, 332–35, 485–86.
Godman, Peter (1985). Latin Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Leyser, Karl (1979). Rule and Conflict in an Early Medieval Society: Ottonian Saxony. London: Edward Arnold.
Latin text
Paul von Winterfeld, ed., in Poetarum Latinorum Medii Aevi Tomus IVi in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, (Berlin, 1909)
Notes
9th-century Saxon people
German Christian monks
9th-century writers in Latin
Medieval Latin poets
Writers from the Carolingian Empire
Carolingian poets |
17174325 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arentim%20e%20Cunha | Arentim e Cunha | Arentim e Cunha is a civil parish in the municipality of Braga, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Arentim and Cunha. The population in 2011 was 1,530, in an area of 5.72 km².
References
Freguesias of Braga |
17174337 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Halpern | Jack Halpern | Jack Halpern may refer to:
Jack Halpern (chemist) (1925–2018), inorganic chemist
Jack Halpern (linguist) (born 1946), lexicographer and linguist |
17174358 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peverill%20Squire | Peverill Squire | Peverill Squire is the Hicks and Martha Griffiths Chair in American Political Institutions at the University of Missouri, a political scientist well known for his work on legislative institutions, with specific focus on state legislatures. He has written, or co-authored, over 87 unique publications in the form of article and book chapters. He graduated in 1986 with a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley. Currently he lives in Columbia, Missouri with his wife and dog, Csilla which is Hungarian for star.
Teaching
He has taught at the University of Iowa, Budapest University of Economic Sciences, Meiji University, and University of California, Berkeley. Dr. Squire has taught courses in American Government, Congress and Legislative Policy, Comparative State Politics, American Political Institutions (graduate), Legislative Institutions (graduate), and The Evolution of American Legislatures, 1619 to the Present (graduate)
Research
He is best known for his Squire Index which ranks the levels of professionalization of state legislatures and has been cited over 130 times. Another, less well-known, index of his ranks electoral challenger quality in US House elections and has been cited 60 times.
Books
Include:
The Rise of the Representative: Lawmakers and Constituents in Colonial America (University of Michigan Press, 2017, )
The Evolution of American Legislatures: Colonies, Territories, and States, 1619-2009 (University of Michigan Press, 2012, )
References
Living people
University of Missouri faculty
People from Columbia, Missouri
Academic staff of the Corvinus University of Budapest
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17174359 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braga%20%28S%C3%A3o%20Jos%C3%A9%20de%20S%C3%A3o%20L%C3%A1zaro%20e%20S%C3%A3o%20Jo%C3%A3o%20do%20Souto%29 | Braga (São José de São Lázaro e São João do Souto) | Braga (São José de São Lázaro e São João do Souto) is a civil parish in the municipality of Braga, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes São José de São Lázaro and São João do Souto. The population in 2011 was 14,301, in an area of 2.43 km².
Located in the Largo Barão de São Martinho is the Café A Brasileira (The Brazilian Cafe), an establishment with a storied history in Braga, Porto and Lisbon.
References
Freguesias of Braga |
17174423 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Drakuen%20Station | Kōrakuen Station | is a subway train station in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan, operated by the Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro. It is directly connected by an underground pedestrian passage to the Toei-operated Kasuga Station. It is integrated with the Tokyo Dome City complex and the Bunkyō ward capitol building.
Lines
Kōrakuen Station is served by the following lines:
Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line, station number M-22
Tokyo Metro Namboku Line, station number N-11
Nearby , connected by a pedestrian passageway, is served by the following lines.
Toei Mita Line, station number I-12
Toei Ōedo Line, station number E-07
Layout
The Marunouchi Line platforms (1 to 2) consist of two side platforms serving two tracks on the second-floor ("2F") level, and the Namboku Line platforms (3 to 4) consist of an island platform serving two deep-level tracks on the sixth basement ("B6F") level.
Platforms
From March 2015, the Namboku Line platforms use the tune "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" as the departure melody, chosen as the nearby Tokyo Dome is used for baseball games.
Passengers
In fiscal 2019, this station had 106,481 passengers daily.
History
Kōrakuen Station opened on 20 January 1954 on the Marunouchi Line. The Namboku Line platforms opened on 26 March 1996.
The station facilities were inherited by Tokyo Metro after the privatization of the Teito Rapid Transit Authority (TRTA) in 2004.
From 13 March 2015, the tune "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" was used as the departure melody for the Namboku Line platforms.
Surrounding area
Bunkyo Civic Center
Tokyo Dome City entertainment complex
Tokyo Dome baseball stadium
Koishikawa Kōrakuen Garden
Several train stations nearby:
Kasuga Station (Toei)
Suidōbashi Station (JR East, Toei)
References
External links
Korakuen Station information (Tokyo Metro)
Railway stations in Tokyo
Tokyo Metro Marunouchi Line
Tokyo Metro Namboku Line
Railway stations in Japan opened in 1954 |
17174426 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrem%20Mathews | Aphrem Mathews | Mathews Mor Aphrem (James Chitteth; born 5 August 1968) is a Syriac Orthodox bishop and the Metropolitan of the Perumbavoor region of the Angamali diocese.
Early life
James Chitteth was born to Skaria and Sossamma Chitteth on 5 August 1968 in Arincherumala, Wayanad District.
Education
Chitteth had his schooling at the Government Higher Secondary School in Panamaram, Wayanad District. His Bachelor of Economics degree was from the University of Calicut. Soon after his graduation, Chitteth joined Malecuriz Dayro for Theology Education and earned a Diploma in Theology from Malankara Syrian Orthodox Seminary, Vettikkal, Mulanthuruthy. He was appointed as a teacher in Holy liturgy in the seminary after his theology studies. He earned his Master of Economics from Maharajas College, affiliated with Mahatma Gandhi University.
Chitteth joined United Theological College, Bangalore for higher studies in Theology and earned his Bachelor of Divinity in 1998 from the Senate of Serampore College (University). He was awarded his Master of Theology in Systematic Theology in 2001 by the Senate.
In 2004 Chitteth went to the United States for his higher studies in Theology and was called to Bishophood during his studies.
Priesthood
Thanono Yuhanon Mor Philexinos, Metropolitan of Malabar, ordained James Chitteth as sub-deacon on 14 March 1991. He was ordained Apudiyaqono on 19 April 1993 by Geevarghese Mor Gregorios (Perumpally Thirumeni). Dn. James was ordained Kassisso by Thanono Yuhanon Mor Philexinos in the year 1994 and was appointed as the Vicar of St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Soonoro Church, Velamkode, Kozhikode District. He later served at St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Poothadi, Wayanad District.
During his higher studies at United Theological College, Bangalore, he served at St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Cathedral, Queens Road, Bangalore; St. Ignatius Elais III Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, Krishnarajapuram; St. Peter's and St. Paul's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, Mathekkere; and Ananthpur and Mysore Churches in Outside Kerala Diocese as parish priest. Later during his tenure in MSOT, he served at St. George Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Simhasana Church, Pambra; St. George Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Simhasana Church, Perumpilly (both the churches under Ignatius Zakka I Iwas); St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Eroor (under Diocese of Kochi); and St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, Chembu which is under the Diocese of Kandanad.
During his studies in USA, he served at St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Denver; St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian church, Detroit; and St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church, Canada as Vicar. All of those churches were part of the Malankara Arch Diocese of North America.
Professorship
After attaining the master's degree in Theology from The Senate of Serampore College (University), James Chitteth joined the faculty of Malankara Syrian Orthodox Theological Seminary in Mulanthuruthy. He taught Systematic Theology, Orthodox Faith, Syrian Liturgical Music and Hebrew. During this period, he served as the Bursar, Malpan & Student's Warden of the Seminary.
Episcopacy
In the year 2006, The Holy Episcopal Synod, with the permission of Supreme Head of the Church, Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, decided to split Ankamali Diocese—the largest Diocese in the Universal Syrian Orthodox Church—into four regions, which was later approved by the diocesan council. Council suggested the name of James Chitteth as the metropolitan of the High Range Region of the Diocese. The election was unanimous. The election was approved by the Managing Committee, Working Committee, Malankara Episcopal Synod and later by Ignatius Zakka I Iwas.
At Karingachira St. George Jacobite Syrian Cathedral, Baselios Thomas I ordained him as Rabban (monk) with the name Nahum on 2 July 2006, along with four others.
On 3 July 2006, Nahum Rabban along with four other monks, was raised to the highest order of bishophood—metropolitan—by Baselios Thomas I, at St. Thomas Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church, North Paravoor, where Patriarch of Antioch, Moran Mor Ignatius Peter IV consecrated St. Gregorios Geevarghese, Chathuruthil along with others in 1876. Rabban Nahum was ordained with the name MOR APHREM MATHEWS. He is the only Metropolitan in the Universal Syrian Orthodox Church with the name Aphrem. Mor Aphrem was given charge of High Range Region of Ankamali Diocese, under Baselios Thomas I, who is the Diocesan Metropolitan.
Metropolitans Thanono Dr.Yuhanon Mor Philaxinos, Thomas Mor Timotheos, Joseph Mor Gregorios, Mor Ivanios Mathews, Yuhanon Mor Militos, Mor Yulius Kuriakose, Mor Dionysius Geevarghese, Mor Theophilos Kuriakose and Mor Severios Kuriakose assisted Catholicose in the consecration.
See also
Syriac Orthodox Church
Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
References
Syrian Church Biography
Syrian Orthodox Church Digest - June 2006
University of Calicut alumni
Syriac Orthodox Church bishops
Living people
People from Wayanad district
1968 births |
17174435 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammon | Sammon | Sammon may refer to:
People
Sammon (surname), notable persons with the surname Sammon
Other
Jimon and Sammon, one of the factions of Tendai Buddhism
Sammon projection, an algorithm that maps a high-dimensional space to a space of lower dimensionality |
17174474 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behisatra | Behisatra | Behisatra is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Beroroha, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 15,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 90% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 7% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize and cassava. Services provide employment for 3% of the population.
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17174475 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanjakana%2C%20Beroroha | Fanjakana, Beroroha | Fanjakana is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Beroroha, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 4,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 92% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 6% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are beans and maize. Services provide employment for 2% of the population.
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17174476 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandronarivo | Mandronarivo | Mandronarivo is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Beroroha, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 7,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 85% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 14% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are cassava and sweet potatoes. Services provide employment for 1% of the population.
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17174477 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marerano | Marerano | Marerano is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Beroroha, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 4,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 64% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 34% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are maize and cassava. Services provide employment for 1% of the population. Additionally fishing employs 1% of the population.
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17174478 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehara | Ehara | Ehara is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Benenitra, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 5,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. 60% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 35% make their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are sugarcane and cassava. Services provide employment for 5% of the population.
Geography
Ehara is situated at the Sakamare, near its mouth in the Onilahy River.
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17174480 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ianapera | Ianapera | Ianapera is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Benenitra, which is a part of Atsimo-Andrefana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 10,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 65% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 34% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are beans, cassava and sweet potatoes. Services provide employment for 1% of the population.
Rivers
The commune is crossed by the Ianapera river.
References and notes
Populated places in Atsimo-Andrefana |
17174541 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fawni | Fawni | Fawni is an Austrian singer-songwriter, artist and actress.
Reality television
In 2014, Fawni starred in the American reality television series titled Euros of Hollywood which premiered on Bravo network on November 3, 2014. The show featured a group of Europeans trying to make it in America.
References
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17174552 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor%20Arne%20Lau%20Henriksen | Tor Arne Lau Henriksen | Tor Arne Lau Henriksen (February 22, 1974 – July 23, 2007) was a Norwegian officer who was killed in action in Afghanistan.
Lieutenant Lau Henriksen was the first Norwegian soldier to be awarded the military cross. His name was the "Name of the Year" 2007 in Verdens Gang.
He joined Hærens Jegerkommando before he went to Afghanistan. During a mission there, Lau Henriksen was killed by members of the Taliban in Lowgar Province. He and other Norwegian soldiers were on a reconnaissance mission together with soldiers from the Afghan National Army, when they were attacked by Taliban members dressed as civilians. Lau Henriksen was shot in the chest and became the first soldier from Hærens Jegerkommando to be killed in action in Afghanistan.
References
Norwegian Army personnel
Norwegian military personnel killed in the War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
2007 deaths
1974 births |
17174564 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strathcona%20Canadian%20Pacific%20Railway%20Station | Strathcona Canadian Pacific Railway Station | South Edmonton station, known as Strathcona station prior to 1932, was built by the Calgary and Edmonton Railway in what was then the City of Strathcona, Alberta. Construction on the station was started in 1907, completed in 1908, and expanded in 1910.
The building was initially the northern terminus of the Calgary and Edmonton Railway serving Strathcona and Edmonton, although Canadian Pacific later expanded that line north across the North Saskatchewan River via the High Level Bridge into Edmonton proper. The building was designated a Canadian Heritage Railway Station in 1991, when it was still owned by CP and therefore subject to federal regulation. After being sold by CP it was designated a Municipal Historic Resource in 2003, and a Provincial Historic Resource in 2004.
From 1998 to 2010 the building was home to the Iron Horse Night Club, one of Edmonton's largest nightclubs, with two levels, eights bars, four rooms, a dance floor, and a stage; it hosted over 1,000 people on an average night.
Previous station in Strathcona
The 1908 station was the second in Strathcona. The original 1891 station was demolished after this bigger station opened; however, a replica houses the Calgary & Edmonton Railway Station Museum at 10447 86 Avenue NW, four blocks north of the 1908 station.
References
Canadian Pacific Railway stations in Alberta
Railway stations in Canada opened in 1908
Disused railway stations in Canada
Designated heritage railway stations in Alberta
Provincial Historic Resources in Edmonton
Municipal Historic Resources of Edmonton
Tourist attractions in Edmonton
Music venues in Edmonton
1908 establishments in Alberta
Railway stations closed in 1985 |
17174577 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Benatar | David Benatar | David Benatar (born 8 December 1966) is a South African philosopher, academic, and author. He is best known for his advocacy of antinatalism in his book Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence, in which he argues that coming into existence is serious harm, regardless of the feelings of the existing being once brought into existence, and that, as a consequence, it is always morally wrong to create more sentient beings.
Education and career
Benatar is the son of Solomon Benatar, a global-health expert who founded the Bioethics Centre at the University of Cape Town. He later studied at the University of Cape Town, receiving a BSocSc and PhD.
Benatar is a professor of philosophy and director of the Bioethics Centre at the University of Cape Town. He is a member of the editorial board of the Journal of Controversial Ideas.
Philosophical work
Asymmetry between pain and pleasure
Benatar argues there is a crucial asymmetry between the good and the bad things, such as pleasure and pain, which means it would be better for humans not to have been born:
The presence of pain is bad.
The presence of pleasure is good.
The absence of pain is good, even if that good is not enjoyed by anyone.
The absence of pleasure is not bad unless there is somebody for whom this absence is a deprivation.
Implications for procreation
Benatar argues that bringing someone into existence generates both good and bad experiences, pain and pleasure, whereas not doing so generates neither pain nor pleasure. The absence of pain is good, the absence of pleasure is not bad. Therefore, the ethical choice is weighed in favor of non-procreation.
Benatar raises four other related asymmetries that he considers quite plausible:
We have a moral obligation not to create unhappy people and we have no moral obligation to create happy people. The reason why we think there is a moral obligation not to create unhappy people is that the presence of this suffering would be bad (for the sufferers) and the absence of the suffering is good (even though there is nobody to enjoy the absence of suffering). By contrast, the reason we think there is no moral obligation to create happy people is that although their pleasure would be good for them, the absence of pleasure when they do not come into existence will not be bad, because there will be no one who will be deprived of this good.
It is strange to mention the interests of a potential child as a reason why we decide to create them, and it is not strange to mention the interests of a potential child as a reason why we decide not to create them. That the child may be happy is not a morally important reason to create them. By contrast, that the child may be unhappy is an important moral reason not to create them. If it were the case that the absence of pleasure is bad even if someone does not exist to experience its absence, then we would have a significant moral reason to create a child and to create as many children as possible. And if it were not the case that the absence of pain is good even if someone does not exist to experience this good, then we would not have a significant moral reason not to create a child.
Someday we can regret the sake of a person whose existence was conditional on our decision, that we created them – a person can be unhappy and the presence of their pain would be a bad thing. But we will never feel regret for the sake of a person whose existence was conditional on our decision, that we did not create them – a person will not be deprived of happiness, because he or she will never exist, and the absence of happiness will not be bad, because there will be no one who will be deprived of this good.
We feel sadness by the fact that somewhere people come into existence and suffer, and we feel no sadness by the fact that somewhere people did not come into existence in a place where there are happy people. When we know that somewhere people came into existence and suffer, we feel compassion. The fact that on some deserted island or planet, people did not come into existence and suffer is good. This is because the absence of pain is good even when there is not someone who is experiencing this good. On the other hand, we do not feel sadness by the fact that on some deserted island or planet, people did not come into existence and are not happy. This is because the absence of pleasure is bad only when someone exists to be deprived of this good.
Humans' unreliable assessment of life's quality
Benatar raises the issue of whether humans inaccurately estimate the true quality of their lives, and has cited three psychological phenomena which he believes are responsible for this:
Tendency towards optimism: we have a positively distorted perspective of our lives in the past, present, and future.
Adaptation: we adapt to our circumstances, and if they worsen, our sense of well-being is lowered in anticipation of those harmful circumstances, according to our expectations, which are usually divorced from the reality of our circumstances.
Comparison: we judge our lives by comparing them to those of others, ignoring the negatives which affect everyone to focus on specific differences. And due to our optimism bias, we mostly compare ourselves to those worse off, to overestimate the value of our own well-being.
He concludes:
Sexual discrimination against men and boys
Benatar's The Second Sexism: Discrimination Against Men and Boys (2012) examines various issues regarding misandry and the negative socially-imposed aspects of male identity. It does not seek to attack or diminish the ideas of feminism, but rather to shine a light on the parallel existence of systemic and cultural discrimination against men and boys, and how it simultaneously contributes to the oppression of women. In a review of the book, philosopher Simon Blackburn writes that "Benatar knows that such examples are likely to meet snorts of disbelief or derision, but he is careful to back up his claims with empirical data," and through this book, he shows that "if it is all too often tough being a woman, it is also sometimes tough being a man, and that any failure to recognise this risks distorting what should be everyone's goal, namely universal sympathy as well as social justice for all, regardless of gender." In another review, the philosopher Iddo Landau praises the work as "a very well-argued book that presents an unorthodox thesis and defends it ably," agreeing with Benatar that "in order to cope with the hitherto ignored second sexism, we should not only acknowledge it, but also dedicate much more empirical and philosophical research to this under-explored topic and, of course, try to change many attitudes, social norms, and laws".
Publications
Benatar is the author of a series of widely cited papers in medical ethics, including "Between Prophylaxis and Child Abuse" (The American Journal of Bioethics) and "A Pain in the Fetus: Toward Ending Confusion about Fetal Pain" (Bioethics). His work has been published in such journals as Ethics, Journal of Applied Philosophy, Social Theory and Practice, American Philosophical Quarterly, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, Journal of Law and Religion and the British Medical Journal.
Cultural influence
Nic Pizzolatto, creator and writer of True Detective, has cited Benatar's Better Never to Have Been as an influence on the TV series (along with Ray Brassier's Nihil Unbound, Thomas Ligotti's The Conspiracy Against the Human Race, Jim Crawford's Confessions of an Antinatalist, and Eugene Thacker's In the Dust of This Planet).
Personal life
Not much is known about Benatar's personal life as he deliberately guards his privacy. He has held antinatalist views since his childhood.
Benatar is vegan, and has taken part in debates on veganism. He has argued that humans are "responsible for the suffering and deaths of billions of other humans and non-human animals. If that level of destruction were caused by another species we would rapidly recommend that new members of that species not be brought into existence." He has also argued that the outbreak of zoonotic diseases, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, is often the result of how humans mistreat animals.
Benatar is an atheist and has stated that he has no children of his own.
Bibliography
As editor
Ethics for Everyday. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002.
Life, Death & Meaning: Key Philosophical Readings on the Big Questions (2004)
Notes
References
External links
University of Cape Town – Benatar's faculty page
1966 births
Living people
20th-century South African philosophers
21st-century South African philosophers
Anti-natalists
Animal ethicists
Bioethicists
Philosophers of pessimism
South African atheists
South African ethicists
South African non-fiction writers
Academic staff of the University of Cape Town
University of Cape Town alumni |
17174584 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham%20Sarmiento | Abraham Sarmiento | Abraham Florendo Sarmiento Sr. (October 8, 1921 – October 3, 2010) was a Filipino jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines from 1987 to 1991. An active figure in the political opposition against the martial law government of President Ferdinand Marcos, he was appointed to the Court by Marcos' successor, President Corazon Aquino.
Early life and education
Sarmiento was born in Santa Cruz, Ilocos Sur. He completed his primary and secondary education in Laoag City, Ilocos Norte, graduating as the valedictorian of his high school class. Upon the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II, Sarmiento joined the USAFFE and the underground guerilla resistance against the Imperial Japanese Army.
After the war, Sarmiento completed his law studies at the University of the Philippines College of Law. He was a member of the Alpha Phi Beta fraternity. Sarmiento earned his Bachelor of Laws degree in 1949. In that year, he authored a biography on the murdered Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, José Abad Santos, entitled Jose Abad Santos: An Apotheosis.
Professional career
Upon his admission to the Philippine Bar, Sarmiento entered into private practice. In the 1950s, he formed a law partnership with Senators Gerardo Roxas and Justiniano Montano, maintaining his partnership with Roxas until 1967, when he established the Abraham F. Sarmiento Law Office.
Sarmiento successfully ran for a seat to the Philippine Constitutional Convention of 1971 as a delegate from Cavite. He was elected vice-president of the convention, which was tasked with the drafting of a new Constitution.
Martial law years
President Ferdinand Marcos declared martial law in September 1972. During this time, Sarmiento's eldest son, Ditto, was a student at the University of the Philippines. Ditto became the editor-in-chief of the official university newspaper, the Philippine Collegian, and under his leadership, the paper began publishing editorials critical of Marcos and martial law. When Ditto was arrested in 1976, Sarmiento spent months negotiating with government officials to obtain his son's release. Ditto was released after seven months, but died within a year after his health was aggravated by the conditions of his imprisonment.
After the death of his son, Sarmiento was visibly active in human rights and anti-Marcos groups. He co-founded the National Union for Democracy and Freedom, the Philippine Organization for Human Rights, and the National Union for Liberation. He was among the founders of the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations (UNIDO), and served as its secretary-general from 1981 to 1983. From 1985 to 1987, Sarmiento served as the Chief Legal Counsel and Member of the Governing Council of the Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN). It would be under the auspices of UNIDO and LABAN that Corazon Aquino and Salvador Laurel would form their presidential ticket that challenged Marcos in the 1986 presidential elections. Sarmiento was also a member of the executive committee and National Council of the Bagong Alyansang Makabayan (BAYAN) from 1985 to 1987.
In 1979, Sarmiento co-authored a book, The Road Back to Democracy, with former Philippine President Diosdado Macapagal and three others. Later that year, he and Manuel Concordia published a book, Ang Demokrasya sa Pilipinas, which led to their arrest on charges of subversion and inciting to sedition. They were later placed under house arrest.
Appointment to the Supreme Court
Upon the assumption to the presidency of Corazon Aquino, following the 1986 People Power Revolution, Sarmiento was appointed to the Board of Directors of San Miguel Corporation, which was then under government sequestration. In January 1987, President Aquino appointed Sarmiento as an associate justice of the Philippine Supreme Court. He would serve on the High Court until he reached the compulsory retirement age of 70 in 1991.
During his stint on the Court, Sarmiento held staunch civil libertarian views. In People v. Nazario, 165 SCRA 186, the Court through Sarmiento acknowledged the void for vagueness rule as able to invalidate criminal statutes. In Pita v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 80806, 5 October 1989, 163 SCRA 386, he wrote for the Court that any restraint on the publication of purportedly obscene materials must satisfy the clear and present danger test. In Salaw v. NLRC, G.R. No. 90786, 27 September 1991, 202 SCRA 7, Sarmiento's opinion for the Court held that the dismissal of an employee in the private sector must be attended with procedural due process, a ruling which has since been reversed by the Court. At the same time, in PASE v. Drilon, G.R. No. L-81958, 30 June 1988, 178 SCRA 362, Sarmiento's opinion for the Court upheld as a valid police power measure, the Philippine government's right to temporarily ban the deployment abroad of Filipino domestics and household workers.
At the same time, Sarmiento dissented from the majority in some high-profile cases. In Marcos v. Manglapus, 178 SCRA 760, Sarmiento dissented from the majority which affirmed President Aquino's ban on the re-entry to the Philippines of Ferdinand Marcos. In Umil v. Ramos, 187 SCRA 311, Sarmiento published a strongly worded dissenting opinion to the majority opinion, which had held that there was no need to procure an arrest warrant to detain persons charged with the crimes of rebellion or subversion. Sarmiento invoked the diminution of civil liberties during the Marcos administration, writing: The apprehensions in question chronicle in my mind the increasing pattern of arrests and detention in the country without the sanction of a judicial decree. Four years ago at "EDSA", and many years before it, although with much fewer of us, we valiantly challenged a dictator and all the evils his regime had stood for: repression of civil liberties and trampling on of human rights. We set up a popular government, restored its honored institutions, and crafted a democratic constitution that rests on the guideposts of peace and freedom. I feel that with this Court's ruling, we have frittered away, by a stroke of the pen, what we had so painstakingly built in four years of democracy, and almost twenty years of struggle against tyranny.
Later years
Since 2002, Sarmiento had served as a member of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines. In 2004, he was among the candidates for appointment as President of the University of the Philippines.
However, his membership in the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines was marked with controversy, when he protested the election of UP-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) Director Jose Gonzalez, by questioning the legality of the vote of Student Regent Charisse Banez because of her pending application for residency, thus questioning her representation in the Board of Regents and finally replacing the PGH Director and ouster of the Student Regent. But according to the records of his appointment by the President of the Republic of the Philippines, his term as Regent is already expired along with the 2 Malacanang Appointees. It is speculated, that his decision to question the status of the Student Regent is politically motivated because the other nominees are close to President Gloria-Macapagal Arroyo and they will continue the private leasing of the Faculty Medical Arts building in the UP-Philippine General Hospital to the Daniel Mercado Medical Center, a private hospital owned by a UP alumnus in Tanauan, Batangas, while Dr. Jose Gonzales wants to revoke the agreement because, it will not benefit the poor patients of the hospital but it will jumpstart commercialization of the UP-PGH. Now, his actions hound his reputation as a Martial Law activist.
Sarmiento was in fact appointed by former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as a Regent until September 29, 2010. However, U.P. President Emerlinda R. Roman renominated him as a U.P. Regent to President Benigno S. Aquino III and this renomination remained pending even as Sarmiento died in Prague, Czech Republic on October 3, 2010. As of the time of his death, therefore, Sarmiento was still a sitting U.P. Regent in a holdover capacity.
Death
Sarmiento died due to apparent organ failure, while visiting Prague, Czech Republic, was reported in the Philippine media on October 4, 2010.
References
1921 births
2010 deaths
Deaths from organ failure
Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines
University of the Philippines alumni
20th-century Filipino judges
Filipino democracy activists
People from Ilocos Sur
San Miguel Corporation people |
17174590 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky%2C%20New%20South%20Wales | Kentucky, New South Wales | Kentucky is a village in the New England region of New South Wales, Australia. It is about south of Uralla and north-west of Walcha and about off the New England Highway. Kentucky is located by rail from Sydney in Sandon County on the Northern Tablelands. It is at an altitude of 1066m and is within Uralla Shire. At the 2016 census, Kentucky had a population of 158.
History
On 25 May 1870 Alexander Binning Walker, a rural lock-up keeper, chased, confronted and killed the infamous bushranger Fred Ward, alias Captain Thunderbolt, at Kentucky Creek, Uralla.
The Kentucky railway station, on the Main North Line, was opened on 2 August 1882. It was closed many years ago, though daily Sydney/Armidale trains still pass through the village.
The area was a former soldier settlement region with many orchards and other agricultural properties. The development of the Kentucky Returned Soldiers Settlement along the railway between Kentucky and Wollun commenced in July 1918. This settlement covered , mostly of a light sandy granite type soil. The area was divided into eighty holdings of 40 to each depending on the location of the farm. The total orchard area which was planted with apples, pears, prunes, plums and cherries was .
The Kentucky Memorial Hall, in 2008, installed a memorial plaque at the Noalimba Avenue of Honour dedicated to the original soldier settlers and those servicemen and women from the district who enlisted in subsequent conflicts.
About 4 km south of Kentucky is Kentucky South which was a rail siding that opened on 18 October 1926 and closed on 20 February 1975. Some of the old rail sheds remain there along with several houses.
Kentucky today
The district now has several well-known Merino sheep studs and produces some top super fine wool, as well as quality beef cattle. Apples, cherries, pears and other stone fruit are available from the orchards during the season. The Kentucky Tree Nursery produces many low cost trees and shrubs for farm planting. A boutique distillery and brewery (Dobson's), a fine-dining restaurant (Pinot) and a sophisticated nightclub (The Speakeasy) together comprise Eastview Estate, developed since 2009 immediately to the north-east of the village. Kentucky also has two churches, a community hall, general store and a progressive public school. Some of the country gardens are opened to the public through the open gardens scheme and community fund raising schemes. The current population is about 60 persons.
References
Uralla: http://www.walkabout.com.au/locations/NSWUralla.shtml
Towns in New South Wales
Towns in New England (New South Wales)
Australian soldier settlements
Uralla Shire
Main North railway line, New South Wales
Australian places named after U.S. places or U.S. history |
17174607 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Nethernet | The Nethernet | The Nethernet (previously known as PMOG, the Passively Multiplayer Online Game) was an online game in which players "passively" participated in while browsing web pages. Players earn data points by taking missions, which they can spend on various game items that could be attached to web pages to trigger events when another player next visited that page.
The game was launched as PMOG in 2007 and underwent changes in 2009 to be rebranded as the Nethernet, although this was not completely successful and the game was shut down from August until coming back online in December 31st of that year. In its last iteration, the game would be online for some time, until it was finally shut down an unknown time after that.
Origins
One of the founding creators of The Nethernet was Justin Hall. In 2007, as a graduate student in USC's Interactive Media Division program, he developed the game concept as part of his masters thesis. The game led to the formation of GameLayers, Inc. with Nethernet co-creators Duncan Gough, and Merci Victoria Grace. A very early public version of the game was created with support from Alice Taylor and Phil Gyford. The game had an alpha release on February 5, 2007, with initial funding coming from the BBC, who were interested in exploring the potential for passive online gaming to teach web literacy. In May 2007, the game had 700 users.
The game was known as PMOG until March 2009, where it was rebranded and relaunched as The Nethernet until August 2009. At that time, the site was shut down, due to expense issues.
On December 31, 2009, Gamelayers, Inc., reported the return of The Nethernet and the game went back online. Until it went offline some unknown time after that.
Game experience
The premise of The Nethernet came from the fact that internet users spend a large portion of their time multitasking, browsing information, or contacting other people online. The Nethernet aimed to classify and allocate an individual’s internet use and then utilize the gathered information in a unique and playful manner.
The Nethernet was originally an in-browser toolbar that compensated users as they browsed the World Wide Web. The game evolved as a heads-up display overlay in the Firefox web browser. The design of the HUD and its interface allowed users to play with one another via the World Wide Web. In addition, it allowed players to create information quests, complete missions created by other users, place "mines" throughout the web to trip up other users, and place and follow "portals" to other websites.
By engaging through features of the HUD and through increased web browsing, players lose or gain data points. Data points allow users to buy different types of tools which can enhance the previously mentioned features of the HUD. In addition, accumulated data points allow users to select a character type. In total, there are six characters: three fall under the category of "Chaotic", whose roles are to place numerous mines, vengeance weapons which prevent mine use, called "St. Nicks", and create portals. The other three abide by the "Torch of Order" and concentrate on protecting other users and providing them useful information through missions, also known as "quests".
Nethernet players can also collect achievement badges from the missions they completed, the manner in which they utilized their tools, or the web sites they visited.
See also
Web Annotation
References
External links
Official site of The Nethernet
Retelling of the story of GameLayers and the Nethernet by Justin Hall
PMOG Intro Cutscene (Blip.TV video with backstory to the original PMOG game)
DejaVu Development TRAC
Justin Hall's Masters' thesis defense (video from February 20, 2007)
passivelymultiplayer.com
Game Design for PMOG by Merci Hammon
TheNethernet API by Duncan Gough
2007 video games
Online games
Internet properties established in 2007
Video games affiliated with the USC Interactive Media & Games Division |
17174625 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20W.%20Stallsmith | Bruce W. Stallsmith | Bruce W. Stallsmith is a professor of biology at the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) in Huntsville, Alabama and served as the 2000–2008 president of the North American Native Fishes Association (NANFA). He now serves as the Research Grant Chair for NANFA.
His current research interests include the reproductive ecology of the Telescope Shiner, Notropis telescopus; the effects of 11-ketotestosterone in the Scarlet Shiner, Lythrurus fasciolaris; the threatened status of the Flame Chub, Hemitremia flammea; and the genetic variability of the Stippled Studfish, Fundulus bifax, a fish endemic to the Tallapoosa drainage system in Alabama.
Stallsmith teaches Introduction Biology, Organismal Biology, Vertebrate Zoology, and Vertebrate Reproduction at UAH.
References
University of Alabama in Huntsville faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
17174628 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BonelliErede | BonelliErede | BonelliErede is an Italian law firm. It was formed in 1999 when the Genoa-based Bonelli e Associati merged with the Milan-based Erede e Associati and the Brussels-based Pappalardo e Associati.
Legacy firms
Bonelli e Associati was founded in 1996 by Franco Bonelli, an attorney in M&A and Litigation and Professor of Corporate Law at the University of Genoa.
Erede e Associati, founded in 1995, was led by Sergio Erede, a graduate of the University of Milan and Harvard Law School. He had been previously associated with Sullivan & Cromwell and Hale & Dorr, now known as WilmerHale.
Pappalardo e Associati was founded in 1992 by Aurelio Pappalardo, a graduate of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and the University of Chicago, who had previously worked at the Milan office of Jones Day.
Merger
The three-way merger was largely a result of market pressure during a period of rapid change in the Italian legal sector as international (mostly American and British) law firms such as Clifford Chance, and Shearman & Sterling actively sought to expand their existing operations, or open offices in Italy. The merger was essentially a flanking operation that forced foreign firms to concentrate their energies on mergers with smaller Italian firms or to acquire specific teams.
In May 2019, BonelliErede announced the integration with Lombardi e Associati, one of the leading Italian independent law firms in litigation and corporate law. The integration came into force in July 2019.
The firm is now managed by a Board of Directors that is made up of 9 partners, including the Chairman (Stefano Simontacchi) and the Managing Partner (Andrea Carta Mantiglia).In October 2020, beLab, BonelliErede's Alternative Legal Service Provider, gained its own autonomy and became a corporation.
Name
In July 2015, the firm changed its name to BonelliErede.
References
External links
Official site
Law firms of Italy
Law firms established in 1999
Italian companies established in 1999 |
17174632 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy%20Pittman | Billy Pittman | Billy Pittman (born September 19, 1984) is a former American football player. He played college football as a wide receiver for the University of Texas Longhorns from 2003 to 2007 and was the leading receiver on the 2005 Texas team that won the BCS National Championship.
High school career
He attended C.H. Yoe High School in Cameron, Texas. He started at quarterback for the Yoemen for four years and accounted for 7,090 yards and 66 touchdowns during his prep career. In his senior year, Pittman was third-team 3A THSCA All-State and District 18-3A MVP. He once completed 13-of-19 passes for 223 yards and a touchdown and rushed 24 times for 267 yards and two touchdowns against Waco Connally.
University of Texas
Pittman played college football at the University of Texas from 2003 to 2007. As a freshman in 2003, he sustained a torn quadriceps muscle and was a redshirt. In 2004, he missed the entire season after sustaining a separated shoulder, another torn leg muscle and being diagnosed with Bell's Palsy, a rare condition that results in inability to control facial muscles on the affected side and can also cause facial paralysis. In 2006, Stewart Mandell published a feature story in Sports Illustrated on Pittman's comeback from the rare disorder. Mandell described Pittman's discovery of his condition as follows:"It started with a simple twitch. Billy Pittman woke up one spring morning two years ago to find his eye was twitching, and it wouldn't stop. Eye drops, a splash of water to the face -- no help. He went back to bed that afternoon, woke up, and now noticed his nostril wasn't moving. By the next morning, he couldn't feel the left side of his face."
Texas coach Mack Brown recalled that, after missing the 2003 and 2004 seasons, Pittman nearly quit the team: "That poor young man had everything that could possibly happen happen. He was ready to quit." After coming back from the condition, Pittman told a local reporter for the Associated Press, "I've come through a lot. What don't kill you will make you stronger."
Pittman was able to overcome the disorder and became the leading receiver on the 2005 Texas Longhorns football team that finished the regular season with a perfect record and defeated the USC Trojans for the BCS National Championship. During the 2005 campaign, Pittman became the favorite receiver for Texas quarterback Vince Young. In the second game of the season, Pittman helped the Longhorns defeat Ohio State in Columbus, Ohio. Pittman scored the first touchdown against the Buckeyes and gained 63 yards on a catch in the third quarter. He finished the game with five catches for 130 yards. He added a 64-yard touchdown catch against Oklahoma and a 75-yard catch against Texas Tech. Pittman caught 34 passes from Young in 2005 for 750 receiving yards, an average of 22.1 yards per catch, and five touchdowns.
Pittman had a second strong showing in 2006 with 35 catches for 456 yards and four touchdowns.
Pittman was suspended for the first three games of the 2007 season for "infringement of amateurism rules". According to Pittman, he drove a friend's car for the duration of this summer, which classifies as an improper benefit. In nine games for the Longhorns during the 2007 season, Pittman had 11 catches for 77 yards.
Professional football
Pittman ran a relatively slow time of 4.76 seconds in the 40-yard dash at the NFL Combine. At Texas's Pro Day, he improved it slightly to that of 4.71 seconds and had a vertical leap of 32.5 inches. He was signed by the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent on the 28 April 2008. Pittman was put on waivers at the end of August 2008 as the Chargers made cut the roster to 75 players.
References
External links
ESPN - Billy Pittman Stats
American football wide receivers
People from Cameron, Texas
Texas Longhorns football players
1984 births
Living people |
17174659 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation%20from%20hell | Salvation from hell | Salvation from Hell (Arabic: Al Najun Min Al Nar, also translated as Saved from the Inferno) was a militant Islamic organization which operated in Egypt in the 1980s.
During a 1989 trial in Egypt, 26 defendants were charged with forming Salvation from Hell, an illegal paramilitary organization, in addition to other charges. The Egyptian government broke off ties with Iran following allegations that Iran funded the group. Yasser Borhamy was detained for a month in 1987 due to his alleged connection with the assassination attempt against interior minister Hassan Abu Basha. Hussein al-Zawahiri, the brother of Ayman al-Zawahiri and Muhammad al-Zawahiri, was convicted for his alleged role in the assassination attempt.
Sources
Egypt: Islamic Fundamentalist Organisations: The Muslim Brotherhood and the Gama'A Al-Islamiya (The Islamic Group) UNHCR
References
Jihadist groups in Egypt
Defunct organizations designated as terrorist in Africa
1980s in Egypt
Paramilitary organisations based in Egypt |
17174685 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Courier%20%28Ballarat%29 | The Courier (Ballarat) | The Ballarat Courier is a newspaper circulating in the Ballarat region of regional Victoria. It is published daily from Monday to Saturday.
In 2021 the editor is Eugene Duffy. The newspaper is owned by Australian Community Media.
History
In 1867, Robert Clark and Edward J.Bateman established The Courier under the name of Bateman Clark & Co. The first office was located on the south side of Sturt Street, east of Albert Street. In 1871 the office moved to 24 Sturt Street and in 1889 the Clark and Bateman partnership dissolved, with Clark becoming the sole proprietor. In 1922 the newspaper became a private company called the Ballarat Courier Proprietary and a year later bought out the opposition, The Star. The Courier changed format from broadsheet to tabloid in 1944.
During and prior to 2021 the publication saw a steep decline in the publication of Letters to the Editor and Opinion.
Coverage on Trove
Trove carries digitized copies of most issues of the Ballarat Courier from
No. 722 of 1 December 1869 to 5375 of 22 September 1885 and
1 January 1914 to 1 January 1918
and the Ballarat Star from
Vol X No 1 of 2 January 1865 to No 20,122 of 13 September 1924
References
External links
The Courier
Digitised World War I Victorian newspapers from the State Library of Victoria
Ballarat
Newspapers published in Victoria (state)
Mass media in Ballarat
Daily newspapers published in Australia
Newspapers on Trove |
17174687 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC%40Home | ABC@Home | ABC@Home was an educational and non-profit network computing project finding abc-triples related to the abc conjecture in number theory using the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC) volunteer computing platform.
In March 2011, there were more than 7,300 active participants from 114 countries with a total BOINC credit of more than 2.9 billion, reporting about 10 teraflops (10 trillion operations per second) of processing power.
In 2011, the project met its goal of finding all abc-triples of at most 18 digits. By 2015, the project had found 23.8 million triples in total, and ceased operations soon after.
See also
List of volunteer computing projects
References
External links
The Mathematical Institute of Leiden University
Science in society
Computational number theory
Volunteer computing projects |
17174688 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley%20Jackson | Lesley Jackson | Lesley Jackson is a curator, historian, and author specialising in twentieth century design. She has published at least eleven books, including Twentieth Century Pattern Design from Princeton Architectural Press, The Sixties: Decade of Design Revolution from Phaidon, The New Look: Design in the Fifties, and Robin and Lucienne Day: Pioneers of Contemporary Design from Mitchell Beazley.
Jackson curated the 'From Atoms to Patterns' exhibition at the Wellcome Collection in 2008.
References
Living people
English non-fiction writers
British historians
English curators
British women historians
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17174691 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS%20Digby | HMCS Digby | HMCS Digby was a that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She saw action in the Battle of the Atlantic and the Battle of the St. Lawrence. After the war she was supposed to be transferred to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police but that was cancelled and instead was recommissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy, serving until 1956.
Design and description
The Bangor class was initially to be a scaled down minesweeper design of the in Royal Navy service. However, due to the difficulty procuring diesel engines led to the small number of the diesel version being completed. The ships displaced standard and fully loaded. They were long with a beam of and a draught of . However, the size of the ship led to criticisms of their being too cramped for magnetic or acoustic minesweeping gear. This may have been due to all the additions made during the war with the installation of ASDIC, radar and depth charges.
The Bangor class came in two versions. Digby was of the diesel-powered version, being equipped with a 9-cylinder diesel engine driving two shafts that produced . This gave the ship a maximum speed of . The vessels carried of oil. The vessels had a complement of 6 officers and 77 ratings.
The Canadian diesel-powered Bangors were armed with a single quick-firing (QF) 12-pounder 12 cwt gun mounted forward. Initially the design called for a gun, however these were replaced with 12-pounder guns. The ships were also fitted with a QF 2-pounder Mark VIII gun aft and were eventually fitted with single-mounted QF 20 mm Oerlikon guns on the bridge wings. For those ships assigned to convoy duty, they were armed with two depth charge launchers and two chutes to deploy the 40 depth charges they carried.
Service history
Digby was ordered as part of the 1940–41 building programme. The minesweeper's keel was laid down on 20 March 1941 by Davie Shipbuilding and Repairing Co. Ltd. at Lauzon, Quebec and the ship was launched on 5 June 1942. She was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy on 26 July 1942 at Quebec City.
After working up at Pictou, Digby joined the Western Local Escort Force (WLEF). In January 1943 WLEF organized escort groups. Digby was assigned to 24.18.1 alongside the corvettes and . In June 1943, when WLEF reorganized their escort groups, she was assigned to escort group W-5. She remained with the group until April 1944 when a refit was required, to be performed at Lunenburg. The refit was completed at Halifax and upon returning from workups in Bermuda, she was assigned to Sydney Force.
In February 1945, Digby was assigned to Newfoundland Force until returning to Canada and being paid off on 31 July 1945. She was placed in reserve at Shelburne, Nova Scotia. After the war Digby was offered for transfer to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Marine Section, to be renamed Perry. However, the takeover did not take place. The vessel was taken to Sorel to lay in strategic reserve until 1951, when she was reacquired by the Royal Canadian Navy. She was refitted for training duties.
Postwar service
Digby was recommissioned on 29 April 1953 with the new pennant number 179. The ship was refit before reentering service, receiving a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar and the 12-pounder gun was removed and replaced with a 40 mm Bofors gun. She was used, along with , in 1953 on Lake Ontario to test the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR system. In October 1954 Digby transferred to the west coast with and . On 4 December 1955, Brockville, Digby and formed the Second Canadian Reserve Squadron for training purposes at Esquimalt.
She was paid off on 14 November 1956 and sold for scrap. Digby was broken up in 1956–57.
See also
List of ships of the Canadian Navy
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
ReadyAyeReady.com
Haze Gray and Underway
Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Canadian Navy
Ships built in Lévis
1942 ships
World War II minesweepers of Canada |
17174710 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS%20Granby%20%28J264%29 | HMCS Granby (J264) | HMCS Granby was a that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during the Second World War. She saw action in the Battle of the Atlantic and the Battle of the St. Lawrence. After the war, she was transferred to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, however never saw service with them. She was recommissioned as a deep-diving tender in 1953 and served as such until 1966. She was named for Granby, Quebec.
Design and description
The Bangor class was initially to be a scaled down minesweeper design of the in Royal Navy service. However, due to the difficulty procuring diesel engines led to the small number of the diesel version being completed. The ships displaced standard and fully loaded. They were long with a beam of and a draught of . However, the size of the ship led to criticisms of their being too cramped for magnetic or acoustic minesweeping gear. This may have been due to all the additions made during the war with the installation of ASDIC, radar and depth charges.
The Bangor class came in two versions. Granby was of the diesel-powered version, being equipped with a 9-cylinder diesel engine driving two shafts that produced . This gave the ship a maximum speed of . The vessels carried of oil. The vessels had a complement of 6 officers and 77 ratings.
The Canadian diesel-powered Bangors were armed with a single quick-firing (QF) 12-pounder 12 cwt gun mounted forward. The ships were also fitted with a QF 2-pounder Mark VIII gun aft and were eventually fitted with single-mounted QF 20 mm Oerlikon guns on the bridge wings. For those ships assigned to convoy duty, they were armed with two depth charge launchers and two chutes to deploy the 40 depth charges they carried.
Service history
Granby was ordered as part of the 1940–41 building programme. The minesweeper's keel was laid down on 17 December 1940 by Davie Shipbuilding and Repairing Co. Ltd. at Lauzon, Quebec. The ship was launched on 6 September 1941 and commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy on 2 May 1942 at Quebec City.
After working up, Granby was assigned to Sydney Force. She eventually transferred to the Western Local Escort Force (WLEF). In January 1943 WLEF organized its escorts into groups. Granby joined 24.18.5 alongside the destroyer and corvette . In June 1943, when WLEF reorganized its escort groups, Granby was assigned to group W-3. She remained with this group until May 1944 when she rejoined Sydney Force. In September 1943, Granby was among the warships deployed as part of the Canadian force to break up Operation Kiebitz, the German plan to breakout prisoner of war U-boat captains from a camp in Canada.
Before actively rejoining the unit, Granby underwent a major refit at Lunenburg from June to October 1944. Following workups in November she returned to service. In February 1945, she transferred again, this time to Shelburne Force, lasting only two months with that group before switching to Halifax Force in April. She remained with that group (under repair) until being paid off on 31 July 1945.
Postwar service
After the war Granby was transferred to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Marine Unit, to be renamed Col. White. However, she was never taken over. The Royal Canadian Navy however, recommissioned her on 23 May 1953 for conversion to a deep-diving tender. She was used, along with sister ship , in 1953 on Lake Ontario to test the Royal Canadian Navy's DATAR system. She served as a diving tender until 15 December 1966 when she was paid off for the final time. Her name and duties were transferred to the . The ship was put for sale and sold in 1975.
See also
List of ships of the Canadian Navy
References
Notes
Citations
Sources
External links
Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Canadian Navy
Ships built in Lévis
1942 ships
World War II minesweepers of Canada |
17174711 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Gray%20%28archer%29 | Matthew Gray (archer) | Matthew Gray (born 24 June 1973) is an Australian archer. His day job is being a water policeman. He has participated in three Olympic Games and won a gold medal at the 2010 Commonwealth Games.
Personal
Born in Yea, Victoria, Gray is a water policeman. He is from Port Stephens. He is married, 47, and his wife is a school teacher. He has two daughters. He has a nursing degree. While training for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, he was also doing shift work at John James Hospital in Canberra.
Archery
Gray competes in archery. His father bought him his first bow at a garage sale, and he has been competing in archery for over thirty years. He attributed becoming a cop with making him more aggressive as a competitor. He was an Australian Institute of Sport archery scholarship holder.
Gray has won several medals. At the 1988 World Field Championships in Bolzano, Italy, he won a bronze medal in the junior men's recurve event.
At the 1992 World Field Championships in Margraten, Netherlands, he was part of the Australian gold medal winning men's team alongside Clint Freeman and Tony Pitt Lancaster. He won a bronze medal in the men's recurve event at the 1994 World Field Championships in Vertus, France.
Gray placed 4th in the teams event at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics. He won a gold in the men's recurve event at the 1998 European Grand Prix in Czech Republic. His teammates included Simon Fairweather, and Scott Hunter-Russell. In 1999, he won a team gold medal at the world indoor championships. At the 2008 World Cup in Santo Domingo Dominican Republic, he was part of the Australian silver medal winning recurve team that.
In March 2003, he was ranked the fourth best male Australian archer in recurve, ahead of Robert Turner. That month, he had 2520 points. In 2010, he participated in World Cup competitions in Croatia, Turkey and China. He attended a national team training camp in Canberra in September 2011. He attended a national team training camp in Canberra in March 2012. At the 2012 National Target Archery Championships, he finished fourth as a member of ANSW.
In preparation for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, he trained in his garage. He represented Australia at the 2010 Commonwealth Games. He competed in the men's recurve archery team event where he took home a gold medal with a team score of 219, defeating Malaysia who were ranked third in the world at the time and had an event score of 212. He also competed in the individual event on the final day of the competition. In the quarter finals, he went up against Chu Sian Cheng. At the Games, he was coached by Simon Fairweather. He was Australia's oldest competitor at the Games. In 2010, he was hoping his Commonwealth Games experiences would prepare him for Olympic selection for 2012 in London.
He has participated in three Olympic Games in the archery event. He represented Australia in archery at the 2000 Summer Olympics, the 2004 Summer Olympics and the 2008 Summer Olympics. As a thirty-five-year-old, he represented Australia in archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He competed in both the team and individual events. Children in his wife's class cheered for him at the Games and he kept in touch with the class during the Games. Going into the knock out stage in the team competition, Australia was ranked ninth.
In one of the early rounds of the 2008 Games, he lost to Chu Sian Cheng of Malaysia. In September 2011, he was named to the Australian archery shadow Olympic team. In October 2011, he participated in a 2012 Summer Olympics test event in London at the Lord's cricket ground. In January 2012, he represented Australia at the 2012 Oceania Olympic qualifying event in New Zealand. In March at the 2012 Olympic Games Nomination Shoot Results, he finished fourth with a score of 2587.
References
External links
1973 births
Living people
Archers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Archers at the 2000 Summer Olympics
Archers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic archers for Australia
Australian male archers
Commonwealth Games gold medallists for Australia
Australian Institute of Sport archers
Archers at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
Australian police officers
Commonwealth Games medallists in archery
Medallists at the 2010 Commonwealth Games
People from the Hunter Region
Sportsmen from New South Wales |
17174724 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh%20Phillips%20%28actor%29 | Josh Phillips (actor) | Josh Phillips is an American voice actor.
Roles
Angel Tales - Guy
Haibane Renmei - Hyoko
Hellsing - Jan Valentine
Ikki Tousen - Genjo Kakoton
I My Me Strawberry Eggs - Kyosuke Aoki / Yoshihiko Nishimada
Melody of Oblivion - Kuron
Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe - Green Lantern
NieA Under 7 - Genzo Somemiya
Texhnolyze - Hal
External links
Josh Phillips at the English Voice Actor & Production Staff Database
American male voice actors
Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people) |
17174726 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Hardy | Charlie Hardy | Charlie Hardy (1 April 1887 – 19 May 1968) was an Australian rules footballer who played for North Melbourne in the Victorian Football Association (VFA) during the 1910s and Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the early 1920s.
VFA
Hardy played with North Melbourne in the VFA for over a decade where he formed a strong ruck combination with Syd Barker. At just 157 cm and 54 kg Hardy is one of the smallest players to ever play at a top level.
He captained the club in 1914, and served as a brilliant rover helping North to premiership victories in 1910, 1914, 1915 and 1918. He was also a member of the famous "invincibles" side that went undefeated in a record 58 games. Hardy left the club along with many of his teammates upon the temporary disbanding of North Melbourne in 1921, and joined Essendon in the VFL.
Essendon
Hardy made his senior VFL debut in Round 10 of the 1921 season he was aged 34 and became the oldest player in the history of the league to make his debut. In 1921 he also represented Victoria at the Perth Carnival. Hardy continued to be a leading player for Essendon, playing in both the 1923 and the 1924 premiership teams. Hardy retired at the end of the 1925 VFL season, aged 38, becoming the oldest player to play a League match for Essendon, since overtaken by Dustin Fletcher at 40 years and 21 days.
Coaching
Hardy started his coaching career at VFA club Coburg and coached them to premierships in 1926 and 1927, the club's first two. This effort saw him rejoin Essendon in 1928 as their non playing coach and he spent three years in this role with the Bombers, narrowly missing the finals on each occasion. In 1931 he crossed to St Kilda and was coach for two seasons, with little success. During the First World War recess in the VFA, he went to Williamstown Juniors in the VJFA as captain-coach during 1916 when the incumbent coach, former Williamstown player Reg Wallis, was badly injured early in the season and ruled out for the remainder of the year. Williamstown Juniors won the premiership in that season and followed it up with another in 1917 before Hardy returned to North Melbourne.
References
External links
Coaching record
1887 births
1968 deaths
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Australian Rules footballers: place kick exponents
Players of Australian handball
North Melbourne Football Club (VFA) players
Essendon Football Club players
Essendon Football Club premiership players
Essendon Football Club coaches
St Kilda Football Club coaches
Coburg Football Club coaches
VFL/AFL premiership players |
17174790 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfetti | Perfetti | Perfetti is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Augusto Perfetti, Italian billionaire businessman
Charles Perfetti, American psychologist
Chris Perfetti, American actor
Cole Perfetti (born 2002), Canadian ice hockey player
Flora Perfetti (born 1969), Italian tennis player
Giorgio Perfetti, Italian billionaire businessman
See also
Perfetti Van Melle, company
Italian-language surnames |
17174800 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fig%20Tree | Fig Tree | A fig tree is any of about 850 species of woody trees in the genus Ficus.
Fig Tree or Figtree may also refer to:
Tree species
Common fig (Ficus carica), a tree cultivated for its edible fruit
Curtain fig (Ficus microcarpa), also known as Chinese Banyan, Malayan Banyan, Taiwan Banyan, Indian Laurel
Moreton Bay fig (Ficus macrophylla), a tree with buttress roots that can reach in height
Rusty fig (Ficus rubiginosa), also known as Port Jackson fig or little-leaf fig
Weeping fig (Ficus benjamina), also known as Benjamin's fig, and often sold in stores as just ficus
Places
Figtree, New South Wales, an inner western suburb of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
Figtree, Saint Kitts and Nevis, a town on the island of Nevis
Figtree, Zimbabwe, a village in the province of Matabeleland South
Fig Tree Pocket, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia
As surname
Gemma Figtree, Australian interventional cardiologist
Other uses
Fig Tree (film), a 2018 Israeli film
Fig Tree Bridge, a girder bridge that spans the Lane Cove River in Sydney, Australia
Fig Tree, an imprint of Penguin Books
See also
Fig (disambiguation)
Figs in the Bible, references to figs and fig trees in the Tanakh and the New Testament
Curtain Fig Tree, a heritage-listed tree in Queensland, Australia
Moreton Bay Fig Tree (Santa Barbara, California), the largest Ficus macrophylla in the United States |
17174821 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai%20International%20Jazz%20Festival | Dubai International Jazz Festival | The Dubai International Jazz Festival is an annual music festival which is held in February and takes place in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
2011 Dubai International Jazz Festival
The 2011 Dubai International Jazz Festival was held between the 16th and 24 February 2011 at Dubai Media City and featured the following performers:
February 16, 2011
Mica Paris, Alison Moyet, Jools Holland
February 17, 2011
Mindi Abair & Peter White, Macy Gray, Lifehouse
February 18, 2011
Jessy J, Joshua Radin, Train
2012 Dubai International Jazz Festival
The 2012 Dubai International Jazz Festival was held between the 16th and 24 February 2012 at the Festival Park at the Dubai Festival City. It featured the following performers:
February 16, 2012
Michael Roach, Acoustic Alchemy, James Blunt
February 17, 2012
Jimmy Thomas & Samantha Antoinette, Jonathan Butler, Jools Holland And His Rhythm & Blues Orchestra, Mezzotono
February 23, 2012
Sandi Thom, Spyro Gyra, Jason Mraz
February 24, 2012
Dirty Robbers, Brett Dennen, James Morrison
2016 Dubai International Jazz Festival
The 2016 Dubai International Jazz Festival was held between the 24th and 26 February 2012 at the Festival Park at the Dubai Festival City. It featured the following performers:
February 24, 2016
Scott Bradlee's Postmodern Jukebox, James
February 25, 2016
David Gray, Toto, Chris Botti feat Sting
February 26, 2016
La Bomba de Tiempo, Santana
See also
Music of the United Arab Emirates
Dubai Desert Rock Festival
References
External links
Dubai International Jazz Festival
Real-Yellowpage.com - Chillout Productions
More Than 25,000 Attend Dubai International Jazz Festival. Press release. March 19, 2007
Khaleej Times - Gray matters - 14 January 2008
Jazz festivals in the United Arab Emirates
International Jazz Festival
International Jazz Festival
Winter events in the United Arab Emirates |
17174829 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrode%27s%20solution | Tyrode's solution | Tyrode's solution is a solution that is roughly isotonic with interstitial fluid and used in physiological experiments and tissue culture. It resembles lactated Ringer's solution, but contains magnesium, a sugar (usually glucose) as an energy source and uses bicarbonate and phosphate as a buffer instead of lactate. Some variations also include phosphate and sulfate ions. It must be gassed with 95% oxygen and N2, 5% carbon dioxide when used for cell culture applications and physiology experiments in order to achieve an appropriate pH. With the addition of extra potassium salt, it can be used to prepare a cardioplegic solution.
Development
Tyrode's solution was invented by Maurice Vejux Tyrode (1878–1930), an American pharmacologist. The solution was a modification of Ringer-Locke's solution.
Therapy
Tyrode's solution is often used for irrigation of the peritoneum. It was also recommended by at least one physician as a dietary supplement, because of its inorganic salt content, as part of a medically-prescribed weight loss diet (minus the sugar content).
Composition
See also
Lactated Ringer's solution
References
Cell culture reagents
Intravenous fluids |
17174845 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MindModeling%40Home | MindModeling@Home | MindModeling@Home is an inactive non-profit, volunteer computing research project for the advancement of cognitive science. MindModeling@Home is hosted by Wright State University and the University of Dayton in Dayton, Ohio.
In BOINC, it is in the area of Cognitive Science and category called Cognitive science and artificial intelligence. It can only operate on a 64-bit operating system, preferably on a computer with multiple cores, running a Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, or Linux operating system. This project is not compatible with mobile devices, unlike other projects on BOINC.
Research focus
N-2 Repetition: understanding how people have a harder time returning to a task from another one
Observing how people read through their eye movement for the purpose of helping people reduce eye strain and processing what they read better and faster.
Modeling decision-making: resolving around decisions made from visual processing (focus and filtering)
Integrated Learning Models (ILM) to create algorithms based on how people learn and make decisions
How the brain performs tasks sequentially and simultaneously by measuring its blood flow
Problems
Its status is inactive. However, it is "not down or closed," as its servers are still running.
The projects are long; prolonged amounts of computing time can overheat a computer. The solution is to stop work on the project until the computer cools down.
It is subject to power outages, as seen on October 7, 2018
When the website will be out of beta mode is unknown, as it has been in beta since 2007
Scientific results
Godwin H.J., Walenchok S. et al. Faster than the speed of rejection: Object identification processes during visual search for multiple targets. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform. 41-4, (2016).
Moore L. R., Gunzelmann G. An interpolation approach for fitting computationally intensive models. Cognitive Systems Research 19, (2014).
Moore L.R. Cognitive model exploration and optimization: a new challenge for computational science. Comput Math Organ Theory 17, 296–313. (2011).
Moore L.R., Kopala M., Mielke T. et al. Simultaneous performance exploration and optimized search with volunteer computing. 19th ACM International Symposium on High Performance Distributed Computing, (2010).
Harris J., Gluck K.A., Moore L.R. MindModeling@Home. . . and Anywhere Else You Have Idle Processors. 9th International Conference on Cognitive Modelling, (2009).
Gluck K., Scheutz M. Combinatorics meets processing power: Large-scale computational resources for BRIMS. 16th Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation, BRIMS. 1. 73-83. (2007).
See also
List of volunteer computing projects
References
External links
BOINC
Science in society
Free science software
Volunteer computing projects
Cognitive modeling
Wright State University
University of Dayton |
17174855 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taybarns | Taybarns | Taybarns was a British low cost all-you-can-eat restaurant chain owned by Whitbread, modelled on the Golden Corral chain in the United States. Customers paid on arrival and could eat as much food as they liked from a 34-metre-long food counter. As with most buffets, there was a lower price at lunchtime than evenings, and a slightly higher charge was levied at weekends and during bank holidays.
In March 2016, it was announced that following a strategic corporate review, all Taybarns Restaurants would close and convert to pub restaurants of Brewers Fayre. When the South Shields Taybarns closed on 13 September 2016, the business became defunct.
Locations
The seven Taybarns restaurants were in Barnsley, Coventry, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Gateshead, South Shields, Swansea, and Wigan.
In October 2009, the company made public its intention to expand rapidly, as did Fos, with CEO Martin Howe stating that some Brewers Fayre pubs would be converted to the Taybarns brand and up to thirty new restaurants to open the following year. However, the company was unable to open new restaurants, due to the high costs of such extensive refurbishments and in 2016, it was announced that all seven sites would be returned to the Brewers Fayre brand.
References
External links
Restaurant groups in the United Kingdom
Whitbread divisions and subsidiaries
Buffet restaurants
Defunct restaurants in the United Kingdom
Defunct restaurant chains
Restaurants established in 2008
Restaurants disestablished in 2016
2008 establishments in England
2016 disestablishments in England |
17174861 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock%20Rattray | Jock Rattray | John Campbell Rattray (14 October 1890 – 1958) was an early twentieth-century Scottish football inside forward who played professionally in Scotland and the United States.
Playing career
Scotland
Rattray was born in Lumphinnans, Fife, Scotland. In February 1910 he began his professional career with Falkirk of the Scottish Football League First Division. He spent two full seasons at Falkirk before transferring to Raith Rovers in 1913, but his career was interrupted, along with so many others, by the outbreak of World War I in 1914. Rattray served along with other footballers in McCrae's Battalion of the Royal Scots during the war, not returning to football until January 1919 when he signed with Dumbarton. He then moved back to Raith Rovers for three more years. In recognition of his service to the Kirkcaldy club he was awarded a benefit match, which was played against a Fifeshire Select on 4 January 1921.
United States
In 1922, Rattray left Scotland to sign with the Bethlehem Steel of the American Soccer League. His last game with the team came in the final of the 1924 American Cup. He was not slated to start the game, but was written in to fill in for an injured teammate. His selection paid dividends when he scored the game's only goal, giving Steel its sixth American Cup title. At the time it was said of him:
Rattray retired following the 1923–1924 season, returning to Scotland where he settled in Cowdenbeath.
Coaching career
In 1928 he went for two years to Belgium as coach for second division team TSV Lyra.
Honours
Bethlehem Steel
American Cup: 1924
American Soccer League Runners-up: 1923–24
References
1890 births
1958 deaths
American Soccer League (1921–1933) players
Bethlehem Steel F.C. (1907–1930) players
British Army personnel of World War I
Dumbarton F.C. players
Falkirk F.C. players
Ayr United F.C. players
People from Lumphinnans
Raith Rovers F.C. players
Scottish men's footballers
Scottish expatriate men's footballers
Scottish football managers
Scottish expatriate football managers
McCrae's Battalion
Men's association football inside forwards
Men's association football wing halves
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in the United States
Expatriate men's soccer players in the United States
Scottish expatriate sportspeople in Belgium
Expatriate football managers in Belgium
K. Lyra managers
Expatriate soccer coaches in the United States
American Soccer League (1921–1933) coaches
Footballers from Fife |
17174877 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders%20G%C3%B6thberg | Anders Göthberg | Anders Göthberg (9 October 1975 – 30 March 2008) was a Swedish guitarist.
Göthberg played guitar for Broder Daniel and Honey Is Cool. He lived his latter life in Stockholm with his girlfriend, artist Paola Bruna. Göthberg died of suicide by jumping from Västerbron in Stockholm. A memorial to Broder Daniel was raised in August 2014 at the site of the band's last concert in Slottsskogen during the Way Out West Festival in 2008, during which the band reunited one last time in memory of Göthberg.
References
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20080622125457/http://www.expressen.se/noje/1.1111495/broder-daniel-i-sorg-efter-gitarristens-dod
https://web.archive.org/web/20080413033522/http://www.text.nu/nyheter-trender/minnesreportage-om-anders-gothberg-i-broder-daniel.html
1975 births
2008 suicides
2008 deaths
Swedish rock guitarists
Suicides by jumping in Sweden
20th-century guitarists |
17174890 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20deduplication | Data deduplication | In computing, data deduplication is a technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data. Successful implementation of the technique can improve storage utilization, which may in turn lower capital expenditure by reducing the overall amount of storage media required to meet storage capacity needs. It can also be applied to network data transfers to reduce the number of bytes that must be sent.
The deduplication process requires comparison of data 'chunks' (also known as 'byte patterns') which are unique, contiguous blocks of data. These chunks are identified and stored during a process of analysis, and compared to other chunks within existing data. Whenever a match occurs, the redundant chunk is replaced with a small reference that points to the stored chunk. Given that the same byte pattern may occur dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of times (the match frequency is dependent on the chunk size), the amount of data that must be stored or transferred can be greatly reduced.
A related technique is single-instance (data) storage, which replaces multiple copies of content at the whole-file level with a single shared copy. While possible to combine this with other forms of data compression and deduplication, it is distinct from newer approaches to data deduplication (which can operate at the segment or sub-block level).
Deduplication is different from data compression algorithms, such as LZ77 and LZ78. Whereas compression algorithms identify redundant data inside individual files and encodes this redundant data more efficiently, the intent of deduplication is to inspect large volumes of data and identify large sections – such as entire files or large sections of files – that are identical, and replace them with a shared copy.
Functioning principle
For example, a typical email system might contain 100 instances of the same 1 MB (megabyte) file attachment. Each time the email platform is backed up, all 100 instances of the attachment are saved, requiring 100 MB storage space. With data deduplication, only one instance of the attachment is actually stored; the subsequent instances are referenced back to the saved copy for deduplication ratio of roughly 100 to 1. Deduplication is often paired with data compression for additional storage saving: Deduplication is first used to eliminate large chunks of repetitive data, and compression is then used to efficiently encode each of the stored chunks.
In computer code, deduplication is done by, for example, storing information in variables so that they don't have to be written out individually but can be changed all at once at a central referenced location. Examples are CSS classes and named references in MediaWiki.
Benefits
Storage-based data deduplication reduces the amount of storage needed for a given set of files. It is most effective in applications where many copies of very similar or even identical data are stored on a single disk. In the case of data backups, which routinely are performed to protect against data loss, most data in a given backup remain unchanged from the previous backup. Common backup systems try to exploit this by omitting (or hard linking) files that haven't changed or storing differences between files. Neither approach captures all redundancies, however. Hard-linking does not help with large files that have only changed in small ways, such as an email database; differences only find redundancies in adjacent versions of a single file (consider a section that was deleted and later added in again, or a logo image included in many documents).
In-line network data deduplication is used to reduce the number of bytes that must be transferred between endpoints, which can reduce the amount of bandwidth required. See WAN optimization for more information.
Virtual servers and virtual desktops benefit from deduplication because it allows nominally separate system files for each virtual machine to be coalesced into a single storage space. At the same time, if a given virtual machine customizes a file, deduplication will not change the files on the other virtual machines—something that alternatives like hard links or shared disks do not offer. Backing up or making duplicate copies of virtual environments is similarly improved.
Classification
Post-process versus in-line deduplication
Deduplication may occur "in-line", as data is flowing, or "post-process" after it has been written.
With post-process deduplication, new data is first stored on the storage device and then a process at a later time will analyze the data looking for duplication. The benefit is that there is no need to wait for the hash calculations and lookup to be completed before storing the data, thereby ensuring that store performance is not degraded. Implementations offering policy-based operation can give users the ability to defer optimization on "active" files, or to process files based on type and location. One potential drawback is that duplicate data may be unnecessarily stored for a short time, which can be problematic if the system is nearing full capacity.
Alternatively, deduplication hash calculations can be done in-line: synchronized as data enters the target device. If the storage system identifies a block which it has already stored, only a reference to the existing block is stored, rather than the whole new block.
The advantage of in-line deduplication over post-process deduplication is that it requires less storage and network traffic, since duplicate data is never stored or transferred. On the negative side, hash calculations may be computationally expensive, thereby reducing the storage throughput. However, certain vendors with in-line deduplication have demonstrated equipment which is able to perform in-line deduplication at high rates.
Post-process and in-line deduplication methods are often heavily debated.
Data formats
SNIA Dictionary identifies two methods:
content-agnostic data deduplication - a data deduplication method that does not require awareness of specific application data formats.
content-aware data deduplication - a data deduplication method that leverages knowledge of specific application data formats.
Source versus target deduplication
Another way to classify data deduplication methods is according to where they occur. Deduplication occurring close to where data is created, is referred to as "source deduplication". When it occurs near where the data is stored, it is called "target deduplication".
Source deduplication ensures that data on the data source is deduplicated. This generally takes place directly within a file system. The file system will periodically scan new files creating hashes and compare them to hashes of existing files. When files with same hashes are found then the file copy is removed and the new file points to the old file. Unlike hard links however, duplicated files are considered to be separate entities and if one of the duplicated files is later modified, then using a system called copy-on-write a copy of that changed file or block is created. The deduplication process is transparent to the users and backup applications. Backing up a deduplicated file system will often cause duplication to occur resulting in the backups being bigger than the source data.
Source deduplication can be declared explicitly for copying operations, as no calculation is needed to know that the copied data is in need of deduplication. This leads to a new form of "linking" on file systems called the reflink (Linux) or clonefile (MacOS), where one or more inodes (file information entries) are made to share some or all of their data. It is named analogously to hard links, which work at the inode level, and symbolic links that work at the filename level. The individual entries have a copy-on-write behavior that is non-aliasing, i.e. changing one copy afterwards will not affect other copies. Microsoft's ReFS also supports this operation.
Target deduplication is the process of removing duplicates when the data was not generated at that location. Example of this would be a server connected to a SAN/NAS, The SAN/NAS would be a target for the server (Target deduplication). The server is not aware of any deduplication, the server is also the point of data generation. A second example would be backup. Generally this will be a backup store such as a data repository or a virtual tape library.
Deduplication methods
One of the most common forms of data deduplication implementations works by comparing chunks of data to detect duplicates. For that to happen, each chunk of data is assigned an identification, calculated by the software, typically using cryptographic hash functions. In many implementations, the assumption is made that if the identification is identical, the data is identical, even though this cannot be true in all cases due to the pigeonhole principle; other implementations do not assume that two blocks of data with the same identifier are identical, but actually verify that data with the same identification is identical. If the software either assumes that a given identification already exists in the deduplication namespace or actually verifies the identity of the two blocks of data, depending on the implementation, then it will replace that duplicate chunk with a link.
Once the data has been deduplicated, upon read back of the file, wherever a link is found, the system simply replaces that link with the referenced data chunk. The deduplication process is intended to be transparent to end users and applications.
Commercial deduplication implementations differ by their chunking methods and architectures.
Chunking. In some systems, chunks are defined by physical layer constraints (e.g. 4KB block size in WAFL). In some systems only complete files are compared, which is called single-instance storage or SIS. The most intelligent (but CPU intensive) method to chunking is generally considered to be sliding-block, also called Content-Defined Chunking. In sliding block, a window is passed along the file stream to seek out more naturally occurring internal file boundaries.
Client backup deduplication. This is the process where the deduplication hash calculations are initially created on the source (client) machines. Files that have identical hashes to files already in the target device are not sent, the target device just creates appropriate internal links to reference the duplicated data. The benefit of this is that it avoids data being unnecessarily sent across the network thereby reducing traffic load.
Primary storage and secondary storage. By definition, primary storage systems are designed for optimal performance, rather than lowest possible cost. The design criteria for these systems is to increase performance, at the expense of other considerations. Moreover, primary storage systems are much less tolerant of any operation that can negatively impact performance. Also by definition, secondary storage systems contain primarily duplicate, or secondary copies of data. These copies of data are typically not used for actual production operations and as a result are more tolerant of some performance degradation, in exchange for increased efficiency.
To date, data deduplication has predominantly been used with secondary storage systems. The reasons for this are two-fold. First, data deduplication requires overhead to discover and remove the duplicate data. In primary storage systems, this overhead may impact performance. The second reason why deduplication is applied to secondary data, is that secondary data tends to have more duplicate data. Backup application in particular commonly generate significant portions of duplicate data over time.
Data deduplication has been deployed successfully with primary storage in some cases where the system design does not require significant overhead, or impact performance.
Single instance storage
Single-instance storage (SIS) is a system's ability to take multiple copies of content objects and replace them by a single shared copy. It is a means to eliminate data duplication and to increase efficiency. SIS is frequently implemented in file systems, e-mail server software, data backup and other storage-related computer software. Single-instance storage is a simple variant of data deduplication. While data deduplication may work at a segment or sub-block level, single instance storage works at the object level, eliminating redundant copies of objects such as entire files or e-mail messages.
Single-instance storage can be used alongside (or layered upon) other data duplication or data compression methods to improve performance in exchange for an increase in complexity and for (in some cases) a minor increase in storage space requirements.
Drawbacks and concerns
One method for deduplicating data relies on the use of cryptographic hash functions to identify duplicate segments of data. If two different pieces of information generate the same hash value, this is known as a collision. The probability of a collision depends mainly on the hash length (see birthday attack). Thus, the concern arises that data corruption can occur if a hash collision occurs, and additional means of verification are not used to verify whether there is a difference in data, or not. Both in-line and post-process architectures may offer bit-for-bit validation of original data for guaranteed data integrity. The hash functions used include standards such as SHA-1, SHA-256 and others.
The computational resource intensity of the process can be a drawback of data deduplication. To improve performance, some systems utilize both weak and strong hashes. Weak hashes are much faster to calculate but there is a greater risk of a hash collision. Systems that utilize weak hashes will subsequently calculate a strong hash and will use it as the determining factor to whether it is actually the same data or not. Note that the system overhead associated with calculating and looking up hash values is primarily a function of the deduplication workflow. The reconstitution of files does not require this processing and any incremental performance penalty associated with re-assembly of data chunks is unlikely to impact application performance.
Another concern is the interaction of compression and encryption. The goal of encryption is to eliminate any discernible patterns in the data. Thus encrypted data cannot be deduplicated, even though the underlying data may be redundant.
Although not a shortcoming of data deduplication, there have been data breaches when insufficient security and access validation procedures are used with large repositories of deduplicated data. In some systems, as typical with cloud storage, an attacker can retrieve data owned by others by knowing or guessing the hash value of the desired data.
Implementations
Deduplication is implemented in some filesystems such as in ZFS or Write Anywhere File Layout and in different disk arrays models. It is a service available on both NTFS and ReFS on Windows servers.
See also
Capacity optimization
Cloud storage
Single-instance storage
Content-addressable storage
Delta encoding
Linked data
Pointer
Record linkage
Identity resolution
Convergent encryption
References
External links
Biggar, Heidi(2007.12.11). WebCast: The Data Deduplication Effect
Using Latent Semantic Indexing for Data Deduplication.
A Better Way to Store Data.
What Is the Difference Between Data Deduplication, File Deduplication, and Data Compression? - Database from eWeek
SNIA DDSR SIG * * Understanding Data Deduplication Ratios
Doing More with Less by Jatinder Singh
DeDuplication Demo.
Data compression
Data management |
17174927 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick%20Dondas | Nick Dondas | Nicholas Manuel Dondas (born 26 October 1939) is a former Country Liberal politician in the Northern Territory, Australia, representing the seat of Casuarina in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1974 to 1994, and the Division of Northern Territory in the Australian House of Representatives from 1996 to 1998.
Dondas was born in Perth, and attended Christian Brothers College, Highgate, and Perth Boys High School. He is of Greek descent. After moving to Darwin, he married Cheryl Jones on 26 August 1972, with whom he had one daughter. He was involved with the Northern Suburbs Community Development Association and the Darwin Regional Tourist Association before entering politics, and was also a keen rugby league player.
As a member of the Legislative Assembly, Dondas served as a minister from 1979 to 1987 under Paul Everingham, Ian Tuxworth and Stephen Hatton. He was deputy leader of the CLP, and hence Deputy Chief Minister, from 1983 to 1987 under Everingham and Tuxworth.
Dondas left the CLP to run unsuccessfully as an Independent for the electoral division of Port Darwin at the 2001 Northern Territory election.
References
|-
1939 births
Living people
Country Liberal Party members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Deputy Chief Ministers of the Northern Territory
Members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Northern Territory
Members of the Order of Australia
Recipients of the Australian Sports Medal
Speakers of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly
Country Liberal Party members of the Parliament of Australia
20th-century Australian politicians
Australian people of Greek descent |
17174949 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysozephyrus%20nishikaze | Chrysozephyrus nishikaze | Chrysozephyrus nishikaze is a small butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is endemic to Taiwan. It lives on mountains. The larvae feed on Prunus campanulata.
References
D'Abrera, B., 1986. Butterflies of the Oriental Region. Part 3: Lycaenidae and Riodinidae.
Chrysozephyrus
Lepidoptera of Taiwan
Endemic fauna of Taiwan
Butterflies described in 1941 |
17174951 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texella%20reddelli | Texella reddelli | Texella reddelli, the Bee Creek cave harvestman, is a rare species of troglobitic harvestman that was added to the United States endangered species list in 1988, at the same time as six other species native to the karst ecosystem in Travis County and Williamson County, Texas, USA. They inhabit areas with near 100% humidity and constant temperatures, and they prey on springtails. Research on these creatures has been difficult since they can only be found underground. Their distribution is limited and unknown reproductive rates mean that it is possible they are especially susceptible to habitat destruction and other threats. Texella reddelli are found on both the North and South sides of the Colorado River.
Description
These arachnids are about 1/8 of an inch (3.175 mm) long with a yellow-brown color and long legs. Juveniles have a yellowish-white body. They live underground, and have small eyes, and elongated appendages. All seven species live in the Karst ecosystem in Travis and Williamson counties in Texas.
Habitat
Bee Creek cave harvestman inhabit limestone caves. They are only able to survive in caves that maintain stable temperatures and humidity (close to 100%). They have been found in caves both on the north and south side of the Colorado river. They live in the karst terrain in Travis County, which is formed by "dissolution of calcium carbonate from limestone bedrock by mildly acidic groundwater." This process creates the caves that are needed to support this species. They receive their nutrients through groundwater infiltration.
Troglobites
Texella reddelli is a type of troglobite. These species survived in the cave environment and adapted to it. The Karst terrain created caves that were not always connected with each other. This brought about "islands" of individual populations that were disconnected for long periods of time. Over time the separate groups became different species because of the isolation. The rate at which each population speciated was different. The species that are more mobile have larger ranges and are less isolated. Since they are all still relatively close together, disturbances can make them highly susceptible to extinction. They require stable temperatures and often stay in remote corners or the ceiling of the cave that are the warmest.
Location
Since 1988 when these species were first listed as endangered, other caves containing these species have been discovered, along with new endemic species. Due to the intensive requirements to find caves, much of the karst area has not been searched. To date, over 700 karst features have been located in two counties in Texas, while only 100 of these are believed to contain endangered species. While the number of locations in which these endangered species are found may increase, the total range of each species is not expected to grow.
Texella reyesi was considered T. reddelli because of their similarities, but it has since been identified as different and now is also on the endangered species list. Texella reddelli is known from only three caves in the Jollyville plateau and four caves in the Rollingwood region. Those that were originally thought to be T. reddelli, but now are renamed Texella reyesi occur in Tooth, McDonald, Weldon, and Root caves, also in Texas.
Karst
The karst ecosystem in Texas is provided water by surface drainage and groundwater. The water travels rapidly through cave openings and fractures. This provides very little or no purification, which can leave the cave susceptible to pollution from contaminated water. This is a problem in certain areas where runoff can be a problem or in agricultural areas where herbicides and pesticides are used. Contaminants are one of the main threats to these species, along with urban development.
In a karst ecosystem the surface communities are very important for photosynthesis. These plant and animal communities are essential for nutrients and energy. Nutrients travel from the surface in the form of organic debris. The surface plant communities around this ecosystem can range from pasture land to woodlands. Exotic plants and animals are detrimental to native species because they compete for food and decrease overall species diversity. The surface community also serves as a buffer against temperature and moisture change and can filter out some pollutants.
Threats
The area in which the species occur is going through urban expansion at a rapid rate. Very few of the caves are capable of handling a change and many of the caves already occur close to developed areas, such as roads, schools, houses, golf courses, and commercial centers. Changes in drainage patterns along with increases in pollution could cause a collapse of caves. Although some caves have already been filled or collapsed, it is hard to estimate how many have already been lost. Elliott and Reddell (1989) estimate that 10% of caves in Travis County are destroyed every 10 years. Development activities that result in the alteration of natural drainage patterns can negatively affect these species. This can include altering the topography, increasing or decreasing cover, irrigation systems, and other activities.
Fire ants are especially detrimental to the Karst ecosystem, although the main threat to the species is loss of habitat to urban development. The fire ant is an aggressive predator and it has devastating and long lasting impacts on native ant and arthropod communities. The shallow caves makes Texella reddelli vulnerable to invasion by fire ants and other exotic species. Fire ants have been found in over 50% of the caves that are known to contain endangered species in this ecosystem. Even if the fire ants do not always directly prey upon the Texella reddelli, their presence can have a negative effect on the ecosystem and species that are critical in the food chain.
Recovery
The future of these several species depends on the protection of key areas of the Karst ecosystem. Areas that are chosen should not be close together in case of a disaster and in order to protect the maximum genetic diversity. The troglobites require protection from contaminated ground water and other non-native predators such as fire ants.
See also
Kretschmarr Cave mold beetle
Tooth Cave pseudoscorpion
Tooth cave spider
List of troglobites
References
Harvestmen
Cave arachnids
Animals described in 1967
Arthropods of the United States
Endemic fauna of Texas
Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN |
17174992 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad%20People%27s%20Militia%20Army | Leningrad People's Militia Army | The Leningrad People's Militia Army () (commander General Major A.I. Subbotin) was initially an all-volunteer formation of the Soviet Union raised during the Second World War for defense of Leningrad.
Overview
The Army began its creation on 27 June 1941 mostly from the previously raised 168 destroyer battalions intended to deal with expected enemy saboteurs and parachutists, reporting directly to the commander of Northern Front (Soviet Union). The personnel was drawn from the reserve officer cadres, retired officers, workers and students of Leningrad.
The initial intention was to create an army with seven divisions, but eventually 10 divisions were raised. The Army began formation on 29 June, and by 2 July, 45,183 people had been accepted as volunteers, with a proposal for a 200,000-strong Army being made by the city Communist Party Committee with a view of expansion to 15 divisions according to the number of rayons in the city. By 4 July, the number of volunteers had increased to 77,413б, and by 6 July reached 96,776.
Initially it consisted of four People's Militia divisions, but 10 were eventually raised.
Division structure
The structure of eight of these was based on the field rifle divisions with three rifle regiments, one artillery regiment structure, and other units for a total of about 10-11,000 personnel.
Divisional Headquarters
1st regiment (three battalions) the expected strength was 160 officers, 365 NCOs and 2162 enlisted
2nd regiment (three battalions)
3rd regiment (three battalions)
Artillery regiment (three battalions) many equipped with tractor-towed pieces, including naval ordnance
separate anti-aircraft divizion (replaced with machine-gun company; absent in most divisions)
instead of the usual separate reconnaissance motor-rifle company divisions had the separate reconnaissance battalion ()(replaced with horse-mounted company in most divisions)
Communications battalion ()
Sapper battalion () (many tools were supplied by city factories)
flamethrower platoon () (existence unknown)
separate autotransport company or automobile battalion (in the 4th Light division only)
Chemical company
Medical and sanitary battalion
field bakery
livestock detachment ()
military prosecutor's detachment
separate rifle company of Special Department NKVD
Army order of battle
The incomplete list of the Army units includes:
1st (Kirov) People's Militia Division named for the Kirovsky District (Кировский район) (commander Kombrig V.A. Malinnikov) with by 15 August had joined the retreating 70th and 237th Rifle Divisions and engaged in the fighting on approaches to Novgorod. On the 3 September its 3rd regiment was transferred to the command of the 291st Rifle Division, and replaced by the 76th Latvian Separate Rifle regiment on 14 September.
2nd (Moscow) People's Militia Division named for the Moskovsky District (Московский район) () (commander (to July, Colonel N.S. Ugrumov)
battalion of the Military-Political Border Guard School named for Voroshilov ()
519th Corps (Howitzer) Artillery Regiment of Reserve of Highest Command
Tank battalion of the Armoured Course for Enhancement of Command Staff
3rd (Frunze) People's Militia Division named for the Frunzensky District (Фрунзенский район) () (commander (Colonel А.P. Netreba, from 16 August Z.N. Alekseyev) which from September was receiving volunteers from the Altai and Siberia.
1st Guards Division of Narodnoe Opolcheniye () (18 July 1941) (commander Colonel I.M. Frolov) (deployed next to the 237th Rifle Division) formed in the Kuybishev District. In July 1941 Vasily Margelov became the commander of the 3rd Regiment of the division.
2nd Guards People's Militia Division () (18 July 1941) (commander Colonel Sholev, later Colonel V.A. Trubachev) formed in the Sverdlovsk District
tank battalion of the Leningrad garrison
4th (Dzerzhinsky) Light Division of Narodnoe Opolcheniye () (19 July 1941) named for the Dzerzhinsky District (Дзержинский район) (commander Colonel P.I Radigin) (1st regiment detached on 22 July to the 191st Rifle Division in Narva. This was a “light” division initially formed in the Krasnogvardeysky District (lit. Red-guards district), with only 4,257 personnel, but almost entirely motorised, and admitting only volunteers with prior combat experience. The division was allowed a period of extended combat training.
Separate battalion of Special Purpose () (commander Almazov)
3rd Guards Leningrad People's Militia Division () (24 July 1941) (commander Colonel V.P. Kotelnikov) which later fought with the 402nd Red Banner rifle regiment (commander Colonel Ya.S. Yermakov) of the 168th Rifle Division (commander Colonel A.L. Bondarev) formed in the Petrograd District
4th Guards Division of Narodnoe Opolcheniye () (27 July 1941) formed in the Kalinin District was never fully formed and on the 13 August transferred to Army reserve, its personnel used to complete units of other divisions. However, its three rifle regiments continued to participate in combat under command of other divisions, and the staff of the division was retained, and used to conduct induction training and formation, as well as command of replacement Opolcheniye battalions.
264th, 265th and 266th separate machinegun-artillery battalions () (264th – 277th and 282nd, 283rd and 289th battalions were created)
274th separate machinegun-artillery battalion was allocated to the 177th Rifle Division
Four Izhorsk “Admiralty” battalions (later 72nd, 73rd, 74th, 75th Combat Red Banner separate machinegun-artillery battalion of the 55th Army; the battalions had a movie made about it) was created from naval ordnance manufacturing factory workers, fought in the Kolpino area.
Several Destroyer regiments of special purpose were also formed that were eventually integrated into the regular units and partisan detachments.
Deployed in Gatchina was the 60th destroyer battalion ()
104th (Terioksky) destroyer battalion (104-й (Териокский) истребительный батальон) deployed in the area of Terioki (now Zelenogorsk)
Deployed around Kolpino was the 120th destroyer battalion (120-й истребительный батальон) (commander A.I. Osovsky)
2nd Latvian workers regiment (commander) ()
5th (Kuybishevskaya) Division of Narodnoe Opolcheniye () (1 September 1941) (commander Colonel F.P. Utkin) formed early September 1941 from the former 4th division and on the 10 September dislocated to Pulkovo.
291st separate machinegun-artillery battalion (commander Captain Kaverznev)
6th Division of Narodnoe Opolcheniye () (1 September 1941)
7th Division of Narodnoe Opolcheniye () (commander Colonel I.S. Kuznetsov) raised on the 17 September it was formed on the 30 September as the 56th Rifle Division.
277th separate machinegun-artillery battalion around Ropsha
83rd separate machinegun-artillery battalion (commander Lieutenant E.G. Grigoryev) around Ropsha and Kolpino
227 partisan detachments were also created, but only 67 were sent into combat with a total of 2,886 personnel to operate behind German lines.
Combat history
The Army units, in cooperation with the regular Red Army formations, participated in fighting on the approaches to Leningrad and the entire Leningrad Strategic Defensive in the area of Narva - Pskov - Novgorod, primarily against the 18th Army of the Army Group North. The fighting was extremely vicious, and most divisions were reduced to 50% of their initial strength by the time they were amalgamated or integrated into the regular Red Army formations at the end of September.
On the 23 September 1941 all the divisions of the Leningrad Narodnoe Opolcheniye Army divisions were used to form Red Army units mostly within the Leningrad Front.
References
Sources
Narodnoe Opolcheniye in the Battle for Leningrad (A short chronology) compiled by candidate of historical sciences Yu.N. Yablochkin, taken from a reader "Opolchentsy", Lenizdat (Pub.), 1975 (НАРОДНОЕ ОПОЛЧЕНИЕ В БИТВЕ ЗА ЛЕНИНГРАД (Краткая хроника) Составлена канд. ист. наук Ю. Н. Яблочкиным. Из сборника "Ополченцы", (Лениздат, 1975)
Infantry units and formations of the Soviet Union
Military units and formations established in 1941 |
17174995 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiana | Rajiana | Rajiana is a village of Malwa region in District Moga, Punjab. The village is divided into pattis like Vigha patti, Narang ki patti, Haveli patti, Joga Patti, Ghoga Patti, Wazir patti, Rania Patti etc. The people of the village belongs to various religions, most of them are Jatt Sikhs of Brar clan. The village has three panchayats; Rajiana, Rajiana Patti Vigha and Rajiana Khurd. There are three water works and 3 water filters in the village supplying pure water to the villagers.
There is a Co-operative bank, Revenue office, Corporate society for farmers, two petrol pumps, three Government schools, three private school, Government hospital, Government veterinary hospital, Multiplex and Hotel, two playgrounds, 5 mini parks, two marriage resorts, mobile towers and all other facilities.
Location
This village is situated on Moga-Kotkapura highway. It takes about 30 minutes by bus from Moga and Kotkapura to reach the village. Surrounding villages are Bagha Purana, Alamwala, Rode, G.T.B. Garh, Kotla Mehar Singh Wala, Veroke, Channu wala and Budh Singh Wala.
History
The background of the village belongs to Brar Jatts. Brar originated from the Bhattis of Jaisalmer, colonised this area and subsequently pushed Gills from this site towards Moga. The village is approximately 600 years old and it is named for Saint Baba Rajapir. Although the village was made by Brar Jatts, at this time people of most of the religions and clans live in the village.
Population
Population of the village is about 8,490 as of figures available by 'India Census 2011'. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. 10% of the population is under 9 years of age and 15% of the population is over 75 years.
Education
Rajiana has a literacy rate of 78.13%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 82.25% and female literacy is 74.58%. Modern generation is getting higher and professional education from reputed institutes and abroad. The village has many government and private schools which play an important role in improving literacy rates in childhood. Following educational institutes are running in the village:
Govt. Elementary School 1 (Previously named Govt. Primary School)
Govt. Elementary School 2
Govt. Senior Secondary School (Previously named Govt. High School)
Khalsa Public School, Rajiana
Guru Nanak Group of institutes, GT Road, Rajiana
Guru Hargobind Public School, Kotla Road, Rajiana
Sant Miha Singh Rajapir Convent Senior Secondary School, Budh Singh wala Road.
Economy
Main occupation of the villagers is agriculture, main crops are wheat, rice and chaara. Day-by-day new generation is adopting new occupations such as, business, transportation, going abroad, etc.
2011 Census
Rajiana is a large village located in Bagha Purana Tehsil of Moga district, Punjab with total 1650 families residing. Village has a population of 8490 of which 4516 are males while 3974 are females as per Population Census 2011.
In Rajiana village population of children with age 0-6 is 791 which makes up 9.32% of total population of village. Average Sex Ratio of Rajiana village is 910. Child Sex Ratio for the Rajiana as per census is 861, higher than Punjab average of 846.
Literacy rate of Rajiana village is 78.13%. In Rajiana Male literacy stands at 82.25% while female literacy rate was 74.58%.
Caste Factor
In Rajiana village, Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 38.26% of total population. The village Rajiana currently doesn't have any Schedule Tribe (ST) population.
Work Profile
In Rajiana village out of total population, 2978 were engaged in work activities. 78.98% of workers describe their work as Main Work (Employment or Earning more than 6 Months) while 21.02% were involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Of 2978 workers engaged in Main Work, 953 were cultivators (owner or co-owner) while 506 were Agricultural labourer
Villages in Moga district |
17174998 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky%20Kim | Sky Kim | Ha-Neul "Sky" Kim (born 24 November 1982) is an Australian Olympic archer.
Personal
Sky's full name is Ha-Neul "Sky" Kim. He is originally from South Korea, and was born in Daegu, Daegu, South Korea on 24 November 1982. He moved to Australia in 2005. In 2006, he became an Australian citizen. He is tall and weighs . His father and brother were archers. He is married to a fellow archer, Hyun-Ok Jung, whom he met while training in archery in 2000.
Archery
Kim competes in archery. He was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder. He was coached by Ki-Sik Lee, the head coach of the Australian Institute of Sport team in 2005. To help with his training for archery, he has been known to do mountain climbing and play golf.
In 2004, he was the Korean national archery champion. In 2007, he competed at a Beijing-based test event, where he won a gold medal. In 2008, he was training at the Australian Institute of Sport. Going into the 2008 Games, he was coached by Australian Institute of Sport coach Kynmoon Oh. At the 2008 World Cup in Santo Domingo Dominican Republic, he was part of the Australian silver medal winning recurve team that. He returned to the Australian archery team in 2011 after an absence dating back to the 2008 Olympics. He attended a national team training camp in Canberra in September 2011. He attended a national team training camp in Canberra in March 2012. At the 2012 National Target Archery Championships, he finished first as a member of AACT. In May 2012, he had to miss a national team in a training camp in Buderim because he had work commitments.
Olympics
In 2004, he was the Korean national archery champion. He aimed for Olympic selection from Korea but did not make the team. At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing Kim finished his ranking round with a total of 665 points. This gave him the 14th seed for the final competition bracket in which he faced Romain Girouille in the first round, beating the French archer by 112–110. In the second round Kim was eliminated as Jacek Proć won the confrontation with 111–110. Together with Matthew Gray and Michael Naray he also took part in the team event. With his 665 score from the ranking round combined with the 654 of Gray and the 658 of Naray the Australians were in 9th position after the ranking round. In the first round they were defeated by eight seed Poland (223–218). The Polish would not come further than the quarter final. In 2008, he represented Australia at the 2008 Summer Olympics in archery. He was viewed as Australia's best medal chance in archery going into the Games. He competed in both the team and individual event. Going into the knock out stage in the team competition, Australia was ranked ninth. In one of the early rounds of the 2008 Games, he beat Romain Giroullie of France with a score of 112–110. In September 2011, he was named to the Australian archery shadow Olympic team. In March at the 2012 Olympic Games Nomination Shoot Results, he finished first with a score of 2669.
References
1982 births
Living people
Archers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Olympic archers for Australia
Australian male archers
South Korean male archers
South Korean emigrants to Australia
Australian people of Korean descent
Sportspeople from Daegu
Australian Institute of Sport archers |
17175008 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20St.%20John | David St. John | David St. John (born July 24, 1949) is an American poet.
Biography
Born in Fresno, California, he was educated at California State University, Fresno, where he studied with poet Philip Levine, and at the University of Iowa, receiving an M.F.A. in 1974. He is the author of nine books of poetry, including Study for the World's Body: New and Selected Poems (1994), No Heaven (1985), and Hush (1976), as well as a volume of essays, interviews and reviews entitled Where the Angels Come Toward Us. His most recent work is The Last Troubadour (Ecco, 2017).
His awards include the Discover/The Nation prize, the James D. Phelan Prize, the Rome Prize fellowship in literature, and the O.B. Hardison, Jr. Poetry Prize (2001), a career award for teaching and poetic achievement. He has also received several National Endowment for the Arts Fellowships (1976, 1984, 1994) a Guggenheim Fellowship (1994), and a grant from the Ingram Merrill Foundation. His work has been published in many literary magazines, including The New Yorker, Paris Review, Poetry, American Poetry Review, Antaeus, Harper's, and The New Republic, and has been widely anthologized. St. John was judge for the 2009 Cider Press Review Book Award.
St. John has taught creative writing at Oberlin College and Johns Hopkins University. He currently teaches in the English Department at University of Southern California in Los Angeles, where he serves as Chair, and is one of the founding members of the USC PhD in Creative Writing & Literature. In 2017, he was elected a Chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.
He is married to the poet Anna Journey and lives in Venice, California.
Works
Poetry
Hush (1976)
The Shore (1980)
No Heaven (1985)
Terraces of Rain: An Italian Sketchbook (1991)
Study For The World's Body: New and Selected Poems (1994) (National Book Award Finalist)
In the Pines: Lost Poems 1972-1997 (1999)
The Red Leaves of Night (1999)
Prism (2002) (with photographs by Lance Patigian)
The Face: A Novella in Verse (2004)
The Auroras (2012)
The Window (2014)
The Last Troubadour: Selected and New Poems (2017)
In the high country(2011)
Limited Editions
For Lerida (1973)
The Olive Grove (1980)
A Folio of Lost Worlds (1981)
The Man in the Yellow Gloves (1985)
The Orange Piano (1987)
"Peruvian Portals" with mezzotint engravings by artist Holly Downing (2013)
Prose
Where the Angels Come Toward Us: Selected Essays, Reviews, and Interviews (1995)
References
External links
St. John's poem "Iris" 1991
Cortland Review interview 1999 by Charles Harper Webb
David St. John interviewed by Jackson Browne, March 1999.
Poetry.LA's video of David St. John's reading at Red Hen Press/Annenberg Community Beach House poetry series, 8/18/09.
1949 births
American male poets
Living people
California State University, Fresno alumni
Iowa Writers' Workshop alumni
National Endowment for the Arts Fellows |
17175011 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler%20Luellen | Tyler Luellen | Tyler Luellen (born July 25, 1984) is a former American football offensive tackle for the Sacramento Mountain Lions of the United Football League. He was signed by the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Missouri.
College career
During a game against Iowa State in 2004, Luellen hurt his left shoulder and was forced to undergo rotator-cuff surgery in the off-season. He sat out of spring drills in 2005, but was able to rejoin the team in time to play every game of the 2005 season. His 2006 spring was cut short by a knee injury that he again recovered from to play in each of the 2006 contests. In his final season as a Tiger, Luellen had the opportunity to participate fully in both spring and summer workouts.
Professional career
San Diego Chargers
After going undrafted in the 2008 NFL Draft, Luellen and was signed by the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent on the April 28, 2008. He played in a single preseason game on August 9, 2008, but was released during roster cuts before the regular season. Luellen signed with the Canadian Football League's Hamilton Tiger-Cats the following October.
California Redwoods
Luellen was signed by the California Redwoods of the United Football League on August 18, 2009. He would go on to start at left tackle for the Redwoods (who later became the Sacramento Mountain Lions) from 2009-2011.
References
External links
Just Sports Stats
Missouri Tigers bio
1984 births
Living people
People from Bethany, Missouri
Players of American football from Missouri
American football offensive tackles
Missouri Tigers football players
San Diego Chargers players
Sacramento Mountain Lions players |
17175018 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza%20Farhatullah%20Baig | Mirza Farhatullah Baig | Mirza Farhatullah Baig (1885–1947) was an Indian Urdu writer of humor and prose, and a senior judge in Hyderabad State.
References
External links
Islamic scholars
Poets from Delhi
Urdu-language poets from India
Indian Muslims
People from Aligarh
Writers from British India
Indian male poets
1880s births
1947 deaths
Urdu-language translators
20th-century Indian poets
20th-century Indian male writers |
17175051 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwongan | Kwongan | Kwongan is a plant community found in south-western Western Australia. The name is a Bibulman Aboriginal term of wide geographical use defined by Beard (1976) as
Kwongan has replaced other terms applied by European botanists such as sand-heide (Diels 1906) or sand heath (Gardner 1942), giving priority to the language of people who have lived continuously in the southwest for more than 50,000 years. Recent archeological evidence shows occupation of the Kwongan for at least 25,500 years.
Thus, kwongan has come again into common usage for the Southwest Australian Floristic Region's shrubland vegetation and associated countryside, equivalent to South Africa's fynbos, California's chaparral, France's maquis and Chile's matorral as seen in these other regions of the world experiencing a Mediterranean climate.
Etymology
To reflect contemporary orthographies, linguists strictly spell kwongan as (Douglas 1976, Dench 1994), or (von Brandenstein 1988). As with so many other aspects of the southwest flora, colonial botanist James Drummond was the first to record Bibbelmun usage of the term in an 1839 letter to Kew's Director Sir William Hooker, where was described as the Noongar name for An 1839 map of Toodyay Valley Land Grants and Locations has on it the term two miles east of Bejoording townsite, south of Bolgart (reprinted in Erickson 1969: 32). Another collector Ludwig Preiss spelt the term as (Beard 1976). Moore (1842) gave the spelling for "a sandy district. The easiest road, or usual path, or mountain pass to a place."
The town of Wongan Hills derives its name from kwongan. Drummond (3 October 1842, republished in Erickson (1969: 165) and in Hercock et al. 2011:313) reported the native name of Guangan Catta, which means hills above the kwongan, when he first saw the hills in the distance accompanied by Cabbinger and an unnamed Bibbelmun guide. An article in the Perth Gazette (1 June 1847) by "Ketoun" reported on "A trip to the Wongan Hills", where on 27 April 1844 his party "...crossed an immense 'gwongan', these gwongans are open undulating patches of scrubby country, ... of a quartz formation." (reprinted in Hercock et al. 2011: 337).
The same term with a different spelling was recorded by pastoralist J.P. Brooks (1896) for the Israelite Bay-Cape Arid district some 900 km SE of Wongan Hills. He described and defined as the Aboriginal word for sand plain or "open plain without timber", occasionally interspersed with small swamps dominated by trees of (mauw (von Brandenstein 1988), Eucalyptus occidentalis) and (yauwarl (ibid.), Melaleuca cuticularis). Approaching from the northeast after traversing the head of the Great Australian Bight, explorer E.J. Eyre in 1840 noted these same "sandy downs, covered with low shrubs or bushes" (Eyre 1845), but was unaware of the local Aboriginal name applied to them.
Jerramungup settler A.A. Hassell recorded the name used by Wilomen people for sand plain as , and journalist Daisy Bates in 1913 was the first to record the spelling as (Bindon and Chadwick 1992). Bibbelmun people clearly used the term widely, across many dialects and substantial distances in semi-arid country northeast and southeast of Perth.
The first book devoted to kwongan (Pate and Beard 1984) attempted to divorce the application of the term to both sandy countryside and vegetation, as Noongars had used it. Beard and Pate (1984) preferred to apply kwongan strictly to vegetation, defining it technically as: Thus, they intended to extend use of the term kwongan to shrublands beyond those on sandy soils, such as coastal heaths on limestone and granite, and hill thickets on various rock types. Conforming to Brooks' (1896) definition, scattered trees were also included as a component of kwongan provided they did not dominate the heaths and thickets. The countryside on which kwongan vegetation most commonly occurred was termed "sandplain" by Beard and Pate (1984). This clarification, while helpful for strict vegetation science, removed the use of kwongan well beyond its original Noongar meaning of sand or sandy country, easily traversed because of low scrubby vegetation, occasionally with scattered trees. Such scientific nomenclatural appropriation is controversial today in cross-cultural dialogue. However, a focus on both vegetation and on sandy soils and sand plain will undoubtedly remain important components of kwongan studies, whichever nuance of definition and meaning is favoured.
Kwongan is extensive, occupying about a quarter of the Southwest Australian Floristic Region, and contains 70% of the 8000+ native plant species known from this global biodiversity hotspot (Beard and Pate 1984; Hopper and Gioia 2004). Half of these species are found nowhere else on Earth. This makes kwongan vegetation one of the most significant natural heritage assets in a temperate climatic region, deserving the increasing national and international attention it so richly merits. Kwongan contains an array of plants, animals, micro-organisms and life histories that are both poorly studied and exceptionally diverse, affording opportunities for novel biological discovery (Pate and Beard 1984). Kwongan also offers profound insights into evolution at its most prolonged and sophisticated, on old, climatically-buffered infertile landscapes that are rare on Earth today (Hopper 2009). Bibbelmun people developed and have profound understanding of aspects of kwongan useful to human lifeways (e.g. von Brandenstein 1988) that will become increasingly important in a rapidly changing world. For example, developing new forms of agriculture in phosphorus-limited landscapes has much to learn from the study of kwongan plants, and inclusion of Bibbelmun staples such as Platysace tubers in future agriculture is now under active experimentation (Moule 2009).
Conservation
Scientists from the University of Western Australia are proposing the region for World Heritage status.
Further reading
Beard, J.S. 1976. An indigenous term for the Western Australian sandplain and its vegetation. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 59, 55-57.
Beard, J.S., Pate, J.S. 1984. Foreword: Kwongan – Plant Life of the Sandplains. Pp xvii-xxi in J.S. Pate & J.S. Beard, eds. Kwongan—Plant Life of the Sandplain. University of Western Australia Press, Ned-lands
Bindon, P., Chadwick, R., eds. 1992. A Nyoongar wordlist from the south-west of Western Australia. Western Australian Museum, Perth.
Brooke, J.P. 1896. Natural features of Israelite Bay. Proceedings Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science 6, 561-569.
Dench, A. 1994. Nyungar. pp. 173–192 in N. Thieberger & W. McGregor, eds, Macquarie Aboriginal Words. The Macquarie Library, Macquarie University, NSW.
Diels, L. 1906. Die Pflanzenwelt von West-Australien südlich des Wendekreises. Vegn. Erde VIII. Leipzig.
Douglas, W.H. 1976. The Aboriginal languages of the southwest of Australia. 2nd ed. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra
Drummond, J. 1839. Hookers Journal of Botany 2, 307, 356.
Erickson, R. 1969. The Drummonds of Hawthornden. Lamb Paterson, Osborne Park WA.
Eyre, E.J. 1845. Journals of expeditions of discovery into central Australia and overland from Adelaide to King George's Sound in the years 1840-1. T. & W. Boone, London.
Gardner, C.A. 1942. The vegetation of Western Australia with special reference to climate and soils. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 28, 11-87.
Hercock, M., Milentis, S., Bianchi, P. 2011. Western Australian Exploration 1836 – 1845. Hesperian Press, Victoria Park.
Hopper, S.D. 2009. OCBIL theory: towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically-buffered, infertile landscapes. Plant and Soil 322, 49-86.
Hopper, S.D., Gioia, P. 2004. The Southwest Australian Floristic Region: evolution and conservation of a global hotspot of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 35, 623-650.
Lambers, H. (ed.) (2014) "Plant Life on the Sandplains in Southwest Australia, a Global Biodiversity Hotspot". UWA Publishing, Crawley.
Moore, G.F. (1842). A descriptive vocabulary of the language in common use amongst the Aborigines of Western Australia; with copious meanings, embodying much interesting information regarding the habits, manners, and customs of the natives, and the natural history of the country. William S. Orr and Co., London. Reprinted 1884.
Moule, M. 2009. A reliable mass propagation system for Ravensthorpe Radish (Platysace deflexa). Centre for Natural Resource Management, The University of Western Australia, Albany.
Pate, J.S., Beard, J.S., eds. 1984. Kwongan—Plant Life of the Sandplain. University of Western Australia Press, Nedlands. Von Brandenstein, C.G. 1988. Nyungar Anew. Pacific Linguistics Ser. C99, i-xxiv & 1-180.
References
Biogeography of Western Australia
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub in Australia
Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands
Noongar
Vegetation of Australia
Southwest Australia |
17175059 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajevardi | Lajevardi | Lajevardi () is an Iranian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Kaave Lajevardi (born 1971), Iranian philosopher
Zohreh Lajevardi, Iranian politician
Persian-language surnames |
17175068 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Belarusian%20submissions%20for%20the%20Academy%20Award%20for%20Best%20International%20Feature%20Film | List of Belarusian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film | Belarus has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film since 1994. The award is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue. It was not created until the 1956 Academy Awards, in which a competitive Academy Award of Merit, known as the Best Foreign Language Film Award, was created for non-English speaking films, and has been given annually since. , five Belarusian films have been submitted for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and none of them have been nominated for an Academy Award.
Submissions
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1956. The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films. Following this, they vote via secret ballot to determine the five nominees for the award. Below is a list of the films that have been submitted by Belarus for review by the Academy for the award by year and the respective Academy Awards ceremony.
Independent Belarus has only submitted films to the Oscar Foreign Language Film competition four times. In 1994 and 1996, Belarus selected Jewish-themed films focusing on relations between Polish Jews and Christians before and after World War II. Me Ivan, You Abraham was about the inter-faith friendship between two boys in the 1930s. From Hell to Hell focuses on two families - one Jewish, one Christian - and the tragedy that ensues when one family entrusts their child to the other during the Second World War. Neither film was a majority Belarusian production nor was directed by a Belarusian; Zauberman is French and Astrakhan is Russia. After a 22-year absence from the competition, in 2018 Belarus selected Crystal Swan, a comedy-drama about a young woman trying to get a U.S. visa so she can become a DJ in Chicago. It premiered at the 2018 Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.
The Soviet Union also sent a Belarusian film, Come and See, in 1985 to represent the USSR.
See also
List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Academy Award-winning foreign language films
Notes
See also
List of Soviet submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film
References
External links
The Official Academy Awards Database
The Motion Picture Credits Database
IMDb Academy Awards Page
Belarus
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Lists of films by country of production
Academy Award |
17175076 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20May%20%28footballer%29 | Charlie May (footballer) | Charles Francis "Chooka" May (17 February 1899 – 2 May 1989) was an Australian rules footballer who played with and coached Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL). He was the father of double Essendon premiership player Wally May.
A centreman in his playing days, May was a member of Essendon's back to back premiership sides of 1923 and 1924. His last game of football was in the 1926 finals series where Essendon fell a goal short of qualifying for the Grand Final and May ended up with a suspension for striking Bob Corbett of Melbourne. He was non-playing coach of Essendon in 1934 and 1935 and it his later years remained involved with the club as a trainer. May also spent time in South Australia where he coached Glenelg Football Club.
References
External links
Charlie May's playing statistics from The VFA Project
Charlie May's coaching statistics from AFL Tables
1899 births
Australian rules footballers from Victoria (state)
Essendon Football Club players
Essendon Football Club premiership players
Essendon Football Club coaches
North Melbourne Football Club (VFA) players
Brunswick Football Club players
Glenelg Football Club coaches
1989 deaths
VFL/AFL premiership players |
17175082 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad%20Ojeda | Ciudad Ojeda | Ciudad Ojeda is a city located in the northeastern shore of Lake Maracaibo in Zulia State in northwestern Venezuela. Its population as of the 2005 census was listed as 128,941.
History
Ciudad Ojeda was founded on January 19, 1937, by former president Eleazar López Contreras as a settlement for the inhabitants of Lagunillas de Aguas Today, it is a major center for the oil and gas industry in the Lake Maracaibo region.
On November 13, 1939, a terrible fire destroyed Lagunillas de Agua, causing over 200 fatalities. There are several hypotheses about the cause of the fire that prompted the final and decisive transfer of population to the mainland. The truth is that the oil industry was an oily layer on the lake, which had the potential to ignite the wooden houses built on stilts in the lake. One hypothesis is the accidental fall of a kerosene lamp to the lake from the Bar Caracas. Another is a fire caused by an oil company when he was going to beat his concession, that company helped reconstruction and retained the award after all, there is no evidence of this fact.
Origin of the name
Ciudad Ojeda was named in honor of Alonso de Ojeda, the Spaniard who was the first European to discover Lake Maracaibo.
Population
Ciudad Ojeda is medium-sized among Venezuelan cities, with a population of approximately 130,000 inhabitants. The majority of Citojenses are of Venezuelan origin. It is also home to numerous foreign communities of Italian, Portuguese, Chinese and Arabs who have the biggest commercial businesses in the city.
Places of interest
(Church of Santa Lucia)
(House of Culture)
(Containment Wall of the Lago de Maracaibo)
(Alonso de Ojeda Square)
(Simón Bolívar Square)
(The Biggest Mural)
Colleges and universities
Universidad Alonso de Ojeda - (Uniojeda)
Universidad Nacional Experimental Rafael María Baralt - (UNERMB)
Instituto Universitario Pedro Emilio Coll - (IUTPEC)
Notable people
Denyse Floreano – Miss Venezuela 1994
Eddie Pérez – former Major League Baseball player and currently a catching coach for the Atlanta Braves
Mariángel Villasmil – Miss Venezuela 2020
References
Cities in Zulia
Populated places established in 1937 |
17175091 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau%20language | Lau language | Lau (Law) is a Jukunoid language of Lau LGA, Taraba State, Nigeria. Lau speakers claim that their language is mutually intelligible with the Jukunoid language varieties spoken in Kunini, Bandawa, and Jeshi. They also live alongside the Central Sudanic-speaking Laka (Hausa name: Lakawa), who live in Laka ward of Lau LGA.
Lau had been previously misclassified as a Mbum language along with Laka.
Names
Names for the Lau language, people, and town:
Town name: Làw (literally ‘mud’)
People: Wĩ̄ Lâw ‘people of Lau’
People (Hausa name): Lau haaɓe ‘the indigenous of Lau’ (from Fula haaɓe ‘servants, slaves, non-Fulani’)
Language: Wĩ̄ Lâwmã̄ ‘the language of the people of Lau’
Sample words
Some sample words in Lau from Idiatov (2017):
References
Jukunoid languages
Languages of Nigeria |
17175122 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadahiko%20Hirose | Sadahiko Hirose | is the president of Columbia Music Entertainment. He received both undergraduate and master's degrees from Keio University. Mr. Hirose, who was formerly CEO and President of NetHome, became the CEO of Columbia as of January 1, 2004.
Sadahiko Hirose started out his career with IBM in a computer business. He was then engaged in publishing with a venture business named ASCII and later in the video game business with Sega. Not long before accepting the job at Columbia, he had been running a broadband Internet business.
References
1943 births
Living people |
17175124 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paeonia%20mascula | Paeonia mascula | Paeonia mascula is a species of peony. It is a herbaceous perennial tall, with leaves that are divided into three segments, and large red flowers in late spring and early summer. Native to Syria, Spain, France, Italy, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria Greece, Turkey, Iraq, Lebanon and Israel, this wild peony has become naturalised on two small islands in the UK.
Taxonomy
The following subspecies have been defined.
Paeonia mascula subsp. mascula
Paeonia mascula subsp. bodurii
Paeonia mascula subsp. hellenica
Paeonia mascula subsp. russoi.
Location
Paeonia mascula is at risk in its natural environment due to the demand from private collectors and there is a significant trade in wild P. mascula from Turkey.
Ideal conditions are light (sandy) soils although and most peonies can grow in heavy clay soil. The Wild Peony prefers acid and neutral soils, can grow in semi-shade and tolerates drought.
The wild peony was introduced to the island of Steep Holm in the Bristol Channel, possibly by monks. 37 plants were taken to nearby Flat Holm island by Frank Harris, the farmer at the time, in the 1930s, many of which died during the World War II occupation and fortification of the island. One remaining plant was reintroduced by the Flat Holm Warden in 1982 and is protected by fencing near the path to the lighthouse. A few plants grown from seed also survive in the farmhouse garden.
Flowering cycle
Paeonia mascula flowers for just one week of the year normally in May or June in the Northern Hemisphere, and the seedpods (at one stage referred to as jester's hats develop during the summer before bursting open to scatter seeds in August or September. The flowers are hermaphrodite and pollinated by insects. The plant is self-fertile.
Steep Holm and Flat Holm are the only known places in the UK where the wild peony has naturalised. The likely reason for this is that the islands provide a habitat similar to the Mediterranean islands where the plants originate from and the relative isolation allows them some protection.
Uses
The roots of P. mascula were ground to a powder and used to treat colds and sore throats.
References
mascula
Garden plants
Flora of Bulgaria
Flora of Lebanon
Plants described in 1768
Taxa named by Philip Miller |
17175141 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna%20Coffey | Susanna Coffey | Susanna J. Coffey (born 1949) is an American artist and educator. She is the F. H. Sellers Professor in Painting at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and lives and works in New York City. She was elected a member the National Academy of Design in 1999.
Life
Coffey was born in New London, Connecticut in 1949. She received a Bachelor of Fine Art degree magna cum laude from the University of Connecticut in 1977 and a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Yale School of Art in 1982.
Coffey's work investigates normative values of beauty and gender asking questions like "What is a beautiful appearance? Why do conventionally gendered images involve caricature? Can inchoate feeling-states be adequately portrayed?"
Coffey is best known for her paintings of heads―often self-portraits, such as her Self Portrait, Versace (Canal) Scarf in the collection of the Honolulu Museum of Art. Like many of her paintings, this 1996 self-portrait is a frontal view, lit from behind. Hearne Pardee describes her practice in the Brooklyn Rail:
Collections
Coffey's work is held at a wide range of institutions, including Akron Art Museum in Akron, Ohio, Yale University Art Gallery, the Danforth Art Museum in Framingham MA, the Art Institute of Chicago in Chicago, the Brauer Museum of Art in Valparaiso, Indiana, the Davis Museum and Cultural Center at Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts, the Honolulu Museum of Art in Honolulu, Hawaii, the Minneapolis Institute of Arts in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the National Academy of Design in New York City, the Rockford Museum in Rockford, Illinois, the Weatherspoon Art Gallery in Greensboro, North Carolina and the Williams College Museum of Art in Williamstown, Massachusetts.
Awards
Susanna Coffey has received awards from the National Endowment for the Arts and the Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation. Coffey received a Guggenheim Fellowship, a Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Artist x Artist award, a residency at the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center, the Aeschylus Medal awarded by the city of Eleusis Greece, and the Marie Walsh Sharpe Foundation Studio Program Award. Coffey has received honorary degrees from The University of Connecticut School of Fine Art and the Lyme Academy of Fine Arts.
Further reading
Acoustiguide narration, The National Gallery of Art, on Judith Leyster’s Self Portrait
Article, “Artists Quarantine With Their Art Collections” Stephen Maine, Hyperallergic, May 23, 2020
Book, Night Painting, Susanna Coffey MAB Books, editor Brice Brown, a selection of landscape paintings with writings by Dr. Carol Becker, Brice Brown, Jane Coffey, Jane Kenyon, Jennifer Samet and Mark Strand 2019
Book, 50 Contemporary Women Artists, editors John Goslee and Heather Zises, Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 2018
Two Coats of Paint Interview with Sangram Majumdar
Review of Elemental by Hearne Pardee The Brooklyn Rail February 2014
Book, ″In Residence, Contemporary Artists at Dartmouth The Hood Museum of Art″, Dartmouth College, 2014
Review of From Life by John Yau, Hyperallergic November 25, 2012
Review of Apophenia by Cate McQuaid, The Boston Globe, September 25, 2012
Review of Nocturne by John Goodrich, City Arts April 3, 2012
Review of Pavers, City Arts, John Goodrich, January 12, 2011
Book, ″Selected Contemporary American Figurative Painters″, Editor, Qimin Liu, Tianjin Peoples Fine Arts Publishing House, China, 2010
Review of Night Paintings 1995-2010, Jeremy Bliss, New City, Chicago, April 22, 2010
Catalog, ″Artist’s Response: Portraits and Self-Portraits″, from exhibition, Unexpected Reflections: The Portrait Reconsidered at Meridian Gallery, 2009, San Francisco CA, by Terri Cohn
Review of Reconfiguring the Body in American Art, 1820-2009, The New York Times, Ken Johnson, July 22, 2009
Article, “Looking at Herself” Kathleen Edgecomb, The New London Day, December 8, 05
Review of Alpha Gallery show, Cate McQuaid, The Boston Globe, November 19, 2004
Review of Women of the Academy, Ken Johnson, The New York Times, Summer 2003
Catalog, Susanna Coffey: Recent Work, Strand, Mark, New York, André Emmerich, 2003
Catalog, Susanna Coffey, Tibor De Nagy Gallery, New York, Tibor De Nagy Gallery, 2001
Catalog Susanna Coffey, Tibor De Nagy Gallery, 2001 essay by Michael Rooks, Poem, "In Sky" by Susan Wheeler
Catalog, Susanna Coffey Studio Art Exhibition Program, Dartmouth College, September, 1998 Essays by Michael Rooks and Eileen Myles
References
External links
Artists Quarantined with Their Art, Hyperallergic June 20th 2020
Interview with Erica Hess for the podcast I like Your Work
WYBC Radio Interview: Brainard Carey with Susanna Coffey
Interview on Gorky's Granddaughter
Hyperallergic conversation with Susanna Coffey
Susanna Coffey on Pierre Bonnard
Catalog from Susanna Coffey's “Going to Ground” at the University of Tulsa
Why Give a Name to It? by John Yau in Hyperallergic
An Interview of Susanna Coffey with Rich Fisher on Tulsa Public Radio
Susanna Coffey Studies the Nature of Portraiture by John Yau in Hyperallergic
4 Artists on Expressing Love Through Their Work on Artsy
1949 births
Living people
People from New London, Connecticut
American women painters
American portrait painters
Artists from New York City
Painters from Connecticut
21st-century American women artists
University of Connecticut alumni
Yale School of Art alumni |
17175223 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiqa | Saiqa | Saiqa may refer to:
Al-Saiqa (Libya), Libyan Special Forces
As-Sa'iqa, a Palestinian Baathist political and military faction
Saiqa (TV series), a Pakistani television drama series
Saiqa (film) a 1968 Pakistani Urdu film
Sa'ka Forces, Egyptian Special Forces
Saiqa (actress), a Pakistani film actress |
17175228 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Bakhtiari | Eric Bakhtiari | Eric Assad Bakhtiari (born December 2, 1984) is a former American football linebacker. He was most recently playing for the San Francisco 49ers, but was cut from the team on January 1, 2013. He was signed by the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at San Diego.
Bakhtiari was also a member of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Tennessee Titans, Miami Dolphins, and Kansas City Chiefs. He is the older brother of Green Bay Packers tackle David Bakhtiari.
College career
In 2006, he earned 3rd Team Associated Press All-America honors for all I-AA players, 1st Team Mid-Major All-American (The Sports Network), 2006 co-Pioneer Football League Defender of the Year, First-team All-Pioneer Football League. Making him a key performer of the USD defensive squad that ranked #2 in scoring defense (12.9 ppg), 10th in rushing defense (107.3 yards per game) and 12th in total defense.
Professional career
First stint with Chargers
Bakhtiari signed with the San Diego Chargers as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He was released by the Chargers on August 30 during final cuts, but re-signed to the practice squad on September 10 when linebacker Shawne Merriman was placed on injured reserve. He was released again on September 23.
San Francisco 49ers
Bakhtiari was signed to the practice squad of the San Francisco 49ers on October 7. He remained there through the end of the season.
Second stint with Chargers
After finishing the 2008 season on the practice squad of the 49ers, Bakhtiari was re-signed to a future contract by the San Diego Chargers on January 7, 2009.
Tennessee Titans
Bakhtiari was signed to the Tennessee Titans' practice squad on November 11, 2009. He was signed off the practice squad to active roster on December 12. He was released by the Titans on September 4, 2010.
Kansas City Chiefs
Bakhtiari was signed to the Kansas City Chiefs' practice squad on November 18, 2010. On December 3, he was released. On January 13, 2011, he signed with the Chiefs again; on August 29, however, he was waived/injured during the first round of preseason cuts and after passing through waivers unclaimed, was subsequently placed on injured reserve. After reaching an injury settlement, Bakhtiari was released. Despite being on their roster for the 2010 season, he never played in a game during his tenure with the Chiefs.
Second stint with 49ers
Bakhtiari was re-signed by the 49ers during the 2012 preseason. He played in the preseason as a backup to compete on the 53-man roster. After the end of the 2012 preseason, Bakhtiari was cut on August 31, 2012, with 27 other players. However, the 49ers later decided to sign him to a two-year contract.
After releasing him earlier in the year, the 49ers re-signed Bakhtiari on December 12, 2012. On January 1, 2013, Bakhtiari was released by the 49ers to create a roster spot for kicker Billy Cundiff. Cundiff was signed to compete with struggling incumbent kicker David Akers.
Personal life
Bakhtiari is of Iranian and Icelandic descent. His younger brother David is an offensive tackle, who played at Colorado (2009–2012), and now plays for the Green Bay Packers.
References
External links
San Francisco 49ers bio
San Diego Toreros bio
1984 births
Living people
American people of Icelandic descent
American people of Iranian descent
American football defensive ends
American football linebackers
San Diego Toreros football players
San Diego Chargers players
San Francisco 49ers players
Tampa Bay Buccaneers players
Tennessee Titans players
Miami Dolphins players
Kansas City Chiefs players
Players of American football from San Mateo, California
Sportspeople of Iranian descent
Bakhtiari people |
17175240 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Bolivian%20submissions%20for%20the%20Academy%20Award%20for%20Best%20International%20Feature%20Film | List of Bolivian submissions for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film | Bolivia has submitted films for the Academy Award for Best International Feature Film since 1995. The award is handed out annually by the United States Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to a feature-length motion picture produced outside the United States that contains primarily non-English dialogue. It was not created until the 1956 Academy Awards, in which a competitive Academy Award of Merit, known as the Best Foreign Language Film Award, was created for non-English speaking films, and has been given annually since. Thirteen Bolivian films have been designated to compete for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Five have been accepted by AMPAS, three of which were directed by Juan Carlos Valdivia. So far, no Bolivian film has yet been nominated for an Oscar.
The Bolivian submission is designated by the Asociación de Cineastas Bolivianos (Asocine).
Submissions
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has invited the film industries of various countries to submit their best film for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film since 1956. The Foreign Language Film Award Committee oversees the process and reviews all the submitted films. Following this, they vote via secret ballot to determine the five nominees for the award. Below is a list of the films that have been submitted by Bolivia for review by the Academy for the award by year and the respective Academy Awards ceremony.
All films were made primarily in Spanish.
Three of Bolivia's submissions were directed by Juan Carlos Valdivia and two were co-productions with Mexico. Bolivia's first submission, Jonah and the Pink Whale, is an erotic drama set in the 1980s amidst an upper-class Bolivian family, against a backdrop of military politics and drug trafficking. Eleven years later, Valdivia was again in the competition with American Visa, a comedy-thriller about a Bolivian professor trying to get a visa to join his son and work illegally in the United States. Bolivia's most recent submission, Zona Sur, was also directed by Valdivia, but had no Mexican input. Zona Sur centers on a wealthy, white Bolivian divorcee who is living beyond her means in contemporary Bolivia, and her relationship with her three spoiled children and her two Aymara servants.
Sexual Dependency, a co-production with the United States, was Bolivia's second Oscar submission. Set in Santa Cruz, Bolivia and Ithaca, New York, it tells five barely connected stories of teenagers and their early sexual experiences..
See also
List of Academy Award winners and nominees for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Academy Award-winning foreign language films
Notes
Bolivia's submission to the 78th Academy Awards, Say Good Morning to Dad, was disqualified because it did not arrive at the Academy on time.
Bolivia submitted Los Andes no creen en Dios for review by the Academy at the 80th Academy Awards, but it did not appear on the list of official submissions.
Notes
References
External links
The Official Academy Awards Database
The Motion Picture Credits Database
IMDb Academy Awards Page
Bolivia
Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
Lists of films by country of production
Academy Award |
17175242 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer%20Battalion%20%28Estonia%29 | Engineer Battalion (Estonia) | Engineer Battalion () is a combat engineering battalion of the Estonian Defence Forces, based out of Tapa Army Base. The unit falls under the command of 1st Infantry Brigade of Estonian Land Forces.
The Engineer Battalion plays a supportive role on the battlefield performing such tasks as fortification, bridge and road construction or destruction, laying or clearing landmines, neutralization of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) and general engineering tasks under fire. More generally speaking, the combat engineer's tasks involve facilitating movement and support of friendly forces while impeding that of the enemy. The unit is also equipped and trained to deal with the NBC weapons threat and disarmament.
History
Formation and the Inseneripataljon (1917 - 1924)
The creation date of the Engineer Battalion is considered to be 15 December 1917, when an engineer company was formed under the 1st Estonian Infantry Division of the Imperial Russian Army, according to a decree by Jaan Soots. The company was headed by lieutenant Artur Normak. Equipment was transferred from the Single Engineer Company of the 118th Russian Infantry Division. The company consisted of a staff and a clerical office, two telegraph platoons, two sapper platoons and a park platoon. By 1918, the company had 25-30 officers and up to 400 soldiers. Because of German occupation, the unit was disbanded on April 5, 1918, with the liquidation committee working until May 15.
On 19 November 1918, the Engineer Battalion () was formed under the Estonian People's Army with 1st and later 2nd Sapper Company, a railroad company, telegraph company, vehicle company, searchlight unit, pontoon unit and a flight squadron. The task of forming the unit was given to captain Nikolai Peterson. On 21 November 1918, captain Voldemar Rieberg was appointed the units commander, and on November 25 he took over the position. Soon after, the 1st Sapper Company took part in battles on the Viru front (Rägavere and Kehra battles) as part of the 1st Division in the Estonian War of Independence. The 2nd Sapper Company acted as part of the 2nd Division on the southern front, mainly securing the southern border, which was established with Tartu Peace Treaty. The battalions railroad company formed three repair trains, which were used to repair bridges and support armored trains. One of the trains was also later used on the southern front, on the Valga-Marienburg line, to repair over 50 bridges. The telegraph company was formed into four cable squads, three of which were sent to the front to repair and rebuild lines on recaptured territories. The fourth squad stayed to finish the local communications network. The company was formed into a separate Communications Battalion on March 15, 1924. On 22 February 1919, a decree was released by the Staff of the Ministry of War, according to which the flight squadron was formed into the Estonian Air Force. The unit finally separated from the battalion on March 1, 1919. The vehicle company was mainly tasked with organizing transportation. On 22 May 1919, it was made into a separate unit, no longer under the Engineer Battalion. After the Estonian War of Independence, in 1920, the People's Army was demobilized. The battalion had lost 2 officers and 13 enlisted in the war. The sapper companies were again subordinated to the Engineer Battalion and moved to Nõmme. Between 31 August 1920 and 11 September 1922, the battalion was headed by captain G. Meister, then temporarily by major Gustav Vladimir Kirschbaum until January 17, 1923, when the position was taken over by Johann Bernhard Grünberg.
Reformation and disbandement (1924 - 1940)
On 15 March 1924, two new military units were formed, based on the Engineer Battalion: the Pioneer Battalion () and Communication Battalion (). The new units were subordinated to the Engineer Force Inspectorate () of the General Staff, headed by Rieberg. The battalion was commanded by lieutenant colonel Johann Bernhard Grünberg. The main tasks of the unit were to conduct the specialized training of conscripts, preparation of personnel of the engineer force and providing peacetime engineer support for the Estonian military.
The peacetime structure of the Pioneer Battalion consisted of pioneer-, chemical defence-, railroad pioneer- and searchlight subunits. There were also units for training and providing engineer support during peace. In 1934, the Railroad Pioneer Company was reformed to 3rd Pioneer Company. After a restructuring of the army, the 1st Pioneer Company was subordinated to the 1st Division in Narva, the 2nd Pioneer Company was subordinated to the 2nd Division in Võru and the 3rd Pioneer Company stayed in Nõmme, under the 3rd Division. In 1939, the searchlight unit was reformed into the Park Company, which was responsible for all of the equipment of the Pioneer Battalion. The wartime structure envisioned the formation of a pioneer battalion in every division, supported by a work squad, engineer depot and road squads. The formation of road squads was later dropped.
Most of the personnel of the Pioneer Battalion consisted of conscripts. Technical education was a prerequisite for serving in the unit. Since 1928, the service time in the battalion was 18 months, though between 1933 and 1937 it was dropped to 12 months. It was later raised back to 18 months. The conscripts first went through basic soldier training, which was followed by specialized pioneer training. The most promising students were sent to the Pioneer Battalion's training company, where they received NCO training. The best students from that course were sent to the Estonian National Defence College, after which they could continue service in the Pioneer Battalion. Due to financial constraints, reserve training was only conducted for officers and NCO's.
By the end of 1930's the Pioneer Battalion was generally considered to be decently equipped, though mobilization reserves were inadequate. Since 1937, the Estonian Defence Forces were going through a mechanization project, which brought new equipment to the battalion. By 1940, the battalion was equipped with: nine trucks, one car, three flamethrowers, three tractors, one excavator, one tracked transporter and other equipment, such as compressors, generators, outboard motors, concrete mixers, boring machines, rams, chainsaws etc. However, most of the personnel still had to move on foot. Furthermore, due to limited motorization and wide dispersion of equipment depots, the formation of the units during mobilization would have been cumbersome and slow.
In 1940, after the Soviets occupied Estonia, the Pioneer Battalion was gradually disbanded and a separate sapper battalion was formed under the 22nd Rifle Corps instead of it. The unit was disbanded by a liquidation committee between October 1 until December 18, 1940.
Restoration and present day (2002 - present)
The current incarnation of the Engineer Battalion was initially formed on January 2, 2002, under the Artillery Battalion as an engineer school. On February 1, 2003, the engineer school was reformed into the Engineer Battalion, under the Tapa Training Center. In 2003, an EOD team was sent to Afghanistan for ordnance disposal and demining tasks as part of ISAF. Later the EOD team would take part in Resolute Support Mission and UNIFIL. As of 2004, the battalion was headed by captain Allan Parv. The unit received its flag on May 31, 2005. On August 8, 2007, captain Antti Viljaste became the units commander, replacing captain Margus Neudorf. On July 1, 2008, the battalion was subordinated to the North-Eastern Regional Defence Command. On December 12, 2013, major Vesse Põder replaced major Marek Värk as the units commander. On August 1, 2014, the battalion was made part of the 1st Infantry Brigade. On December 15, 2015, lieutenant colonel Eero Tepp became the units commander, but was replaced by major Priit Heinloo on November 1, 2016, due to a drunk driving incident. On 6 July 2018, major Ainar Afanasjev became the commander of the battalion.
Until 2014 the battalion consisted of a headquarters company, two training companies, explosive ordnance disposal center and an engineer school. The headquarters was tasked with counseling the commander of the battalion, coordinating the units intelligence related activities, organizing training activities, evaluating the training and capabilities of the subunits, planning and organizing mobilization and wartime activities, planning the necessary support for everyday activities, drafting of battalion's budget plan and performing assignments set by superior commanders. The unit consisted of a headquarters platton, combat service support platoon, medical platoon and an engineer reconnaissance platoon. The training companies were tasked with planning, preparing and executing the training of conscripts and organizing training exercises together with other units. Each training company consisted of 2-3 engineer platoons and one technical platoon. The Defence Forces Explosive Ordnance Disposal Center is tasked with finding and destroying explosive ordnance on Defence Forces territories and exercise areas, organizing ordnance disposal training and conducting research in the related field. The Defence Forces Explosive Ordnance Disposal Center () was formed under the Engineer Battalion in 2005 and consists of three Improvised Explosive Devices Disposal (IEDD) Teams and one Underwater Conventional Munition Disposal (UWCMD) Team. The IEDD team is tasked with defusing improvised explosive devices, but they can also defuse industrially manufactured munitions. The UWCMD team is tasked with defusing munitions on the ground and underwater and are also capable of performing the tasks of an IEDD team. Because of strict requirements for qualification, the EOD center is staffed with only professional soldiers. The engineer school was tasked with planning and executing engineering courses, participating in engineering science and research activities and organizing training exercises with other subunits. As of 2017, there were over 400 conscripts serving in the battalion.
Based on the needs of the Estonian Defence Forces, one of the important tasks has been the development of bridging capabilities. To support this development, the battalion received four new TMM-3M vehicle-launched bridges mounted on KrAZ trucks in 2015. In addition to this, a number of different armored engineering vehicles based on the Leopard 1 platform were ordered from Netherlands in 2014. Since 2015, the battalions technical platoons also operate two specially modified Mercedes-Benz Unimog U5000 trucks. The trucks are equipped with a winch, four support legs, a 1.5 tonne crane, which can be equipped with a water pump, and a multitude of different tools for engineering tasks.
References
Engineer battalions
Battalions of Estonia
Military units and formations established in 1917
1917 establishments in Estonia
Estonian War of Independence
Tapa, Estonia |
17175254 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto%20Mart%C3%ADn-Artajo | Alberto Martín-Artajo | Alberto Martín-Artajo Álvarez (2 October 1905, in Madrid – 31 August 1979, in Madrid) was a legal technocrat for the Nationalist government during the Spanish Civil War and for the succeeding reign of caudillo Francisco Franco, and a Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs. He served as the Foreign Minister from 1945 to 1957. Ideologically, he was not a Falangist (a member of the original Falange Española, the fascist-like party, before it absorbed the other anti-Republican parties), but a monarchist and a leader of the dynamic and powerful Catholic movement within the Francoist coalition. During the time of the Second Spanish Republic, he had been a member of the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA, existed 1933–1937).
He received his secondary education at Our Lady of Remembrance College, Madrid. Martín-Artajo earned a law degree from the University of Madrid. He became a staff attorney of the Council of State in 1931. During the Republic, Martín-Artajo worked closely with Ángel Herrera Oria, the director of the Catholic newspaper El Debate and belonged to the lay "National Catholic Association of Propagators of the Faith" (propagandistas). With the start of the Spanish Civil War, Martín-Artajo went over to the insurgent Nationalists. He was a legal adviser to the Nationalist government's Junta Técnica del Estado (State Technical Council), Franco's cabinet, and to the Nationalist government's Labor Ministry. In 1940, Generalissimo Franco appointed him president of the mass movement, Catholic Action.
In 1945, Martín-Artajo participated in the drafting of the quasiconstitutional "Fuero of the Spanish People", a list of rights, freedoms, and responsibilities.
In July 1945, fresh after the defeat of the Third Reich, Franco wanted to present the Spanish government as "Catholic" rather than a profascist, in the face of ostracism from other Western countries. Franco wanted to appoint Martín-Artajo Minister of Foreign Affairs. After consulting with the Primate of Spain, Cardinal Enrique Pla y Deniel, he accepted the portfolio of Foreign Affairs and resigned from his position at Catholic Action. His diplomatic efforts succeeded in breaking Spain's isolation. On 8 March 1953, Martìn-Artajo received the Ancient Order of Sikatuna for his "exceptional and meritorious services to the Republic of the Philippines", becoming the first person to be given the honor after its creation. He effectuated the signing of the Concordat with the Holy See in August 1953, the bilateral Pact of Madrid with the United States the following September, and Spain's entry into the United Nations in 1955.
After retiring from the Foreign Ministry, he worked on the Council of State and at the publisher, Editorial Católica.
Notes
References
Sources
Further reading
Tusell, Javier. 2007. Spain: From Dictatorship to Democracy: 1939 to the Present. Blackwell.
1905 births
1979 deaths
Foreign ministers of Spain
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Madrid
Foreign relations of Spain during the Francoist dictatorship
Government ministers during the Francoist dictatorship |
Subsets and Splits